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 CAN 
 
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 CANADA. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 INFORMATION 
 
 roit 
 
 EMIGRANTS TO THE BRITISH COLONIES, 
 
 ISSUED BY 
 
 THE COLONIAL OFFICE. 
 
 Printed, with the permission of the Colonial Office^ for 
 distribution by the Government of Canada. 
 
 1880. 
 
 (^ 
 
 V5 
 
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Canada 
 
 Koneral 
 desoription, 
 extent, 
 climate, &n. 
 
 Qnvcrnmont 
 
 Joeal 
 }ovcrnmont 
 
Al l*t >?t. 
 
 As tho .'ulvanta^'cs whicli '\ro offvrod to settlors by the 
 15ritisli roloni(?s apjH^nr to hv Imt iniportVctly known, tho 
 following' particulars aropuhlislied by tlio Colonial OlTico 
 for tho use of those ])ersons who desiro information as to 
 the best fichls for setth^nient. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 The territory compri.sod in tlio Dominion oi' Canada containn about Canada 
 3,500,000 square miles, oxtondino: from tlie Atlantic to tho Paoifi(! [{""Iription, 
 Ocean, and at its soutliorn ^joint reachin*^ the 41 i)arallel of latitude. <>xtcnf^ 
 It possesses thousands of S([uaro miles of tho finest forests on tho '' ' ' 
 continent ; widely spn^ad coal lioUls ; e.Ktonsiv*- and productive 
 fisheries ; its rivers and lakes ar<' amonfi- thf larjj^ost and nujst re- 
 markable in the world, and tho millions of acres of prairie lauds in 
 the newly opened-up North-We.st territ(jries are r'>ported as being 
 among tho most fertile on the continout of AuKnuca. 
 
 Canada is divided inti> ^even I'rovincos, as Ijelow : — 
 
 S(i. M. 
 
 1. 
 
 Quebec 
 
 contaiuinfi^ li>3, .>.').) 
 
 2. 
 
 Ontario 
 
 107. 7K0 
 
 3. 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 21,731 
 
 4. 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 27,322 
 
 5. 
 
 Prince Edward's Island . . 
 
 -M34 
 
 6. 
 
 British C«dunil)ia ... 
 
 2l3,JoO 
 
 7. 
 
 Manitoba . . 
 
 ^ ,, 11,340 
 
 
 And the North-Wost Territory 
 
 1 ,, 2,750, 000 
 
 The several Provinces liavo local legislatures, ami tlio seat of the oovcrnmont 
 Dominion or Federal Parliament is at Ottawa. The Government is 
 conducted on tho samo principle as that of Greht liritain, vi/ ; 
 tho responsibility of the Ministers to Parliament. 
 
 The Governor-General of the Dominion is appointed Ity the (iueen, 
 and the Lieutenant-Governors ol thi^ Provinces by the Governor- 
 General in Council. 
 
 Each Province is divided into Counti<is and Townsliips, having Looai 
 their own Local Boards and Councils for regidalinj:; local taxation for oovcmmont 
 roads, schools, and other municipal purposes. 
 
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 PARTOF THE UNITED STATES- 
 
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 ■^,xv.»v..-q ' .,' . t7?^^.??ii- ' -pii-M- ,, </f the hynincrs 
 
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 1880. 
 
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 '*■■.. .11 '..IT..! ;-.V,:.ir.,yl,. 
 
 *> 
 
p. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Militia. 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Religious liborty prevails. 
 Education. Tlio educutionul system is und-n- tli-^ roiilrol of the various L'l-ovincos. 
 Free bc1ioo1« are provided, and liiciiilies are aliordod to sueee.sisf'ul 
 pupils for obtaining tlio liigliost eilutatiou. 
 
 The population at the lastreensus (in 1 S7 1 ) was ;],r)02,.5',)(). Amono- its 
 inhabitants, tlioro wore 'ilit.!.")! uarivesof Irohiud, I 1 4, '.)'.)'■> o I' England 
 and Wales, 121,074 of Scotland, (i 1,117 natives of the UniU'd States, 
 and 24,162 natives of Gormany. Tjie census will be taken again in 
 1881, when the population will no doubt be found to liave much 
 increased. 
 
 The Militia consists of two forces, the active and reserve, the strength 
 of the former being lixed by law at 4U,0l)0. and the latter at rHiO,UOO, 
 aU male British Gubjccts between the ages of IS and 6o, not exempted 
 or disqualitied by law, being liable to be called upon to serve in 
 cases of emcrgenc y. 
 
 The active Militia is clothed, arnn;d wirli biooch leaders, and 
 equipped, ready to take the lidd at short notice. The furry is com- 
 manded by a general officer of the Engli-^h army. 
 
 Infantry schools aro cstablisiiod at Toronto, i\ibi.',sron, Montreal, 
 Quebec, Fredericktown and Halifax, at which olficers e'an obtain certi- 
 ficates. There is also a Military College for the education of cadets — 
 with a four vears course of sludv — at Kingston. 
 
 The following figures show the imports and exi)orts for tlie liseal year 
 ending June 30th, 1879, and also the value of the expoits to, and 
 imports from, the United Kingdom during the same period. 
 
 Value of Imports . . . . 'j^St),.!!] .008 
 
 Value of Exports .. .. ^71,4i)l,2.)5 
 
 Exports to the United Kingdom .. §36.2(i7.11!3 
 
 Imports from the United Kingdom. . ^;iO, 907,860 
 
 An examination of these figures, compared with those of the United 
 States, shows that the imports of (^mada from Great Britain, in pro- 
 portion to the population, reprcsetit 38s. per head, as against Ts. per 
 head in the United States. 
 
 In a country like the Dominion of Canada, extending northward 
 from the 44" of latitude, the climate is naturally variable, but si)eaking 
 generally the summers are lu)tter than in England and the winters 
 colder. However if the climaio of a counlvy js ti: 1 *'' riioa>ured by its 
 productions then Canada in the (piulity of her timber, grains, fruits, 
 plants, and animals, must be accorded a front ranli. 
 
 The extremes of cobl, though of short duration, and the winter 
 covering of snow, liave given (.'anada the repuialion of Iiavlug an ex- 
 tremely severe climate, aud attention lias not been sufHcieutly directed 
 to the circumstance that by Die warmth of the summer monihs, 
 the range of production is extended, in grains, from oats aud baidey 
 to wheat and maize; in fruits, from apples to peaches, grapes, melons, 
 nectarines and apricots ; in vegetables from turnips, carrv)t3 and 
 cabbages, to the egg plant and tomatoe.';. 
 
 Snow and ice are no drawback to the Canadian winter. To 
 Canada they mean not only protection to lun- cultivated acres, 
 almost as vabiable as a covering of manure', bu' the conversion of 
 whole areas, durin-^ several moutlis iu the year, tj u surface upon 
 
 Climate. 
 
