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Ammmmimimmmmmmm'mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmiKmtllllKlillHini
DEPAUTMKNT OF THK INTKIUOIJ.
II. S. GEdCRArilll'M, AND CKiiUKJICAl. SIMIVKV Ul' TIIK HOOKV JKUlNlAlN UKCKiN.
J. \V. I'OWlll.l., (ii:ill.tMllM IN I'MAIUIK.
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO
NORTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
VOLUMK I.
WAaHlNGTON:
OOYEKNMBNT PBINTINO OPPIOE.
1877.
mgmmgmmsmaap
Department of the Inteiuor,
U. S. Geoorai'ihcal and Geological Survey
OK THE UOCKY Mol'NTAIN IIeOION,
Washinf/fov, I). ('., (Moher 15, lH7(i.
Sir: I linvo the honor to transnut hercnvitli VoUiiuo I of th(j Coiitrihu-
liona to North American Ethnolofyy, conijjriiiing a report on the triixis of
Ahiska by \V. II. Dall, and a report on the Ii (Hans of Westctrn Washinj^-ton
and Northwestern Oregon by George Gibbs.
I am, witli great respect, your obedient servant,
J. W. POWELL,
In rharye.
The Ilea Secretary op the Interior,
Washhigtnu, I). (J.
Ill— IV
X41 53
PK KKACK.
I
I)iirin<r ihv. piist ten y(;iu> niiit'li of my \\uw lias Itceii Hpciit iiinoii^ tliu
IiHliaiiA of tho Rocky Momitiiln rofj^ioii. In tlic carliiT yotirH I collrftcd
many short vocalmlarios of tho variouK Irihcs with wlioin I met. Kroiii
tiino to tiuio, as o|)|)oi'tiiiiity affortU'd, many of thcHO vocaltuhirit's wi-ro
onhu'^otl. 1 soon learned to enlist Indians in my party, ami to s('ize every
oi)portunity of conversing with them in their own lanjjnajre, in order that
I mi}i[ht acquire as mnch knowledj>;e of tlieir tonjfnes as possi))le. A larfj^o
number of vocabularies were c<dlected, noiae (fiidtraciiijf but a few hundred
words, others two or three thousaiul each. These Indians, amon;;^ whom I
traveled, belonged chiefly to one great family — the Numas, a stot-k end)racing
many languages, and several of the languages having more than one dialect.
I also made notes on tho grammatic charactc^ristics of these languages to
tho extent of my opportunity.
In tho moan time some of my assistants collected vocabularies furnish-
ing important additional material. Mnch of this related to families other
than tho ono in which I was making especial studies.
In such a hasty review of tho general literature of this Hubjec^t as I
was able to make, my attention was attracted to some interesting publica-
tions in the Overland Monthly, from tho pen of Mr. Stephen Powers, and
soon a correspondence was begun, which finally resulted in my i<,reiviiig
from that gentleman a large amount of linguistic and otlier ethn))grapliic
material, the results of his labors for many years among the Indians <tf
California.
From time to time other vocabularies were sent me from various })er-
sons throughout tho Rocky Mountain region.
Up to this time I had not expected to publish anything on this subject
in my rejM)rts, but it was my intention to turn over the whole of what I
had collected, through others and by my own labors, to tho Smilhsonian
VI
I'UKFACK.
Iiistitutiuii. In 1)1' c'otiHoluliitt'il iiihI |iu))IiMlitMl with a Htill larjrer aniouiit
collcrtcd from various sources, through flat olliccrH and rollahorators ol' tliat
lustitiitiou.
'I'lu- materials collected l»y tlio Smitlisoiiian Institution, toj^etlicr with a
part collected l>y myself, were placed in the liands of Mr (!eor;;t' ( iihlts, that
eminent ethnolo;,rist and lin^rnist, to he |iuhlishiMl in the •Smithsonian Contri-
hntions under his editorial mana<;ement. liy his death this plan of piddica-
tion was necessarily delayed, liy thih thne the materials in my hands had
increased to such an extent that it seemed hut justice to my assistants and
myself that it should he pnhlished with as littler delay as p(»s8ihle. I there-
fore laid the whohf nnitter hefore Prof. .Joseph lleiu'y, Secretary (»f the
Suuth.sonian Institution, that I ini^ht have the benefit of his advice on the
suhject. lie kindly ;rave consideration to the matter, and a fidl review of
the suhject led to the followin;; correspondence:
" Dki'Autmknt ok tiik Intkiuok,
"U. S. Geog. and Gkok. Sikvkv Kocky Mointain Ukoion,
"J. W. PoWIOI.I,, (iKOLOdlST IN (JUAKCK,
''WashiufjUm, I). ('., (ktobrr 2, IHlii.
"Siu: Knowiufr that the 8mith.sonian Institution has heen for many
years makinjjf collections of vocabularies of various North American lan-
{Tua.^fes and dialects, 1 beg leave to make the foHowing statement and sug-
gestion :
" 1 have myself been collecting vocabularies of many of the same tribes,
in which w(»rk I have been assisted by several gentlemen who are making
studies of North American Indians, and thus I have on hand a large amount
of lingr.istic material, consisting of vocabularies, grammatic notices, &v.,
which 1 desire to publish at an early date. In the continuance of this lin-
guistic work it will be of very great advantage to have tlu^ material in the
hands of the .Sniith.sonian Institution published immediately, so that in tho
fiitun; there will be no duplication of what has already been accomplis.hed.
It would also seem wise to consididate the Smithsonian material with my
own. 1 therefore beg leave to suggest that the material in your hands may
be turned over t«» me for publication.
tl
PUKKACK.
▼u
"Slioiilil you fOMHiiU'rit wiho toHiiiH iiitriMt iiii' willitliiH iiiaf«'rial I will
l)io«'ct'«l with tlu^ |ml»li»jititm ii« riipitUy an tln» iiiatt»T ran Iw |in'|»an »1, and
wlu'U pulilislu'd I xliail Im« phaxrti to jrivr tin- |tri»|KT n«'«Ht to tin- liintitii-
tion lor tlu' ^Trat work jM'rlimiM'il in the rollt'rtii»n of tin- niati-rial, ami to
tltos(> who havt> takt'U part in thi' work.
" 1 am, with ;rr«al roHpcut, your obeditiit wrvant,
"J. W PoWKi.h
'• IVof. .losKl'II llKNia,
'^Snniurif Stuitli-^oi'inn lii>>tituli(iii.
" \\'u.sliini/li>n, h. C.
" Smithsonian iNhrm'TioN,
"IVn^hiiiiftoH, (hhJM-r 1(», 1H7»:.
" Dkak Sik: Your htfrr of ( htulxr 2, pro|M.sinj: tliat the SniitliHoniau
lnstituti<»u .should turn over to you for pulili<ation all tlu- material it liaH
rolhctrd in n-jrard to Indian lin^ruisticf*. has Im'cii n-reivt'd, and after (hut
• onsidcration I have- concluilcd, on tiic i)art of the Institution, to actcpf,
your jiroposition, and to i)la«(' in your hands all the materials of the kiiui
nu'Utioned no.f in our possession, it hcin^' umh-rstood that lull credit will
Ik' jriven to the Institution for the materials thus n-i-eivj^l by yourMelf, and
h1s(» to tlu' s«'vural contributors.
••Anionjf the latter, we would esixcially lall your attention to tlu- «daiins
<.f Georfje Oibbs, whoso tdaboration <>( the materials in his possession you
will Hud <»f imiM>rtance in the pn-paration of the vocabularies for tlie press.
" This transfer is inado in accordance wiMi tlu- p-neral policy of the,
Smithsttnian Institution of (h»in;r nothiuf,' with its income which can bo
equally well done by other means.
" Yours, very truly,
"JO.SKIMI IIKNKY.
"J. W. POWKI.L,
"/« rliarye U. S. Gcoyraphind ami (irulntf'ual Surrvii,
This threw into my han«ls several hundred manuscri|it vocabularies,
with extensive granunati*' not< s collected fnun trilMs scattered throuylumt
i
VIII
rUEFACK.
till) irvcntor part of Nnilli Ainciit-ii. Kxiiiiiinatioii pnivvd that I |)rol)a))ly
had ill my hatiilH viihiiihl)- liii^rniKtir iiiiitcrial n-latiii^ to itvory Ininily, and
|H-iiiM|)H ovt'ry hin^^iui^o hut (wo within tho liniitrt of tho llnitoil Staffs.
After u HoiiKMvliat hiiHjy rcvi«'w of th(! Hiilijcct, a sch'ctioii from this matcM'ial
was made, to hit |)ul)lixhcd an th«' firnt vohtiiu' of •' ( oiitrilmtioiiH t(t North
AiiKriian Mtliiudo^fv ".
Ill or<h>r that tht^ ^n'i>at iiiiiidu*rof coMahorators tlirou;;hoiit the coii.iM'y
mi^ht have an canioHt of tho Kpcody |)iildiration of tho roHuitH of tlicir hihoi'H,
this vuliiiiK! was ratlior hurriedly sent to tho proHH. iVrhaps, had a litth)
moro timo boon taken to the piopcr dif^estion of tho Hulijoct, a sonajwliat
<lin'oreiit arraii;:^eiiiont woohl havo boon made. I at Kmst hope t«» iinprovo
on tho methods of prosentiii<f tho suliject in Hiihso(piont vohinios.
'I'he contrilMitions in this vuhmio Iron, tho pen of Mr. (iihhs will, it id
hohoved, bo toiiiid to bo of exoeedii'i; vahi f. On every paj^o are e.xhibitod
ovi<loii(>o8 of his thorough anil conscieiitiouH work, and it must ovor 1)o a
matter of deoj) regret to American liiij^uists that Mr. (Jibbs was not spared
to coinph-to liis hibors, and to {jive to all this jfroat oollootion of li'ifruistioa
that bettor iiiiish that would have resulted from his editorial skill.
It seemed proper that a bioj^raithio iiotioo of Mr. (jiil)bs should appear
in the iiitroiliu-tion to this volinno, and I had ooninu;m*od the preparation
of suoli a notioo ; but when I learned that a " Memorial of (Joorgo (Jibbs"
had boon written by John Austin Stevens, jr , and published by tho Now
York llistorioal Soi-ioty, and subsoipioiitly republished in the Smithsonian
Report for lS7il, I rooof^nizod that this task had been perfonnod far bettor
than 1 ooiild do it myself
To Mr. W. II. Dall 1 am indebted not only for his valuable contribu-
tioiiH, 1)ut also tor his kindly paiiisti.king assistanoo in tho general propara-
tiiui of tho volume.
The valuable oontributions from the pons of l)r. William V. Tolmio
and Hov. Father Mongiirini are but a part of tlu; material in my hands ool-
lootod by tho.so gentlemen. I hope that the method of publication adopted
will meet with their approval.
Mr. J. C. Pilling has rendered mo valuable assistance in his proof-
Il
I'UKFACB.
rt'iuUiijr of flu' jfn-alrr part of tlm voIiiiih' — it work wliiili liti Iiiik pcrfominl
with caro aiitl skill.
For the hint ivn years I hnw hahitually laid hefore FVofeHHor Henry
nil of my Hii< !<*'fic work, aiwl have diiriiifr that time reeeived the hejiefit
of his jml<,'pjen i these matters, and to a p-eat extent I am indebted to
Iiim tor advice oiieonragement, and inihienee. In ••xpressin^'- n.v gratitude
to the Pr'« • >Hor, I 'm'k also to express the hupo that the result*^ «»f my work
will not wholly di-iajipoiiit him.
J. W. roWKI.i.
i)i:i'ai:tmi:nt of tiik intkuiou.
U. S. GEOGIlAl'llICAL AND (jEOLOOlCAl SURVKV OP TIIK UOCKY MOUNTAIN UECION.
J. W. ro\Vl'.l,U, (ii':iii.()(ii.sr IN CiiAiKiK.
TRIBES OF Till; EXTREME NORTHWEST.
ur
W. M. T)A.IuI^,
TIUBES OF WESTERN WASHINGTON AND NORTHWESTERN OREGON.
BY
OEO. G 113 lis.
W AHh INilTON:
a O \ K U N M !■; N I V U ! N T I .N U O 1" 1' I (! E
1 « 7 7 .
r
t
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I'AHT 1.
On till! (liittribntioii and nomciicliitnra of the native tril>rB of AInHkii niiil tlip ailjorrnt territory,
with a mnp \V. II. Dalt
Oiimit'ci'Mion in Ihu Hbull-lii-apH of tlio Ali-iitiiin InIuimIn W. H. Dull
Ki'iiiiiikH on tbe url|{in of the Iiiuiiit \V. II. Doll
AI'PKNDIX TO PART I.
7
41
NoteM on Ibo natives of Alaska J. Fnrnbelni
Terms of rulationHliip «»e<l by the Inniiit W. II. l>nll
Comparative vocabularieH Oibbsanil Dall
PART IF.
TriliCH of Western Wasliington and Northwestern Oregon, with niap-fieorge Oibbs
APPENDIX TO PART II.
Comparative To<!abularios , Oibbs, Tolniie, nml Mengarini..
Niskwiklli-Knglisb dictionary (ieorgaUiblw
Kuglisb-Niskwalli dictionary Ucorge Oibbs
Ill
117
181
ir.7
247
xni-xi\'
I
^
J
K
J
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
II. S. liEOfiRArillCAl, AND r.I-OLDIilCAL SUKVKY OK TIIK KOCkY MOUNTAIN UKdloN.
J. W. I'OWl'.I,!,, (ilKl.ciilIM IN CirAlil!!'.
r A II T 1
TRIBES OF THE EXTREME NORTHWEST.
By AV. it. DAT.T..
f
(
Smithsonian Instiii hhn,
WdsldiifftoH, I). ('., <fi(iir II, lh7(!.
Dear Siu: In conformity with your sii<r«ir«'^ti(»ii, 1 liiivo tin* honor of
traiisnuttiiifr to yon hcrcwitli a iiiiinns«ri|tt contiiininj;- iiil'orniiition in r('<rar(l
to tho (listrihntion, popnhition, orijiin, and roiidition, past and present, of
the native races inha1»itin<( our extreme northwestern territory, tlic^ material
for whicli has heen feathered diirinj,"- some ei;;ht years of study, exploration,
and travel in tho reji^ion referred to.
I have the honor to l)e, very respectfully, yours,
WM. 11. DAI.L.
Prof J. W. l»..\VEi.i.,
Geohxjist ill Chuiiiv, United Sttitc.s (irnffraiiliiiul a iid
Geokiflicfd Surrey of the Jiork;/ Mmiiitaiii Hri/idii,
Washint/hn, I). ('.
I
m\
C () Ts' T I : N T S .
r.i;!'.
AlMlcl.K 1.— On tlie (lixliililltioii iiiiil iiiiiiitiK liiliiiv nl' tin- iiiiti\<' IiIIm .snf AluxKii iiikI IIic .iiljari'iit
tiTiitory; wiili ii map
Al:ll(i.K II.— On MicccHsiiiii in llir .sliclMiraiM of th<> Ali-utiiin IslimilH
AiiiicLK III. — K«'uiui'k.'« ou tliu uri^in of tli<' liuuiit
>
II
I
ON THE DISTHIHI TION AM) NOMKNdATrRE OF THE NATIVE
THIHES OF ALASKA AM) THE ADJACENT TEHIIITOKV.
MV//, ,/ M„f,.
IIV W. II. DAI, I,.
'I'lio iiit°i)rniatii>ii i-oiitiiiiK-d in this iirtirli- i'tinns a >iiiiiiiiar\ of
iiivcstigatidiis wliicli 1 luivc purMicd siiMc lS<;."i, wliili- cii^rairftl in diitii's
uliicli t(Hik iiu', at (UK' liiiif ur aiiotlnr. tn nearly Hie mIh.Ic <.!' flu- coa^l
Iicicin nicntioiu'd and over a cuiisidcrahlc |iurti<>n of flic inti-riur. As a
dij^cst til" the jircsi-nt .state of' oiii- kniiwled<;e in re^raid tn tin- tril>al and ter-
ritorial Itonndaries of tliese j)eo)tle, it may form a not iinlittiiijr iippendix or
Kiijijilenient to tlie ^reat mass of similar iMforniation in relation to more
sontlieni tribes, wliieh is hy no means the lea>t amon;r flu iiianv results
obtained during the promTess of the liiited State-. ( ;eo;^Ta|»liieal ;nid
fJt'oloj^ncal Survey of tlio I{oeky Mountain IJe^'ion niider the diiettion
of Prof. J. W. I'owell.
The acconij)anyin}4- maj), in addition to atfonlin;,' the ethnologic;!!
infoniiation for which it was eoni))iled, has also In^eii lironjrht ii|i to diiti;
geoo-raphically, and thii.'* jire.sents, far more fully than any other extant, tin-
latest and be.st data in regard t<» the yeof-raphy of the re<rion repre.seiited.
The names of tribes of Orarian stock are in leaning: letters, those of the
various Indian tribes are in iipri<rht letterin^^. The inve.sti<rations troin which
the ethnolotrical features are derived were concluded in the suiniiier of 1874.
It is probable that, with the exception of the ititerior tribes of Indians, the
tribal and territorial limits assijrin^l will require l)Ut little future revision.
!
A|i;iil ruiiii iii\ null iiivr>fij{iiti(iiis, till' piiiiripiil luiflionlicK fruiii wliicli
ilifurniatinii Ims Incii <lrii\<il iiif \Viiiii;;tH,* IlnliiilM-r^i-.t Kosh iilitl (iil>l»s,J
UfiMl('l,v^ mill \ui'i<iii> iiiiiiiir |i;i|i('|n Ky Miiiiiiii iiml .Miirkliiiiii, liiiik, iiinl
• iilicrs ill the Anfir I';i|mi>|| oI' 1s7'», jiimI oiicciiillN a iiidst >iiti>lii('l(ny iiml
lucid |iii|M'r l»v hr. .lolni Siiii|iM>ii, |{. N., wliicli liciirs iinf only iiittTiial i-s'i-
liciicc (if cart' and acciiracs, liiit i> cniiliniicd liv wiiat I liavr iiidiviiliiallv
liccii aide to learn ot tlif |i(ii|ilc treated i»t l>y tlie aiitlmr.
Sexcral papers of Interest lia\e aiiiteaied iVtmi the pen of ]\I. Alplmnsc
I'iiiait ill relation tu Alaska natives, l)iit these coiiNcy little new inl' nation,
excepliii;;' trom a philoloj^ical standpoint. The work ol' Mr. 11. ncnd't,
which has lateK appeared, on the " Native Kaces of the Pacific Coast", so
tar as it relates to the people with whom I am familiar is eliielly valiiahle
tor its nnnieroiis references to other works, lis arranjicment is pnrely j^eo-
^raphical, and unwarranted hy the charactfristi«'K or kinship ol" the peophj
descrihcd.
A sketch not materially dill'erin},^ from the arran^cnieiit now propo.sod
Mas j^iven liy me in the IVoceedin^s of tlu^ American As.sociation for the
Advancement of Science, Salem meetiii;r, ISliU, and amplitied with Inller
xocahularies in 1S70 h\ Aldsld and ita lUfiources, Numerous additions and
corrections, as well as per.sonal (dt.servation ttf much before taken at second
hand, have placed it in my power to enlarj^e and improve my orij^iiial
arranjrement. This is the ohiect of the jiresent paper.
In isdil,! projKtsedfor the Aleuts and people of Inniiit stock c(dlectively
the term (hctrians, as inilicative of their coastwise distril)Ution, aiul ns suj»-
|dyin;j: the need of a ;.;cneral tei'm to designate a very well-defined race,
which, thonji'li acknowledged as such by some ethnolojrists, had not received
the general recognition which it called for. In referring to the various
groups of people under particular .stocks, 1 have intmduced as far as ])rac-
ticahle a system of synonymy, showing ajijn'oximntely the various names
apiilied to the same group by ()ther authors, wliicli may be of service in
* Hacr ami Ilcliiioist'i:. !i;'itr. St. IVtersburg, 8vo, ls;i'.»,
I KihiHiKi-. SUI/ Act. U.'U. 4to, IHoT).
} SiiiilliSUMiaii Urimii, IsU;, _ ^
* I'riM . A^j.issi/ ills!.. Sa( raincnlii. Cal., I-Tll.
II Kci\iil (l(iif;i. .Sue, l,iiiicli)ii, ^Ml, 1-7.'),
nuTfliit'iiij; iiifiirniatiiiii rmiii \iiriitii^ mnincs in nliitiuii In llu-ii' IialtitH lUui
fMSttllllH.
Tho Oijiriiiiis iinili>tiii;:ui.«lu il. 1. li\ iIk Ir limj.niii;.'-*'. uf which thf <liii-
h'cts ill coiistniflioii ami «t_viMnhi;.>-y \<*;w a ^t^^>Il;,'■ n'siiiihlaiicf in one
niKitlMr throiiglioiit the pTiuip, and dilVt r in tli«ir li<imu;n lutnisiics.s (as will
as lh(i i't»rt}"oiiijf tlianclfrs) as str<tji;:ly iVoiii ihr Imliaii ihahTts iHijactiil
to them; 2, li\ their (h>trilaitinii, al>va\s cniiruiid to ihf M'a-cna.sfs ..r
islands, soimtiiiits (.'iiti'rinjj the iiuaifhs ot' lari^f rivers, as the Viikoii, I'lii
only ascciiihii'' ihetii fnr a short distanre, and as a rule avoiding: the
Avooded country; .'i, hy their haliits, more niaiitiiiie anil ad\entlll•oll^ than
tho Indians, iollowiii;r, iiiintin;:, ami killiii;:- not only the sieall ^eal l.iit
also tho Hea-lloii and walrns. j-'.ven the j:reat Aietie iH.whrail wliah' (and
aiK'ieiitly the siierin uhale) falls a \i(tim to tliei" |ieise\erin;r cH'or^s; and
th(f ])atent harjioon, iihnost universally used hy Aineriean whahrs in lieii
of the (dd-fashioiied ariiele, is Ji ••o|»y, in steel, of the hone and >late
Mcaiioii which the Iniiiiit liave used for centuries. Lastly, tliey aiv di>-
tin<'uislied hv their jihysical eliaracten>tirs, a lij:lit fresh yellow cniii|ile\ioii,
iin(! color, hroad hniM, seajihoceithalic head, Mieni cranial ca|iaciiy, and
ohliijuity of the arch of tho zytfonia. The ]iatteriis ol' their iniiilenienis and
weapons and tlair myths are similar in a ^reueral way ihroiif^hoiit tlie
group and eiiually ditleicnt from the Indian types.
Tho Orarians are divided into two well-marked ;.toiii)s, namely, the
InmVit, coniimsing' all the so-called Eskimo and Tiiskis and the Aleuts.
Takiufj the trilies in tln-lr freo^rnijihical seipiem-e, we may commence with
'/'III Mil /III <illllljl. III'
INNUIT.
y^yu.— Kiiquimniii.
foAiMio, &f., <if millioih.
/■>AiHiii'H/;iA (irilic AlniiiiKi Iiiiliaim.
Inhr'nii of llic N'oltlnTIi I'iiHuli.
Hi'iH'kii, lliulHiiii Hiiy JarKiiu— " Hioki^ii Slii\i".
hi'iiiiil, tlu' li«liiuaii|iliiMl liy tlii'tr pi'iiplr in llieumelvfH.
containing the lollowing trihes:
10
•I i
: I
K()|'A'G-MCl\
i= A'"//«/l'(/-Ml,M)( (plllliin, J)|-, .Silll|ISClIl, K. \.
< AVi«f/-iHii7(-iHii«/», Ji'icliardMoii.
t Tarrior-miiil, Ah\ii' Vrtititt.
TW tcrniiimticns «^ and n hidicate the i)lunil fonn of the colic-live
iiomi. As Avo sliould say A,nrnc<ni in tl.o adjective sense, meaning tlie
AnuTican penpl,.. an<l Amnirmis, n.canrn- a small nnnd)er <•(• individuals of
that race, so the Inniiit say Linuit, the whole people of their race, and
Iinmn, some individuals of that ra<'e ( JV// being the word for a man) ; or
Kapufi'-mut, the trihal .leslgnation, and luqnn>',,-mnn,, som.^ in.livi.hials of
the trihe. Ko-puf, eon.es from AV,^-, river, and juU; great— the designation
meaning people of fh,. great river, just as Knrrhh and pnk, form the <lesig-
nah.m .,f the Y.dvon-mouth Innuit, from the same roots. The number of
thcsi, p,H.ple is cmi-aratively few. and they are little known. They have
a tattooed band across the face, and occasionally travel with the next tribe
as far west as Barter Point in longitude 144^ west of Greenwich. Details
ill regard to their mamu-rs and customs are given by Kichardson, Franklin,
and other traveh-rs in the Mackenzie Kiver District. Thev forn.erly
('Xt<-ndc.l two lu.n.lre<l miles up the Mackenzie Kiver, but have been driven
out by the Indians.
KAN(nrALrG:\irT.
< KaiiymiUi-iiinuiii, nk'Iiarrlson, Dr. SiiiipKoii.
These people live along the coast, between Barter Island or Mannin-
Point and the Mackenzie; their princii^l settlement b.ing near IX marca"
»">•' I'-ii't. They appear to be very few in number, and known principally
as the most active agents in the inter-tribal trade between the Iinniit of
I'oii't Harrow and those to the ea.stward. From Barter Islaml, the coast to
the wesfard is uninhabited for nearly three hundred miles, excej.t during
the temporary sunnner tra.ling excursions. One of the articles furnished by
them is stated by Dr. Simpson t.. be skins of the narwhal (Kil-lcl'-lii-a),
Avhu'h he speaks of as being tiseU foi covering kyaks.
""''"'"'« ""•=■'■■ <l'''" 'I'- "'X n.lVnv,! to, -„a,-, 1,.,m. a,l..i,...,l luW. ^ ^'
II
nuwDk-mCt.
r= Xuin'iii'y-mciin, I>r. Sini|iw)ii, Kuluirilsdii, Ar.
P", Siuipsdii's ]i;iiH'r, bcl'oie n-lcrnMl to, is a iii(>iio<.Tiij>li ot'tlu' liitbits,
fustoms, and appearance of tliose jieoplc* who inhabit Point Harrow, ('ajio
{Sii'Vtli, and liave smaller \illa<i('s at Wainwri;:ht inlet and lev ('a])e. The
name w'nvul; means }u)int, or 'J'he Point, and the appellation M iiwuk-iiiut is
)troperly coulined to the inhabitants of th(> villa^o at Point Harrow; lint
those of the other villajies mentioned, — thonjih donbtless havin<^ other loeal
names as do tlie peo])le of all settlements, however small; are not dilVer-
entiated in any wuy of inii)ortance, as far as we know, from those of the
principal settlement at Point IJarmw. 'I'liis had, in lMr)3, a jHijiidation of
about three hundred, and the other settlements j)erhaps half as nuieh more.
It is ])robaVtl(' that since that time they have materially diminished in lum-
bers. These ])eople have been more fully described than most of tlu; Imiiiit
of the Arctic coast, owinfj;- to tluf fact that several e.\plorin>^' vessels have
Avintered at Nmviik. From Simpson, we learn that they • vol on their
Kurunier excursions for barter as far east as Mamnn<>' Point (or JJarter
Island), )>artly a\inv^ tlu; et»ast and partly through the numerous inlets and
intersecting lagoons which border the continent not far from the sea-coast.
The journey is an anmuil one, and is usually made in sixteen days. The
j)arty starts about the ath of July, and spends a ))ortion of the time in
trading with the Kunatun'g-meun, at the mouth of the Cohille Kiver, and
return about the middle of August.
NrxA-TO'(;-MrT.
._ yiinii-tiiii'y-iiiriiii, Dr. .sinipviii.
These ]»eopl(^ iidiabit specilically the mouth and shores of the Niui'iitok
liiver, which enters the western extremity of Jlotham Inlet, with outlying
villages to the north and west, the ]»rincii)ai of which is that at Point IIo])e,
called Noo-na. They nund)er some three or four hundred souls, as far as
known. The cliaracter of those who meet the traders aniuially at Point
Ilo^ie is bad. They are reported as very ingenious and persistent thieves,
and exhibit a great degree of assurance, and even insolence, when their
m
iMnuLorso-iv,. il„.„i .•n„rHl..np,. ;mh1 tl>e wliitcs are not inunorons. These
l-oplc r.s.vn.l tlK. X„nat..k f„ m point vhcn. mh (.i.sv ,,nrt;,»,. ,,„, 1,,. ],;„! to
'Ik- -Mr.>- wat. rs „f tl.o C'olvill,. nn.l Imvo an annual barter at the mouth
ot th.. latt.r riv<.r with the castward-boun,! Innuit fVon, Point l?am.u-. 'I'ho
Niini.tok is also known as the Inland b'iver, which is a tninslati.m of its
inniil; name.
KOA\'A{i'-.MrT.
=- i\uuu,i'ii-mii'in, |ir. Sini|i»oii.
Fallin- into Ilothani Inl.t, near its eastern extremity, is a ri'ver known
as th.. K,,w;,k, on the banks of which grai)hite and o-;dena are foin.d. A
leu- Innuit inhabit tlio rejrion m-ar its mouth, and bear the above local name,
uhile others somewhat to the eastward, on the Sela'wik liiver, are called
Srhun!i'-„n,f. The latter have some trade with the Koy.ikak Indians.
i^Iost of the names above mentioiuMl are merely loVal, and indicate no
special peculiarities of language or habits. They niay, for Convenience, Ije
correllated as folhiws:
WKSTKKN MACKEXZii: INNITT
Kojid'iimiil. Ki'ing-miili'ji-mHl.
AVKSTi:i{X INXCIT.
^nnin'-mni,\xi,Haa,j.muiJ<n,,-,,,imut,S(UlHi<j'-miit.
^^'e now come to a serie.s of t,ib< , better known than anv of those
invv.ously mentioned, and on whieli I have h.ad the opi.ortuuitv of personal
obs,.rvation. 1 have ahvady given a somewhat full accouni of them iu
Ahska a,„ni. l!rso,nrr., ^, w<.ll .s .son.e notes in n.v snnuuarv of ISO!)
II'- lollown.g general headings will Ik^ strietlv tribal, and the l/.eal villa-e
names wdl be subor.linated in a list by theu.scdvc.s. For e..nvenience' sak'e,
1 i"!""'! ' nuence at the extreme westward.*
t|^
— Artie. ■(•)• r/ittJc/iid of :mtl]i)rn.
< rAuA(7i.(<, WriiiiKc-U aiicl iilhei-N (varioiisly siH'/.l).
= /i'<i»(?((T IHOI (lI'adj.U'lMlt liiiiuit.
=^ 7^«^s,,^ ,,r yw,,A/,,, olM.m,. anUu.m, sai.I to ),,. tl.,.ir nalional nam,.
" '"•'" " " ' '"" "' ""■'*" 1"'"1'1<N 11, l-(;.-.,al I'lovn Hay. Tl„.v ,„..„la tall an.l
1
i:'.
ciirKi.r K-.Mf r.
::= SdmiilloH, I'nlrlianl :iiiil uiImI' nldil' aiillii>i>.
= Tthouklvhi A»iali(jiirH, lialhi. At Ins KiIjii.
= TtiKki, Ili)(i|»'r, J'arkliani. ami l>all I. i.,|iniv.
fdiihihiii, \Vraii};<'ll. Tola'- S<'a.
< hol.li'!it-hiiiain iil' llii' Aiim riraii Iiiiiuii, Dr. Siin|i.si)ii.
= (7nU'-(/ii, willi vari<insci.> inulo^v . iiruillliiiis, I'liiiiirniisly.
> t'/ii(i/ii/.'))ir(/, .Sliiiipi-on. MSS.
:=:iS'(r/i'H(iin/ vr I'li-liimj ( liiiLliix i>( aiillims.
The iiaine I liuvf licro iiddptid is |)i(il)iilily (|iiil(' local, ami it is very
likely that tho Iiiiiuit who at ]ir(sciit iiihahit tlif Asiatic coast near iiciiii;.;-
Strait have no special tribal uaiue, reseiuliliiiii- in this rcsiicct the |ico|ile
iVoin the Selawik lilver to Point iSarmw, A\ho have hccn prcNioiisly men-
tioned. But I have <;iven nj) the term 'I'uski, proposed hy laciitcnaiit
Hooper, for the reason that I am convinced that it is due to some miscon-
ception. It is not an Iinuiit word, and these jieople arc jtnrel}' Inmiit, as
several vocaludaries in my possession testily- They are in no respect dil-
I'ereiitiated ironi the ordinary western Innuit, exce.j)t in such teatin-es as tho
character of tlio country and climate compels, and in not wcarln^i' lahrcts ;
in this respect reseinblin<>' the eastern Inmiit. Of their ori;^in, I jjropose to
treat hereafter, and postpone that portion of my remarks tor tlni present.
They extend from the Gulf of Ana'dyr to Capo Serdze, and formerly tx)
Cape Shelagskoi. Their distribtitlon is invariably' coastwise ; the}' have no
reindeer, and live by trading with tho interior tribes, and by hiniting tho
loan habit, willi a oopiiLTy tinge in the c(ini)ilrxi(iii, miniailio in their haliits, with oliiup mises, ami hav-
ing a langua^^e apparently allii'il tn thi' Koiak tiingne. I think It proliahle that they are a branch nf
tli.it sliiek. They wander with their <leer Ircnn the Aietie Ocean to the Anadyr liiviM', riillow ing the bent
pasturage, and in sHniiner tiiuling villi the cuast Inniiit.
The parties <if' the International Ti legiaph Celniiany, dnring IHl.'iand IKKi, were l"rc(|ently bningtit
into contact with these people, and the resnlt of their obser vat ions wan that tliey were not diNsimilar to
the I\oiakH in their habits and cnittoins, thongli speaking a soniewlnit dill'etcnt dialect. A tew of Iheni,
having lost their reindeer, havo l)een obliged to ailopt a precari<jus mode of existence, depending npoti
tho products of tho sea-shore and fish from thi; rivers. The exi»lenee of these (|naHi-Keltle<l liaiids anil
their idcntilication as Innuit has given rise to nmeli confusion. No region is more in need of iinbia.ieil
and careful ethnological investigation than this jiart of Kastern Siberia. What lilllo knowledge is ex-
tant, resting upon a sound basis, is too freiiuently ignored by ethnological wrilcrs.
I havo rceenlly heard it stated, by a noted philologist and traveler, that the Koiaks are Innuit,
and the Innuit nlock a branch of tho Turkish race! Mr. Markham also tells us that the 'Ifinguhes and
Yiikoj-iis " have so wholly diHappcareil that even their naiiicN ale baldly remenibcrrd ". Vet in IrllO thero
wore existing some live or six thouHiind of these people in Kastern Siberia, aceonliiig to thi' liussiaii c(>n-
sus; and I have a Tunguso \iortrait taken from life in lbii.">. The Tuiigiises ari^ believeil to be Tatars,
and tho YTikagirs relati'd to the Koiaks. yit Mr. Miiikhuiii nould iiiaKu the lornier, among other tiilien,
the ancestors of the Innuit,
ii
14
1 'ii
!: 1
i: i
't
!' }
«eal, walrus, various uhalos, a.ul otl.er a.,.!.. n.a.i.H. uwu.nuals, X., .,,,„,,,
of iMM.pJ,, l,avo jrivon rise to s., ,uu,.|. ..miusion, crrati,. theonzi.,.! and
"..Ioh.hUmI jreuoralixatioM as tliis ...nall hnA of Imn.it cxiLs. Tlu.y J,.,ve
1-" most ronm.only <.o„lou.ul..(l witl. flu- i.niM.v.nsl.c-a soclentarN" l.nuls
^'' ti'<- Cl.iikrl.is, if I un.y ].e in-nnittcl to uso a t.-rn, of wl.iri; Knnan
■sMVs, '•! a.u .f opinion that the wonl y;A«/,v/,,r is a corruption of the
^vnnl (■/un,.r/.r, which is used in the lanona.v of the Koriaks (Kon,ks) „,
iiMh.'ateth.. settled hranehes of their rae.-;' Certain] v. if I n.n l...]i,.v.. the
wonls of one of their own nund.er, they are, an.l hoi.! themselves, totally
d.stnirt n, h,nfr„,o.e an.l rare fron. the non.ulie " reind.'er peo],le" witl.
wh..n, they tra.l... The lano-n.^e is t..tally distinct, and tln-re is not -i
siii-h. wonl in tl... vo..aI.nlari<.s of the "Chukchis" whi..h resend.les, (,r
<v<'n ha:-, a sin.ilar construction to, those of the Lnniit. These two stocks
'1- not infrniarry: their interconrs.. is purely counuercial ; but as is inva-
nal.ly th.- case with trilM.s s., sitnate.l, an.l havino- distinct laufruao-.-s, th.^v
HS.N M, tra.lin- a jar-..n compose.l of words, or .■orrnpth.ns of words
I"'lon-inotol,oth. As n.> livin- white n.an kn..ws either lano-ua-o the
int..rconrs<. with th,^ whitc.s .,n the coast is also ..H-ried on in this,^.r "partly
M. this, jarnon : and nnn-liable and erroneous vocabularies have thus been
••olle.-te.l. J{nt wla-re the v..cabularies have been obtaine.l fr.m, the
iionia.Iic people ..n th.Mr western boundaries where there are no Innuit, or
from the Imniit on points of the coast not reached by the "reindeer men ",
w.. fm.! no su.'h n.ixtur.. and no .'onnectin- links between the lan-uapvs. ' '
Tlu. larovst villaov of these people is on East Caj.e ; but s^rfth^ments
iire .lott.-.l alon,^- wherever it is possible to wresta livino- from the desolation
whah su,Tu„n,ls ,h..n.. Amonc. those of more particular imp<,rtanco are
the xdla-es on Kayne Ish.ud ; Seniavine Strait ; Chaklfdclsland (whose
inhabitants assume the name I have provish.nallv a.lopte.l f.,r th.> whole
Itoople): Indian I',.int ; Plover Hay; and Holy Cross Bay.
A somewhat full account of th.-s.^ peopl,. will ]„. found in Alaska and
^fs Brso>nrrs, I'art 11. Chap. Ill, but, unfortunately, at the time of my visit
ollu.r dr.tH.s prevente.l me fr.m, .-ollectin- vocabularies, of the impcu'tam-e
"• "Inch I wasn..tatthat time fully aware. Since then 1 have received
s..ver,d Iron, .lilh.n.nt lo.-alifi..s. but. with f..w excepti.ms. thev have been
J
f
15
(lisli^urtMl l)y till' intidiliictinii i.t'ilic triullii;: jiULiMii, wliicli cniiinliis c.irniii-
tions not only of Innuit and L'liukchi, but mIsu of Mnnlisli, h'ussijiii, iiml
I'ven Iliiwuiian woiils. 'I'lic only puie \«)calmliirii's 1 have icccivcil liavo
1)0011 from East ("ajic and Scniaviiic Strait; tlic latter very scanty.
OKKK-OO -MfT.
•' liidh HI hiiiiiiii dl llif Wrsti'in liiiiiiil. Hi. Siiii|i-iiii.
i. (Ikev-iMj'miit of llic Ncirtoii Siminl Iiiiiiiit.
< Malimiiit i>l' 'I'ikliini'iiirr.
I.ociil duiiu'h:
ImiiklUi'iiiniit of Hiitniiiiioll Islaiiil, Dioiiu'dcs, or ImiiUil.
/»(/(</'i.(/hihN>(' KiMscTiMlcrn l>laiiil, Diomidcs, or Iniiiilitik.
liikliliiii'iniiKl oi'St. I.inviciicn Isliiiid, wliicli is talli'il I uo' rieii l>y tlic I'lovrr Uny Inniiit, tinlr If(io]MT.
L'kitOij -milt III' Kiiif;'» Island, or i'lciiul:.
These people inhabit the iwlands between Asia and America iiurlh of
lutitudo ()-'5°, and, as mij^ht be expected nom their habitat, are amoiif,'' the
most a{,nle and hard\- of the northern canoe-men. They are ;;Teat traders,
and do most of the interc«)ntinental trading'-, in summer reachin<;' St.
Michael's and Kotzebue Sound on the east and the shores of Siberia on tla^
west. 'I'hey are practically middle-men, livin^r to a {.•reat extent on tlu;
j)rolits of their trade. The trade I'rom America is chielly in deer-skins and
sinew and wooden ware, the material for which dues lutt exist on the Asiatic
shore. From St. Lawrence Island, especially, frames of kyak.s and umiaks
are transpi/ led to Plover Bay and exchanj^cd for tame-reiiuh'er skins,
walrus-ivory, and whale sinew and blubber. The distance travele<l is
about forty miles, orcupyin<r nearly twenty-four hours, a-d the voya<>(! Is
never undertaken except under the most favorable circumstances and with
all possible precautions.
The Okee-og'mut wear labrets, and in habits and a])pearanco nro more
like the American Inmiit than those of Asia. 1'hey are obstinate; and
couraf,nH)Us, and have given serious trouble to the traders on more than one
occasion. Those of the island of St. Lawrence are said to bo unusually
immodest and tilthy in their manners. The dialect of the Okec-og'mut i
hardly dibtinfruishable from that of the following tribe.
in
IG
{•I !
\v
KA\iA(i'-.Mr"r.
""" ^'''"''"•'/'-""''. 'i"li'n,.In|,|M.in,li.m
^ .inhijmut, Holiiil.,!),', Wniuj;, ||.
'' ■'^li'lillii'j'i'i, l;iiii!ii).
-'-'".'/'-'""N.fiiiitliniH, in ,.,,,, r.
< J/n^7Hi((/,Til(liiiii'iiir(.
> T-^chtiiiiimul, WrnittivU.
I'ociil imnic's:
A"^U'-m^M,,K„aik M..,l,.,„,„( on X,„.,„„ nav
'"""".'/'' wi«( (if (Jolnfninliii.v.
^'''"''"-"'.'/'■'«"( (ifKaviiiziik Jdvfr.
.K-;./.'/'-m»/ of 8I,.,I-,, Mainl, or ..(;';,,<•
.^»/.'-m»/of.sntll,.„„■ntatl•o^t(•|ar..nf■o .
Vi-"yM>,.„,„(ofC'a,,o I'rincoof Wales.
'"'"ilHtc'I iu winter „nlv -f I' -i n-w ^•'"'ff^ villnge of thorn,
---h;::^::,::;':^ ,:;;tr:r"/"'°''^'''°
.^tro,,,. n.ntrast to tho rlnru-f .,- ' f V ' '■'"'"'"" ^^^""^ '^
.--ai^iy duo to con:e:ir ..;;.. ':;a:;"''^'^^^7 ?""'-^^' "-' '-
in vi/«./.« «.,^ ,7,, J!c.ourrrs. ^ '"''" ''''" de-soribod
^ ■)ffiliry,iiiU, II()lrnl.,.|-.
< •'/"///(('((/(ifTililini.'nii'f.
■ • •t/'(/(/Hi«r, Wrani,'cll.
< MdlrtjwjndjAiiuiu.
Local names :
■1l't<"»iOt!at\H'\ttoimm villa.'f..
SI„Mo'li,jmC,t at, tli,. SliaktoliU vTll.,,',. '
hoi,N,j'mf,t on the Koyfik IJivcr. '^ "
liiiiiniujcmul on tlic Kfiiisuk JJiv.T
'"•'''"'"'''■.'/"'"""" tl." Inslnialik Kivrr.
'J'lioso luiuiit inhaljit the neck of the K-.v-;.,!. P • i .-
on tho south, oast to Aftenn. .,''""'"'''' ^'"^'^ ^^''^'^^^^^^^
iallin^intos'l,^ 3 ""''"■;■ ^"""'^'^^^ viHage, west to tho rivor
Bay. The; r no •? T '^ '''* "'"'^ Sound at Eschscholt.
«V- ^"*> •"«« 'liivo a winter V ao-e at TTn.-,].^,M;i. rni
in f..n ,Io..il i„ .„,„,„ „„„ ,,, „,„„,„.-;^, "' ""■''■'"■''■ Tl.oy m^o decibel
■T?
17
rNAIJCMnT
> " Tmhtiai/wiit" Iliiliiilici;;, WiiiiiK'H.
> I'oi'loliii'nuil, Iliiliiilii'i^', WiaiiK"'!'.
=-. Azinijmul, \V()riii:iii in riUliinciiicI'.
;• Tiihihiyiiiiil, \VriiIi};rll.
I.iiial names:
I'kxIdHi/'iiiiiI at tin' I'asdi'lik Htiinnicr villa^;ii.
Jiiilikloiciiijiniiil at Kijjiklow'i fik villa);r.
I'indnklifi'iiiiiil at I'naliiklik' villa^i'.
I'ikiniklu'tiij-miit at Tikiniktalik villa;;!'.
''JIr'si' ()('ciii)y tlio const from Piistolik io Sliiiktolik, jiiid t'listcilv to the
crest of tlio coiist-liills. 'I'licy ;irc' soincliiiics cnllcd I'uiilcrl hv otlicr iiaiivcs,
and the iiaiiie Azktf/mfd lias hccii cmiiicdiisly applied to tlieiii. 'riiey aro
few ill iiiunber, and nnicli altered by intercourse uitli traders.
i:K()(i'.Mi"r.
> fitdkhpaii'tmiit, Holiiilieiu.
> KwilliliKig'cmut, I[i>linIi('lK.
=:= I'icmoiKki of the liushians, moaning "|H>o|iln Iiy tin" nvix"
> I'limoKki, \Vli_viii]n'r, (Captain Itaynionil.
> .tijiilmiiil, Woiinan in Tiklinicniif, Wian^ill.
? Kitniiilil, /a^iwkin.
f KmiijjiiUI, Kiinan.
Local nanii's :
Aiujivhag't-miit, \
Tiidteg'miil, I
>'hiikchu(ff7n>'it, I
Ukfig'nm'il, inlialiitanis of vaiioiiH villaRcs widiin (ifly or Hixly niilcH of (lie Ynkonnionlli.
Wonhkoifimiil, ■
Iknklan'iiifil,
Miikny'miil,
The Ekn/i'mfd.^ or Kicilxhjhhj-wi'it, iiiliahit the Yukon delta froiii alxmt
Kipni'iik to l^istolik, ascendinj^- the river to a short distance above the
mission. The former is their own name, the latter tlu^ name ap|)lied to
them by the Unalipniut Innuit. Tliey exhibit a mark^'d chan<;-e in personal
appearance, cnstonis, and dialect from the whole <ironp north and east of
Norton Hound. Their most noticeable personal ])eculiarily consists in tlieir
hairy bodies and strouji^ beards. They are more nearly allied to llus tribes
to the south of them.
2
IS
\l1'
mA(;'i:mot.
< liil.,ililn,, \V!iiii«c-ll.
> .W(i,'/i«iii(, Wi:iri>,'i'||.
> ■Miiijdij'-miil, lli)li]ilii'if;.
— .W<l//''»1"' Of .^•.^^,;y',„,,|,, ,l„.i,. ,i.,,l,,ii.,l „.,„„,_
> Miii/midl, Woiiiiaij ill TiKI] i, ,,.(■.
> Aiinim/, /»(>;,/., Worijiuri in ■I'ililiriiciiicf.
TIm-s.. ,u.n,,l,. ..all tl„.,ns:.|v,.s "inink ijooplo," in allusion to tl.oir most
''•'-'iHlan. In.-ani,nal, ,h,. n.iuk, mar/n.nrn/^ ; ;„ul they oxtoiul ln..n the
vi.'nuty ot K,,,nink sonflnvanl ah.n- the const to Cape IJona.nzofi; inehul-
n.- s,.v..ral viUa^vs at the uovth en.I „f Xunivak Island. The women wear
C-.sha,,e.llalm.ts on the n.aiu-lan.l, thouj-h tlu- younger ones at Nunivak,
seen l.y ,„.■, w.-.v .l,.slitute of this onunnent. I inurhase.l there several
iHlm-ts ot this ,K.e„liar tonn, hut .li.l not see then, worn, though one of the
oI<Ier M-on>en ha.l five h.les tor the purpose in her under lip. I had pre-
V. udy supposed that all the iuhahitaufs of Nunivrdv belonged to the next
f_'l-. In.t these deelare.l themselves t,. be Maj,'eu»Mt. They are a poor
idthy, and not modest people, but excel in ivory-carvin<.-.
'- i li
Ml.
ill
1!
If
\
-I
Kl'SKWOG'MUT.
liihiliU'ii, \Viiiii},'cll in |)iirt only. •
C.I.'/h/hih/, Holiiilici^;; l);ill, 1. c, pars.
> A'((.v.A-/,H/,-c/iic(i/,-m«f, Wraii;;cll.
> /wM^YWrAnniA- ,.(• Kirl.anlsoiU.nilrwi;,', .•M,,l ,.ll,rr antlH.i-H.
;■ /u(»/,oAiriHi/.vi, Wiiiriiaii ill 'riUliincnicI'.
> hiiihihiriij'-miil, n(jliiilirT;r.
^W»vy-m»/, l.,,U..,Miai,,lMn^
= /i«)./,W,in)H;/,r,, Tunici- ill 1.11,1,. wijr, Apiv. Za^'i,.sluii.
=- lidnl.okwimii, Ludewi".
These people inhabit the shores of Kuskokwim IJav and westward to
Cape Avmolf. Accordino- to Wrano-ell, the southern part of Nunivrd. Island
IS also nd.abited by then,, and as 1 have n.entioned that we found the people
••' ^1'" ""'••tl. n.ast In 1.S74 to be Magenu.t, it would seen, as if there was
"" '•->" leit for the Aguhnut of Ilolmberg, of which I have not been able
to Inul any trace. On account of shoal water, nmch of the coast between
Capes Vancouver and AvInolT is not habitable for a maritime people, and we
may therefore asslon the boundaries of the present tribe as beln-. from
M,
m
('.•i]t(' AviiK.lV ti. ("ii|ic \c\V(nli;iiii. with |)(.ssilil\ |);iit i>\' Niiiiiv;ik l>l;iiiil
iiiiil tlir li;iiil<s (if the Ku>k(ik\\iiii K'ixcr iit lcn>t iis l;ir iimtli ;is l.-itilinlc (11 .
Tlic tradiii^-jiir^dii in ii.-c licluccii tluiii iiinl llic lii(li;iii> h.is ri.iitniiiiiialcd
.«()iiic (il flic \(ic;ilMiliirics. 'I'licy (li> iml iiiln iii;iii'\ , iiiid unwr ol' tlif statf-
iiiciits ill rctiard to this ti'ilx' (jUoIcil in I'.ai r and I icinii ix n hear tlic iiiij)rcss
of roiiiaiicc.
'riicy arc said l»y Wran^dl to diticr more fidiu tlic lollowiii;^ Irihcs
tliau I'roiii tliosc just mentioned. 1'licy arc said to niimhcr o\cr fuc thou-
sand soids.
NOSlIAUACI'-MrT.
> hijdhiiijmiil, IIoIiiiIht;;, Wraii^cll.
< .lijl(iii)iiiil, Wiiliiiun ill 'riMiiiii'iurr.
> liijiiti II, Wiiiii;;i'll.
=ii -Yii/i/i((i/((;/')ii»/, llicir iiwii iKiiiii' I'nr Ilirin.sclvi'S. . '"
These pcophf inliahit the shores of liristol |5av west of the Xusha<'ak
U'wx'V to Caj)o Newenham, and also the hanks and In-ad waters of that i-i\cr
and the numei'oiis lakes and water-courses of the tundra to the westward ol'
it. They ninnl)er ahout four hundred .souls, very wideh disti-ihiitcd, with
theii' priucipal settleincut near Fort Constantine on the Nnsha^ak.
OO'IJLMCT.
= Oyhmfil, Dall I. c.
= .(f/ZiV/'HiH/, llciliiilicrj;, 'I'linirr ill ]ji(ic\vij;.
— .lyo/rywiii/, \\ r:iii;;rll, 'i'liiin r I. 0.
< Aijlrijmiiil, WoniiiiM ill TiUliiiiiiiicr, I'.iiiiiiii.
= Snriiofflsi, or Xorllnrinrs oi tlic Ku.vsiaiiN.
< Ti.hoiikkhi aimriiuni, liallii.
Loc'iil iKiiiics ;
VijiiK'hiij-iiuil (ill tJK' l';;ri>liiU (11- SiiliiiKi IJiver.
X'ljoijog'-mut on tlio UKi'ikfili Kivcr.
Kukluii/-mul on tlic ]<\vi( linlv Kivcr.
These lunfiit iidiabit the north shore ol' Aliaska Peuinsnla (whence
their Ivussian name), north to the mouth of the Xusha^ak K'ivcr, southwest
to the valley of the Sulima or I'ga.shik Ivivcr, and eastward to the hi;^h
land of the crest of tlie peninsula, incluiliny iIk; Jliamna JSasin.
I
'I
; I
2(1
KAiNlAU MIT.
< A<,(/i<i<»/,i (.('iiwiHl UiiH^iaii wiiicm.
> /l''"'i(i<i(( iiT Wipfiiiaii ill 'I'ilili iiirf.
< luniiiiyiKl. \.:n\\ liiisNiiiii viijajjirN in Ciixr.
,• h'(llliil;li, IIiiIiiiImT;;.
' //"/i/Ki (.r KriijI Iiiiliaiis, invaniiiK '■ .sla\c.s "
t^ fiitliitiifnint, Il.'ill I. r,
< Kixljid:;/, Kiniaii.
=^ liuiiiifiifi, Liidcwi;;.
'I'll*' liiiiiic (if this nil,,., the iiist (.r the iv-fm-tod Iiimiit stock met l»y
the Ifii-si.nis ill their ciistcni cxiihiriitimis, has ..ftni hccii apiilicl l,y IJussiaM
writ.Ts to all the wcstcni Iiuiuif kimwii to tliciii. It is said that the origi-
nal name of Ka.liak was K,uii<u/, from which flu' former word has liecii
derive,! |,y .•oiTui.ti.ii: l.iit I wish to call attention t(, the remarkable simi-
hirity hetween the name of the i.eiiinsula east of Cook's Inlot (which does
not appear to he an Indian word) and the root of the name of tli<. Kadiak
1""1'1'-. I'Vom Kenai we wnu\d have h'nr(,i-(,f,'.„uU hy ordinary inllection,
which I venture to su-est is the original if not the i.rescnt'and correct
torni of h'<n/i(ii/' nii/l.
'I'iK'Se l-eople inhal.It the island ,,f Kadiak. th.- southeast shores of the
Peninsula of Aliaska, from Cape Kupriauolf (or Ivanhoil') to IHanina Peak
ill Cook's Inlet, and the islands adjacent 1o the shores (h^scriheil.
At one time, until driven out l,y the Imlians, they nmhiuhtedlv occii-
jni'd the northern shore of K,.,iai Peninsula as well as the southern shore,
which is still held liy an allied coimniinity of Ininiit.
'I'lic K:ini,i-'mut nnml.er s.ime tifteen hnndred people, and were torm-
'■'■'> """•' '•^' 'lunierous. They have hecoine nmch altered hy constant
iiilc.vourse with the Russians fur nearly eij-hty years, and are nominally
Christians. Thvy have l,e,-n frequently confoun<lcd with the Aleuts, even
in modern times, hy voyay-ers and travelers.
ciiucjAciriG-^iu'i".
= 7V';ir,3nMWii(>|]I(iliiilH.|{;, Wi.iniaii iMTililiincni,!' liniuiii.
■~ r.icliiiiintcliik. Wiaiij;!'!!.
^ r/iMfl,i,/ri;/Hiii/, tliriidwii aiiiicHatioii for tlifiii.selvos. -
-- 'IWIiiuiiilnihi, lAulfWig.
— 'JHoiiyalihi-hoii<i;;a, Halbi.
Tliese ],(.ople occupy the shores of Chuoacli Culf, or Prince William's
■I
I
21
SdiuhI, iiiid the suiitluTii .unl t'iistcrii .sliorcs of Kfiiiii Pi iiiiisiila. Tlios*' at
Port Ktclu's (A'"(7/r/,) call llicnisiK cs X m liii/'jimt. 'I'litn' arc sdino hall a
(lo/.oii small scttluiuuutsrcnitaiiiiii^ imt nvii' six Imiidnd |)L-t»|>lc. and iindiaMv
a less iiimibcr.
niAI.AKMfT.
:_ I'gntinlni' cifllir Kiissians, Tiiriirr in A|i|i. I.nilcvi i;;.
i- I i/aliHl:c, lliiliiihn^;, wnni);ly pliKi d iUMnUK llir I liiikilH
/ /'j/ii/iK/iiii/iWi (if i;rtii;iii.
.= I'lialiiiHktii, Worniaii in 'I'iklinK'iiii'l'.
:.— rtfiilJtikiHjiiti or r'/(W/<(/./»»i/f/«i of aiil Iiots, Ttirnrr 1. ('.
^- I'lidldk iiiul, lliclr own tiilial name accorilin;; to llir Irailns,
r= I'liilkliiik'mul, lliiii- own trilial nanii' acroiclMifj lo ihr Nnlclii;;ninl Iniinit.
This people has loii^i' liecii one of llie stiiinl»liii;^-l)lorks in the elhiiolo^iv
of tilt! northwest coast. ( )n my \isitto I'oii |]iilie> in isTI, | jcjinicd
iV(»m the natives delinitely that the ( '^-.ilik'niiit ot' the traders were, like
themselves, Inmiit, and callcil t!iems»dvcs CliUkltak-ninl. and had foinicrlv
occnpied the coast continnously with themselves; hut the Ah-trmi Indians
.forced their way between the two tribes and hold a small part of the coa>t
near the ('oj)per liiver mouth. l^/al'ciit.si \s the Iiii>sian name lor the>e
people, and is formed by addinu' a Kussian t<-nnination to the rnot of their
supposed tribal name, it follows that the (li>tinctioii formeilv ilrawn b\- me
between the llgalak-miit ami the I'ualentsi falls to the ;ironnd. ihonnh al
the time it seemed warranted l)y tlie vocabularies furnished b\- the lJus>ians
to Mr. Gibbs. The older errors, as to this tribe bein;^- T'liidvets oi- Tiniief:,
arose probably from a confusion of vocal)ularies, olitaim-d either of ihe
Ahtena, or some wanderin<4' band of Yakutats, who sometimes come iVoni
IJeriiifi- Bay in canoes to trade at Port Mtches.
The U^jjalakmut residt; on Kayak or Ka\e l-land in winter, and
pursue the salmon lishery at the mouth of the Atna Ki\cr aial alon;:- the
coast nearly to ley B;iy in sunnner. Tlie\ compri.-<e onl\ some two hun-
dred families, and an; the mo.st eastern of the Imniit tribes now occu])\in;,'
territory on this coast. It is probable, however, from shelldieap ri'Uiains
obtained by Lieutenant Hin;^-, V. S. A., at the mouth of the Stikim- JJixcr
that at om; period the Inmiit extended at le.ist to that |ioiuf, if m>t farther
east and .south.
r
■3^
22
Si'iiilill (iiuilji.
^ UNl'iNd'CN. :
(Mints.)
= Aliulann, I.mlrwijf.
= liiii„;i'HH, tlirir iiwii iialionni iiain.', tr^h Kiimiiii ami my own ni.rahil .iI.mim vati<>ip».
= Tiiinkhiiiiiii, I'inart, Mem. Scir. V.\\\n. Taris, l-7u', p, l.'ii.
< .(/ihN of till' liiissiaiis.
= K,„i,iUnj„ h,mmi„H, lliiniliuMi ,||ir ,„ii ■.! name nf llii. KaHl.Tii .\l.iil« iii.ii..' I.v ii|.fli<'<l I" Hio
wlliili' |iiMi|ili' arnililili;; to riliUli).
I.iiral iiaiiir.s (tcslr I'inart I. c):
l<hi,,i,i„'-l,(,i„.kli„,i' khiii. Kaslnii I |ili., till' inlialiitaiitH oC llir .SlinimiKliiN ami AllaHkn.
