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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul ciichd, il est film6 & partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, at de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent ia mithode. :•■ .; t 2 3 1 ■;¥"•'■ ■■•"'3 4 i 6 icn T ARCTIC EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. BEING DETAILED ACCOUNTS OF THE SEVERAL EXPEDITIOiNS TO THE JS^OKTH SKAS, &OTH ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, CONDUCTED BV ROSS, PARRY, 'JACK, FRANKLIN, M'cLURE, DR. KANE, AND OTHERS, INCLUDING THE LONG AND FRUITLESS EFFORTS AND FAILURES IN SEARCH OF SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. EDITED AND COMPLETED TO 1855. BY SAMUEL M. SMUCKER, A. M. AUTHOR or " COITRT AND REIGN OK CATHERINE II.," " NICHOLAS I.," " MBMORABIJI SCENES IN FRENCH HISTORY," " IIISTUKV OK THE MORMONS," ETC. WITH A CONTINUATION TO THE YEAR 1886. By WM. L. ALLISON. NEW YORK: JOHN W. LOVELL COMPANY, J4-! lu 150 Wor th St. ^^ is.i.m 1-iace. livers f BISLlOTHf COI'YRIOKT 1HH(>, BY WM. I.. ALLISON. PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. In ofifering this account of Arctic explorations to the public in a new form, and with the narrative continued from 1857, where Dr. Smucker left off, down to the year 1886, the publisher aims to present a history of discov- eries in the Ice Zones during the present century more complete and interesting to the general reader than any other that can be found in a single volume. Although the Hterature of Arctic adventure would form a library in itF 'If, yet there "is no other book which presents a con- tinuous narrative of the various expeditions, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time ; and the voluminous works which have been published by the different explorers cover only detached periods and single expeditions, besides being drawn out to undue length by the personal experience or interests of the writers. It is believed that this compendious naiTative gives all needful details, and omits no important dis- covery in the ice belts — while no individual adventuj'er or commander is exalted at the expense of his forerun- ners or compeers. The disasters which overtook so many explorers, es- pecially the parties of De Long and Greely, led to the abandonment of the International Signal Stations estab- lished in concert by most civilized nations, and no scientific circumpolar expeditions have been recently sent out. Except the projected journey of Col. Gilder announced in the last pages of this volume, the only efforts wliich have been made within the last two years, or which appear to be in contemplation, to add to our knowledge of the Arctic regions, ai-e the following : Russia has observers stationed on the shores of the Arctic Ocean in Siberia — in the Lena Delta, along the Yana River, and in the New Siberian Islands where De Long's party landed on their way to starvation, cold and death. Denmark is still at work surveying her Greenland coasts ; while Civil Engineer Peary, of the United States* IV PUBLISHERS PREFACE. 1 Navy, is preparing to penetrate the frozen wastes of Greenland, liitherto untrodden, far inland, by any ex- pl(ir(l men to penetrate the inhospitable wilds and outskirts of the earth, will earn and receive greater honor than tliose who go at the beck of authority or under the auspices of any government. The renown of n\\ great travellers has been achieved without the aid of National appropriations to defray their expenses, guard their lives, and insure their safe return — while the greatest disasters have at- tended expeditions which have been fitted out with elaborate preparations by great Naval Powers. Col Gildek, it may be, will stand a better chance; of life if accompanied only by the Eskimos of Hudson Bay, and living on the game resource's of the country — and may thus reach a far- ther North — than if he were attended by well-manned, provisionc^d and armored ships. That a numerous party not inured to the rigors of the climate, and requiring laborious exertions io supply tliem with food, is not fitted for Arctic explorations, lias been proved by the whole history of adventures in that region. A f(^w years since the natives made a successful overland journey of over 3,000 miles, with Lieut. ycHWAXKA and Col. Gildek, from Hudson Bay to King WilHam Land, and back again without the loss of a Hfe. Another attempt may be crowned with still greater success, and enable this hardy explorer to pierce the very center of the Pole, and to write his name higher up on the scroll of fame than any of the illustrious navigators who have boldly gone into the Arctic night to die, or to sufifer there and return Since the U. S. Signal Station at Point Barrow, Alaska, was abandoned, by Act of Congress, the United States Government has done comparatively nothing to explore and develop our own Arctic territory of Alaska, so rich in fisheries, furs, timbers and mines. But IJie New York 7V»ies — following the notabhi examjile of The Herald, which sent Stanley to Africa in search of Livingston, vi rUBLIbllER H I'llEFACE. %m\ pfave to the United States the unfortunate Jeannctte, in which DKLoN(i vainly attempted to penetrat*' the Arctic Ocean by way of BeringH Straits — has recently dispatched (from Washington Territory), Likut. Fhkd- KuicK ScHWATKA, and i*R0F. William Lihijky, Ju., of Princeton CoUej^c, N. J., to explore for that journal the St. Elias Alps of Alaska. AVhen tiioy arrive at Sitka tliey will or^'aniz(! an expcsdition of white men and Indian jiuidcs, interpreters and laborers, ami spend the rest of the Summer in endeavors to explore the interior and ascend Mount Elias. Attention will be directed to the native tribes of Alaska, from whom it is anticipated much information of interest to ethnologists may be derived. The main object of the expedition, however, is geo- graphical exploration in the St. Elias Alps, and the col- lection of such scientific and commercial information about the products and resources of Alaska as may be of value to the ijublic. W. L. A. Nkw Youk, Jutic 29, 1886. PREFACE. The records of niaritimo adventure and disoovcry ooiv Btitutc one of tlie most attractive pages in literature. Nearly three thousand years before the birth of Christ, the bold Tyrians and Phicnicians deserted the coniines of their native continent to explore new realms, and to ob- tain from the then unknown land of Spain, the mejuis of augmented splendor, luxury, and wealth. From that re- mote