3 
 
 Pt'ovinces. 
 
 successful 
 
 Aiuouj:^- its 
 jf Eiiglaml 
 ted States, 
 n ligaiu ill 
 lUVH Diuch 
 
 Ue strength 
 lit »UiO,UOO, 
 t I'xompted 
 3 servo iu 
 
 adei'S, aad 
 rro is coni- 
 
 Moiitroal, 
 l>!.ain certi- 
 f)l' ca<lets — 
 
 liscal year 
 its to, and 
 
 ,608 
 ,2.55 
 .11!) 
 
 the United 
 iu, in pro- 
 ust 7s. per 
 
 northward 
 
 speaking 
 
 Vi winters 
 
 u(id by its 
 
 ns, fruits, 
 
 ho winter 
 ul'; an ox:- 
 y directed 
 V uionlhs, 
 uul barley 
 )s, melons, 
 irrots and 
 
 Uter. To 
 ted acres, 
 
 vov^ioM ot' 
 uuo upon 
 
 which every man may make his own road, equal to a turnpike, in any 
 direction, over swamp or field, lake or river, and on which millions of 
 tons are annually transported at tho minimum cost, — whereby em- 
 ployment is afforded for man and liorso wlien cultivation is arrested 
 by frost. 
 
 Intensity of winter cold has little effect upon tlio agriculture of a 
 country except the bonettcial one of pulverising tho soil whore exposed. 
 High spring and summer temperatures, with abundance of rain, 
 secure the certain ripening of maize and the melon in Canada. 
 
 The difference between the mean annual temperature of the Atlantic 
 and Pacific coasts of Canada for the same latitude is very great, that 
 for the latter being much higher, and thus wheat is raised with profit 
 inlat. 60° N., long. 122° 31' W. In Manitoba in lat. 49° 30' N., 
 long. 97° 30' W., wheat is sown in May and reaped the latter end of 
 August, after an interval of 120 days. 
 
 The great prairie region of Canada has a mean summer temperature 
 of 65°, with abundance of rain ; the winters cold and dry ; climate and 
 soil similar to that part of Russia where large cities are found. This 
 region is free from pulmonary complaints and fevers of every type, 
 and the country generally is healthy. 
 
 The snow fall in the West and South Wo.st parts of the Territories 
 is comparatively light and cattle may remain iu tJio open air all 
 winter subsisting on the prairie grasses, which they obtain by scraping 
 away the snow where necessary. 
 
 There are nearly 70UU milo;s of railway in work in the Dominion, Means ot 
 extending from the western portions of Ontario to Halifax, in Nova ^'^J^™™'^*'*" 
 Scotia, and St. John iu New Brunswick, whilo its rivers and lakes 
 form a highway duriuij; ^hn siimnior months from the interior to the 
 ocean. 
 
 It may bo mentione;! that Canada possesses tho most perfect system 
 of inland navigation in tho world. At the present time vessels of 600 
 tons go from Chicago to Montreal by way of Lakes Michigan, Huron, 
 Erie, Ontario, and the Kiver St. Lawrence, a distance of 1261 miles. 
 The locks on the Wolland Canal, (connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario,) 
 and those on the St. Lawrence Eiver, are however, in course of enlarge- 
 ment to 270 feet long and 45 feet wide, with a depth of 14 feet ; and 
 when this groat work, which isnoAV in progress, is completed, Steamers 
 of 1,600 tons burthen will bo able to carry produce direct from Western 
 Canada, and the Western States of America, to Montreal and Quebec, 
 which will effect a further reduction in the cost of transit of cereals and 
 other products. 
 
 The distance from Chicago to IMontreal (where Ocean-going Steamers 
 of 4,000 tons can bo moored alongside the Quavs,) by the Canadian 
 route, is 150 miles less than irom Chicago to IS'ow York, via Buffalo 
 and the Erie Canal, and there are 10 more locks and 89.^ feet more lockage 
 by the latter route than by tho former. It is therefore expected that 
 upon the completion of tho enlarged canals, within two years, much of 
 the grain from Western Canada, as well as from the Western States of 
 America, will find its way to Europe via Montreal, in the future, 
 as in addition to its other advantages, the distance from Montreal to 
 Liverpool is about 300 miles less than from New York. 
 
Postal and 
 'I'dlcRrftph 
 arrango- 
 inuntB. 
 
 ClusseB of 
 emigrants. 
 
 'I'iino to 
 Kmipriitc. 
 
 'nmo of 
 ti'uutiit. 
 
 Canada possoases oxcollent postal avrangomonts : a post office being 
 found in almost every village, and every place of any importance is 
 connected with the electric telegraph. 
 
 The classes which may be recommended to emigrate to Canada are 
 as follows, that is to say : — 
 
 1. Tenant farmers in the United Kingdom, who have sufficient 
 capital to enable them to settle on farms, may be advised to go with 
 safety and with the certainty of doing well. The same remark may 
 apply to any persons who, although not agriculturists, would be able 
 to adapt themselves to agricultural pursuits, and who have sufficient 
 means to enable them to take up farms. 
 
 2. Produce farmers and persons with capital, seeking investment. 
 
 3. Male and female farm labourers, female domestic servants, and 
 country mechanics. 
 
 The classes which should be warned against emigration are females 
 above the grade of servants, clerks, shopmen and persons having no 
 particular trade or calling, and unaccustomed to manual labour. To 
 this class Canada offers but little encouragement. 
 
 The best time to arrive in North America is early in May when the 
 inland navigation is open, and out-door operations are commencing. 
 The emigrant will then be able to take advantage of the spring and 
 summer work, and to -get settled before the winter sets in. 
 
 The voyage to Quebec occupies on an average about ten days by 
 steamer, and the journey to the North AVo&t four days longer. 
 
 It is now proposed to offer a few remarks on each of the different 
 provinces of which the Dominion of Canada is composed. 
 
 MaTiitoba 
 and thp 
 Nui-th West 
 'iViiiitorv. 
 
 Extont of 
 Miiuitoba 
 and the 
 North W08t 
 Torritory. 
 
 MANITOBA 
 
 AND 
 
 THE NORTH WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 The country now known as Manitoba and the Nortli West Territory 
 was granted by charter to the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1670, 
 during the reign of Charles II., as a hunting and trading ground, and 
 was held by them and the North West Company (tliese two corpora- 
 tions amalgamated in 1821) until 1870, when their rights were 
 transferred to the Dominion. These facts form aa intelligible reason 
 why this part of the country has only recently become known as an 
 agricultural region ; for the disturbance of tlie lands would naturally 
 have led to the interruption of tho staple trade of ^he company which 
 controlled it for so many years. 
 
 Manitoba, a province which has been made out of tlie North West 
 Territory, is situated between the parallels 49^ — bi)^ 2' north latitude 
 and 96** — 99" west longitude, in tho very heart of the Continent of 
 America. It is 135 miles long and 10.5 miles wide, and C(mtain8 in 
 round numbers 14,000 square miles, or 'J, 000, 000 acres of land. 
 
 Roughly speaking the North West Territory belonging to Canada 
 covers about 2,500,000 square miles, and contains about 200,000,000 
 acres of fertile land wb! h are now waiting settlement. 
 