Sdlni hUiihi iir \,ii,iiU,-l,i(,i', UVxti'iii |M'n|ili<, tint inlialiitaiitH of llir Aiiili. amill ManiN.
Khjihli-khuii, Ndilliiiii WiMl.iii |ii'ii|>|<', of tlii> Kiix LslumlH ino|i,.r.
Tlic iiiiiiic A/dif, ;i|)|)ll('il hy file IJiissiiiiis iiKliscnmiiijitcl \ ti. the
K;iiii;i;iHiiii iiikI the iiiliJil.ilniifs nf the ( 'iilliri-inn or Ahuliiin Arcliiuclii<.i.
liiis Hi'ii(lii;illy licciiiiic ivstriclcd iiiiKiii^- wi-itcrs to tlic liittcf ;'i-(iii|i. u liil ''s
i'n.M'iiijil iiic'iiiiiiii' <"■ "l<'i'iv *'<'ii, till sniircc nl" iiiiicli cdntrdx crsx', is now lost
ill olisciiritv.
Tlic tci'iii l'-)i,iii(i',ni, I li;i\(. siitislii'd niysclt' hy rcpcittcrl iii(|iiir\-, iit
t ii;ilii>likii, Atls.'i, Attn, itiid I'liiia, is it o'c'iicric term, wliicli ilicsc iico|ilu
iilijily til tlicmsclvcs, iiiid wliidi incjiiis siiii|ily "people" of tlieir nice, as
ilistiiin-iiislied tVoiii otlieis. Kniiiiii sa\ • i!ie oriniiial iiieaiiiiiii- of if is lost,
l)iit this is not home out hy my ine-iiiie^, Aecofdiiii;' to in\- oliservatioiis,
Tii/iiU/-/;/nniiii, o-iven hy IMiiart. means \\, ,itian iiini, in contradistinclion to
i'liiniii'ini, which means all Aleutian i„^,i,h; without ilistinction. The local
names o-ivc-n from I'inart are doiililless authentic, hut I have no nuans of
vcntyin<;- them. On u previous occasion I (pioted Ilumholdt's term, luiw
>liown hy I'inart to Ik; improperly extended in its raiioe, Imt without intonil-
iui;- to use it as a point in ariiiimeiit of their eastern oriii'iu, as he seems to
have unih'rstood ni(\ These peofde liave lost almost entirely their trihal
distinctions indicated hy the ahove local names, thouLih small local jeah)usies
;ire not entirely extinct. 'IMiey have ])eeu transported from island to island,
and oven to Sitka and California, hy tradens, and are .so tliorou^lih- reclaimed
trom l)arhansm hy hm},^ contact with h'nssian civilization that of their orij^inal
condition oiil\ traces exist.
Tl'uy 'jccupy the entire chain ol' the Aleutian Islands, the I'riltilolf
2:}
Isliiiids, llic Sliuiiiii;.''ins iiiiil ii<ljii('<'iit isliiiids, iiiul viirioiis |i;irts ut' Alia^ka
IV'iiiiisiilii west (if 1<1(» wot of ( li('«"ii\\i(li.
'riicv IiiiNc Imcii, iiirliiips, more tlioioii;;Iilv iiioiiot:rii|ilir<l lliaii jiiiv
otluT Ipiaiich of ilir ( )iiiiiiiii •tock, cncciiI till' ( Jicciilaiiilcrs.
'To rccii|iifiiliit(', till' ( >i'jiriinis(>f Aliiska and tlic ailjati lit roast ol A>ia
comprise tlie followiiiji' ^^roiips, ami approximate population:
I— iNNfi r.
A. — IlV^/f/// M(i(l;iti:i(' liDinif.
a. Kop;i-'-imit I'OO
h. Kaii<''mali<''-mut • 200
I). Wisti III /lUlilif.
a. Nu'wiik-jiiut ()••<•
h. Nunat(V->i"'< •"'""
C. Ko\\a;4-'-iiiiit 100
(■". Sciawiii'-imit 1 00
(/. (Jlmk'liik-imit 1
e. ()ke(M,j.''-miit "00
(;'•'. Kiklit.iM'aimit 2r»0
/ Kavia-'-mut AOO
//. .Mah'leimit IJOO
C — Fhhhig Innuit.
a. Uiiali^iiiut . l.OO
h. Elo>'mut 1,000
r. Ma-''eniat ^00
(I. Kii.sk\vo<^''mrit 2,000
c. Nuslia<^-.i<j;''-miit '100
/ Og'ulmut r»00
(J. Kaiiiag'mut .'5,000
1). — Soutlwu'ytcrH Innuit.
a. Chugiicli'lo--mfil GOO
h. Ugulak'mut 1500
24
]1.— nNUNG'TN.
Atcittn.
(I. FiiLstorii or riiiilaslikaiis,
I). AVL'stcni or Atkans,
of wliich heluii^-t'd to tlie eastern division 707
to tlu; uiidille division Jj40
to the ri-ihiloif Islands ;5.]7
to tlio western division'^ 470
in ail ahont 2,ir)() people, in 1S7I, nearly ecpially divided
I)'-t\veen males and females. There were in that year 44 <
births, and o7 deaths, mostly from asthma and pleurisy.
Total approximate! Orarian pojjulation 14,0.04
INDIAN TRIBES.
Th(! Indian trihes of Alaska and the adjacent region may be divided
into two nroni)s, with possildy a third, whieh just impinges on the southern
border of the Territory, 'i'hese gn tups are:
I.-TINNKILt
y/H'Hf/i, ICc'iMiiccilt, Iliinlisly, l;,.ss and Cililjs, Dall 1. c. '
Tliiiiiiiiit. lIoliiibiM-;;.
:-^ Jiiii((i;ri\ nulriilicrf^,
= rAi^i/)iiri/((;i.v (plaiilliors.
-= .///i<ih(i«vi»<( iifanllidis, I,ii(li-Avi};, &c. "
' lluiv ai-.. also a m,,,,!,,! uf Alriits, diitlly AtkauH.Iivinu «" tlio Cou iiulorN lalaiulH in Knm'im
Iririlorv.
til'. Ir* paper ill flio niilletiiiof III,. Parit) G.M.-rapliioal S.iri.tv (nr S,.pt,.|nlMr, Is7r,,Fatl„r IVtitot
(liscMissrs 111,, Icnns .(//,«7,ri.,/,Y,H,, Chi,,,,,-,,;,,,,,,!^, Moiilnnmiis, anil Tiiuivh as appli,,! I„ tliis K,„„p „f I,„li.
uiis, aii.l Ml Hovrral casfs falls inl,. m.i |„„s ,.imr, ap|)ai,iitly fnmi want ,.f fainiliaiitv with lli,. lil,.ia(nio
()l lli,« 8nl..j,Tt, «l,i,.|, has or lal,. y,.ais a^snn„Ml siuli iMnvi,.l,ly pi„p,)iti„iiH. 11,,'ls in spr, ial ,.|T<.r In
iVKanl (,> III,. I, .11,1 •• li,„i,h ". This li,Tmiii,.on.s|y tU'rives Ihini a v,.ili, '■«»/(;«, /, Jhh", and wiil,.N „l,iim'.
It isin,l,.,.,lslnui-,.|liat li>' slmnM n,it hav,- r,.,-,>^'ni/,,-,l in •'/;»«,/(•' a din ,■! .U'livaliim, .ir, ni,iiv piopcriy
" '■•"■'■''''- '"■ -'■■'l''i.v C'T llw. vv,st,.ni IrilH.s, at least), of the w„r,l In- ,l„,.s ailopt, nanii'lv. '■Ilu,r\
""'■■ «"''""'■""'""' ■'■''•''^'■"•"■"Mu.aihlsiy, 111,. »l.,.inj;ni,.ivly an lns,Tl,.,Iriiph„nic. Ilr laki's" l),-n,"!
"P''n|iif<illli,.,„niiliy-',an,l",lin,lji,.'^(,.onv<.||y,(/,.>,Mli,. Kiilihin «„nl for •' a man ", ami ..on, ,l.s
111'"' I'll,, a I, nil fur ihsi-natiiif; all tlH'Tinn..|i trilu.s, and llior «„,.« ,.iitir..,lv olfilie lia,k to s,.,.k a
d,.nvali,ni for 'l inn,li wlii,l, is i,l,.|,ii,...! with his /(,h^ as « vclly w ritteli. llai.listv, Hoss, KiMnii,„lt
an,l(iiM,s ar,. sniiici,.,,! anlhorily for lli,. Irno lin^aninK of Ihc ^^"ld, l.^avhiK my own p, rsoiial and pri'lly
n.mliisiv.. inv,.Mif;alioiisonl of ii nnt. Tli.r,. can lie nomanncrof ,Uml.t as l» ih,. u,)ul - tinm.h" anil
ilHri.pri.s,.|ilaliv,. I,.rm-Kiil,liin", m,.anliif;"p,.opU, nativclo llio legion" r,.spt.,tivt.lv in.li,' ,| l,y jm
varmiis pivlix.s, I h,. ,rroii,.oiis natiii,. of H,.m,. oflh,. r,.v,ivn,l faih.rs slat<.nuiils In r,.;;aid lo nalin.
voids is siilli,i,.nlly in,|i, al,.,l \iy l.is tonfiisioi. .f 111,. Kskin.o .saliilafon, hymo, or, in llie wesl, d,ami,.i,
« ith llio «di,M,(7i)m, , ii,in;;li (p. .J.'iT, 1 , )
25
> A'o/o/iiHO (if till' KusMans.
= Tlii/n«i\ riiiait.
> /'i'«(', Alil'i' I'ltitiit. vNol ()(i)iM. I'l lilnl, 1 Not /'(ii(//i(', Alilc"' IVtitot ^ ; "iiiiiu" lit' Kutiliiii tiiln'«).
< Itynai, KiMiaii.
> //'-A«/i/i of Nuwiiliiimt Iiiiiiiit (ifl'diiit llariDW.
> It-kaJ-;;<i'-iHin i;!' Nuw iikiiiiit Iiilinil iil'l'iiiiit liaiidvv.
> /ii'-An/-/A' 111' Mall liiiiiit ami riirili;;'iiiiit liimiit.
> /iiy'd/iAi of llif I{ns«ian!t ; imt of \Viaiif;ill.
= Tlyiiui, or Taniii, of Zai;oskiii.
= Tiinit', or Dtiinic, I.tiilcwi};.
This "iivat t'liniilv iiicluilcs ii liiri-'i' iiiiDihcr of Aiiicririiii trilies cxtcinl-
iiiir trom iK'.ir the nioutli of tlic ^larkriizic soulli t(» tlic honlcrs of Mexico.
TIio Apachos and Navtijos l)elung to it, and tlic family seems to iiiterseit the
continent of North America in a iiorthei'ly and soutlierly direction, ))rinci-
jiallv ahuiii' tlie ilanks of the IJocky Mountains. 'Jlie northern Irihes of
this stock extend westward nearly to the delta of the Yukon, and reach the
sea-coast at Cook's Inlet and the mouth t)f the C'oj)})er JJiver. Eastward
they extend to the divide hetween the watershed of Hudson's Hay and that
of Athabasca and the Mackenzie Hiver. The (lesi{,niation proposed hy
Messrs. lioss and Gibbs has been accepted l»y most modi-ru ethnolo<>i.sts.
The northern 'i'inneh form their tribal names by alli.xin^' to an adjective
Avord or phrase the word liiuicli, ineaiiin<^- "peoi)le", in its modilications of
tiu'nrli, f'i'iia, or tciia', or in one yroup the word lad-chin' , having- the same
nuaniiif:;'. The last are known as llu^ Ki'drh'in tribes, but, so far as our
knowledj.;e yet extends, are not suiliciently dillerentiated from the others to
refpnre special cliissitication by themselves.
Tlie followiiifi' are the ti'ibes of the Tiiiiieh, ]ie<rinnin}4- at the westward
and asoendiiifi- the Yukon toward the iiortii, east, and south:
KAr-YlTI-KllO-TA'xNA.
==A'n.'v"/i/i/"i-fi'"'', Pall 1. <'.
^ /i/fl'i(/i/i/ of Ibd h'lissians, WoiiiKiii ill 'liUliliK'llirf.
_ /»'-t(i/-i/,- of llic Mah'riiiut liiiiuil.
C H'kilikiii,
I -f-' '''''"'/'""'•'•i
I -|-"^<'^'y''^''"'"i
I -]-liikii!i(lilJiiiili-ii,
[ -^'riilfiioii'hiiiiiiiii, \r.,\r., of lioliiilii'ij;, finiii ZaKoskiii.
> Iiikiilmhliiiilr, Wraiii;i'll and l.mli'wit;, 'I'liilHi. I'.iti. (Holt., (il. 1, l^^riH. ; .
= /n(/((/!(^i, WliyiiijM-riiiicl li'ayiiioiiil.
- Iiduliti'ii of Wiaiim'll — i'.l.iiijmiil, Ar., |iailly.
I.oial iiaiiK's:
r/K'AiU/iwdDi'ci on till- t'liik.il; K'ivci-,
'I
.■,l
m
Siilit'ln klio-liin II ;i( iVnlato,
hKii/iU.'a-hli, i.t„i,',i i,n t]ii'K!i]ynU\i\\rr.
7i(/,(ii'-i/i(*?,i(-/«iH',( DM the SlifiK'rliik K'ivcr.
Tui-iiiKjmi'u-hholiin'ii, \\<\»y IviibKcikwini IJivcr.
'VhQ name of tliis jrrt-at tril.c nicans Lowhmhrs, aii.l as tluy <.c,.ui)y
I'T tlic .u(.st part fl.o low tnndri on and about the Yukon an.l Kuskokwini
J^vcrs, it is not inappn.i.riatc-. It coniprises a nmit many sotflcuu-i^fs.
(ixt.iHlin- uv..,- a lai-oo (•xt..nt of country, and liavino- cacn its local nan .;
-'f curs,., l,ut presenting hardly any uiarkcl diano'e in the dialects spoken
■•yn^\ the n,,H,-al chara<.teristics of the jieople. All these j^eoph, interniarrv ,
■•"id d.. not appear t.. have adoi)h-d a totemic system. 1'heir hiibits vary
with their ..nviron.nent, and those who live l.y fishing dilli-r sonu'what fnmi
tiins.. whn hiuit tlu, moose and deer, as niioht ho expected, while the tribes
most adja.. nt t.. the Kkoon.ut Iiniuit have followed their fashion in havii.rr
more festivals and dances than those to the northward. On the Ynkmi, the
sonthermnost settlem,-nts live principally by their abundant fisheries,' and
trade dry lish, wooden ware, in makin- which they are very expert, ami
stron- birch canoes, with the Tpper Yukon ami Sha-ehik people. Tho.so
on the Knsk.dvwim live more es])ecially by huntin- ami those on the Upper
Yukon above the Sha-vluk about equally by either pursuit according' to
circumstauces.
These p<.,,pleare most connnoidy called LiiiaUk, or Lujahrt by tho
b'ussians, a corruption of the Inmiit word meaning- " hullans".
ll"liid.er-. in his s.umnary, was misled by the untruthful and iinao-i-
iiatixe Zao,.skin, many of whose fables were exposed by the panics of the
I 'it.Tuational Tele-raph Kx])editioii when exploring in this region. Hence,
his undue multiplication of tribe.s, intended to eidnince the dist'.veries whicli
!"■ """1" I)iincipally, m.t by traveling, but by questioi.ing the natives.
1 feel ,,uite coidident, from my own intercourse with these people, that,
nntil further knowledg,- is attaiiuMl, no division of this group or tribe i.s
n<.cessary or even desirable. They e.xteml from near Kolmakoff lv\-.loubt
on th.' Kusk<.kwim KMver to its headwaters, on the V.dvon above the liu's-
.sionon the h.ft und above th<- Anvik K'iver on the rio-h' bank, vest to
the .\nvlk Kiver and Iktig'.dik on the Thikak IJiver, m.rth to Kr.^ai ., ,::ud
east to the mountains <.r the Kuskokwini Kiver.
)
27
'IIh'V hiiild |M iniiiiiciit villiij^cs, tli(iii;ili tlicy soiiictiiiu'S Icmvc tliriii
(liinii^' ihc siiiiiiiicr, and (H'ljiiiialK wore the |;(iiiiti(l Imiilliiij-sliirts, wliicli
;^iivc iiiiinf' to the ( "liippew vans, Imt wliiili have licm, to sonic extent, juit
aside! vtlierc trade with the whites oc Inniiit i^avc tlu'ni o])|)orIinnties lor
iirocurinii' more dnrahh' clotliin';-. 'I he\ are InlK' de>ei'il)ed in AUisl;ii and
its Itisoinc/s. The Nuiato settUnnent is nearlv extinct, and inindiers have
died on tlie l,o\ver ^'nkon from asthma, prochiccd liy inhalinj;' toltacco-
smoke into the Iniifis, and oilier canses.
KOVr-KlKH-OTANA.
i:^ h'oiiul.i'iklii 1(111(1, Dall 1. c, iiic:iiiiiit; " Knynlviik IJivrr iiioiilo".
Ljz: ,lu)i)iiik(i(li(ildnit, ]\i>]i\\hvvji, Y.AfidxWin.
-^ li(lliH-l\('(l(liiii of t]]t^ I'lirt Yukon Kfitiliin liidiiiii.x.
iii /i'«i/iU«».'<, or Ai)i,«/.»n»A"i, of llic Aim rii'iin anil lln.-siaii liatlcis.
= roi/""A"""i ^\ li.vni|»'r, K'avnionil.
= /iHi/i(AdH*'(i, Wornian in TiUhininhf.
These ])eoplo inhabit tlie watershed of the Kajinhul; or /w(/////'f7,<)/
Ixiver, and that oi' its tributaries, the Knllilul'iio, h'ah I'lio, and Kftatrlkd'hut.
Tlioy are a tierce and warlike tribe, and princiiially distin;^iiislied irom the
Kaiyulikhotana 1)V bein<^ in a (dironically hostile attitude toward llieni. 1
see no stronj>- ditVerences in lan^i'uajic or habits; l)ut as a tribe they consider
and keej) themselves markedly apart from the others, and, as such, 1 have
retained them se]iarately.
Misled by Zai^oskin and bad vocabularies, Wran;j^ell (in Hai'r) has
niinjiled Iniiuit and Indians in his account of tliese people. His li/hililcit
n])pear to have been considen'(l by him as an Inniiit people, tlion^h he
ineliules si^veral sul)tribes of the l^owland Tiniieh, and the same appears to
have been the case with his Iiihnhiclihidti)/. The result is that it is not easy
to refer to his nomenclature of these peojile without fiivin;;' occasion lor
niisconceptioii.*
These people also build houses, and occnjiy more or less perinaiieiit
villaj^-es. They s(ddoin intermariy with the i.owlaiiders, and live jirinci-
2)allv bv hunting' the deer and K'ocky Mountain sheep, 'i'hey also act as
midtlle-nieii in f-.aile between the M;ilileniut and the Lowland 'i'iinieh.
'^riiey do not .seem to liave any systeni o'' totems.
" llii^ ^alll^ is to .mhiH' ixhiil liiicor l.i mail's pari'i^i in ill.' Zfil.Hclil-. Iiir KUiiii)lo;;in.
28
I :|
1^ I
UN'A-KIIO-TANA.
=zU„'dkl,otmm, Dall 1. v., inri.niiig "Dis-aut" or " I'ai-oll poiile", a iiaino a|.i,|i,..l t.) tliri.i l,v ctlirr
I'imicli.
=^.liinmahi)tiniii, Ili)liiil>irf;, / ■; skin.
^^ Viil.nu'ihliDliti.a, aiiiDHK tin .,,..'
< liikiliki, Wdriiian iji Tikliiiic.,-
/ /iiAiiVi'/YVi/Hrt/cw, \>'ranj;ell in pail.
These people iiilial)it tlie Yukon iVoiii the .Smika'k.it iJiver to the
iMoutli of the Tananah' Kiver. Tlioy call themselves Yukomkliotaii,,, iir.„
of the Yukon, but so also do some of the Kutehiu people livnig on the river
above the Tananah mouth, so I have i)refeiTe(l to keep the original term,
which is the name by which the Lowlanders call them, rather than risk
confusi<.n by a chany-e. Th- y are few in number ; their principal village i.s
at the mouth of the Xowikakat Kiver. Their houses are less sc.lidly built
iiiid less permanent than tho.so of the Lowlanders. l^hey seem to acknowl-
edge* no totems; rarely intermarry with the Lowlanders, from whom their
dialect dilfers sli-.-htly ; deposit their dead sometimes in an erect posture, the
sarcopha;,nis lookinj.- like <a rouyhly-made cask; have n(. drau<.'ht-<loos like the
tribes previously mentioned, but have a small breed for hunting; and meet
on the neutral M-round of Xu-klCik-ah-yet' every spring to trade with the
Kiitchin tribes fnmi the Lpper Yukon and Tananah.
'Hie three l)reviously-nientione(l tribes diil'er less among themselves
ihan they do from those which follow, and 1 have elsewhere designated them
as " West(>rn Tinneh". The bodies of the dead are always i)laced by them
above ground iii a box or wooden receptacle. They have no maVriage-
ceren.ony ; take ami discard wives at their pleasure; have <;ften more than
"lie, but rarely more than three wives; practice shamanism, but have no
idea of any omnipotent or specially-exalted deity, though believing in a
multitiule of spirits good and bad; have similar festivals and songs, and a
tolerably uniform language. The)- are of tall and j-ather slender build, with
faces varying from scpuire to oval ; their hue is .in ashy olive, \\v\, r cop-
pi-ry; their hair coarse, straight, and black. Those near the Innuit have,
in some places, achipted ine fashion of wearing labrets, and the inland tribes
very commonly wear a nose-ornament. Their nos.'s are small but a.|niliue,
"!■ rairly Woman. They vary in hairiness, but rarely have a beard, and
29
seldom any iUiKUiiit of innstaclio. In ]ial>ils and dress. tlie]te(i]ilc oi'|i(ri|iIi-
eral settlements show usually some inllneiiee of the dilVerinji', hut adjai'ent,
jK'Ojde witli whom they are hrouuht in contact. Their nianners and dress
are now rai)idly alterin;^' hv interconrs(» ^vitll traders. I am iid'ornicd that
many of the pecidiarities noted )»y me, when the International Teleiiraiih
lOxjiedition (irst hroni^lit its explorers into contact \vith these |)co|ile, hav(*
become obsolete or are rapidly passinji^ away.
tknAx-kut-ciiin
= Tcii(iii'-I{i:lcltiii, Dall 1. ('., Ilu'ir own tiilml iiaiiir.
f Tnchiiil,(il( II 1)1' Wniii;;('ll, liiiiry Tiicn.
=- Kohhaiiia of tlic l(ii».siiin.-( (iunoiin oilier liilics).
-^ diiisdm Until n of ]'()it Yukon IIiuImoii Itay iiit'ii.
= JUoiinlaiii-mtii of .'iiiiliors.
The name ot' this i)coi>le slii-niiies "mountain men", as that of their river,
the Tananah', sij^'nitie.s the ri\('rof mountain;'.. 'J'hev occupy the ^vatershed
of tlie Tananah', which has been visited V(!ry recently for the first time by
Ketchum and other wjiite men, but is not, ])roj)erly speaking', yet ex])lored.
When we met them in 18GG, this tribe was almost in a state of natiu'e. Once
a year, without their women, they descended th(? 'i'ananah' in birch canoes,
in full accoutrement of pointed coats, beads, feathers, and ochred liaii', to
trade at the neutral <,'round of Nukhikaj-ct ; or, fdling to be pleasiul there,
ascended the Yidvoii to Fort Yukon, and there awaited tln^ arrival of the
annual bateaux. With the g(»ods ])urchased, they then retired to tlieir fast-
nesses, and were sen no nion^ until another year. No white man or Indian
of other tribe had penetrated the wilds in which they pursued the deer and
trapped the fox and sable. 'J'heir reserve, fierce demeanor, and the mystery
•which surronnde 1 their manner of life had its efT'ect on the imagination of
the adjacent tribes, v>ho seemed to fear the strangers, and had many tales,
smacking' of the marvelous, to tell of them. This is now changed, and the
account which I have elsewhere given of them will have a kind of historical
interest.
They appear to have certain localities where they estaltlish huts of very
flimsy construction, but move about a larg ])nvt of tlu! year, and cannot be
said, therefon^ to have strictly permanent villages. They live chiefly l)y
■IVMHHIIIICIlii
80
Imntinf,' the deer, the l.n.kcii imtniv oftli.. .•..iiiifi\- m.t attntctino' tlic incosc
iiitc tliiit noi.m. Tlicy iil.n tni.l,- iVui,, tlu' Iicadwiitcrs of tlic 'I'iinaiiiili'
uitl. the Iliii, Kutchin of tlic CpiMT Viikun. Tli.y arc suppuMMl t., haw
ii tot('iiiic .system similar to tliaf uf tlic Loiicliciix.
TKXxr'rjr-Kr'r ciiix'.
^'(H«(/« /;«»/,,/iij-, 1)1- /;,ir/i /»,/,«»», of till' Hililsoii lia.v iriiii. . '
'I'Im'sc pcopl,., with thi- T.,ts.,l,'-KHt('lm,'. roiiipriscd n few hands of
iiidiaiis alhcd to the Kutcha-Kut-chiii', who formerly waiiih^red in the
iv^noi, between the rapids of tho Yukon and the mouth of the Porcupine
l.'iver, haviiin. thei,- principal himtino-nTuund near the Small Houses. Ahont
l.sc;!, however, they were all swept off l)y an epidemic of .scarlet fever,
iiitro.luced throun-h contact with the whites, and there is now not mi indi-
vidual li\ inn' of these two trihcs.
K' ITCH A' KIIT-CIIIN'.
= A«(r/i,(./wW(/i/», Ifiiss, Kfiii]i<Mitt, (;ililis. tlnir own iiaiiic.
= //■/,ii-/i/(/.nii» ol'llii. NiiufiK-iiiiil lMiiMit,.siri,|),soii.
< /.(>"i/»Mj- of llic lliidsou Bay IIICM.
< liiiliUikiililii, Kiulc'wi;;.
< /io/c/i«iH(( oflli,' i;i.s.siaijs. Not /wrirY/,;,, A„«<Viiii ofl'ditol. ■ .
These Indians inhabit both lianks of the Yukon from tlie Hirch Kiver to
the Kotlo Kiver (m the east and the Porcupine K'iver on tlie north, ascend-
ino- tlu- latter a short distance.
'I'hey are nomadic, polygamous, and live principally by lumtin-.- and
trappino-. 1'hey formerly burned their dead, ^fhey have a toteun'c system
with thivc totem.s— r7//7-c//<'-(J/, 'Jh/fj-rat-si, and Nul-.^ahi, according- to\stra-
chan dones, es(i., late commander at Fort Yukon. They are described by
me elsewhere. Their name mean.s " Powlander.s".
NAT.Srr-KUT-CIIIN'.
= \iil.iil-kiilcliiii, or -. .\i(l>iH-hiiUhiii, Ilatdisly mid IIikIsoii Itaj- mcu.
= Aa(c/i(!'-AH/(7iiH, Uos,s, MSS. map; Dill 1. c.
=--. l.oiiihvKr. or (Iciiii de I.nr(j<\ ol'llu' voyaj;ciMs.
These extend from the Porcui)ine, near Fort Y^ikon, north to the
Romanzoff Mountains. Their name means " strong people ", and is vari-
ously sjielled by difl'(>rcnt autliorities. They are migratory, few in number,
31
ffoncriiUy rcsciiili!!' tlic Inst trilpc, iiml arc <lii(tl\ imtalilf Irnin llicir Iradr
with till' Kiuiii-nuilifi-iiifil liiiiiiit. and llic line stmnii' lialiii'lic, or ^Uin <\\ Inc,
wliifli tlicy nianiil'actmv.
VUN'rA'-KircilIN".
= ruiild'-kiiUhiii, Ross, MSS. iniip, Hull 1 ''■
= />0M<7((Mj-, (ir yH(irr(//(r«, of tlir llnilsoii I!ii\ voyiifjciMH
= 6'<in (/i" Hull iif till' Ciuiiuliiui voyan<'iiis.
t TtViakutlvhiii of IVtitot.
Anoflior triho of Kiitcliin, <)cc\ii>yin^- tlic region iiorlli of the roicii-
piiK', cast of tilt' last tril)c, and south of tlu' Innuit oil the Ai'( -ic shores.
Little is known of them. Their name si-iiiilies " l\at peonle", and is taUi'U
from the Kiit or Porcupine Kiver, one of their lioundaries.
'rrKKi'i'ii'-KCrciiiN'.
= TiiH('iili-kiilcliiii,liiisi',\)M].v. . ■
r=/i'«/ /ii(/(riiis(if till' Uildsiiii )l:i,v men,
? Tdhii-ki'illiliiii (iflNlitiit.
These Indians inhaliit the re^'ion oast of the headwaters of the I'orcu-
pino as far as Fort lAlel'herson, and including!: the district of Ka I'ierrc's
House and all tlie southern liea<lwatei-.s as far west as the ne.\t tribe. It is
unccrtaiu whether to this or the last trihe the appellation >>{' l'"aiher I'etitot
properly l)elon;^-s. 1 have preferred to retain that of Mr, [|o>s, wiio is
excelled \>\ none in his knowed;;'e of this region. A small rivei' fallin^i'into
the i\[acken/.ie is named Rat Ki\er on I'etitot's map, liut this should not l)e
confounded with the Porcupine Uiver, which is most conunonly callecl the
Kat River hy the Hudson liay jjeople. The present trH)e is also sometinies
called Pat Indians, but the exact sijiniiication of tiu'ir name is not known
to me. In all respects, as far us known, this peop'c does not dilfer mate-
rially from the other and better known tribes of the Kulchin Indians of tluj
Yukon.
IlAN-KUTClIlN'.
i_. //(i»-/,iHrAi)i, Kdss, llic II. H. Cii.'.s ti;ul<Ts. KclilHiiii, Dull 1. c. - - ,
= fi'cii.v (/(.< Hiii« of Uio lliulsoii's liay voya^i'iir. .
< JiolihiiiiKi, 1)1- h'ol«liiiia, of lliii Ifussiiiiis.
This is a small tribe, inhabitin}^' both 1)anks of the Yukon above the
Kotlo Piver for over a hundred miles, tit the Deer P'iver, and sometimes
II
1
:v2
oxtoiKliiif,'- flu'ir wiUKlcniips nnrtli Id tlic 1i;nil<.s of tlio rnrcu])ino, cMst of tlio
Kiitcliii'-kntcliiii' iuiil u<'st of the Tukkutir-kutcliiii'. 'I'licir iiimic sijiiiifios
"Wood" or "Forest ])cnj)lc", mikI tlic}' arc <'onij)!ir!ilivcl\- l)iit little known.
They trade at Fort Vnkon.
Tl"r-(ll()NK-Kn'(MlI\'.
- Tiildiiiiii' Kidrhiii, Kc'tc'liiiiii, Dnil I. c.
li: f.'/».'< (/(» y'liHj' of llir IIiiiI.hdii'k ll:i_v vtijii;;<llis. '
-=" .NV/kihhcc", t'lirihtiii, (ir Muniildiii Iniliiiiin, (if vai imiK lliidsini ]!;iy nllii ris, liiiss anil (illicrs.
h'tilldiniiiH, (!!■ (!til:uniii, I.iiclmvi}; (tuirlli of Atiiii l.'ivci ), \Viiinj;''il.
• liolliliaiinkoi, Wortnaii iti 'I'iUlniii'iiii'f.
? 7'i//«i/<i/ (7i//()/.(i/.(i/?) in'oplc, (if Ali-liMNi liiiliaiiH, \Vraii;;(ll. ■
Tliis is !in extensive and \videl\ -distril)uted trilx', wliose aniiaMe man-
ners have gained them the name of <»'(;/.s (lis l-'aax from tlie voyaj^'cnrs, and
whose name sij^nilies "Ci-ow people". 'J'hey occniJV the lianks of tlie Yukon
iVom the l)eer liivcr nearly to the site of Fort Selkirk and the Avatershed
of th<^ small streams iiowinii' into the Yukon from flu; north, esjjeeiall}' on
tlie Stewart ,'iver alxiut Keid House; thc^ hasin of the White IJiver, headinjr
in the j^laciers of the St. Flias Alps; and perhaps the Ia'wIs JJiver to some
extent These are, with little dnulit, the natives with whom the Ahteiia
Indians trade from the headwaters of the Atna and Cheehitno Ixivers, eal'jd
KolvlidiiKi I»y the Russians, who apply that term to all thi' interior Indians
with vhom they are unfamiliar. "Titloj^at", mentioned by AVran^ell as one
of the settlements of the Kolchaina, is ])ossil)ly some mutual tradinj^--
•iTound whieli lias an Indian name of Titlo-kakat or somethin<i- similar.
We now come to a <iTouj) of Indians but liitle known, and which can-
not be dilTerentiated with any eei'tainty into tribes. The names I {jfive for
them are on the authority of Mr. Ros.s's manuscri])t map, lately in tho
])ossession of the late (Jeor^^'e fJibbs, and for an opportunity of examining
which 1 am indebti'd to his kindness.
NEIIAUNKES.
r= Xihiiiiiias, IJdss, Dall 1. c.
t \an"aiuc nt I'ctitiit.
Including' the ft»llowing ])eopl(
A. AliHATO-TKNA .
= .Ihbdio-lciid', Ko.ss. Pali 1. c.
T J'^xbii-l'ii-o-liinii (it I'i'titot.
A very low gradi' nf Indians inhabiting the basin (tf the Pelly and
1
a3
Macniilliiii IJivt'is. 'I'lio voiy i-nniicoiis clinrjictci' ct" this juirt <•!' Pctitot's
niii]) rciiders it iiii]t(>ssil)K' to idi'iitily his iinnics ^•('();,n''''l'hii'iilly witli iiuy
known trilit'S. I'lu'y have also been calhMl (liiis dcs llnis liy sonic ot" iho
Hudson's liay i)t'o|)l('.
It. — MAIVAIS MONUK.
= Mniiidin Motidt; (ir Slarl^, Hush, Dall 1. c, II. It. Co.'m oflictirH.
Inhabit the region of Frances Lake. Very few in number, and little
known.
c. — aciiiVto-tin'neii.
= Jcllulu-tilllKit KlIM 1. C.
On the western headwaters t>t' the Liard River, oceasionally visitinjr
Deaso House and Lake.
I). — daho'-tkna'.
--- Ihihuliiiii, l!cih.i I. c.
Below the last, on the Liard LMver. Sonietinies called Sicdiiccs l»y the
triulers; or else there is another tribe in the same region to which this
name has l)een ai)plied.
E. — taii'ko-tin'ni'.h.
= Tahko-tiiiinli of Hdiuo of the traikTs.
Inhabit the basin ot" the Lewis River; are very few in nuinlter, and
scarcely known to the whites.
K. — NKIIAI!M;KS ok THK CIIILKAIIT lilVKK.
Cliilkahl-tina, DiiU 1. <;., iioiii. jirov.
Indians of Tinneh stock, inhabiting the shores of a river heading near
the Ohilkaht, but flowing in an opposite direction, and falling into the l,ewis
River near l.,ake Lebarge.
'Plie.sc^ ])eopl(! are bold and enterprising, great traders, and of great
intelligence. They carry goods bought fnmi the ( 'hilki'dit-kwan (who do
not allow them to descend the Chilkaht ITiver) to tluf Yukon, where they
trade with the Crows and Nehaunees. I erroneously applied the term
Chilkaht to them, Avliich I have since discovere<l is a T'linket word. My
informant nui.st have been led into error in assigning it to a Tinneh tribe.
They appear to be a numerous people, but have never mi.xed with the
whites, except on a few occasions at Fort Selkirk, \vhich they are said to
have had afterward a hand in biu-ning.
i
u
Tf will 1)(' sfcii fmiii the nliovc tluit tlic term Ncliiuincc covers n Inrj^o
Tiiiiiihcr ofhiiiids, sdiiie of wliicli nn^ prohably iiKlepcnilciit tribes, iuul the
only thiiij,^ which ciiii Ix' siiid to Ik; known iihout them is that they all hclonj^
to the Tinnch stock.
To tiic westward (.■{' tin; Nehauneos and Crows are the following two
tribes, which conipl'.'tc! the list of Alaskan Tinni'h.
AH-TKXA'.
.l/i-((H(i, Diill I. I'., their iiwii tiilial ili't-ij^iiiitidli.
.-: Alum i; Wiiiii;,'!'!!.
=: AluUildiiK, lliiiiiin.
-— - AV(»k7«7-ii(|(7' (ici-iiicii) (if 111!' KiiN.siaii tniilcix, //((c Wiiingell.
:=■ iViV(/»(i//«/.()i, Wdiiiiiiii ill 'riUliiiicniit'.
^=-. AtnujlUjiiiUi, riii;nt, llcv. I'liil. it Klliii , I.ck Alnahn.
= .)(h(i>i, l.mli^w ij;, in 'i'liiliiK r liii). (Jlott., fil. 1, 11. 11, yil.
= YiUoivkii'ifi or .\(liau>iic Indiaiix, liiias, MS.S. iii:i[).
Not .l/H(i/i, l.iidrwi;;, Fliilliciids (if the I'liizcr Kivcr.
Not VcUuirLiiinK o( tlio Cii|i|)riiiiiiic' Ivivcr, II. H. Terr.
Tliese Indians, known principally by report, occnjiy the basin of the
Atiia or (Joppi'r jfiver, and reach to the sea at its mouth, ha\'in«^- jmshed
theiiisehcs Ix'tween the r^nhdinu'it Iniuiit and their relations of Chugach
IJay 1 was fortniiiite enough to be present in 1S74 at their annual trade
at Port Mtches, to determine definitely their own name for themselves,*
and to n.'co^'iiize in tlieir speech many of the Tinneh words with which I
had become familiar on the Yukon. 1 also obtained from them it piece,
w(i<;hiiiji- about live pounds, of the celebrated native copjjer, found in the bed
of the river on which they live. They resembled strouj^^'ly the Koyukuns
in ajipeitrance, tiiid wore tlie original pointed coats trimmed with beads,
such as I had seen on tltt; jter.soiis of the Tonui-kutrhin. Their faces were
oval and of ])leasinji' and intelligent expression. On a visit to the vessel in
my chai-ge, they showed unusual tact and discretion in their behavior, which
could hiirdly have Iteen improved, though she wtis to thom an object of the
greatest curiosity, the only sea-going vessel they htid ever seen.
* KiVllu'i- IVtitot, liy a ciulons inisri'iidiiiK ol my text \n Alanka and iln lUmiiiait,lvM arrived at
llie coiu'liisioii tliat I liavi- (■oiifoiiiidcd tlic Copjier or Atiia Kivcr w illi llie Coinnriiiiiie Ii'ivcr of Ilcarno
and I'rankliii, lircanse (on Ross'h aulliority) I stated tliat the .l/i-(fH(( were sonietniifs called Vellow-
liiiifeor N'eliannee Indians by the Knulihh, while the Yellowluiives that lie Uiiowh are re!*ideiits of tho
Copiierniiiie Kivor. It would apiiear, ainirt from liis ini.sconeeption, that he lias forj^ottcii that tlio trad-
ers fro(nioiitly apply the Kaiiio name to widely dilVerent tribes, and tliat in ipiotii!}; them, then as now, I
conld not vouch for tho proper application of any names except those 1 have personally verilied.
m
Tlioy were tiill and nttlicr slcMitlcr, l»ut of jruml ]i1iysi(|iic, nl' a rlcar
»tliv(! coniiilcximi, and witli straight hiack liair, arched cvi'-ltrows, and witli-
ont Iiair npon the lace. I lit'V appear to l»e nut very numerous, l)nt rather
widely distributed on the river, trading' with the interitir Indians at its head-
waters. 'Fhe si;4nilieation ot" their name lias some rehition to the ^fhieieis
which are found in tlieir territor}-, l)Ut 1 cnidd not make out its exact I'Ji;^'-
lish e(|nivalent. I noticed no traces of '["Hnket words in their speech, and it is
a question whether those note<l 1)\' I'inart, in this as in other cases, were not,
(hu! rather to tla^ defective knowledj^c or memory of his Iiall-l)reed inter-
preter than to flieir actual existence as words incorporated in the lan^^uaye.
TKllAMN-KUTClliN'.
n= Tiliniiiii-liiitiliiii, IJipsH 1. <■., as npiilicd to tliiiii liy lln' Viikmi IiiiIIuiin.
= yicimi/irw, Wruiini'll. as ol' till' Kimtsiaiis.
=^ 7'H((iH(i 111' 7'ii((i, WiiiM^cll, as (if tlirnisflvcK. .
=: A'in(i/H( ol'tlio Kauiii^iiiut liimiit,yii/i- Wiaiij;<'ll.
== A'niui/w, Woniiaii ill Tikbmcnii'f,
= /I'l/mi, Uiiscliiiiniiii.
=~ lumii, h'riiui, heiiuitif, 'Ih/iitii, Ijiiilowi;; in Tiiibiier.
rzs: Oiiijiiiiliakmiiii-liiiitiiii, AlHdiVxd, liallii, Alias Ktliii.
=^: liiiiiii-liini, Dall I. c, iioiii. inov. (iTioiirous).
= 7V«r y/iHdii/d, l!i)liiil)i Tf;.
::= K'liaia-liliulii'iiii, tbrir nwii iiaiiir iu'iuniliiif; In 1Im> .tli-lcini Iiidiaiis.
No satisfactory vocabulary, nor even a trustwortliy statement of the
name by which these people call themselves, has yet Im-i-ii ]i'il»lished. ]\y
some words of Wrangell's and liisiansky's vocal)nlaries, and by the fact
that they possess a totemic s> ♦^'•m, it may reasonaljly Im- surmised tliat
they are more closely relate.' ' the Kntchin tribes than to tlu; western
Tinneh. The word Kciiai I have stroufr reasons for believin;r is an Inmiit
word, and honco any ajiplicatioii of it to them is erroneous. ( )n tlie other hand,
I. cannot recttncile the form Tiki'iiui with any of the forms in u.se amon^' the
Tinnoli fur dcnominatinj^ themselves as a tribe. I have some doul)ts of the
coiTectness of the m'.me su])plied to me by the Ah-tcud, and .so 1 Jiavo pro-
visionally adopted the name supplied by lioss. 'I'his is that by which they
are called by the Tenan-Kutehin of the 'rananah', with whom they are said
to occasionally trade.
They are amon^' the least known of the tribes which reach the sea-
coast. They are said to o<'cupy the Kenai IVninsula on its northwest sid(!
from Chuti-achik 15ay to its head, and the shoies oj)posite a.s far soutli as the
hiiy iK'iir Iliiiiiiiiii \'<ilciiii(>, (lie bii^iii (ii"*lu' Knik iiml Sin'liitno IJivcrs, jiiul
their Iiciidwiitcrs. 'I'licy bury llioir (lead in boxes above {^toiiikI, on uiiit li
tli(;y |»il(! ii|) .stones. 'I'liey are ^aid to l)e more intelll^i-nt than tlie adjacent
Inniiit, t'roni whom they |»in(diase kyaksand other articles. 'I'hey kill lar}:;^
nnndiers ot'tlu^ li(.cky .Mountain ;^dat and use the skins I'oi clothin;;'.
This complet^'s the list of the 'I'inneh tribes of Alaska and the adjacent
teiritory, and we now come to tlh' stock or family of
2.-T' LIN Kins.
= niinkits (if iiiOHt IiiiNHiftii 1111(1 (Icrinnii iuUIkiim.
= A'i)/(i»/i( 1 or luiliiHliiiiiin, l.iiilcwifj, and most. IOiihIIkIi uihI I'li'iicli iiuUKirs.
z^ KoliilKhiH, ri;illii,
=-: A'u/()i/i('«, riiiuit, Hull. Sue. (I'Aiitlir. IST;!, Ki man.
= Tlhikil, llicii' (iwii iiiiMic lor |i(!(i|)l(' (if tlii'ir ntdck.
> .si/A/ii/intu;, Wdniiiiii 'i Tikliiiu'uicf.
'i'hese people as a whole are remarkably well ditl'erentiated Irom the
Tiiij'.eh, and have been \ery fully described by N'eniaminoll", \Vran<"ell,
Ui'iidci, I'inart, and tlu; writer. Of the tribes on Norfolk Sound especiallx',
the mater'al, vocabularies, Sic. ai'c remarkaldy complete. There are several
oiitlyin;^- tribe.s, however, of whii'h the allinities are not i)o.sitively deter-
mined. The principal of these is the Kygani or llaida tribe, which has
been very jfeuerally united with the T'linkets, but which 1 am disposed to
so refer only provisionally ; and the Chimsyans or Xasse Indians, who
ver\ probably belon^^' to a distinct family. The IJillecoola are Selish; the
liailtzuh belong' to the Vancouver Island family, though both have been
referred to the Nas.ses. The languayo of the latter is, according- to Ciibl)s,
quite distinct fr' in that of the Tucullies or Carriers, to which Ludewiy com-
pared it.
Tlu; Vakutats in many respects, also, are dilTerentiated from the other
T'linkets, though they belong, without doubt, to the same stock. The
T'linkets may be divided as follows, into iive group.s:
"YAKTTATS."
~ Yuk'ulalu, Dull 1. c, I'iiuirt, .iikI iiuist iiiilliors.
= l'(iAii'a(«Aoi,W(irnmii ill Tikliinenicf.
= Ytitiiutiiln, Kniian.
These Indians inhabit th.o vemon between the eoa.st-mountains and
m
tlic sen, tioiii Hcriii;^ llav In l,iliiy;i l>ii\ , (>fc;isiuiiiill\ tiiix tliii^>^ in ciiiiors
iiirllicr west or siiiillicjist tcH' |iur|Mi>cs of tniilf. ()ii in}' visit to licriii^'
Uiiy ill 1K74, I ciKlc.ivdiiil to <|(t tlicir own iiiiiiu' lor lluiiischcs, Inil liiitl
no intcr|»i('fci', iind nt itii( r the njitivts nor niyscll' s|)oJ\c mucli ('liinook, so
lli;if I do not tec! sine tliiit tli( y nndcrstood my inqnirics. At id! events, I
could ^i't no otlicr nnswcr tlmn '•^nkiitjit", wliidi is ex idcntiy tiic name tliey
;ii\c to tlic conntry tlicy inlialiit, hut nnisf, in nil |»roliid>ilil\-, liavc sonic
otluT suilix or tcrniinjition wlu-n jipjilicd as a tril)al naiiic. Tlicir princiiial
scttlcnuMit is on a lar^^c stream, ahoundin;,' with salmon, and eni|it\ inj^ info
]{(Min;,'- jJay or ^ akiitat. They fish and <rade at I'ort Miiljiiave in the
sprinj,'' hi'tbre the salmon arrive, and Inint seal near the ^^laciers of |)isen-
c'hantnieiit Hay. The women do not wear the kalushka, or liii-ornanient
^J'hey an; said not to atlopf the toteiiiir system, so much in voi^iie amon;^' the
other T'linkets, and eat the hliihlier and ilcsli oi'the whale, which the other
tribes of tlieir stock rej^aid as unclean.
CIIlUvAIIT'-KWAN.
Tho ChUhxlil'-lwan inlial)it the valley of the Chilkaht Kiver, which is
of moderat(* size, and falls into the head of I^Aiin Canal. Tliey are inti-
mately related to the inhahitants of Norfolk iSouiul, and some of them may
almost always be found sdjoiirnin^' at Sitka. '1 hey consider themselvi's,
however, ii distinct tribe, and have on sonu; occasions been involved in hos-
tilities with the Sitkii peojile. They arc a wild and untamable peojile, and
said to ]je very numerous. They trade with the whiti-s on the .sea-coast,
and Avitli the Timieli of the interior, by means of numerous small laics and
•streams near the head of the Chilkaht Kiver. Jn all essentials, lliey do not
seem to diifer from the tSitkans.
!
tti'J'KA-KWAN.
-Silliiliiaii, (Iii'ir owii ii|i|i<llati(iii .'il Silkii.
- .Iiildii-hudii. Jidv I'iiKiit, lor the Irilic in {ji^rii'ial.
: Ai/A((-/ »■«;(, I'iiiiii't.
- <'hiunuiiiii(«, SiiiHliloit. yiffc I'innrt.
-Tihiiil,iltiiiii iiK i\( MiiRliiiiid.
-iS(//.((ii,s <il Kiinan.
;i8
Lrx'iil iiiiiiit'H:
llii(lniiiiii M llcMiiri l!ay iiiiil lldoi lie Mil Kii|)iilH.
.!/(/. mi I'lci!) rirk Smiiiil.
hilili 111! ricdriirU SiMiiid.
/'.'A/iA/i>>7i», ('lialliiiiii Sli'iiit.
liii'iii iiriir ('ii|ir l)i'( i.sioii, '
llitiiimiii III! I'liiicc (if Willi's I>l;ii)(l.
/'(iHK/d.fn iirar I'liil 'roiii;4iisH 111- 'rmij^iisH.
iM//i«-Air«/i at, .Si'ka nil N'liifnlU Siiiiiiil.
'I'lliHr iiiiliirH iiiaj; Iii|iiin' miiiir iivisliiii lien nrirr, cxfclit flii- lanl.
Those; people iiiliiil)it IJaraiiort" Island and its vicinity, ('liiclia;x<*il,
Admiralty, Kuiu, KnprianofV, and Prince nt' Wales Islands (flie latter only
in part), and tlu; arc]iIpela<i'o, of which these form a i)art. 'I'hey are anioiiff
the hest known of the Noithwest American tribes, and information in rela-
tion lo them may he foun<l in the works referred to tnider the head of
'l"linkets. The inckname of Koloshes, which has been extensivel}' aj)plied
lo them, arises, according to some authorities, from a Russian word meaning
to ))ierce, in allusion to the perforations made for Uibrets in the lijjs of the
women, and is asserted l)y others to be derived from "knlushka", a Russian
WO" !, meaning a little trough, in allusion to the trough-like shape of the
lalaets themselves. The latter ^vould seeui to be the more probable deriva-
tion, MS the custom of piercing the lip was connnon among tribes familiarly
known to the liussians bei'ore they met the T'linkets; whih* no North
American tribe in historic times has worn any labi<'t at all comparable, in
sixe and grotesque appearance, t<i the kalushk.i. The latter would have
struck the observer at oiice as a remarkable ornament, and was therefore
iiiore likely to l)e remend)ered and spoken frequently of in referring to these
people. The Sitka-kwan have numerous large villages with large houses,
often ( rnanu'iited Avith carvings, and capable of standing quite a siege.
They are a tierce and indepcn<lent people, and of late years nnich demor-
alised from the use of alcoholic stinndants, which they have oven learned
to distil from molasses for themselves.
STAKIIIN'-KWAN.
These are a. '{"linket tribe, little ditlerentiated from the last, occui)yiug
the mainland near the moulh of tlu' Stikine Kiver (a corruption of Stakltiii).
They consider themselves distinct from the Sitkans, and the two tribes have
J
! !
wa
.1
■
8»
IrccjiU'iitly hccii iiivdlvrd in hustilitics. 'liny iln iml |MMi('(r:ifc (.\r into t\n\
iiitcriur, hut I'xlciid mIoiii;' tlic coast I'roin tin* l.yiiii to tlic I'ortlaiid Ciiiial.
Uviv tlicy arc bounded on the sontli and cast li\ tlic Niinm's and tlic Cliini-
syjins. Wo now conic to tlm last j^fon]! of' Alaskan Indians, tlic —
KYdAIlNI.
= liygah'iii, tlioir own :i|iiioll:ilinii.
:— luiiiliiiiKkoi, Wininan In 'riUliiiuiiicI'.
-— hiiiijiiiin, lOiiiiaii.
< h'liiiiniiis, nr /i'i(/((mi(«, Liidcw i;;.
-■^ Ilaiiliilm, l.iiilrwi^, iiiid iiiilliiil's.
=: Hi/dnhx of ;nitlioiH.
— - liijijii'ui, Dall 1. c.
Those people, wliicli I refer with doiilit to tlic T'linkct stock, liavc
thoir lioad(pnii'tcrs on the islands of (^)neen ( "hailotte's Arcliipclap\ Kiit
then! arc a few villa<j,-cs on the islands forming- the sonthernniost portion of
Alaska Territory, sonth of I'rince of Wales Island. Tliey are a tall, hand-
sonic, liercc, and treacherous race, not improved hv the rinn sidd them liy
the Undson Hay Company, and iiote<i for their skill in carviii;;- w 1 and
slate, and their chasing- and otiier work on silver which they obtain from
the whites. In Alaska, they are \i'ry U'W in minihc!-.
The iS^asses and adjacent Chimsyan and othe.- tribes are in so mnch
confusion, from an ethnoloo-ical ],oint of vi<'W, that I am i^lad tr, a\ail myself
of the fact that th(iy do not, strictly speaking-, come within the limits of this
paper.
'I'Ik^ follownKj^ Irt n recapitulation of the difVerent Indian tribes of Alaska,
with an ajipn mate estimate of their mimbers. 1 omit the ]iopiiliitioii for
those e.Ktcrioi' io the Territory.
IMiNNKH.
(wi;sTi:i;.\.)
Kaiyulikhotaiia 2, OOO
Koyuknkhotana r,()()
lliiakhotaiia ;5()()
(K Orel I IN.)
Tenau-kiitchin tOU
'J'oiiiiiith-kritcliin, extinct.
Tatsah-kutchin, extinct.
Kiitcha-kiitchin 'JfiO
1
i
f
I 1
'. 40
Niilsif-kiifcliiii Ij.«
Vimtii-kiiU.'Iiiii.
'riikkiitli-kiilcliiii.
11,111-kutcliiii.
'rutclioiie-kutcliiii.
Tc'liuiiin-kutcliin j QQr.
(kastekn.)
Al)I)at(»-t('nri. .
Jluiivjiis Moiido (Ni-liaiUK'C'.s).
Aclioto-tliuieh.
Dalio-toiia. •
'Liliho-thnwh.
"("hilkalit-k'im."
'^'"^^'"^ --■--.:..-.......... ... 1,500
T'LINKE'1\S.
(VAKfTAT.S.)
" Vakutuls" 250
(kwan.)
Cliilkalit-kwan -, <.,>,>
cvi - 1 ' ' '
bitka-kwaii 4, ,^^,.
otaklmi-kwan j rnn
(KYtlAHNI.)
^y^^^^ -.--: 300
(nasses.)
Niisse liuliim.s.
Cliinis}'an.s.
'J\ttal Alaska Tiuliaiis TJTiijSO
Total Akvska (Jrarians 54 Q_r,,j
'i'otal iiati\t' ])opulati()ii 25~7()4
Add liussiaiis .... _r,()
Adil liall'-brcc'd.s or Croolos j 599
Add citizens (iiu'ludiiiji' lOO military) 250
1,800
'i'otal i)o])u]atioii of tlio Territory 2'r504
This estimate is j.rohal.ly over rather than under the real number,
e.xeept for white eitizeiis, whose nuudjer fluctuates, and who, during the
uriniuy-seasou, may number as many as fifteen hundred.
J
II.
ON SUCCESSION IN THE SHELL-HEAPS OF THE ALEUTIAN
ISLANDS
UY ^v. II. UjVll.
T\ni uott'M (if wliidi this piipcr is tliu result wore nmdc while eiiniij^ed
in a hydro;^ rapine aiul g'eo«jru[)hi('al reconnaissance of the Aleutian Islands,
luider the ausjtices <tf the United States Coast Survey. They were made
at enforced intervals fit' leisure, occasioned l)y \veather whirli ■would not
permit the ordinary surveying operiitl'iis of the party to be ciinied <iir, a
circumstance which will explain the limitations by which our (ibservatioiis
were necessarily curtailed. NotwitlistamliiiLC this limitation, however, it is
believed results of value have been obtaineil.
The character of the islands is tolerably well known, and a sketch of
them, which gives all the details necessarv for a comprehension of this
paj)cr, will be found accompanyin;^- tin pajjcr on tlie distrlljution of the
Indian tribes on the general map of Alaska Territory.
Their topograjjhy, with few exceptions, is high and rugged ; their
shore-lines very irregular, and mostly rockx ; their vegetation jicli and
abundant, but confined to herbaceous plants and small species of Vaccbiium
and Salix, none as a rule attaining to a greater heig-ht than four feet, and
often creeping along the surface of the soil. The climate is moist and not
cold, but iiu'lement from the abundance of cloudy w'eather, fog, rain, and
at certain seasons the i)revalenco of severe gales. Tlie harbors are rarely
closed by ice, and then only for a few days or until the first fn.'sh breeze.
4t
42
'I lie iiivcrfchnitc; i'auiiii of'tlu; .shores is iiliimdaiit in iii.lividiials, hut sparse
ill littoral siiccics. Fisli are ahuiulant to the eastward, l»ut Jiiore and inuro
sraiity west Iroiii Atka Island. Sea-I)ir(ls are everywhere tuiind in nivriad.s.
Tlu! sea-li(.n, tlie .sea-otter, fiir-.seal, and varieties of hair-seal, oiict; very
uhundaiit, are n(»w scarce or even entirely extinct in s(Mne h.calities.
There is yet an abundance of small whales; sonio land-birds, includin'r the
ptarniiji-an (La(iojm.s albus); the blue fox lias been introduced into many of
the islands, and ilonrislu-s ; lennnin},^s of small size are .said to exist on
Krecsa or l{at Island to tlie we.stward, and, from Unalashka eastward,
are, with S/icniiop/iilu.s I'anyi, abundant. This comprises the indigenous
vertebrate fauna of the present day.
\Vood is not abun(hint on the beaches, but is more plenty to the
eastward, where the westerly current throws it on the eastern and northern
shores of the islands. From an examination of the drift-stnlf, it is evident
that the lar<-er portion of it comes from the east and south. The Sitka
spruce, cedar and iir, Ihinax horridu.n, cocoa-nut shells, and acacia-nuts
ai'o all from the western shores of America, either indigenous or as refuse
thrown overboard by the merchantmen. The Yukon spruce, will(»w, birch,
and poplar are nuich less common and rarely occur.
The islands are washed by two seas, both notoriously stormy and foggy.
'I'here are no currents, on their north shores, proper to Uering Sea. In the
Pacific, the great easterly current pa.sses entirely to the southward of the
islands, not grazing them, and not affecting the water north of latitude 50'^.
It strikes the northwest coast of America at or near Dixon's I'Jitrance, and
liere a strong but narrow branch is doliected to the northward, and, folh.w-
ing the trend of the coast, finally to the westward; passhig south of the
islands, and being evident as a current as far west as Atka, when it gradu-
ally spends its force, and is not perceptible in the extreme western islands.
The tide in this region rises in the east and sets toward the west, adding to
the force of the current during the march of the tich'. It rushes into Ber-
ing Sea through the numerous passes and .strait.s, currying its l)urden of
drift-wood, and generally forming a severe rip or tide-bon; during its pas-
sage ; this, with the set of the Ueriiig Sea tide, tends to form an occasi(.nal
westerly drift ov set, north of the ishind.s. The northerlv branch of the
r
Kiiro Siwo piisscs t'iir to tlic westward ol' \\iv wrstcnunost isliiiul, and
bt'twccn it and tlic warm '■tirri'nt a hrnad stripot' water, with a tciiipcratiiif
(»f 30° Falncidicit, intervenes. 'Tliis is stfikinj:ly exident in tlie lanna of
slioal water al»ont Attn, wliere Arctic I'ornis |irevail almost exclusively. 'I'lie
.stviiit between Kaiiu'liatka and tlie Connnander's Islands is, at its narrowest
part, oiicj Iniiidred and twenty nautical miles wide; and, between tliem and
Attn, it is two hundred and twenty miles wide. Hetweeii the Commander's
Islands and the end of the Aleutian chain is u •••reat <>-ulf of four tlio\isand
fathoms in dejith, euttinf;-otr the fauna of Asia from that of America, exceiit
such portion as has spread from the Arctic alon;;- the shores southward
on both sides of Bering Sea. 1 have been thus explicit in stating- the.
physical features of the region, because they have a very im|)ortant bear-
in<f on the subject of mi^-ration, and are usually wholly ij^nored in ethno-
logical ]iapers which treat of that topic.