period, do*vn through succeeding ages until the present, the most enterprising and dauntless of human spirits have found their congenial field of labor and ac- tivity in adventuring into luitrodden and unfamiliar re gions in search of riches, celebrity, and conquest. It was this spirit which has in the past given birth to many great states and empires. It waa this spirit whicl: planted Carthage on the northern shores of Africa, and eventually rendered her the dangerous and not unworthy rival of Rome. It was this spirit which built Marseilles, Aries, Nismes, and many of the most important cities o^ IV rKKFAOE. France, which oontoiu to this day imin'cssivc monamonti of Roman origin and supremacy, l* wasthit' Hjtirit which mado England pass successively uni'ior the rcHistless s^vay of her Roman, Saxon, Danish, and Nonnan conquerors, IJut more especially was iv this restless and insatiablo genius of adventure which created the greatness of tlio chief maritime cities of modern Italy, of Genoa and Ven- ice, as well as that of the kingdom of Portugal and Spain. To this same desire for discovery the world is indebted for the glorious achievementn of Columbus, YcHpucms, and De Soto ; and for the revelation of the magnificent novelties and unparalleled beauties of these western con- tinents, ladened with the most valuable treasures and products of the earth, which they threw open to the knowledge and the possession of mankind. After the discovery of the American continents, and at- tertho thorough exploration of the Southern and Pacific oceans, it was generally supposed tliat the materials tor further adventures of this description had all been ex- hausted. The whole habitable globe seemed then to have been made accessible and familiar to men, both as apostles of science and as emissaries of commerce. It was thought that the era of maritime discovery, the days of Vasco de Gama, of Marco Polo, and of Sydney, had ended forever. But this supposition was erroneous. One additional field of this description yet remained. It was indeed a gloomy and repulsive one. It was totally de- void of the attractive and romantic splendors which in other days had allured men to sail through tranquil oceans to fragrant islamls, which bloomed like gardens on the bosom of siniiMier seas; or to continents which were covered with the richne /• * trcini""' yesffi^--*"^"^* and luxu fREFAOB. riatice, and wore Rtnrcd with spiceM, gold, and gems. But it w.'W a tield witich ;leinaiidud greater iiuroum, greater endurance, and was frauglit with greater perils, th&n any other department of discovery. This region lay frj- up toward the Northern Pole, It was the vast frozen laud of everlasting snow-iields, of stupendous ioe-bergs, of hyperborean storms, of the long, cheerless nights of the Arctic Zone. To naviga^ and explore these dismal realms, men of extreme darjng, of sublime 4'v)rtitude, of unconquerable perseverance, wore abbolutoly necessary. And such men posset aed one great elemeii j of distinguish, ing greatness, of which the explorers of more genial and inviting climes were destitute. Their investigations were made entirely without the prospect of rich reward, and chiefly for the promotion of the magnificent ends of science. The discovery of a noi th-western passage was indeed not fbrgotton ; but it must be conceded that other less mercenary ani more philanthropic motives have given rise to the Uugei* portion of the expeditious which during the progress of the nineteenth century, have in- vaded the cheerless solitudes of that dangerous and re- pulsive portion of the globe. The following pages contain a narvative of the chief adventures and discoveries of Arctic explorers during this century. No expedition of any importance has been omitted ; and the work has been brought down in its de- tails to the present time, so as to include a satisfactory account of the labors, sufferings, and triumphs of that prince of Arctic explorers and philanthropists. Dr. Kane ; whose adventures, and whose able narrative of them, en- title him to fadeless celebrity, both as a hero in the field, and as a man of high genius and scholarship. I 'Ul !il Ml m fl PREFACE. Every reader who careftilly peruses the following pa> ges miifit be convinced that the Arctic hemisphere has now b*^ea thoroughly explored. Every accessibla spot has been vieited and examined by some one or other of the various expeditions which have been sent out ; and that vast extent of countries and of seas which intervene irom Smith's Sound and Wolstenholme Sound in the ex- treme east, being the remotest northern limits of Green- land, to tho westward as far as to Behring's Straits, which divide America from Asia, has been examined. These limits inclose an area of about four thousand miles, every attainable portion of which has been subjected to the scrutiny of recen*, Arctic explorers. It can scarcely be ex- pected that any traces of the existence and fate of Sir John Franklin still remain on the globe, which further persG- verance and research could possibly reveal. Even if the great chapter of Arctic diKcovery and adventure bhould now be closed, it will constitute one of the most remark- able and entertaining' departments of human heroism, enterprise, and endurance, which biography or history presents. r ♦ CONTENTS. Introductorv Remarks, flS Little kno'WTi of tlie Arctic Rogioiis— Notice of Capt. Phipps' Voyage — P'lrry'a and FrHnkJin'it upiuiuiis on a northwest jmsaijfe— AL';tract of Sir John Harrow'* wurbauii Arc. 'v DiSiiovcry — Eiigluiul's iiuglect of tiur iiauUcal heroes. C;i}»taiii Sir Joliii Rohh's Voyatje in Uie Isabella and Alexander U" Hud,;on's Hay in 1818 '. 37 Names of the otfiuers and iiifii — Sliios viiiited liy the iiutives of Grceiiluiid — Ah«ui- dance of birds on tliis const — Galy of wind — Ked snow — l^ncostur Sound —Tlip fabu- lous Crokcr mountains — AK'>es> monument — Large beur iiliot — Return home. 7oyjijre of Buchan and Franklin in the Dorothea and Tront, h) Spitsbergen, <(cc., 1818, 4:> Names of oSieera and complement, &c. — Kaneifal api)earin('e ,of ic('l>er(;t>- .*^lii|i« arrive at Spit/.bergen — .^ndior in M.\;rdalcn Hay — Hansfni^r icobor^rR- Imiiifiisc ll'ii-ki of liird«— DangreronsB.Si'cnt of Rot;.'