 The following, which is extracted ironi a recent work on Mani- 
 
 toba and the North- West Territory, called " Lands of Plenty in the 
 
Rlco being 
 )rtauco is 
 
 luada are 
 
 sufficient 
 go with 
 uark may 
 [(I be able 
 
 snfflciont 
 
 ?stment. 
 ants, and 
 
 females 
 aving no 
 our. To 
 
 when the 
 imencing. 
 iring and 
 
 1 days by 
 r. 
 
 different 
 
 Territory 
 in 1670, 
 )und, and 
 corpora - 
 hts were 
 reason 
 wn as an 
 naturally 
 ny which 
 
 rth West 
 \ latitude 
 itinent of 
 atains in 
 nd. 
 
 Canada 
 0,000,000 
 
 n Mani- 
 ;y in the 
 
 5 
 
 now North-West," will give some idea of the extent of this part of 
 Canada, and the different areas into which it is classified. 
 
 Wheat Akea. Sq. Miles. 
 
 1. General boundaries : from Lac Seul (say long. 92** 
 W., lat. 50" N.) to a point at the foot of Rocky mountains 
 in lat. GO** N. ; thence along base of llocky mountains to 
 lat. 50*^ N. ; thence to the South bend of Mouse river ; 
 thence to thelake of the Woods, lat. 49" N. ; thence along 
 Rainy river, and thence to Lac Soul. This urea, em- 
 bracing Manitoba, unbroken by mountains or rocks to any 
 material extent, with streams and small lakes which but 
 fertilize, may bo stated at 320,000 
 
 2. Beyond it, Northwards, are also areas of rich vege- 
 table mould (humus,) on warm Silurian and Devonian bases, 
 and with marly clays well adapted to the growth of roots 
 
 or other spring crops 50,000 
 
 Vegetabt.e, Grass, and Timber Area. 
 
 3. Hudson's Bay basin (portion Silurian, so far as known 
 and fairly predicable) east side (East of meridian 80" W.) 
 100,000 square Miles. West side ( W. of meridian 80° W) 
 
 300,000 square miles 400,000 
 
 4. Winnipeg basin, east side, from English river to 
 
 Nelson river 80,000 
 
 5. Beaver river (middle and lower parts) 50,000 
 
 G. Methy lake and Clear Water river, and Athabaska 
 
 river, from Cloar Water river, to Athabaska lake, east side 30,000 
 
 7. West of Mackenzie river (Devonian, with coal 
 measures) to wheat line as above stated, and from Fort 
 Chipweyan, Lake Athabaska, to Fort Resolution on Great 
 
 Slave Lake, say, from lat. 58" to 61" N 10,000 
 
 8. East side of Mackenzie river to Fort Good Hope, 
 
 or say lat. 68" N 100,000 
 
 9. West of the Mackenzie river from lat. 61" N., North- 
 wards, to America (late Russian) boundary, along 141" W. 
 and American Pacific shore strip, viz., all North of lat. 60" 
 
 N., except area No. 5 aforesaid 160,000 
 
 10. Rocky Mountain eastern slope, beyond wheat Une 30,000 
 
 1 1 . Outlying areas, amongst others the extensive but 
 uudeiined ones between the Hudson's Bay Silurian, and 
 northern rivers of the St. Lawrence valley ; say from Lake 
 Mistassini to Lake Nepigou 100,000 
 
 12. Add, the " American desert " of our latitudes ; say, 
 between lats. 49" and 50" N., where maize thrives and 
 buffaloes fatten — a favourite Indian hunting ground .... 470,000 
 
 Total area 1,800,000 
 
 13. The rest of our North-West and Rupert's Land 
 territory, including the immense "Barren Grounds" of 
 our Laurontian system, and the Labrador Rocks of eastern 
 
6 
 
 Vree grants 
 of lau(L 
 Manitoba 
 and the 
 North West 
 Territory. 
 
 Railway 
 landN. 
 
 Rupert's Land, and the great wilds and Lsliindfe of the 
 
 Arctic, estimated at another million square miles 1,000,000 
 
 Total 2,850,000 
 
 Any male or female who is the head of a family, or any person who 
 lias attained the ajj^o of 18 yeai's, can obtain a t'roo grant of a quarter 
 section of 160 acres on the condition of thvae years sottlemont ; and 
 can also make an entry for pre-emption rights to the adjoining quarter 
 section, which he may obtain at the Government price ranging from 
 $1 per acre upwards. 
 
 The following is an extract from the oflical regulations of the 
 Canadian Govornmont. for the dis\)i)sal (rf corraiu public lands along 
 the route of the Canadian Pacitic liailway : — 
 
 1. "Until further and final suvvtiy o!' the said railway has been 
 made West of thoRed Kivor, and far tli« purpos(>.s of those provisions, 
 the line of the said Railway shall b(> assunuid Vt l)o on the fourth l.iase 
 westerly to the intersection of the said base by tiio line between rang^es 
 21 and 22 West of the fir-^t principal meridian, and theuco iu a direct 
 lino to the confluence of the »Shell River with the River Assiniboine." 
 
 2. *' The country lying on eacli side of the line of Railway shall be 
 respectively divided into belts, as follows : — 
 
 **(1) A belt of livo miles on cither side of the Railway, and im- 
 mediately adjoining the same, to be called belt A ; 
 
 " (2) A belt of fifteen miles on either side of the railway, adjoining 
 Belt A, to be called Belt B ; 
 
 ** (3) A belt of twenty miles on either side of the railway, adjoining 
 Belt B, to bo called Bolt C ; 
 
 *' (4) A belt of twenty miles on either side of the railway, adjoining 
 Belt 0, to be called Belt D ; and 
 
 *' (5) A bolt of liftv miles on either side of the railway, adjoining 
 Belt D, to be called Jiolt E ; 
 
 3 " The oven-numbored sections in each township throughout the 
 several belts above described shall bo open for entry as homesteads 
 (free grants) and pre-emptions of IGO acres each respectively." 
 
 4 " The odd-numbered sections in each of such townships shall not 
 be open to homestead or pre-emption, but shall be specially reserved 
 and designated as Railway Lands," 
 
 5 *♦ The Railway Lands within the sovt)ral belts shall be sold at the 
 following rates, viz : — Li Belt A. ^^ i.hve dollars) per acre; in Belt B. 
 ^4 (four dollars) per aero ; in Bolt C, $3 (three dollars) per acre ; in 
 Belt 1), $2 (two dollars) per acre ; in Belt E, ^1 (one dollar) per acre ; 
 and the terms of sale of such lands shall bo as follow, viz : — One-tenth 
 in cash at the time of purchase ; the balance in nine equal annual 
 instalments, with interest at the rate of six per cent, per annum on the 
 balance of purchase money from time to time remaining unpaid, to be 
 paid with each instalment." 
 