Shell-heaps are found on nearly all the islands of the Aleutian group.
They are most abundant and extensive in the islands east of llnalashka,
and on the few islands from Amchitka eastward, which arc; less high and
rugged than the others; or on those where the greater amoinit of hsvel land
is to be found. The two necessaries for a settlement appear to have been
a stream of water or a spring, and a ])lace where canoes coidd land with
safety in rough weather. Where these are both wanting, shell-heaps are
never found, and rarely when either is al)sent. The favorite spots appciar
to have been on narrow necks of land, across which an easy portage could
be made from one l)ody of water to another. Safety from hostih^ attacks
also governed the selection of village-sites, and henc*; tlu; mouths of strcsams
abounding with salmon, Init offering no protection, were seldom made a
phico of settlement. The earliest inhabitants, however, appear to have
been less particular in this resjjcct than their more modern successors.
On the islands west of Amchitka, shell-heaps are less abundant, the
shores being less fully provided with food and drift-wood, and less acces-
sible for canoes.
We observed shell-hea})s in the following localities:
Attn Island. — 1. At the head of ( 'hichagoff Harbor, east of the present
village; extent aliout three acn.'S and a half; the shell-heaps covered with
an aiickiiit viIIii;ro-.sit„ „f suhscinicnt <ic(iii);iti(>ii. 2. On tlu; we^itmi shorus
of Siiramiii JJiiy. W(; ueiv intunncil <.f siniilnr deposits on Jlassacre Bay,
antl two oilier localities on the wi'stei'n and sontliern shores ol' Attn.
JfjallH y,^/««r/.— We were inlonned that some old vilhi,',''C-sites exist on
this island, which was inhal^ited at the time of its discovery.
Ki/sim Island.— On the scjuth shore of Kyska Harbor, near a .small
porta^rc, is a rather modern shell-heai). A modern village-site exists at the
west end of tlie harbor, and one, (juito extensive, on the bay on tlio west
side of the island, o])i»(»site the harboi\
Little Kyska /.s/««f/.— Afforded no evidences of shell-heaps.
Amchitim Island.— \ tint and low island abounding with binls. Hhell-
heaps excessively abundant wherever a convenient cove presented a good
>site. A large settlement at the head of Constantino IIarb<.r; another,
smaller and apparently more modern, on tlie eastern shore of the harbor.
Numerous large village-sites <»n the north shores of the island, west to
Kirilotr settlement, the latter being quite modern, and abandoned in 184'J.
On the south shore, very extensive evidences of settlement, and a large
resident luipulation.
Adakh /«/««(/.— Near the Bi\y of Islands were several small village-
sites on shell-heaps, and this island is said at one time to have been very
populous.
Atlm Island.— At Nazan IJay, only ccnnparatively modern l)urial-i)laces,
rock-shelters, and a village-site were noticed. On Korovin I'.ay, there are
several village-sites, but no old shell-heaps were seen.
Amlia Island. — Said to have numerous old village-sites.
Islands of the Four Craters.— ^y^>r^i in comi)aratively modern times
occupied by a considerable population, especially on Kaganul, but no shell-
heaps are reported, and the former activity of the volcanoes, not yet (luiet,
would hardly have invited early settlement.
Unina/c Island.— Kxteimya evidences of early .-yttlements and munerous
village-sites rejjoi'ted. ^
Unalashka Island.— On this and tlie adjoining islets, on every practi-
cable site, shell-heaps or village-sites are to be found, with numerous more
15
mndoni rock-slicltc rs tifilized for Ixirial-placos. Tlu'ro aw iiiiu' vill;i;4'(>-
sites on Captiiin's Hay alone.
CliH.a liocliS, AkuUm Puss. — lIiToaro roinaiiis of a small, hut populous,
st'tdonieut, but no sliell-lR'aps.
On tliG islands to the eastward ot' Unalashka these; remains are so
numerous as not to lie praeticablo to enumerate, except sueh as we aetnally
visited or have been speeially reported to us, namely: Samiakh Islands,
village-sites very numerous; False Pass, two localities for villa <4(;-sit(!s; Port
]\lr11er, Aliaska Peninsula, shell-heaps extending over twenty acres, village-
sites much less extensive. Unga Island, at Delarolf Harbor; Korovin
IsLiud, Nagai Island and Simeoiu)!!' Island, among the Shumagius. (Jliiachi
Islands; Chignik Bay, Aliaska Peninsula, extensive village-sites; Chirikoll'
Island; and so on to Kadiak Island an-' Cook's Inlet.
The poi)ulatiou of the islands wis estimated at (ifty thousand by
Shelikoft", and, in view of the evidences of habitation, the estimate could
not have been excessive at one time, though perhaps too great at the time
he visited ti. . islands. The present population is about two thousand.
The village-sites or .shell-heaps are indicated, as far as the eye can
distinguish vegetation, by flu'ir brilliant green coverijig of herbage, which
is oidy dimmed when covered by snow, and even in the height of s])ring is
brighter and more verdant than the adjoining slopes.
This is the result of the fact that the shell-heaps i,re great mounds of
the most fertile material, which thousands of years woidd not sulliec; to
exhaust by the ordinary draughts of nature. Bc^ cs, shells, and all varieties
of rejecta-ienta having been dej)osited here for centuries, the covering of
s(H v' oh has accumulated over them is incomparably rich, and it has even
been suggested that the solid beds of compacted fish-bones, which are to be
found in some localities, might bo quarried and exported as a fertilizer.
Nothing is to be got from these deposit? without ext(.'nsive excavation
.•end patient search.
Our usual metliod in investigating these accunudations was as follows:
The shell-heaps, especially those surmounted by village-sites, usually pre-
sent ui undalating appearance, which from some neighboring elQvation is
at once seen to result from tin; following causct : The method of house-
m
t
Idiilfliii;.'; in vofsuc ;niifinjr llic nncuoit liili;il)it;tntH wan to oxcavato slij^litlj',
«<» l)iiil(l a Willi (if Hat stones or of Itoncs of flic lar-i-cr wlialcs, and 1)aiik this
uj) on the ontsidt- witli turf and stones. In tlieso ancient liouscs, tlicro was
usually a door at one .side, as in most Inniiit houses, and as many of tho
Aleuts jjiactice oven now. 'i'lu; ononnous yourts, entered oidy by a liolc
in the to]» and acconmiodatinfr a nund)er of families, were of more modern
invention, and are rarely found anion}>: the ruined villages. From throwing
out ilcbris, and tljc f^ra(hial accumulation of material in the course of years,
th(! house 1)einj.^ more or less resodded every autumn, tho outside embank-
m(!nt in the course of time ))ecamo ehnated from four to six feet above the
level i>f the iloor. The roof was formed of whales' ribs in default of wood,
covered with wisj)s of hay tied tofjfether and laid on {frass-mats across the
rafters; and all this was turfed over. Hence, when the house was aljan-
doned the straw and mats decayed, the earth and finally the rafters fell
in (the latter ])eing often removed ii. ,ise in some ncAV house), the rain and
storms diminished the angles of the embankment, and, finally, the only
evidence remaining would be a ronndly rectangular pit, with steep sides,
sonu;what raised above the surface of the external soil. This might endure
for generations without any practical alteration, as the stone walls within
would prevent caving in at the sides, and the filling-up of the pit by the
acciunulatio)! an<l decay of subaerial d(>posits would progress very slowly.
As the ancient Aleuts built their houses as close together as possible, the
surface which is left b}- the disapjjearance of the structures above described
is irregularly pitted all over with depressions from four to six feet in depth,
and varying from ten feet square to dimensions of forty by twenty feet, or
even much larger. 'J'liere is usually, on the highest point of tho bank or
knoll where the village stood, a ])it much larger than the others, which was
l>robably the workslutp or lashiin' of the settlement. Around this we usiudly
found tools and implements more abundantly than about tlie smaller pits
or remains of houses. We also found that the floors of the pits hardly
alVorded anything imtil we reached the strata of the shell-heap upon Avhich
the houses had been erected ; while the outer embankment, containing
everything which had been thrown away, was correspoiulingly rich.
We therefore adopted two methods of procedure. When stormy
J
»l
47
woatlicr prcvoiitcd siirvcyinn' work, we would muster six or vh^hi nicii with
picks iiiid shovels, eliid in stonii-proot' nililxT-eoats, hoots, iiiid soii'westers,
and attack a sliell-heap. I laviii^;-, it' possihh', th'teeted the kashiiii, one party
would enter the pit which represonted it, and d\<j!; away the (Muhaidunents
iVom the iusi(h', having' iirst clearcil uwuy tiu* superlicial covering <(t vege-
tahlo mold, ot'ten a foot deep, and the rank luirhago upon it. This gave
them a good "face" to work on, and was the easier j)art of the* work. The
others would start near tlu' edge of the shell-heap, if jjossible taking a steep
bank bordering on the sea or on sonuf adjacent rivulet, and run aditch into
the deposit, going down until the jjrimeval tlay or stony soil was reached,
and this was steadily pushed, even when (puti; barren of results in tlu^ shape
of implements, until the (hiy's work was done. This latter gave us a clear
idea of the formation and constitution of the shell-heaps; enabled nu^ to
distinguish between the difl'orent strata and their contents; to make the
observations re])eatedly; to fully confirm them by experience in many
localities; and thus to 1 iv the foundation for the nencralizatiims sutrirested
in this paper. While t lis work was l)arren in "liuds" comj)ared witli the
excavations in the superior and more modern accumulations, implements and
utensils were by no means entirely wanting, on the contrary, several hun-
dreds were collected in the period from 1871 to 1H74, though I do not doubt
tiiat we moved half a ton of dchrls for every specimen found. Thirty
specinu'us from all souices wo considt^red a good day's work, though wo
fre([uently obtained a larger munber and often fewer. Wo excavated in this
manner in Attn, Amchitka, Adakh, Atka, many h)ta'iities in Unalashka,
Amaknak Ishnul, and the Slu'uiaL'iiis, and made casual examinations or slij-ht
excavations in mimerous other localities.
In order to give a clearer idea of the arrangements of the village-sites,
I subjoin a sketch, not representing with exactness any special site, but
not dissimilar to one examined at Constantino Harbor, Amchitka. Th- .
represents the outlines of the hou.ses as more distinct than they are in rea'.ry.
I'ho village had been built at the to]) of a steej) bank, ove;l.H„vingthe broad
sandy beach of the harl^or, and a small stream divided the base of the bank
from a marsh to the north of it.
The absence of any differentiation into stone, iron, and Ijronze ages in
•48
i I
■fc uii -e> s9^ •* ii^
»". Jit;, jau.^
Siitih (if i-illiii/c-niU:.
K, kit) Iiitii, il, b( lull.
i I
n
flic nrcIi.Tolofry of Anicrica is wcU known, iis is ll.r fiut fliiit tlio conditions
of \\\c stone ji^c iin<l tlic most iulviinccd cix iliziition oxist siruiiltiMU'ously
in tilt' sociiil state of living'' inliahitaiits of
tlio Nortli Aincricau continent in diiTerent
" ■ '"vfS%,l,,'*'w?^ re^i'ions. 1 Ii-nce it folUiws, in onr arclitvoloL''v
as well as in our paloontolo^ry, that we nmst
'"O -f ii i*?')! ' break away from received ideas and nomon-
C-^ili~| ^%'% dature, winch fnlfill their pnrijoso in accel-
oratin;,f the stndy of tlie successive epoclis
in Europe, l)nt whicli, wlien applied to the
diiferinj^' conditions of America, to a certain
extent at least, fetter and I'onfuse. Kven
in America, the conditions are by no means
so nnilorm as to authorize a sinj^h; system
of nomenclature in archaology. For intel-
li<^'ent study we nuist separate at least three reg'ions, the JMississijjpi A'alley,
the I'acilic Slope, and the Mexican Keyion, and perhaps to these should be
added an Atlantic Region, extendinp^ from the Chesajjeake to Labrador.
Tlu! generalizations in this paper, however, cannot claim even so
extended a range as might be implied by one of these regions. They refer
only to the past conditions of life, as the facts in evidence show to have
existed in the Aleutian Lslands and the immediately adjacent shores of the
continent. It is probable that the insulated condition and the nar-ow range
of subsisteiu'e within which the ancient islanders were contined had nnich
to (h) with the sharpness of the contrast l)etween the successive stages which
the strata of the shell-heaps reveal.
From the observations and c(dlections about to be enumerated, it appears
to nie j)robable that the following generalizations arc well founded:
I. That the islands were populated at a very distant period.
II. That the ixirulation entered the chain from the eastward.
III. That they were, when they first settled on the islands, in a. very
diflerent condition from that in which they were found by the first civilized
travel(>rs.
♦
I
t
I
11)
l\'. 'riiiit It is ])ossilil(' tliiit llic liiti r iMijiiiliitioii wjis j,;irtly a (li<tlnct
wave of ciiiiiir.itidii from tlic iir.-t ; tlial is, tlmt tlio ciiiij.Tatiou tliti iml t;iKc
place <;Ta(lually and with a steady i)ro;;ress, lait tint a later influx nia\ !iav(>
taken i)laee, of people wlio (wiiile related to the lirsleoiiiers ) nia\ have
liad some opportunities for de\ elitpnient in manners and arts uliile teni|iora
lily resident on the adjacent (Hjnliaent, while at the same time tlie iirsfcomers
had heeii developin;^' uiiihr dill'erent and more rcNtrietetl conditions on the
islands.
V. 'I hat the peojile \\ ho llrst populatid the inlands wen- more sluiilar
to the lowest <j;'rades of Inmiit (so-calh-il liskimo) tlinn to the Aleuts o'' the
historic period; and that whih' the development of the otiier Immit went
on in the direction in which they fu'st start.d, that of i!ic Aleuts was
(lilVereiiti;ite(l and chanp-ed by tlie limitations of their ( nviroument.
^'I. Tiiat a {gradual pro;^ression from th'- low Innuit sta;^!' to the
])resent Aleut condition, Avithont serious interruption, !,- plainly indicated
by tlie succession of the mateiials of, and uten-ils in, the ^hell-heaps ot
the islands.
Vn. That the didieulties liy which thi\ were surnunideil and tlm
necessity of coping- with natmal limItatioii>, hy whie'li the contineutid
Innnit were not restricted, led to a moro rajiid and a ;:reater intellectual
development on the part of the Aleuts in eertai . directions: and that this
pvogress is shown, among other ways, in the "greater development of the
possibilities of their lanL!iifiu:e, in its more ))erfect ^frannnatical structure,
and in a nuich nioi'(^ tliorou;j;h system f)f nun eration, as compared with
that of the continental Innuit.
VI IT. That the stratilic;ition of the shell-heaps shows a tolerably
imiform division into ihi'ee stapes, characterized by the food which formed
their staple of subsistence and by the weapons for obtaininf;, and utensils
for preparing this food, as found in the se])arate strata; these stages being —
I. ^i'he Littoral Period, rei)resented by the lOchinus J^ayer.
II. The Fishing Period, represented by the Fishbone Layer.
III. The Hunting Period, represented by the ^Mammalian Layer.
IX. That these strata correspond a])proxiinatel}' to actual stages in
the development of the population which fonned them; .so that their
.)()
toiitciits
coiiditidii
being (l<j
^^^i'^*
limy ;i|.|)niiiiiiitcly, williiii limits, lie tiikcu iis iiKliciitivc of llic
of ihiit |)0|iiil!ition lit till- fillies when llif resiicctivo htriitii were
)o>iti(l.
To iniikc clciir llic .siicccssidii
of flic sfnitii ill the sli(.'ll-licii]is, I
siilijoiii ;iii iilcjil section of one of
lliciii, Avitli one of the liouse-pits
ms^-^^vKsrr.-: ^r:ffiP^ ^7c^^^^^-^ ■, "'' "^ suhsctinent villii}>o sm-nionnt-
Sectlono/Milop. '"- '^'' ^^'^ ''*';''*'"" ^l'«'^vin- tll(^
A. ()iii;imiiii.itci|,uii. stone-walls of the hitter still in
II. ICrliirillH l;ivt I. 1111 • i'
c. ri«iiiinn.i.i,Mi. iiliicc henciitli tlie covenii"^- ol
II. Mi.iiiiiiMliiiu liiMT. , , , , 1 I -; ■
j;. Muiliiii.l,.|,uMllsnficl v.jjoliililiMiKil.l, M.'getiUJlO lUOlU UllU W UflS,
A.— TIIK LITTOKAI. PKiaoi).
In mn.st of oiir excinations, especinlly in Attn, Anichitka, and Adakh,
wo found the lii>.t stratnin of the sliell-lieaiis, aliovc the primeval soil or
liardpan, to be composed almost exclusively of the broken test and spine.s
of Krhhnis {Slronfiyhnviitiotn.s) J)r(jba(hicu.^is, (Miill.) Agassiz, recently
described by E. Terrier under the name of Lojcchiiiiis riolarcits. This
is at present the coninion and only sjiecies of the family foinid livino-
in the Aleutians. With it were found sparin^ily the shells (»f the f(!llov>'in<>-
odilile mollusks, all found li\ inji; in the adjacent waters at the present time:
Jlfod/ola riilf/ayis; Fleming.
MijIUks aliilis, Lin.
I'liipKia liiiKi, ]\Iartyii.
Purpura dcccmcoshda, Wn\.
I/dorbm sitlana, Phil., and vars.
Tapes stam'mca, Conr.
Sa.ridomus fifjualidus, lli^^ih.
Miicnma iia.sufa, CV.nr.
Arnura patina iind A. pclla, llfivh.
The list is given in the order of the frc(|ncncy of their occiu-rence, but
they do nut form altogether more thixn one-tenth of one per centum of the
i
n
)
I
sfnitiiui. I'xiiics dl' nil vcrfi'lit'ilfrs, cNccpt vcix' ViircU' tluwr ol' Hsli, si'tiiifil
tot;illy iilisciit ill this >triitiiiii.
Sliclls \vt re nut siilliciciitly :i1iiiii<liiiil to iiiixlilv tlit- ii|i|M;ir,iiirr nl' llir
l.iycr, wliicli \v;ts tot.'illy iVcf IVdiii ;iii\- iiiliiiixliiri' ol c'litli or lAiniiiroiis
iiiiittci', iiiiil |ir(sciitc(l tile ;is|ic(t, until rIo>cl\' fxiiniiiicil, of line, ixiic, nni-
iorin, ^rr(ni>li-\vliit(' siiml. 'I'liis lied viiiicd in tliirkncss IV a tot;il of two
i'l'ct to tlinc I'i'ct ill ii \crlic;il iliicriion. 'I'lic (ir|)o>il cnIiikIciI cvcin w iiiro
uiulcfiu'atli tlic slicll-liciips, cdvcfin^i' <'"> iH'cii of tliicc ncrcs iiml m li.ill' iit
Attn, iiliont i'oiir jukI tlirci'-'|iiiiftcis iicns nt one of liic Amcliitlvii vil-
lajiX's, and at Adakli lialf an acre or more, liy iiicasiirfiiicnl. 'rraccs of it
n-cfc found in all the .sliclldica|i> ixaniincd, tlioiijili its dcplli and cxtt'iit
•wvvv less fully dctcnniiicd at oilni- puiiits tliaii lliosc ahoNc niciitioiicd.
Till' (•(•liiniis, tlioii;;li posscssin^i' no «'(lilil(; tissues of its ou ii, is fiirnislied
uitli oxarics on the inner side ol the dome of the lest, radiatin;^' from the
ccntef. These, when in full condition, whit h occurs in some individuals nt
all seasons of the year, olfer two or tliiv<' talilespooiifiils of reallv palafaMe
liiinuto i"^'^!^, tasting' liUc an oyster, and of a liri^iht-vellow color, it woidd
V('(|iiire forty or iifty adnlt iiidividii.-ds to all'ord a n'(Mid meal for a man.
Thev are eaten to this dav in a raw state liv the Aleuts. We ma\ arrive at
some slifrlit idea of the leii^'tli of tina; it must have taken to have formed
such enormous deposits of this materiiil, hv a simple calculation. It is not
at all lik(dy that a, ('niiniuiiiity of iiati\cs could constantly ohtaiii a sullici nt
siiiPith' of this kind of food at an\ one localit\' for aiiv <!Teat leimtli of time
continuously. It is probalde that they mi^irated from place to place wiliiiii
a certain area, suhsistin*;' at one place until the sii|i])l\- hecanu! short, and
then ji'oin;^' to another, and so on until the original locality had become
re.stocked, which mii;ht readily occur, such is the abundance of this animal,
ill two or three month.s. Jt is also probable that at .some seasons other kinds
of Ibod nii;^lit lie resorted to, such as birds' CfTfi's in tlu^ s])riiif>-, etc. Wo
may siipjiose that one locality mifilit siip])ly them with ecliini for three
months of the year, at ditl'erent jieriods (biriiij^' the year. It is probable,
also, that at that time, with the limited amount of food to lie obtained, the
eommunities would be small, probably not exceediiif^ twenty persons each
on the averatre.
52
1 1 1 P
Upon llici-o tlicnrctical considoratioiis as a basis, w(! may i)roceed to
mako a calculation.-* Takinfr tiic least tliickncss of tlio Ijcds at two feet,
Aviiicli I consider a, fair averai^c; lur the ordinary shell-heaps, the amount
r((piired to cover an acre two feet deep wnuld he S7,r20 cubic feet, usinj^-
the I Iiuted Hhites statute acre (— 43,5G0 square feet) as a basi:3. Admitting
that each person consumed one hundred echini ])er day, a community of
twenly persons woidd consume two thousand per day, or, in three months,
J.s.l,()0() echini, llavin-,^ taken an echinus of the largest size, dried, and
reduced it to coarse grains, such as those of the layer in qtiestion, I lind
that it occupies a cnliical cajjacity of one and three-cpiartcrs cubic inches,
'i'i") specimen was umisually large, not one in fifty, as seen oil the shores,
attainiug its size. Furthermore, it was not practicahlo for me, without
reducing it to dust, to uiake the dry fragments as compact as they are in the
Mchinus layer; so, if tliere be any error in ihis part of the calculation, it
will ))<" on the sith' of jirmleiice. At this rate, it would take 988 echini to
make one cubic foot of the layer, and for the sake of convenience, it not
being likely that an estimate of 1,000 to the cubic foot will bo excessive, 1
shall adopt that nund)er. Tins would give over eighty-seven millions of
echini to a siratum two feet deep and covering an aero. Under the circum-
stances previously assumed, this would be formed by a connnunity of twenty
persons visiting one locality for three months in each year and eating ono
hundred echini ibur inches in diameter per diem per bead in a little more
than four hundred and seventy-three years.
To form a di'posit like that at Amchitka mulcr the same circumstances
would require over twenty-two hundred years.
It would matter i)ractically little whether one hundred largo echini or
eight hundred of half the diameter were eaten, the contents, either of nutri-
ment or of solid material, in each case being about the same. The individuals
not containing ova are rarely found exce2)t at a depth of several fathoms,
'iliey seem to enter tlie sliallower Avater when gravid and to retire to the
deeper water after discharging their eggs. This has probably some connec-
"I must ilisavow any iiitoiition of iiroviiip nnythiiift absolutely by tliis calciilnlion. It h merely
iiitoiKlctl to jjivo a cl.'aivi' idea than coiiUl ollicrwisi' ..o convcycil of the IciiKt'i of tiiuo wliUli would bo
occiiiiicil ill foniiin).j siii'li a (Icpnsil iiinlor ('irf?mii: i,i: ' i not in tliemst'lvca iinpi'obabli-, ami which may
not niati'iiall.v (lillVr from thosr undor which the pariRiilar di'iRisit iiientionctl was actually foriucd.
.),)
lliiii witli the mode of icciiiulMtion. llciiot' tin.- tests of baiTcii ("cliiiii \v<nil(l
not loiiii an iniportinit liutdv in tin- iiccniintliitioii i<{' drlris. .hidiiiii^;- l)y tlio
iibinidani'L- oi" echini, as they exist to-da}-, it is nut |ir<ilialile tliat uiovt: tlian
twenty j)eo})le could llnd sust(^nanco from tliat source at any one place, not
at that jdace tor more than a (juarter of a year, and then only at intervals
The siiU'dt'the specimen! selected was i'onr inches in diameter; the average
sizi- will not exceed two and a half inches. Then birds' e;^<:;s, occasional
stranded seals and whales (whose hones would be leit on the beach and
iinallv washed away or destroyed), youn^- liirds, and the \arious edible
orchidaceous roots, the frUillaihtnu^t, and that of the AirlittiKiiTnn, — all these
would 1)0 consumed and h ine \w trace. The various mollusks, api)arently
scarce at that period, would leave a nnuh smaller cubical waste material in
proportion to the nutriment they afforded than the ecliini. Indeed, of \\w
Miid'wla and MjjtUux, hardly anythinf^ but the hoiny epidermis I'cmains in
these beds, and these are the most nutritious and abundant mollu^ks of the
re'don. 1 account for the al)S(dute absence; of bones of any kind, except
those of iish, from the JCchinus layer, by some superstition like that which
necessary economy lias forced upon tlie nuiids of the present Iminit ol
Norton Hound. These people, believinf,^ that the jj;iiardian spirits of the
l)elu<;-a and salmon will be an;4ry if any [)artof their pits is wasted, carefully
preserve all the l)ones in a store-house, and at times take the accunmlatiou
of years awav and secrete it in some seciu'e [)lace where the do^s and wild
animals canmtt reach it. The Indians have a similar notion on the Vidvon.
It would seem impossible to doubt that dead carcasses at least of some sea-
animals must, have been obtained and utilized for food l)ythe littoral peoph*,
and their bones may have Ijeen similarly treated. Food from all of these
sources would have diminished the iiu'rease in depth of the Kchimis layer in
proportion to the amount of initriment they aflbi'ded, and the time represeiiteil
by^ it would be thus increased. On tlu; whole, 1 am disposed to a.ssi;.fn a
time of not less than one thousand years I'or the accumulatimi of this stratum.
When wo retleot how Ion;; the sav.apes of Tierra del Fiie;ro, livin;;- in a very
similar climate and i)i a not dissimilar maimer, have been known to exist
V. ithout any perceptible change in their mode of life, litis does not seem an
excessive! estimate. That these savages were anthropophagi I do not doubt,
though there are no eviileiices ol' it in the sheiidnaps.
:>i
Mi
\t
h ■*
No liiiiiiati rciiiiiiiis distiiictK' rctc^'iiblc fn tliis pcvitxl have bcrii (lis-
(■((\( red ii\- us. 'I'licir iinxlc ot' (lis|i()sin;i' ni' their deail reinains in ilmil)!.
It is init iiiiiiii>.-il)lc that tlii'v cxpdscd them <iii the suii'ace. Tlieii- Ikiuscs,
if llicN- hail aii\-, must haM' hccii tcui]((irar_\' structures of (h-ii't-wood, straw,
and n.'.ts; lit all events, they have utterly disappeared and lei't no si<^-n.
'I'he iittoi:il seltli nieiits appear to li.ive almost al\v;iys lieen situated upon
seme I)anl< or hillock near the ht'aeh, 1)Ut heyond the reach of storms or
tile hijihest tides, d'lure are no evidences oi' any changes of the level of the
land since the stiaiiun was fornieil. 1 Ik- westeiMi islands, Avhcrc it is most
>tron;il\' laarked., are nietamoi-phic. not volcanic or eruptive like many of
the nioi'.- eastern islands.
We find in the Mcdiinus layer no evidences of lire in the shape of char-
coal (one of the most indestructihle of suhstiiiiccs when burled); and wo
kiiow that the Aleuts of the historic period were accu.stomed to eat lish
and most ot' their other Ibod I'aw. Indeed, such is, and probaldy always has
lieeii, the scarcity of drift-wood on the western islamls and its value for
other |)urpos{ s, that little of it has vwv been used for makin;^' lires. No
lamps have been Ibund in the Mclunus layer, nor any baking--stones or
hearthstones, so we mav reasonably conclude that these ancient ])eoi>le
were not in tlie liabit of nsiuLT lire for domestic purposes, even if they wen>
ac(|uainled with its use. The cliinati', thou;^li inclement from a (Caucasian
point of view, is no more so than that of Maficllan Strait, where tlu; natives
still >j.(> neai-l\- n.dved. The total absenco of awls, bodkins, knives, needles,
or buttons, in fact of anv bonc! utensil whatever whi(di mij^ht be used in
iiiakin;^' clothes, and of anv liom^ or stone im])lements I'or dre.ssin;^' skins,
leads to the comdusion that these ]ieo|)le did not weai' nuudi (dothiuii'; and
what thev niii:iit have worn was |iroliabl\- of a xvvy simple characti-r, such
as a rude mantle of skin, softened by rubbiiif;- between the hands or with
an ordiiiar\ pebble from the beach, like that of the Fuefj-ians, It is not
unlikelv that they minht have made some coarse fabi'ic of straw or ^rass
wliicli would reipiire no implements to sew, and would, if cast oil, decay
and lease no ti'ace.
No Weapons ot' an\' kind wei'e round in the tons of this pul\eri/.ed
l]chinus->liell which we examined, 'i'here is no evidence that thev were
ac(jUi\infc(l with tlir use i.l' tlic li;m«l-limc<' or spcnr, tlidiipli tlicy iiiny li;i\o
liad slinks and wisiixuis rcsciiililiiii;' a "sliiii<>-sli(it ". lidw low in tlic stale
of liiuiianitv must tlicsc creatures have heeu wlio wvvc nrnteut to i)ick up
■sou-oji-<fs for a hviuj>'!
It niav he askeih "What is fouml in this layer to di^tinniiish it from an
accuninlated wash from tlH> sea.' 1 may answer as follows: It mn-t lie
noted that the Echinus layer always (.ccurs under later deposits full nt
implements, and unmistakahly human in their origin. It usually is situ-
ated on some small knoll or other natural elevation of the ori;;inal soil, ii
extends usuully over a h'ss area than the suhseiiueiit shelMieaps, and n
thickest where they are thickest, /. c, in the most central portion ..f tin;
remains of the .settlement. These facts appear to prove conchisisely that
no other a;xencies than those referred to ahove could have heen coiucrned
in the formation of this layer, even if implements liad lii'c n entirely ahsmt.
Ihit we do fmd hanimer-stoues, round pehhles fr(un the heacli with an in-
dentation formed on either side f >r the Ww^vv and tlnnnh, and hruises on tho
peiiphery, wheri^ the ancient had cracked his sea-(-;i-^s ami shell iisli. ^\ (!
lind heavy .sea-shells broken, evidently for extractinj;-
the animal; and toward tlie top of the hiyer we he,L;in
to lind net-sinkers of very rmhi i»atteriis. These, how-
ever, occur only near the up])erniost surface, where the
Echinus layer joins the stratum which I have termi'd
the Fishbone hiyer.
And now avc; mark a sudden, sharj), and extraordi-
nar\- change in the v\ hole character of the >sit. We
lia\-e seen that a peojile hav<' e.visted here, w h, so tar .^.^^ iii^Tl-'ni.-ii.innmi
,. . .. •,] ,,A kIc.ih' rniiii Kiliinim In.vi r. at
asdiscovervot vestiges or rt'lics informs us, were witiioui ,„„„,,„,,„,, n,,,!,,,,, Aimhiiua
houses, clothing, lh-e,himps, ornaments, Aveapons( unless
of the nio.st primitive kind), implements of tlie chase, for fishing, or even
for cooking what they might have found upon the shore. If any of tliese
things were possessed by them, they must have been formed of such ru.Io
,,r perishalde material as to have entirely passed away, it wonl.l appear
Stales Nali..nal M.ii-r.iin, llu' Mi.nllor nniiit.cl' to my ..^^ ii tirl.l-(atal..nii.', ai»l llm liacliulia U> tlu. nlativo
liiifur .si.'.tMil'tlic li;;Mii' to tlii' hin'ciiiuMi.
5(i
i * !i
sif;
tliiit tlioy must have had rafts or riuh; canoes of some kind, hut no Irace of
them is left. On tl>e Avlioh-, it is eminently probaltle that they were sunk
in tiie lowest depths of barbarism. Are wo to ascribe the sudden change
in their food, and the sudden increase in the kind and number of imple-
ments found in the deposit, to the stinndating example of some genius who
had invented a seine, or is it to a new int'ursiou of people who had devel-
oped in a less restricted field the ingenuity which led to the invention and
manufacvure of new and varied implements? Probability would seem to
point to the latter explanation.
B.— TlIK FISHING PERIOD.
On the uppermost surface of the Hchinus layer are found a few rude
net-sinkers, indicating that to the primitive hand-m-ts or scoop-nets, with
which the echinus-eaters might have secured their food, had been added
the larjicr, more elaborate, and more effective seine.
Nil. l:il(17.— liiliU' iM t.iiihUir tVoiii lioltniii «t'
I'lslilioiii'IiiMT, Aliiakli:ik('uvc, AlimKuiiK r.^l^ilicl,
l'ii;ilii»l]kii, j liiu'iir.
N(i. IWOI ( i',i(;) — lli'iluii iH't-siiikir. villuHO-
Bill', CliiiikiiU'lslaml, J liiirur.
^Vhile the rude character of the early sinkers, and the better-formed
:ind iiKire cari'fuUy-fmi.shed character of modern ones, would be evidence
of progress in one direction, yet it nuist be noted that rude sinkers occiu' in
all, even the must modern, deposits. Yet the fact that all the more ancient
ones are rnilel\- fasliioned, and it is only among the modern ones that
\\v find ;ni\- alh nipt at tinisli or syinmctry, indicati's thai there was a
progression, even if this was not attested in tlher ways.
It may bo rciiiurlunl also that the use «>t' the seine woiihl tend tt> knit
tlie interests of tlie connuuiiity toj-'ether, as in<livi(hials conhl use liaiid-nets
or gather eehini, but the united labor of several would bi^ reijuired not oidy
to use, l)ut to make, the seine. Uetter material than the twisted {ijrass, wliieh
might serve for hand-nets, woidd also be recjuired to m.dve a seine ellicient.
If this were supplied by sinew or raw-hide line, it would recpiire the culti-
vation of a new industry to utilizo the raw material. Tlie sinew from
stranded whales was the [)rol)able source of sup])ly.
Whatever might have been the cause of the change, it is a fact that
we find iuuuediately surmounting the Echinus layer, in all cases, a be<l
composi'd of lish-bones, intermi.xed with nxdluscau shells, uiul rarely the
])oues of birds. Traces of ICchinus test or spines may be occasionally seen,
but these and the other materials mentioned form so snudl a ])ro])ortion of
the whole mass that to casual inspection it presents the ajipearance of a
solid bed of lish-bones compacted and forced together by tinu!, the tnad of
those ancient feet, and the weight of the accunndations above. Here,
as in the Echinus layer, we find a remarkable absence of earth, decayed
vegetable material, or carbonized wood. The bones are clean and fn^e from
detritus. Had the people built houses, at least like those of the modern
Aleuts, depressions in the strata of iish-bones, masses of earth from their
turfy walls, or stones, would somewhere present themselves. There is
no doubt that the lish were eaten raw, as that has been the custom until
very recently among the historic Aleuts, and has not entirely died out lo
this day. But had tire been connnoidy used, we should anticipate sonu)
remains of charcoal in the deposits, or lamps, if lish-oil had been their fuel.
These, however, have not occurred in all our researches. It is probable
that these people lived in temporary huts of mats or skins, retiring and
rising with the sun.
The iish-bone.s comj)osing the layer are thos(Mif sjiccies still commoidy
found in that region. They are chielly the bones of the head and vertebraa
of two kinds of salmon (hoikoh' of the Russians, and another, Salino sp.),
and similar parts of the cod {(Smlns macroccphalus, Tilesius), the halibut
(IfippoilhtsHus nilfidiis.'', (*uvier), and several species of herring, sculpins, and
ilouiulers, which 1 cannol,iit the date of writing, specifically idciitii'y. 'I'he
58
i
Kl
layer is solianl that a l)ar and pick-ax are required to disinteg-rate it. 'I'lie
beds vary in tliickness, being- in difi'erent jdaces from one to tln-ee feet in
deptli, and at least two feet being- al)oiit an average. This layer is well
developed at Attn, Ky.ska, Ainehitka, Adakli, most plaees examined on
Amaknak Island, anTl in the various shell-heai)s examined on the ishmd of
Uiialashka. To this jjeriod I refer also the lowest stratum excavated in a
remarkable cave situated on Amaknak Island, Captain's 15ay, Unala.shka.
A short account fif our excavations in this cave (which wo entirely cleaned
out In the seasons of 187l> and 187.'i) has been published in the J'r.u'eed-
ings of the Califoniia Academy of Sciences, from which the subjoined
section and tfipog-raphical sketch have Ixen reproduced.
This cave is situated under a large isolated mass of i)orphyi-ite, which
stands uj) like a low tower on a ilat,
comp isi'd of old shingle-beaches, raised
a few feet above the present sea-k'\el.
This fk.t unites hig'her areas of Amaknak
Island to the north and south. The
Cav(3 liock stands close to the beach,
and is probably a portion of an old reef,
an obstruction tow':'cli is probably due
^ the ibrmation of the flat. The rock is
M ■
about twentv-five feet hioli from the
l!.(!iiml .Imit of llic loc.ility of tlir rnvp, s1i.>wiiij;llii. h'Vel of tllO flat tO itS SUmilUt. ItS sideS
low i»llin;iK4 lii'twcin the liiylu'i- jKirliuiiH oT tho isliiml •■ i -i • i • i
».,r(iia.Mi«,i,ii,. are abrupt, and it is covered with grass
2:. iV'ci.
.-.mm!:
s»v
Vtiliciil Rpi'tionof tho Amaknak Cavp, flhowing tlie rock, the lieach houthwiat nl" ii, aul (lu' ll;it isthniiiH runniUHin
iwiitiu'Jist of it. A, upper stratum of limwii incM. must iiHuhTii dt posit. 11, layer ol' 8li!ii;;lo or boai-h-worn stom'H. C,
Ktratnni of "kitilii'ii ri(fum)", shclln, Ac. (Xliimmaliaii laj(i). D, luwir stratum of orfiaiiic mold with Hki'lotoim (l''i«h-
■Jionc layrr).
;il)t>v(.\ '^I'lic urcalcst Iioiylit of the cavu inside is jierliaps ten foot. Tho
18!18r) (<jrr*).— <'lii|i|if(l HtiiiH Unili lii'Mi lj(.ltini I'isliluiiii' lii.viT,
('iiMMtii|j(!>ii' M:iil>iir. AnicI ilkii Isliniil i
!'::i,-ii (4-'M.— Sli'iii- kiliU', with liiiuiU' indientiil by iloltiMl liuc, ocljjc ({nmiui,
u»nl liolc ffir In.sliiiijx ( Iiipped tlir<iu^h ; Fishliono layer, Amiikiiak Cavo, Auiak-
nnk Islaiiil, ru]jtniir» liny, TTimlitRlikii, |.
11
KfOM (fJO).— Umli' tliilispciir (if Rin.y porplijrlto, nppor Fisbbone Inyi'i , Cliichugoff Harbur,
Attn Waiiil, \
."ill
ontvimre is not more tlinii four I'cct in Iici^lit t'roiii rock to rock, Mini is on tlio
side opposite to the beiicli. It Avns ori;^iii;illv \v;ille(l up, iiiiil tlu' upper Itonler
W!is, when lirst exiuuiued, only a loot or two iihove the levi'l of the outsiih'
Hoik Wo eiilarji'cd it l)y cxciivatiny; to its full dinu'iisious lor coMveuitiico
in workiii;;' iuid to lij^lit tlu; interior. Disrefi'iU'din;^' the order of excavation,
it may he hrielly stated that we found the iloor ot' the cave to he an irre;^'-
ular couca\i' be(l of solt porphyritic rock, coxcied lirst hy a layer ol
orjjfanic niohl, two lei't iu tliickiit's^s in its f^'reatest depth, aiul inclesinji' skel-
etons and some stone ini|)leineuts. 'I'his hiAcr I refer to the Fishiuy' I'eiiod.
Abov<! tills was a kiyer, six or eii^lit inches thick, of kitchen refuse, imiicat-
ing that the cave had been used as a temporary cami)in<4-shelter l)y <M'ca-
sional huntin<j;--parties, rather than as a dwelling-placo. This la^'cr, evidi-utly
of nuicli hiter date, 1 refer to tlie early part of the Iliiutiuj;- Period. Above
it was a layer of beach-worn shin;.;le, aj)parently dei)Osited by water, '["heii
canui another la\'er, from IS to 20 inches thick, of line or;4anic mold, con-
taininii' many implements and human remains, apparently referable to the
IK-riod ixtendinn^^ from the later part of the lluntin;^' Period to the time
iunnediately preceding- the (lisct)Vi'ry of the islands by civilized people.
Proljably durinj>- this later ])eriod, while used as a burial-jdace, tla; roof of
the cave had received a coat of red ochre or clayey ore of iron, and, pei'-
liaps to avoid dosecratiou by the Ivussians, the (h)or had been walled up
with stones, iu which condition it remained until a few years befori^ tlut
time of our investigations. I'he details of each layer will be mentioned
under the period to Avhich I iiave referred them. I will only remark hero
that no evidences of civilized influence of any kind wen; discoverable in
any of the articles found in the cave, and it unquestionably in its latest
contents antedates the Pussian occupation of the islamls.
The invention or introduction of the seine, judging by the remains
found, worked a revolution in the economy of these savages. Pish, wiien
raw, is a substance which cannot be conveniently dismembered Ijy teeth
and nails The use of sharp chips of stone as knives, doubtless of great
antiquity, was soon superseded by the' introduction of miu'h more artistic
iniploments of rhond)oid or semi-lunar form. These at first had merely the
edges ground instead of chii)i)ed; but later the entire sui'face was ground
m
siiHKilli, iiiid sniiictimcs liolcs were deftly loriiicd liv cliippliiir, in order tliat
llie hisliiii^' ol'tlie knife, to ii wooden liinidle like tiiat of ii lunier's or clio))-
|.in;;- knife, ini;4lit Ite niiule more secnre.
'J'iie linest-<^roMnd knive.s of the niu.st iirtistic .sliiijics do not, however,
appciU' in this sfrjituni, l)iitiibovo it.
'VUa iirsf iii(h' and rouf-li lance-heads, snch as nii^ht be useful in secin--
in;4 sidiuoii in shallow water, now I)e<iin to ajjpear; and toward the upper
suriaco of the lish-hone layer, l)on(! implements hej^in to ])v. introduced.
This applitation of an easily-obtained snbstanco, namely, the bone and
ivory oi' the sea-animals, which then ircfpientcd these shores in the greatest
abinidaiice, seems to have stinndated the abori;,niial mind nuich as in later
days the invention of th(4irintinj;--[)ress and telcf^-raph have afl'ected modern
races. The first forms were notably rnde and roii^hl}- .shaped, as the stone
tools with which they were made nnist liave been of the most ))rimitive
charactei', and the art was a new one. Still the.se rude objects havt; their
countei'parts, of more artistic shape and smoother and more delicate iinisli,
in the weapons of the continental liimiit of to-duy.
As may be seen )>y Ii;;-. i;{, ()()(), at the termination of the Fishin;^-
IVriod, the mamd'acture had already much ])rogres,sed be\-ond the rude
forms li<ii,i'ed with it; though this is indicated rather by the sharpness of
the fini.sh than by tlu^ shajjc. 'I'lie latter is variable for different uses,
thouj-h the form l.'5,0()() does not appear in the stratum nntil lon^' after the
others.
When the skin-canoe first came into use, or how the present indis-
pensable and artistic hUlarha waa gradually elaborated from the first cnule
conception of a Ijoat, we have no means of knowinf,'', as the materials of
which the earlier canoes nuist have been composed are liable to decay.
It is not improbal)le, however, that this improvement was coeval with the
Fishing- Period. The canoes of this epoch, however, were probably less
highly ornamented and less i)erfect than those of the Hunting- Period, as
we find none of the little ivory paddle-rests and other ornaments which are
now in use, and which are not uncommon in the Mammalian layer.
Hut, with the invention of the hand-lance of stone and the application
ol bone to the same use, a multitude of new wants and appliances sprang^
.^iJ
I.niill (1-j.ii - Wic.li .^1 liiiiiil-himc limiil
I'liiin iippn- 1'ii.IiIh.ii. lii\.i, Clilrlm^iia H:ir-
iMir. Adii Ixlanil, |.
V^'*-
^^' >^
l:llil)ll {l:|-JI.— IImIji' I.iim.I .liill li.ati, Inwrcl Mallilli:!
liilli Iu.\. I, .\Minl.iii(k l'H\c, Auiiil. ik U\M\<\. ('ji|ilaili>
Uliy, I'lilllaHlika, ).
(Mi;).— Jiiiric iMiji'c'bead, upper Fialibunr lajcr, 8lit!lMii'a|m, Uualaaliki
Ji.laud, ).
laiWI ( I3:i) — r.oii(> hand rliirt licail, iipi'iir
FIhIiI I;i,vi'i', Aiiiiikiink ricvc. Ainnkiialc
Island, (':ipl;iin's ll;iv, I'ljnliiwlika, 1 .
I: i
i ■■
|-
i
:ii r
ut
into liclii;^. 'I'Ik' sjn.ii:!' iiiiiid \v;is invMkciM'il and stiimil;il((l l>y iniiny new
!)|)|iliciitl<tns I'nr llicir rmlr \V('ii|iniis or I'nr tin- rt'siilts i>\' tlu' liiisc I iillkr
siilisistiii;;' nii ccliiiii, wliicli ciiniiof lie kept lur i'lifin'i' use, Imi niii-t lie r;itiii
the (lily tlifV Jirc scfurcil. flic |nissiliility of liiyiii;^' up :i store ot' ilr\ li>li
would ("iiso tlic fi'niiwiujz's ot' ncci'ssity, ^nvc time lor luccliiniiijd work nml
iuvciition, Mud would ol'icu preserve life, wliicli uuist, under similin- e\i;^t'U-
cies in the precedlii;^' epocli, liavc lieen lost liy I'iuuiue or siU'rilieed to
avert tlw starvation ol'otlier individuals. A store oi' pi-ovisions iie<'essilales
a store-liouse, a jirotcction a;^'ainst the ravens and the weather. Here we
liave the iirst intimations of that cnt'orccd prof;Tt's.s wliieh is the result of
l)rei-e<lin;j: pro;^ress, and which, in the present instance, may have been the
compelling' cause which fmally led to the construction of permanent winter-
(hvellinj^'sand villages. Ihit the alisenceof means for li;,ditin;4'su<'li (hvelllujis,
drift-wood beln;,' too valuahle and scarce to use tor iires, and lamps not liein^^
invented, would retard the savai^i'es' pro;;'ress in that dircH-tion. The holdest
of them would hesitate to innnure himself in unnecessary darkness, which
luH animism would not have failed t(» peoph^ with innumerahle evil or mis-
chievous spirits. At that time, and before the hluhlter of the .sea-animals
was utilized for oil, it would doubtless liavi' seemed tlio extremest extra va-
fi'ance to devote to burnin<r, tlus (ish-oil which was their p-eatest luxury.
Tho rigiit of the strong-est l)ein<,f then in all probability tlui oidy law,
and their stores beiu^^ a coveted prize, the necessity of watchfulness and
self-defense or ready escape woidd tend to determine the sava^^c a-iainst
IHitting himself in an underjiTound house, where he mi^ht be killed
"like a rat in a hole" without hope of defense or escape, or in which he
mi<^ht sleep midisturbed while his hard-earned stores — necessarily kept for
dryness above ground — were carried off by a thief in the night. Add to this
the probability that it was only about this time tl-.at tln^ opportunities for
subsistence would have rendered it possible to congregate large connnunities
in one locality for mutual protectitm, a work of time, slowly-growing conli-
dence, and mutual trust, and it may readily l)e seen that tho fi.shennen were
only approaching the social state which made fixed \illages possible. At
the same time, the increasing moans of-siibsistence with the iniprov(!d methods
of capture would obviate the cruel necessity of cannibalism, if it had pre-
^>2
! h\
TM
n
'fi
vIom.In ..Nist..,|, an.i i,, ,1;,. ,.,.a,s,.|.-ss .stni--l.. I.y wliirli the i,.,rtli,.n. l,,nlKU-i:..>
wn-sts his >.i>f..imnr,. Irniii ;, i,io.r;,:i!ly .inir.-imici.t,;. Mir|ilii> >tuiv nt tun,]
^^.Mll.| -i\<. I,i,„ ^u,^^ mi,. I tlin, a Ixvailiiiiir sp.-ll. This wmiM ivn.l.r it
I"'^"'''''- '"'■ ■ ''^'-I'-iml inv.ntiv.. ..r a >lh.tic i.l, a f. -vnninatc and -i,,w.
TIk- sharp hue ol ih'liiiitlnii 1mI\m.,.ii tlic lahimis lay- r nui\ the |-"i<h-
liniir iay.T. which Mi-i/csicd all iiiMii>iuii (,r lishcniicii upon the chino-
plm-i. Is lint paiaHrhd in thr Hn- hctw.cn this and ihr .M;iinn,;dlaii stniliini.
The (li-,lin(tinii is readily iiiiirkcd in an artiiul section ot' ii shell-heap. Imt
''"■ 'M'!"''""' I'oi-ti'in or' tile l''i>nlion.' hr-d contains s. me niainninlian
'' •S'liid the .Mainniallan hed tlironelioiit, l.iit piirticiiliirlv at it ~ hjise, <-on-
lains a lair pioporii ,f llsh-hoiics. In fact, the chiinjr,. is what wv ini;.ht
cNpe.t in liie prue-ress ot' a race stiumlaled hy new invention or application
oi' means which pla.cd new. valiial/h', i.nd ea-crly-accepted powers within
their reach.
I n'^I.e ih.' previous strainni, the ilmitati.ms ,,i' population and con-
■""'M"i-"'' "f 'l''>nand an.l Mippiy. are s.. va-u.. ih.at even the most lax
li\l.ot]iesis will not permit us to attempt any cempntatioii of the len-lii ,,f
time which it mi.d.t tahe to form a lay.r like the Fishl.oiie layer. I )„ lievc
it to have l.een nearly as loiin. as the time re(piire.l i;,r the Kchiniis i.iver,
bul this is onl\- an a->iniiption.
'I'll'' .'arliest remains of man f.mn,l in .\laska nji to rhe dato oi' wntin;,'-
1 refer to till, epoch. 'I'he.e are some crania found by .is in the lowvniiost
1)1111 »{■ the ,\maknak Cave, and u eraiiiiim id)taiiied at Adaldi near the
aiichorau-e in the !ia\- oi' Islands.
'1 liese were de]iosiied in a ivmarkahle manlier, precisely similar to that
adopted and still practiced liy most of the continental Inmiit, l)iit efiually
dilfereiit from the modern .\leiit I'asliioii.
At the Amaknak ("ave w(> found what at first appeared to be a wooden
inclosure, but which proved to be made of the very niiieli decayed snpra-
iiiaxillary bones oi' some larue cetacean. Tliese wt-re arranized so as to
lorm a rude rectaii;4ular inclosure covered over with similar pieces of Ixme.
'I his was soiiu'whai less than four i'-et loii.i;-, two wide, and eiylmeii inches
deep, 'i'he bottom was t'onm d of Hat pieces of stone. Three such were
I
m
1(11111(1 cldsc ti<;:i'tlu r. (ovt n <1 wiili ami lllh d Iiv ;iii Mccuimil.cioii nt liiu'
vc'j;'ctiil)lc and or^aiiif iiinld. In i ac h \\a> tin- riiii;iiii> ot a >k( litnn in ilu-
last >tii;:« - 't'(I(ia\. It !,ail cx iilc ntl\ Ixiii ticil u|' in tlic liinuil ra>iru'ii l<»
LTct i! iiild its iiariow Ikhisc; lnit all llic Imiics, wiili tin' i \(('|ilit>ii ul' ilic
skull, well' r<(liii('(l to a suit |ia>ti', t>v cncii tiitinlv ^^muc At Ailakli, a
I'aiii'N' |iriiiii|itcil iiic In ili^' iiiid a Miiall kiiull near tlir am it iil >li(ll !ica|i;
aihl lici'c \\c luiiiid, ill a jin-cix-h similar ^aic((|iltai;iis, the remains ot a
d\(l( loll, of which also miU the ciauiiiiii rciaimd Millicitiil <iiiisistcm\ to
admit oi jircsi r\atioii. 'ihis iiK InMirc, hii\\(\cr, \\as lillcd witli a dense
peatv iii.iss not reduced to iivdd, the roiilt ot' centuries ot' ^|ilia;^lioUS
lii'owtli, \\liicli had i( ached a thiid^iiess of iiearK i ,mi leet aiio\c the reiiiains.
When we retlect u|)(tn the wcdhkiiow ii slnw mss of this kiml ot ;^io\\tli in
these northern re:;ioiis, attested li\' mniier<uis Arctic tia\(lers, the aiitii|iiity
of the remains hecimies esideiit. A lii^iire nt' this (a'aniiim i> a|i|ien(l(!(l.
In lioth localities, the ske.lls were iiimdi >ot'teiied and ii.arilally deticieiit,
re([uiriiif»' the e-reatol care to jireser\t' them. < )ne of the Aiuakiiak skulls
is now 111 the eidlectioii of the ( 'alifornia Acadeiiix' ol Sciences, the olhern
ai'c in the !'iiite<l States Army .Medical .Museum at Washington. JJr.
Oeorj^c A. (Mis, 1'. S. A, curator of this in\ahialile collection, wlioso
ix.searelies into this branch oi' ethiioloiiA are well known, has kindly fiir-
iiished me with the ineasiiremeiits (iii;*.de at the iimseiim under his direction)
of iiearU' all the crania collected liy iinseli' or liv the |iarties under my
elii'U'ffe irom lsi;."i to 1S7I inclusive. 'I'hese crania now I'orm |iart of the
Army Medical Museum, and c'im|irise a much lariicr niimher of imdoiilited
Aleut crania than exist alto^^cther in all the other museums of the world.
TIk; table comprises ineasiiremeiits of crauiu datinjr from lh(( earli(ist dejiosits
afVordiii"' snch r(iiiains, as above, and .suecessivelv lowti to those of natives
who nm.st liav(i lieeii living about one hundred and fifty years a^n. l'"or
the use (>f the four lij.>ures of Aleut crania which are liwo y;iveii, i uni ul»o
indebted to the liberality and courtesy of ])r. i )tis.
I have made use of some; measureiiieiits of crania, from the iiortiieiii
part of Hcrinf^- 8ea, examined hy the late lameiiteil Jcllrles Wyiiian, Init
which were by accidental circumstances (over which he had no control)
erroneously named or taken to be what they were imt. in his pamphlet
Ji
I
04
(<»!,.. ,,i, r,-;„ii,., llnMoii, lS(;s,, liv,- .nii.ia arc .IcscrilM-.l as TMiLi.ln,
^vlli^|, ,,.v all Asiati.- iM.iniu; aii^l ..f (iv.. in, in the '• Vuk.m h'ivn-". ,,m!v on,'
;7.j;{(t) is ail Iiniiaii ciaiaiiiiu tl ilicrs l.ci!,- iv-kini.. trnin St. .Mi.lia.-l's,
^'"■'"" '"^"iii"!- 1 li.ivo also use! 111., in.aiis nf Hi', l], I'm-»-.Is's m.aMin-
ni<'Mfs..r .Tauia of <;n..-n!an.i lumiit. -i^(•)l ii, a pap.!' ( Kii.i-v Woitc JIImt
'ii<' Imini; .hw Siniil, Sim.l.s) n tli.. Anli. T. Aiitlin.iuluoi,. r,.,- Is?:,. [,,
tins jiaj.ri- ,,f I )r. i),.sMls aiv als,, nivcii lurasiuvincnts nf snin,. (,f tj,,. .laiiia
ubtaiiMwl i,y iiic ill the Al.'iiiiaii l>laii.!s.
Tin- inllnuiiiu |,,1,1,,, ,„;,y ,i|,,,u- soiiir li-ht oil th.. sulijcct (iiscussc.l ill
tlio s.run.l ,,a,t ..f tj.i,-, |mi>..r, uliilc i,.,ssc,s.siii- a -cncral iiiturost IV»rtl;e
(•l'aiii((|o<ri.st:
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ifiinn, rilVrriil li, iho irimiing
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Tlic iiMiiIa n| ( trarlau tillics dt' Niirtli\\<>t Aiiuiica ami l.aNtirii Siluiia,
when r(p|ii|iarril willi llicisc III' ( irtriilaiul. >liii\\ a i;1'<mI<1' riil'ital iMiiacitv ;
ii licail III aliiiiit llic .-ainr ltii;jtli, liiit |iriijiiiitiiiiiat(l\ iiiiicli lnuailri' in il-.
liruailf,-! |iarl and with a limaili r rmcluail. 'I'lic -kiill i> aKu |iiii|Miiliiiu
iitflv lint Ml IiIliIi. Tlif ciiriiiial lid^c, (t\|)i(altii a ciilalii lAlriil dI all
(>rari,iii craiiiii, ami tViuii ulilrli it ii((iir> that tlir terms " innt' sliaiicd " ami
" sca])li((-ct'|)lialniis " lia\c luiii a|i|iliiil In tlinu, | wliiili i> \{-r\ >triii'L;l\'
iiKiiki'd ill sniiic (iirciilaml .-Uiill>. i> li~- a]i|iar(iil in the iiiaiuill \ ni' ilic
Ni'itliwcstiTii t >iariaii>, ami the ili i n a>r in (raiila! caiiacitx iMriiniii;^ riniii
:i ilimiiiiitioH in this r ,rtinilai- is madf ii|i lur li\ a liiuadininj^ ut llir
ciaiiiiiin.
'I'lic lulliiw iiiL;- laldc slmws lln' i'acts alluded to. 'I'lir iiiiinlirr ut' ciaiiia
frdiii tlic N(irtli\\cst allnrdiiii;' llir imans iisril iaii;;(' triuii .'111 Ik 11', liciii;^-
tiiki II lioiii tlic ]trct'cdiiiM' t;il»lrs, and (•oiiiiiand wllli a siiics of niraiis linni
!i:i to 101 (incidaml skulls incasmcd l.\ I »i-. I'.osols.
I..Kulil\.
I ;||>.M il> I.I liulli. llMM'llh
ni'tiiiiiii ui
NcMlll»l«ll'
liri-cnlaiiil
iioi r,ii
I'j.ii) 1 r. .
ui in
I.', hi;
I :u
1 1-
AinoiiL;' the iiortliwcstcrn |ito|ilc, the crania ot tlic Alciits collcctivclw
coni|iai"cd wiili the Nortln\c^t American and Kast Siheriaii Inniiit crania,
.show (lill'L'n'iice.s pi'ocistdy similar to. hut less in ile;^ree tli.iii, Iliisc which
hiivo heeli poiiitoil out iis distin^^iiishiiii;- the uoi'thwesteni people iVoui the
( Jreeiilaiiders; the Aleuts, as iiii<;ht 1k' expected, shouin^i' the ^reiitcr spccial-
iziitioii, while the coiitiiicuta! jieople tend more towiird tin- ( Jrei'iilaud l\pe.
' ,, I . . ■ . Ilirn.llliiif .. . ,
Ciipacily. I jjlli. 1 I'.i. Mill.. ||,„(.,|. I ll''i:;lit.