** Mill - \Uiicl< of rvalrn.sos — Snrpriscd ii,v imloKlu'il- for vlrtitoiii — Devout feeiiiij,' of recluses— ICxju'dition I)Uts to «ea iiffain— I'arty lone tiiemseivcson the ice — Slli^^s(lama;J:l'li by tlie jjressure of the flocs-Dunijeroiis pusition of the shi])8 — They take refu!i;e in Hie UMsn pack of ii'ebergs — Vessels put into Fair Raven to stop leaks and refit— Return home. ii'ranklin's First Land Expedition, 1819-21 CI Party leave En>;land in the Prince of Wales — Reach Hudson's Bay factory by the end of A neurit — Proceed by the rivers and lakes to C\miberland House'— Arrive »t Fort Chipewyan after a winter J(mrney of S.'i? miles — Ensatre vovajreurs and {guides — Make the acquaintance of Akaitcho, tlie Indian chief— Push on for Kurt Knterjjrise, which is made their winter resideMve after a voyape of .''<()'< miles — Kvp!orinf,f excrursionscar- ried on during the winter — '"Green Stockings." the Indian lu'aufv -Stores and KHijni- mau.x interpreters arrive — Severity of the winter — SutVerin-fs of the Indians —Party set out for the Polar Sea — Examine the coiust westward of Point Turnaifaiii— l)i-eadfii! hardships and sutt'erings endured on their return Journoi', frotn niinini! and fatif,'iie— Death of several of the party — Mr. Hood is mnrilerod by Michel the Iroiinols, wliij, for their mutual safety, is killed by Dr. Richardson — Huiifrer and funnne endured Ity Un> party— Their ultimate relief. I nrry's First Voyage in the Hecla and Griper, 1819-20, 85 Names of oflficerB serving, &c.— Enter I^ncaster Sound- The Oroker nioutitaini prove to be fallacious — Parry discovers and enters Regent Inlet — Also discovers and namo»i various islands, capes, and channels— Reai'hes Mehille Island — i^xpedition croa« the meridian of 110'' W., and become eniitled to the Parliamentjiry reward of i;6()(Kl —Drop anchor for the first time — lAnd on the island — Abimdnnce of animals found— An explorinjr party lose themselves for three days, but are recovered and brought back — Vosselij get into wmter-niiuo lt>^ island — Ship^i get flear of the ic« — But are unable to make f\irther progreM to the vrestwvd, and tb«U Nturn to EagteDd U datarmined on. viii CONTENTS 1 u; 1 111 Farry'H Second Voyage in the Fury and Hecla, 18:21-23 101 Ilia opiniuii uh to a iiorthweHt pabsage — Make Re8ulutiuii island, at the entrance of IIud8iys made of all th« indentations and coaati of this locality — Ships driven b.icli l)y thi* curvrjut and drift-ice — Take up their wiiiter- quarterB — And resort to thealricid amusements again — Scliools estaMished — Great severity of the whiter — Surveying operations resumed — Intelligent Esuuiniaux female affords valuable hydrogi-apliicul intbrmation — Perilous position of tnt Hecifl — Her miraculous releaae — Ships piuis their second winter at Igloolik — The Fury aud Hecla Strait examined — Ico breaks up — Ships driven about by the curreut for thirt*-fiv< days — At last gain tlie Atluntic aud make for Englaud. Claveiing'8 Voyage to Spitzbergen and Greenland in the Griper, 1823 126 Conveys out Capt. Sabine to make observations — Reach Spitzbergen — Proceed tlienot to Pe.idulunvIslAiids — Northeastern coast of Greenlaiid surveyed — Captain Claveriug "-.nd a party of niiieteen men carry on an exploruig expedititm for a fortuighl — M''»t with a tribe of Esquimaux — Ship puts to sea — Make for the coast of Norway — Ancho.' in Drontheim Fiord — Observations being completed, sliip returns to Eugland. Lyon's Voyage in the Griper, 128 Is sent to survey and examine the straits and shores of Arctic America — Arrives tn the chaunel known as Roe's Welcome — Encounters a terrific gale— Is in imminent dan- ger in the JJay of God's Mercy — Sutlers from another fearful storm — The ship being (juite t-rippled, and having lost all her anchors, Ac, is obliged to return home. I'arry'B Third Voyage in the Hecla and Fury, 1824-25 130 Names and number of the ofHcers, &c. — Hecla laid on her broadside by the ice — Ships reach T^mcaster So-uid — Enter He(;ent Inlets and winter at Port Bowen — Dreary eham'ter of the arctic wititer — Former amusements \vorn threadbare — Polar Bal MAsqC) got up — Exploring parties sent out inland and along the coast — Ships are releasee, but beset by the ice, and carried by the pack down the inlet — Fury driven oa *hore and abandoned — Return voyage necessarily determined on — Scarcity of animal food in this locality — Hecla arrives at Peterhead — Pai ry's opinions of the northwest passage. Franklin's Second Land Expedition, 1895-26 137 Names of the officers accompanying him — Arrive in New York and proceed through the Hudson's Bay Comjiany's territories— Winter at Fort Franklin on Great. Bear LaiiC — A pioneer partv proceeds to examine the state of the Polar Sea — Return and pass the long winter — bescend the Mackenzie in the spring — Party divide ; Franklin and Bac^k proceeding to the westward, while Dr. Richardson and Mr. Kendal, &0., follow the Coppermine River— Franklin uncoimters a tierce tribe of Esquitiiaux at the sea — After a month's survey to the eastward, Franklin and his party retrace their steps — Find Richardson and Kendal had returnd before them, afler reiu-hing and explor- mg Dolphin and Union Strait — Another winter spent at Fort FrankUn — Intensity o? the cold— Large collection of objects of natural history made by Mr. Druinniond— Franklin's struggle between affection and duty— Party return to EngUnd. Captain Beechey's Voyage to Bebring's Strait in the Blosson*, 1825-26 140 Anchors off Petropaulowski — Receives intelligence of Parry's safe return — Interview witJi the natives— Correct hydrographical descriptions given by the Esc^uimaux— Ship s boat pushes on to the eastward as far as Point Barrow, to conunumcato with Franklin— Crew in danger ft-om the 'latives— Obliged to return to their 8hij)s — The Blossom proceeds to the Pacific, to replenish her provisions— Returns to Kotzobu* Sound in the summer — Sliip grounds on a sand-bank, but is g(.t off— Boat sent out ta learn tidings of Franklin, is wrecked -Crew come into collision witli hostile uativea, •nd are wonnded; picked up by the ship -Dispatches left for Frankliu, and tb« db^ rvturns to England. O O N T £ N T 8 . Pany's Fourth or Polar Voyage in ihe Hecia, 1827 144 Plana and eag^esUons of Scoresby, IJcaufoy and Franklin for trarelinGT in sledKea oyer th-e ice — Names of the otUcera employed — Ship embarks reindeer on the Norwaj coast — Experiences a tremendous gale — Beset by ice for a month — Anchors »t Spitz bergen — Sledge-boais prepared for the ice journey — Description of them— Night turned into day — Slo'v jirogress— Oocuputions of the party — Lose ground by the ■outliward drift of the ice — Bear shot — Notices of animals seen — Reach nortliernmost known Ip.nd— The islet named after Ross — Return to the ship — Parry's