 6. ** The Pre-emption Lands within the several belts shall be sold 
 for the prices and on the terms respectively as follows : — In the Belts 
 A, B, and C, at $2.50 (two dollars and fifty cents) per acre ; in Belt 
 
 pt)r1 
 will 
 
I 
 
 D, at 2^5; ;two dollars) por a(;ro; and in Belt E, 1$ (one dollar) per 
 aero. The terui'^ of paymeut to bo I'oiiv-toutlis oi the purchaso money, 
 together with intovost on the latter at the rate of (i per cent, per 
 annum, to bo paid ai the end of tliroo years from the date of entry : 
 the remainer to bo paid in six equal instaliuonts annually from and 
 after the said date, with interest at the rate above mentioned on such 
 portions of the pimluisc money as may remain unpaid, to be paid 
 with each instalment." 
 
 7 "All paymeutd for Railway Lands, and also for Pre-emption 
 Lands, within the several Bolts, hIuiU bo in cash, and not in scrip or 
 military or poliro bounty warrants." 
 
 It may be explained that a township consists of a tract of land 6 
 miles square which is divided into 3(5 sections of one square mile each. 
 
 Intending Settlers should go at once to the Land Office in the Dis-CH^des. 
 trict wiiero they intend to settle : and guides will be sent with them 
 free of charge to point out vacant lands available for settlement. 
 
 The follovv'ing is the amount of capital considered necessary for a Capital 
 man with a family to start farming on a free grant of prairie land. "^^*^*^- 
 It has been complied from various works that have boon published on 
 Manitoba and tiio North-Wost Territory, and may be accepted as 
 reliable. 
 
 l*rovisious for one year , . . . , , ^200 
 
 One yoke of Oxen " 130 
 
 One Cow 30 
 
 One AVag(i)i 80 
 
 r.reakir,'?; Plough and Harrow .. ., 30 
 
 Chains, IShuvels, Spades, Hooks, &c. . . 20 
 
 Cooking Stove and furniture . . , . 30 
 
 Seeds 20 
 
 Building Contingencies, occ, . . . . . . 60 
 
 §600 or £120 
 
 It is of course based upon the assumption that all payments for 
 goods are to be niado on delivery, but as a settler could obtain many 
 of his requirements on credit until such time as his first crops are 
 harvested, it is fair to assume that a much lower sum than that 
 named above would really suffice, especially as a settler and his family 
 who have not much capital, would be able to command a good price 
 for their own labour duriug harvest time, and thus add to their 
 capital until they luivo a sufficient quantity of their own land under 
 cultivation to keep them fully occupied. 
 
 It may be added that an energetic man landing in Canada with only 
 a pound or two in his poiket is able to look at thefuturo cheerfully 
 Many such men have taken up the free grants and then have hired 
 themselves out to labour, cultivating their own land during spare time, 
 and employing a man at harvest or when necessary. By this means ' 
 
 they are able to stock and cultivate their farms in a few years, with 
 the results of their own labour and the profits of their harvests, and 
 there are m;iny men in Canada now in positions of independence who 
 commenced in tho way above described. 
 
 It will bo understood that the figures named above do not include 
 
Cost of 
 breaking 
 U]> liiiid. 
 
 Improved 
 Furme*. 
 
 Fuel. 
 
 Ciitiadian 
 Kail way. 
 
 KoutoH llllJ 
 Internal 
 Communi- 
 cation. 
 
 the passa^f) of tlu; HOttlor and liis family from England to Manitoba 
 and tlio Norlh- Wost. Tho faro trom Liverpool to Wiiuiipog (Stoorage 
 and third class railways) is £9 lOs. por adult. 
 
 For tho fbca passage, children over « years are considered as adults, 
 those from one to eight years old ar<i charged at half faro, and infants 
 under one year one guinea. On the liaihvays children between five 
 and twelve are charged at half faro, and those under five years free. 
 
 The intermediate, or s(M;ond class, passage to Winnipeg, ranges from 
 £12 18s. t(» .£14 ;3s., while the Saloon rate is from £22 to £28. 
 
 Tho cost of breaking up the prairie land is estimated at 3 dollars 
 por acre, and tho ploughing, sowing, harvesting and thrashing, the 
 second year, I dollars por acre. 
 
 Improved farms can bo pur(;ha8od from .£1 per acre, upwards. 
 
 Ther(i is not so much woodland in the prairie district as in other 
 parts of Canada, but there is enough for tho purposes of fuel and 
 fencing, and tiniber for building purposes can be purchased in the 
 larger towns and settlements. 
 
 This Hue of railway, which is to connect tho Atlantic and Pacific 
 Oceans is now in course of construction by the government of the 
 Dominion, and is oxpectiid to cost from 75 to 80 millions of dollars. 
 Two hundred aiul sixty miles of the lino aro now in operation. This 
 will be increased to three Imudred and si.xty in 1881, and in 1882 
 over seven hundred miles will be open, extending from Lake Superior 
 through Manitoba and westward through the Territories to near Fort 
 Ellice, thus olfectiug a saving in tlie distance from Manitoba and the 
 North West Territory to the ports of shipment for Europe of about 400 
 miles, as compared witli the existing route from the Western States of 
 America, via New York. This railway ,will pass through extensive 
 coal fields, which will ensiu'o an unlimited supply of fuel. , 
 
 It may be mentioned that tlicre arc two routes by which an intend- 
 ing settler can roach Manitoba from (iuebec, or any other Canadian 
 Port, namely the " all rail route," via Detroit, Chicago, and St. Paul 
 to Winnipeg, or by what is called the Lake route, i.e. by Railway to 
 Sarnia or Collingwood on Lake Huron, thence by steamer to Duluth 
 on Lake Superior, and by rail from Duluth to Winnipeg via St. Paul. 
 The journey by the former route is quicker by about a day, but the 
 latter is more economical. By either of these routes the settler will 
 bo met by the Agents of American Land and Eailway Companies, 
 who will endeavour to persuade st^ttlement in the United States as 
 preferable to Canada, but the settler is advised to proceed direct to 
 his intended destination and decide upon his location after personal 
 inspection.— It may be added tJiat most of the Rivers and Lakes in 
 Manitoba and the Nortli West aro navigable, and that steamers now 
 ply during tho season on the River Saskatchewan between Winnipeg 
 and Edmonton, a distance l)y water of "about 1,200 miles, with passen- 
 gers and freiglit, calling at Prince Albert, Carlton, Battleford and 
 ither places on tho way. Steamers also run regularly between 
 Winnipeg, St. Vincent and other places on tho Rod River. There is 
 also steam communication on the River Assiuiboino between Fort 
 Ellico and Winnipeg. ' 
 
9 
 
 [anitoba 
 Stoorage 
 
 s adults, 
 1 infants 
 i^een five 
 8 free, 
 ges from 
 
 • dollars 
 ing, the 
 
 ds, 
 
 in other 
 uel and 
 I in the 
 
 Pacific 
 ; of the 
 dollars. 
 1. This 
 in 1882 
 Superior 
 ear Fort 
 and the 
 )out 400 
 States of 
 xtensive 
 
 . intend- 
 auadian 
 St. Paul 
 ilway to 
 • Duluth 
 5t. Paul. 
 
 but the 
 tier will 
 apanles, 
 States as 
 iirect to 
 )er8onal 
 iakes in 
 ers now 
 '^innipeg 
 
 passen- 
 Drd and 
 between 
 There is 
 en, Fort 
 
 Manitoba is situated in th(! iniiMlc of tlio Cuntinont, nearly cquidis- ^''mitc 
 tant from the Polo and tlie Equator, and the Atlantic and Pacific 
 Oceans. The climate gives conditions of decided heat in summer and 
 decided cold in winter. The snow goes away, and plouglung begins 
 in April, wliich is about the same time as in the older provinces of 
 Canada and the Northern United States on the Atlantic seaboard, and 
 the North-western States of Minnesota and Wisconsin. The crops 
 are harvested in August. The long sunny days of summer bring 
 vegetation of all sorts to rapid maturity. The days are warm and the 
 nights cool. 
 