All'lltK .
Liiiiuit. .
HO'J
i:)c8
II'
I. 'I IJIl
lIM • III
III ul)tfiiiiiiiii' these means, ai. averaj^c of" t went \ -live Ah-ut crania liav(!
1)0011 oinph>yod, and an a\cra;^e of iifteeii of Asiatic ami Northwestern
Aiiioi-icau Iiiiiiiit.
I'he people ot' the ,\leutiaii Islands were fonnerl\ divided into two
piincipul gfoiips or tribos uocordiny to sonu! authoritii.s o:i the .subject.
70
ii;iiinl\ , tin- .\tK:iii> ;iii(l ( I'!;i.-lirii <>r ) I 'iiiilii-likiiii-. A ((iiii|i:ii I^«iii lMt\\"i'ii
iilinlll tln' -lillir lllllllliir III All lit Clillliil, llnlii lllc r;i>t ilinl llcilll tlic iVf^f,
hlmws the- (lltl'i irii(( - I.I III- \ (IN ti i\ i.ii. It', iiiilicil, tlii\ iiir I ml -I nil ;i> wmild
ili^;i|i|ii;ir ciiiiri'ly willi the fXiiiiiiiialii>ii ot !;ii';iii' imiuiIk is cit' >|M(iiiiiii-. nr
uudur iiiciisiiiiitinii liy il iliD'crriit iki'suii.
t'a|>iiiily.
1114
1400
length.
1T7
no
nnii.llli.
I.',0
j 149
Itri'nillti (It
lic.nliil.
ii:>
115
ll<'l;:ht.
WH
131
Wemcrn
'riic cniiiia Mipjiosfd to liilnii^i' Id tlic era ol' I'islhriiun lia\c iint liccii
iticliiiliil aliMNc. Indccil, tli(\' arc .-«' iiiijK rl'ict. tor tlii' nio>i pail, lliat it
would ill' worse than ra.slnicss to attfiii|it any <^ciK'rali/,atioiis ii|iou tluni.
( 'oiiiiiarrd with the twciit\ -two more uiodcni crania referred to the eporli of
Jliiiilc'r.s, they staiiil a.s I'ollow.s:
Unprnlty.
i:iJU
I4IH
Li'nutli.
no
ItrciiiUli.
HS
148
Ilrciiiltli or
friintnl.
m
115
Ih'iKlit.
VM
130
KiMlicriUi'ii . .
Ihiiitor*
A slij^litly .suKiller cajiaritv iiiiL;lit have lieeii expected of the aiicieiit
l"'i.slieriiieii, liiit it may not lia\i' existcil, and, excejit tor the few indi\idiifdH
coiu'ci'iied, the .ihosc coui|)arison does not pro\"e it. Tlie other ditferciices
are of the most trivial (U'scription.
Tile averago facial anjile aiiioii;^' thu Aleut.s ai)peurs to have heeu
ahont 72''.
Ill iliis connection, I may vc^ntiire to remark that, while not a [irofessed
craiiioloi^ist, I ha\c had the oppoiliiiilix' of e.\aminin<;' a ver\' laru'c iiumher
ol alioilLiiiial crania, and have become impressed with the "Teat raii;^'e of
vai'iatioii which occurs in cases where no li\l)ildity can be rea.sonably
asserted. Il has appeared to me that while certain features, hardly defina-
ble, are to be reco<4iiized in crania from a sinsile localit\', ^■et when a coiii-
pn'lieiisive si'ries of crania of any race to the numlxr of several hundred are
examined, if the ]ieo[iIe be widcdy distributed in area, and subjectiMl to vr.ri-
oiis conditions ot' diet and surroundings, it will iii\ ari (bl\- be tbmid that
nearly all the ,so-callei| characteristic types of crania ma_\ lie rec"^iii/,ed, and
i
ii
I
71
lli;ii iVoiii (Iiil"( liuci |i!i;il\ ti' liiJH li\ ci'iiliiih M >cric>. nt' iiiill\ iilii.il \ ;ii ijili^ni-*
»\i'l 111' rnllllil rld-ili;; l||i ;l| i| i;lli III Lf;"]'-^. I aill I'ar 11(1111 (Ifmili;; tllilt Ih'II-
rliyc<'|ili;ilic or iliilirliiici|ili;ilif ciiiuiM iiia\ lie ImhihI Im lie rliarartfristif of
races ri'stTiftcil tu a liiiiitfil ai'ca i>\- iiiiirniiii cniiiHtioii-. Iml tliat t'raiiiiilii;;\ ,
aii\ iiii>rc' tliaii i"ilii;j\, i-^ an t\ail .scicnci', sr(iM> \il t" Ix- |iiii\((| Tliat
a iMci' can lie iijintiticil li\ cranial cliaractcii-iic-. lli4iii:;li i>\\ri\ a>>imictl,
lias niNcr Itccii satistactiiiiK (■>talili>liiil. ami llir piaclii I cliaiactcii/iii;^
a |Miiji|i' tiiiiii ilic cNaiuinatii'ii nt liall a ilu/rii >KiilU, a-- lias occasiniiaiU'
licrii ijiinf, xciiis liiilc ^limt (if ali-iinlil \ . I caniM"! retrain tVniii -nMn,.^!-
Iiiu' tiiat niiicli III' till' a|i|iai'<'ni cmit'ii- imi in ('citaiii ilc|iarliiii'nt'> ul Aiiiniraii
ar<'liaiiliijiy ]■> likrl\ In lir cleared ii|i w lien its In 11 nieaMire i> a I In wed in i lie
t'aclKi- ol' iiidisidiial \ariatii>ii. Wlieii siicli eMnnies in ditl'er<iice .if forin,
I'nr instance, as lli:t"""and Kl.")""", w illi re>|iecti\ ■■ lucaililis nf I.;?""" and
111""", are nil record anioim l]-kiinu crania, and li\ no means \er\ e\ce|t-
tional, a little liesitatioii in acce|itiiin world wide theories, liased o:i a lew
narrow or Inoad >kiills of a ;^i\cii peojile, seems not iinreasonaMe.
i>
C— 'I'lIK lirNriNd I'KK'KH),
Willi tlie aliility to kill, 1)\' meansof lioiie \\ea|>on^, and aiiled li\ somo
kind of sjdii canoes, not oiilv tisli iroin the shores, Init sea-animals, and
e\cii hird.--, inan\ new instruments were "eiiiiired. .Manx new wants and
aijplications ot' material sjii-an;^- into heiiiu-. do utilize the results ol' tin-
cliase, man\' new coiitri\aiices were necessarx. With this e\|iaiisioii in
their ])oxvers, and this cliaiiLi'e in the lialiits of the aliori;^ines, the stratum
xvhich 1 have tei-ined the .Mammalian laxci' lieiian to he deposited. 'I'lii.s
was omlnenth' .'in e|ioch of hunters.
7'lie Mammalian hi\ er has heeii reco;4nized wheri'Scr we lia\e mad(!
excavations. It attains a \aried tlii('l<lie.''is in dillennl localities, due to
dilTerciu'es in |)opiiLiti(Hi and abuiidanco or scarcit\' of the animals Ininteil.
^lanv rofiiso or kitchen heaps were eiitinh- di'posited diii'iiiL;' this ejioidi.
It is evident that the population, whose inci'ease had lieLiim dniiiiLi' the last
period, now that the means of sustenance wei'e so a'r<';itl\' enlarged, mi^i'lit
expand until the food snp|ily and consumption were a^^ain in eipiillliiinm.
^Mii^^i
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
'" 1 40
1.4
|25
IIM
1.6
^S
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER. NY I4S80
(716j 872-4S03
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72
!
Tliat it <li(l iiiriyjisi! \cry I;ir;>»'ly, tlicrt' is Imrdly jiiiy inoin tn.loulit. 'I'm
«li<)W this, the increased iiiiiniier uf sliell-liefi|is di" this period i: siiirieieiit.
Thi-y extend nver idl the islands, the Peninsida of Ahaska. and we
have in th<- National Museum hone implements of pattern similar to those of
the Manunalian layer, (ditained near tlie mouth of the Stakhin or Stikim-
Iiiver. 'I hese hist are dissimilar to Indian weapons, and the modern
Indians of that r<';^ion never use hone for arrow-points. ! am toleraliK'
Well satisfied that the ileposii whence these Were olitaiued is also an Innuit
shell-heap. Where we have made e.xcavatious wu have found the .Maumia-
lian layer varyin;;- from two or three feet to eiirht or ten feet in thickness.
Tile comliiiu'd tliickiu's.s of the shell-heaps (ineludin;: the dep(.sits of the
Fi.shin;;- and lluntin^r Periods), on Iliidiuk Spit, I'nalashka, is ahoiit fifteen
feet. The dilference is ehielly due to the dill'erences in population and
h-ii;;tli of (M'fupation of the various localities. We ha\c no means of e.sti-
matin^r th<' length of time retpiireil to prodme these ac( unndatious, hut we
may ohtain hints of it from the facts relatin^r to the .Vmaknak Cavi-. Mere
wf hav«' the three skeletons depositeil some tinu- durin;;' the l-'isliin;.'' I'eiiod.
These were then jiiadmdly covered hy an accunndation of niohl. lesiiliin^-
from tlie decay of \ei;vta)de matters and or^iauic refuse, po>sihl\ hrou<:ht
in hy toxfs who mii;ht have had their nests in the caxc or partly fr(»m
material which mii^hi ha\c ;.;iadually worked its way in irom (he exti-rior
hy the aitl of the w<-ather. This would have heeu a verv slow process,
when we note that the cave is so protected hy its coutractetl iipenure that
hardly anytliin;r could h.- carried in hy the wind; the Itottom not hein^''
I'ch.w the natural surface of the outer soil, it would rec.-ive litth- or no
wash from the Hat oulsi.h-. ( 'onsideriu;-- the -reat anti|iathy, exhil.ited hv
the luniiit ^i'enerally, to approachin-r a hurial-place >,( this kind, to .say
iiothin;: of camping; ,,11 it, the covering- of tin remains huried there umst
have heeu complete, and the ori^^inal use f.U'^fotten, liefore the depo.sition of
tile ue.vt layer could have Iteen couuuenced. I'he Cave Ifock, as siumii in
the sketcli, stands on a narrow isthmus, and, heiiijj 11 damp place, presents
no .pialillcations lor a dwellin;,r- 'i'he hiyer C is compos. .1 of kitchen
reliise, Imiuos, hroken arrow-heads, odds and ends of carvings lialf linished,
i^c, iV:c. It seems evident to me that if was made hy occa>ioiial parties of
!
t
73
iiativi-s f(iiTc«l to st't'k slu'ltcr tVoiii storms tiiitil llic surf siilisidcd, si« tliiit
they iiii;;lit liiuiit-li tlicir hidiirkiis iVoiii tlic sloiiy Ix'iirli Iicm.imI. Tim
iiintcriiil, iis ii wIioK', is ilmt nl" ;i f('Hi|i(ii;ir\ ciiiiiii uf tijncliii;^- liiinicrs
nitluT tliiiii that of a (Iwclliiiii-, aii<i llu'tavc is sitiiatcil close |o a fi-('(jiiciiilv-
us»m1 |)orta;x»' <•>• fUf-olV. 'I'hc six iiiclics c.f id hri.s fidiii tin- repasts of occa-
sional visit.iis (who uin|iiestioiial»ly were iiieii of the lliiiitiii<4' I'eriod) uuist
have aecimuihit«Ml very sh.wiy. 'I'heii it woiiM seem ;is il' some tidal or
earthquake \va\c was iiistnimeiital in forcing' a la\er ( U) of heav\- shiii-rle-
stones from the adjacent sea-heach into the cave. Aftei this had lieeii
accomiilished, the nse of the cave was a^ain chan;;ed, and it hec.ime ii
second time a refii;i(' for the dead, 'i'lie uiipei- layer (A) was exchi.-ivelv
compo.scd of decayed or^^anic matter, from whi( h refnse was exchnled,
appaiH-ntly oidy the liodies of the dead, and articles placed with them,
I'ontrihntiiij-' to its formation, 'i'his material is free from aii\ taint of
civilized iiiHnenci's, iind. as I have previously mentioned, mH|nestionahly
antedates the atlvent of the K'nssians. 'I'he hiiMth of time taken to form
the I;iyer of eighteen or twenty inches of this m<dd cannot have lieen small.
Ahoiit the time of the Russian advent (in all proltaliility ) the month of the
(•av(; was walled np. perhaps to avoid its desecration hy the liin(,tcd (ireek
missionaries. In this condition it remained until 1H7<>, or thereahouts,
prohahly al) lUt a century after its l»ein<,>- clo.sed. While estimates may
dirter largely as to the actual time occupied in all this, lew will lie inclined
tit dispute its lieiii;;- very cousidcrahle. If \\v allow a thousand years for
the duration of the Littoral Period, <ir deposition of the Mchiuus layer (and
I am disposed to do so), then I think that lifteen hundred or two thousand
years is not an excessive estimate for the duration of the I-'ishiiig and
Ilnntinj,^ I'triods. It must he recollected that the proportion of the refusu
to the food-supplyiu;r material in fish, and ('specially in mammals, is unich
less than in the case of the echini; conse(|ueutly, the population hein;;-
.similar, the thnv recjuired to form a layer of lish-honcs or manuualiaii
boiioH woidd he ^^reater than that re(juired to form an ecjually deep la\(r
of echinus shells. Ihit the population uudoni)tetUy increused coiisideralily,
which would vitiate the proportion if it were iu»t that the area of the shell-
heaps also im-reased very greatly in the latt-r ejiochs. On the whole, I jim
74
t.
i
iiK-liiicI to ihink that thivc tl.oiisinid yciirs is n in.Mlcratc fsliiiiiifi' for tlio
time r<'(|iiinMl tu |'..nii these ihuiiikIs of refuse.
'I'Ik' (•.)iistitiifi,.)i of tli(! .Mainiiialiuii la} er is. as would iiatiiially Le
(•xiKTted. iimcli more hoton.freiieous than tliat of eitlier stiatnni |.iv\ i..u.s|y
(l<'|iosite(l.
'I'll.' cuiiteiits. JM.si.les till- remains of shells, fish, and oecasionally ..f
cchmi, uhi.'h have I.een previously enumerated, are princii.ally as follows:
I.OWKIt MAMMAI-IAN LAYKU.
{{ones of the followin;^- mammals:
('(il'ii/iiiNis losiiiKs, fnr-st'al.
h'lniicfnpiiis Stfflni, sca-Hon.
/'Iiiicd, or hair-seals, two species.
Itosnmnts ohr.siis, walrus; rarel\- in tho eastern islands.
J'li(i<irii(i ronin/itd, pnllin^j'-pio-.
On II iitit; the killer whale.
M1I>DIJ'; MAMMALIAN l,AVi:i{.
The ahove, and liie f<iIlowinf>; manmials and hirds :
Mii/djitnii irmihilis, the liiim|i-l)acked whale.
JHomnlia hidiliifiuv, the mottled albatross.
MurDiiiii (oniicii/iitiis, the lu rned pullin.
Minimu (in/i(ifiis, the tufted puflin.
I'riii sp., several of the divers.
J'liiildis sp., .several of tin,' smaller anks.
Jmi/djuis iilhiis, the ptarmi^ijin.
l.ains /niinptnii.s in- i/hiini'.saiis, the larj;cr fri\]h.
Jk'issii ti-iiliiili/lii, the kittiwako.
And bones of several species of eidi'rs and other ducks.
II'I'KK MAMMALIAN LAVKU.
All the precedinji-, mid also the bones of —
IMiniii Sichnhdi, i'acilic ri;ihl whale.
Jhilnmi iiii/filkcliis, bowluad or IVdar whale.
ImW (fX?l).-S|..lH iIjII ll.M.I 1 I, ..Ml MlllllllMlllJIl IllJlT (C),
Aliiaklliik CiiM'. I'liiilii-lika i lil|.|.iil i|ii:irt/il<'. |.
IIUH.-.V— <llmiilLiii .tjiMliij.l, ii).|.i r MiiiiiiiiaHitll
lllM'la. hIi, II |irii|i.. poll Miill. I. Ali.l^kll I'. Hill
Hiila, I
l*.i;i:. (■>;! (^niin.n,- ilnrt
jioiht fiir li ■ liiiiiil iiiiH'i. ii|.|.i I
MMininiillim kiv.riAl, Aiiiakliiik
Ciivi', riialllMllk:!. '.
I
I4*>1H (|:i'.)'— Ill i>l "I v\ !,,i!ii^ !,nH . ,. I'li'in nppt t MiUniiiilliAn
ItivtT (A), Aiiuikuak ('j(\i>, I'lialaMlikH (liii-tt Hliitf, ^ikuihI Hliitrp iiu
both rtlurh, Itif i>lh'>r niilr tilt.
75
lihdchimiirtis iihiiK u<i, the < ';ili('iinii;i ;.rr.'iv wliiilc.
S'lliliitliliiis sulfurnis, tlic Mil|)Iiiir-li(iftniii wluilr.
JldliiHttjilrru rdijf ni, the liii-liiicl; wlialc.
I'hjiscfn- iiuicron /iIkiIhs, flic .sjicnn wlinlc.
AikI \;iri(Mis spi'cics ut' liinls iint iihiitilicd.
Also ill tlic iiKPst ciistcni islands, anil ranlv even tin re, tlir I'olluwiny
introdiiccd species :
Milprs Idf/iijiiis, i\it' AiT\'u- U)\ (afterward introduced li\ ilu- IJussians
into many otlier islands).
C'aiiisjiiiiiilidris var. hurcaVis, the llskinio doj^-.
All these remains are larjifly mixed with (irjriiiiic matter in a perfect
state of decay, such as would result from the decomposition of orass and
other ve^'etahle fillers, turf, drift-wood, and all the soft rejectamenta of a
savaj^'e jieoplc.
liemains of h<tuses of the lialf-ni;fler<rround type, afterwanl so univer-
sal, apMear only in the middle stratim , showinj; that not iiniil then liad the
population so midtijilied and mutual ceidideneo suflicienlly matured, for the
more ancient, temporary, aI»ove-<rround houses to ItcMin to he supplanted
hy more siihstantial and comfortahle stiuctures.
With th(f new resources at their command, the invention of new forms
of implements and entirely new fo(ds ;:reat!y multiplied, reiideiin^^ it nec-
essary to attempt a sort of classification in cousiderinj^' them,
WEAPONS.
Those were greatly improved, and forms mnltijilied, and were made
often in more artistic fashion, with some attempts at ornamentation. 'I'liey
consist of hand-Ianc(( heads of stone, ohsidian, and lione, or lioth coinhined.
The later forms for seal-huntin;.'- had hone harhs and ohsidian tips, comhiniujr
thus sharpni'ss for incision and tou;ihness for retention. The later whale
harpoons were always .slate-tipped, the miHhni Aleuts a.scrihin;;- .some i»oison-
ous quality to that stone, which they ii.ssert will iuvariahly kill the whajc in
a few days, iirovidiny- the slate-ti'> remains in the wound, even If the dart
has penetrated luit s'-^htly. It would he impossible, without fi;rin-injr
hundri'ds of the.si- w .pons, to show the yratlual progress in finish and
SI-
S'
ill
7()
adapliitioiiM of Innii wlii.li, ns ii whole, clninicti ri.;t'.s the weapons of flio
miecessive portions of ||„. sliell-lieaps. I Imve llieivfoie contented n.\>e!f
willi :i .selection of the nioi'e cliiiiiicteristic tv|i(;,s.
'I liese seeni to .show not ' only a <>Ta(ln:il pionrcss. i.nt a reniaikal.le
siiMiliM'ity in type of the eiiiJi.r weapon.^ of the .Ment.s to the i ieni types
ni M.se iinion;i' the Kskinio of the adjacent renion. 'I'iie.se Kskinio types are
\< ly ancient and have Keen handed down, with some iuijirnvcineiits Imt
not nnich alti-ration ol form, from a period prol.ahly contemporaneons with
ihe.se Ahiit weapons. The stone dart soon ran its coinse j \n; the Aleuts,
•""' '"■•••■ • \\'ll' '•"•I" merely an appendage of the l)one dart-head. 'I'his
was owin- to the loser facilities which it alVords {\>v retention in a wound
"'"" < !""■<■<' ^^i"'' >'"' • •■ I'arl.s. When hone was lirsl applied to tins
pnipoNc. the weap.nis were of a most primitive cliaracti-r. N(.. I (KiS.l exhil.its
"lie of these rude and clumsy forms. At fu'st, all the weapons sceme.l to
have lieeii l.ari.ed • side only, and this type persists to the present day;
lint points l.ari.ed on l.otii sides were introduced at a very eariv sta;^e, and
als.. still persist, e:u-ii type i.ein;^- in some respects i.etter fitted for .s(.mo
special purpose. 'Ilie hone points were iirsf made to i.e pennanentiv
attached to the shaft of tlie dart. Ihit an impr.>venient wa> soon intn.-
diiced, l.y whidi it was detaciad, i.iit not lost, heiii^'- still made fast to a
cord attached to the .sli.ifi. wlieii a woumle.l animal had worked it out ..fits
s«.cliet. 'I'his .saved tile siiaft I'rom i.reakin^-, an important c(.nsiderati(»ii
witii the Aleuts, from the .scarcity of wood suited to the purpose, jhit the
eldest form still persisted, and is now in n.se amon;r tlie lOskimo, hut chietiv
as ciiildren's toys lor shooting' at a mark or at small i.ir.ls. ^■ari..us inodiii-
cations of the type repre.seiiti'd i.y No. l(i()7!l were found in vari..ns parts
•I'tiie shelldieaps ahove tin- lower Mammalian layer, ..n tlie wiiole im].ruv-
in;^- much in finish as we pass to tiie specimens i'rom the upper strata. Nunc
ol llieiii. however, carried tills forii to the perfection wliicli lias l)een reached
i.y llie modern Kskinio. a specimen of wlio,s(» work is shown in X... 1(141.'}.
N\ hen tile doiii.le i.arl.in^r \vas introduced, we have iw. means ..f decidin-r;
i.nt iioiH of (.ur specimens are from a jrroater dejitli than the middle Mamma-
lian straliim. At first, the i.arbs of one side were h.n-er than tho.se of the
other, and a tendency to this may he noted in most modern Kskinio dart-
ic«t
IrilriK'
rinkiii* Spit, till, iMkk, j '"■' '^■
IdiKl (rtp;, -|,„tt..r ManininliJiii Us,,. I l.ikliiu .S|.ii.
rn^lnahlin, luinn dan luml, J.
IW!lc;;,in._.|u,iii-ilnilh.n.l,|..ncrMMihiM„li.,iil;n.i r,.ii .M„i;. i .Mi.,»
kii I'l'iiinmila I inrfKivi'iI f.ir iiiiifoii t)
l:i(KH (:i5H)._lk.ii.. .lanh.-u.l. ),„v.t MarmnnlMi., : „t r.i.l
nlioItiT, Alka I«liinil, J.
, J^^^^IWIPCm* ^^^■I||Mp'^*^ '
lc«ipai) («i:i -rriniltlvi- lii.iioilaillii.nl. !,.«. 1- MniTiiiKiliiiii l;iyiT
ninklila Spll. ITnnlanhkB, I
■iiiirrr7[finirtiriinrnr"ir^ |-
I(;«1.'i-.M.k1iiii n^iinclioiiiiliitllirail, CaiHiKti.liii, Nijiiivuk IkI.iii.I. ll.liiiK So*, 4.
IrilnHlilcoil III dlioiv Kliiiilalily nr lypo riiinlilni'il Willi nrli'ilir tiiiixli in llic iihmIi'Iii
Enkimn wi*a|Hiii.
li
l:l(Nl|.I.Mi-Al.iil I • .Urll,.,..! ii.M.II. M.u„n,,l,.Ml.„.r, N..«n
IU>, Alkri IhIuimI t
lMri\ a:>; - AI.Hl I" lail l,i;i.l. Iniilll.' M.iii'i uli.in hi>..i
»..i»kli U'4li.l. |. 'lliiKiiil m.liunnr'lttlilllfl .■«rthl\ I" "liiiw
ll„. roiiiil •».•! III.' (irlitiniil «imii|wi"«I «ill llir uril llaiin-.
KIIU.l.li;i«al Al-ill I I.ill hr.Ml, n|.|.. I M Miiiii.ui.i I-. •! A.liikll
lalaiiil. I
Ii.ir.HlMiiMl In »lio» i.iiiiiliiril> >■( IM"' wHIi i!ii«li-r lliii«h In llii- Diwleni
<.
llillKlil i-!i;i -Alilll I" Inrt h.iiil. 1" li"l'l i.l.M.li.ili l».liil. lip
l«rMuiiiiiMilliii ltt.\<r. riiikliiii S|.ii. t iialii^hk.i \
\i
MIKKH-Wl- iml lain |.nil ..f IlnTitlli;; IMi"'!. Imii.il jiIk.-.-. Aluukimk NIhii.1, Tli.-i
liiolikii. ',
it;
11
I'xiH-M.-l.in K^kiiii.. .I»ri li.ii.l r»|M Kn.liii Nmi.vak I-I1.1..I 11. ll^^- >•■■< i- t»i«>^
,1,,..., In »ll"» Hl.llll.V 1.1 1>I" '-r II"' lT.Ui.ln.i.- AU1.I «v,i|H,ll «iil. 111.. l«lU.r flmsbi-d
moiliTii "U> III till ii'iiiiiii'iilal luiiiiit
77
|ioiiits III' tlw Kiiinc ♦ypo. lint «illi llic Alciit-* llic fnnn sonii iM't-ninc iicjirlv
.s\ iiiiiit'trii';il, lis li;i'iin-(l in l;!i)-j;i miil l."i<)J."i (/ Stniit- of tlux' |Miiiits iVoin
llic I' ■ 'Ml* iiiul npiur |iiiris tit' this striitimi iiic In iiiiliriillv liiii>Ii<<l :iiiil .-mii-
tiM'tricii!, They iH'i- iilwiixs tliiiiinr tliiiii tin- ll-kiiiio v\<.i|i<iii >>\' iIm' miiiu*
ty|ic, i\\i\ Inr tlii.H rciixin |ii'uliiili|y, >v»if imt wcnkrutil li\ ;i Imli in tin-
l>n .. \( >('cnn;<l l>y a «iir(l it \v:i.- priiliiiliK ni.iilc l':i^t tu (In- Inii'l iii-l
ill ;i(lvaiiiM> ;>l tin- Inilt. A;riiiii. Ikiwim r, iis ji ^iciiciul iiri>|msili(>ii, llic
iiumIciii K^kiiiHi wt'iijMiii (il'tlic siiiiii' ty|ii' is iiiuic cji aiilx iiiiil >i!iiir|i|\ tiiiisiifil,
tiiiil always stduter ami stnmjicr. instead <il' l)t'iii;>- llatliiuil, lil.c ilic Aleut
wea|Mm. it is caritiafed on eat li siile, tliereliv niinli iiit rea>iii;L: ii.- irtiij^tli.
Tlie I'iskiniti \vea|ioii> iiKire generally have a tuniiiil lial't, «hile llr Aleuts
niaile theirs uitire ('iiimiiiiimK nitlia weil;:i' .s|ia|ii'il st|iiai-e halt.
The final iiii|)riiveiiient in i!art-|i<iiiits was maile, as far as we eaii
jml^'e, almnt the time i>( I'unnatiiin (•! llie ii|i[ieniiii>| Manmialian strata,
imne dt" the examples (ifcnrrin;:' in the luwer or miildle laviis. This
was the |»tiintin};' id the liuiic-tlart with iili>iiliaii ur sttiiie. As (•iiiiniared
with the rude im|ilenients tif the I'i^hiii^'- ll|iinli |ire\ imisK li^^nied,
Ntis. IdOi'iH and ltin(;2 slmw mmh hitler workmanship, and the liiial l\pe
to wliifh the stone points ;;ravitateil is shown liv No. 12'.IH."i. Stone dart-
jHiints, t'.\c«'pt the small tmes lor hone halts, are not ahnmlant alter the early
part of the lluntin;.'- Kpixdi. The Imue arliih' served the purpose nineli
better, ami Iniife was universally used. Still we lind oecasioiial speeimeiis
of stone heads, even to nearly historie times. An nnnsnal niodilifatioii,
oll'erin;f many objcKVwons to its {fcnenil use (ami as a type, I helieve, iinitjiiej,
was found in the uppermost strattun at I'ort Miiller, and is li^nred with the
others (No. KiOH."! a). The linal form of the stone-|)iiinted hone dart is shown
by li<jfiu-e 141>.'57, while the Kskiino weapon of the same ty]ie is represented
!)\ \^){>H, below the lirst. 'I'lie Kskimo have worked out the same type of
weaj)!)!!, finely linished, but their less rei^tricted enviromneiit made its use
less universal than it beoanK* ainonir tlu; Aleuts. A speeinieii of one of lllt^
Hiatc whale-haniiioii heads earel'iilly {i^round is also (i;;ureil (No. 1 H»IS).
It came from the later deposits of this period, lii the middle Mammalian
layers at IJlaklita Spit, 1 was pn/zled by eertain roiind bone or i\ nry aitii Its
whi(h I found. They were uuide of that part of the walrus tusk or speiae
ili
♦
78
\\li;il<' tdiitli wliicli Iiiis :i cciitriil Imlluw or cdrc, \\liicli Iiinl liccii rciiiin'tl -mt.
Sciiiii' (if tlic ulil Aleuts f.\|il;iiiic(l t(i iiic tluil tlicsc
tliiii^^s ncn- pliMcd on tlic |Miiiit of m dnrt wlicii
|ir;i(ticiii^- iit :i iii;iik. in nnlci' tliut it iiii^-lit iidt
iAi:.(jf.:i).-nnii..iifnrii.iri.i.f»|MiiTi Ix'cniiic liliiiitcil. 'I'lic iiimcxcd lijiMirc slidws one
u lull- tiMith t\<iT\ n|>]M'i Mitliiin;ili;iri
l:i\.r.C..n-l:iiilih. llail...i.Arri.lntl.ii, |. of (llcSC, wllicll I fnllinl ill till" U | )|KTni<lst lilVCf ;it
Aiiifliitkn, vciy nicely (iiiislied jiiid iniudi more nrtistic tliiiii tlie older speci-
liielis of lT|i:il;islik:i.
iMri.i:Mi;.NTs.
I'.sr rddliiif/ Id (Inss.
With tlie iiliility to kill se;i-;iiiiiiials iiil'ordiii<;- skins for clolliin^f, nnd tlio
iitiliz.itiou of these skins, which we liiive some reiiso'i t<t think took jilace
alioiit the latter part of tlu* Fishinji: IVriod, came the necessity for new
im|denieiits to adapt the skins to their proposed use. Accordiii^ily, in the
lowest heds of till' .Mammalian period >ve hej^in to find, for the first time,
various im|ilements of this kind. The most common (as thf least valiiahle
and most likely to he lost or thrown away) are jinmice-stono skin-dressers
or riihliers, of varialtle shape, hut always with flattened sides and rounded
ed^H'S, ami usually lon;;er than wide. 'I'hes(i di> not materially alter in ap-
jiearance in the diil'erent strata. The coarse {rrain of the pumice, wliii h
floats on the sea and may he found on most of the l)eachcs, is admirably
adapted for removing- tlic remnants of llesh and tendinous matter from ii
dry, raw skin. Then we tiiid rude hone skin-dressers, more! t»r less chisel-
shaped, and hardly to lie disfin;;uished frou) the wedjres hereafter Id Ijo
described, except by not beiny hammered at the thicker end. 'Jhese bone
dressers, however, im|)rovedf^reatly in form and fniish. ( hie from the lower
stratum is fijxured (1G07!') above, and another from the uj)per stratum
(H;()sS) is remarkable for the care with which it is finished and the excava-
tion of one side clear to the tips f)f the horn-jirocesses, which afforded a
secure <jrip to the jireliistoric tanner. This im[dement is even better finished
than most of the modern Eskimo tools of the same kind which luivc couio
under my notice.
In addition to these implements, small, sharp stone scrapers, usually
ground flat, and with «liipped edges, are found throughout tho lluntinj^
H:m.i-_i.„,
1607!) d'm II
'••"—"""•■ «l.ln lire
sx.T. !<■
I ur 4i
— Uo. layer, run M.,„.,^,^,,,,,^
"ii»:ila.
!
¥.'
i
ino.,; ,,-,-ii,._,si,,/ii- Bkin Hiiii|Hr li.nrr Uamma.
Ilaii lajir, 1 laklilii Spit, 1 nala.-hliii, \.
\
Aniiikn.ik Cav.v fhahiHhk.i, J. ^ '
lliU-l (Mi,-l.-|!,„i,' s,.«i„t;-invl, km. r Slamuuiliall lav.T. flaklltil
hpil. I llalaslik:!. I(.
si
MM!
ISKW.a o;).-!-,,,,,., Xlanitnalian la.vrr. Coimlnnt Ilail,, >, Anichiikii
7S»
IV'rind. 'I'lic^c were used tor rciiioN iiij: ilic rciimjiiits dt" lli'sli iiiid muscU'
liiiiu tlic cili^fs iiiid curiicrs dl' the >k\\i v.; phirrs not ninl.cd Ii\ llic Inr^^^ir
iiiiplciiiciits. 'Id cut iiiid ^cw till' f-i\iii. wliiii drt'sscd, r.tlicf iiMpltiiK'nts
wiTc rtMiuii'i'd. 'I'lic kiiilc ii;iiii'«'d under ilic I"i>IiIiiL:- I't liid li;iil liccn l>y
this time nuicli inipnivcd in its nt.ncrid iini>ii l>y licin;^- ;;riinnd sintintii n\fr
its entire MirlJicc, instead ot' uierelv iit the eMttili;^ eilge. No. 1(1(1,')! >lio\\s
n line examplo of this type. These knives, ot' eonr-^e, were ii.^t il tor nsany
other purjiose.s l)esi»h's nittiii;^' the dresNed ^kiiis: liut lor this tliey were
lietter than scissors, not cutting' the hair. Soinethin;^- similar i^ u>ed l>y
ail Inrriers. l'"or piercing- the skin, in ord<r to in>ert the tiiread, an awl
was used. 'I'his, troni the earliest times, was prel'eraldy ot the win^-
liones ot' liirds. TheN' answered the purpose hetter than other hones oil
account ot' the Jiollow in then, and their harder texiine, which made it
easier to keej) them sharp. The more modern awls are the luiier linished,
hut the general form is latt ehaiiji'ed t'rom that ot' the primitive type.
( )ne is ti;4iire(l alxivi' from the lower, and one t'rom the upper, .Mammalian
la\cr. With lhe.se thin<^-s are foinid ,i i:'reat \ariety ot whetstones
ot all shapes and sizes, on which the hone and stone tools were
lirouyht to a sharp ed;;e. 'I"he thread was twi>ted, of w hale-.-inew , and
attached hy a little resin, from the hark <if jiine or spruce dint-wnod, to a
hitof (juill or hristle, like aeoh!)ler'rt ''waxed end", in lieu of a needh-. in
the remains of a woman's work-hasket, found in the uppermost layer in the
cave, were hits of this resin, ((videiitly carefully treasured, with a little
Itirch-bark ease (the bark also derived t'rom drift-lo<>s), contaiuiu^i- pieces
(if soft luenuitite, graphite, and lihii' c.irliouate of copper, with which the
anciimt seamstress ornamenteil her h.indiwork. There were also a nmlti-
tiulo of little bone splinters, use<l as neeilles or awls. Amoii^- the modern
Aleuts, the iibera of baleen were formerly m.ide use ot' for a similar puipos*'.
rhe.se thinj^s were once inclosed in a ha>ket of woven ^^rass, which had
shared the fate of its oW'n<;r, and passed awav. i suppose; that the birch-
bark was a]s,> u.sed l)y the.se natives as tinder, t'or which its resinous prop-
erties peculiarly adapt it. Up to the close of the l''ishinji' I'erioil, though
it is incredible that they should not have been ac(piainted with the use of
lire, vet there are no (;vidences of its haviiii'- been used in anv wa\ . We
Pi
80
iiijiy s;if'clv cniicliMlc tli;it it <Iiil \u>t cfniit' into j;cii( r;il use until tlic iiliscncc
(>r xvnuiK fuel Wiis niiiilc n]i t'nr liy iilmndiiiit su])|ili('s of nil iiiul liluhlxT
liniii ilic s!iMi;^lii<'r of s(ii-;ininiiils. Not onl\ must tluTc lunc Ik en iin
.•ilmnijimt sii|i|il\ tor s,i\, •!;;■(■ ii|»|i('tit<'.'S lnit tlicrc ninsf luivc liccn :ni :il»un-
(l.in! sinpliis to iiMJiicc tlicni, li;iliitinitc<l to coM jind cxiiosurc, to use sucli
\:i!iim])1c tood ;is tiu-1. 'J'liis liiiil also nil iMiportiint I)Ciirin<jf on tlut use ot'
liiill-Mil)t('n;ni«iiii liouscs, wlicrc lif^lit woul.'. be nctdct! ii lar;:c \)tni oftlic
time ill winter, and on tlic cinidoyuifiit in nici lianiral and other lalior of
tinii- wliicli would otlienvise liave J)een devoted to sleep or idleness. This
hiinys us to iitcnsils of —
Use ill luechuii'ic tiiis, ((c.
'riie use of oil for li^ihtinji' and eookin^r purjiosos necessitated a lani])
of some kind. All the Imniit use a lamp of similar construction. It hears
a sli;^ht resendilance to the ancient dreek lamp, heinji' nierel\- a saucer or
dish of stone or (day, with a wi(d\, usually of sj)haj:nuui, arran^cfl alon<:' the
ed;.;('. Some Iniuiit trilies have elahorated this conception, and lorm largo
semi-lunar dishes of steatite for this ])urposo. j\Iost at' the trihes, however,
use a lan)p entirely similar to that of the ancient Aleutian hunters, an oval
or circidar shallow dish of stone or liaked idav.
(May suitahle for pottery is exceedinjilv rare in the Aleutian Islands,
and hence does not appeal" to have ever come into {'•oiieral use. No pre-
historic pottery has ever heeii found there. .Many of tlie continental Innuit,
however, maki' rude jxits and cups, as well as lamjis, of hurued clay.
The annexed lij;iires show a tyjiical stone lamp ironi I'lialashka, and a
unitpie form from the U|tper beds. 'I'lic latter was prtdjably carved by some
storm-bouiitl hunter in his tem])orary sludter, as it was broken in several
pieces when found, and had never been used. Fire other than in lamps
was never used in their houses by the t'arly Aleuts, and even in historic
times the same is reported by the old voyagers, who say that when the
natives were cold they folded their long robes about them, "built a firy of
grass, and stood over it". Small lanijis a couple of inches in length are
sometimes t'ound, suggesting toys; but these were carried in their kvaks by
the natives, who usetl them to warm themselves in winter, or when chilled
'II
■«i"wiBwsa-5
..mlmn |,„,.,, ,■„„„,„„„„. ||,„|„„ \„„.,,i,^,,
l:WJI. - I,aii,iMuiv,-,l from uiil)«k.,.UIa.v,..|,i„i.\I,.inn,alian 1,1 v.T
iock-«hcltir, S.nmi Hay, Atkn, i.
1 III I \ I It,,,,
• liMll/il', I |>|M'i Maiin,„,li:in. i:
liuilai |.l,ic4, .NaMli ISaj, Alk», |.
J
.
81
liy Inii^r c.iitcst with the ley .-..M \\;il. rs. 'I'lu y wnv Vv^Urt] .iiid licM
iiiiilcr tlicir -iiiriiiciits until tin- li.'.itcl jiii'. f.iiiliuf.l l.\ tlic ^iitsliiri m- kjiin-
liiyk.i. Iiiiil s(r\c(| its |nir|»(>s('.
Ill tlic ciiiirsc' of time, liowtvcr. v >u\\ Iroiii tlic slmri's, wlicii misnitcil
Inr ntli.r imrjx.scs, was iisc.l as fiul. tlu- lirt's l.ciii-- iiiaiU- in the open air, on
stnne heartlis. Iiiiilt lur ilie purin.se. .Many (.f these heartli-stniies were
\'ii:nu\ liy iis hej.riii;;- th<- marks ut' lire. They wire preferahlv snmeuliat
cuncaNe on the upper surface, hut .itherwise irregularly shaped. The natives
al.-o used the liones dt' cetacean.--, spou;;y and riill tA' u\], tur I'liel. They
sdinetimes placed tish or meat hetweeii two coucavc stones, plastered th(<
chinks w ifh clay, and haked the whole in the (ire until done. .Much of their
i'ood, iiicludiiii,'- al;ia', sh<lMisli. most true ti>li, the octopus oi- ciittlelish, and
bluhher, was eaten raw. The (dd men, to this day, ascrilie the various com-
]»]aints, wliich have artlicted later j-cueratiims, chielly to the pernicious prac-
tice ol cookinji' food. \\'ood was prepared for various nsi's hv splittiiii;- it
with a maul and lioue wc'd<>c.s. 'J'hese latter articles are ainoii;.;' the mo.st
common iclics of the Mammalian layer. They are to he distinj-uislud from
skin-dressers of similar sliajie liy their ruder outline and hy hein;;- ham-
mered at the hroader end. A spe«-Imeu is here tioiireil, which had received
much hard usa^n'. Tin y were usually cut from the jaws or rihs of whales.
The cuttiui;- of the hone, from the marks left on fra;.;nients found in the
.shell-heaps, was usually done with a sharp-edj^cd stone used as a .saw or
lile, and very rarely with any other tool. There is hardly any stoiu> on
the islaiuls, such as serpentine, lit for makiii;.;- celts or adzes. They were
probably imported from the C(»ntiiiental Innuit at <;Teat co.st, and ver\'
liiuhly valued. We know that small thin iron chisels, Khaped like the nati\c
celt (wliich was alw.iys attachecl like an adze to a wooden kiiee or handle),
Avero auionjj the most profit able tradinfr piods of the first discoverers.
Fifteen and even tweuty of the finest sea-otter skins were cheerfiillv jiaid
for one. To the jrreat value whiidi they attached to them I refer tlu^
absence of these implements from the shell heaps. Not one was found
in all our excavations. Aud in orily one case, that of a comparativeK
modern, tliouyh prehistoric burial-place, has an adze or celt been found
in the Aleutian Islands. 'J'his is one of the etlmoloj^ical peculiarities of the
U
i i
I »
|i -A
I I
82
ron-ion. The fact tliat Minon^' tlic tluMisjnids cf iinplMiiciits, wonjutntJ, &c,
tliat \V(! Iia\. collcctid in this ic-:ioii, tlicic slioiiltl lie liiit one celt, slmws
their cxtniiH' r.iiilyaml the lii^^h valiii- |irul)altly placed on th<in. This
solitary specimen i.^ liciv lij^inc.l, No., l;5(i;i|. 'riiciv are also no axes,
;.rioove(l (ii- otherwise, hanmiers, f^on^-cs, or hollow chisels, I'oiind in this
rej^ion.
'llw iiitertriltal traflic F have referred to is nnivcrsal anion;; the Tnnuit.
Anioii^f other arti(d{'s which were loinnl in a prehistoric Itinial-place. on
KaH'aniil, were a nninher of the kanta;:s, or wooden dishes and receptacl«-s,
made Ity the Nnsha^rak and other continental Iinniit, ami nmlonhtedly
imported h<foiv the advent of the whites. .Many other articles of nse and
(Miiainent, which we know these people possessed, and whicdi wero in part
imported, I have left nmnontioned, as this paper ndatcs merely to the relics
oi the shell-heaps, village-sites, and rock-shelters of «he ])r(dnstoric time, and
to admit articles which are not indicated liy the dejmsits in (piestion, except
by way of illustration, wonld too ^Teatly expand this paper. These points
may he liereaft»'r tn-ated of elsewhere.
The "iiddle-l)ow drill" was an instrnmont larprdy used in their carv-
in;(and workin^rl„,iie iiiid ivory; but for (ditainin^- fire, two pieces of (jnai-tz
wer(! strnck together over som(> down (d)tained from the wild cotton-"rass
or rush, which had been sprinkled with snlphnr from the crevices of tho
vcdcanos.
In the npper layers alone wo be^rin t,, find the ivory ornaments .' iid
appenda^-es, which now form i)art of every kyak or bidarka; and tho thin
strips of bono with which was ornamented tho wooden visor used by tho
Aleuts to ja-otect themselves from the <xh\v oi' the sun wlien in the kyak.
^■arions little nondescript carvin^-'s, which we found in the top stratum, were
without doubt used as appendages to tho peak of tho visor, which was
further ornamented with tho long- translucent bristles of tho sea-lion.
Among- other articles iound in these strata onl)- are bono handles for dishes
or baskets, bono spoons, and needle-cases of tho bones of birds' wings.
Those were st.metimes rn<lely ornamented with a tracery of lines, dots, and
circles, all strictly of tho Innnit typo. Chips of (pun-tz and obsidian were
used to finish the shafts of their darts, and the throwing-board was invented
I
I
f i
.s:{
to pvf a iK-ttcr aim to the liuiittT, ulins,. ,„,,i.t hal.itat pnrlu.Ir.l il„. um- ..I'
tliclh.wuith its In-roin.-trirsfni,^r,,rsii„.w. I »nu!.tl.ss. ii,i.ii\ ut iIhmiuII.
slmip pl.-i-.s ot snidstoii," wliicli w»- loiiiid \\. ic iisr.l iis lih^ in liiii>liiii-r
tlirir l>,,i„. aii.l u.mmIch imj.l.-iiifiits iiii<l w.:i|h.iis. In liirt. tlic niiinlKr iin.l
vaiirty uf tlu- tools ami iinpifinciits us<..| coniil only I..- illiistiatcl l.y a \.rv
largo wrics of li-ims; htiwc 1 laii only oIUt liciv, lor this fpocli, u bii,f
review. •
i)Wi:i.i.iN(is.
Whatever may have I.reii the eharacfer <.! the lints or <l\v<-lliM;,'-s ..f ih,.
more am-ient ishiii<lers, they were at lea«t of so teiii|M.rary aii<l perishahle a
nature that tliey have left no traees in the shell-heaps, 'riu^ lirst <vi.lenceH
t)f permanent <hvelIino-s appear in the middle and upjur .M; lalian lavers.
It is pr«.l.able that at iirst they were comparatively small, and resendded the
Jirosent houses of tlu' < timntal Imniit As the eomnmiiitics liecame
larjrer and the builders nx.re skillfid, liir;r,.,- ho„s,.s were iMiiit, of the com-
nnunstic tyi)e characteristie (»f most American ahori^iines ; l.iit the accnmn-
lation of l.mfr lojrs for the support of the roof must have luci. in such cases
n work of years. In all the villajro-isites 1 have examined, a lar-e prnp,,r-
tion of the Jiouses were small and of the strict luniiit type, namelv. with
a door at tlio side, and jnobaldy a hole in the roof for ventilation. The
liou.ses Avcro built with the iloor somewhat below th<- h vel of the outside
soil, the walls of whale-ribs, sticks of wood, or upn>ht stone walls, covered
outside with mats, straw, and finally turf. IJude bone picks, for excavatin^r,
were not luiconnnon hi the shell-heaijs. 'J'he roof was formed by archin;.;-
■\vhale-rib.s, or long sticks of drift-wood, matted, thatched, and turfed like
the sides, Avith a central ajjerture. A platform, soniew hat rai.s.d, ananul the
sides of the house afforded a ])lace foi sittitig and sleeping. Later, each
village had a large liou.se, or haslniu, which served as a common work-shop,
and n lodging for .strangers, as well as for a town-hall for tlu^ir di.scussions
and festivals. In all this, they agree precisely with the present Iiiuuit. Still
later, in a period not very greatly antedaling the historic, the Aleuts began
to build largo connnuni.stic dwellings with features jieculiar to themselves,
without doors, and entered by the hole in the roof, the inmates descending
on a notched log placed upright. I'hese large yonits were divi.h^d, b)- par-
111 I
84
lIlioiiAof wood, Htoiio, or iiiiittiiijr, intit siiiiill romns like tli(> stntr-roonis nfii
Ntfiimcr, lull \vitli<»iit dixirs; o|i)'ii towiinl tlic (ciitcr (il'llic yoilil, iiiul I'jicli
.•M'cdiiimoiliitiii;,'' riiio fiiiiiily. SdiiicfiiiiiN tlic dciul were iiK-loscd in tlii'
fi|i;iitiii(tit iIkv liiiil (»ccii|ii(Ml wlicii liviii;^', wliicli wiis lillcd willi cnrlli iiiid
widltd ii]i, wliili' llic (illur iidiiiliitiiiits r(f:iiiiid their i'liiirtiiitiits ns ]h tore.
\V(f tumid, ill tin- ((uusc! oloiir ('xcavatiniis on Clakiifii Spit in one of tlu'S(>
old yoiirts, tlirt'c sktdctoiis tliiis iiitcncd. Tlic IxMiii-s win- tied with tli(»
kiii'cs hriMi;4lit up to tlic cliiii, iih is now (•ii>toiiii(ry aiiioii rlic roiitiiH-iita!
liiiiiiit.
Tint laiildiii^r of lioiiscs and liylitin;,' tlicin witli lamps must liavo exor-
cised ;i powcrl'iil iiiod;i'\ iii^' iiilliiciicc on tlicsc people. liisinj;- :ind retirin<^-
with tli(! sun, their pro^^cnitors nlied on heaven for llicir li^iht and warmth.
Now till- lamp formed at oiiec ,1 center (.1' attraction for the memhers of a
hoiisehnld, prolonji'e(I their a\ .liliihlc hours of lalior, and clurred the drearv
nij.dits of winter. Not only would the utilitarian side of the iiiitivc mind
become developed, hut it mi;iht l)e;iiii dimly to experieiici' sensations of tlio
heiiiitifiil. I'rohiildy the ;ireiiter comfort and miituid conlideiice in which
llicy existed would tend to modify for the better tlii' dreary animism which
characterizes all of the most dej;rade(l and sava-^c races.
'{"his brings us to the consideration of those olijeefs found in the shell-
liciips, and solely coiidiied to the ni-periiiost strata, which iiiiiy ])0 fairlv
denominated —
AKTICLEH OF AliT 0I£ oliNAMr.NT.
The expression of a'sthetii feidiii^j', iis indiciited Iiv attempts at orna-
mentation of utensils <ir weapons, or l»y the faliricatlou of articles which
serve only for purposes ol' adornment, is remarkahly ab.sont in the contents
of the shell-liciips. As a, whole, tliis t'eelin^' liecanie developed only at the
period directly anterior to the historic epoch. It was doiiljtless exhibited
in numerous ways, of which no jireservatioii was possible, so that the early
record, even for a eonsideralde jjcriod, would bo very inc(»niplete. We
know that {jreat taste and delicate handiwork were expended on articles of
clothiiiy- and manufactures of orass iiber, which would bo entu-cly destroyed
in the shelldieaiis, and of which only fragmentary remains have been
preserved on the mummie.s found in the latest })rehistorie burial-eaves and
>;.*»
IPH
rmk-slultirs. I liavc clpcwlicrc trc.it<t| ilii^t |iiirt of ilic >iiil>ii'cf iiii.rtinsn,
iiiul "ill ii;i>s it liy Ik If with tlic li'rc;r,,iii^r ii|li.>i,,ii. Tin re fan Itr no
iloiilil also tiial, l»y die inx-ilidn ut' ffatlifis, liair, and whiskfr-lnistlfs
t.f llif seal, as well as in i.tlifr ways, tlif liiilarka or kayak was lastfliiiJv
urnauKiitcil. 'I'lic ([cnililf or luo-liclfd lii.larka. picnliar to tlic Innnit of
Kailiak ami llif Alfnts, lifcanif a nffcs^ity Irnin lliiir nirilioil of laintin;^-,
wliifli ncffssitatti! two pfrsons, onf to liinl tlic «lail and llic oilnr to stcfi-
and inana^H' tlif liidarka. 'I lie sin;r|f kayak, foninioii to idl tlir Innnit, is
«'oni|)ai-ativ«'ly iiifllififiit in sca-ottfr Ininlin;;'. The ilncc liolfd liidarka
ajipfars to have Itccn a KMissian innovation. 'I'lif liidaiia, a- nmiak, does
not .sfi-ni to liavf Ikmii as fxtfnsivtly nsed anion;^- tlir Alcnts ,is it !> ijiinni;-
tlufonlinary Innuit ; and It is iiotiwortliy tliat on ilif wliolf wf^t foast it
has not tlif special «diarafffr o|' n ••woman's lioat ", wliifli isi liaraftfiiNtic «.!'
it anionii' tlif (Ircfnlandffs and eastern Innnit.
'I'liere are some artieles nsed on tlie kyak wliieli aic n>nall\ made nl"
l)on<', and often preserved in tiie ni>per .Mannnalian siralinii. and npon
wliifli some attfinpts at ornamentation were l»e>t(»wed. These are little
pieces of l)on(> or iv(try, in ^feiieral shapi' resemhlin^^ a, knfelin;,^ limine,
uitli one or two holes, thron;.^li wliifh cords were jiasscd. Tliesi; cords
were niadc^ fast at the outer angles of the kyak, passiii;r over the
upper ridjiff of it, and drawn taut. On each side, one of the hone appeiid-
a^'t'.s was placed, t(t raise the cord a little, so that a paddK nr dart ini^ht
bo slipped under the latter, and so iiia(h^ fast to the k\ak. 'I'here are
usually at least two of these transver.se cords plac((| in advance of
each seat aud two behind tlui stern .seat, inakin;;' six in all, in a double
kyak, and reiptirln^'^ twelve appendages. The Litter were, in soiia; ca.ses,
carved to represent fij,nires of animals. Another species of ornanientation
has already been alluded to in the ilat, thin strips of bone which wen;
fastened to the wooden visor worn in Imiitiii;^. 'i'heso were fre(pieiitly
ornamented with typically Innnit jiatterns of parallel lines, dots, concen-
tric circles, with zig'zag markin<fs betwx'cn them, and radiating,' lines. All
these were in black on the white basis of the bone or ivory, 'i'hesct bftne
ornaments also .served the purpose of stren^^theniii;.'' tla; visor again.st a blow.
At the tip, there was usually su.spended a small bone carving, bead, or fij^iire.
II
31 ;
80
■•itfiiclicd to ;i scM-liiiii wliiskcr. .M()>t nl' tlic sinnll iiondL'scriiit cjirviiijrs
fuiiiid ill the slicll-l:c;i|)s cjiii he rcl'ciic il to this species of (iniiuneiit. \im-
<tiis utensils ;iii(l tlic Ixnie liciuls of diirts often received a few rude lines by
way (if oriiiiiiiiiif, or soiiietiiiies tlie piitteiiis jibovo mentioned. Kvi'iytliiiif^
of this kind tliat we olitained from tlu^ sliell-lu'aps Avas very crude. Some
of tlies(! articles, trom the later ]irchistoric burial-places, were much niofe
ornate. The markin^^s can seldom lie accuratelv described as marks of
ownership. I have never sei'ii any delinit(! mark or ornament of this nature
anion;,'- the Aleuts or Western Tniiiiit. They readily recognize their own
utensils and weaj)ons without any such aid, and I believe the theory of
"marks of ownership", "batons of command", and such like, has been
stret( !i( il far lieyond the point of eiidiirance or accuracy, at least amony
writers on the liinuit. DrawiiiLis, enyravin;;s on bono or wood, and pictures
of any kind, so far as I liav(? observed, arc all subseciuent to the period
covered by the shell-liea)) deposits. 'I'hey arc invariably quite modern,
ihougli the taste for them is now wid»dy spread among the Inniiit, especially
those of the regions where ivory is readily procured. The coloration of
wooden articles witii native ])igments is of ancient origin, but idl the more
elaborate instances that have come to my knowledge bore marks of com-
paratively recent origin. 'I'lie pigments used were blue carbonates of iron
and copper; the green fungus, or ^)r.r/.nf, found in decayed birch and alder
wood; hainatite and red chalk; white infusorial or chalky earth; black
charcoal, graphite, and micaceous ore of iron. A species of red was some-
time-; derived from pine bark or the caiiil)ium of the ground-willow. In
later jirehistoric burial-places, the wooden carvings bear these colors nearly
as bright as when fh'st applied.
Ikads were made of sections of the hollow bones of l)irds, of blt.s. of
gypsum imi)orted from the continent, seal and orca teeth, and especially ol"
and)er. This substan.ce occurs sparingly in the lignitic deposits of Tanaga,
rnalashka, Atka, and Amchitka, and vv.;-; reckoned of the highest value
liy the Aleuts. The pieces were usually very small and were simply
pierced and roughly i\ 'e., l^d. T have seen no ancient carved beads.
Pieces of the red bills of tlii' auks, the claws of the little auk set one into
another like the "larkspur rings" of children, were used, with small bone
,i
■1
J
i
('i\ryh\'^s, as poiidants to flic bead nocklaoes. We found no application of
shell to ])urpos»'s of use or oriiaiiuMit. Tliis may lie pi-.rflv ('\)>laiiu'(l hv
the iliill colors and thin tcNtniT of most of the Alciitiau shells. There are
a few, iiowovcr, wliii-h wcaild seem to have lieeii (|uite suilalile, lait \vt'
i'ound \.o ovidonees of their nso.
Ill some of the latest preliistoiic liiirlal -places, we foiiiid, lieside other
car\iii;is, masks, toys, ami once a rude woixh'ii doll, Imt with one e\ceptii>n
we have foiiiid no imitations of the lmm;in I'oriii or face in the kitchen-
heaps, '["his exception w;is a small and very artistic ivorv carviii;.'-, perhaps
once lashed to the peak o|' a \ isor, or to some other article,
of which the iimiexeil linnre is a representation, it does
fit]^ not, however, ^ive a siitlicieiitlv clear idea of the delicac\-
of the carviiiii', which is reallv e\ce|itional. The face has
'. the n.-iial Inmiit cliaracteristirs, and four litth- holes at tla;
*c(| sides were exideiitly for sico.iiiiL;- tiie lashiii;;'s. '|"lie hack
^ is (piite concave, as if it had heeii tilted to some sin.dl
^^ cylindrical oltject. The upper part is I'arvcd jihe the heai^
iiwi n.-.fi-unnc cirv- of ii bird. Tiie ohject is too sh^^ht ,<> have iiceii aiiv kind
Miiii.niaii;in niiatuiii, I'lirt ot iiteiisil, aiid pfohahU' w as made fo'' orti;inieiit alone.
]. It indicates superior ahilitv in the carxi'r, and a lireat
iidvance on tin; usual u'sthetic condition of the Iiinuit of th(»se tiiin's.
In a fi'eneral way, the love of ornament was exhibited in the better
tinisli and neater proportions of all utensils and weapons, and in the model
ot the bidarka, as we have clsewheri' noted in the course of this paper.
The cu.stoni of picrcinj^- tlu^ llesh in order to attach an ornament or
appendaji-o to the person is very ancient and widely spread. It would be
assuiniii;^^ too much to infer any necessary connection between the instances
of occurrence of this [iractice in widely-separated refi'ious. it ])robably
took its oriyin in some of the dark and j^looinv superstitions of early
barbarism, akin to those which now impel some sava;^-es to lacerat(! their
bodies io appease eyil spirits or please their fetishes. This, by survi\ al,
has not improbably grown into a custom in wliich ornamentation, so-
called, is the only' motive, and which still flourishes in civilized nations.