subsequent suggestions on this mode of traveling' — Sir John Barrow's comments thereon — Opin- ions of this perilous ice journey — Review of Parry's arctic serTices. Captain Jolju Ross's Second Voyage in tlio Victory, 1829-33 155 Ross seeks otficial employment from the Admiralty on another arctic voyage — is re- ftised — Fmuls are furnished by Mr. Felix Booih — The Victory steamer purchased — Engages his nephew, Commander James Ross, as his second in conmiand — List of other officers — Sliip encounters a gale, and is obliged to put into Ilobjteuiberg to refit — Proceed on their voyage — Enter Lancaster Sound and Regent Inlet — Reach Fury Beach — Find abundance of stores there, and preserved meat in excellent condition — Replenish their stock — Proceed down the Inlet — Perils of the ice — Vessel secured in Felix Harbor for the winter — £(;(iuimaux visit the ship — Furnish very correct sketches of the coast — ^mmander James Roks makes many excursions inland and along ttie bays and inlets — Explores Ross's Strait, »nd puslies on to King William's Land — Oith- culty of distiiiguishiug land from sea — lieaches Point Victory and turns back — Slup gets clear of the ice, after eleven months' iiupririoumeut, but in a week is again frozen 1, and the party are detained during another severe winter— Further discoveries made, and Commander Ross plants the Britiith flag on the north iimgneUc pole— In August, 1831, the ship is warped out, an«l makes sail, but after beating about for a month, if again frozen in; and ratlier than sj)end a fourth winter, there being no prospect ot releasing the ship, o?>e is abandoned, and the crew make for Fury Beach — Provixiont and boats taken on with great labor — Party erect a canvas hut, which they nauie Som- erset House — In a month, the boats being prepared for the voyage, the party emuark, Mid reach the mouth of the uilet — Barrow's Strait ia found one compact mass of ice — They are obliged to fall back on the stores at Fury Beach to spend their fourth winter- Placed on short allowance — In the snring they again embark in their lioats and succeed in reaclung Lancaster Sound — Fall in with whalers — Are received on board the Isabella, Captain Ross's old ship — Arrive home— Public rejoicings for their safety — Rewords granted— Resume of Captain John Ross's services. Captain Back's Land Journey in search of Ros.s, 1833-34 168 Attention called to the missing expedition by Dr. Richardson — Plans of relief sng- restcd — Public meeting held to connidi'r the best measures — Ample funds raised— Capt. Back volunteers — Leaves England with Dr. King — Voyageursand guides, &c, engaged in Canada — Party push through the iiorthweat country — Dreailful sutferings from insi'ct pe.sts — Reach Fort Resolution, on Great Slave Tjikc — Motley description of tlie travelers and their encampment — Arrangements are completed, and the journey in search of the Great Fish River commenced — Frightful nature of the precipices, rap- .ds, falls, ravines, &c. — Meet with old accjuaintances — Obliged to return to their winter •juarters— Dreadful sutVeringw of the Indians — Famine and intense coid--Noble conduct of Akaitcho, the Indian chief— News received of Captiin Ross's safe i nturn to Engl.and — Frankliii's faithful Esuuiniaux iKtcrprctcr, Aug\istus, endeavoring to join Back, ii» frozen to death — A fresh journey towan! the sea is resolved on- Provisions for three months taken — Indian encampment -Green Stockings, the beauty Inti-i-viow with the rhief, Akait(;ho— Arduous arnl perilous progtcss fowai'd thu sea -Piifcring propensi- ties of the Indians — Meet with h large friendly tribe of Es'r no absence tf two years and a half — Dr. King follows him in the Hudaons Bay spring ship*. Back's Voyage in llio Terror up Hudson's Strait, IS.'JG 186 Ship arrives at Salisbury Islaud- - Proce>»ds up Frozen Sti'ait— Is blocked up by the '.•e, and driven about powerless for more than six months — Past on her beam enda ♦)r three days -From the crippled state ol the ship and the insurmountable difticultiee :f the navigation, the return to England is deternuned on — Summary of Oiptaiw K*ck'a arctic services ll/«1 CONTENTS 'I ill Pi i'iht Messrs. Dease and Simpson's Disco verioa on the coast of Arctic America, 1836-39 1 87 Descend the Mackenzie to the sea— Survey the western pact of tlie shoret of North Amerka from R.-eturn Reef to Capo Barrow — DiscoTsr two new rivers, the Garry »nd Colnlle — After leacliiii;? Elson Bay, return to winter 'it Fort Contidc^nce, on Great Bear Lake — Survey resumed in tiio ensuinj; spring — DangTous rapids on the Copper- mine river — Encamp at its mouth — Copper ore found here — Victoria Land discoverud anil 1 to miles of new coast traced — Re-ancent of the tpperraine conimenced — Boatu aliandoned, and the Barren grounds traversed ou foot S|>€nd another winter at Fort Confidence — Tlie following' season a third voyajje commenced— Richardson's River •xainined — Coronation Gulf found clear of ice— (Joast survey to the eastward prose- cuted—Simpson's Strait discovered— Back's Estuary reached — Deposit of provisions made hy Back five years previous, found — Aberdeen Islam), the extreme point reached — I'arts of coasts of Boothia and Victoria Land traced — One of the l)oatfl abandoned — Descent of the Coppermine, and safe arrival at Fort Contidence. Dr. John Rjie's Laml Expedition, 1846-47 192 Hudson's Bay Company dispatch Rae and a party of thnteen men to complete the survey between Deasu and Simpson's furtliest, and the Fury and Hechi Strait — Expe- dition leaves Fort C)\urchill — Reaches Waf;er River — Boats taken across Rae's Isthmus —Winter residence constructed — Short commons — West shore of Melville Pcnuisula, &c., (txamined — Party return to their encampment, and jtroceed to Fort Churcliill — Grjituity of XlOO awarded to Dr. Rae. Captiiin Sir Jahn Frankliu'H Last Expedition in the Erebus and TeiTor, 1845-51 196 Prohahility of the safety of the expedition— Montj^oniury's lines on ice-imprisoned vessels — Lady Fi-ankliifs devotion and enthusiasm — Versos — Her appeal to (he iu)rtii— Sir E. Parry's opinion — OutHt and dispatch of Franklin's e\i)edition — Nmiucs of the ofticovs employed — Outline of Franklin's services — Notices of the services of other of the officers — Searchiuff expeditions sent out in 18 IS — DilVerent voluuteers iilVcr— A' sence of intelligence of Franklin— His latest di.si)atche8 and letters— Copper cylimUTS —Franklin's views and intentions — Letters of Captain Fitzjanies — (Jeueral opinions of the most experienced arctic officers as to Franklin's safety — Offer of services and sui;- jfcstions by Dr. King — Oi)inions of Captains Parry and.Taniei Ross tliereon—Coiisnltii- tion of officers at tlie Admiralty — Report of the hydroj^raphor — Advice teiidereil by those consulted — Views of Mr. Know and Mr. McLean — Publi(' and jirivnte rewards offered for discovery and assist;mce to lie rendered — Second report ol" Admiral lieaufort to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty — Various private ami om(ial letters and dispatches, pointing out, or commenting on plana and modes of relief'— .Abundance of animal food found in the arctic regions — A ballad of Sir John Franklin. The Government and private Searching Kxpcs 281 List of the vessels and commanders, >Vc., now employed on the search In the arctio regions — Notices of those reUirned home. Vovafje of the Enterprise and Investi«fator under Captains Sir J. C, ftossand E.J. Bird. i848-49 :. 