 Autumn begins about the 20tli of Septemljer and lasts till the end 
 of November, when the regular frosts set in. TJie winter proper com- 
 prises the months of December, January, February aud March. 
 Spring comes early in April. The summer niontlis are part of May, 
 June, July, August and part of September. In winter the thermo- 
 meter sinks to 30 and sometimes 4() dogruos bolow zero ; but this 
 degree of cold in the dry atmosphere of the Nortli West does not 
 produce any unpleasant sensations The weather is not felt to be 
 colder than in the province of Quebec, nor so cold as milder winters in 
 climates where the frost, or even a loss degree of cold than frost, is 
 accompanied with damp or wind. The testimony is universal on 
 this point. 
 
 Snow does not fall on the prairies to an average greater d(^pth 
 than 18 inches ; and bud'aloos and horses graze out of doors all winter, 
 They scratch the snow oil' the prairie and grow fat upon the grass they 
 find beneath it. Horned cattle also grazu out of doors part of the 
 winter, but in some states of the weather they n^quire to bo brought 
 in. Instances are, however, stated, in Avhich horned cattlo have grazed 
 out all the winter. 
 
 The following table represents the njoan temperatures of Winnipeg, 
 Toronto aud Battleford, for each month of the year, ending July, 
 1879:— 
 
 Win- Battle- 
 Toronto, uipeg. ford. 
 
 August f.'6.;58 07. .'St 67.79 
 
 September .J8.18 ry2.\H 47.10 
 
 October ..4.5.84 ;5,3.84 34.52 
 
 . November 36.06 30.60 128.66 
 
 December , 25.78 11.1)7 0.48 
 
 Januarv 22.80 — G. 10 0.45 
 
 February 22.74 — 12.u2 —10.25 " 
 
 March 28.93 14.14 16.80 
 
 April 40.72 39. 10 46.70 
 
 May 51.74 -53.1;> 53.35 
 
 June 61.85 (i3.20 60.45 
 
 July 67.49 68.19 63.95 
 
 It will be noticed that from Toronto westward, the temperature 
 rises during the summer months, and as the average yield of wheat 
 per acre in Manitoba and the North- West is equally as large (if not 
 larger, both in volume and in weight, ) as in the United States, it would 
 seem that in conjunction with the fertility of the soil, this temperature 
 
 / ' 
 
10 
 
 Soil. 
 
 is very favourablo to covoal crops. Tlio fall of snow is also less ia 
 tho Wostorn portion of tlio JJominioii ; in tho lirat liulf of the year 
 1876 it was 28^ iaclxon, and in tlio second half 2i)^ iuoho3, but tho 
 snow is no drawbadc to tho {growth of the crops, which are sown in 
 April and May, and liarvoatod in August and September. 
 
 The soil is a deep alluvial deposit of unsurpassed richness. It is 
 mostly prairie, and covered with grass. It procbuios b')untiful ciops 
 of cereals, grasses, roots, and vogutables. iSo rich is the soil ihat 
 wheat has been cropped off the same pla(;e for forty years without 
 manure, and without showing signs of exhaustion. 
 
 The following extracts from the reports of the English and Scotch 
 farmers selected by tho farmers in their respective districts who went 
 out to Canada in 1879, to report upon tho country, are interesting 
 and reliable on this subject : — 
 
 Mr. BioaAii, The Grange^ Dalbeattie. 
 " As a field for wheat raising, I would much prefer Manitoba to 
 Dakota. The first cost of tho laud is less ; the soil is deeper and 
 will stand more cropping ; the sample of wheat \8 better, and the 
 produce 5 to 10 bushels per acre more, all of which is profit." 
 
 Mb. George Cowan, Annan, 
 Speaking of Mr. Mackenzie's farm at Burnside, says : — "I was 
 certainly surprised at the wonderful fertility of the soil, which is a 
 rich black loam, averaging about 18 inches of surface soil, on friable 
 clay subsoil, 5 and 6 feet in depth, beneath which is a thin layer of 
 sand, lying on a stiff clay. The land is quite dry, and is well watered 
 by a fine stream which flows through it." 
 
 # :\- ^- « 
 
 "The land between Rapid City and tho Assiuiboino, which lies to 
 the Southward, 25 miles distant, is a nice loam with clay subsoil on 
 top of gravel. I was very highly impressed with the fertility of the 
 soil, some of it being without exception tho richest 1 have ever seen, 
 and I have little doubt it will continue for many years to produce 
 excellent crops of grain without any manure, and with very little 
 expense in cultivation." 
 
 Mtt. John Looax, Earlsion, Berwich, says: — 
 " All the laud round this district, (Assiuiboiuo), is very good, being 
 four feet deep of black loam, as we saw from a sand pit." 
 
 Mr. John Snow. Midlothian. 
 ** Along the RedEiver and about Winnipeg the soil is very strong 
 black vegetable mould, and I have uo doubt most of it would carry 
 paying crops of wheat for thirty years ; but it is very flat, and I must 
 say that I like the country ))ei'tor AVest of Winnipeg, and tho 
 furthest point we reached, 150 miles West of Winnipeg, best of all. 
 You have hero the Little Saskatchewan River, Avith fine sloping 
 ground on each side ; tho soil and what it produced was good, as you 
 will see from the samples of each I now show you. I also show you 
 samples from other parts ; and, as I will show you further on, tho 
 Americans themselves admit that wo have ground bettor adapted for 
 growing wheat and raising cattle than they have." 
 
 18 ii 
 
 * 
 
11 
 
 10 less ia 
 
 the year 
 
 but the 
 
 sown in 
 
 3, It is 
 
 fill (nopa 
 
 soil I hat 
 
 without 
 
 rl Scotch 
 ho went 
 teresting 
 
 itoba to 
 ipor and 
 and the 
 
 ** We saw that a black vegetable ui'/ald covorod the surface from 
 18 inches to two, throo, or four foot doi^p." 
 
 Mk. RoiJEUT Peat, Silloi.h. Cum her lot//. 
 *' Soil. — Contrary to my <;xpectation>, iusload ol' linding a wet 
 Bwamp, as I pictured to my own mind, I found a deep black loamy 
 soil, varying in deptli from 2 A i'vi U> :j.A feet ; ;tnd in somo places 
 where it has boon cut through, on tho bankr, of some vivors. it has been 
 found to the depth of 10 to 12 feet, and is spt'cially adapted for the 
 growing of wheat, being preferred by the millers to almost any other 
 on account of it being bo dry and thin skinned. It has lieen known 
 to grow wheat for many years in succession, without manure. If the 
 report was correct, the soil I have sent down to you has grown 
 wheat Ibr 30 yoars, and the last crop yielded 0'> bushels per aero." 
 