The thinner portions of the body, such as tla; lobe of the external ear, the
H8
i
^w
n
ii':
*K
iiii Sill c'lrtiliific, ami tlic lips, iifVonl jiTcatcr facilities t'ur the ipradicc, and
liavc liccii ;i(iicrall\' afli'ptid lur lli,' jiiirimsc. Amnii;^- sdiiic AtVicaii tril)cs,
till' iidtdciiiliis ill lira/il, tlic T'liukcts of the northwest (•(in>t, the \>\\ histoiic
Aleuts, and llie mndern iiiniilt, lalnct.-. or plii^^s iiiserte<l into holes made for
the piij-jio-e in the li|»s, are iiou or have heeii n^^'d. In a larye and very
ani-ieut carvcil wooden Ijnttoii, covered with jiTotes(jiie heads, and which ;i
rrien<l imi'cliased with some other antiijiiities in Japan, is one lii'ad which
lias two ivory lahrels inserted precisely iis is now the cnstom near tlii^
eastern shore of IJeriii!.' Strait. The lace upon which these are ])!ai'i'd is,
liowevi'i", of Tartar features, and liears no reseinhlance to any < )rariaii or
Indian tribe. It is, therefore, not ini'iossihlc; that a similar custom was
once estalilislie(l on the .\siatic coasts. A ;^reat \ariety exists, ho\M'\cr, in
re;^ard to this iis:iL;'e. Aiii'ihl;- the Hotociidos. a Iai;;:(' wooden Jilni^ is
inserted into the lover lip, ami one in the lohe of each eai', with women,
stretching;' these meinliers prodiiiionsly, and atl'ordinji: a lurtTid spectacle.
The T'liiiket women have a similar lint, smaller laliret, lint jilace little tufts
ol wool, I'lir, or short strini^'s of heads ni successive small jiimctnres around
the jieripherv ol' the ext 'riial ear. The western Innnit have two laliri'ts,
worn oiilv liy males, one Ik low each, coi-ner of the month, and of more
.Moderate si/e. The woin"!! have ear-rinus made of hone, ami often rather
pi'eltilv car\'ed. The ^la^f-ennits of ('a]ie Juunanzotf and Xnni\ak form
an exception to this rule, liowe' >■!•, as r.inonjr theiu 'he women also wear
]u-culiar lahrets of a (' or .1 shape, soinetiino.s two and sometimes more, in
the lower li|), whence they project like little horns. The Norton Sound
Innnit women used to wear an omament tliron<ih the nasal cartilaj^-e, lint
this iiractice is iiearlv extinct. 'J'lie l.skimo of the west shore of IJeriim'
Str.iit are said to wear nolahrets, and my experience* a;j!'rees with this state-
ment. The .-nicieiit ])eople of Kadiak and the Aleutian I.slaitds also knew
tlii-i custom. ( 'ook liii'iires a cleat-shaped lahret as worn verv rarel\- hv
the men in a hole in the middle line of the under lip, and what appear to
lie a pail ot' small cnrvi'd lal rets like those of the Magenint lumiit, which
lie states were nnivrs.iUy worn li\' tlu^ women. Tie also speaks of their
jiiercinji' the upper lip lielow each nostril, and wearinj^ small heads or
•i.iinded lalirt'ts in the apertures. They also wore a striiifr of heads in the
mmmm.
V
'-'"'•'I H--il»-l! I:, n.l l„„„ tl |„.r.\I.,
iiialinii Ihmt (AI, Aiiiiikiink Cave |
N;i.i:i u:)t).— |i,inf lalin't inun upprr Mam-
'"•'li'"i la.v.T (A), Ani..kiiiik <\n,. rua-
l.ixlika. !
i
ltil,lll(-illl.-\Vhil,. iiiaihl,. lahr,'!, upiH.nuMl M,.,, i,;i •- <i i i , -- ^
i
wmmmmmmm
Si)
nosfrils .iiid onianionts in ilic cjus. 'I'Ir. iilni(.,st iniiviTsal limiiil |>riU'fict'
of tiitodiiin- itfrpclKliciilar lines dii the cliiii ..f wnnicii he also iiimtioiis and
ilj^iiivs, as well as a i'rw t:aiis\,.r>c lines on the iipiiei- part ot' the !':u'(',
cxtciKlin,!,'' hackwafd from near tlie outer coi'nc rs of liie e\ cs. I{illin"s and
I.anjisdorf also li^iiirc the cdi^at-sliaped lal>ret. An earlier praetiee is
revealed hy (nn- researi'Ii.'s of a lar^v central lalii'et like those of the
'["'linkets or IJotocndos, worn in the lower lip, prohahK l»v the women, Imt
this is not certain. 'I'hose foinid hy us in the Amaknak Case were asso-
eiati'd with tlu; remains of a woman's work-hasket, liefoie alhided to. 'I'lie
earlier form.-! were les.s nicely iua(h' and U'ss e!a1)orate than the later ones.
Tiiis form of lahret appears to be .strictly prehistoric amon;,^ the Aleuts.
Xos. l-_'!i;il Mild 141)3;) from the Amid<nak Cave, and similar speci-
mens from the ujiper stratum at Anudiitka, are of tlie most ancient t\pe.
They are heavy rudely-carved pieces of walrus tusk, snioothe(l hv weai",
and somewliat decayed ]»y the moisture of the earth in which the\ la\.
Xo. ll)i;»II is remarkahly heav\- and onlv an o\ crpowerin"- sens(» of its
beauty and the demands of I'ashiou could have supported its wearer e.nder
the iuiliction. No. l(il,'i(j is nnich lii^hter and more neatl\- (inishecl, fiom
an easily-worked blacdc bituminous shale, but larp'r than any of the others,
audciipableof being worn only by one Avhose lip had been greatly eidarged
))y pressiu-e. No hunter exposed to tlii' icy blasts and cold waters of winter
could have worn such artich's, which would hav(> subjected the extended
strip of ilesh to freezing, and been an insuflerabh! aniio\ai.c(! otherwise.
We may coujectiire thai they were the ornaments of dandies or wouk n.
The expanded edge of the largest labret was woi-n in^;de and uppermost, as
its weight bore down the li[) into a horizontal plane. I'mler the liead of
art may bo reckoned the carvings found with human remains in burial-cave.s.
As I have elsewhere described these remains in detail, and us they nw,
not found in the .sliell-heai).s, but only in the more modern burial-places, 1 will
merely de.scribe their general character in connection with the viirioiis
methods of burial known among the ancient hunters of the Aleutian Ishuxls.
"Wo found the dead disposed of in several ways: tirst by interment
in their compartments of the comnuinal dwelling, as alrea<ly described;
second, by being laid on a rude platlVu-m of drift-wood or stones In some
90
Si f
it'
(•(iiivciiliMif rock-slicltcr. 'I'licso liiy on straw and moss covered l)y iiiattiri<i',
iiiid rarely Iiaviii^'- either iiii|)leiiieiits, weapons or earviiiirs associated witli
tiiein. \\'e t'liiind (iidy tiiree or i'oiii- specimens in all, in these jilaces, of
which w(> examined a \i\v>xr number. This was apparently the* more ancient
form of disposiii;^- of the dead, and one which more recently was still pur-
sued in Ihe case of |)oor or ini])opular individuals. Lastly, in comparatively
modern times, pru1»al)ly within a few centuries and uj) to the historic period
( 1 7 Id), iiiiothi'r mode was adopted for the Mcaltli^' ])opidar, or more dis-
tin'.ruished class. The Ixxlies were eviscerated, cleansed from fattv matters
.n runiiinj-- water, drit-d, and usually jjlaced in suita1d(» cases in wrappin;r8
of fur and fine ^rni.ss mattin>>'. 'J'he body was usually doubled up into the
smallest compass; and the munnny-case, esju'cially in the case of children,
was usually suspended (so as not to toucli the j^round) in some convenient
rock-shelter. Sometimes, however, the prepared body was placed in a life-
like posture, dressed, and arme(l. 'i'luy wer. placed as if cufTJiJ^'cd m some
conffcnial occu])ation, such as huntin;!:, fi.shiufr, sewinjr, etc. With them
were also placed eflif^ies of tlu' animals they were ijursuinif, while the hunter
was dressed inliis wooden armor, and provided with an enormous mask, all
ornamented with feathers and a countless variety of wooden pendants col-
ored in «>-ay jiatterns. All the carviuji's were of wood, the weapons even
were only facsimiles in wood of the crifj;inal articles. Anion;; the articles
represented were drums, rattles, dishes, weapons, elligics of men, Idrds, lish,
and animals, wooden armor of r< Is or scales of wood, and remarkable masks
so arrann-ed that the wearer when erect could only see the ground at his feet.
These wen; worn at their religious dances, from an idea that a spirit, which
was supposed to animate a temporary idol, was fatal to whoever might look
ujKtn it while so occu])ii'd. An extension of the same idea led to the ma.sk-
ing of those who had gone into the land of spirits. The practice of preserv-
ing the bodies of those belonging to the whaling caste, a custom peculiar
to the Kadiak Imniit, has erroneously l>eeu confounded with the one now
described. The latter included women as well as men, and all those whom
the living desired particularly to honor. The whalers, however, only pre-
served the bodies of males, and they were not associated with the parapher-
nalia of those I have describetl. Indeed, the observations I have been able
in
i
to iniik(; .slidW the IxmHcs df llu.' wlialcrs tn \ui\v liccii |in'sci\ imI with stdiic
Wi-Jijioiis iuiil nctnal utensils iustcail of cllijiii's, iuid witli (lie iiicaiicst ai«|ian'l
and no carviiiirs of coiisciniciicc. 'Hicsc details and tliosi- (if many otlicr
customs and nsa;ics, of wliirli tlii' slicll-lieaps bear no testimony, yet of tin;
existence of wliicli, from analoj^y and circumstantial i-vidence, there can Im
no doul)t. do not j)roj)erly come within my limits. From the hints I liav*^
j;iven, a tolerably natural pitturu can be drawn of the life of the people 1
have described.
In conchuliiij,'' this division of my subject, 1 nuist reiterate the remaik
that the e\ ideiices of prof^Tess indicated in the succession in the shell-heaps
rest on a comparison of the Itest productions of each period, and tliat tiui
inference nnist not be drawn that all the productions of a particular class in
any owe period are superior to all of a preceding;- perioil. Uude and primi-
tive forms appear in every stratum, finely linished and ornatt^ forms oidv in
the later dej)osits. Poor workmanship is as often the product of individual
want <if ability as it is of general barbarism. Yet when we lind no evidences
of good workmanshi|) -at all. we may draw fair conclusions as to the {gen-
eral conditions which existed amon;^- the fa])ricators as a race.
I conclude from the foreyoin<jf facts that the yoneralizations with which
I prefaced my account are not ill-founded so far as they relate to tlu; lol-
lowinjf points: The very ancient existence of a population on these islands,
in a much more suvaj^-e condition than recorded in any historii' account ; ii
population distinctly of Innuit stock, and with habits similar to those of the
other luuuit, except so far as modified by the j)eculiar surroundin^fs, which
bnmglit out local characteristics not common to the other branches of the
same race; also, that a tolerably clear case of {••radual prog'ression has been
made out from the conunencement of the Fishing- I'eriod to the latest
deposits, and that the sharp line which separates the Littoral Period fr(»m
those which .succeed it may bo due either to an incursion of mor<; aihanced
people, or less probably to a chang'e in habits du(; to new inventions and a
greater supply of food; that the several strata shown to exist: c espond
to actual stages of deselopment in the social history of the people who
formed the shell-heaps; and, lastly, that the (onteuts of the latter form an
approximate index to the character ot those stages and the relative develop-
ment of the fishermen antl hunters of that ancient time.
I
i
;■ f
111.
Oi\ THE ORIGIN OF TIIK INNUIT.
Tlio (iiicstioii (if the »tn;^iii and inigTiitidiis of llu; Iiiimit, pnrficMliirly
these iiiliabitiiif^- Greenhmd, litis been tlio subjeet of n jiood deal of discus-
sion. It is only -within a frw years, however, that material has accuinuiatcd
suHieiently to admit of any well-founded j^a'Ueralizations. Anion;;' the
various papers on this subject, tlit," most recent are those of C li. Marlvham
and Dr. Henry liink, printed in the "Arctic Papers" of ISTo, by the (Jeo-
graphical Society of London. The former paper was printed Ion;;- a;;i», Ijtit
lias received revisions and additions in the present volume, which seem to
entitle it to bo considered as a fair representation of the author's iirescnt
views. The paper liy Dr. Rink is also not new, but uiifortuiia1el\ oid\ an
abstract of it is given in the volume mentioned, and the original is iiol
accessible to me. It was, however, much later in its publication tliaii .Mr.
Markham's.* In 1870, the present writer oll'ered a bricsf resume of his own
viow,s on the subject in a work on Ahtsha and Us Jlcsonrccs (page 'M \
et seq.), in which an opinion similar to that of Dr. Kink was maintained.
Subscfpient observations, extending over three years, in the Aleutian [slands,
have not altered this opinion. Mr. ^larkham sketches out the following
programme for the migrations of the Iniiuit :
" During the centuries preceding the appearance of the Iiinuit in Green-
land (1349 A. D.), there was a great movement among the people of Central
Asia." "The pressure caused by these invading waves (of population) on
•1 liuvc, siucc this paper was written, liiul .111 opiM;rliiiiily of iiiriiBiiit; "TaleBof tlin Kskiiiio", by
Ur. Kiuk, iii wbicli tho same viuws are ouuuciateil more at luugtb.
93
i»l
tli(! triltis di" Nurtlicni Sibciia dntvc iIriii still liirtlitT to tlu; imrtli." " Vi-ar
lifter yciir, tlic iiitrmliii;;' 'I'ntiirs (•(iiitiiiucd to press on." " 'I'liiir (Icscoiid-
aiits, llic ^'iilviits,* jircsscd on until tlicy arc now I'onml at the months nt"
rivers I'allin}^ into tlie I'olar Sea. Hnt tlies<' rej;ions were forniiTlv inlialiited
l»y ninnerons trlhes, wliicli were driven away still I'artlier north oxer the
t'ro/en sea.f " Wrani^oll has preserved traditions of their (Hsapp('aran<'e,§
and in tlu'iii I think we niav find a i hie to tlio origin of the (ireenland
i'lskiinos." "The Vaknts were not the first inliabitants
)f th
Kolyma." " 'i'he ( )nioki, * * tlu- ("helaki, * * the 'rnniiiise.s, and
the Vnkai^irs were theii- ])red(,'cessors. These trilx's have? so wludiv disap-
|)eare([ that even their names are harilly remend)ered."1[ " The < hiktlon,
too, once a nnmerons race of fisliers on the shores of the (Jnlf of Anadvr,
are n<iw ;i'one, no man knows whither. Some centuries a;^'o, tliev are said
to have occupied all the coast from Cape ('hela;,''skoi to IJerinj^' Strait ; and
the remains of their huts of stone, earth, and Ixmes of whales are still
seen aloiij;' the shores." "The Omoki are said to have ptne northward
over the I'olar Sea. The Oidvihm, too, fled away|| noi'th to the land whose
mountains are said to be visible from Cape Jakan." " Here we have pnd)-
ably the commencement of the exodus of the Greenland Eskimo," i^c
Mr. ^farkhain {.^oes on to elalxirate his theory to the effect that the
wanderers "without canoes" pushed on from the Siberian Capes to the
I'arry Islands, an uidcuown rejj;ion of 1,140 miles in breadth, the march to
Melville Isknid occupyiii;^' probably more than one <,''eneration. He then
mentions various Imuiit remains found at ditl'urent points in the Parry
group between Haidvs l.sland and IJaflin's JJay, as illustrations of the
supposed march. He considers that they kej)t marching- steadily eastward
along' and north of Barrow Strait, finally arriving- in Greeidand on the
* Tlio Yakuts aro Seylhiau.s, allioti to the Tniks, not Tatars.
t No proof of tliis iiroposilion is adduced ; vUle poHlca.
sM'liii tribe.-* to which Wran;;cll refers belonged to a iniieh hiter era than that in<'nlioned.
',', The Tiuifiuses, still nnnieroiiH in ''.astern Siberia, are a Tatar race. So far from the other tribes
tiaviof; wholly disappeared, Wrangi'll slates that there* were in 1S'.>0, in the Kol.viua circnit alone, l,l:t9
Ynkanirs and others, related to the Koraks. In Kustern Siberia, in 1S((I, by the Knssian censns obtained
by nic from the governor of Kaincliatka in IHfi,'), there were in all about live thonsand of these people.
I have a Tiingnse portrait taki'ii from life in lt:<t)-">.
II Wrangell, page ITS, states that the Omoki and Reliehif^i dis.Tpi)eared from their wars w ith neigh-
Imring tribi's,Nmall-iH)x, and devastating sickness. The Onkilon mill exist, according to Wrangcll, on
Anadyr (Jnlf (page ^7-i).
95
castcni ^ll«»^(• <>( Sinitli's Simiitl. 'riicncc, ns new parties iinivctl, lie sii|))ios('s
till V ni.iy Iiiivr si-paratcil, soiuc to the lutrlli, ollirrs rrmiiiiiiii^- as llic Antir
1 1 i;ililaiiil(r>' ancestors, otlu-rs still ^oinj^f smith, ilriviiiL;- nut tlic N(iis( imn,
ami |Mt.|iliii;.'- ( Jrccnlaiiil. Fiirtiicr on, lie assiiincs it as (crtaiii tliiil lIic
Antic lli;rlilaniliTS came iVum tlie iiortli. lie also makes the puiiit tliat
there are penjile speakiii<f an liinuit ilialect on the coast ol' Asia at the
liicsent (lay.
Still another theory, larj^ely lieM by those wlio have less know led <,>■(•
of the snhjeet than .Mr. Markham, is that these and other iieopie came into
America via the .\lentian Islands.
Hefiire enterinir into the snhject in detail, it mav lie as well to |ii-eiiiise
that in the tar and distant past, a period so ancient as to lie whollv without
the .scope <.t' this paper, it seems prohalth^ that the liist |iopiilation ol
America was derived troin the west. 10. (i. Sipiier and the late (Jeor;;!'
(jibl)s In-ru-ved in ditl'erent lines of inuin^ration, one from the southwest
in tiie direction of Polynesia, and another from the north. 'I'hiif this is
jirolialile cannot be denied, but it will always remain donbtfiil.
'J'he fact that the home of the hiji'hest anthropoid apes is in Africa,
and also tiiat of some of the lea.st-elevated forms of man; that we haxc
none of the liijrher anthropoid animals, recent or fossil, in .\nierica, and
none are known anywhere ont.side of the Asiatic and African icnidns, tells
forcibly ajrainst any hypothesis of antochthonii^ peojile in Americi. I see,
therefore, no reason for dispntiny- the hypothesis that America was peopled
from Asia oriirinally, and that there were snccessivc; waves of emi;^ration.
The noithern route was clearly by way of licring Strait; at least, it
wa.s not to the south of that, and especially it was not by way of the
Aleutian Islands.
Linirnistically, no idtimate distinction rati be drawn between the
American Iinniit and the American Indian. There are no ultimate or
fuiulamental pri'amniatical distinctions in the formation of their respcn-tive
lan<rua:,'cs. IJotli are agglutinative. So, also, are classed som(; tribes of
Eastern A.sia by Max Miiller. Consequently, theories of remote origin
apply e(pially well to both Indians and Innuit. Hut secondary distinctions
are abundant, and the Stiimme of the Eskimo is as clearly separated fi'om
!k;
H.
il
tlial <>r the liidiiiii iiiid t'niiii :ill dtlicrs ns iiiiy >t<i(.k ni" siiiiiliir ciilturo
Kiinuii til |iliil(tlii;iy. lilt' liiuiiit .'■tiMk is ciiiimiitlv rlinriictci'Izcil liv
iiiiirnniiity, iind llic IimII.iii ijn't's, so-cillcd, hy diversity in sfcoiidiiry
ril,iril(t( IS.
Tlic (|iicsti((ii iM't'orc us, liowi'vcf, is iiof ol' this nllii)i;ito cluifJK'fcf.
We liiivc tlK^vcll-dcliiicil Iniiiiil or Oriiriiiii stock, willi n kn(>\vinli>tril)iitinii.
W'iiciicc iiiid \\ liy did tliry ('(imf tlnTc .' Wliat was tlirir (iriiiiiial coiiditidii ?
'I'licsc arc iIk- (iMcrics awaitiiiii' a solutinii.
I shall assiuiii', what is also assnnicd liy Mr. .Markhaiii, that th(^
oriy-iual iiro;i('iiitois of the Jiiiiuit were ill a \ cry ])riiiiiti\ c, low, and
barharoiis condition. I tliiidc that I'or one locality at least, the Aleutian
Islands, this is siiHicieiitly proved in I'art II of tips p.iiier. 'j'lie |ii'ehistoiic
iidiabitants ol' I'ei'in'oi-d seem to ha\e Ix'eu littl ■ hettc'V o'''' and it is not
iniiirohalile that man, when he iifst Ix'n.'in to s|iread over tho earth, was
('ver\where, as i. ""'•'ire (and possilily lanjiua^'e) is concerned, in much
the same condition. It uii.j '•■; stiL;<rested that the men ol" the I'ishinj;"
Period were* the real proLjenitors of the Tnniiit, and the KcliinophaLii were
an older and dillereiif race. Uut this does not )'ra<tieally atl'ect the
(|iiestlini. Assnmlii^- that tho Fi.shermeii wevv' the true ancestors, their
culture was still so low as to < ll'i r no appreciahle olijection to the assumption.
Now, to the enthusiastic theorist, on reLiardini;- the maps, drawn usually
to a most minute scale, the Aioutian Islands form a convenient ami natural
liridi^'e from Asia to America. Hut on examination of the facts wo find that
a ji'ap of one hundred and thirty-eij^ht statute miles separates the
("oinmander's Islands from Kamchatka, and another of two hundred and
iifty-three mih's exists hetween tho former and Attn. Here is one of the
deepest <>'ulfs known in any ocean, o\-er which r<dls a rough, fog^'^y, and
tem])e.stuous sen. Is it probable that over this sea, without compass or
chart, and with what must have been the rudest of canoes, the ancient
barbarians could have found their way to, and landed on, a rocl.y and
inhospitabh; shore in safety in suflicient numbers to liave peopled America
or even the AU'Utian chain? I'here can be but one answer.
A\'hen IJerinjjf and his part' landed on the islands named after him,
they found no inhabita its, but tho shores abounded with herds of a sea-
I
J>7
cow (H'lHiiii) n..t Kiiuuii to liiiv i\ist,.,| :iii\u|„.|v (!m-. uliirli \miv Kill.'.!
Willi. .lit liny M-ivnl .lilliciilly, iiinl wlii.li ,illnn|,.,l iihumljiiK :.\u\ lu.f
iili|i;il,it,tlilr looil. I III, I IIk-.c isl.MiiiN <\(i- liccii iiili,il,i|,.(| liy sjivii;^-!'^,
wuiil.l ili.y have miaiiiiiK.ii^iy Icti ihi, iinl.iilin;'- MippK ..f fond for
cxjii.. rations mi an iiiikiiouii and >t<.riiiy mh, and liiialK srttl.'d in
]ir( rci-ciicc till inlands iicarly liarc nf all food cxcciil ccliini.'
I dii not tliinlv it tiniccivalilc.
Finnlly, tlic Tatiir, .Ia|iaiicsc, ,.r Cliincsc i\]v/\\\ nl' tli(>c |ir..|il,', -o
fnvoiitc an liy|i(itlicsis witli niaiiy, linds no coiTolioration in llicir inaniiriN,
(Imss, or laii;.'ii;i;r<'. M. Alplioiisc riiiiiil, wlio lias can Inlly studied tli.'
liiiifrua^-c with niiiisual lacilitics for coniiiarison, finds in it no liju I' these
lorciLin toii<iiies.
Much has lieeii made, with some show of |)laiisi!iiiit\ , of the (•.istiiiL''
up. l>y the ^rciit easterly Pacific current, of daiiiiiiese junks on the coast
iif America and the Aleiitiiin Islands, tint it mn-t lie reeidle. nd that tlies(>
junks (tlie coiistniction of wimdi ini|ilies a iieople ali-ead\ fai' nd\aiiced in
the ;irts), whi(di lia\-e uiidoiilitedly heen thrown U|i in this manner, are first
ciirried clear to the coast of America In iatitmle aO liefoiv the iioiiIh riv
retiiriiiii;,'' branch of the current would throw them on th<> islands. Then
they are as likely to lie carried south as north hy the southerly nr:ii of the
( r.rreiit. In jioiut of fact, many more are known to haxc heeii cast oi, the
continent than lunc i-ver heeii known to reach the islands, 'j'he drill I.',-
which a -lapiinese junk, on w lii( h three persons (all men) remained ali\e, wils
iiiially cast on the south shore of Adakh in ISTi occu|iie(l nine months.
Diirinj.;' this time, the men li\('d on raiii-wat<r and the car^jd of rice, and
when cast on the shore would ine\italily Iia\-e starved if the\- had not
Ijecn discovered hy an Aleut liiiiiti]i^-part\-.
Continents are not peopled, nor do whole nuces eniijurate, in this manner.
I conclude, therefore, that the Aleutian route is totally indefeiisihle,
and sliould he rejected from any hypotliesis intended to be reasonable. I
learn from whalers, familiar with the Arctic Sea and lU-riiig- Strait, that, at
jiresent, in winter, the natives are accustoiiK d to cross the strait on the ice.
'I'here are, therefore, no (t priori reasons why they nii<:lit not lia\(- done so
in tlie past. In fact, as between the route by way of I'.erinjr Strait and
7
98
i
Miiy otiicr uliicli ini^lit he siio;{^t'Ht(,'(I, there is no satisfactory coniparison to
\)v iiiiidu ill point <•!' I'acility.
I assume, tlicii, that, the laru^er part of North America may have been
l)eoph'(l l<y way of iJerinj^ Strait. Mr. iMarkliam's projiosition tliat popuhi-
tiiiii may liavo reached the I'ohir Archipehigo I)y Avay of Wraii<>ell Land
and the unknown I'ohir region, does not involve any weighty t)l)jections
('xcept our ignorance of the region indicated. I am tokl by tlie whaU-rs
tliat in cruising near Wranyell I^and tliev have noticed on the shore vivid
green spots, like those that are tluf peculiar characteristics of the Aleutian
Kjiikkenmodden; and that they believe that land to be, or to have been,
inhabite'd. AVith the greater facility all'orded by the Strait route, however,
wi! may doubt whether the majority of emigrants would select that by way
of the Polar Sea.
But with these points I have little to do. 1 believe that this emigration .
was vastly more ancient than 3Ir. ^larkham sujiposes, and that it took place
before the present characteristics of races and tribes of North American
savages were developed. For conlirmator)' testimony I refer the reader to
I'art II of this paper.
While the Iiniuit at present are almost exclusively maritime, it is l)y no
means certain that all branches of their stock have always Ijeen so. Iu<leed,
we have occasional instances, like that of the Arctic Highlanders, where we
fnid a strictly Innuit tril)e witiiout the means of navigation. It is known
that, at a i)enod not ver}- remote, the Innuit occupied territory nuich farther
to the south or east i>r inland than they do now. Franklin records the existence
of Innuit two hundred miles farther up the Mackenzie, in his tinu', ihan
they range at present. There are iiuuiy facts in American ethnology which
tend to show that originally the Inmiit of the cast coast had much the same
distribution as the walrus, namely, as far south as New Jersey.* I have
already mentioned that the National Museum has received relics, ajjparently
of Innuit type, from shell-heaps near the mouth of the Stikine River, col-
lected by Lieut. V. ]\I. Ring, U. S. A. This is nearly four hundred mile.^
south and east of the mo.st southeastern Innuit of the northwest coast. And
this is not, in my opinion, the most southern ancient limit of these people
by any means. ■ Whether the strange s'milarity of the .skulls of the Northern
*Dr. Leuly, since the above was writtim, reports a wairiis tusk from tlio phospbatu beds of Sonth Carolina.
4
i
09
]\romul-1)uil(lors, mid of cortiiin Irihos unco inli:il»itiii,L;- tlio const iiiid islands
oF Santii l}arl)arn Coimty, California, to lliosc of the Inmiit, lias any real
bearing on tlic sulyoct or not, nnist roniaiu in dc.nbt. 'J'lio facts, lioucvcr,
jire worthy of note in tins connection.
Dr. Kink, in his admirable paper, the abstract «)f which I shonhl like to
(piote entire, arrives at this conchision: 'Hiat the "Eskimo appear to have
been the last wave of an aboriginal American race, which has spread over
the c(mtinent from more genial region.s, following principally the rivers and
water-courses, and continually yielding to the pressure of the tribes Ix-himl
them, until at last they have peopled the .sea-coast. In the higher latitudes,
the contrast between sea and land, as affording the means ui' subsistence,
would be sufiicient to in-oduce a correspondingly abrui)t change in the
habits of the people, while farther to tlie south the change woidd be more
gradual." This last suggestion chimes in with what we know of the UK.re
gradual differentiation in characteristics between flu; ancient Inmnt of
Aliaska and Kadiak and the Indians of T'liuket stock to the east of the in;
and a similar state of things which exists between the Indians and Inn-iit
of the Lower Yukon as compared with those of the middle paii of the
Arctic Amei'ican coasts. Dr. Kink suggests that the Yukon basin might
have been the path by which the orginal inland Eskimo traveled toward
the sea. Yet it is not improbalde that they went by several roads. It is
noticeable that those tribes now wearing labrets are those most adjacent to
Indian tribes having a similar practice, and vice versa. I'he doctor further
suggests that the uniformity of habits and development among the Inniiit
must have l)een promoted by the necessity of co-operating against hostile
Indian tribes and the unitbrmity of the new region (Altered by them; "but
as soon as a certain stage of development was attained, and the tribes spread
over the Arctic coa.st toward Asia on the one hand and Greenland on the
other, the further improvement of the race apjiears to have ceased, or to
have been consideral)ly checked." One reason of this may be found in the
fact that, as soon as the ireeless and barren Arctic coast was occuj)ied, the
struggle Ibr existence against cold aiul famine would have oc.'upieil al!
ihcir powers, and the ojiportunity of further development afforded by an
abundance of food and partial leisure, at times, such as was enjoyed by the
'\'
r
100
fliiiittirs of the Aleutian Islaiids, would liiive been denied tlieni. Dr. Kink
t'lirllier draws eoni])aris()iis between the tales, lanjiuajic, eustoins, and espe-
eiallv the tradititms of dillerent branehes of the Iniiuit stoek, and shows an
astonishinjr uniformity, almost aniountinf? to identity, b«'t\veen them. Tills
identity exists in the stories received from the i)eo|)lo of Cape Fan.well and
Laltradnr, for instance, who appear to have had no intercour .e v !•'> 'aeh
(itiier f(ir upward of a thousand years. As the di.stunco fron ; tpi- i ,ve-
well to Labrador, by the ordinary channels of Kskimo communieir.lon, is
as ^^reat as from either of these two places to the most western limit of the
Ivskimo rej^fion, it may be assumed that a certain stock of traditions is more
(»r less connnon to all the tribes of Eskimo. l)r. Kiidc's studies (and no (me
has investigated the subject of Innuit traditions more thoroughly or with
greater succe.ss) lead him to the following conclusions:
"1. That tlu! jirincipal stock of traditions were not invented, from time
to time, but originated in the stage of their migrations while they were
making the great step, from ha1)its of life which had matured inland, to
those rendered necessary l)y an occupation of the coast. x\t this same
period, the national develo[)ment was going on in other I)ranches of culture.
The traditions subseiiuently springing u}) are more "V less comj.-osed < '
elements taken i'roni the older stories, and have only had a comparative!}
tempt irary existence.
"11. That the real historical events upon which some of the j)rincipal
ol' llu' oldest tales are founded consisted of wars conducted ag'ainst the same
hostile nations, or (if journeys to the same distant countries ; and that the
original tales were suljse<piently localized, the })resent narrators each pre-
tending that the events took ])lace in the country in which thev now reside,
as for instance in (Wvenland, or even in special districts of it. Hv th''-
means, it has come to pass that the men and animals of the original !,■' •■
which are wanting in the several localities in which the tribes have uo',\
settletl, have been converted into supernatural beings, many of whom are
ui.w supposed to be occupying the unknown I'cgions h) the interior of
Greenland."
I may a(hl that the old tale of the half-hiuuan, hall-snpeniatural beings
which inhabit the interior is also connnon to the Aleuts, who call these
1
101
Ix'iiiji-sVexj^iili or V;iy-c]i : wliilc if islmnlly williiii llicnm-c <>\' po^sihility
that any liviiin' Itfiiiys cuiild cxci- Imvc siil)si>tf(l or cxistcil in liic niu-^^rd
and foiitracti'd arou wliicli I'onns llic iiilciim- of cnch iIic laij^csl ol' iIm-
Aleutian Islands.
Now as to tliL' facts on wliicli Mr .Maikliaui liasis liis li\ potlusis ; tlic\
arc, wlicn confirnu-d hy considtin^' original authorities, al)out as follows:
'i'hat thci'c arc numerous traces of iidialiitants on the noitli shore of Asi.i
and the archipelago in the I'olai' Sea north of America, where no |H'o|ile
now live; that there were om-e nuincidus trihes in Mastern Siheria no lon^'cr
existing-; that VVran,i:'elI nK'Utions that theOnioki (S;diine"s ed., p. 1ST), a
"tuition" possessing;' "a certain decree of ci\ ilizntiou, and acipiainted willi
the use of iron liei'on' the arrival ol' the K'nssians"; "lefi the hanks ol' the
Kolyma iJi two lar^^c divisions with their reindeer," prohahK turniuL:- "to
file west alonj;- the I'olar Sea", nunuTons yourts still existiu;;' "near the nth
of the Indi^iii'ka", though no one remend(ei's any settlenu'nt theic, and th<'
placi' "is still called ( )mokskoia Yoiu'tovlcha". lie mentions a ti-adition that
they went northward, <lriven h^• the smali-iiox and other conta-dous diseases
hroiiji'ht by IJussians, iuid also a tradition that alxait two hundred \carsaL;o
fifteen caimedoads of ( )nkilou (Asiatic Iniunt), in conse<pwiice of some feiuls
with the Chukciii, lied to WranncH's Land, and were perhaps followed h\'
one Chukchi family; also that the Innuit invasion of (ireenland in the
fourteenth century proceeded from tiie north, and the Inmiit trilie of "Arctic
IIi<:hlau<h'r.s" still live in Nortli Cireenland, separated hy some distance from
4iny other Imuiit trihe.
All these facts can I'e explained without Mr. .Markham's li\ pothesis,
which .stretches them heyoml their (^uhiram-e, and contains statements and
inferences not justified I»v the text of the works Ik; refers to. 'I'his will
readily 1>e seen hv consulting the notes 1 have appended to the extracts I
have (juoted from his paper.
Certainly, emij;Tation caused, accordin<4' to Wranj^cll, in the seventeenth
century, by the advent of the Russians, could not have produced an invasion
of Greenland three hinidred years ]ireviousl\', and there are no traditions
reci»rded of any earlier ex mIus from Kasteru Sil)eria on which to hiise an
I
I
102
H
k :
^:
li} potlic'sis, thou<^li 1 would not bo iiiidc'rstodd as asst'rtinjr Uiat hiuIi did not
occur.
Certainly, the liomogoneity of the Innuit stock in traditions, habits, and
lanjruagc ■-< too threat to have resulted from the modification in a few cen-
turies of a.' <;ruous horde of Mongols, Scythians, and Chukchi.
We have kuoAvIedge of the Arctic Sea to justify us in asserting that
thei-(3 is a bridge of ice and land, even in winter, between Wranyell's Land
and,the Parry Archipelago, a distance of a thousand miles, in which no land
is known to exist, and in s(mie parts of which deep Avater and st/ong cur-
rents, which we know to be there, would j)ut a barrier of open water across
the desert of a thousand miles of broken ice.
The occupation of the Aleutian Islands by human beings, in all
probability the ancestors of the present Aleuts, is, I think, shown by Part
II of this paper to be of very ancient date. This is still further confirmed
by the modifications in their language. Avhich, though evidently of Innuit
stock, has become greatly diflerentiated from the other Innuit dialects. For
instance, the Aleuts can count up to two thousand by the decimal systeuj,
according to Veniaminoff, while their nearest neighbors, the Kaniagmut,
can only count up to two hundred. The words, too, with {i}\y exceptions,
are quite difi"erent in the two dialects, while all the other Innuit tribes have
many words in common. It is noteworthy, too, that the tribes who have
pressed upon the Innuit peojjle of the northwest coast have traditions of
origin to the southeast, as, for instance, the T'linkets, who profess to have
come from the NaSse River region.
i\[y own imi)ression agrees with that of Dr. Rink that the Innuit were
once inhabitants of the interior of America ; that they were forced to the west
and nt)rth by the pressure of tribes of Indians from the south; that they
spread into the Aleutian region and northwest coast generally, and possibly
sinndtaneously to the north ; that their journeying was originally tenta-
tive, and that they finally settled in those regions wliloh afforded them
subsistence, perhaps after passing through the greater portion of Arctic
America, leaving their traces as they w^ent in many ))kices imfit for perma-
nent .si^ttlement ; that after the more inviting regions were occupied, tlio
[)avstsuiv fmm Indians and .slill unsatislicd tribes of their own .stuck, induced
io;3
still fni-thor emignition, ai'.'l iiiKilly jvi'OpK'd fliviiil.ind and tln' .slmics of
NortlieastcvM Siberia; but that fli< sc lattci- niovcnuiits were, on the wlndi-,
much more modurii, and more local than the original t-xodiis, and took
place after the race characteristics and lanyuani were tolerably well n»a-
tured. It is also not improbable that the eailier Innnit built their iylu
always of stone, a habit probably formed in a rei;ion when' intense cold
did not render this mode of construction undesiiable.
]\Ir. Markham says that the American I'^skinio "never j^o from their
own hunting ranjre for any distanct' to the inhospitable north"; but durinj^-
the voyage of the Polaris, Dr. Bessels saw, among tlu^ Arctic Highlanders, a
couple of i)eoi)le who had made their way there from Cape Scarle, Cum-
berland Island, a northward journey of some thirteen hundred miles. Is it
strange that the American Orarian should have followed wh(>re the peculi-
arly American nmsk-ox and lemming led the way? It is proliabK; that
when our knowledge of the habits of these pi-ople shall be enlarged we
shall find that such journeys are, even now, not rare. The point where
the Eskimo are accustomed to cross into (ireeiilaiid, Dr. Bessels informs me
is at Cape Isabella.
As to the Asiatic Inmiit, Onkilon, or Tuski, which liavc^ so singularly
served as a .starting-pohit for many ethnologists and theorists in their delin-
eations of the origin of the Innuit, I puljlished, in 1S7(),* an acc-ount
derived from one of themselves, which may fitly find a, place hen;.
At Plover Bay, Eastern Hiberia, 1 was informed by Nokum, a very
intelligent Tuski (Asiatic Imnut), who spokr- Englisii, that the inhabitants
of the country were of two kinds, "deer-men" (/. c, tiue ( 'Iiukchis or
people allied to the Koraks), and " ])owhead-men " (Tuski or (>rarians, who
hunt the Arctic "bowhead" whale). The "deer-men" were the original in-
habitants, and the " bowhead-men", to which class he belonged, had come,
long ago, from the islands (the Diomedes) to the northeast. He sai<l the
reason why they came was that there was war between tlunn and the peo])le
who wore labrets (the Okee-ogmut Lnuiit). '^I'he lattia- proved the stronger,
and the former were obliji-ed to come to the countrv of the "deer-men".
The latter allowed the " bowhead .nen " to settle on the barren rock\' coast,
"Alaxka and ila Jtrfoitnt'i, Uubtuii, ItsTO, p. It?.").
to
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104
;iii(l I'nrnii'd an (ilVi-iisivc iiiid (Icfciisive alliaiU'c willi tliciii ii^^iiiiif>t lliu iiixad-
(Ts tViiiii the castwiinl. < )ii intern ij^atiiifj;' one of llic Cliukclii, or (Ucr-iucii,
will) visited tlio \csscl, lie stated that the ahovo was similar tu the Chukehi
tradition.
Notifinjr, in l-'.nnna llailxir, and many dtlu-r jjlaces, the remains dt'
stdiK! yonrts or honses, s'.mihir to llie wooden ones of Norton Sonnd, and
like them hali-sul)terranean, I asked Nokiun who nlade them, lie ii']died
that that was the kind ol' house which his people lived in very loii^' i\>x**, so
lonj^' that his •"randlathei' only knew oi' it by tradition ; hut wood beinj^
searce (and tlie stone proving to make vitv cohl houses), they had adopted a
mode of huilding their habitations whiih was like that practiced by the
"deer-men" and much better adapted to the climate of the country.
While 1 f^ive little weijiht to the localizing- and the stories of individ-
M'ds, which may be fouu<l in the traditions of savages, yet in a general way
this accords so "ell with the circumstances, independent of the tradition,
that I consider it as proljably founded on truth. It slK)uld be borne in
mind that the Chukchis do not intermarry with the lunuit, and speak a
totally dillenait language, apparently allied to, if not identical with, that of
the Koraks. Tlieir com})lexion is darker and redder, and their noses more
nearly aquiline, or even Roman, than in the Innuit 1 have observed. They
are taller, thinner, and metre reserved in demeanor. Some impoverished
bands of ("hukcliis, having lost tlieir reindeer, have been oldiged to take to
the Innuit mode of life for a sid)sistence. This, and the common use of the
trading jargon, containing word> of both languages, as well as corrupted
I'lnglisii and Hawaiian words, has led to the greatest linguistic confusion in
regard to these people.
In sui)i)ort of the above tradition, it may be noted that in 1(!4<S, when
Simeon Deshnetf sailed through Bering Strait from the north, he found
natives wearing laltrets who were at war with the Tuski. This ri'port was
coulinued by Shestakoif in IT.'U), and more fully in 1711 by Peter Poixilf,
who iiad been sent to collect tribute from the Chukchis. At the time of his
visit, the Tuski were living "in innnovable lAits, which they dig in the
ground", lie found among the Tu.ski ten islanders, prisoners of war, who
won- labrels.
10")
Sillier, in his journey i'vou) St. T.invrciu'c Hiiy fo tlic Kolyiim lJ!ver,
saw 'rii>ki still livin^i' in tlic iuiciiiit nncU'ijinuiiid luniscs, which were liiilt.
(.if (Irilhvood. xVeciddin^' to liiler triivck'v.s, iind I'roiii the best iiiloriiii.tion
nccossihle, these Iiuts tire now entirelv iiliandoned, and have iormed siihjcets
for s|)oeiilalion in niosi woiks relatinjj;' to the rej^ioii. I'roiii inrorniatinii,
den\cd priiiciiially iVoni ninsters oi'\cssels in the whale lishery, 1 eoiiclude
that at jiresent the Asiatic Inanit ijuil;!' iVoni Kolinchin I'ay to the eastward
und south to Aiiiidyr (iiilf. At the last-mentioned place, a ]iaity ni' them
phindered the hut of the Integiational 'I'ele^rapli explorers dnrin;;- their
ahseiice in the spriii;^' of l.'.lil!. I have a portrait of a couj/le of them, taken
from life, at the mouth of the Anadyr Iiiver, l»y the artist of the exploring!,'
party. Sul)se(juently the rol)l)ery of the hut occurred, and one of them,
mistakiiiii' a bottle of liniment for liipior, di'aiik it, and passed to those
re<^'ioiis where liniment is unnecessary. After tJiis the explorers saw i.o
more of them.
The Innnit are everywhere at a standstill or diminishinj^'. 'i'o the
reflux of the great wave of emi;j;i'atioii, which no doubt took plac< at a very
early jieriod, we may owe the numerous deserted huts reported by all
explorers on the noith coasts of Asia, as far east r.s the mouth of the liidi-
girka. At one time, 1 thouj^ht the mij^ratioii to Asia had taken jilace within
a i'iiW centuries, but subsetpient study and retlection has convinced me that
tnis could not have been the case. No doulit successive parties crossed at
dill'erent times, and some of those may lan'e been comparatively modern.
Witli regard to the disappearance of the Siberian tribi's, of which Mr.
JIarkham makes so much, I think we .shall not be far wrong in acce[)ting
the views of Wrangell, that tlioy were carried awuy chiefly b}- famine,
internecine strife, and the contagious diseases introduced by the Kussians.
If the tradition be true that some of them departed for Wi'augeH's Land, it
is not improbable that they chose that course rather than that to the
eastward across the Straits, because the pressure of ihe invading liimiit
interj>osed an effectual barrier against their progress in the latter direction.
Whether the views I have expressed be considered as well founded or
not, it seems to me that they are on the side of probability; and if my
remarks shall be the means of inviting attention to the region of which I
a;
t i
I.
l--e spokon, .,..1 sti„,ul.ti„. a,:fual investigation of ,1.. fiu^ts in ,l,o ii.1.1 .
s..n-n..n,ly .satJsra..to,y end will have been attaincl '
1 1.0 reports of the h.«t Ibw years as to the condition of the iee north of
■-. S.-a.t have heen so favorable fbr ex,h,rations, and .. eU
...1 «eo;,raph,cal pon.ts to be settled by such investigation, areot':
<>-P ...tores, that the apathy which has prevailed Lon, .^l^t
-n..-.s.n.. It would seen, as if no part of the Arctic re^n If^ a 2
...any n.ducen.cnts for investigation as this, and certainly .owher u d
-plorafon be attended with less risk to Hfo and danger 'to the vs
more n.teresting results for the explorer. '
I
ill
i
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
U. S. GEOGll.Vl'IlICAL AND GKOLiKilCAL SUUVMY OP TIIK KOCICY MOUNTAIN llEUION.
J. \V. POWKLL, (ii:i)i.(HiisT in C'liAiKiK.
APPENDIX TO
TAUT I.
LINGUISTICS.
107
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C O IV T 31] T«^ 'r H .
Notes oil tlio iiativrs of Alii.skn I. Ti lii im:I.m...
Tcriii.i of rcl;itiiiiislii|Y hhciI liy tin' Iiiiifiit W. II. I>M i
Comparative vocabiilaricH Oiiuis niiil Iiai.i.
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L
iNOTKS ON TIIK NATIVES OK ALASKA.
iCommuniCAtod to tho Into Ooorgo Oibbi, M D., in 1802 i
IIy IIi'^ I;\(i I.I kncy .1. I'lin iir.i.M,
Ltilr thirtriiof of thf titi'i^iini-.tnii ririin i'nhntiiit.
Tho rnstoms of the (lid'croiit trihos hiliiibltin}' llio const from Piiirot
Sound to Mount Saint Klias, as well as tlin islands known as tlic PiIntT ol'
Wales and Kin;^- (U'orj^o Arclii|>cla;4'os, rcscmlilc each otlirr very niuidi.
Tlicso trilx'S arc colU'ctivi'ly called l»y tlie Ivussians "Kalosli", or "Ka-
Ifisliia", llie orij^in of wliicli is now nid^nown. < !eMei'all\-, it is deiived from
Kalusldva, wjiicli is tin; name of a wooden ornament usnalh' worn l»y
Kiilosli women in the under Ii[). The Kalosh call ihemselves "'l"jiiikit" —
wail, to which word they add (ii/li'l.inii/, i.i:, an, villa;,^'; t/ihnn/, common —
that is, man liviiijjf everywhere, or mair helon^nnf.!- to all villajics. l>esides
this f^eneral apjiellation, tliey also call themselves hy the name of the vil-
hige in whiih they live; so, for instance, the Sitka Kaloshes would call
thenisel ves Siil;a-hivan.
The name Eskimo is j^iven hy Unssian authorities only to those natives
who inhabit tho peninsula of Aliaska and the coastdine I'arther north, though
it is evident that the Aleuts ought to he included in the list.
A FKW WOKDS UN TilK SITKA, I'ROl'KULV ("ALLKD 'IMIK
SITKA-KWAN DIALECT OF THE T'LIN'KIT LA\(!l'AC!E.
Then^ are more than thiity letters in this language, if every souinl
were designated hy a separate letter. It has tho same nundter of jjarts of
si)eech as every European language, e.xcejjt the articles, for instance, I'/ii/'/.H,
a man; t'lizin', strong; (Nhahtuidk, one; hat, I; stal.liaiii', d(» (imperati\c);
I'dnzini, done; (jcl;<'' , W(dl; tahitah, ot", from; Osh, if; a'h, e.xclamation.
Most of the root-words ar(> monosyllables, but are usually united with
Ill
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t! i :
ii h
t;»' ,&
t
112
one .'inotlicr, ;is, for cxnn ])!(', I:iilshti>, ;ni nrm; licrc tlic wonl la m(■,'^n!^ i
man: f^lilii, ;\ paw; ti'';jit'/(it '/', \m''^niv\\t : lici-c the w<»r(l /^T moans Iiiiu or
her, l,il, l)cll\-, </ttf, cliilii, and «, is. 'riicrc iuv t\vi> numbt-rs, singular and
|ilni'al. 'i'licrc arc onl\' {\\i\ cases, nominative.-; and inst-rumenial, lor in-
stance, tc, !i stone, of, iVom a stoiie, to u stone, and Irt'cli, l)y ii stone; //•/•,
stones and so t'ortli, fil.i'h, ])y stoni's; /;/, water, &c.; i'litr/i, ])\ water; i'nJi,
waters; i'lihlrh, ]tv waters. 'I'lie plnral is nciK-rally formed by addin;;- tlio
letters kli or lli-IJi, and sometimes also ».«, /, ///', or /,-lii'', to a sidistantive.
Tli(^ instrmnental case is i'ornied l)y adding' tlie letters tslr. i'or instaiioe,
nominative, avs, ii tree; instrnmeiital, f/i.sY.sA, hy a tree; 'j)]ural, nominative,
/.s7,', and instrmnental, assldxli.
iVdjective nonns are not^ declined, but have three degrees of com-
jiarison.
The comparatix'c is formed Ity adding' to the positive tlie word 'if/ai/nl;
wdiich means <;'reater, mncli, more, or ]!a-=t; examples, /r/Ac, nr,i(i(l; ar/dn-
(il.ii-ifl.lii', Ix'tter: t'lcMiiislikf, l)ad, af/aiial.-h-t'UWi'isl/b', worse.
The comparative, if in the negative, is formed by adding tlio word
(tkiji, ])ii(dvward.
Tlie superlative is formed !i\' adding tlie woid intcliiijintuUi, which,
means greater than both; examples, h'/cli/f/dndl.Ii ivllic, the best one. The
supeilistive, if in the negative, is form -li by adding the word usli/,iiif/'l, less.
The method of counting is not lounded on the decimal system, l)Ut (»n
the lirst live nnnd)ers.
The cardinal uund)ers ;n'e:
tlekh,
tekh,
nat/.k,
iahun',
ketshin',
iletushu,
iahatfidiu,
iietzkatushfi'
kushuk',
ishinkat'.
1. isliiidcatlekh,
■J. ishinlchateh,
;i. ishinkat'-kanatzk,
4. ishinkat-katahun',
f). i.slnnkat-kaketshin',
(!. ishinkatdvatletu.shri'.
11. tleka-liatshiidih.at, .".0.
12. uatz'kekha, DO.
18. natzkeka-katshiidvhat, 70.
M. tahnnkha, 80.
IT), tatslika', 40.
Ifi. tatshka-katshinkhat,' fiO.
7. isliinkat-kataliatushu', 17. tahunklia'-katshinkhat,i)().
H. ishinkutkanet/.-kalushu, IS. kitsliinkha, 100.
!l. ishinkat'-kiitnslulk', ID. chinkatkha', 200.
10. tleka, 20.
ii:?
If tliuy wi«Ii to count beyond two Imiidrod, tlmy must sav (wo liundri'd
iuid one lunidred to it, or twice two luuulrcd, &c.
Ordinals are tlie tollowin<r:
tallo'nah.
sliuku ,
talia',
natzka',
talnlua',
kitsliina',
tletusliua',
taliatusluia',
nctz-katrishOa',
kusliuka',
tshiukata',
sixtli,
.s(!ventli,
ei-ilitli,
ninth,
tentli, iSiC.
single,
lirst,
second,
third,
fourth,
fifth,
Adverbial iumil)ers are formed by adding ta'iii' : examples, rhotlcta'in',
once ; tahtaiu\ twice, &c.
Personal pronouns are of two species:
I, hat and hatsh.
thou, /7ftV, Fw, and iietsh.
he. Ft, i, and Fdxh.
we, Han' and uanfsh'.
you, //(««' oi iridiitsh.
tiiev, ass
( (isstsJi.
utaass' 5 ( iltaasstsh
T]u' former are used with passive and neuter verbs, for instance: haCiiaa,
I will ; hatCmni, 1 became ; m'e nkuku'iii, thou wilt become ; « rshfatatii, he
has bec<nne.
T' ) latter personal pronouns are used with active verbs, for instance:
hatsL efahani, I do ; ncfsli r</isiiii, thou dost; iltsh ehilJiscani, he will do.
Possessive pronouns being also of two sorts, are always used in com-
bination with a substantive. 'J'heyare: ah, my; i(j or i,i\\y; //7, his; d.ituv;
/, your; asst il, t]w'n\ I'or instance: ahish, my father; ////.s7^ (hy father;
trdsh, his father; a-ish, our father; l-isli, your father; assiilsh, tiieir father, c^c.
The second sort of possessive pronouns are : aliof/i, miiu); uifji, thine;
^Trt^i, his; aat/i.onv; rt-f7 ««///, their. For instance : ahat/l ahi.sh, u\y (niWv;
iagi i//ish, thy father ; tilafji trdsh, his father, «tc.
The verbs are active and passive, and have three persons. The conju-
gation in persons is efl'ected by changing tin; middles syllable or beginning
114
i ! :
I!
rf;
of verbs. Example's: hatsh cltmin'i, I (lid; witsh eo'islni, tliou didst; uhh
(■ fisiiii, lie did.
Till' letter /; shows tlio lirst person siiiLfular; / or // indieates the .second
person. The omission of the above-named letters is also a sio-n of the third
person sin;.,ndiii') i>"d the addition of .v .shows tlie third person plnral.
jroods are three, indicative, sid)jnnctivo, imperative; and there is also
a ])articii)ial form. Examples: Jiahh hutUashd' , T h(»ld; H-ctsli itiiashcfin, thou
heldest; liiilsh CHlcusianii/m, I do (snlijunctive) ; c;ws7;^7/, do (imperative);
I'tiiii, doin^- (|>articiple). Then^ is no true intinitive, but the participle is
often so understood.
Tenses are six :
Present, ctahanl,
Imperfect, clnhaHCijin,
Perfect, ehUsini,
Pluperfect, cJiHsiiiiyin,
First futni-e, ckulumuni
Second future, cnlamiil
I do.
I did.
I have done.
1 had done.
I shall do.
I .shall have done.
Present ten.se has no delinite tei ininations.
Imperfect is formed by addinji' the syllable cffin oy gin to the present.
All past tenses are generally characterized by the termhiation in, which
does not assiunc iir.y modilication in the second or third ])erson, either sin-
{'ular or plural.
The future tenses have no definite tenninations either; but sometimes
the syllalde l;a or hiik or the letter n in the beginning- of the verb denotes
the future tense.
KX.V.Mri.I'.S Ol' ^lODIFICATIONS OK VEUHS.
I do. hatsh dnhaui'ijaii, i did.
thou dost. ft-dsh ctainc' ijin, thou didst.
he does. u-tsh daiiv'fjiii, he did.
we do. il-a'iifvh daydiic'ijiii, we did.
you do. itl-a'tdsh dayinc'giii, you did.
tlu'v do. astsh csifanc'ifin, they did.
Ifi iKtlnidll Iliitl.dldiiihlLiriJ (ishdlitit, with all men one (Jod (supernatural
being).
Iiat^sh cffihdiii',
,1-dsli cstdi/iiii',
ft-t.'ih stdiii,
ii-antsli' ddlPni,
i-n-aiitsh ddf/iiii,
dstsli rsdidui,
j!
115
A FKW WolfDS U\ TllIO LAXlU'AliK OF 'rilK ALI'.l'lS nV
rXALASlIlvA.
'i'lie laiiL;iiii,ii-(' luis iiltccn letters: d (Latin), // (as in ( ialniel), (/, i
(Latin /'), /r, /.//, /, iii, ii, iif/, s, /, a (Latin ^7); !,, tslr
It has no nrtieli's, Nunihers are three: sinfjnlar, ihial, and plni'al.
C'hiet" eases are three: nominative, dative, and prepositional, w hieh is
also possessive. They are divided into indeiiuite, ])ossessive, and personal-
instrnniental eases, so tliat each substantive noun may have thirty-two dif-
feroiit terminations.
Possessive eases aro those which contain a possessive pronoun julncd
to a noun: as, for instance, (iilakli, lather, is the inih'linife nominative ■ .ise,
and a(h()/(/, my father, adaii', thy father, adai/'iif/, ni}' fathers, iSiv., are pos-
sessive nominative cases.
The latter are divided into unipcrsonal, ]iolypersonal, and impersonal.
i'ersiinal-iiisti nmental cases arr used when the impersonal [ironoun
oiivs is used in ihe instrunu'ntal case, for example, li;/ oiir'.s itnii
Adjective pronouns have three de-^'rees.
Numerals extend to 1(),<)0II and more. Verl>s have nnmhers, persons,
moods, tenses, voices, forms, and cunju^'ations.
A verl) is the most variable word of this lanniiaji'e, so that it assumes
more than 8*HI ditYerent terminations, or variations, in tli(! active voice alone.
Nay, the verbs are often combineil with other words, as, lor instance, \\\\\\
sifjii, perfectly, completely: /(, .iioro than once; ■•^inasiuihi, very nnu'h;
Vrts/a(/fl, uxceodingly, and >i lortli; so that in this way one and the same
verb, lirnif/elili, to pray (to say one's prayers), assmnes more than foi'ty
diil'ereut meanings. haniija^itiuUI;, to pray fervently; l,(iiii(/(isi(/alalil,-, to pra\-
fervently and nnuiy times; l(iiiif/asi(/(isia<lolil:, to pray very fervently ■ '/•
(/(inii/dtasiailaHI,', to pray very fervently and many times; l,iuiii//i.sii/(it(isi(i<!<i-
talik, to pray with the utmost fervor and many times, itc. Tiie verb /o ////,
in theimperati%e mood, ma}' be expressed by ualiasu'tjaua'n, iishum'gauuldhin,
asli<il<if/(('(l(i, (isJiuInfjadubn/dii, ashada-uhuk, itc.
'I"be third person is of two sorts in souk^ ti'uses; Ibr instance, "they
take" is shIiiiih\ or .siiLiJiii'diiif.
116
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1'^
^In(/(ls an- the followiiii;': iiulicativt', suhjiinctivc, siiljstaiitivc, o1)li<>'a-
titry, and iiii|)('rativo. The iiarticiplo, sonietiiuos called the iiilinitivo, luus
all nmnhcrs and all ptT.sdns, (Jhief tenses are six, present, two past tenses,
and three future.
The (Icf^rees of verbs are formed by iusertiiif^ the words di(](t, siaya,
iSii-., as aforesaid.
Voices are three, active, neuter, and passive.
The frorund has three tenses, present, past, anil future; three persons;
three luunbers; and two moods, indicative and sidjjunctive.
The participle has every tense, three nnndjers, and all cases; it can
both bo conjuf?ated and declined. Several adverbs and almost all preposi-
tions have numbers.
In lonjif clauses, the \erb is placed at the end. The i)eculiarities, or
rather defects, of this languafii'e consist in —
1. The want of substantive verbs, so that, instead of "reading' is use-
ful", you nnist say "ho .vlio reads is thereby improved"; and
2. In the Avant of abstract nouns, verbs, and adverbs, as, for examjde,
(o sdncfifij, to reason, to bh'ss, the hlcas/Pff, rcanonahlij, &c.
"i\wy have no word for "to sutler" and "to for{,nve".
The Aleut Xaw/^'Mi'^a contains two chief dialects, Unalashkaii and Atkan.
The last is divided into two branches.