261 Names of the officers employed in this expedition — Ships arriye at Upperimvick— Proceed on their vova'.re — Fo.-cn a piissajte through the ice — Enter Barrow's Strait— .Vfter being driven about in the pack, take shelter for the winter in the harbor of I'oit Leo))old — Surv ■viiiir trips carried on down the inlet, and round the nortlieru and ivpstf-iti shnr'>- of Brinthia— Fox'is tranned and lifierated with copper collars on — Fury apen water — Beset by the loose pack, and «he temperature felling, the whole bodv nf ',ce is formed into one solid mass, and the ships are drifted with the field into BatRn'n 3ay— The return to England determined on— Outline of Sir .Tames Ross's arduous fervices in the polar regions. Voyaa^ of the transport, North Star, 1849 5^KI Mamei of the officers of the ship— Official dispatch from the Oommander— Brtif '* OONTKNTB. Xl beMt in an im AaM in Uie northern part of Bnliin'R Bay— Drin^d with it for nixty-two daji — Winter* tn Wolstenholme Sound— Dearth of animalg tht-ie— Shi,) \;ott> clear of ice and makeu for I-anciiater Sound — The Lady Franklin and Felix are spoken witii — Beio^i; prevented r>y fhe ijo from reaching Port Bowen or Port Neiil, the provision! tJiken out l>y the :\ortl\ Star are landed at Navv Board Inlet— Spcakb tlie IVince All)er» — Receives di>i'utL'heii for England — Returns home — Commander Saunders appointed to Malta D(H-k-yard. Second voyage of the Enterprise and Investigator under Captain Collinson and Commander M'Clure, 1850 204 Names of officers attached to tlie sliips — Esquimaux interpreter appointed to the Entfirprise — Vessels arrive at the Saixlwioli Islands— Evj)resned intcntiotis of the com- manders of the vessels — Ships reach Behring's Strait — Communicate witli the Herald 4nd Plover — Latest dispatches of Captain Collinson and Connnander M'Clure — Position of their Ships. Voyage of the Plover, and Boat Expeditions under Commander Pullen, 1848-51 307 Purport of instructions issued from the Admiralty — Ship arrives in Behrir.g's Strait -Discovers new land and islands to the north of the Strait — Whiters in Kotzebiio Aound — Lieutenant Pullen and party proceed in l)oatt< along the coast to the Mackenzie River — No tidings gleaned of Franklin's ships — Letter from Lieut. Hooper — latest offi- cial dispatch from Commander Pullen — His intentions — Sir John Richardson's ad-ice. Voyage of the Lady Franklin and Sophia, purchased government ships, under the command of Mr. Ponny 312 Nature of the instructions given — Printing Press supplied— Ships sail and reach Wolutonholme Sound — Prevented by the ice from e.xamining Jones' Soiuid — Reach Wellington Channel, and are left there by the Prince Albert. Voyage of the Resolute and Assistance, under command of Captain Austin, with their steam tenders. Pioneer and Intrepid, 1850-51. . .313 Ships purchased and are renamed by the government — Officers emplgyed — instruc- tions given to search Wellington Channel, and push on to Melville Island — Official dispatch from Captain Ommaney — MS. newspaper started on board tiie AsAistanca Extracta therefrom. Voyage of Captain Sir John Ross iu the Felix private schooner 1850-51 319 Is fitted out by the Hudson's Bay Company and private subscription — Arrives at Whalefish Islandd, and overtakes the Advance and Resolute — Proceeds in company — Esquimaux reports of the destruction of Franklin's ships, and murder of the cre^i»— Proved by investigation to be devoid of ftiundation — I^ettcr of Sir John Ross to the Secretary of tlie Admiralty. American Govermuent Searching Expedition in the United States ships Advance and Rescue, under the command of Lieutenant De Haven, 1850-51 325 Lady Franklin's apx>eal to the American nation — Mr. Clayton's reply— Second letter of Lady Franklin to tiie President — Suggestions of Lieutenant 9. Osborii, K. N.— De- bate in Congress — Resolutions agreed to— Munificence of Mr. H. Grirmell— Ships titts4 out and dispatched — Names of officers employed — Dispatches from the cointnandev. Remarkable Voyage of the private ship Prince Albert, under the command of Captain Forsyth, R. N., to Regent Inlet and back, 1850 : 348 Fitted out by Ijidy FrankUn and by private subscription— Reasons for the expeditioa — Offloere and crew — Discover traces of Franklin — Fall in with other thipe— Viaiti Rei^ent Inlet — 1> forced to return home — Remarlia on thii voyage lii OONTBNTS if • \ I i, M> ill' i i i Die American Griniiell Expedition in search of Sir.John Frank- lin, in the Advance and Rescue, under the cummand of Lieu- tenant E. De Haven, in the years 1850-51 861 Offloon of tho Expedition— Progress of tho voysgfv-Flrst encounter with an lo©- l,org_Aoros of broken Ice— Landing at Wli.iU' bland — Procure winter clothing and mppllea at a Danish settlement— I'ciiloii! iwfsitlon of tho Rescue — Polar bears — Opcu sea— Joined by the Prince Albert, Royal navy — Crimson CTltfs— Tremendous jfftlo — Articles belonging to Franklin's siiips— Three graves of Franklin's men-— Otiier traces .»f the missing navigator— Approach of tlio Arctic winter— Battling \?ith Ice — Extreme perils— Five niuntlis In tlio Ice— Arctic amnsemonta and em- ployments — Arctic night— Re-appparaneo of tho sut — Liberation of the Ice-bound vpsflols — Fartlior Explorations — Decide to return — Arrival at the Navy yard — Effects of the Expedition— WINTER IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN by Lieutenant De Haven, A Summer Search, for Sir John Franklin, with a Peep into the Polar Basin, by Commander E. A. Inglefield, in the Screw- steamer