 Mu. John Maxwell, Carlisle. 
 "The soil throughout the (country is a rich lilack loam. G infihesto 6 
 feet deep, almost ontiroly free from Htonijs, aiul varyiug iu (iuality in 
 diil'oront districts, on a subboil of strong or friable clay or sand." 
 
 -" I was 
 
 ich is a 
 I friable 
 layer of 
 watered 
 
 lies to 
 •soil on 
 ' of the 
 )r seen, 
 jroduco 
 y little 
 
 , boin 
 
 strong 
 carry 
 I must 
 nd tho 
 of all. 
 sloping 
 as you 
 )W you 
 )n, tho 
 ;od for 
 
 Tho average wheat yield in Manitoba and the North West would ATerage 
 appear to range from 20 to 30 bushels per acre, and tho weight from "°^^* 
 63 lbs. to 66 lbs. per bushel. Barley and oats yield good average^^, 
 as also potatoes and other root crops. 
 
 The following figures taken from the reports of tho delegates of 
 the English and Scotch tenant farmers may also be found interesting 
 on this point : — 
 
 Mr. James BiaaAR, of the Grange, Dalbeattie, says ; — 
 " We heard very different statements of the yielil of wheat, varying 
 from 25 to 40 bushels. McLean, a farmer near Portage, had 1,230 - 
 bushels of Fife wheat off 40 acres. Another man, a native of Eoas- 
 8hire, who was ploughing his own land, told us he had cropped it for 
 17 years in succession, his last crop yielding 35 bushels per acre. 
 Mr. Ryan, M.P., a good authority, said the average of wheat might 
 safely be taken at 25 to 30 bushels, and of oats 00 bushels. . . . 
 Next day we drove over Messrs. Riddles' farm; their wheat has 
 averaged fully 30 bushels per acre." 
 
 Mr. George Cowan, Glenluce, Wigtown ^ .says : — 
 Mr. Mackenzie's farm is at Bmrnside, about miles from Portage 
 la Prairie. . . He favoured me with his average for tlio seasons 
 of 1877 and 1878, and his estimate for the present year. Wheat crop 
 1877, 41 bushels ; 1878, 36 bushels, this year (1879) ho expects it to 
 be close on 40 bushels, average weight 60 to 62 Iba.; but he has 
 grown it as high as 64 lbs. per bushel. Oats last year (1878) he had 
 a yield of 88 bushels from two bushels of seed sown on one acre, 
 this year (1879) his estimate is from 75 to 80 bushel's per acre. Mr. 
 M. also grows excellent root crops, his swede turnips averaging 
 30 to 35 tons ; and potatoes without any care in cultivation, sometimes 
 even not being moidded up, yield between 300 and 400 bushels of 60 
 lbs. Onions when cultivated are also very prolific, yielding as 
 
12 
 
 much u» 300 IhihIioIs per iicrt'. Miin(^ol(l also growa vory houvy crops, 
 but 1 did m)t. huo any on tlm grouud." 
 
 *• # * # 
 
 " W») spoilt a Hlioit tinio on tho farm of Mr. McBoth, and walked 
 
 liold whk 
 
 ontinuously uudor 
 I was told it would average 28 or 30 busliuls 
 
 over 
 
 for 5 i years 
 
 pur acre." 
 
 Mr. K. W. Ooudox, Annan. 
 " Wheat may hv safely ostimatcid to yiohl with roasouable culti- 
 vation 30 bushels of <)o Ihs., and «juts GO bushels of 32 lbs." 
 
 Mr. liOOAN', I'J((rhtotvH, 
 
 Speakiug of tho yiidd about High Biutf, says: — "Tho land here 
 
 lias grown wheat for tO years in succession, yielding from 25 up to 
 
 40 bushels j)or acre. There are not many oats sown hero, but tho 
 
 general produce is 70 bushels per acre. 
 
 •.V. *- * # 
 
 " Wo arrived at Portage on .Saturday aftoruoou. . . lie told ua 
 he had grown good crops at an average of 32 bushels per acre of 
 GO lbs. weight." 
 
 Mr. Sxow, Fotinttiin llnll, Jli/ilothuw. 
 " 1 consider I ke(*p sat'ely witlun the mark, when I say that taking 
 a good pieci' of land it will produce '10 bushels the first year, and an 
 average of oO bushels for 30 years, without manure." 
 
 Mr. John Maxwkll, Carlisle. 
 
 '■ T gave lui estimate (d' tiie cost of wlioat crop in Dakota. Tho 
 same system may b<^ adopted in tlu^ Canadian North-West to ad- 
 vantage, as ilu! average yield, so far as can be learned on present 
 information, will bo 8 to 10 bushels per acre higher than tho yield 
 in Dakota, United States Territory, and every extra bushel produced 
 tends to reduce the first cost per bushel to the producer." 
 
 All the other delegates coulirm tliese figures. 
 
 I 
 
 .€7 
 
 I'loi 
 
 lioa 
 
 5s. 
 
 5d. 
 
 doze 
 
 Totj 
 
 4d. 
 
 Is. 
 
 for 
 
 Bhiil 
 
 HouiostcaJ 
 Kxcitiption 
 Law. 
 
 Treu 
 culture. 
 
 Price of 
 labour. 
 
 Prices. 
 
 In Manitoba a homest(3ad exemption law was passed in 1872, which 
 exempts from seizure for debt 100 acres of land, house, stables, barns, 
 furniture, tools, farm implements in use, one cow, two oxen, one 
 horse, four sheep, two pigs, and thirty days' provender for same. 
 
 Any person, male or female, having attained tho age of 18 years, 
 can enter a claim for a quarter section ;^1G0 acres) of unappropriated 
 Dominion lauds as a claim for forest tree planting, and will receive 
 a patent on certain specihed conditions and proof of cultivation. The 
 foe for tho necessary documents is j^lO. No person can take up both 
 a tree planting grant and a pre-emption ; but either one or the other 
 can be secured in conjunction witli the free grants. • 
 
 Farm labourers can obtain from £30 to 
 Female Domestic Servants 20s. to 24s. 
 Mechanics earn from Ss. to 12s. per day. 
 
 Tho following are the prices of horses, cattle, farming implements, 
 and commodities generally : — 
 
 llorses per pair, about £60, Uxen per yoke, £2G to £30, Cows £6 to 
 
 £40 a year and board, 
 per month with board. 
 
l.i 
 
 vy orops, 
 
 I walkod 
 dor crop 
 busliels 
 
 lu culti- 
 
 nd lioro 
 5 up to 
 but the 
 
 told US 
 aero of 
 
 tukiug 
 uud kiu 
 
 1. Tlio 
 t to ad- 
 prosent 
 10 yiold 
 roducod 
 
 I, wliich 
 I, barns, 
 m, ono 
 ae. 
 