The ditlerence between the Unalashkan and Atkan dialects chiefly con-
sists in the different ways of fornn'ng- tJie plural of nouns, the first by add-
in<v iKj, tlio latter by addin;,' s or sh; as, for instance, the Unalashka Aleuts
say tai/f/iiii/ (islands) and the natives of Atka faii/fis.
Diminutive Mords of the former language terminate in dak; those of
the latter language in kutshak
TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP USED BY TIII'^ INNDIT: A SERIES
0RTAINI':D FROM NATIVES OF CUMHKRLAM) INLET.
By W. it. 1)ai,i„
i\[y great-^randparout (either sex, said hy oitlier sex),
My ffrandpurent (of either sex, said l)y male),
Jfy ;jjraiidpavent (of either sex, said l»y female),
y\y father (said by son or daii<iliter),
j\Iy niotlier (said by son or dau^^hter),
i\Iy father's brother (said by nwde),
My mother's brotlier (said by male),
I\[y father's sister (said by male),
i\Iy mother's sister (said l)y male),
]\Iy father's brother (said by female),
My father's sister (said l)y female),
i\[y mother's brother (said by female),
My mother's sister (siiid by female\
My father's brother's wife (said by male),
j\ry mother's brother's wife (said by male),
i\[y father's brother's wife (said by female),
i\[y mother's brother's wife (said by female).
My father's sister's husband (by male),
My mother's sister's husband (by male),
I\Iy father's sister's husband (by female),
j\ry mother's sister's husband (by female),
i\Iy father's brother's son (said by mah'),
My mother's brother's son (said Ijy male).
shee-hd'-ai-ya.
ee'-tu-ah.
su'-kee-vuh.
at;V-tri-<,fuh.
anrin'-mi-^rdi.
uk'-iifrrih.
fin}i''-ii<^uh.
fit'-('hri-<iuh.
ut'-chri-[,ndi.
uk'-uji'ilh.
ai'-yuji-rdi.
rnif^'-iij^'rih.
ai'-yiiguh.
ai'-ya.
ai'-ya.
rdc'-wagru
nk'-Wajr.!.
iii'f'-au-"'W;i.
iufif'-au-i^wri.
ai'-ya.
ai'-ya.
eeth'-hla.
i^etli'-iria.
117
IIH
I '■
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i I
il
My fiillici-'s sister's son (said l)v iiialc),
My in(illi(i''s sister's son (said l>v male),
My latlier's lirotlier's son (said l»y female),
My mother's hrotlier's son (said hy I'emale),
My lather's sister's son (said hy femalo),
My mother's sister's sou (said hv f'emah;),
My lather's brother's dunyhter (said by male).
My mother's hrotlier's daughter (said by male),
My lather's sister's daughter (said by male),
My mother's sister's daughter (said by male),
My liither's la'otlier's daughter (said b)' female),
M\ m(.tiie)''s brothers danjifhter (said by female),
My lather's sister's dau,L;liter (said l)y female).
My mother's sister's daiijiliter (said by female).
My elder sister (said by male or female),
My yoini^-ei- sister (said I)y male or female).
My elder brother (said by male or female),
My yonnner ])rotlier (said by male or female),
My ])rotlier's wife (said by mak"),
My brother's wife (said by female),
My sister's husband (said by male\
.My sister's husl)and (said by female),
.My brother's wile's brotlu'r,
My brother's wife's sister,
J\Iy sister's husband's lirotliev,
^ly sister's husband's sister.
My son's ^vife's brother,
My son's wifiAs sisti'r,
^ly daughter's husl)aiid's brother.
My dau,^hter's husljaixl's sister,
My son (elder or youni^'er, said ])y male or female), yrdi-'ruu'u..-hfdi.
3ly daughter (elder or yount-er, said by male or female), pun'ee-t,ndi.
"y sou's wife (si id by male or female), u-ka-A'-gnh.
eeth'-lOa.
oeth'-Ina.
eel-yfi'^'a.
eel-yn'ji'a.
0(d-yrrj^a.
cel-ynVa.
u-ri-ru'-yri.
u-u-rn'-o'a.
ri-u-ru-iia.
u-u-rri-ya.
il-yu'-pi.
il-yu'-ga.
il-yri'-{,''a.
il-yu'-;^'a.
aug'-ai'-yri;.-a.
nu'kwag-ii.
•unee'-yilli.
kai-tuuji--ri'-ta.
uin;^"-a'-hri-<^a.
rdvil'-aya.
sh
iikee
For these tliere does not apjx.'ar to
be any specilie term.
I\I
nil
My son's fliild (citlici' sex, Ky iiiiilc or triuiilf),
A person not of tin- family (ii strjuij^cr),
Jtcldlirrs hi/ »i(ii)i(ifi(:
yiiM;^-n'-t:i;;li:i.
sliiUi-.i.
nnii;- iink shini-;i.
ini"'ri'tiksliaii-a.
uny'ii'tiiUsliau-a.
ilnk'-^
slian-a.
I\Iy (lan^flitcr's husband (said l)y cltluT parent),
^ly dau^^litcr's Inisltand's fatlicr (said liy citlicr parent),
My dauj>Iiters husband's brother or sister (said l)y
eitlier j)aront),
J[y daughter's Iiusband's son l)y another niarriago (said
by eith(<r parent),
Home of the peeuliariiies of these terms of rehitionship are, that the
form of the term ai)i)ears to depend in some oases more on th(> sex of the
speaker than on tliat of the pi son to whom th(^ term refers; and also that
the relations instituted l)y mariiageof a son appear to result in constitutin;;-
the wife's connections, so far as they are speeitically named, as a part of the
husband's family, while the relations instituted )>y tlu^ niarriauv of a daugh-
ter are distinguished by the suflix of sliaii-i'i, indicating literally that they
are strangers, or do not belong to the family proper.
These terms, or rather the relations of the various terms, are jirobably
the same throughout tlie Innuit stock, which is my excuse for introducing
them her(!.
They wen; obtained from a native and his wife, well known in the
United States as having made part of the company on board the I'olaris,
and both of whom spoke English with tolerable facility. The same terms
were taken down repeatedly on several occasions, com])ared and corrected
three times, and great care taken that they should be as i'wr. from ei-rors as
the circumstances wouhl permit. Nevertheless, some misapi)rehensions may
ha\ e crept in, for which the indulgence of the student is requested. 'J'his
will be readily granted by tho.se who have had personal experience in such
ditlicult and tedious attempts with aboriginal languages.
VOCAIMLAIIIKS.
I.
1 — Vdcahllldiil lit till y,tl,' iitut,
A trll)o of tli(! T'liukit Niition (living- Ixtwccii Port Miilfrr.iv"', Alnskii, iiiid
(Jape Siu'iu'or), ol)tiiiiU'(l iVom His lONfcUciicy .1. I''iiriiln'liii, ;;-o\('riiiir
of till' Ikiissiaii l*ossossioiis in, Ann rica, hy (Iror^i' (!ili))8.
L*. — Vocuhiihiiji i>t' the 'r<il:"-l.ir(tii,
A I'lfiii of till' T'liukit Nation (o('(n|i\ Iiil;' 'I'akfi Inlet, Alaska), olitainiil
from Dr. Tohnic, of the Hudson IJay ("onipany, ]»y (icor^^if'C iil»l»s.
ij. — Vocnhnliirji of the Skat-iinni,
A clan of the T'liukit Nation (Alaska), ol)taine(I from a lialf-hrecil at Port
Townshenil, AVasJiinj^ton Territory, in May, IS,")?, !ty (Jcor^c (iihhs.
NoTi;. — The within vocaljulary, a dialcrt of the T'liidiit or Sti-
kine, wa? o1)taine(l at Port Towiisliend, .Inne, iSf)?, IVoni Henry
Barker, a half-ln-eed, .said to I)e the son of an Anieriean shipmaster,
lie •i'ave thi- name 8kat-kwan as that of his elan, or lirun. Ae<'ordinj4'
to liii.i, the 8it-ka-kvvan ;iud Tan-ta-kwan (Tonj^as) both speak the
same, lie was mueli less intellifjrent than O/.ier, the 'J"simsian' half-
breed, but the vocabulary i.s beheved to l)e relial)le. — G. (J.
4. — Vocuhuhnji of the Stdlliiii'-Liraii,
A (dan of the T'liidvit Nation (living on the coast of Alaska, near the Stikine
River), obtained from ("aptain Dodd, of the Hudson Pay ('ompaiiy,
at Victoria, Viutouver Island, in May, ISoT, by (Jeorge (Jibbs.
Note. — This, 1 am informed, is relialjle, and, indeed, makin^j-
allowance for difference in spi,'llin<r, nearly coincides in the sanu!
■words with that obtained by me from Barker. It extends \- y con-
siderably the means of comi)arison afforded by that, am' .» therefore
retained. — G. G.
5. — Vocabiilari/ of the Sit -ka-kirnn,
A clan of the T'Hnkit Nation (inhal)itinj^ the Ikranoft" Archipelaffo, Alaska),
obtained at 8itka, Ala.ska, in 1870, by Lieutenant V). di; Menlen,
United States Army, counnunicated liy W. H. Dall
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VOrAlU'LAIllKS.
II.
1. — Voaihiilai// iif (lie Toifids, or Tanla-hinui.
(I'orl Tiin^'aH, Alaskii.)
A (■lull of the T'liiikit luitioii, ol.tiiiiicd fioiu a vufiihiilary ol' tlic lludsdii
])ay Coiiij)iiii\ , 1)}' Cieoij^t; (.iibl)s.
2. — V<j('(thiil(iri/ (if the Kai-t/a'-iii.
(8i)iinicniiiiust Ali\sU:i.)
A cliin of the Ilaida nation, obtaiiunl from a vocabulary of the lliidson
J5ay Cuuip.iny l)y (Jcorge Gibbs.
o. — Vocahiilarij of the ChiU'-sht-ul
(Queen C'l];irlotle Islamla.)
A (dan of tlie Ilaida nation, obtained from some women of tlie iril)e at
Olympia, Wasliinji'ton Territory, in IS.")!, l)y (ieorf^-e (;il)b,s.
XoTi;. — A dialect of tlie Ilaida. The hdlowin;;' was chielly col-
lected from some women who visited Olyiiipia in tlu; suiimier of ISo!.
'J'he words marked with an asterisk (*) weri; (d)tained in IHoT fron\ a
Ilaida Indian at Victoria, who professed to nnderstand the lanf^-na<ro,
and are less reliable. The principal diflicult}' experienced was Croin
liie nasal and indistinct utterance of the speakers, and many words
are probaldy imperfectly written. — (J. G.
i;!.-.
I
•1 — Vornhithirii (if tlir Skir (i-i/if.
(.SUil-iif,'c| liilcl, (,)ii,cii (lijih.llit I>l:iliils.)
A rliu, ..r il,.. |[;n,I,., Hiiti ,,l,tMi.MMl iVnin „ uoimih, of tl.o tril,,. „t \;,„a-
i'iinn, iJi-itisI, (,'olim,lM;,, S..|,|,.„:lM.r, IH.",?, Iiy ({rorov (iil.l.s.
Xo-n:.-S|<;t-ti,-n,.t is on iI,,. urst.n. si,l,. ,,f (^), ,,.,,, ( 'l.;,rl,,itr
I^LumIs, in tl... i.Mssn-.. I„tu-....i. ll.c tu.. l,n-v „„..s. It Is, .,f coMr...
;;;;■ "'' "- I'^'i'l" 'nmily. TH. Hal.las rail ,1,. TVin.si,,,,, Kil-kat'
I ho JIai.las call iho T.-ngas, Kais-],a-.l,.|.'. llai.la ...fans "necnh."-
(J. (-
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h.— Vdcalmhirij nf Uw Km'nui' mfd Inn Cut.
(Kiidiak Isl:iii(l.)
Fnm. a ...ai. a..,l u.M..a.. of tl.u t.-il,,- (a .livisio,, of tl.<. Inn.-.if) o1.tai,.r,l at
\ i.'l..nM, \'a....o.,v,M- lsla...l, ,)„„,., Isfw, hy (i .o,, (JiM.s.
NoTi;.— 'I'll., i.afiv.s n-o„. wl.oi,, (l.is was ol,fai.....l wcv take.
''■;' " '"""••' ■•• ''"-i'l" vrssd. The n.ai. was oniploy,.! at F,
^ icioria as a watclii.iaii. — (J. (J.
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II;
VOCAIII LAillHS.
I II.
1. — ) III iihiildr/f ■■' /"■'^i/n-'^i III
Obtaiiic'tl tiii-iiu^^Ii (npt. "\\'. A. 1 hiw .ird, Irdiii hr. l\iniici|\ ..t tlir ilmlsoii
Bay Cdiiipaiiy, with ailditidiis liy ( ic(if;^c (Jilths.
2. — Vni (ihiild) I (if tin Xiiiis.
I A iliulci 1 (if 1 1 r I '-.iiii si ,in'. )
( )litaiii<(l iViiiii ( 'clcvliii ( )/.irr, a liali-liiccd, at I'urt 'I'uwiisliciiil, W'a'-liiii;^-
lull 'I't-nitoiy, ill May. !.S.^7. Ii\' (iroijic (iilihs.
Noii:,— ( 'clcstiii ()/.!(•!•, lit' X'irtoria, a 'I'siin-si-aii' l!all-i)rc<'(!, iVoin
wIhiiii tin' witliin was tilitaiiicil, ;;i\('s tta- iiauii' Kispucli-lohi^ lo tlir
t!'il)i'at l''(«it .Siiiips.iii; Kl'-kri-^-ldia-nid inks tuiliat mi tlir Naas River
at (lid Flirt Simpsdii, and Xis-kah to (nio iartliir imitli, Sa\s tlu-
T'sini-si-au' call tiic 'r(in;ias, Ki (lali'-uiiis, and tlir Sriiassa. Kit-
halit'-la.
Afcordiiiu' t<i FatluT Lui'tuis, the 'r'sim-si-aii' wants tlw^ ji tti'i's ir^
r, I, ]), and /. 'I'lic tirst lu'cunics /;/ in soundini^- Knj^^lisji words, / is
clianj^ed to u, ji to /,■, .nul ./ to r or /,. I doubt this, liowcvcr; / may
he convi'itililo wiiii ti, Imt ncitlicr that nor p aru wanting-. 'I'hf lan-
jifuaj^'o is, howoviT, nasal. — (}. (i.
3. — Vijcahu/arij of Kit-li»l':u.
(A ilialcet of tlin T'nim-sl-aii'.)
Obtained tVoin Dr. Tolniie, of the Hudson l>ay t'unijian}, iiy (Jeoitno
Oil>b.s.
It:!
1
I
m
y
In
1 * '5
I M
■I. ]'n,,fl,,i/,/,-,/ ,,J II,, Illl ill' 'Ull.l'.
lit. Ilirll.l ,,(■ MilliaiiU .N..IIIMI. Iillll-.ll Cnllliilllhl.)
"I't'iiiH'.l r,nii, ;,n linllaii IsIimnm, ;,s '•C;,],!. Sl,.u;irt", ;ii \i,-|,,iia, \';in.-nu-
Mi- I^himi, ill Ajirii, h<:,'l, |,y ( ii'dr-c <;ililis,
NMT|.:.-.IIiii|t-/iik nr ll;ill|./ukll i^ llir naillc ;i|:|,li,.,l t.i tliclll-
scK.'s i,\ th,. liMliini- nf .Mill,auk Smiiii.1 aih! xiriuily. 'rii.. nanic
I'h'I 111 I-la i-, nivcii tliciii 1,\- (.tilers.
'I'iii- \..,-al,iilaiy uas (,l.taiiH-.l I'n.ni an Tii<i;an well kiiuwn as
"Ciptaiii St.wan ■■. tlin.icjli ili,. m. din f I "rcd.Tick Mlimi, a Ca-
nadian, who >pukr til.' kiii-iia.L;f. It may lie (•(.nsidcivd as n.nvct, as
I snliMMjiHiitiv used it in procurin- that ..f tlir Itilikiila, and was i.ci-
l<(! |\ nndiT>tiinik
'III" JUialuwy of .several \v..rds with tlie .snne in dill'ercnt dialects
• •1 the Sound lan;;'na,i;cs will lie noliced. — (J. ().
•"•■ — I'linihiilnyii (if thr K ,rit' -l;lrtll\
(A .lial. . t 1. 1 111,- ll;i-ih -/iiKli.)
Ol.laincd iVnni two women of tli.' trihe at Xanaimo, ]jiiti.-ii ( 'olnmliia, in
Se|iteilli)er, IS.")?, liy ( uMiro'e (iil.j.s.
XoTi:.— 'I'his aiiTci's very well with anotlier (d)lalned tVoiii a liny
III the Slimmer of ISfj."). — i\. (i.
(N. i:.-ln th.'M' and <,tli.>r MS. lK.:.).i-inf; to Mr. T.ibbs, nnd of wlnVli I liavo
s>!|n.rvis,Ml 111,, publication [.•■iv, tlic oii-ii.;.! oith„f;rai)l..v lias been pivscv...! in all
(•a.s..s; ...x,vpt wln.n- the substitution was iierfM-il.v cviileiit, as in ilropimm tlu- ,■ in r^-
rr|>l:i.'in- „>r bv au. X by /..v, etc. This will account for tlu- want of unilbrmit.v to
obtain wincli coubl not .salcl.v be a(t«Mnptc<l ; notwithstanding; tlii.s,tli(. material is too
valuable to W lost, tliou-h loss in-eciou.s than if it hiul been anan;,'oa by its lanicnte<l
wiicr,— \V. 11. D.vi.L.)
( I
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TE:>T TARGET (MT-3)
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY I4S80
(7161 873-4S03
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NOTK ON TIIK ISH OF NUMKRAKS AMONd TIIH TSIM SI AN".
Itv (Skoiiiik (iililiH, M, 1>.
TIic iniiiuriciils ^ivcii t'lsculicrc iippciif lo lie siiiijily used in coiiminii
(•(Miiitiiii'-. Ill (•»iiiittin;r mm, a dill'ircut sot are iisud, as is lliu fasi- in llit-
Nii;\viilli.
One (iiiiiii), kohl.
HrvtMi (niiiii), tup lull diilil'.
Two
Tiin-t!
F.inr
Fivo
Bix
tcr pa dill',
kwiil liiliii'.
t'liiitp tolil'.
k'stiii snlil'.
kfililuhl'.
Ki-lit
Niiiu
TlMI
Twoiity
Tliiity
First,
Second,
Tim last,
Defori.',
.Mik latlolil'.
k'sliiii ma Nclil'.
k'polil.
ki.l(l,.lir.
kid ddlil' I'ke polil'.
kVkokli.
kii pH.
Nt'lii Ian'.
Iiiakokli'.
Once, kohl; kiil.
Twice, kn pel.
Thiice, kiili.
l'\Hir times, t'kahlp.
And tlioiicu on like tlie cardinals.
And I siispt'ct in conntin'f salinctn, still anotlicr; as tlic word "kiif-^'cct t'du
k(|t"ir" is {iivc'ii tor o<> in siidi a cast'.
<t)N,U(lAT10N ol' Till'; VKKlt.
Work f, ^ tiiinatlaltMi (iticiitk; workint; or come to work).
Work, iHi/»., alitlaltsin.
Working:, ^»rtWiV//'/t'(.»), yah KWi>>lliilsl'hn.
I work, nil in at laltsi.
Thou workcHt, nan at laltsi.
lie works, kweet atlaltsi.
We wiuk, niiiiiat laltsi.
Yo work, niin-at-laltsi.
They work, iiimsrnnatlaltsi.
I will work, trill alit hilt sin nil.
Thou wilt work, triii ahl lalt sin ni.
We will work, triiiahtlall sin iiiiiii.
I worked, nalit lalt sii.
Tlioii wo'kedsl, nalit lalt sin.
Wt^ worked,
Yc worked,
Khali I work >
I «lo not work,
iialitlalt sfiin.
alit lalt Hum.
tsiii alit-lalt HO ml wie.
alh'kerliaht lalst hi.
I
It
\ry(S
I'lIilASKH.
I K<t tlu'ni,
kwi'itla tr:iii riii.
irdah tfiii koi
icrii.
WIktimIo you come from f iiMiili wil walit-
ken.
Frcmi llicrt', kw«ot.
Ill till-. Iioiisc, tN'iiiwaalp.
On the liill, lu-lio'pa.
What is lii.s iiaiiicT iialitl waiil ka.
What in .voiir name
M\ caiiof,
li.v ami lijf,
I''oriiu'rl.v,
I want to drink,
I am iiiiiit;r.v,
1 am tirt'd,
Comv and eat,
naliwaan.
iifikli soli ill.
nail eeii.
ke-kolitl.
Mali'-dum ak soli,
kiit'tinoli.
tsiin-iialitl' nil.
kitl-luiiiu kail
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
II. .S. (ii;0(ill\I'IIIOAl, AMI (IKOMllilOAL SIUIVKV OP TIIK UOCKV MnDMAIN KHdlON
J. \V. I'OWKM,, (•r.iii.iMiisT IN CiiAiKiic.
TAUT II
rty
rillBES
OK
WESTERN WASHINGTON am. NORTIIWESTEHN OREGON.
l^Y GKOlKiTi: CiIliBS, M. D.
157
f !
I j
%
Dki-aki'mknt 111- Tin; Inikimou,
( )i ricr. o: Imh an Aiiaiijs,
Wasliiiif/toii, <l:h,i:,r l.',, 1S7(!.
Sii{; I Ii;i\c Lrrc.'it |il('Msiii(' III tniiisinitliiij;' luTcwitli, t'orsiidi list- ;is \uii
may (Iccni inopcr, in ruim 'ion witli iinifcii.tl dl' like Patiiic nillcchMl li\
yoiirscir, ii copy nl' a piipci- prcparcil liy (icdrjic (Jililis, .M. I)., soiiu' years
kIiicc, "Oil \hv Indians of Western W'asliin^^toii and Xorlliweslern ( ticfroii."
'I'liis paper appears ti, have an exceptidiial value, and I sliniild he H-niii-
fied if you couM secure its puhlicaliuii.
Very respect lid I v,
S. A. fiAFJ'IX,
<, IrliHt/ ( '<nni>iLs.sioncr,
IVuf. .1. W. r<)\vi;ij.,
Gcolofi'ist in thntfir United Slitirs Gcofn-njiliinil and
Gcolofjiail Survey of the. Jiochi/ Mtmutuin llrf/itin,
Was/liny toil, 1). ('.
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t(i:i
(i.'ii;»rinilii<'iil (liHiriliiilioii
Ni.tii'i'Hiir iiarliciiliii- IrilirM
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I'lllillluliclll . .
'Irilial nriiiiiii/.iiliiiii mill novcrimii'iil
''"•"I""* im
^'"^"•y ;■■;;;;;; „..
Ki'laliiitiiiii
'^^■""' !""!!";!!!"!"!!"!!!!"" !"!^^'""" m
V\u»\ .,|.
'"^•""•'■' : ','Z.'. ii.7
Socirly, iimrriaa'". '"I'l <loii'*'"l'i' rcliiliiniH
"I'll""'" JiC.
>'•■"''» !'!"!!!!!!!'!!""! -iiKi
<iiiinl>rm|; ,,i^,
Miiliciiir nnililii«'U!«'« _
DiPIlKhlK^ niUtUK'IH _^
NiinM'H , .
I'll 111 iarciiHtoiiis _
riattiiiiiii; tin' lii'Uil '^
Arrival at imlicrly "
^^<■aBurl'l^ of vuliio, time, &c *. _
IIllllHt'8 „,,
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t'amioM „.,l
CUitliiiiK. utciiHilH, iVc ^1
Doiiii'Ktio animals ,i_,.,
Syiiiliolii: writinn ,^^,
MdUiiiN and lartliworks '"
iW.(
Mi«rati<.ti ^ ,„,.
NdticcH of early travolorH "^,
Karly visitBof \vliit« men ^
Tabic Bhowing rulalious of tribcH uamoU
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THINKS or WI'XnillN WASIIINCTON AND NOIITIIWKSTKHN
OllKCON.
Ih (iiiii:i,i; (iiiili-<. M. I).
GKOiJlJAI'IIICAl, DIS'lKMlJCriON.
In tlic wcstcnHlistrict (ifWiishiii^toii TcnitdrN ,— tli.it i-^ tosiiv, lutwicn
tin- Ciiscadt! Mountains and tlio I'acilic, — tlicrc is liinml, coinparctl -.vitii llio
extent of cnuntry (H't'Upieil, an extraordinary divcrsiiv in llie alini'i^iMal
tt»n<,nio.s. .Mr. Hale, the etiniolo^ist, who atconipanied Captain Wilkes's
expedition, reeo<,nn/ed anions- fhein ei;iht lan<,nia;;'es Ix'lunnin;;- to Tnc dis-
tinct lamilies, and to these ai'e now to Ite adde(l six other hui<'iia<''es wiilili
escaped his ohservation. In addition, tliere arc dialects of se\iTal Iml par-
tially intelli<,nl)le, evt-n to those speakin;^' the same f^cneral lan^iia^ic
As ini;;ht bo int'eiTod, the tribes iidiabitin^i' this district are divided into
bands havini^' far less coiunH-tion with caeh (»ther than is tho ease with tho
Indians ()f tho ])rairio, where a more wanderin<^ life briiifrin^jf them e<»ntimi-
ally into contact serves to keep np an identity in the eonnnon t<iiiL;iie.
With all this diversity ot" speech, there is notwithstanding,'' a, j^eneral rescm-
blaneo in character, manners, and habits thron;,>-hont iIk^ district, but niodl-
fiod l)y geographical position and by other cansc-s o])erating on both tho
physical and m(»ral condition f»t' the race.
Among nations whoso life is almost altogether sensnal, the character is
alTectod to a more pereei)tiblo degree by exterior circinnstance.s than among
tho cultivated. Scarcity or abnndaiu-o of food, its nature, tho modes of
obtaining it, tho occupation.s and amusements of life, climate, dress, all, to a,
marked extent, operat(! not only upon individuals, but npon the tiibe.
Except upon tho strongest evidence, it could liardi}- be believed <li,it the
105
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Fliiflu'iid 111' the |{.i(k\ MoiintaiiiM, wIkisc virtues iippiMiich lilin iimrc ncailv
to till' iili'.il siiv.ij^c 1. 1' roiiiaiirc tliaii any dtlicr ii|miii tlic luutiiiciit, uas llut
kiii.-iiiaii, il' Mot tlic jiroiiiiiitor "t ihf M>kwalli: oi- tlic "( 'ouiaiiilic" a icla-
tivc ot'ilic Snalvi' •• I fiiiL;ii".
ill a i;t(iijra[)l ileal \ic\v. tlic di^trirt prcx'tits tlncc iialiMal (Ii\i>!oii>;
till- ( 'oliiiiiliia lii\ir, till- ('oa-t. ami i'lit^ct Soiiiid; to uliicli ini^ilit )icrlia])s
111- adilcd a I'oiirili, ih tin- |irairl< roiiiitn' lii'twccii tlic Kuwlitz IkIn cr mid tlii'
l*iiyMllii|i. 'I'lic ( 'ascadc liaiiLic, wliirji .separates tiie latter iVoiii the ^^feat
iiiteriof liasiii lias a ji-ctieral elevati<iii of iVom live to .seven tlioii.saiid feet.
nniili hiokeii liowever l»y rid^e.s and elevated j)oiiits; the j^ieat volcanic
]ieak.s: foiif of whicdi, Mt. .\dains. Mt. St. Helens, ^It. I'ainief, and Mt.
I5aker, lie noitli of tlie ('olnnibia: towerin;;' far aliove all. The width
of this iMii^i-e \anes froiu fifty to seveiity-tive miles. It is tiinliei-ed on the
east .side with |iiiies and lareh; on the west, with lir, spiaice, and ihe wliit(.>
cedar or iiilinf rtid'. 'The forest coiintr\' on the western side niav he said
to extend to the ocean, the pf.'iiries occiipyiii;^- a ( oiiiparativelv small area.
'I"he skill of the Indians iiof enahiin;^' then' to cope with thi' forest, thev
have liee'i euiitiiied for the most part to the liorilers of the rivi'i's and sound,
to the coast, and the small pr.iiries between th<' somid and the ('(diinihia.
The ])anksof the ('oliiinhia, from tlie ( Jraml Dalles to its month, lielonoc
to the two Iiraiuhes of the ^Tsimdv nation, whicli meet in the nei^hhorhood
of the Kowlitz !ii\er, and of which an almost nominal remnant is lel't: upon
the elevated plateau lyin;^' south of .Mt. Adams ami Mt. St. Helens,
and upon tin- soiitlu'rii ;iiid wistern slopes of the latter, are the Klikatat
and the 'rai-tin-apam; on the Kowiit/;, tin; tribe of that name, once numer-
ous, luit now almost e.xtinct: and in the mo;uitains north of the Lower
Columbia, between 8lioaJwater r>ay aixl the heails of the Tsihalis, the trib(3
of Willopah, (( Kvhillapsh,) or, as teriiu'<l by ]\lr. Hale, Kwalhionua, iiow
ri'duced to a handful. These alone belong- to four.of the live families of
laniiiiau'es above m<Mitioned: tlu^ T.siNfi; to^-ether i'.'rniiii<4- one; Ki.iicA-
T.\T and T.MiiNAi'AM bclon^-in;:- to the SnJinplhi, of which the V\'alla-
Walla and Xe/, IVrce are the leading- types; the Kowlit/ to the western
branch of tiio Saisit or Fhuheads, and the Wii.i.oi'Aii to the same division
f
witli tlic Tiilikiili ur Cnrricrs, liviii':- on llu- In mlwatrrs of Vr.v/.w Uiv.r, juhI
the Kliitsk;ni;ii, riiiU\v;i. iUid 'rn-Iutcii nt' OrcL;<Mi.
'The ]i(isiti(iii 111' llif 'I'siiiuk prcxiniis \,> tlirir (l.|Hi]inl;iti<m w.is, n-; :\\
once jiliiicai's. most iiii|ioi-taul. ( »im-ii|.\ Iiil: I'otli >iiir^ol ilic lvi'c-iI art. in ot
Ol-c'-oii lor a (listaiirc ol' two liinahvil n:ili^. llicy ]».ss.^mm1 llir priia ipal
tlioniii^ilil'arc l!<-t\vccii tla- interior and tlif orcaii, l.oiindlcss n'soinvcs ot
j)i-()vision of vai-ioiis kinds, and ta.'iiitics lor trade almost uiie.iiial.'.l .,ii llie
I'acilie. From the Dalles to "Cape Horn", l.elow tlie Cascades, the liver
Hows west wai-d throii-li a jiass in the moimtains, and u ith hut a narrow
niai-,iiiii oecasionally interveiiin,--: hut larther down it oii.iis into what Lewis
and Clarke denominated the Wappatu Valley, eonneetin-- with the valley
of the Willamette l.y that liv.'i-, and l.y th<' Kowlit/ with the 'IVihalis
nmi.ti-y and the basin of I'ti-et Sound. Throu-h this district it inns
nofthwafd, the e.aifse of the valley tfendin- with it until it is a-ain .liveited
by tlic 'IViiiuk Mountains to its oii-Inal westerly course. Toward the
montli it spreads into extensive bays, the imrtli side lin.d with precipif.us
rocky bhillsof that vaii-e, while on the south the mountains which separate
it froi!. the Twallatti plains .dose in and unite with the Coast Ifaiij-v.
From the Dalles to the Casca.hs, the n ivi-atioii is nniutelTupted. .\t
tho latter point, which is the dividin- rid-e of the mountains, a .series of
raj.ids occurs, below which the inlhieiice of tlf tid.'s is felt, and th.' river may
be consi.h'red as navi-ahle to the sea. Tlio iiimieiise (piaiitities of .h'|)osit
unimally ))rou-hf down diirin- the freshet occasi,n., how.-ver, cxleiisiyo
.sand-bars, whi(di ar(. .scattered at intervals to its m.uith, eiicuiid.ei- its
estuary, and to a ;:Teat d.-ive create the dillicnllies of its entrance. The
1)anks ..f the C.dumbia, where (devated alM.ve the freshets, are .d..tlie.l with
over^-reens, hr and spruce preiiominatin;^', a:id the same ve-etatiou ext.'i.ds
over the M-.Mieral \'\vv of the surrounding^- country, which, joined to its rocks
of ba.salt and vo'.cauii con;.';lom<'rati', throw an aspect of ^loom over the
huul.scapn. Jt !•, oidy in the early summer when th<' cottoiiwood and maphs
of the h.w ep.ur.d.s are in fresh leaf that the prevailin,^- monotony is broken.
The freshets of the Columbia (.verllow not meivly the low islands, but m...st
of the alluviiil country borderin- the river. 'I'hey tab; placi; durin-r tho
■r commencing- in May or June accordin-- to the mildness of the
RUiinno
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Kcas.Mi, iiinl siil.M.liii;.' )..u;inl tl,.. cn.l nf July. KivslM.ts ;,Is .,.|ii- on its
»ril.iit;,n.-.s l.iil ilics,. ;„•,. „„„•.• .liiv.tly tl,,' om-ct ..f mills iiinl mv liinLest
ill th- uiiiiiT, uli..n,.s 'li..s,.urilu. Cnluml.ia iiris,. Inm. tl„. lu.ltin- ..f snow
ill iIh- K'ncky :\lum,i;iins. '|'|„. tu., |,nn.-i|.:,I l,niii<-li,.s nn ilic nnilli, lulnw
111'- I'iiM'a.l.s, arc il„. Kall,la|.„tl Willl.w.i. ..r Lewis Iflvcr. ami ||„. K..u-
''"'■ ''"'"• " '^"'' ''"■•■■^" '■'^'■■■> li'iv iiii iiii|M..Iaiit inlhunr.. npuii lii,IIaii
;■'■"""""> '" '''••''■ '■'■l-ili"'ii t" thr saliiK-ii lisluTics, wlii.li liiniisli ila- niuM
iiii|iiirlaiil >laiil(' «.|' snii.-.islciicc,
'I'll'' 'ii"iitli i-r t!ic ('Mliinil.ia iiii-lit pciliaps moi- .•onvctly l.c ronsi,!-
crr-l uiil, ill., cuasl scrti.Mi. uiih wlii.Ii it is intimately .•onm..t.'.,l: purtaovs
l.-:'«liii- iVnm r.aluT l!ay to Slioaluatrr Hay. and tlmme tn ( iiay liaiJH.r.
Tile lirst .ritlirs.. is ail extensive l.iit .slialluw jHcre nf wat.T. al...i'it luenty-
live n,I!e> in leii-ili, .-..| ,aia te.l iV.mi tlie sea l.y a nam.w Mv]p ui' l.-wlan'-l.
Sev.Tal streams ll,,w int.. it, of wliieli ih,. most n<.ticeal.l,' is the Willo-
p.ili, uliieli has a rich alliixial vall.-y of s..me extent. The s.-nllieni en.l .,f
Ihis hay is 'rsiimk territory, aii.l it was lormerly llieir ].riii..i|,al winter
Mii'ii-lers. '{'h.^ northern eml helon-e.l t.. the 'I'sihalis, aii.l the Wilh-pah
""•'"l'i"''l ''"• iii-'iintain eoimtry lyin- heliiml it. It was a .listri.t a.lmiral.ly
siiileil t.) In.lian lial.its, inrnishii...- o,,,,t .,uantities of lisli ami elams, ami
llie ii,.i-h].oriiio- loi-est alxiuiidin- in o;une. A \\■^^■ miles to th.- north lies
(JniN llarlM.r, tlm estuary <,f the Tsihalis. its ext-'iit is eonsi,|,.ral,le,
Ix'iii- s..me tw..lve mil.s in l-.n-lh from east t.. west, and ahour the same iii
lis -reatest width. This als.. is in the eountry ..f the Tsihalis In.lians ^^ ho
.■Nt.a,d...l 11,, ih.. river t.. tlu- Sats,,,,, wh- n- they were met hv han.ls t,,
wli.Mti th.. nam,. ..t Cpper Tsihalis is e,,lh...tively -iveii. N.'.rth of this
there aiv m. land-loeked harl.ors. the streams eufriii- the s.-a directly an.l
wit.li..ut e.lnaries; .,f tli.'se th.-r,. aiv s..veral, the lar-est l.ein- tlu-Kwi-
I'Miutl, the Loh-whils... an.l th,. KwiMeliiiit. What is km.wi, of thi-; se.ti.n.
is cliielly ••;-.,m the journey of .M..ssrs. Simmons and Shaw, who loll.Mved the
coast d..wn from Cape Flatt..ry, in the sunmier of Ls.-,.",. Th,. ,.iv,.rs take
their rise in th.. C.ast or ( Hympic ifanuv, the IvwinaiutI in a lake of some
si/.e. •^'-iith.-f iNMnt(ir..iivill,.. a san.l-hea.di stretches alonj.- the coast, alford-
iM'r<Msy land coniinuni,.ali..n an.l enahlin- th.. Indians to maintain a lew
'""""''"" '"'»"■" l'i:il ■■-lid Cap,. Hatinv (he ; l,..,e is i„oie rockx an-l
lit,! i
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Itrokc'ii, spurs froiu tlif mountains jjiiftinii- (lowii to llic sci. 'I'Ikic is, Imw-
cviT, siiUK' iuti'nnciliiitu tablcliMnl. 'J'lic wliolc is, with tiic cxcciiliuii nf tli(>
intdim'diatc licacli, covcit'd with turcst. 'riic iufcrior of llic |icMiii>iil;i is ;i
](il(' ofiiljiupt niouiitaiiis, upon some orwliidi >uo\v lies pcrpctuallv .
'I'Ih' coast north of ihi' Tsilialis trihi' is .successively occupied liv the
Ivwiuaiull, tile Kwilleliiut. and the Makah, tlie iint speakint:' a diah'ct
varvin;^' consi(hTahl\ iVoni tiie 'Tsihalis, tiie secuud a distinct laui^naue, thi>
root of whicii is prohaldy als-. in tlie Selisii, and tlie lliird tiie lan;iua;;e c.f
Nutk;i Sound. TIk.' Makah territory extends iVoiu the soulliern <"a|)o
Flattery, calle(l Itv themselves ( >sett, around Cape Kiasset, and up tlio
Straits ol' Fuca, as far only as the Okeho Uiver. These l.ist, in accordanco
Avith tlic ru(U' interior of tiu'ir country, are conlined ahnost eutirely to the
coast, and seek their snltsisteiu'e from tlic sea itseh'.
The Kwinaiutl iiiid their siipphes in the streams, and to a certain exUnt,
in luintiuL;-, wjiih' the Tsiiiahs properly helon;^' to the hays, Iroin wiiicli they
ohtain winter salmon and shell-lish, and trade with the interior for kanias
i-oots and herries. 'J'rails are sai<l to exist from the ("hahlatl IJivei' to tiio
J'lhva on the straits, and from the Kwilleliiut to the I'ishtsi and the < tkeiio.
I'ursuinn' the Straits of Fuca, the mountain harrier conies in like man-
ner t(» the shore until reachinj^' the uei^hhorhood of False 1 )iuij.'-eness, leavin<r
onlv a few coves for hahitation.
From thence to I'ort Townshend a strip of more local character, some of
it valuable for cultivation, borders the coast and hays. Only a few streams,
and those of inconsiderable length, empt) into the straits, AIohh- ihis tract
from the Okeho li'iver to Point Wilson, the Ivlallam, or S'klallam are
located, a tiibe connected with those of the soiitlieaslcni pait of \an-
coiiver Island. They are as may be supposed almost exclusively mari-
time, depending- maiidy for support upon lisi. or the commodities w Inch
th.ey get in exchange; but less venturous than the Makah, they d I
pursue; the whale, or voyage beyond the mouth of tlu; straits.
Th(! interior basin, reaching fnuu the forty-ninth parallel southward and
embracing the ishmds, IJellingham Bay, and the waters of Admiralty liilct.
Hood tSmal, and I'uget Sound, forms the third section, whose icmaikahio
feature is \U' series ol l)avs and inlets which jjenetrati' it in every diicctioii.
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TIk; ('((iinfiy iiitlii(!((l ill this Ijasin tlioiif,"-!! considenibly lirokcn preserves
ii(;ir tin- ujifcr .1 very ^ciicial level of iiI>out two luiinlred feet, rising'- lii;.dicr
and ^oiK rally in tallies toward the Cascade Mountains. Its eastern side is
iiitcrscctccl liy niiiiicroiis rivers which have their orij^in in that ranjre, iiiter-
liickin;^- with others einptyiiiji- into the Colunihia, and ruiiiiin;^ in an oldiijiu-
course- toward the suiiiid. The principal of these, eoinniencin^' at the north,
an- till- Xuksalik, which at the mouth takes the name of J.umini; lieadinjr
ill -Ml. IJakcr, which it partially encircles, and einpt\infr hv two moutlis into
|{(llin;;liam l!ay and the (Jnlf of Georj,na ; the Skajrit and Stoluch-whamisjj,
emptying into the shallow bays lyin^r hetween Whiilhey Islasid and the
main; the Snolion-li, of which the Siiokwalmu is the principal Ijranch,
cinptyinjr into I'ort (Jardner; the Dwamish, the upper part of which is
known frenerally as White liiver, headinj-- in Mt. Ivainier and fallinji- into
J'illiott Hay ; the I'nyallup, heading- in the foot-hills of that mountain and
t'lnptyin^r at Commencement Hay ; and the Niskwalli, risin;,^ on its south siilc
and dis(har;riiifr into PnMct Souml. All these streams have low deltas of
•iicatcr or less extent at their mouths, as well as alluvial bottoms, the more
northern ones the most extensive. Farther up they run tlirou<:h narrow,
timbered bottoms, bordered by lii<;h Miifls, the escarpments of the table-
laml, until at the foot of the mountains they are canoned. It is liy these
streams, and the d( 'pressions or passes occurrii'jr at their sources, that the
Indians of the interior obtain access to the sound for the purposes of trade.
They are none of them navij^able except by canoes, nor even in that way
ibr jrreat distances. Their course is rapid, and they are subject to frefpient
overflow, beinjr alike afiectej by the heavy rains and 1»y the rapid meltin;»-
of the snow on the mountains. The principal freshets arise from the fonner
cause, and occur in winter. The j?realer part of the country is timbered,
but tliere are open j)rairies on Whidbey Island, and from the I'liyallup
around the head of the soimd. These last are of gravelly soil, and extend,
with intermediate belts of timber, to those on the U])per waters of the Tsi-
halis and the Kowlitz. A distin^iruishin;^' feature in this district is the ninnber
of lakes, some of oonsideralile size, which are scattered throu<,di it. The
laiy-est of these are those near Hellin^liam Hay and that emjiiying into the
Kwamish. The western side of Ilood Canal, like the Straits of Fuca, is
ICO
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bonlorcd I>y inouiitiiiiis, wliicli innii ilic wotcni \v;ill t>\' tins li.isin. No
strc-'ins of imy si/c t'iill iiitii it »'v..('|)t llu' Skokomi.-li. wliicii ciitci-s ;if tlic
ell)<»\v. Tilt' inoiiiitjiiu ffroiip thus iiicliiclcd lictwccii the Tsilmlis, tlic cniisf,
tilt" Stniits of l''iicii, jiiid Hood Ciiiinl. niul known as the Olvnipii' liini;4(>,
woild si'i-ni to Iinvc hccn once an islaml I'orniini,'' part of a cliain witli Van-
conviTund C^^uct-n Cliarlottc Islands. 'I'lic Indians occupN in^;' tins liasin liavo
all sprunu', unless an exception l)e allowed in tli(> 'rseinaknin, I'roni tlie ;^Teat
Selisli I'oot, ami are usually mentioned as tlie Niskwalli nation. 'I'liev .wo.
divided into a v.isf lunnlier ol' small bands, Iia\inii' little political comiectioii,
l)Ut j;atlier(Ml into families, allied hy similarits' of dialect and hy relationsliip.
Tliese, 'with their constituents, will he hereafter specitied.
From these three principal disisions, an inferior or snlidivision miyht
perhaps be separated i.i the prairie coiMitry just mentioned. 'Vho facilities
for !rrazinjjf olVered by this tract have induced in the occnjiants (vpu'striaii
habits, which distin;.''uish them from their neighbors, 'i'he nuudter of iheir
horses is, of course, inconsiderable, as compared with the tribes of the j^reat
jdains, luit has been snilicieiit to ci'eate an exception to the otherwi.so
xnuversal aquatic life of the coast region, 'i'he bands included are chiefly
the Xiskwallis proper and the Tpper Tsiiialis.
Ill former times, before the diiniuution of the tribes and the diversion of
trade to the j)osts, there were numerous trails across the ("ascades by which
the Indians of the interim' obtained access to the western district. Of late,
many of these have fallen into disuse, becominj,'' obstructed with tind)er
and underbrush which they have not industry enonj^h to clear out. In
fact all their trails throu;j;li the forest, thou^^h ori<4iiially well selected, have
l)coomo excessively tortuous, an Indian ridinjr around the fallen trunks of
tree after tree sooner than clear out a road which Ih( seldom uses. The
old Klikatat trail across the mountains to ^'allcou^ er had become impassable,
and was cutout by Cai)tain McClellan in iSo,'}. Another led from one of
the branches of the Yakama, south of Mt. Kainier, to the Kowlitz liiver,
whicli in lik(> manner has been almost aliandoned, and the northern trails
from the AVinatsha])am and 'Cselann Lake to iho. Sto-luch-wha-niish and
Skajfit seem to be alto;T('ther so. ^I'he two most used at present are tlio.se by
the Nahchess and the main Yakama or Snokvvalniu passes, tlie former of
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which is the roiitfoftlii' riiitc(lStiitcs mihtary road fn .111 .Stcihioooni toWalla-
Walia. T\u; tViuU- l»ct\vccii th(; two districts was once coiisidcrahlf. 'I'hc;
western Indians soUl slaves, haikwa, kanias, ih'ied chuiis, i\:c., and received
in Hftui-n niotintain-sheep's woid, porcnpine's (piills, and enihroideiv. the
^j-rass IVoiM which they inanniactnre thread, and even dried sahnon, the
|iio(hi''t of till- Vakania fisheries l)ein;>- Drct'em-d to that of the sonnd. Jt
will be nt'ticed that noi'th of the country more innnediately honlerin;^- upon
the ('ohMnl)ia, the whole of the western district is iidiabited hv tribes
derived tn.ni a siiiM-l,. slock, with tin; e\cepti(.n of the northwest point of
the peninsula occupied b\ the Makah. The extensive family to which ,"\Ir.
JIale hasniven the name of 'I'sihaii-Selish, from its extreme western and
eastern niend)ers thus stretches from the Ivocky Mountains to the Pacilic.
On tile south, its territories are bounded by those of the Hahaptin and Tsi-
nidv families. On the north, it has in the interior the 'rahkaH.ljeloiioin'--
to the 'rimieh. The nortlieni boundary upon the coast is not so definitely
ascertained, but in my <.pinion will be found in the iieiyliljorhood of
.lolmston Straits, upon lln' (Julf of Georgia, thus includin;^- the Xanainiuk,
Kowichiu, Sonn-hu, and Soke of \'ancouver Island, and the Kwaitlen of
I' rax.er Ki\cr. The sul)ject of their niiyrations will be noticed hereafter.
XOTICKS OF PAlMTCULAIi THIHES.
01 the ii\i'r Indians, and eencrally of those with whom no treaties
have been made, \ ery little is to be added to the observations contained in my
iormer repeat. In that paper, the Klikatat were treated as beh.noini-- to the
eastern division of this Territory, to which their original location and aflinities
attach them. As, however, tlu^y are here spoken of as connected with the
western division, .some explanation is necessary. After the depopulation of
the ('olund)ia tribes by congestive fever, which took ))lace between iSL'Oand
l.S;]0, many of that tribe made their way down the Kathlapfitl (Lewis
Kiver). and a part of tlu'in .settled along the coiir.'^e of that river, while others
cros.sed the Columbia and overran the Willamette Valley, more lately
estal)lishing theui.selves on the I'mkwa. Within the last year (18r)5). they
have been ordei'eil liy the supei'lnlendent of Oregon to return to their
former home, nnd are now chielly in this pun of the Territory. The i»resent
f
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171
t
.•KMicralinii, lor tli,. most p.ivf, look upon il,,. Kiilliliipntl ;is ilicir pn.p.r
comitry, iiionj cspccijiHy as tlirv arc iulfriuamcd willi tlic rcmnaiil of ilio
original pn.priutors. X nvci (VMi>tis has a? any linic lucu nia.lrof ilm
ivlikatat, but the}- aru ifstiiiiati'il a! Iroiii oOO to lO'l, (..\clusi\c of tlir Taiti-
iiapani.
Of the Willopali ( Kwalliiokwa,) (.!•. as they call tlicnisclvcs, ( hvliiljapsls,
tliciv arc yet, if appears, ihruc or tonr families livin;^ ,,n ijic Jirads of ili(.
Tsihaiis Ikivcr ahovc tliu forks. According- to the account of an oM man,
from whom the vocabulary was ohtaini'd, tln' Khitskanai, a kindred band,
till lately inhabitiiij,'' the mountains on the southern side of the Cohnnliia,
and iniw also nearly extinct, formei'l\i owned the ])rairies on the Tsilndis at
the nionlh of the Skidvunichid;, but, on the failure of name, lefi the
country and crossed the river. l?oth these bands sid)sisted chielly by hunt-
iiiii'. As lief.u'e mentioned, they are of the Tahkali sto(d<, thou;-'!! divided
by nearly six dej^Tces of latitmle from the parent trii)e. '{'he fact of these
mij:rati(»ns of tlu' Klikatat and Ivlatskaiiai within a recent jx'riod is impor-
tant, as indicalin;;' the dii'ecfioii in which population has ilowed, and the
causes indu -in;;- thi.s separati<m of triljes.
At the council held on the Tsihaiis in February, IS.'),'), an opportiniitv
Ava.s otlered of aseortainino-, with snflicient correctness, the nund)ers of
thoso Indians, as also the ])articular.s of the tribes interveniii"-- l)etween them
and the Makali (.f Cape Flattery. The name Chihalis, or 'i'sihalis, strictly
belongs to the villa;^!' "ii tlie beach at the ontrnnce of Gray Harbor. The
word itself .sl^^nilies sand It has, however, now become applied to all the
bands inhabiting' thu bay and river. The Lower Tsihaiis, or llio.se from the
mouth of the Sutsop down, includin,y the villages on the AVhishkah and
Wanulchi, ami the few on Shoalwater l>ay, nundjered in all l^if -JIT.
These dilVer very little in anything except lan;^ua-;'e fnmi their T.simdv neiiih-
bors. There were formerly iiw, principal viTjiyes of the tribe on the river,
seven on the north, vnd eight on the .south side of the bay, an-' even within
the recollection of American settlers the popidation was very consiihirabhi.
Kii-kow-an, belonging to the Tsihaiis village, a very old man, seems to
have l)een the principal clii<-f, and hU son, Tu le'-idv, n>\v claims, in his
placi', to be the head of the Irilie.
4
I!
wtmm
\12
ill
Till- r|ii)(i' 'I'siliJilis, wIhi fdi- tlic |ii('S(iit purpose iiiiiy lie iiii'litiuiicd
licic, iii'f ;i nuiiiccliii;^ link lictwccii tlic Ktiwlitz, llio l.dWcr 'I'siliiilis, iiiid
tlic Niskw.illi. Ii\ the Iiiiliiiiis (111 tlic sniniil tlicv im- kiuiwii iis Stak-tii-
iiiisli, nr iiikiiiil pcnplc; Ijy otliciv. sis Nu-sii-lupsli, :i iiaiuc iippiircutly
,-(.f',.|-i-iiiM- \n the nijiids ill llicir strciiiii, iis tlii- siiiiu' is iipplictl to tlic I'ppcr
Kowlit/., iiml li\ tlic Wiilopnli iis Kwii-tcli-iii. Tlicir coiiutrv included
<;-eiieridlv fill lliiit dr;iiiicd liy llic 'I'siliiilis altove the mouth of the Siitsoj),
eiiil)iaciiiji- some of the iiin>t t'crtilc land in tlic Torritory. This tril)0 also
is vcr^fin;^' on c\tiiieti(Hi ; the total iiinnlicr, as near as eoiild he ascertained,
liein;^' "Jlfl. 'riieir principal cliiel", at the time of the setth'ineiit hy Auieri-
caiis, was 'Isiii-nit-ieli, a man of rather extensive intliience. Since liis
(h'alli tlii'N' can scarcel\- he said to have had one, tliou<ili (lowaniius is recon--
ni/.ed hy tin- a;^-eiicy as the tiominal head. No treaties have as yet heeii
coii(diided Avith any of the preceilin^i'.
'{"he Kwiiiaiiitl, of which trihe tlu; Kv.-e'hts-hu form part, were present
at the coumil. 'I'liis trihe sjieak little moic than a dialect of the Lower
'I'sihalis tongue. They are mostly on or at the mouth of the two streams
which hear their lesjic'tixc names. 'I'lie Kwinaiutl is celohrated for its
salmon, which are considered tti excel in (pialitv even those of the (Jolumhia.
'I'lie Kwillehiut were not repri'seuted at the council, thou<rh two hoys
heloniiiiif;- to the trihe accompanied the Kwinaiutl, pr(d)aldy sent to ascer-
tain its ohjects. It hail heeii su])posed previously that the dilfereiit l)r:iuclies
of the latter exteinled to the Makali territory, and that all of them were
proisent hy their delegation. Under this supposition, they would have heeii
treated with as a sin^^le trihe had not the accidental discovery of tlie essen-
tial dilleri'iice in lan<,fuafj:e led to more particidar inquiry. This circum-
stance of itself shows the importance of ethnolop-ical investiii'ation in the
management of Indian affairs. In classifyin<T the languaji^es of the district,
1 have provisionally placed the Kwille'hiiit, as well as the T.sema-kum, of
Avhom mention will he made hereafter, among those of the Selish family,
conceiving the analogy to be suflicient to authorize the conchision. The
very great dissimilarity between them and the other adjacent tongues i,s,
liowever, recognized by their neighbors, who say that they "sj)eak like birds,"
n phrase I'ommonly usi-d in ri'garil to language absolutely foreign. There
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arc two l.;uwls..f tl.is tiil..'. tlw Kuillc liifit. or Kw( .I..' tut. iin.l ll.r lln.li,
or Kwaaksat. They arc -..o.l seamen, ami more nearly apiiroaeh tl.c
Miikah ill tlariii;,^ than any of the others.
The Kwillc'liint ami Kwinaintl wero include.l in a treaty separately,
nuule siihsiMiuent to the -eueral coMneil of the roast tril.es on the Tsilialis.
The plac-s for reservations were by that instrun cut left to 1... lixe.l hy \\m
President. No .s-ttlements wliateverhave asyei been nia.hrm tluir eonntry,
nor is it prohaMc that there soon will he.
Of all the tribes west of the ( "asea.h'S, the MaUah exhibit the nioHt
marked and chanicteristic traits, diiVerinKrn.m tlu. sound Indians in features
and habits as nnieh as lan-ua-e. Their intercourse with the whites has been
very limited, and that n..t of a kind to make nmch .•han-e in their orif-inal
customs, rhysically, they bave the type ..f the Nntka Indi.ms. The
expression indicates ferocity and treachery, for which indeed tlu^y have a
wi.le reputation. The beard and moustache are well deveh.ped, and an- not
extirpate.l IM10 c.miplexion, as is in.U'cd th.> cas.^ with all these tribes,
varies consideral)ly, some b( in- much darker than ..flu'rs, without referonco
to the intermixture of blood. I'latfnin}.- the h.-ad thonoji prevalent, is not
carried to a oreat excess. In many nspects, they are superior t.. their neigh-
bors, bein^r far more enterprisin- and exhibiting.- }-water skill and industry
m their manufactures ; and they are more nu.ral, for they prostitute only
slaves. This tribe had a considerable infusion of white blood, a Wussian
ves.sel haviufT been cast away near here, as it is suppose.l, souu- thirty-live
or forty years since, and the crew, bein^ stron- enouoh to protect them-
selves, havinjr lived amonj.- the Indians for somo time before! they wen^
relieved. Scneral individuals were present at the council who in their feat-
ures, complexion, and yellow hair bore the strongest proof of their Hclavonic
ori<.-in. They have four principal or winter villages: Xeeah, at the site of
the" old Spanish fort .>n Neeah Bay (I'.at Nunez (laona); Waatch, on the
south side of Cape Flattery; Tsu-yess, in a cove or indi.ntati<.n af.nvmiles
south of it; and Csett, at the Flatt.-ry rocks. Another villa-e on Neeah 15ay
has been abandcmed since the prevalence of the small-pox in th.' fall of IH'.L',
and the Klasset and Tatooche Islan.l villa-es are sunnner resorts. It is
stated on the authority of Yallakub, .a- Flattery Jack, that previous to the
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sickness till' tiilic ((nild iniistcr '(dO (i;^rlitln(^r inr-ii. Tli<^ totiil of l)otli sqxoh
iiinl ill! !i;,'-<'s is now rciiiiccti to little iimre tlinii tliiit niimlicr. Hutli Viilla-
kiili Mini Klfli sift, Ml- the white cliieC, died diiriii;;' ih.it winter. Tin- hitter,
;t Ikiissiiin liiill'-lireed, was the li<'iid of the tribe; Jack lieiii;,'' however the
hest known, from his speakiii"^ a little Kn;r|ish, and his j^reater familiarity
w itii the traders.
'The N'ecah village, at the time of oiir visit in .laiinarv, IH").'), consisted lA'
two hliicks of four or live houses each huilt close to<icther. The larjjest siiij^hi
house was aliout seveiity-li\ e f^'^^t lon<f hy forty in width, .ind probahlv iifteeii
feet ]ii;ili in front, the whole constituting;- one room, 'i'he frame consisted of
lieavy posts set in the ^^Tound, snpportinp- rafters, some of which were at least
eiiihteeii iiK'lies in thickness at tlu? butt. 'I'he labor of raisin''- them to their
position, w ith noaid from ma(-hinery,maybo iniafrined. 'riieside.swereiormed
of ])lanks placed hf>ri/.ontally, and secured by npri^ht polos, insido and out,
at -I lew teet apart, \o which tlu-y were tied throug-h small apertunM by
withes. The roof, like tlio.se of the Sound Indians, was made of boards,
t^iiltereil out and la])pinj,' one (»ver another. Each lions(i is occupied liv
several families, their respective portions being- acpcaratcd by a partition of two
or three feet hi;;h. Chests of quite larj^e size, and very neatly made consid-
erinj; the tools employed, contained the jjei-sonal chattels of the owners. A
raised platform ran around the hoii.s(>, on which the inhabitants sat, slept, or
worked; and overhead wea'o shelves and j)oles on which their ))roperty was
stow ed. A more miscellaneous assortment could hardly bo found at ,' jiaw n-
brokor's. Seal-skins full of oil, baskets of dried halibut and salmon, flitches
of Iilubber, whalin;^ apparatus, |)addles, bundles of mats, articles t»f all sorts
I'rom wrecked vessels, boxes and ba^s of every description, hun^f, lay, or
stood in eiidlos.s variety and confusion. Some of the other houses were
nearlvas lar<;e. Into one, a canoe thirtv-six feet in lenjj^tli had been introduced
for the purpose of repairinjj;-, nor did it occupy any inconvenient room.
.Mr. Cioldsboroujxh, who visited the village in IfSaO, informed me that the
houses generally were on an oven larger scale at that time; that Flattery
Jack's house was no less than one hundred feet in length, and that about
twenty women were busily t'Ugaged in it making bark mats and dogs'-hair
l)lank<'ts. One of the lilm-ks is partly surromided with a stockade of
i
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])micllcolis tUcKc or liriccll IccI lli;:li, >tnil;;lllcli(i| 1»\ \cr\ l;li-;;c |m).-|s,
into \vliicli ii tif-licaiii is mortiscil.