Isabel, in 1852 411 First glimpse of Oreenland — Singular accident — Examination of shores of Wol- stenholme Sound— Northumberland Island— Point Frederick VII. — Appearance of the Ice— Visits the graves of Franklin's men at Beechey Island— Dllllcultlea of ad- vancing — Loss of spars — ^The return of the Iscbel. Eighteen Months in the Polar Regions in search of Sir John Franklin's Expedition, in the years 1850-51, by Lieutenant Sherard Osboru, with the Steam-vessels Pioneer and Intrepid 421 Dangers of anchoring to an ice-berg — Entangled In the pack — Enters BafDn^s Bay — Lancaster Sound— Philosophy of Ice-bergs— Regent's Inlet — Visit to Beechey Island -Thorough search of that Island — Visits Barlow's Inlet — Passing the winter in th« thlps — Occupations — Expeditions organized in the spring — Visit to Jones' Sound- Description of the Esquimaux races— Return home. Arctic Searching Expedition; a Journal of a Boat voyage through Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea, in search of Sir John Franklin, by Sir John Richardson, in 1851 488 Start firom Montreal— Designated route— Intercourse with the Esquimaux— Sketch of the Esquimaux — RuaaoU Inlet — Harrowbv Bay — Capo Bathurst — Cai>e Kendall —Coppermine River— Kendall River — The Esqulmau.v of this region — ^I'helr religion —Their different races and trlbea— The Kutchins— Fort Confidence- Basil Hall Bay — Bear Lake — Return. The Second Voyage of the Prince Albert in search of Sir John Franklin, under the command of William Kennedy, in 1863 461 Origin of this expedition— The outfit and Instructions— Melville Bay— Prince Re rent's Inlet — Port Leopold— Winter quarters at Whaler's Point — Fury Beach- Inol- flfcnts during the winter— Cape Garry— Batty Bay— Return to England. Arctic Explorations; the Second Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, in 1853, '54, 65, by Dr. E. K. Kane, in the brig Advance . . 473 Outfit and purpose of the expedition— Visit to Danish settlements of Greenland- Pass Crimson Cliffs — Smith's Sound— Discovery of the Great Humboldt Glacier- Butter Island— Establishment of provision depots— Life on board thebrlg- Incidents of the first winter In the ice— Perilous expedition— Further examination of Hum- boldt Glacier- West Land— Robert Morris Bay— Bear-fight— Peep into the Polar Basin— View of nature five hundred miles from the North Pole— Littleton Island- Second wintor In ttie ico— Operations In the spring— Exploration of Kennedy Chan nel— Third view of Humboldt Glacier— Bear hunts— Preparations fbr return— De- parture fi'om the bkig— Conveyance of the sick— Anoatok— Sledge Party— Perilous »dventnr«— Death of Christian Ohlsen— North Baffin's Bay— The embarkatl«n— DV* li f CONTENTS. xm 861 411 421 ficult navigation— Miircbison Channel— Narrow Escape— Weaiy Man's Rest— Afrr- de-G/tue — Cape V'ork— Want of provisioiib— Seal hunt— Coast of Greenland— The Rayak— Distourauing news— Arrival at Upemavik- -Captain Ilartsteiie's expedition in the Arctic and the Release- Adventures of that expedition— Return to Upernavik and discovery of Dr. Kane's party— Return to New \ork— Results of the expedition —Subsequent career of Dr. Kane— His death, 1' eb. lO, 1857. Expedition of Captaia Francis McClintock. July i, 1857 . 520 Discovery of the First Authentic Account of Sir John Franklin'i late- Return of the " Fox " to Isle of Wight, September 20, 1859. Explorations of Dr. Isaac I. H/iYEs (Surgeon of Second Grinnell Expedition) i86o-6i ^22 Dr. Hayes' First Expedition — He describes the Arctic ninht— Ui.i Open I'olar Sea — i'olar Sea of the future — Mild climates in tlie Arctic — The (Jlacier systim — rhe lioine of the Iceberg — Watcliing the Ice Mountains thrown off by heal and expan- sion — Roaring as of artillery— Scenes in Northern seas. Dr. Charles F. Hall's Expeditions, 1860-71 . . . 540-565 First Expedition in tlie " George Henry " ; Second Expedition in the " Monti- cello " ; Third or North Polar Expedition in the U. S. Steamer " I'olaris "—Various adventures and discoveries — Capt. Hall's death — I^ss of the " Polaris" — Floating on the ice — Escape of the crews — Capt. Hall awarded the gold medal of the Geograph- ic.Tl Society of Paris — Results— Life among the Eskimos— Tombs of iiis native friends. Expeditions from Europe — Nordenskiold .... 5C4 Weyprecht and Payer sail from Norway, June, 1871 — Discover Franz Joseph " or 8" of the Pole — Capts. Tobiesen, Mack and Nares and Young, R. N.— Land — Their sledges go to within 7 Carlsen — William Barentz- Nordenskiold in tlie Vega- Helve and Smyth— Capts 550 miles from the Pole Lieut. Schwatka's Expedition, 1878 Schwatka and Gilder's Expedition to King William Land' 566 Overland Sledge jour- ney of 3,251 miles, 187Q-1880 — Relics of Franklin's men — Skull and bone-i ot' Lieut John irvmg sent to Scotland — Capt. Gilder's narrative — Schwatka's hunt of the musk-ox — Return, Sept. 22, 1880 — Receives the medal of Paris Geographical Society. Lieut. DeLong's Fatal Expedition 'n the " Jeannette " . . 571 Leaves San Francisco, July 8, 1870 — Takes the Bering Strait route- -Crosses the path of the " Vega " — Encounters solid ice and is frozen m near Herald Island and Wrangell Land — Jeannette sinks in 30 fathoms, June 13, 1881 ; her crew take to the floes and boats, and attemjit to reach the Asiatic coast — Lieut. Chippand the Ferond cutter lost — DeLong in the first cutter and Danenhower in the whale-boat land at Lena Delta — DeLong and his party all perish except two, who reach a settlement— Their frozen bodies recovered — DeLong's last journal — Results of his expedition — Posthumous honors — Discussion of Arctic currents— The gate to the Pole barred in Bering sea — Description of Bering Strait, Sea, Asiatic and American coasts. 58S-597 -Their adventures in searih of Relief Expeditions, 18S0, 1881, 1882 U. S. Steamers "Corwin," " Rodgers," "Alliance "- the " Jeannette," " Mount Wollaston," and "Vigilant" — The Corwin's crew ex- plores Herald Island and Wrangell Land — Mirages in the Polar seas — Ice-fuuls-- Habits, language and religion of the Eskimos — The Albatross— Northeast and North- west Passages. Antarctic Expeditions — The " Terra Australis Incognita " . 