 ' years, 
 priated 
 receive 
 I. The 
 p both 
 e other 
 
 board, 
 board. 
 
 (ments, 
 
 i £6 to 
 
 £7 each. Wagons £\r> tn £lR oach. Ox Tart £.3 to £ \. nrnakinp 
 Plough and Flarrow from I'fi to CH. Coiiimon I'loughs al)()ut .i:y l'2a. 
 lloaporH £20 to £30. JMowors £ I I to I'J."). Hpadus Is. Od., yhovols 
 Ss., Hay Forks .'Js., Manure Forks Js. IJoof .h1. to 7d. por lb., Fork 
 5d, por lb. Flour 24.s, por barrel. Jiiittca* 1h. por lb. Kggs Is. por 
 dozen. Broad l^d. to od. por 1 11). loaf. iSalt 7d. to Hd. por lb. 
 Potatoes 1.'^. Od. to 2s. ])or bushol. Tea 2s. to 2s. .'3(1. por II). Sugar 
 4d. to fid. Cofloo lOd. to Is. fid. Tobacco 2.s. to 2s. ;jd. Coal Oil 
 Is. Od. por gallon. Fails, ;J hoop, Is. 3d. each. Stout Huit of clothing 
 for man £2 to £3. Folt Hats from Is. P.oots Ha. to 12s. Grey 
 IJlankots «s. to 1 2s por pair. 
 
 •.*«•,••• w". 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 Every head of a family can obtain a froo grant of 200 acres of land, 
 and any person eighteen years of ago may obtain 100 acres in the froo 
 grant districts. Tlio conditions are : — lo acres in each grant of 100 
 acres to be cleared and under crop in five year.s ; a habitable house 
 at least 10 foot by 20 built ; and rosidonco on tlie land at least 
 six months in each year. The patent is issued at the (^d of five 
 years. 
 
 Uncleared lands can also be purchased at prices varying from 2s. 
 to 40s. per acre. 
 
 Cleared and improved farms with buildings can bo bought at from 
 £4 to £10 per acre. The money can nearly always bo paid in in- 
 stalments covering several years. 
 
 The soil of the country varies in different localities, but a large 
 proportion is of the very best description for agricultural purposes. 
 
 The climate is much the same as in some other parts of the 
 Dominion ; but njilder in the winter tlian in Queboe 
 
 Cereals, grasses, and roots, produce largo crops, and fruits grow in 
 great abundance ; hemp, tobacco, aiid sugar beet are also profitable 
 crops ; maize and tomatoes ripen well, and peaches and grapes come 
 to perfection in the open air. 
 
 The Province possesses excellent means of communication both by 
 railways, and by water througli the lakes, and the river St. 
 Lawrence, with all parts of the Dominion and to tlie Atlantic ports. 
 
 The puldic schools are all froo and non-sectarian. All resident 
 children between tlie ages of five and twenty-one are allowed to attend 
 them. 
 
 There are several largo cities and towns in this Province, among 
 others Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton, London, Kingston, &c. 
 
 In mineral wealth it has great resources, producing iron, copper, 
 lead, silver, marl)le, petroleum, salt, &c. Its irainonse forests of pine 
 timber are well known. 
 
 Its principal manufactures are cloth, linen, clothing, leather, furniture, 
 sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, soap, cotton, and 
 woollen goods, steam engines, and locomotives, woodeuware of all 
 descriptions, agricultural implements, &c. 
 
 The rates of wages for farm labounMvs are fro.u 40,s. to fiOs. per 
 montli, with board and lodging ; for common labourers from about 
 
 Froe prrantu 
 iit Ontiirio. 
 
 Pnco of 
 lands. 
 
 Improved 
 f.'irmH. 
 
 Soil. 
 Climate. 
 
 MeanR of 
 
 conimuiuca> 
 
 tion. 
 
 Education. 
 
 Oitios and 
 Towns. 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 Manufan- 
 
 turcs. 
 
14 
 
 38. to 43. 2<l. a (lay. without board and lodfjinpf, and for fomalo 
 domoatu! 801 vaiits tVooi Us. to £1 'tu. pur montli, uU found. Good 
 cooka |^<>t ratlior nioro. 
 
 Provisions aro miKili clioapor than in England or in tlie United 
 States. Beof, voiil, and mutton aro from 3d. to 6d. per lb. ; pork, 
 4d. to 5d. ; biuou (id. to 8d. ; broad (best), 4id, to 5d. per 4 lb. loaf ; 
 butter (fro sh), Is.; salt do., 7d. to Ha. por lb.; potatoes, Is. 9d. to 
 2s. per bushel ; tea, '2d. ; sugar (brown), 4d. to 4Jd. per lb.; milk, 
 dd. per quart ; bour, Is. 2d. to Is. Od. por gallon, and tobacco, is. to 
 28. por lb. 
 
 Freo grants 
 in Quebec. 
 
 OroTn lands 
 
 Homestead 
 
 Soil. 
 
 Mines and 
 Fisheries. 
 
 Oities. 
 
 Wages, 
 prices manu- 
 factures. 
 
 Means of 
 
 Oommunica. 
 
 tioa. 
 
 Free grants 
 
 New 
 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Soil and 
 production. 
 
 Manufac. 
 tures. 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 Upon oight of flu^ groat (ioloniaation roads, every male colonist and 
 emigrant b(i!i<4- i iglitoeu yoars of ago may obtain a free grant of 100 
 acres. The conditiouH aro that at tho end of the fourth year a dwell- 
 ing must havo botm erottod on the land, and twelve acres be under 
 cultivation. Lett'irs Patent are then granted. 
 
 Crown liiuvl-' can also be purchased at 30 cents, to 60 cents, an 
 aero. 
 
 Tiio Province has a homestead law oxompting from seizuro under 
 certain eonditious, tlie property ot'oiaigrantjs. 
 
 The soil is of vory good quality, and its productions are similar 
 to those of other parts of Canada. 
 
 Gold, load, ilvor, iron, coppor, platinum, &C'., &c., aro found, 
 — but uiiniug iu this Prov' .ce is only yot in its infancy. 
 
 Tho fisliorit's avo 'ibundant, and in l«7n, tho yield was of tho valuo 
 of $2,097,(377. 
 
 The principal cities aro (^uoboc and Montreal, uiid thoro aro many 
 large towns. 
 
 The remarks niado in tho caso of tho Province of Ontario, will 
 apply to Quohoo also. 
 
 This is aifordod by railways and by the river St. Lawrence. This 
 Province contains tho two great ports of shipment — Montreal and 
 Quebec, both ol' wliich have extensive wliarfage accommodation, and 
 ocean going vessels of 4,000 tons can be moored alongside tho 
 Quays. 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 A grant of 100 acres may bo obtained by any person upon tho 
 following conditiuUT: — 
 
 On payiuout ol' ^ JO cash to aid in construction of roads and hedges, 
 or labour of tho value of jsU^ r*^i' .yt-^i' ^^^' tJiroo years. 
 
 A house to b'i biiiit within two years. Ten acres to be cleared and 
 cultivated in throo years. Proof of residonco on tho land. 
 