TIk^ Makiili iiri', as liiis liccii inciitioiKMl lirt'oii', aliiio^l i'\clii>i\il\-
liiaritiiiii' in tlii'ir lial)it>: tlicif coiintrN liciii;;- \rry small, lirolvi'ii, and rorkv.
TIicv |»i;rsii(' llic w Iialc in tlirir ranocs <'Vcn ont of si^lit of laml, ami attarlv
liiiu willi a darini;' tliat wonid not disgrace Nrw l!ni;lanil ii^lurmcn. Hn
nnc^ occasion, a canoe was ^onc live days. 'ITie men sin'ceeded in killini;-
the Avlialo, and sid)siste(l on tli(> IdnMier, cliewin'r some roots wliicii lliev
had with tliem for want oi' water. Alter all, they were coni|)elled to ahandon
tlio lisli. Tlielr tackle consists of a liarpiMHi, the point formerly (mImciI with
slu'll, now usnally with copper, very linnly sicnred to a line, and attached
lightly to a shaft ahont lifteen feet lon^-, to whit h also the line is made last; a
soal-skin float is attached hy another line, and serves to hnov the whale when
struck. The scene of tho ra})tur(j is described hy ('y(!-witness(\s as verv
excitiiiLr, ten canoes heinpf sometimes enga;j-ed, the crews yellin;; and dash-
inj,'' their paddles with frantic ea^'erness When taken, the whale, lino\ed
up with lloats, is towed in trinmph to the villa;^!! and cut np. 'Hiey for-
morl)' tried out the oil hy placing the l)hd)l>er, alter it had l)ecome softened,
into boxes, jMidmeltinfif it out with heated stones. The oil is kept in the pannch
of tho whale, or in seal-skins and hladilers, and is used as an artich^ of food
as well as for trade. The season rommenees in March. Tin; Makah were
till lately in the habit of ])urchasiny oil from the Nittinat also, and have
traded in a sing'le season, it is said, as nnicli as .'>0,00() <rallons. I'revious
to becoming whalers, the yonnf:^ men ^o thronj^h a s])ecies of pro))ation,
probably similar to that of the Tamahno-ns. A jjortion of them only attain
tho dignity of whalers, a second class devote thems(;lves to halibut, and a
third to salmon and inferior iish, the occupations l)eing kept distinct, at least,
in a groat measure. Tho larger class of canoes generally belong to a single
individual and ho receives a proportionate share of the booty from tho crew.
Tho halibut season is from ]\rarch to May, when the salmon fishery com-
mences. This last is by trolling. Very few of the fall salmon urc taken.
Cod aro obtained at the entrance of the straits, and other kinds of fish an;
abmidant at all seasons, among which is the Kilshkao, ajjparently a species
of perch, of very good quality. Muscles and echini (vf large size are also
Hi-
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Ulltlll<lilllt. Sl'M-nttrr ill'C lli>l oltttlilll'll ilt tlh' r.'l|ll-, Kilt tile Illll!iinH ])lir-
cliasccl lliciii 111' llic Nittiiiiil, jiihI r;urit(l iIkiii to \ ictoiin fnr >iilc. l-'or-
iiicrlv tlicy raiscil ii laij^f (|iiiiiitity ni |iiiliit<i(s; Imt >iiict' ilic sickness tlu-y
have iic;,''l(,'«'ti'(| this |irn\i>iini.
'I'lic .Makali Ihhc tlir nose as well as cars, ami Imtli iiicii ami woincii
wear urnaiiH-iits in tliciii, ;;<'ii( Tally; in the fitriiicr, a small trlaii;;iilar Mt ul'
slicll, ill the latter, lar;i»'r pici-cs. 'I'lic iiicii fur tlic must |»ait wear mitliiii;^'
Imt a Maiikct; tlic women, a Incecli-cloiit, ami blanket of Joj^s' liair or
down, or a ('('(lar hark rolie. A lew of tlie men, at .• time of the coiiiieil,
iia<l hear skins tie<| aroiiiid the throat with the t'lir n ami as they sat on the
{ground, till! skins eneindinjf them and eoverin;^' th<- lace to the nose, they
made a very pictiircscpu! appearance. Their hats, wlioii tluty wear aii\ , are
of the conical form common aloii'.'' the coast. Their (iiiest manufactures
arc the hiankcts already mentioned, 'i'lio.se of dofis' hair and down are
common to other parts of the smiiid, more particularly those which liavts
least communication with the whites, as homespun articles here, as else-
where, ;;ive place to "store ^'oods" with advancinj^' civilization. The cedar
Ijlaiikets and rohes are known almost exclusivelv to he their own; thev an;
\cry nicely made, and quite pliable. Their dishes resemble those of tlio
northern Indians, of which many specimens have found their way to the
States; loiiff, shallow trays .servinjj^ to hold the common mess, and smaller
square f>iies t'or the individual jiortioii.
TIk; Makah before they were broken by sickness carried their war-
jiartie.s to .some distance. They are still on bad terms with the Soke .'iiid
Psoiij? of Vancouver Island, as well a.s with their iiinnediato noifjfhbors to
the south, the Kwilleliiut. They chasti.sed the Tsemakum of I'ort Town-
send before the Klallam attacked them, and not long since threatened the
Klallam also, but the dillii'iilty was arranj;ed by King George, the Klallam
chief, giving his .sister to the white chief in marriage; a regal .settlement of
dilliculties worthy of Eiu'opean diplomacy.
Oil occasion of the treaty made with them by CJovernor Stevens, in
January last, the ^lakah were fir:it brought into oilicial intercourse with
the whites. Previous to that time, they had (h'clined to receive papers from
the agent, (Sdonel Simmons, beiiig under apprehensions that they would
r
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hv'm<y l)nck tlw sinnll pox. ]\y il„> ;rovi.ni<.i's .llivrtinii. il„v. ..n tlint ...ra
sioii, iiiiiiH-il two HiilM-hi.-tM rn.in .-iicli villiiM-,., fn.iii uliom Ii<. sfl.Tf...! ini
Os.-tf, luiiiicil 'rsc-kiiii-iitl, !is li.-;i(| cliicf, 'I'his fiviity s.-nin-il to tlii'in the
point of the pciiiiisiilii, iii.lmliii;,'' tlit> «it() oftlu- olil Spjiiiisli tort N.r.ili
Hiiy, iiiid tlic Wjiiifcli villa^fc on the const.
TIu' Khillam I coiiMidcr to he another Itraiicli of the Sclisli, tlioii^ili of
a jnorc remote (.ri^ri,, tliaii tin' Niskwalli. 'I'lieir opposite iiei^-lilioiK of
N'aiieoiiver Island, tli- Soke ..r Tsolike ..f Soke Inlet, and the Tsoii;; or
Sonu'hn of Vietoria l)elon;r to the HaiiK* roniiection. The trihe is still a
nnni( roils one thoii;jh like others of the district, consideraMy reduced, A
few families have rem(»ved to, and are permanently settled on, the island
'I'heir proper coniitry lies on the straits hetween the ( )keho Klvc-r and I'oiiit
Wils(m; bnt, after the reduction of the 'rsemakiim, many of them estal.
lished thems<dve8 at I'ort Townshend. The Klallam were end)race(l in the
saim; treaty with the Tsemakum and the Skokomish, and a common reser-
vation made for them at tiie head of Hood Canal. Since the (h'ath of
S'llai-ak, or Kiii<r fJeor{r<', Tsitz-a-mah-han, or Diike of York, has hccn
recof-nized as th(* head chief Their total niind)er is now !fj(i. Their priiici-
])al villa-jes are ( >kelio, at th<! mouth of that river; Pishtst, on Klallam Hay;
I'lhva, at the month of a stn^am so called; Yimiis, at False Dniifjeness;
Stcditlum, at Nc^w Dniifroiiess; Kahkwaitl, at Port Discovery; and a recent
one at Kalitai, or I'ort 'i'ownshend.
The 'J'semaknm are reduceil to !)() soids. 'I'heir ori^^nnal country
end)raecd P(»rt Townshend, Port Ludlow, and Port Gand)Ie. The trihe
])rol)ably was never a very lar<ro one, but has been noted amon;r all its
neijifhbors for its j)Uf,''nacity. It has been successively eniin^^-ed in wars
with the Makah, Klallam, 'J'oan-huch, Snohomish, and Dwamish, in all of
which it surt'ered severely. Their present chief is Klsakweoit. These as
before mentioned have, like the Kwillchiflt, been classed with tlu; Selish
tribes. Sinf,'-ularly eiioufih, while their lau<.niaf,'-es exliil)it ^n-eater resenddance
to each other, notwitlistandin<r their relative position, than do either to their
immediate neighlutrs, the 1'semakum is literally an unknown ton;fue to
the rest; not an individual, it is said, out of the tribe ])einjf acriuainted with
§1
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178
it, M ciiciiinstiiiicc vd'v iiiiii<ii;il iiiikmi;;' Imllims. In tlicir iikkU's oi' sub-
sistence, !i;il)its, I'tc, tli('\ ilo imt (litler imticeiiMv from tlieir iieii;!iliors.
'I'liere reiiiiiiiis on these wiiters wliiit niay Ix* teniieil the NiskwiiUi
iiiitiiiu, uliich is thus (h\iile(l, |iiiisuiii'i" tlie j^CdiiTiiphiccil (inler:
1st. 'I"he Skokoiiiish, of whuui tlie 'i'oiiiihucli seems to l)e nimtlier
IIIIIIK
onI\', s;;iil t;i uieaii in tlie Klallani toiijiMie "a porti
iii(.
Of these, there
were lonuei'Iv scMTal hands, as tlie Kwiilseet and (itlusi's, wlidse names are
j)reser\e(l in tiiose of dilViTeiit loealities. Thev occupy hoth sides of Hood
Canal above I'ort (Jaudde, and number 21)0 souls. Their chief is now
1 lol-liol-tin, better kimwn as .Tim. As already mentioned, the Skokomish
wer(! end)raced in thi' same treaty with their neighbors, the Klallams and
'I'seinakums. Their lanji'uago constitutes a distinct one, dill'erini>' ao far
from that of the Niskwalli as not to be {^'enerally understood. 'J'he
Skwawksin, or Skwawksnamish, who occupy the istluniis between Ibtod
Canal and Case Iidet. in some rcs])ects more ju'operly belony to this con-
nection than to the Sound Indians.
:M. The bands occupvin;^- l'u;4et Sound and the iidets openiufi- into
it as far down as Point Pullv. These all speak the same dialect, the Nis-
kwalli pro])er, and were all included in treaties made at Shenah-nam, or
Nfedicine Ci-eek, Dece.nber, 1S,")4, since ratified by the Senate. '^Ihey num-
ber collecti\"el\- S'.);i. A division mij^ht lie made of these into three sub-
tribes, the lirst consistiuL;- of the S'llotlemamish of (Jase Inlet, Saheh-
wamish ot' llamerslv Inlet, Sawamish of Totten Inlet, Skwai-aitl of I''ld
Inlet, Stelitsasamish of Budd Inlet, and Xuselitsatl of South ]5ay or
Henderson Inlet; the second consistiuii' of the Skwalliahmish or Niskwal-
li, incdudlu;.;' the Sciiwallitsfi, Steilakumahmish, and other small bands;
the third of ;he I'uvallupahmisli, T'Kawkwamish, and STIomaniish of the
I'uyallup Kiver and \'ashon Island. The first are properly salt water
Indians; the secondare for the most })art like the Staktamisli, or U])per
'i'sihalis, (•(pu'striau in their hal.'its, and the last are Kiver and Sound Indians.
Three reservations were assi<)-ned to these bands as permanent homes, each
consistinji' of id»eMt two .sections of land; one being the small island at the
month of llamniersly Inlet or Skukum Bay, another upon the sound near
the Niskwalli, and a third upon Commencement Bay. These? are all upon
'!i';
170
llio water, and are suital)l(^ lor lisliini;' stations. As, liowovor, nono of'tluMn
adord pnstnrt land, it will he d(>siral)l(' that when iic^oliations arc conchidetl
with the Uj)[)or Tsilialis sonic [irovisions lie niadi- of a tract snitaltlc for
animals, to which all those posscssiut;' tlicin can rcsctrt in common. \\\ the
treat}- lv\vi-c-milil and Sno-ho-dum-sit were desiyiiated as head chiel's of the
hands endiraccd within its |irovisIoiis.
lielow these is the di\ision of which the Dwamish and Silkwamish are
the jirincipal l)ands, occnpyinj^- l^lliott Hay, 15ainhrid,i.;c Island, and a portion
of the i)oninsnla Ixtueen Hood Canal ami Ailmiralfy Inlet. Their head
chief is Se-aa-thl, or,as it isnsnally prononnced, Seattle, from whom thetow n
on Klliott Iky has been named In this connection are alsoth(> Samamish,
8ko])ahmi.sh, Sk'tehlmish, St'kamish, and other small hands Ivini"- ti])on the
lake sand the hranclies of !)wannsh K'i\cr, who are claimed h\ the others as
\r,iYt of their triije, hnt have in rt'ality very little connerfinn with them. A
very few of these last possess horses, lait the majoiit\- arc rixcr Indians, 'i'he
■iggreyate nundier of the wIkiIc was by census so7, which proliahly falls a
little short of the truth. Tln^y dilfcr hnt .-li' litly from the Niskwalli in
language. These tribes were included with all the others of the eastern
shore and the islands in the ti'eaty of Mukleteoh, or I'oint Mlliott. A
reserve of two sections was retained for them at Port Madison.
■ (d. The Snohomish, with whom are included tlu^ Snokwalmn, Ski-
whamish, Sk'tahde-jmn, K'.velitl-ma-mish, ami Stolutswhamish, li\ ing on tlui
SiudioinishandStolntswhamisli Rivers, '{'he Snohomish triiie itself occnjiics
oidy the countr}- at its mouth and the lowei' end of Whidbex Island : the
ui)pei- ])art of the river belonging to the Snokwalmil, <Sn'. 'i'hey mnnber
441 souls, and the other bamls, collectively, Sod'. At tli(> time of the treaty
they wore all ])laced under Patkamnn, the chief of the latter. It is obsei'\-
able that though the coimectioii lietween them is nmst intimate, the Siioho-
inish assimilate in dialect to the next tribe, the Skagit, while the Snokwal-
niii speak the Niskwalli in its purity. In the treaty of I'oint I'dliott, the
reservation for this di\ision was iixed at two sections on a small creek
emjitying into the bay forniod by the month of the Snohomish River. A
centra] reservation of one township, to include the former, intended for the
general agency of the I'liget Sound distiict, and as an ultimate home for
4
(
I I
I' '
180
iill tlic trilios, was coiitciiiiiliitcd at tlu; Haino ])laro. Tho small Itav known as
'riilali|( Hay, upoi! wliicli is a saw mill, aflonls an excellent site tnr lliis pur-
|i<)S('; and tlic land in the neiirhhorliood, heinj"- easily cloiinid and of frond
(jnality, wonld enable the Indians in a fireat measiu'e to subsist themselves.
Tiie Snokwalmfi an<l titlier upper bands of this division ])ossess a tew
horses, and are much intermarried witli the Yakama Indians, here indiscrim-
inately calleil Klikatat. Tlioy hunt as well as lisli; their neifjhborhood to
the mountains an<l more active and (.-nergetic character f^iviufj^ them a supe-
lioiity in this respect. One of the two ))rincipal trails acro.ss the (Cascade
.Mountains, that by way of the main Yakama, passes through their country;
the Xahchess trail leading from White River.
4th. The .Skagits, including the Kikiallu, Nukwatsamish, Tow-ah-ha,
Smali-hu, Sakumehu, Miskaiwhu, Mi.seekwigweelis, Svvinamish, and Skwo-
namish. occupv tli(! remaining country between the Snohomish and l)ellln<'--
ham Hay, with tlu^ northern \r,u-t of Whidbey Island and Perrv Island.
With them a dillerent dialect prevails, though not so distinct but what they
can be understood by th< se already nuMitioned. 'rhe\- altogether amount
to 1,17."), and have been .issigned (Joliah as head chief Tiiis division have
no horses, but are altogether canoe Indians. With the (;xception of tho
islan<ls and the imuu'diate shore of the main, their eountry is altogx^'ther
uuexploi'ed They foi n<'rly had some conmninication with tlie Indians
b(>yond the momilains; but ii is supposed to have been di.scontimied in con-
se(|nence of ol)structions to their trails. The Skagit reservation, as agreed
upon in the treaty, was the peninsula forming the southeastern extremity of
I'erry Island.
r)th. The Samish, Lununi, Nuksahk, living around Hellingham Hay
and the Lununi IJivcr. The two former are salt water, the last ('xclusively
river Indians, who as yet have had very little countM'tion with the wliit(>s.
( "olli'i'ti\cly, these might be called the Nuh-lum-mi. Tsow-its-hnt was
recognized as their common (dnef by the treaty, and a reservation made for
them of an island at the forks of the I'iver. Altogether they numiier <«S().
The languages of the iauumi, at the mouth of the river, and of the Nuk-
sahk, :\ few miles higher up, ditl'er so nnuh as to be almost miintelligil)le to
one another. The latter .seems to approa( h more nearly to that of Frazer
J
V
V
f
I
ISl
Kivcr, ;iii(l, ill liict, their |>riiici|);il iiiti-rcniii-sc is with l''i.ri |,.ni-l\ :iii<l llu!
Indians in that direction. The ahove filies were also treated with at Point
Klliott. It is believed that there is no other iierinaiieiitU located oii tlu!
main shore sontli of the Ixamdary line; hut some of the N'anconver l-land
Indians cross over in the (ishin;;- si^asoii. The names of triltes livinLi' l<> lh(^
north of the Xiskwalli, cited h)- Mr. Ilalc on the antlioritv of a CanaiHan,
it may be mentioned arc rccoj-nizahlc in those of I'liyallu]., Snkwamish,
ISkaj^it, and Kowitsin or Kawitsheii.
With these end the Xiskwalli nation. 'I'he enumeration here-i\<'n
may he relied on as substantially correct. It was taken bv ('(donel Sim-
mons while di.stributiii",' presoiits, aiul when almost all the Indians were ■■•ot
in. The result is, for the Niskwalli connection, a total of '),'J ll*; for tlu;
total jiopulation of the -Sound and Straits of Fuca, (;,:?.")S. Addini^- to this
the most recent enumeration, or estimate, of the coast and ('olnnii)ia b'iver
tribes, the Indian poptdation of the district may be a.ssnmed at S,!;,^;.
This total, as well as the detail.s, difFers considerably from the estimates
made in .January, IS")!, and, indeed, from the ccMisiis taken in the winter of
1854-;").'), while the treaties were prooressing. If seems to be pretty certain
tliat the lower tribe.s, instead of diminishin<r, are on the iiicrea.se. This is to
be attributed in some measun; to their bein^r at peace amoiiL;- themselves and
protected by the settlements from northern invasion, and to the fa<'t that no
epidemic diseases have recently attacked them.
POPULATION.
In my report to Captain McClellan, I made --, attempt to compare all
the estimates of the Indian population of the 'i errit.uy which was within
my reach. Since then, an actual count or census of most of tlie tribes in
this part of the Territory has been twice attempted, once by myseli' and
once by ('oh)nel Simmons. In cmisidering the diirereiit state nts which
have been made from time to time, I am well satisfied that none of
them can be taken as the basis of any accurate calculations l■espectin.^• tins
ratio of increase or diminutiim, and I am further inclined to tlie opiiiioi"tliat
the airgrefrate former population, takiiio- one period with another, has nevcT
been very much greater than within our knowledge of it. In arrivin.r fit
I
9
' ill
■'■
ii •
iiii\' CMiicliisioii, it is iicccssjiry Id I'cyMnl imt iiu rely tlic intiiiil t;ict> <>l
iiicrc;isc (ir iii(irtiilit\' iiiiowii to us, Imt \\iv capacity ut' tiie cininliy to tur-
iiisli siil)>istciici', tiic iiKides ul' dhtaiiiiiij^' it Idllnwcd l>y tlic liidiaiis, tlit-ir
^•■(.■iicriil cliaracter and li>d)its, tlieir IVciiiidity, tlicir wars, ;nid various other
circunistaiicfs directly or indirectly heariii;^' upon lite. That the estimates,
. \cn of residents, cannot he rclie(l upon with conrideiico, has lieen made
sidlicieiitly evident by the discrepaniies in our diU'ei'enr atti'Uipts at an actual
euiiniei'atioii, and those ol' travelers, like Lewis and Clarke, are likely to
have hee:i still wider tVoni the tact. Still, as no other data exist upon
which to I'ound any opinion, we art; driven to assume tlioe ior the purjm.se
o| discussion.
'1 he popidation <»f' tlu' Cohnnbia, below the Cascades, was very probably
at its heijiht early in the present century. N\>ne of the early writers men-
tion the indications of previous mctrfality as reniarka])le in extent; and this
ne^ati\c evidence is almost conclusive when taken in connection with their
subse(pient nndtiplicatiou between 1S2() and ls;!(). Lewis and Clarke, in
isild, estimated the total nuud)er at alxmt S,;-)()(), whi(di is within the bounds
of probability. They in fact seem to have rather underiated the four
lower bands ot' Tsinfdv, whom they place at 1,100 souls, whereas .Mr.
Jrvin;;', on the authority of the fur-traders, but a lew years later, j^ives tlieir
iuiml)er of warriors alone at ■"),")4, a force recjuiriny a much larjivr total.
The same period may also be assumed as the date of j^reatest prosperity of
the trii)es on the coast and on the Kowlitz and the Tsihalis Kivers. The
e.-timat(> of the former, founded on Indian authority and aiiled by the
i-e'ported nund)er of houses, <iives a total oi' l,,")00, not an excessive one. if
the .Makah are included, as seems to be the case. ( )f the Kowlit/ and
r])|)er Tsihalis, who are not mentioned liy tliem, 4,000 may be inlmittedas
the extreme.
Aceordinji- to Vancouver, it would a])pear that the Siauid tribes liad
sulVered from .M»me ^^reat cahunit\' previous to his visit in the sprin;^' ()f IT'.fJ.
In all those waters from l\trt l)iscovery to head of the sound, durin;^' a
minute s\irvey, lie did not meet with over 1,"JOO Indians, and at least half of
these must ha\c beloiined to the Ska^^it and Snohoini.-h. 'i'he season of
the year was too I'arly for them to have lell the walir in .search ol nxits and
J
ii
183
1)crri('s; iind those t1i:it lio s;iw iiiMiiifcsftMl no iil.iriii ;it his pivsciicr, which
WMiihl Iii(hicf the idea th;it others hud (led in coiiseciiiciice of his jippro.-uli.
ik'siiU's the ([iinntity of hones which he met with in (hllerent places, and
moi-e pnrticnhn-ly the iie^ileet with which they were treated, iiKhcateil the
recent presence oi' some ju'stih'nce. As nearly correspondinL; w ith llu' lini(»
when Lewis and Clarke supposed the small-po\ to jia\f \ isited the Dalles,
it is not improl)aI)Ie that this disease had prevailed here also, thouiih N'an-
eonver does not speak of its marks njxai the snrvixors as helnL;' \ frv recent.
A\'ar conld not have heen the cause of such widespread elVects, as their hos-
tilities never resulted in nnich hkutdsiied within a short time, (hoiinli aciiiiM-
as a steady (dieek on popu]atit>n. After A'aiiconver's \ isit, there nnisl lia\c
heen u very eoiisiderahle increase, which aceordiuL;' to Indian account, has
been siiu-e, at two or three ditl'erent times, affected lt\ epiileniie diseases.
In the district referred to, there are at this time (i\ ei' o.OlM) Indians;
an<l while the tril)es lower down tluf sound are increasiu;^', as appears l)\ the
ninnl)er of ( hililreii, others in more intimate connection with lhi> whiles ha\(^
j^reatly fallen oil', and some are nearly extinct. I< W(udd seem, therefore,
as if constant lluctnations from natural causes, not arising;' out of the seltle-
menl of the country, had existed amono- them from an earl\ time, ami the
inference would he that their total nuiid)ei- ha<l never ^i-eath- exceeded thai
which they ha\i' reacdied since the discovery. Too ^ireat stress is not to he
laid upon the assertion of tlu; Indians them.s(dves that they wer icea. "rtiat
many, for their ideas of mnnher are va^ue at the hest, and the iccollection
of any former mortality would pndial'.y Ix; exa;i;iicriiteil, while the afier-
imavase would he disregarded. I should consid( r a population of S,(MM) |nr
the trihes within the Straits of Fuca as the utmost whicii lhe\- have ever
reached. ;Mr. jMiday.son, of the ll'id.soii Bay (!omi)any, made a count of
the Klallam in 1845, and ascertained their nundiers to he l,7<;it. Takinji'
this as their maxiumm at any one time, the t(jtal nund)er of Indians in this
Territory, west of the Casoafle Mountains, durin}^- their most llom-ishin;;-
c'i)oeh, and on the supposition that the condition existeil simult.nieousix- to
all of thorn, would amount to 2(i,8()0, or ahout three tinu'S their present
iiunihi'r. This seoms to me as fi;'reat a, ho ly as the counti'\ could have
supported ueeordinfr to their modes of life, and certainl\- is in itself formid-
Ib4
!ibl<!. It is most probahlu liowevcr, tliut tlic wlutlo were uovcr at onco in
the siuno coiulitioii of pro.sjxirity, Imt tliut iiiutiiatioiis occuiTcd aiiioiij; dif-
Ccrciit tribc'H at various times. Mr Halo, to whose work I have only recently
had access, does not touch upon the Sound tribes, with the excejjtion of the
Niskwalli (Skwalc); and the estimates furnished by Captain Wilkes in tlie
same year (IHU), althou<>h coverinjf a portion of the deficiency, are yet
very incomplete, and do not coincide with the others in those mentioned by
both. The census of a ])ortion of the Sound tribes, made by Dr. Tolmie in
IS4I, and published in the f(»rmer re])ort, ' thou<;h undoubtedly more
accurate than the above so far as it f^^oes, but a very partial one. 1 have
endeavored to cond)ine all these, on the as.sumi)tion that no f,n'eat changes
had taken place in that interval, but without beiuf,' able to arrive at any
valuable result as regards details. It .seems jjrobable, however, that the
total population of the western district at that time reached 15,000, and that
the tribes most exempt from <liminutiou since have been those of the eastern
shore of the sound below the I'uyallup liiver.
The more recent estimates of General Lane, in 1S41I, I have passed
over as being mere estimates, and not entirely complete. They cannot aid
in any way in drawing accurate conclusions.
On one point connected with the subject of population, a fact of ethno-
logical importance may be referred to, \'v<., the very small nuud)er of indig-
enous half-breeds. Notwithstanding the length of time that the fur com-
panies have occupied the country, and the almost universal connection of
its em])loyes with native women on permanent terms, the number of metifs
is hardly appreciable.
TiniUL UliGANIZATlOX AND (JOVKUNMENT.
No division of tribes into clans is observable, nor any organizntion
similar to the eastern tribes, neither have the Indians of this Territory
end)leinatical distinctions resend)liug the totem. Among- some of the northern
tribes, as 1 am assured by Mr. John Work, of the Hudson Bay Company's
ser\ ice, these exist. As regards the chiefdom, it is theoretically hereditary;
but if on the (le.ith of a chief the eldest son is objectionable from stu[)idity
or bail reputation, it is .siid that the tribe sometimes set him aside for tho
ff
185
t
next. If ii cliicrs sons aro ton yoinij,'- to^rovcrn, IiIh hrotlicr or next ivlativo
siiccocils liini and continnos cliicf till liis doatli, when the* ollici^ rcvi'rfs to
tlio son of tlio fldcr. It is not unnsiiai to iiiul nicn livin<;- ascliii-fs oviTtho
niotln'i-'s tribe instead of tlie fathers. 'I'his is the ease with Seahll anionj;- tlio
Dwaniisli. The reason seems to 1>(^ that on the death of the fatlu'i' the
children, if young, are often carried hack by the mother to her own people
and I)ronght lip anion ji- tlunii. It does not appear that the title in such cases
descoiuls in the female line. With the exceiition of a very f«'W men of whom
reputation for courage or sagacity is c(»nsiderable, and whose inlhteiice is
in consecpieiico extended over a tribe, their noininal chiefs have no control
beyond their own petty liaiids, nor is it jiotent ev(Mi there. Weaitli gives a
certain (lower among them, and influence is purchased by its lavish distri-
bution. There isnoda.ssof braves, or warriors, and no distinction between
war and peace chiefs. The decision of all (piestioiis of moment depends
upon the \vill of the majority interested, but then; is no coiiijiulsion u])oii
the minority. To this fact, as will elsewhere bo noticed, seems to Iks due in
some degree, the splitting up and subdivision of tribes. In fact, society is
jierfectly democratic, because in the absence of government or anthorily,
it cannot be otherwise. There is no priesthood aside from the tamahnous
men, or doctors, who have by virtue of their ollice an important part to
jilay as leading the ceremonial incantations which accompany jiroceedingH
of general interest. In their councils, every one has tluu-ight of s[)eaking,
and assent or dissent is ascertained liy exclamation or silence. Some of
them are effective orators, though in general their ehxpieiice is of a very
noLsy and vociferous kind. The women are jiresent at, and join in, tlie.se
talks, speaking in a low tone, their words being rejieated aloiul by a
reporter. On occasions of less ceremony, they sonietinufs address the audi-
ence without any such intervention, and give their admonitions with a free-
dom of tongue highly edifying. In a few instances, matrons of superior
character, " strong minded women", have obtained an inHuen;:e similar to
that of chiefs. Sally, the widow of Tsenahmus, a Tsinuk (diief, well
known on the Lower Columbia, enjoys great authority among tlus Indians
and general immunity from the whites. The (pieen, an old lady of the
Tsihalis, who patronized Caiitain Wilkes's party in 1«41, yet rules her neigh-
§
m
St
ISC,
liorliood \\\\\\ iiii(li>|iut('il ^wiiy, iiiid ini occasidii iit'tlic li.if (•(Piiiicil "put in
Iicr djir" with considcriililc cllcct ii;4Jiiiist ;i rcinoval. A' '• tlic tiilks, time is
j:ciicnill\' t;il\cii liy the ii^sciiiliiy tn cniisidcr tin- iiiatli r in liiiiid Ix-lon^ ii.
Iliial actinii is decided. Tlie leasts at uliicli their |ii-iiici|)al ('(iiisiiltiitidii.s
jieiierally take place will lie iiieiitioiied hereal'ter. Tliev ai'e fiiveii by some
leadini,' chiel' oi- rich man, wiio takes the dllice m|ioii liiiiisell with a view (if
l)iiii;iiiiL;' hiiiiseH' ciins|iicMniisl\- helore the pulilic.
I
/'lOjiiil'/. — As I'ai' as 1 can ;:athei' tiie \ie\\s til' tin- Sdiiiid tiilies, tliey
rec(i;4iM/.e im iiidi\i<liiai ri^iht t<i lami e.\ce|it actual nccupancv. 'I'his seems
tu lie respected In this e\t<'iit, that if a man has cleai'ed a s|iut dl' land lur
cultivation, lie can Imld it im the retiu'u nl' the seasmi tor planting;' i'nun year
t(i xcar. as lnufi' as he sees lit. Sn in their \illa;i('s, the site (il' a Ikmisc per-
tains t(i the individual as hnii^' as he leaves anv vestige iir evidence dl' a
liuildinj.i' du it. Aukiu^' the 'I'sinnk imd l-dwcr Tsihalis, the ri;^h( uiay
have lieen carried sumewliat further, liUi unsettled lauds away from their
usual haunts are liut little rej^arded. Trihes are, liowevor, somewhat tena-
cious of territorial ri;^lit, and well understaml tlii-ir respective limits; but this
seems to lie merely as rejiards their title, and they never, it is believed,
exclude from tliem dther friendly trilies. It woidd appear rdso that tlioso
lands are considered td survive td the last remnant of a tribe, after its exist-
ence as such has in fact ceased. Tliere seems to be, in siime instaii(;es, a
vaji'ue claim b\- chiefs to territdrial sov creiiiUtN', as t'or example amonfi' tlio
Makali, where any wrecked property lloats ashore the proprietor claims
from the linder a ]iortion of it, and it is said payment is exacted for the use
of jiartieular pieces of ordiind. ('ases have been mentioned of a claim by a
chief to the ownersliip of the whole country occupied by liis tribe; but these
do not seem to have an\- foundation in acknowled<;ed rij^ht, oi' to be actually
maintained. Sneetlmu, the former chief of the Skagit, is .said to have niado
such pretensions. As regaids the fisheries, they are held in connnon, and
no tribe jiri'tends to claim from another, or from individuals, seij^'niorayo fur
the riylit of taking'. In fact, su(di a claim would bo inconvenient to all i)ar-
ties, as the Imlians move about, on the sound particularly, from oiU3 to
another locality, accordinn' to the season. Nor do tliey have disputes as to
fi
1H7
I
^
flu'Ir limitliiji' i^i-oiiiids. I.iukI imd sou ii)i|)ciir to In- npcn to ;ill witli wliom
t!it'\- ;ir(^ not ;it war. Tlicir lociil iittiiclmiriits iirc \(r\ sli-oiin, ns lui^lit lir
iiit'ciTi'd witli i-c^fir<l to a race liaviii;^' llxcd abodes, and tiny part iVoiii tlK'ir
iavoi'itc grounds and liurial-|)la('('s with the utnio>t reluctance.
As regards the I'ltiht ol' |)i'o|)ei'ty in liouses or ;.;oods, their i(h'as are
naturally idearer. The maker of anything- is its necessary owner until he
voluntarilv parts nith its |iossessiou. So also the captor ol lish or i:anie,
the one who di;.is I'ools or raisi's ve^vtaliies ; but it is not jn'olialde that t):ey
liavo over speculated upon tlui origin of this ri^ht, nor would their minds
comjn-C'hend any abstract reasoning;' n|iou the subject. They have customs,
liowL'ver, in sonu^ respects peculiar to themselves. Not only de the men own
property distinct from their wives, but (which is a conseipience followin^i- on
poly}>'am\) their wives own eath her private elVects, separate from hei'
husband as w(dl as from the others. Ilc^ has his own blankets, sIk' her
mats and liaskets and i^^cnerally speakin;^- her earnin^'s bcdouL;' to her, except
those arisin;xfnim prostitution, which aic her husl)and's. On the dccwisc! <>i
a nian, his ]iropert\ is imnu'diat(dy taken possession of by his relatives, and
Avliat is not destroyed or displayed at his i>Tave is dividcnl amon<;- them, his
sons if j^rown up takin-^- a jiart ; his wives rrft nothing' whatever, nor youn;.;-
children, but unless appropriated by tin- men, return to their own people,
takinj.^ the latter with them. Another custom in respect to property is that
the seller of ii horse, slave, or woman "guarantees life and safety lor a time.
If tlie\' escape; or dit; within perhai)s a month or two, the purchaser can
demand back the price. As a ;^'eneral thin.L;-, they do not dispose of property
before death. Instances liai)])en of course when they express the wish that
individuals should ha\e jjarticular articles, but is n(»t always re{.!arded.
Judge Ford informed me that one day the Indians announced to him tho
death of a man near by. The next they t(dd him that ho was alive again,
and that he said he had not disposed of his horses to suit him, and had
come back for that i)urpose, that he had now done so and was going to die
again, which he accordingly did during the day, and that time in earnest.
This sort of coDia preceding death, it should be remarkeil in explanation,
seems to l)t' not unconnnon.
1,SH
1
'1
Ski'oij. — Slavery is fli(troii<rlily iiitcrwcnoii with tin* sorial polity (if
\\\\' Iiiiljjiii.s (if the coast section of ()re;;oii iind \Vasliiii;^toM 'rciritoiv.
I'jasf of the ( 'ascades, tlioiiyli it exists, it is not so coiiinion; the i(iiiestriaii
haliits of tile tiilies livinjf there jirohahly renderiiif;^ it less prolitahle <»i'
coiiveiiieiit than ainon^ the more settled iiduihitants of the coast. Sonth-
ward it ceases, s(» far as my ol)ser\ iitiiu has jfone, with th<; Siskion Mount-
ains, which divide < >re;roii from California. Many of the; slaves held her(!
are, howc^ver, l»ron;:ht from ( "alifoi iiia, where they were taken l»y the war-
lik<3 and jacdatory Indians of the plains, and sold to the Kallapiiiii and
'I'sinnk. I'he system prohahly originated in wars, all prisoni-rs Itecom-
in;^- slaves as a matte.' of course, thou;;h as usual they hav(( some fancifid
modes of accountin;,'' for it. Thus some of the S(»nnd Indians told Colonel
Sinunons that the first was ma<le on the occasion of a <,''reat feast, when one
of the i^iicsts criticiseil the cookinj^ of the fish. The others, disf^nsted at
his ill-hreedin;;-, deliated npt)n his punishment. Some were for killin;;' him;
hut it was finally (U'cidecl to mak(! him a slave, that he mi^lit always serve
his insulteil host, which accordinj^ly was done. However this may be, the
occasions of makin^f them have since jjcreiitly multiplied. Thus, if one
Indian has wron^^ed another, and failed to make compensation, or if a
debtor is in.scdent, he maybe taken as a slave. Their mode of procedure is
characterized by their wonted deliberation. The plaintilf comes with a
party to demand satisfaction, and holds out to the other the option of pay-
ment or .servitude. If no .satisfactii»n is j^iven he nnist submit unless he is
stron<>^ enough to do battle. And this slavery is final de<,''radation. 'J'he
ride of once a slave always a .slave e.xtends so far that if the debtor should
have ••iven up some relative in his power, and subsequently redeems him,
ho becomes his slave in turn. If a man ])urcliaso his father or mother,
they become his slaves, and are treated as such. The children of slaves
by others are slaves likewise. And the children of a man by his own
slaves are but half free ; they do not rank as srahb-viri. Even if one pur-
chases his own freedom, he is yet looked upon as an inferior. A distinction
is to be made as regards women, that whereas in cue sense they are always
slaves or property, yet when a man sells or pays away hi« sister or daughter,
she, if born of free parents, becomes the wife of the creditor or purchavser,
m
ISO
iiiifl !is such (Idc^ not follitw tlu" rule i»f* distriliutitui, liiit uii the ilfiitli of
licr liiisliiiiiil ictiiriis to Ik r tiiltc or I'jiiiiilv. TIh' mmilH'r of ]t( rsous tliiis
lu'lil upon tlic Sound is less tlian fiirtlicr north, but proltMlily inuounts to
onu-tontli of the |)opulnti(»n. MiUiv ot" tlu'Ui l)cIon;r to distiinf trilx's, muiI
otlicrs l)('h>n<i'in;^ to llu-so nrc lichl I'lscwlicn'. 'I'lic system h;is liftn thr
(•iius(f of constiuit (listurhnncc jnuouf^' thcinscKcs, ns well ns of wjirs with
their nei;ihhors ; for not only were the hitter often ninth' for the purjiose of
olttiiinin;,^ them, l)Ut the oeciisionnl esea])e or steiihnjr of slnves treiitetl
(liOiculty iind led to retaliation. For this reason, it was ihonjiht e.\p<'dient
in the treaties with tlio Sound tribes to stipulate it.-, 'bolitioii. The life of a
shivo was entirely at the disposal of his master or mistress, and it was for-
merly customary anion}^ most of the tribes to kill ])art at least on the death
of the owners. At 'I'sinnk, as lately as iSad, an attempt was made to
starve a little slave <;irl to death, who had l)een jjfiveii to a child in th<'
family, jireviously deceased, and her lite was only saved liy the intervention
of the citizens, who otVered to pay her ])rice, representin*;' that it would be as
{rood to destroy the value in merchandise, and addinythe weight of a threat
in case of refusal.
Dr. Tolmie informs me that the coiu'se of the slave trade has always
been from south to north; the only exception in his knowledge! bcMug that
the Kowlitz Indians, formerly a very strong tribe, usecl to make forays on
the Sound and carry their prisoners to the Columbia Jiiver.
H'l
Bdalialion. — 'i'lie law of life for life is fidly recognized, subject, how-
ever, to compromise on payment of damag-es. The ja-ocedure is al)out as
follows: If one Indian has taken another's life, tlie revenge is not iunnediate;
it is talked over for some time, perjiaps months, during whicli any overture
for settlement can be made. If noiu' is ofl'ered, the relatives of the decea.sed,
Avith a sufficient party of their friends, proceed to tlui nuu'dorer and iuake a,
demand on him for satisfaction. If he or his friends can make up a sufficient
amount of goods to appease the next of kin, the affair is settled, the other
friends being paid something- for their trouble in the matter, and somt; return
IS then usually made by them in token that [)(;ace is restored. If the nnir-
derer cannot himself make a suitable recompense, or his frien<ls will not
nil)
ill
1 ',t.-
^Mi
iissi>t liliii, llicv tlicii t;ikc III-; lil'c, iiiul tlic ;ilV;iir stops, no linstllify Itclii;;
|ir(i\(il<c(| iiiicw li\' llic act. Tlic iiiiiiMiiit tn lie |iaii| as Idnixl-iiMiiicy (lt'|K;iMls
ii|iiiii the iiii|i()ilaiic(' (if lIic |icrs(iii killed; wniniii liciii;;- nl' Juss value tliail
men. 'I'eii lilaiikets will ;;-eiienill\- pav i'or a eiiimiioii |i('rs(iii. ( K'casiinially,
llie iii(li\ idiiiil .sitii^^lit fni", iiisteail oreomiinmiisiiiL;', makes iijilit, es|iecially if ii
(ddel' ur a man (if iniluence, in \vlii(di ease a i/iiiisi war arises lietweeii tlie two
Irllies or I'actlons. It jieiierallv terminates without nnuli Idoodslied, and
leads to an anncalile arraniiement 'i'liis system of I'etaliatioii. wlii(di is
ciirric'd out in excry matter, and takes the ))laee of civil process for lUdtt, as
wi'll as actions for toi'ts or criminal prosecutions, has woi'ke(l nincdi niisidiief
amon;;' tlic Indians, and been ono source of slavery, as well as of the break-
in<;-up of the tribes. TIk.' principal cause arises in the event of death inider
the hands of the doctor, as Ik^ always receives his fee in !"Ivance, and on the
nnderstandin^i' that he is to cun' his ])atienr. So, if not successful in his
conjuration.^, '-■ '•••'l,.d upon to refund, perhaps with daman'cs, or, in casts
of failure, is set upon ai.w .."'led in turn. Shoidd the patient, howevi'r, on
his death-beil, attribute his late to the malignant tamaluio-ils of the pi'acti-
tioner, his friends do not trouble themselves with any preliminaries, but dis-
patidi him at si;4ht.
]V((rs. — I'util the.inilu' nee of the whites came to be sensibly ielt, and
their numbers thiniUMl liy disease, a state of ])etty warfare prevailed between
many of the dill'erent tribes. Even now amon^^' those who have been less inti-
mate in their new r( lations. some siu'h condition of thinf!,'s exists, and jealousy
ol each other is mn'versal. It has been a matter of j^'reaf ;nuus(inent amony'
travelers to be told by every successive band that just beyond them the
Indians wviv very bad; any worse than the last, however, never ])einn'
reached, 1»ut, like an ii/nis /(ttiius, keei)iu>;'a little ahea<l. Their wars amonii:
themselves, it is probable, were never very bloodv. Ross Cox f^-ives a very
graphic account of the Tsimlk inetluKl, which was j)robably not far from
correct. llavinj>- once detennined on hostilities, thev <;ive notice to the
enemy of the day on which tluy intend to make the attack, and having-
jireviously enj<'a<>'e(I as auxiliaries a number of vouug' men whom they pay
for that purjiose, th y eml)ark in canoes for the scene of action. Several of
ilM
101
i
tiicir women iici'i.m|iim\ tliciii on tlirir ('Xpctlitions, jinil assist in workinii- tlw
ciinocs. On ,nri\ inii' lit tlic cnrniy's villiiii'c. tlicv tntcr into ii ])iu'l.'\, iiml
cndciivor liy nc;4()tijiti<>n to tcrniiniitc tlic (|n;nTrl .nnifiilily. Soiiirlinn's ii
tliinl piirtv, wlio |)ri'scivcs ;i strict ncntniilts, Miidtrtiikcs tlic iniicr ol
nu'tliiitur; hut sliould their joint cll'orts t'nil in proi'iu-inj;- redress, lliey iinnie-
diiitcly |irepiire tor iicfion. Slioidd tlie d.iy lie I'm- ;i(i\.'nced. tlie i I'lil is
dt'ft'rred 1»\- nnituid eonsent till the lollow in;:- niornin--, iind they |i;i>s the
ni;;ht intervening;' in t'ri;;htt'nl yells and nmkin^- nse of ahnsivc ami insulting-
hilij;-iia<f(' to each other. They <;iiierally tin'ht from their canoes, w hich they
take carc^ to incline to one side presenting- the !ii;;her llald^ to the enemy;
and in this position with their hodies (piiti- bent the liattle commences.
( )\vin;;' to the curve of their canoes, and their impenetrable .armor, it is seldom
bloody; and as soon as one or two men fall, the l)arty to \\ hom they belong;-
ackiiowlcdj.'e thcnisebcs vancpiished and the cond)at ceases. If the assail-
ants be nnsut'c'cssfid, lhe\- retnrn withont redress; bnt if con(pierors. they
receive varions presents iVoiii the van(|uished party in addition to their
ori"-inal demand. The women and children are alwa\s sent away before
the enj.i'a^^'ynient connnences.
The same description will apply to most of the battles on the So'.^.l
oxccpt whore northi'rn tribes are conccirned, who are more wai . ■■ and
ferocious. Most of those which have been witnessed by early s ders con-
sisted chieily in howliiif-- at niyht and llrin;;- tlieir f-iins, beyond 1)U '- t ran^'e,
in the (hiv: their faces are painted in accorilanc(;. Ihit there ai, -iome
instances of more deterniineil conduct. The now almost extinct tribe ol
Tsoinakuni, living on Port Townshend, uere, by the conunon report, very
troublesome iiei;4hbors, and on bad terms with all. They were lirst broken
by the ]\rakah, v.lio jjartake of th(! su])erior eouraf^e of their race. 'I'hey
are said also to have had a f>Teat lij-'ht with the Snoliomi.sh nuiny years a;,^),
and some seven years since were attacke<l and their fort destroyed by (he
Sukwaniish, under Heahtl. In these atVrays, as wcdl as in a fi-^dit between
the Klallam and Snohomish, a number of lives were lo.st. Ihit the real
method of warfare amoiij,^ them was by unu'der, overpowering' indivhinals
by uuudjcrs, or killing' them by stealth and unawares. In this way, their
wars, so to call them, were kept up.
Ijrlil
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Tlio .'irnior ni('iiti<nu'<l ]»y Cox ronsistod of iiii elk skin sliirt, rcniiirkalilv
thick, <loul»l<'(l. and thrown over tlif shi>uhh'rs, with hoh's tor the arms. It
<h*sccinls to thi' ankles, and IVoni the thickness of the leather is peH'ectlv
nn-ow proof. The head is covered witli fi species of lielmot made of ce<hir-
liark, hear ;rrass, an<l h-ither, and is also impenetrable hv arrows, 'i'he
neck, therefore, is tl nly vital ))art of the hody exposed to dan<^er in
action. Ill addition to the ahove they have another kind of armor, which
thev occasionally wear in place of the leathern .shirt. It is a species of
corset formed of thin .sli])sof hard wood, inj^enionsly laced toji^ether by bear
ffrass and is much lijrliter and more pliable than the former; but it does not
cover so much of the body. Neither is any loiifrer u.sed in this '^rerritorv.*
'llw Soinul Indians, but more paiticnlarly those on the Straits of Fnca,
sometimes fortifv their dwelling's by stocdcades made of liea\y pun(dieons
tw( Ive or fifteen feet lii;,di, set in the ground, and stren fthene<l bv large
])osts and cro.ss pieces. These were loop hole<l, and ealeulated very well
to serve even against muskets.
I'he bow and arrow, and a lieavy club carved at the end, were their
original weapons. 'I'hey have gone almost entirc'ly out of use, not being
often em])loved even for game except anu(ng the Makah, who still adhere
to them. The aiTows are pointed with hard wood or bone, and reseml)le in
every re.spect the tigiu-es in the third volume of Mr. Schoolcraft's work.
'Hwy are in no respect ecpuil in workmanship to those of the interior or the
coast of ( !alifornia.
None of th(> western tribes within my observation have pursued the
practice of scalping the slaii', nor do ihey wear scalp-locks. The Indians
on the Straits of Fiica and thence northward decapitate their enemies. ".
was noticed by Vancouver. While surveying Port Townshend, he saw on
one of the low ])oints of Craven Peninsula, "two upright poles set in the
ground, about tifteen feet high, and rudely carved. On the top of each was
stuck a human head, recently planted there. The hair and flc li were nearly
peifect, and the head appeared to carry the evidence of fury or revenge, as,
in driving the .stakes through the throat to the cranium, the sagittiv, with
* Tilt) abovo Wiut written before tbi^ breaking »iit of tlio exiHtiiiK war, in wliich it is nnneces-
snry to huv tbut Ibc.v I'livo <li»iil.i,v 'il a liarc'ilinoil and iiertinacity for wliidi credit was ni'Vcr jjivcn
tlii'in.
^
I 3
T
i!i:5
p.irt uftlio sculp, woro bnnio on their ])olnts somo iiiclios jil)ovo llie rest of
llic skull. IJctwcoii tlio stakes m lire had heeii made, and iu»ai- it sciiiie cal-
cined i)()nes were (d)serve(l, but none el' these appearances enalded lis to
satisfy onrselves concei'nin;.'' the maimer in wliicli tlie IxxHes had heeii dis-
posed of." No suspicion ol' cannihalism exists aiiainst aii\- ol' tliese trilies.
It is most prol)ahle that the lire had Iieeii tiie usual cookin^-'-lire of Indians,
and that the heads were tiiose of enemies slain i)\ the 'IVemaknin, ami set
lip in this manner in didiance on leaving- their camp. It is possilile that
tluiv may have Imriied the bodies; but such a practice has iM)t been noticed,
and eertainlv never was common aiiioiiL;- them.
FOOD.
The principal food of the Indians on the west side of the Cascades ma v
be brieliy s(^t down as lish, roots, and berries, (lame furnishes to but few
of them any consideralile item. There are nioimtain-sheep or, more |)rop-
orly ^'oats, in tlie luLthi'i' parts of the ran^^c : but (liev probabK never ••oii-
Htitutod an important arti<'le of food, their wool beiii;^- tlie principal ol>jecl
of their capture. I'dk and (her are hunted to a certain e.xfeiit, ehiellv bv
the bands nearest the moiintiiins; and the Snokwalm. in fact, kill more of
the latter on the islands than do the Sound Indians themselscs. Lewis and
Clarke speak of <jaine as having- rather furnished an article of lii.Kiiry than
of support to the Tsinnk, tli(uigh abundant in their coiintrv. A hunter is,
in fact, looked upon with respect by almost every tribe in the district.
The roots iiseil are numerous; but the wappatn, or saf^ittaria, and the
kamas are the principal. These are found in f^reat ipiantities, the former
in ponds, the latter in the prairir^, particularly smdi as are wet ; and they
wore formerly u j^reat article of trade with llie interior. IJesides tlies<", the
roots of the snnllower and fern are largely used, and a small white root of
rather insijiid taste. I'^rom tin; fern, they make a species of tloiir which is
Ijakod into bread. The kamas season is in the latter part of Ma\- and .liiiie,
and then as well as in the fall when the sunllowi'r is dug, the prairies are
dotted over with sipiaws, each arir.etl with a sharp stake and a basket, liiiNiU
eng'Mf^ed in digging them. At tin se times, camps are geiierallv found near
the skirts of timber whii'li bordci- the open lauds for the coiivci" :'e <tf
l.{
^;i:
194
jriitlicriiij^- siikI iircscrviiij^^ TIio kiiiniis Is baked in the <,n-()uii(l, a Iiolc IxMiir"-
iii'sf dii^' and licatcd with stoiu^s, and tli<^ root oov(;r('d over witli t\vi;rs and
earth. Tlicrc an; nnmcrons othes' roots and j)lants used in tlu-ir tivsli state.
Of tli(! hci'ries, siicli as th(i strawlM-rrv, salnion-l)crr\-, raspberry, and
others wliich are not suitalth? Ibr dryinfr, are consumed at once; hnt the
lin(;kh!l)erry, of which then; ar<> several kinds, sallal. vt-., >)e ih'ied and
stort^d for wiirter's use. "I'he sahnoii-lH-rry, a larj^c .rl .-' . hat coarse
species of raspl terry, is abundant in the river Itottonis, iind "rows to about
an inch in lenjzth. There are two varieties, the fellow and pnrph'. It
obtains its nani(! from its ripeninj»- about the same time with th(^ ]iei}.;lit of
the .sahnon season on the ('(dund)ia, and its association with tliat iisli in
Indian superstition. Acorns in tliose sections of the country where the oak
is found an; <;-athered and stored for winter. But tlio great staple of food
thron^ii a vast portion of the country west of the Rocky Mountains, as well
in the interior as on the coast, is the salmon, which frecp.ients in extraordi-
nary (piantities almost every river from the Sacramento northward, and
l)ursues his way to th<i very base of the Rocky Mountains. Of this tiu ro
are several kinds, not less than six, it is supposed, entering- the Coliiaibia
alone at tlu' dili'erent periods of the year, and others beinj>- found '■' otht '
localities. Tiie salmon, which enter that river ',.\ .lie spring ai' ;!r« ♦^i.,'
oidy ones prized as food by the whites, do not seek either the small li i /s
of the coast or tlu; lower tributaries near its moittli ibr the purpo.se of spa^v;
ing, but push directly up the i)rincipal branches, such as the Willamette, tl e
Snake, etc., to the colder waters of the mountains In this they areassis'ed
by the simultaneous occurrence of the freshets which enable them to ( ser-
come the obstructions with gre^iter ease. In some of the forks of the Co-
lumbia tkey jienetrate to the m;/;u chain of the Rocky ^lountaii.'s; but in
other.s, as the Snake, they are .stopped by impassable barriers. I.ji i in the
season interior kinds are abundant, and these also succeed in l(<i. ' :.■■ ihoir
way up the larger I»ranches, but in addition, IcMve detachments in ( very
cret'k tliat eiiti'rs tlie coast, every brook whicli unites with the rivers, and
even in the sloughs formed by rain in I'lC prair'c; . It is at this sea.son that
the coast Indians lay up their winter supplie-; icn tho.se later species pos-
sessing little fat are tins easiest dried for k<\ping. The Indians of tlie into-
i !:i
WMM
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195
I
rior prosorvo tlio fornior kinds nlso, Mliidi aftor n st,)v in the fVcsli wntor
liMVc lost tlicir superfluous oil, antl these are oi'teu aetualh' traded to thi>s(>
Indians at the mouth of the river or on the Sound. The nalle^j was for-
merly a <ireat depot for this eonuneree. It seems that the s])rin^' salmon
ascend <Miiy those rivers whieh take their rise in snow or which an' suhject
to spring- freshets. Thus they are found in the Sacramento, the Klamath, the
Columbia, and in the Kwinaiutl, where there is a variety considered the linesl
on the coast. Into the bays howi-ver, they do not enter, at least in any
mnnbers; and in I'nyet Sound, though taken in some of the streams rising
ill the Cascades, they are by no means abundant nor so large as in tin*
Columbia. The other kinds are, however, found in great (ptantity.
The spring salmon are taken on the rivi'rs with tlit^ seine; at th(> rapids
and in the small streams either with the scoop-net or with a gig. The lat-
ter is usually forked, the |)oints or barbs attached loosely by a thong so as
to give play to the iish. On some of the; rivers where th(( depth permits,
weirs are built to stop their ascent.
The Iish are split very thin, the backljono being; taken out and then a
.slice on each side, and all parts even to the lieads are preserved. No salt
is used, nor are they properly smoked; but a small tire is kept lieiieatli the
])oles on which they hang, to hasten their drying. 'I'he (piantity put up at
some of the principal fishing grounds was formerly immense, and even now
is very considerable.
Besides the salmon, sturgeon is taken in the (!(dumliia, and a variety
of other fish, though the two former only an; staples of food. In tli( Straits
of Fuca and part of the Sound, halibut is found; rock-cod, and several
other species are abundant everywhere. Tin; triu; cod is sometimes taken
within the Sound, but mostly without tlu; headlands. Off the Straits of
Fuca, about fifteen miles are lianks upon which the Makali are in the habit
of fishing for these; and halibut. What salmon are taken by this tribe an;
chiefly got by trolling. Among the Klallam and some others, tin; flesh of
the dog-fish is boiled, and when dried, pounded to the consistency of fhtur.
Shell-fish in great variety exist in tlie liays and on tin- coast, and many
of tlie.se are dried for v.Miiter stores. Seals are also occasionally captured
and regarded as a gi-eat luxury ; but a yet greater prize is tlu; whale, 'i'lie
'4f
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■ ■■':!
.Miikiili ;il(»iio fil" Jill tlicsci tril)(!.s venture \o kill it in wlialinj;- stvle. Tlio
Kwillcliint take it I»y means ot" Iiar|»(>(»ns liiiuved with seal-skins, wliicli
tli(!y leave to mark its cdnrst; nntil it tiies, and the more sonthern Indians
'•(•ntont themselves with tlu^ animal when it drills i;shure dead, as oecasi(»n-
i II ' Mens. 'i'h(i hlnhbei' is cut npand jncserxcd 1)\- jiartialU' smokini;. <>r
the ied out and sa\ed in the pannehes of animals.
As the salmon form the most important staple of snhsistonce, so with them
are eounected the j^reatest number of snperstiti(.' n. Those have, with many
tribes, in a measmv (lie<l away, bnt till of late years were ri<foroiisly main-
tained. .Messrs. iieuis and ( Marke, mentionin<f the capture of the lirst salmon
at the Dalles, in l.SOT, an oecasion of {.jroiit rejoicing- as a harbinger of the
school, .state that, "in order to hasten their arrival, the Indians, according
to custom, ilressed tlu; lish and cut it into small pieces, one of which was
given to I'ach child in the village." At the mouth of the Columbia, the first
salmon taken could only Im* eaten by the medicine-men. The next was
eaten l»y the inhabitant;; of tin; lodge. 'The taking of the "first li.sh t»f the
seasoi\" was, in fact, everywhen! tlu; occasion of a feast, 'i'he .salmon dance
was performed, and the anticipations of plenty lightened the hearts of all.
The earlier fish coidd not be obtained at any price by a white man, unless
thev were lirst cooked, lest he should ojien them with a knife instead of a
stone, or cut them crosswi.se. The heart was always roasted and eaten, for
fear a dog shotdd eat it, when no mtuv salmon would be taken. I'he
restrictions upon women during menstruation and pregnancy were stringent,
and there were numerous other details observed, such as eating particular
parts with tlu; rising and falling tide, consuming the fish before sundown,
Sii'. ( )n the ripening of the salmon-b(>rry h<nvever, these rides were abate<l,
the incoming of the schools being l)y that time rendered ci-rtain. The feasts
have of late been discontinued, and the salmon danci^ neglected, in all
these I'espects. tlu- Niskwalli had the same ob.servances as the Tsinfik.
To the aliove is to I)e ;'dded, as a limiied resource, the potato, which
is more or less cidtivated l>\- all. The estimate formed by ('(donel Sim-
moi's, in 1S,'»4, of the (piantity raised by all the Soinid tribes was .somewhat
o\er !l,tl(i(i buslu^ls of potatoes; no proportion, however, existing among
the various tiibes of the amount to the ])o|)ulation.
ik-
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AVitli ;ill tlu'sc sdurccs nf subsistc'ift', tlic ^^^rciitcr p.irt kI' wliii'Ii is
atVdrilctl spoiitfiiK (iiislv Itv llic liiiul or wiitiT, Jiotliiiij^ but iiKlnlciicc im- want,
(if tlirii't could lead to wiiut ainonj,'' a pojailatlou even <>i-('iitt'r lliaii we have
reason to believo at any time inlialiitcd tliis district. IJut llicy ucrciit par-
ticular seasons, undoubtedly straitened lor food, and inucli niortt I'ornierly
than now when they (djtain assistance i'roui settlers in conipensation lor
services. No instance of cannibalism has ever occurred to tlie kn( wleil;^*^
of tlu! whites.