602 Expeditions of Capt. Cook. Capt. Wm. Smith, Bellinghausen, Howell, Palmer, Capt Vv'eddell, Capt. John Biscoe, Duniont D'Urville, Capt. Ross, Lieut, (.'h.irles Wilkes — Features of the Antarctic Ocean — Implements of dead races. &c. *li (- xiv « ONTKNTS. Lieut. A. W. (iKEi.i.Y's Kxpedition — Signal Stations 606 ■ \ I '■ Ciriiinell Land, Latiy Franklin I'ay — Signal stations— Point Harrow, Alaska — Relief Expi:ditions— Rescue of the siirviv«)rs of tlic Grkki.v party— Starvation — Cannibalism •—Results— Arctic seasons, ^c— Signal stations richtly abandoned — Rigor of climate increasiiig in tin. Ice Zones— Open Polar Sea a deTusion— North Pole only fit for the ghosts ofexplorers, and for phantom ships— Auroras, stars, tides— Latest Projects- Medals 10 Grbei.v, Bkainari), ^.'c. Col. Will. II. Clilder's Troposed Foot Journey to the I'ole 634-639 How he will get there, via Lady Frankhn Hay— Native hunters, dog-drivers and tlieir families to be his sole companions in a "dash to the Pole." — The ' Garden of Eden," the " Lost Race, ' and the " Magnetic World."— True I^ Furred Animals 56S The Jeannette Wedged In 574 Dashed Upon the Ice 580 Unfurling the Flag 588 The Ice-Burst '. sqi Aurora Borealis 614 The Raft Sinking 620 Thousands of Birds — An Oasis 639 li> THE PROGRESS Of ARCTIC DISCOVERY IN THE NINETEENTPl CENTURY. If we examine a map of Northern, or Arctic, Amer- ica, showing what was known of the countries around tlie North Pole in the commencement of the present century, we shall find that all within the Arctic circle was a complete blank. Mr. Hearne had, indeed, seen the Arctic Sea in the year 1771 ; and Mr. Mackenzie had traced the river which now bears liis name to its junc- tion with the sea ; but not a single line of the coast from Icy Cape to Baffin's Bay was known. The east- ern and western shores of Greenland, to about 75° lat- itude, were tolerably well defined, fi-om the visits of whaling vessels ; Hudson's Bay and Strait were par- tially known; but Baffin's Bay, according to the state- ment of Mr. Baffin, in 1616, was bounded by land on the west, running parallel with the 90th inei-idian of longitude, or across what is now known to us as Bar- row's Strait, and probably this relation led to the sub- sequently formed hasty opinion of Captain Sir John Ross, as to his visionary Croker Mountains, of which I shall have occasion to speak hereafter. As early as the year 1527, the idea of a j»assage to the East Indies bv tlu! North Pole was suggested by » '^i... 26 rUOOKKSH OF ARCTIC DIBCUVERT. ii u III ; I! I'll Bristol merchant to Henry YIU., but no voyage seems to have been undertaken for the purpose of navigating the Polar seas, till the commencement of the following century, when an expedition was fitted out at the ex- pense of certain mercliants of London. To this attempt several others succeeded at different periods, and all of them were projected and carried into execution by private individuals. The adventurers did not indeed accomplish the object they exclusively sought, that of reaching India by a nearer route than doubling the Capo of Good Hope, but though they failed in that respect, the fortitude, perseverance, and skill which they manifested, exhibited the most irrefragable proofs of the early existence of that superiority m naval af- fairs, which has elevated this country to her present eminence among the nations of Europe. At length, after the lapse of above c century and a half, this interesting question became an object of Royal patronage, and the expedition which was com- manded by Captain Phippa (afterward Lord Mulgrave,) in 1773, was fitted out at the charge of Government. The firstproposer of this voyage was the Hon. Dainea Barrington, P. E. S., who, with indefatigable assiduity, began to collect every fact tending to establish the practicability of circumnavigating the Pole, and as he accumulated his materials, he read them to the Royal Society, who, in consequence of these representations, mad« that application to Lord Sandwich, then First Lord of the Admiralty, which led to the appointment of this first official voyage. Captain Phipps, however, found it impossible to penetrate the wall of ice which extended for many degrees between the latitude of 80° and 81°, to the north of Spitzbergen. His vessels were the Racehorse and Carcass ; Captain Lutwidge being his second in command, in the latter vessel, and hav- ing with him, then a mere boy, Nelson, the future hero of England. From the year 1648, when the famous Russian navi- gator, Senor Deshnew, penetrated from th<* river Iv'lvma throuirh the Polar into the Pacific Ocf an, the 1^ IN'i'KODUCl'KiN. 21 Itassians have been aRanluoub in tlieii attemptb tc (lib covei a northoaBt pasnage to tho north of Capo Slid- atskoi, aH the English iiave l)eun to sail to the north west of the American continent, throngh Huiiin's Jiuy and Lancaster Sonnd. Ou the side «>f the Pacific, many etforts, have, within the last century, been made to further this object. In 17-il, the celebrated Captain Behring discovered the straits which bear his name, as we are informed by Muller, the chronicler t»f Russian discoveries, and several subsequent commanders of that nation seconded his endeavors to penetrate from the American continent to the northeast. From thtt period when Deshnew sailed on his expedition, to the year 1764, when Admiral Tchitschagof, an indefatiga- ble and active oiiicer, endeavored to force a i)assage round Spitzbergen,(wliich, although he attempted witii a resolution and skill which would fall to the lot of few, he was unable to effect,) and thence to the present times, including the arduous efforts of Cai)tain Billings and Vancouver, and the more recent one of M. Von Wrangell, the Russians have been untiring in thei7' at- tenapts to discover a passage eastward, to the north of Cfape Taimur and Cape Shelatskoi. And certainly, if skill, perseverance, and courage, could have opened this passage, it would have been accomplished. Soon after the general peace of Europe, when war's alarms had given way to the high pursuits of science, the government recommenced the long-suspended work of prosecuting discoveries within the Arctic circle. An expedition was dispatched under the command of Sir John Ross, in order to explore the scene of the former labors of Frobisher and Baffin. Still haunted with the golden dreams of a northwest passage, which Barrington and Beaufoy had in the last age so enthu siastically advocated, our nautical adventurers by no means relinquished the long-cherished chimera. It must be admitted, however, that the testimony of Parry and Franklin pass for much on the other side of the quest'on. Both these officers, whose researches in the cause of scientific discovery entitle then f o very 38 i'U()(jki<:h« ok ako'iic immoovkky. ' ( I I') ', > I r. Pi t!;;-| hi lii^h leHpect, have declared it us their opinion that Hiicli a jtaHHuge does not exist to the north of the 75th degree of latitude. Captain Parry, in the concluding remarks of his first voyage, (vol. ii. p. 241,) says — " Of the existence of ti northwest passage to the Pacific, it is now scarcely j)088ible to doubt, and from the success which attended our efforts in 1819, after passing through Sir James Lancaster's Sound, we were not unreasonable in aiiti cipating its complete accomplishment," &c. And Franklin, in the eleventh chapter of his work, is of the same opinion, as to the practicability of such a passage But in no subsequent attempt, either by themselves or others, has this long sought desideratum been ac- complished ; impediments and barriers seem as thickly thrown in its way as ever.