 The soil ia I'ortilo and produces all the fruits generally found in 
 England. Wlu^at averages about 20, barley 29, oats 34, buckwheat 
 33, rye 20, Indian corn 41, potatoes 226, turnips 456 bushels to the 
 acre. The potatoes and fruits command good prices in the English 
 market. 
 
 Ship building is one of the staple industries of the province — ^but 
 its mauufacturios geuerally are incroasing rapidly. There aro manu- 
 
fomalo 
 Good 
 
 lo 
 
 fiutarioR of woollon fin'I rntton ^nofls, Ijools and sliopa, leather, 
 ciirriugos, woodou wuic, [)iH)Hr, ndiip, Imrdwaro, &c., &e. 
 
 
 flootU. 
 
 NOVA sorriA. 
 
 Tho quantity of land for di.sposul in this provim^o is limitod — tho Jf»n*'n 
 prim is ^11 per hundrod a<.ruM ; about :C'.»). fr^" grants howovor boing 
 givon to l)ona lido sottlers. 
 
 Tho soil producos good crops of ooroals and roots, and largo Soil, 
 quantities of apploM aro j^jrowri for (»xport. 
 
 Tho vabio of thf) fishorios in Nova Sootia in lK7f», was npwards of pjgjierief. 
 £1,000,000, sterling, couHistiug of cod tinh, mackorol, haddock, honing, 
 lobstors, &v. 
 
 N(jva Scotia contains birjjo tracts of woodlands which produce timber 
 for ship building and luiul)i)r chit'tly I'cr oxport. 
 
 (Jold, iron, coal, and gypsum aro tound in larf^o quantities. Minoral*. 
 
 Tlioro aro several railways in tlio province, giving it (iomniunication Railways 
 with other parts of Canada. 
 
 Halifax, which is th(3 chief city of tlio province, is tho winter port 
 of tho Dominion. Ft possivsst-tj a lino luirbour and is connected by 
 Kailways with all parts of the Continent. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. 
 
 Most of the lands in this province are taken up, but improved farms Price of 
 can be obtained from about £ I per acre. ^*°^^' 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 This province Avhich includes Vancouver's Island is the most western General 
 of the provinces which constitute the Dominion of Canada, its ^^^cnption. 
 boundaries being- tho llocky mountains on tho East and the Pacific 
 Ocean on the west. 
 
 It possesses many fine harbours, one of which (Burrard Inlet) will 
 probably form tho terminus of tho Canadian Pacific Railway when 
 completed ; and 125 miles of tho line in this provinco are now under 
 contract. 
 
 Heads of families, widows or singlo men can obtain froo grants of Land 
 land from 160 to 320 acres accordinj^ to locality ; tho fee is about §7. 
 
 Surveyed lands can bo purchased at ono dollar per acre payable 
 over two years, and improved farjus cost from JUl to £8 per acre. 
 
 British Columbia has a largo extent of valuable timber land, 
 productive fisheries, whi(!h are increasing in value yearly ; gold and 
 coal are also found in large quantities. The yield of gold from 186B 
 to 187G was equal to about forty millions of dollars. 
 
 RATES OF PASSAGE. 
 
 The following are tho rates of passage from Liverpool to Quebec or Rates of 
 Halifax. P"-"^- 
 
 ^■^>j' 
 
 r 
 
16 
 
 Stoorago £6 6a. 
 
 fj 
 
 Steerage. 
 £9 lOs. to £12 Is. 
 £7 88. 6d. 
 £6 123. 
 £7 2s. ed. 
 
 Saloon £12 to £18. Intermodiato £8 8g. 
 
 Assisted steerago £5. 
 Fares from Liverpool 
 
 to Saloou. luteriuodiate. 
 
 Winnipeg £'22 to £28 il\'2 18s. to £14 3s. 
 
 Toronto £li to £1'.) lOs. £•) 10s. 6d. 
 
 Montreal £12 Us. 6d. to £18 14s. 6d. £8 14s. 
 Ottawa £13 \2s. 6d. to £19 10s. £9 4s. 6d. 
 
 Settlers can go to Winnipeg by the all rail route or by way of the 
 lakes ; the latter is the most oeouomical, but takes a day or two 
 longer. 
 
 The following are the officers of the Dominion cf Canada in Groat 
 Britain. 
 
 LONDON SiK Alexander T. Galt, G.O.M.G., &e., High Com- 
 missioner for the Dominion, 10, Victoria 
 Chambers, London, S.W, 
 
 Mk. J. CoLMER, Private Secretary. 
 LIVERPOOL. .Mr. John Dyke, 15, Water Street. 
 CARLISLE . . . .Mil. Thomas Gkahame. 20, Chiswick Street. 
 BELFAST ....Mu. Ciivrlks Foy, 29, Victoria Place. 
 DUBLIN. .... Mr. Tiio.neas Coxnolly, Northumberland riouao. 
 
 The following- are tlie agents of the Canadian Government in 
 Canada : — 
 
 , . . .Mr. W. J. Willis, St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railway 
 Station, Ottawa, Otitario. 
 .Mr. J. A. D0NALD.S0N, Strachan Avenue, Toronto, 
 Ontario. 
 
 MONTREAL. .Mr, J. J. Dai.ey, Montreal, Province of Quebec. 
 . Mr. R. Macphersox, William Street, Kingston, 
 .Mr. John Smith, Great Western Railway Station, 
 
 Hamilton 
 . Mr. A. G. Smythe, London, Ontario. 
 . Mr. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
 
 OTTAWA . 
 TORONTO , 
 
 KINGSTON , 
 HAMILTON 
 
 LONDON . . . 
 HALIFAX . 
 
 ST. JOHN Mr. J. Livixcstoxe, St. John, Now Brunswick. 
 
 QUEBEC Mr. Ij. SrAFFOiM), Point Levis, Quebec. 
 
 WINNIPEG.. Mr. W. Hespeleu, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
 DUFFERIN.. Mr. J. E. Tetu, Dufferin, Manitoba. 
 
 These 'Jlficers will aflord the fullest advice and protection. They 
 should be immediately applied to on arrival. All complaints should 
 be addressed to them. They will also furuisli information as to Lands 
 open for settlement in their respoctivo Provinces and Districts, Farms 
 for Sale, demand for (.nnploymont, rates of wages, routes of travel, 
 distances, exponso.s of conveyance ; and will receive and forward letters 
 and remittances for Settlers, &c., &c. 
 
 Priutcd l)y Aelio^s ANDUiiWS, 31, Muaoum Street, London, W.C. 
 
16 6a. 
 
 ago. 
 
 ) £12 Is. 
 6d. 
 !s. 
 
 i. 6d. 
 ay of tho 
 f or two 
 
 in Groat 
 
 igh Corn- 
 Victoria 
 
 uso. 
 iment in 
 
 Railway 
 
 Toronto, 
 
 lec. 
 on, 
 r Station, 
 
 .n. They 
 its should 
 1 to Lands 
 ts, Farms 
 of travel, 
 ird letters 
 
 I 
 
 ^^.C.