* An expedition was at length undertaken for the sole purpose of reaching the North Pole, with a view to the ascertainment of philosophical questions. It was planned and placed under the command of Sir Edward Parry, and here first the elucidation of phenomena connected with this imaginary axis of our planet formed the primary object of investigation. My space and purpose in this work will not permit me to go into detail by examining what Barrow justly terms " those brilliant periods of early English enter- prise, so conspicuously displayed in every quarter of the globe, but in none, probably, to greater advantage than in those bold and persevering efforts to pierce through frozen seas, in their little slender barks, of the most miserable description, ill provided with the means either of comfort or safety, without charts or instru- ments, or any previous knowledge of the cold and in- hospitable region through which they had to force and to feel their way ; their vessels oft beset amidst end- less fields of ice, and threatened to be overwhelmed with instant destruction from the rapid whirling and bursting of those huge floating masses, known by the " Oolonial Magadn*. voL ziii, p. 840 iNTHOnUOTION. 9b name of icebergs. Yet so powerfiillv intueod into the minds of Britons was the B}>irit ot enterprise, thai •ome of the ablest, the most learned, and most renpect- ftble men of the times, not only lent their countenance and support to expeditions fitted out for the discovery of new lands, but strove eagerly, in their own persons, to share in the glory and the danger of every daring adventure." To the late Sir John Barrow, F. R. S.. for so long a period secretary of the Admiralty, and who, in early life, himself visited the Spitzbergen seas, as high sis the 80th parallel, we are mainly indebted for the ad- vocacy and promotion of the several expeditions, and the investigations and inquiries set on foot in the pres- ent century, and to the voyages which have been hith- erto so successfully carried out as regards the interests of 8«nence and our knowledge of the Polar regions. Although it is absurd to impute the direct responsi- bility for these expeditions to any other quarter than the several administrations during which they were undertaken, there can be no question but that these enterprises originated in Sir John Barrow's able and zealous exhibition, to our naval authorities, of the several facts and arguments upon which they might best be justified and prosecuted as national objects. The general anxiety now prevailing respecting the fate of Sir John Franklin and his gallant companions, throws at this moment somewhat of a gloom on the subject, but it ought to be remembered that, up to the present period, our successive Polar voyages have, without exception, given occupation to the energies and gallantry of energetic seamen, and have extended the realms of magnetic and general science, at an ex- pense of lives and money quite insignificant, compared with the ordinary dangers and casualties of such ex])e- ditions, and ibat it must be a very narrow spirit and view of the subject which can raise the cry of ''''Cui bono,'*^ and counsel us to relinquish the honor and peril of such enterprises. , /f 30 PROGRESS OF AKOTIO DISCOVKRY. : (Hi >. n It can scarcely be deemed ont of place to ^We here a short notice of the literary labors of this excellent and talented man, as I am not aware that such an out- line has appeared before. Sir John l3arrow was one of the chief writers for the Quarterly Review, and his articles in that journal amount to nearly 200 in number, forming, v/hen bound iij), twelve separate volumes. All those relating tt) the Arctic Expeditions, &c., which created the great- est interest at the period they were published, were from his pen, and consist chiefly of the following pa- pers, commencing from the 18th volume;— -On Polar tee ; On Behring's Straits and the Polar Basin ; On Ross's Yoyage to Baffin's Bay ; On Parry's First Yoy- age ; Kotzebue's Yoyage ; Franklin's First Expedition ; Parry's Second and Third Yoyages, and Attempt to Reach the Pole ; Franklin's Second Expedition ; Lyon's Yoyage to Repulse Bay ; Back's Arctic Land Expe- dition, and his Yoyage of the Terror. Besides these he published " A Chronological History of Yoyages to the Arctic ,'5ea8," and afterward a second volume, "On the Yoyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions." He also wrote lives of Lord Macartney, 2 vols. 4to ; of Lord Anson and Howe, each 1 vol. 8vo; of Peter the Great; and an Account of the Mutiny of the Bounty, (in the " Family Library ; ") " Travels in Southern Africa," 2 vols, ito; and "Travels in Clii.^a aud Cochin China," each 1 vol. 4to. ; Li the ''Encyclopedia Britannica" are ten or twelve of his articles, and he wrote one in the Edin- burgh Review by special request. In addition to these Sir John Barrow prepared for the presG innumerable MSS. of travelers in all parts of the globe, the study of geography being his g eat delight, as is evidenced by his having founded the Royal Geographical Society of London, which now holds so high and influential a position in the learned Hud scientific world, and has advanced so materially the progress of discovery and research in all parts of fi INTRODUCTION. 31 the globe Lastly, Sir John Barrow, not long hefoiO his death, published his own autobiography, in which he records the labors, the toil, and adventure, of a ioi»g and honorable public life. Sir John Barrow has described, with voluminous cai 6 and minute research, the arduous services of all thc- chief Arctic voyagers by sea and land, and to his roi ume I must refer those who wish to obtain more exten sive details and particulars of the voyages of precedin