To the necessity of seekinj'- the ditferent ariiides of food at dilVerent
times is to bi; attributed cliieHy the constant locomotion of these trib 's.
Not only do they at one tim(> freipieiit the prairies or marsli"s for roots, .o
another the forests for berries, and aj^ain the sounds and rivers I'or fish, but
they have particular points at which they seek the last at vari<tu.s seasons;
and althouj^li.they have their permanent villap's where their winter resi-
dence chiefly is, and their potato f^i-ounds, they are seldom to be lumid ail
gntherod there together e.Kcept on special occasions.
Thefiir-trndc. — This may be'said to l)e extinct in the western part of iIk*
Territory. The Hudson Bay Company <'ontinne to purchase the few skins
brought to them, but they mak<! no accomit of the trade. Heaver are again
abundant on all the .,tream.s because no long<'r sought for. Hhudv bear,
la'iil-otter, muskrat, miidc, and a few others exist, but are only occasionally
brought in for .sale.
SOCllOTY, MARIUAGH, AND 'I^IIE DOMKSTIC UKI. ATIONS.
It is not unusual to hnd on the small ])rairies human lignns rudely
carved upon trees. These I have understood to have been cut by young
men who were in want of wives, a.s a sort of practical intimation that they
were in tlu; market as purchasers. G(!nerally speaking, these Indians st^ek
theii- wives among other tribes than their own — whether from motives of
pcdicy or an indistinct idea of physi<dogica1 propriety, it is dillicult to say;
more probably the former. It seems to be a, matter of pride, in fact, to
unite the blood of several different ones in tlx'ir own persons. The expres-
sion, "lamhalf Snokwidmu, half Klikatat," or some similar one, is ofexcry-
day utterance. With the chiefs, this is almost always the ca.se.
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I )iiiii«'slic iill'cctioii ciiiMKit 1»(* ('(iiisidcri'd slroiiji" iiiiKHig' llicsc r;ux'S.
'I'Ik.i tics helwccii piin-iit iiiid child, liiisljiiiiil iiiid wife, sccni little cldscr tli;m
botwoc'ii more dislaiit relatives, or even others of the same tribe. Iiid' "d,
the term "itai/iu tillctiDi", my rehrtion, or one of my people, is more oueii
ill their mouths thiiii any denoting nearer kin. Mothers, it is true, sliow n
certain dej^n-ee of alVcction toward their children: hut even this is suhject to
exc(^ptions, or rather is itself an cxce])tion, as mij^ht he expected in such a
•general state of la'otligacy. Men have a certain pride of otfsprinj,'', l)nt it is
ra.ther as an evi(h'nce of virility on their own part than arising from parental
car(\ As an evidence of this condition of things, the occurrence of infanti-
cide, now less common than of old, is a sufiicient proof rirand[)arents seem
t<t liav(^ a gnsater attachment to their descendants than do the innnediate
j)rogenitors. On the part of the children, the affection is still less. Between
husband and wife there is probably as little. A strong scnnual attachment
nndonb*"dly often exists, which leads to marriage, as instances are not rare of
young women destroying themselves cm the death of a lover; but where the
idea of chastity is so entirely wanting in both sexes, this cannot deserve the
name of love, or it is at best of a temporary duration. A yomig man,
desirous of obtaining a wife, usually cohabits with her for a time before
purchasing her, during which he is gathering together the necessary amount
of property to be ])aid, or perhaps the c(nu'tshi[) connuences in this way — the
girl wishing a husband, and taking a straightforward mode of attracting one.
The condition of the woman is that of slavery under anv circumstances.
She is the property of liei father, of her nearest relative, or <»f her tribe, until
she becomes that of her husljand. She digs the roots and [)repares them for
winter, digs and dries clams, cures the lish which he catches, packs the
horses, assists in paddling the canoe, and ])erforms all the menial offices.
The more wives a man possesses, therefore, the richer he is; and it is an object
tor him to purchase others as his means increiuse. The accession of a new
wife in the lodge very naturally produces jealousy and discord, and the first
often returns for a time in (bidgeon to her friends, to be reclaimed by her
husband when he chooses, perhaps after pnipitiating her by some presents.
The lirst wile almost always retains a soi't of predominance in the lodge; and
the man, at least after his appetite for a subsequent one is satisfied, usually
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llvis with her. Wives, ))iirticiiliirl\- tlic liitcr ones, iirc often sold or Iriided
oil'. Divorce is uiikiiowii, lor the simple reiisoii tliiit tlie iiiiiniii^ie tit', if so it
cjiii he culled, hiis no t'oree, ex('e|)t in tlie will of the hush;ind. A ni.'in sends
his wife awiiv, or sells her iit iiis \\ ill. < )n the death of a hrother, ihe survivor
jienerally takes his wife; so als(» tin' father sonieiinies takes the wife of his son,
and even the son his father's snljsecjnent wives. ''They are, however, often
sold or returned to their own people. Prostitution is almost inii\rrsal. .\ii
Indian, perhaps, will not let. liis favorite wife, ))ut he looks upon his otheis,
his sisters, dauji'hters, femah? relatives, and slaves, as a lejiitimate s(Uirce of
jindit; and thi.s seems tohavo been a trail of th •'.•t>asl triltes from their fn>it.
intercour.se with the whites. Oeoasionally, adultery forms a cause of dif-
licidty ; hut it is then only because the woman is reserved for the time beinj;-
to the husliand's u.se, or because he fears to be cheated of his just enitdii-
nients. t'ohabitation of nmnarried females amonj.;' tlieii- own people brinj^s
no disjfrace if unaccompanied with childbirth, which they take care to pre-
vent. This connuences at a very early aj^c, jierhaps ten or twei\. years.
'i'he practice, of abortion is to be considered in its co.nH'ction. This is
•almost universal, and is produced both by \i(dence and by meilicines
{!ertain plants are known to them which ell'ect it, ami it is ^icnerally lielie\ cd
by the whites, that tiiey know of others which produce sterility at will.
The ci'rirmony of a weddinj^- a)non<i' the 'I'simlk is thus desci-ibed by
Ross Co.N, and is much more correct than most of his remarks upon Indian
maniUM-s: "The negotiations ))recedinj>' a. marria<i(i ar(! sliort, and the cere-
mony itself simjile. When a yonn<>' man has made his choice, he couunis
sions his parents or other I'elatives to open the !)nsiness to the jilrl's relali\ cs.
I'hey ar(^ ^t receive a certain (piantity of presents; iuid when these art!
a<>Teod <m, thev all re))air to the house intendeil for the futun^ residence (kC
the you ny couple, to whitdi nearly all the inhabitants of the villajic are
invited. The i)resents, which consist of slaves, axes, beads, kettles, littibrii,
brass and copper bracelets, &r., are lutw distributed by the young man,
who, in his turn, receives an equal orperha])s greater tpumtity from thtj
girl's relatives. The bride, decorated with the various ornaments couumou
among the tribe, is then led forth by a few old women ami presenteil to the
,1
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Itridcf^rooiii. lie receives her as liis wit'c: and tlu; ciders, al'trr wisliiiij^
tliciii plciit}' (d' lisli, I'nnt, mots, and cliildivn, ivtire t'roni tliu huuse, ticcuni-
punied Iiy all the slraiiycrs."
SKlTI/l'lKK.
Tlui romnion inodoot' disixisinyot" tln' d'.'adanionj'-tlio iisliiny tiibos was
in canot's. 'J'lieso are {generally drawn into the woods at some pniniinent
|ioinl, a short distance from the villaji'e, and sometimes jjlaced hetween the
!'orks of trees or raised from the <,n'onnd on posts. Upon the C»dnin])ia lliver,
\\\c '^I'sinfik had ii' j.articnlar two very noted cemeteries, ii hij^h, isolated
l)lMl1",al)ont three miles below the mouth of the Kowlitz, called ^It. CoHin, and
one some distance above, called Coflin lutck. The former would appear
not to have been very ancient. .Mr. Hroughton, one of Vancouver's lieu-
tenants, who explored the river, makes mention only of scvcrul canoes at
this |ilace. And Lewis and Clarke, who noticed tlie nu)unt, do not speak
of them at all; but at the time of Captain Wilkes's expedition, it is con-
jectured that there were at least 3,000. A fire, caused l)y the carelessness of
some of his i)arty, destroyed the whole, to thf^ <rreat indij^nation of the.
Indians, (\aptain Belcher, of the British ship Sulphur, wlu> visited the river
in ls.")l), remarks, "In the year iSiWI [1^20], the small-j)ox made great rav-
ages, and it was followed a, few }ears since by the ague; consequently
(Corpse Island and CoHin Mount, as well as the adjacent shores, were stud-
ded not only with canoes, liut, at the jjeriod of our visit, the skulls and
skeletons were strewed about in all directions." This method generally
))revailed on the neighboring coasts, as at Shoalwater Bay, &c. Farther
up the Cohunl)ia, as at the Cascades, a dilferent form was adopted, which is
thus descril)ed by Captain Clarke: "About half a mile below this house, in
a very thick part of the woods, is an ancient Indian burial-placo ; it consists
of eight vaults, made of pint? or cedar boards, closely connected, about
eight feet scpiare and six in la-ight ; tin' top securely covered with wide
boards, sloping a little so as to convey olV the rain. The direction of
all these is east and west, the ih)or "heing on the eastern side, and partially
stoppe(l with wide boards decorated with rude jtictures of men and other
animals. On entering, we found in some of them four dead bodies care-
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fully wnippcd in skins, tied with cords of ^riiss and Itark, Iviiiii- on a mat
in a direction east and west; tlie otiicr vaults containi'd oidy lioucs, which,
in some of tlicm were piled t(» the height of foiu' ieet ; on the tops of the
vaults, and on poles attached to them, hun<;' brass kettles and frying-pans,
with hides in their bottoms, baskets, bowls, sea-shells, skins, pieces of cloth,
hair-bajrs of trinkets and small bones, the olVerin;4s of friendship or alfection,
which liiive been saved by a pious veneration from the ferocity of war or
tlu^ more dangerous temptations of individual oain. 'Hk' whoh; of ihi^
walls, as well as the door, were decorated with stran<r(> lij-invs cut and
painted on them; and besides these were several wooden ima-^es of men,
some of them so old and decayed as to have almost lost their shape, which
were all placed aj^ainst the sides of the vaults. These images, as >vell as
those in tlui houses we have lately seen, do not appmir to be at all the
objects of a»h)ration in this place; they were most probably intcMided as
resemblances of those whose? decease they indicate; and uIumi wr. observe
them in houses, they occupy th(! most conspicuous part, but are treated
more lik<! ornaments than objects of wor.sliii). Near the vaults which are
still standing, are the rema.ins oC others on the ground, comph'tely rotted
and covered with moss; and, as they are formed of the nmst durable pint!
and cedar tinil)er there is every appearance that for a very long series of
years this retired si)ot has been the depository for the Imlians near this
lilace." Another depository of this kind, upon an island in the rivcsr a, few
miles above, gave it the name of 8ei)ulcher Island. Tlu! Watlala. a tribe
of the Upper Tsimdc, whose l)urial place is here described, ai-(? now
nearly extinct; but a number of the sepulchers still remain in dilTerent
states of preservation. I'he position of the body, as notitied by Clarke is
1 believe of universal obsei-vance, the head being always jdaced to 'he
west. The reason assigned to me is that tlu? road to tlu; me-mel-fis-Illa-
hee, the country of the dead, is toward the west, and if they plac 'lem
otherwise they would be confused. Kast of the (Jascade Mount i^ the
tribes whose habits are equestrian, and who use canoes only for f( iriagt! or
rransi)ortation purposes, bury their dead, usually heai)ing over them piles
of stones, either to mark the spot or to prevent the bodies from being exinnne.l
by the prairie-wolf Among the Yakamas we saw many of their graves
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plarcd ill cniisiiiciiHiis poinfs n|' the l)iisiiltic wiills uliicli lliii' tlic luwi-r
\,ill(\s, :iiiil ilcsijriiiilci! l>y ii cliiiiii) (if poles planted over llitiii, i'loiii wliicli
lliitti icil Viiriiiiih iirticlc's of dress. Fonnei'lv lliesc pniirie tribes killed
lidiscs over tlio fcmves, a ciistdiii now fulling- into disuse in eonsoqnence ot"
llie tciirliiiijr of the whites.
I'lioii I'liji-et lsl:in<l, all the forms obtain in different localities. Amonj^-
the .Makah of Cape Flattery, tlu^ j,n'aves are covered with a sort of box
rudely constructed of boards, and elsewhent on the Sound tlu^ same method
is adopteil in sonu' cases, while in others the bodic-! are placed on elevated
scall'olds. As a ^I'eneral lhiii<r, however, the Indians upon the water placed
the dead in canoes, while those; at a distance from it buried them. .Most of
tlie firaves are surrounded with strips of doth, blankets, and other articles
of property. .Mr. ( 'anieron, au Kn;^lish ^enth'inan residirif.;' at Ks(piimalt
1 bailor, \'anrouver Ishnul, informed nie that on his jilace there were <>ravcs
haviiifi- at each corner a lar^e -stone, the interior space filled with rubbish.
The oriirin of these was unknown to the |iresent Indians.
The distiiM'tions of rank or wealth in all cases were very marki-d; pi-r-
soiis ot no consideration, aiul slaves, beinj;' buriecl with very little care or
respect. \ anniiiver, whoso attention was particularly attracted to their
metho([s of di.sposinfi' of the dead, mentions that at Tort Discovery he saw
baskets suspended to the trees containiu}^ the skeletons of younji' children,
and, what is not easily exjilained, small square boxes containiufi' apparently
food. 1 do not think that any of these tribes place articles of food with the
deail', nor have 1 been able to learn from livinj^' Indians that they fonnerly
followed that jiractiee. What he took for such I do luit understand. lie
also mentions seein;,'- in the same place a cleared s])ace recently burned over,
in which the skulls and bones of a niunber of persons lay amonr^ the ashes.
The practice of burning- the dead exists in parts of t'alifornia and amonjr
the ^rshimsyau of Fort Sim])son. It is also pursued by the Carriers of
New California, but no intermediate tribes, to my knowledjic, follow it.
('ertainly those of the Sound do not at present. It is clear, from Vancou-
vor's narrative, that some great epidemic had recently passed thron<>Ii the
comitry, as manifested by the (piantity of human remains uncared for and
exposed at the time of his visit, and very probably the Indians, being' afraid
i
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20;5
(.r fiPiitii;^i(>ii, liiid Ixininl :i house iiiwliicli tlif iiiliiiMlMiits Imd |ii'rislicil,
witii the. tlciul ill it. This is iVcuiU'iitly th>iic. Tlicy Mhm.sl iii\;iri;ihly
n'lr.ovc fntiu any j»hic(^ wlu'rci sirkiicss h;is prrvaihMl, ncucnilly di'stroyiii^-
the house alsd. At IN'im C'ovc, Mr. Whidhcy, our of Viiiicoiivcr's ofliccrs,
nutict'd " .scvcnd sepidchers tunned exactly Hke a stutry-hox. Some ot
tlicni were opon, and contained tlic skeKtons of many yonn;.;' ciiihh'en lied
up in baskets. The smalU'r hones of aihdts wei'e hkewise noticed; hnl not
oxw. ot" tlie hnd> Itoni's was t'ound, which ^ave risi' to an opinion lliat llie>e,
by the liviuf^' iidiabitants of the nei>;hliorhood, were appro|)rialed to nselul
puri»uses, sncli as jiointinjj,' llieir arrow.^, spoiirs, or otlior weapons." It is
hardly uc'cessary to say that snch a practice is altoj^-ether forei;^!! to Indian
character. The bones of the adults had probably been reniovi'd and binied
elsewhere. 'J'he corpses of children an; varion.sly disposed of, sometimes by
suspeudiufj^ them, at others l)y placin;:^- in the hollows of trees. A cemeteiy
devotcfl to int\iuts is, howevei', a)i unusual occurrence.
In cas(! of chiefs or men of note, nnudi pomp was used in the acoom]iain-
nieuts of the rite. The canoes were of <,a'eat sizi^ and value, the war or stale
canoes of the dec(.'iised. Freiiuently one was hiverted over that holding' the
body, and in one instance, near Hhoalwater IJay, tin.' corp.se was de])osiled
in a small canoe, which apiin was phu'ed in a lar->-er one and covered with
a third. Anionji' the Tsiufilc and Tsihalis, the taniidmous board of tlu^
owner wa.s jdaced near him. • The Pii;>'et Hoand Indians do not make theses
tamahaiuvii' ioards, but they sometimes constructed ellin-ies of their chiefs,
resembliuf,'' the person as nearly as possible, dressed in his usu;d coslnme,
and wearing the articles of which he was fond. One of these, representin;^'
the Skagit chief Sneestum, stood very (;on.spic.uonsly upon a liigh bank on
the eastern side of Whidbey Island. Tlu; figures observed by (Japtaiu
Clarke at the Cascades were either of this description or else the carved
pcstH wdiieh had ornamented the interior of the houses of the deceased, and
were connected with the superstitions of the tamahno-fis. The mo.st valua-
ble articles of property were put into, or hung up around the grave, lu-ing
fir.st carefully rendered unserviceable, and the living family were lit(!rally
stripped to do lioiun- to the dead. No little self-denial must have been prac-
ticed ill parting Avitli articles so precious, but those chiefly interested fre-
n
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lis
f|iH'iitly lijul tli(* lea.* tn Hay mi tlio siilijt'ct. TIk^ j,'Tav('K (if women wcro
ilistiii;;iii.sli('<l l»y a cup, a kainas stick, or otiicr im|»lciiu'iit ol llicir occiipa-
lioiis, ami l)y articles ol" dress. Slavits were killeil in proportion to the rank
and wealth oftii;' deceased In s(»in(f instances, they wen; starved t(» death,
or <:,\en tied to the dead hoijy and lel't to perish thus horriltly. At ])resent,
this pHM'tice has lieeii almost entirely <;iven up, hnt till within a verv tew
years it was not imcoimnon. A case wliicdi occnrreil in IS.'dt has heen
already nientieniMl. Still later, in IS").'!, 'i'oke, a Tsinfdv chief livin;^ at
Shoalwater l)av, undertook to kill a slave ;^ii-l helonji'in;^- to his (lan;^hter,
who, hi dyint;-, had reipiested that this mi;;ht be done. 'Jh vouian lied,
and was roiiiid l»y some citizens in the woods half starve 'er master
atttrmpted to reclaim her, hut was soinidly thrashed, and n...iied aj^ainst
another attempt.
It was usual in the case of chiefs to renew or re|)air, for a consideraVdo
leiij^th of time, the materials and ornaments of the hiirial place. With the
coiimion- class of persons, family pride or (h»niestic atl'ection was satisti(;d
with the piitlieriiig to;.;'etlier of the hones after the flesh had decayed, and
wrappiiifi' the in in a new mat. The violation of the j^rave was always
regarded as an oil'eiise of the tirst ma;4'nitude, and provoked severe reven;.;'e.
Captain Hidclier remarks: "CJreat s(!CJecy is observed in all their hiirial
ceremonies, partly from fear of Kviropeaiis ; and as amoiif^' themselves, they
will instantly punish hy death any violatioit of the tombj or wayc* war if
perpetrated by another tribe, so they are inveterate and tenaciou^'y bent
on revonjj^e should they discover that any act of the kind has been perpe-
trated by a white man. It is on record that part of the crew of a vessel, on
lier rctuni to this port [the ('olumbia], .siitlered, Ijecauso a person wiio
belon<:-e(l to her [but not then in li.'i'] was known to have taken a skull,
which, from the process of flattening-, had become an object of curiosit}-."
lie adds, liowever, that, at the period of his visit to the river, "the skulls
and skeletons were scattered about in all directions; and, as I was on most
oi' their positions unnoticed by the natives, 1 suspect tlie feeling does not
e.xtend much beyond their relatives, and then only till decay has destroyed
body, goods, and chattels. '^Phe chiefs no do(il>t are watched, as their
canoes are repunted, decorated, and greater care taken by jilacing them in
sequestered spot.s."
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Tlio niotivo for snorlficin;; or doHtroviiifr property oti occiihIoh of dt'iith
will l)o rcft-rrcd K) in trciitiii;^ of tlicir rcli^^ioiis iilcns. Wiiiliii^' for tli(> <lc;\il
is contiiiiicd for a lon^^ time, and seems to he rather a ceremonial periorm-
anco than an act of spontaneons <>rief. 'I'iie duty of course lu'lon^i's to tlu'
women, and the early mornin;; is usually chosen for the pm-pose. 'I'heN f;o
out ahine to some place a litth^ distant from the lod^e or camp, and in a
loud, soliliiii<;- voice, repeat a sort of stereotyped fornnda, as lor instance, a
mother on the loss of her child:
Ah sealih! shed-da hitd-dah <di ta hud! ad-dc-duh!
All chief! my child dead! alas!
When in dreams they see any of their deceasc'd frieiuls this lamentation is
rcnowod.
FEASTS.
Vfirious occasions are made the subject of festival, of which the arrival
of the lirst salmon of the season was one; marrla^^-es, where the parties
were of note; the ceremony of piercir.y the ears and nose of children; and
others of like character. These were always accompanied by sin<^in^,^
dancin---, j^anddin^^', and the distriliution of jn-esents by the host, lint the
"■reatest of all was when some one, desirous of securing' or extendiii}.-- his
influence, ••■ave a <;Tand potlulch. This was <,''enerally some chief, or what
was equivalent to it, a u\an of wealth. Some have been known to save all
their means for years, accumulating- ])roperty of value, haikini, beads, blank-
ets, and other arti('les, until they possessed snilicient to nwdai an ostentatious
display. Then all his friends from his own and adjacent tribes were
invited, an immense house built for the express juu-pose, (juaiitities of food
prepared, and duriny the feast, which lasted f(u- several days, tluf wh<d(^ of
his stores distributed to his <^uests; sometimes particular articles beinj,'
given to individuals, and again others thrown indiscriminately to tlu; crowd,
who snatched ut and tore or (Mit them in pieces, that each might secure a
token. These great afliairs have gradually fallen into disuse among those*
tribes most nearly associated with the whites, but still take place with the
more remote, as the Klallam, Lummi, &c.; on a smaller scale, however,
they are everywhere practiced.
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200
OAMlU;iN'G.
Tlicrc aro sovcral ganios, tlio principle of wliicli is tlio same. Ta oiio,
n s?iiiill piece (if hniie is passed rapidly frniii liaiid to liand, sliilted lieliiiul tlie
Itack, Cic , the object of the coiiteiidiiij:' party Ijeiiia; to ascertain in wliich hand
it is lield. I^adi side is furnished with fi\e or ten small sticks, which serve
to mark the <^-ame, one stick beiii;,^ given hy the g-uesser whenever lie loses,
and received whenever ho wins. On guessing correctly, it is his turn to
manii»nlate. When all th.e sticks are won, the gaitie ceases, and the winner
receives the stakes, I'onsisting of clothing or any other ai'ticles, as the ])lay
may he either high or l(»w, for siinjde anuiseniont, or in eager rivalry. 'J'he
backers (»f the party manipulating keep U() u constant drumming with sticks
on their paddles, which lie before them, singing an incantation to uttiact
good fortune. This is usually known as the game of hand, or, in jargon,
It-hi-bihi. Another, at which they i'.\lii))it still more interest, is jdayed
with ten disks of hard wood, about tiie diameter of a Me.\i('au <lollai-, and
.somewhat thicker, called, in the jargon, tsil-tsU; in the Niskwalli languag(>,
Ja-hitlp. One of these is marked and called the chief A smooth nuit is
spread on the ground, at the ends of which the op])Osing {)Iavers are
seated, their friends on either side, Avho an- provided with the re(pusites f(H-
a noise, as in \\w other case. The party holding the disks has a bundle of
the libers of the cedar bark, ii wliich he envelops them, and, after rolling
them about, tears the bundle into two jjarts, his opponent guessing in which
l)uudle the chief lies. I'lu-se disks are made of the yew, and must be cut
into shape with beaver tooth chisels only. The marking of them is in itself
an art, certain jx-rsiins being able by their spells to indue them with luck,
aud iheir manufai-tiucs bring very high prices. The game is counted as in
the )irst uieiilioiied. Farther ilown the coast, ten highly polished sticks are
used, instead ot disks.
'I'he wonun have a game belonging ])i'operly to themselves. It is
]>layed with foin- beaver teeth, having particular marks on each side, iiu'li-
t(i--hi. They are thrown as dice, success depending on the arrangement in
which they fall.
Each species of gaudjliug has its ai)])ropriate tamahno-us, or, as it is
called upon the Siaind, ShwoUdUiai, that is, its patron spirit, whose coun-
m
207
ton.'inco is invoked l»v tlic fliiint nnd nois(\ The tiiiii;iliiin-rs of tlu> i<::\u\f of
liimd is cuIUmI l)y the Niskwnlli, J'sai/:; (if tlii' ilisks. Kinnrl,"!!. It would
scoin tliiit this fiivorisintt iiioivly sulicltcd diiriii^- tlic i^iniic, Imt sumctiiiics in
advance of it, and |)urlia|)s for licnci'id tn' conHinicd lortuin'. ("(tloncl Sim-
mons informed uu) that he saw an Indian at tiic Falls ol" the K<'nah|net
die from exhaustion and ovei'exeitenient while under^'din^' a jiertornianfe
intended to secin-t^ this tainahno-us. He had lain lui several days in a hxlm^
■\vitliout eating', while his friends shouted and drunnned until deafh himstdf
"jumi)ed thogame" on hiui.
Of horse lacin;^' it is nmu'cessarv to speak.
MEDICINK AND DISEA.SKS.
JJosides the re;i'ular ])nietice of the tauiahno us men, who may he con-
sidered the faculty, the Indians used a nnnd)er of plants as medicines, s(»me-
wdiat as herb doctors intrude their nostrums in tlu; States. Anion;;- these
is the root of the Oregon ^rape { liciliciis (/■(/idjiiliKiii), a decoction of which
serves as a tonic, and is also their remedy for venereal. .\ decoction
of the white-flowerin;;; or poisone.is Kanias fnrnislu's an emetic, and that of
the ciu'undtcr vim- (Sicifos Orcyoiiii.'i) \n)t\i an emetic and cathartic. I'lu; root,
of a speeies of fern (rrowin;;- anion^- the moss whi(di covers the limits of the
ma])le and other trees in damp situations is (diewed as an expeclorant, aiul
is mad(^ into a tea as a renu'dy tor <i'onorrhu'a. TIk* herbs used to produce
abortion or effect st,'rility, I do not know. A jiowder made from the tail
of the rattlesnake, as (irst noticed l)y Dr. ( ieor^c Smddey, rnlted St.ites
vVrniv, is employed by some tribes for the former purpo.se, as well as to
expedite luitural lal)or; but vi(dciice is ofteiier resorted to by tlu^ women of
the coast. Suiall-p<tx the coast tribes do ii.it pretend to treat, w^itli nuidicine;
but, as menti(yiu'il in my report to ("aptain .McClellan, those of the* intcirior
chiim to have remedies for it. 'I'lieiuside bark of the skuidv-wciod clujwed
u[) serves as a poultice, and the juic(!of the (H>lt's-foot as a fomentation for
Ijrni.ses and sprains. Wonujii durinji' their periods of nnMistriiatioii bind the
twi^^s of the hondock-spnice iMuind their Ixxlies, but this w(Uild .seei:i ttt l)e
a species of charm. The.se twigs are also used as a bi'd for the sick. \'\)r
gonorrhoea, the females also smoke themselves over a lire ma(h' of I'ertaiii
|.
£i I
%\
20ft
])lnnts or wood. Tlicy linvc no styptics. Swr'lliiiff.s ])ro(1ii('(Ml liy injur'os
tlii-y sonictiiiics sciirity. Sores tliiJt iiro slow in liealinf^' iirc cautcrizt'd, and
tIi(!V employ iiioxa by the application of coals of fiiv, and the powder left by
worms under the Ijark of trees is also strewn ov(;r to dry them up. This, and
also potter's clay dried and powdered, is used for chancres. Suction by the
Hioiith is employed as a toj)ical remedy to alleviate pain, and this too is
p;ut of the jmictice of the tamahno-us doctors. Their sweat-houses ar(> par-
tially excavat('(l in th<' firound, just large enough to contain the body of one
])ersoM, and covered with boards and earth, the heat being produced by hot
stones; after the operation they plunge into cold water. IVactured limbs
are itaiidaged and splinted with strips of wood.
Of diseases to which they are subject, venereal in its ditferent forms
and the small-pox are assumed to have been introduced by the whites; the
latter, it is true, indirectly, it h.iviug reached here through other and more
distant tribes. According to Mr. Duim,* "it commenced among the tribes
residing between the; sources of the Missouri and the Mis.sissippi. Thence it
spread its devastations iioithward as fur as Athabasca and the three horns
of the Great Slave Lake, and wi'stward aero.ss the Kocky Mountains, through
the whol(! region of the Oregon Territory, spreading to a vast distance along
the shores of the North Pacitic."' The date of this visitation he does not
mention. Lewis and Clarke supposed that it had swejjt the Col.imbia some
thirty years Ix^fore their arrival, or about the year 17S0. There have been
several returns of it since, the last in 1852-.'i3, when the coast tribes ])ar-
ticularly were ravaged. To these imported diseases, the measles are probably
to 1)(^ ad<led, which an; scarcely less ftital than the others. The great mor-
tality produced l)y congestive fever between 1S20 ami IS.'iO ujion the
Coliunbia has been mentioned by various writers. This the Indiatis, though
doid)tless erroneou.sly, sujjposed to have originated from an American ves-
sel. Among indigenous disea.ses, consumption is one of the most de-
structive; their carelessnes.s in reg-ard to dress, the slight shelter from
rain and exposure permitted by their wandering habits, and the dampness
of the climate for a large part of the year, rendering it exceedingly connnon.
And it seems to have become more so, since the partial change in their habits
* Tliti Orn({<>ii Territory, &c., Iiy Jiilin niinn, late i)f HikInoii'h Bay Coin|mtiy.
: — MS
by association with the wliitcs A very conunoii (M-iiptivc disorder MttJickiii};
tilt' tliront, iiiid (•oiiinioidy su])[)osed tol)c iVom syphilis, luis hocii rccon'iiizcd
by Dr. (*. M. Hitchcock, hito sur«>-eon Ilnitod States Army, iis the "yaws",
very coniiiion in tho West Indies, and k 'own anioii;.i- t.ho Oherokoes and
others of the Atlantic States. Sore eyes and blindness occnr, as also par-
alysis. Diarrliu'a is a common and often fatal disorder, ])articnlarly anion;^
children.
DoMKSTic :manneks.
The head of the family and his principal wife occupy the first place
near the fire, and it is an impoliteness to pass before them. They are also
first served at meals. Where a man has several wives, each has her own
fire ill the lodge, and takes ca<'o of lu!r gwi; ;liil:'.ren. The oik- with wiioiii
the Imsbiind sleejis i'or the time being, though in the smi../; Ik, use wilh the
others, provides the articles of food, which it belongs to the woimii to fiu-
nish, and cooks them herself. The man's business is !o do tii;' hunting
(of which, however, west of tlu' Cascades, there is l)iit little, game not being
abundant enough to form an item in the general economy), to catch the fish,
make canoes, split the planks of the lodges, and ])ut them up or reinovt*
them, lasso the horses, and in fine to attend t(» such things as art! dei-iiKid
manly occupations among savag(! nations. That of the women is to gather
roots and prepan them for winter and cure tlie fish; on the salt-water, to
dig and dry cl.mis, load and assi.it in paddling the canoes; and, on the
prairie, to pack and unpack the liorses, make the cam}), cultivates tlu^ potato-
patch, and generally > •■ j where to do the drudgery.
There does imi seem to be any particular government of children, nor
any difficulty gnnving out of their origin in different mothers. (Jhildreii
continue to suckle often three or four years, a practice whiidi probal)ly has
its efi'ect in lessening the fecundity of the women.
Common conversation in the lodge is, as might be siipp' ,i;(i, on trivial
subjects, relating to their own concerns, dogs, horses, &c , the littKi occur-
rences of the day, wdiat each has been doing, every triHe being thus known
to all. The future is rarely a. subject of attention. They are, on tlu; other
hand, fond of reciting their former actions, or speaking of persons deceasinl,
relatlii"- what each knows of them, as onv civilized would discuss the char-
ifii
m
'1
'n
210
!')
iiii"
actors of history. If an Indian lias l)0(m on a jonrnoy, perhaps tlie ni^^ht ensu-
ing that of liis return the othf-rs conu! to liis lodj^c. They ask no questions,
but sit (juietly, and when ho sees fit ho eoTninences a history of what lio
saw and lieard, even to the minutest details. The one who remembers the
most, or is the best cairier of news, has a con-esponding im[)ortance. They
are e.\ceedingly lowd in their common talk, the most indecent subjects being
coolly discussed or jested upon. AVlien a couple of canoes meet, for instance,
they always stoj) to talk, to exchange news, and generally to "chaff" one
another, in a style that would electrify a Thames waterman.
Their Hr.st meal wh(!n at home, is generally about ten or eleven o'clock;
the previous night, till a late hour, having probably been spent in gambling,
tamahno-ns making, or some other amusement. From that time forward,
cooking goes on with very little interru})tion, on behalf of some member of
the family, until bed time.
Names. — Names are given to children W'^ien they begin to walk and
talk, and are gene- ally family appellations, though not in the lir.st instance
that of the father, but rather that of the grandfather on either side, or, if
there are several, of the uncles. These are changed in a^'ter life; sometimes
in honor of a deceased relative; sometimes in connnemoration of an event.
On the dentil of an Indian, his name is not mentioned for a long time. If
spoken of, itisas"ho that is dead"; but after some two or three years,
when the grief of his family is supposed to be assuaged, his son, perhaps,
sunnnons his friends, gives a feast, and announces that he has takea his
father's nan\(\ On occasion of the council at Neeah Bay, an Indian named
Ko-bet-si, who received a commission as a sub-chief, changed his to Ko-
bakh-snt. At the Tsihalis council, An-nan-in-ta, the son of Tsinnite'h, a
former great chief of the Upper Tsihalis, announced that he had taken that
of his grandfather, Wa-kwin-nam. Tlioy are unwilling to speak their own
names ; a sentiment for which I was never able to obtain a reason. Nt.)r do
they use names in calling one another. They attract attention l)y the word
" Do-teh!" look here! if hailing a stranger, or if a friend, "Kug-weh-oh!''
yon there! Many, but not all their names, have signilication, as 8(|nu-shnm,
smoke or fog, the name of a sub-chief of the Snokwalnnlh. The termina-
tion knuan, common to all the tribes on tlie Sound, but t<> which they attach
. ^ --_: — atf
211
no meaninp^, T holieve to bo adorivativc fnnu llio Si'lisliword "Ar/Hr", lioad,
wliifli i)erva(U'M many proper nanit'.s tliroughout the castini distrii't; as, Olci-
nah'ine, Tscmake'nte, tlie latter si<^nii"yiii<4- a sj,riiiy-head or water source. As
the names of the fatlier's and motlier's families are alike perj)etuated in this
way, and as different tribes intermarry, similarity in tlu^ names of persons
caimot be assumed as a proof of similar origin. Tliey are all exceediuj^'ly
tbnd t)f receiving "Boston names", and particularly court such as are
imdi'rstood to belong to distinguished chiefs. In consequence, brevet titles
of all the generals of the Army, living and dead, are worn by tijevs of tho
different tribes. A few of English origin, bestowed in former tinu's, ;iro
also liighly valued. The (Sound Indians certainly, and I believe the others,
give names to their dogs, but not to their horses, excejjt the descriptive ones
arising from color. The name of one dog was explained to me to meiri
dirt.
PECULIAR CUkSTOMS.
Flattening the head, <Cx. — Tho process of flattening the head has been
too often described to need repetition. It is contimied for about a year
when most excessive, aiul is confined to childr(>ii of free parents; slaves not
cnjoynig the privileged distortion. For a different reason, it is not pcrfurmcd
on the oflspring of whites by Indian mothers, it being a matter of ))rid(^ to
assimilate them to their fathers. The only reason for this practice tl,;it I
could ever obtain was from a Klallam Indian, to the effect that Dokwcbudl
ordered them to do it in tho first place to make them handsome. The oper-
ation does not appear to affect the intellect, juc'ging from a comj)arison
with adjacent tribes who do not use it. It is supjjosed to be the cause of
squinting in some cases; but its effect upon the general health is not observ-
able. Tho custom is most universal, and carried to the greatest extent
among the tribes upon tho Lower Columbia and Puget Sound. Those
immediately east of the Cascades, and near the river, ])ractice it vo a limited
degree only. It extends, according to Dr. I'ohnie, through the llaeltzuk
connection as far north as Milbank Sound, in latitiule 02° N., where tho
custom of distending the lips commences in its stead. Southward it reaches
to tho Coquillo River, latitude 43° 10' N., upon tho coast, and about thirty
miles back. In dejiarting from the center, it gradually diminishes in degree,
'
11
'•sf
11
if!
i :^>
f,
Ifc!
till
4 si
3 !
Si
■i.)
S 'i
I
SI
iiiul is, oil tli(> (lutskirts, liiiiitcil to the women. In ronipnnitivo cxiiminntions,
it should !)(» rcnicnibcrcd tliiit ms slaves are tor tli(? most part ol)taino(l from
abroad, skidls, t'oiind aiiionji' llie trilx's adilieted to the i)ra('tit'o, wliich aro
not coinprt'ssed, may he; assumed to 1)0 of dilTereut oi'ij^'in, and, on tlie other
hand, tliosc} very uairli altered, which are met with among the northern
tribes, are jjrobably likewise so. Tlie care bestowed on the disposition of
the dead will, however, j^^enerally indicate his rank, and therefore his nation-
ality, "^rhese observations are important where deductions are attempted to
be drawn from dilferences in crania, but are likely to bo overlooked by
those unac(|uainted with the habits of these tribes. It will be seen that
till! rust(»m is a, local fine; that within a ])articular district it is connnou to
tribes of th.; most ditVerent i'aniilies; and that beyond it other tribes of the
same families do not })ractice it at all.
Arrival at ptibert;/. — The iirst prominent event in a woman's life, her
becominj^ fit for marriage, as seems to bo the case with most savage tril)es,
is a ])('riod of ceremonial observance among these Indians. With those of
the district, the girl usuall}' retreats to some secluded spot and fasts. The
rigor of her abstinence; is said to be a great merit; but that it may not bo car-
ried too far, some old sipiaw, who is acepiainted with her hiding jdace, carries
her when UL'odfid a little water and dried salmon. The time is, with some
tribes, as the Kalla[)uia of the Willanu^tte Valley, occupied in throwing
up small piles of earth or stones, a practice having probably a mystical sig-
nilicatiou akin to a tamaluio-us. The subsequent recurrences of her periods
are, in like manner, seasons of retreat from the tribe, although less formality
attends them. The nutst peculiar, as well as universal, observances are
those connected with their food, '['his, the first object of care and anxiety
with ])eople who dep. id upon natural productions for their subsistence,
seems to have in their minds a relation to many events; and more especially
those of a se;.ual character, or the privation of ])articidar kinds of food, may
have b(;en shown b} experi'nce to be requisite to speedy recovery of health.
Among the fishing Indians, the salmon, during the early season of its caj)-
ture, is, so to speak, tabooed to women undergoing menstruation. Among
those M ho live by game, elk and deer meat are ecjually prohibited, and
similar restrictions are, to a more limited extent, imposed on pregnant
2i;5
woiUL'ii. T know, liowcNfr, ol' iioihiiiL;' like jicridds ol' purificMnini, Sumo
ui" the coast ti'ibfs, astliosc at I liuulpoMt li.i\ in ('aliloini,i. iiiakf a luafticc
ot" batliiii<i', the woiiicii a('('oiii|)an\ iii^.llK' voiin;;- </\v\ on the orcasioii; luit
this is in eonsonuni-e with thi'ir i^cncral lialiits. 'I'lic olisc rvaiifc ha> Incn
iihsunlly considercHl as a Jewish rite, and cited in ]irool' of the prciiostcKnis
idoa that they aie di'seenchmts <it' the l>raeHtish tiilies. It seems natural
eiiouyh that such a custom should prevail amoiiii' liari)arians, lio\\«\ir dis
connected. With tiieir Hunted lieid lor mental exercise, the ^|lecnlali\e
powers are likely to he most acti\'e upon points of this \ei'\' nature; |iei-io-
dicity being a fact which attracts (d)servation and suj:j.;csts at once the id.a
of cause. The relined objects of a dilVerence in .sex bein;^ foreijiu to their
minds, that event which anm)nnces litness for sensual purposes is, of all others,
the most important. Amoiij.^' the Wafko, at the hallesol" the ( 'olundiia. it
is stated the event is celebrated more publicdy. As the jieriod approaches
its close, the father of the jiirl makes j^-reat preparations, invites his friends,
and has a <^eneral feast, which reaches its lieiLrht on her re-appearaiu'<'. 'I'he
yiumii' men who wish to bnv' wives are then ready, with their horses, i\cc.,
to treat for the purchase.
MKx\8UKK8 OF VALUE, TIMK, K'i'C.
Distances were only marked l)y day.s' journeys, oi- their fractions, as
mad(! on horseback or in canoes. AUjasiu'es of length wen^ pr(diably all
referred to parts of the body, the jirincipal bein<4' tiie extent of the out-
stretched arms, which was n^'cd in vahiinj^' llitMr money, the liaikwa, or
wampum of the I'acilic. This .^hell, a species of Dciitd/iiiiii, was procured
on the northern coast l)y lettinjf down loii;jf poles, to which was atiached a
l)iece of wood filled with spikes, or teeth, between which the shell becanui
hxed. Its j)rice depended entirely upon its leiij^th; forty to the fathom bein}^'
the standard of vauic. When the shells were so short that it required more to
make up the nnjuired leiig'th, they were ot" V( ry iid'erior account, but ro.se
proportionately with im/reased size. A hithoin of forty was ibiiiiei'ly woith
a slave, and even now will brinj;- five (hdlai's in money. Single shells went
shown 111 on the^ Tsihalis for which tla; owner icfused a dollar apiece,
'riiis money is, howevei', becoming .scaice. and is far le.--.. used than formeiI>',
w
»](;
.t
211
I i
il ■
T ■
at Iciist liv tlic Irihcs wlm Ii.ivc niiicli iiitcrcnurx' witli the wliiti's. It Wiis
till' iiiiivcrsiil ciirreiu'y tliroiij;li an extensive district. ( >n the Klainatli Kiver,
it is valued even more lii^hlv than on the Somid and the ("olmnhiji ; an<l
those alxiri^^inid peddlers, the Klikatat, lre(|iiently carry it to Southern
< )re;,foii for sale. The rehitive valne ol' skins, 1 unilerstand, to have been
li.xed hy the I'nr-traders, who assunieil the heaver as the unit of coini)Utation.
The Indians are now all well ac([uainto<l with our coins, from the eajjj'le to
(ho dime, for which thei'e arc; corresponilinji' names in tlu; jartj'on. Tliero
does not seem to have been any system of keeitinq' accoimt.s peculiar to
them or o.\tendin<r beyond the simi)le.st idea. 'I'lieir computation was by
visihlo objects, as the fnif^ers, small pebbles, or bits of stick, and very prob-
ably notched sticks, th(3 most primitive of all records. In their dealinj^s
with tlio traders, liowev(!r, they s})ee(lily conqireliend tlio more ordinary
wei;4lit.s and measures, to which, in the jar},a(n, names were applied; as,
ihht ill, one weight for our pound; iUit s//'/-, or rthlou, one yard or fathom;
ikht tamanllkh, one tub or bushel; ikhtk sack, one .sack, &c. I have never
met with mnemonical signs or pit;torial help to memory.
Time was measured \)\ moons, say from full to full and by Avarm and
cold seasons; one warm and one cold constituting' the year. Names
for the intermediate; seasons exist, though I am not certain that the same
signiiication is attached to them as with ns. Mr. Hale assigns appella^'ons
to the various months in the language of some of the Flathead tribes. The
Indians on this side of the mountains also had a name for each moon, by
which, as they say, they could know how long it would be before the salmon
came, &c. Heyond a few days, they did not apply that period as a meas-
ure, for instance, not as determining the length of the moon; nor can I learn
that they had any times corresponding to our week or to part of a moon.
With the tides and their periods of recurrence, those who live on the salt-
water are of course familiar; I have not been able to ascertain whether
they have speculated on their cause.
HOUSES.
"^riie plaidcs of their houses are split from the tree with a tool made of
elk-horn, or with wooden wedges, driven by a stone mallet, and are then
21')
adzed down to tlio r(>(|iiisitf tliickiK'ss. i^nuio of iIkvsc lioards nrc of n;n.;it
am: One that I iiR'asiuvd was 24 feet loii>; and 1.] in width. They arc, in
prefiTciu'c, split IVoni tlu! (tihor rif(/\ or as it is iisiiallv called, cedar, hut
sonietinies I'roiii the iir. There is some variet\' in the I'orm adttpted ; the
houses of" the 'J'siimk usually sloping; each wa\ Iroiii a rid^''e-])ole in tin-
center, while those ot" the Sound Indians have hut one pitch. They are
usually intended to aeconnuodato several t'aniilies, and frecpiently a wliole
villngo was under the same roof. An excavation of a foot or more in deiilii
is made throu<,di the center of the lionse, in which the lires are Imilt, and
where the cookinjif is done; tin; raised portion h'ft on either side hein^-
covered with boards or mats to serve as a seat, and thcf hunks for sleeping-
])laced against the sides, sometimes in two tiers. At one end of the house,
there is frequently a jjlatform for dances or tlu^ tamahno-us. The lion.s<'s of
the Makah have been already described, and the better class of houses on
tiio Sound diiVer from them only in size. J5ut the triinnph of their archi-
tecture is displayed in the buildings erected for festivals. Tlie.se wens of
extra )rdinary size and strength, considering tlm means at their dispo.sal.
]\Ir. U. A. Goldsborougli measured one at Port Madi.sou, erected by tlio
brother of Seat'hl, some forty years before, the frame of which was .stand-
hig in 1855. This was 520 feet long, (10 feet Avide, 15 feet high in front,
and 10 in the rear. It was supported on puncheons, or s[)lit tind)ers, 71 in
number, from 2 to 3 feet wide, and 5 to 8 inches thick, carved with grotesque
figures of men, luiked and about half size. The cross-beams were round
sticks, 37 in number, GO feetin length, and from 12 to 22 inches in diameter.
There was another similar house at Dungeness, built by King (ieorge, and
one at Penu Cove, by Sneetlum, similar but somewhat smaller than this.
They were erected for special occasions, and afterward dismantled.
CANOES.
Various descri})tions of canoes aroused by thed'' oretit tribes, suited to
the waters on which they dwell. Those generally used ci fli(« Columbia
above the Dalles are mere dug-ouis, of very rude shape and inish, and,
though well enough adapted for carrying, have no particular mc.it. 'i'hese
are also used on the Kowlit/. anil Tsihalis, and generally those streams
^'.\
L'Hi
wliicli nu- shallow iiinl oltstnictcd Ity rapids, as hciii;^- litter lor such Avatcrs
than \\\i' shar|M'r and iiion; clcjj;!!!!! varieties. IJelow the 1 )alles, several
kinds were lunnerly eoiiiiiioii, one of which, nearly strai^iht on the ;^nnwale,
and ornamented at the how with a carved iifrnre-lK ad, reiiresentinjr some
liird or animal, seems to have been chielly nsed romul the Willamette ami
l\.(»wlitz. A small i'lid lijiht canoe, of sim])lu I'orm, hut very yruceliu, was
nsed, principally amon<^ the marshy islands toward the month of the river,
fur hnntin<f sea-fowl. Another kind, particnlarly mentioneil by i^-wis and
Clarke, i« ii(»w almo.st entirely cotdint' to Pu^et 8onnd. It varies <freatly
in size, .some (tf them 1)(iin;.j as mnch as thirty-five feet lon^-, the stern ])ein<,f
roiwided and risin;; to a point, tlio bow terminatin}^' in a kind of billet-
head. 'I'he one by far the must used at jnx'sent, and the mo.st olo<fant in
shaj)e, is, howev(;r, that which has popniarly obtained tlu^ name of the
Tsinnk canoe, the 1k)W of which rises hi^h and ]irojects forward, taperin<^
to a point, while the stern is sharp, cut off perjH-ndicnlarly, and suniioiuited
by a block. 'I'he.se canoes are usnally painted black outside and red within,
and ornamented alonj? the gunwale with the opercula of a sea-shell,* set
in row.s. This kind is by no means coidined to the river, but is eni])loyed
far U) the northward also. These are admirable sea-boats, with the excej)-
tion that they are exposed to be boarded by a stern sea. A niodilication of
this is sometimes employed by the northern Indians lor a Avar-canoe; th«
])eak ))ein<^ very hif^h, and flared out at each side, so that, when bow on,
it j)resents a shield against arrows, and to a certain extent against balls.
The management and appearance of a first-class canoe on the Colundjia
Kiver is thus described by Alessrs. Lewis and Clarke :
"The fourth and largest species of canoe we did not meet with till we
had reached tide-water, near the grand rapids below, in which place they are
found among all the nations, e.s})ecially the Killanuik.s, and others residing
«)n the sea-coast, rhey are upward of fifty feet long, and will carry from
eight to ten thousand pounds' weight, or from twenty to thirty persons. Like
.ill the canoes wo have mentioned, they are cut out of a single trunk of a tree,
which is generally white cedar, though the fir is .sometimes used. The sides
•«re secured by cross-bars, or round sticks, two or three inches in thickness,
* I'mhiijioma ijibhiiosiiiii.
'••assBss^
217
wliicli iiro iiisiTtcd tlimiifili Imlcs lUiuU' jii>1 IkIow tlu'^iiiiwiilc, iind uiiMlf t'list
\\\\\\ ((inls. 'I'lic upper cdLl't' ol llic <^llli\\;ilc itself is iiImhiI rive-ci;.',lillis <^\' :\]\
inch lliiek, aiul I'lHir (ir li\e in l)reiultli,iiii(l lolds outwiird.so iis to t'onii ii kind
i)t' riin,\vliicli prevents tluMvatcrfVoiii bciitiii'i'intollie lioat. At earh end. also,
tiro pedestals, tunned ol' the same s(did piece, n\\ which are placed strange,
j;^roto.s([no iifj^ures oi" men and animals, ri>inir sometimes to the height ol' li\e
Ibi't, and composed ol' small pieces ol' wood, lirmlv nnitcd, withizreat in;;'e-
ninty, by iidayini;- and morlisinji', without ;i spike of any kind. The pad-
dki is usnally from fonr feet and a half to li\'e !'eet in leuiilh, the handle
bcin;^' thick for oiu'-third its length, wh'ii it widens and is hollowed and
thinned on each side of the center, which forms a sort oi' rili. U'iien they
cud)ark, one Indian sits in the stern and >teers with a paddle, the others
kneel in pairs in the Itottom of the canoe, and, sitti)iji' on their heels, paddle
over tlu^ ^.^imwale next to them. In this way, they riile >vitli safety the
hif^-hest waves, and ^•entnre, witl'out the least concern, in seas where otiier
boats conld iM>t live an instant. The\- sit (|uietly ami paddle with no other
iiiovemout, exccj)t when any hw^c wave thi'ows the boat on her side, and
to the eye of the .si)ectator sho seems lost; the man to windward then
steadies her by throwinj; his bfidy toward the upper side, and sinkinf>' his
paddle deep into the wave, ajtpears to catch tlu; water, and fon-e it under
the boat, wdiich the same stroh • pushes (Hi with j^reat velocity. In the
inanag'enietit of these canoes, the women are e(pially expert with the men;
for, in the smaller boats, which contain four onrsmen, the helm is i^vnerally
given to the female. As soon as they land, the canoe is <ivnt-rally hauled
on shore, uidess she be very lieavily laden ; but, at night, the load is lud-
versally discharged, and the canoe bronj^ht on .shore.
"Ouradnuration of their skill in these curious constructionsAvas increased
by observing the very inadefpnite implements with which they are made.
These Indians pos.se.ss very few axes, and the only tool emjiloyed in their
building, from felling of the tree to the delicate workmanship of the images,
is a chisel made of an old file, about an inch and a half in width. lOveii ol"
tlii.s, too, they have not learned the management, for the chisel is sometimes
fixed in a hirge bhxdv of w'ood, and, being held in tin- right hand, the block
is pushed with the left without the aiil of a mallet. Ihit under all tluse dis-
1''
\i
vM
iiii
21H
;i(h.iiit;i;^i's, ilicsc caiiiK's, wliicli one wkiiM Mippiisc tn lie tlic work ol' yciirs,
iiic rii;i(l(' ill a lew weeks. A caiiiH', liowevcr, is very |ii;^lily prizeil. In
tiallif, il is an article (if the ;ireafesl value, except a wile, wlii«li is til' eniiiil
<•niisitleratit.il, sti that a Itiver {feiierally <iives a caiitiu tti the lather k ex-
rhaii^''<( I'ttr his ilaiii^hter."
The Cannes eiiipltiyed liy the iiiiire luirtheni Imliaiis are soiiietiines
even III' irreater size anil nit>re snliil constructitiii than this. 'I'hey are also
better adapted tn sea-J,''f»in<,^ as they are iVet^ trmn the iiit iiinhnince.
With them, the Indians vt^iitiirti Irtnu Qneoii Cl.arlt)tto Islands, and e fii
fVtiiii Sitka, as far south as l*ii<fet, Si)iind, h." i),;;in^'', hesiiles their crew,
their whnle worldly prnperty, hy lu) means an inctiiisiderahle c r^ti.
One which 1 saw at Victoria carrietl Miive masts, and was estiinate'' 'i* 'ot
less than stn-eiity I'eot in leiif^th. The usual nietlioil t)f' constructing' caimt^s
is to cut tir liiirn the tretj ilown ami intti a snitalile lenirth, rouirh-lunv the
oiitsiile, cut out the inside with a hatchet and chisel or hand-uilze, then turn
it over ami hew the oiitsiile to correspt)ml with the insiile. When in this stato
it is lilleil with water, which is lioih'd hy means ot' hot stones, a lire lieiuff
madt^ all around the caniH' on the t)utside. This is f'tir the juirposeot' spread-
iii^f tho cant)e, which is too narrtiw for its tleptli, ami the thwarts are put
ami secured by cords passed thronj-h small holes in the siile to keep it in
Khapt!. The pmw ot" the Tsinuk canoe, and pr(tjectin<4' parts of tithers,
which art) too lar<fo to be cut from a sinf^le tree, or would cross the <;rain,
are mortised in and secured by corils in likt> manner. Shoulil, nnluckily,
knots or other defects apjiear in the sides, the piece is cut out ami another
set in in its place. Thi.s is tloiie by boring small holes, thronji'li which tho
jiatch is Hnnly sewetl with twine, and which are then ]dug<j^ed. The seam
is caulketl with pitch ami cedar-bark, si:rapetl tt) tho consistence of tow.
When iinished, tho outside is .slij^ditly charreil, and jainted with coal made
from rushes; and mixed with whalo-oil. Tho inside is colored with a chrome,
which, when burned, becomes red. In constructinj^- their canoes, the Indians
iiso no lines or artificial aid. Tho whole is modeled by the eye. Of course,
there is a groat difference in ipiality, according to the skill of tho builtlers,
and pailicular persons have a high rei)utatiou for their superiority in this
respect.
('i.()'riiiN(j. I'lKxsiLs, i:'i'(\
'riii3 iiitroiliu'lidii ot' l']iiro[Mjiii or Ainericiiii iulitlfs li;is, in ^^rciit iiii'ii-
HUl'O, (loiiK awiiy wllli tlicir nun. Alino>t iill tlir liidiiiiis ol'tln« ili>lri(t me
now principally t'lotlictl like the wliitcs, and avail tluinsi'lvcs of many ol
flicir tools and utensils ; hnt llicir original niainitintmcs possessed a ^n'cat
(leal i>r nieiil. Tiu! ordinar)' dit'ss ot' liie men, w lien they ^aw lit to nsc any,
was a deer-skin shirt, lej;-j;in^s, and nioeeasins, which, amoni;' the prairie
Indians, was often embroidered with the (jiiills of the porcnjiine. < »n the
coast tlieso (piills were scarce, beinjf id)tained fntni a distance and liy ex-
clianffe, and since the openiti<x of trade with tlu' whites they have nsedheads
and various colored threads. The skins are vvell dres.sed, Itein^ worked over
a frame and softened with the brains of thc^ animal. Hefore \wh\ix used, they
are smoked over a lire of <^reen twii^s, whij-h prcivents them iVom permanently
shriidiiiij^' or Ix'cominjj: hard from wet. 'I'hoy nlso wore on occasion lobes
nisido of the skins of small animals, siu'h as the rabbit, sewelell (Aftltxlontia
leporina), niuskrat, &c., or of lar;fer ones, as tlio ctJUffur and beaver. I''nr
cups, of a form suited to tho faiu-y of the wearer, wore used occasionally ;
l^ut the most noticeable coverinj:^ was a broad, conical hat, with an inner
rim iittin<f tho head, mado of a ton^di j^rass re.sembliuf,'' hemp, which came
from tho interior. This was mado water-])roof, and painted with li;^in-es.
The women universally wore a breech-clout of strands jrathered round \\u\
waist and falling' usually to tho knees, which served tho ;,urpo.se of conceal-
ment. With tho men no idea of Immodesty existed. Decency had not even
its %-loaf. Tho clout was sometimes mado of twisted grass, at others of
cedar-bark, hackled and split into a fringe. Of later years, they have adopted
the dress of the whites, ami it is only in remote districts, or among old
people too poor or too obstinately attached to the hal)its of their yi>uth to
change them, that one now sees this pristine typo of the petticoat,
"A ganiiout of mystical 8iil)liiiiity."
Tho Indians of tho Sound and the Straits of Fuca attained considerable
skill in manufacturing a species of blanket from a mixture of the wool ol' the
mountain-sheep and thf; hair of a particular kind of dog, though in this art
they never equaled the more northern trib<!s, some of whose workmanship
equaled the conunon kind of Jlexicaii serapi-. Vancouver descriijes thi!
dogs as "resendjling tho.<e of l'(»meraiiia, though, in genei-al, .somewhat
'I
Ii20
■ U'
;
1 * .
H'
lurpfor". 'I'licir usual rolor is white. 'I'iir Wdol is (ihtfiiiicd tVoin the hunt-
hv^ trilx'S next to the CJascack' .Mountaius, and is an ai-rK-lc dl' trade. TIkj
two liciu;^' mixed an; twisted into yarns l»y rollin^^ upon tlie tlii^h, and the
\varp is iornied l»v stretchin*.,'' tlie.so siii^^'ly over a I'ranie, tyin;^- lh(( ends
to;^-ether. I'he woof is then passed tlu'ou;^!* with a lonj;- woo(Umi neciUe.
'I'lie Khdhmi and Sound Indians (h) not make much use ot" eoh)rs in orna-
mentin;.'- their l)hud<.ets, l)ut those farther north inti'o(hu'e (juite complieutid
(i<;'ures of s(v<'ral (-(dors. Another kind of robe, usually sfjuare and worn
over the slmulders, is made l)y twistinji^ in with the hair oi- wool the down
of sea-1tirds, the wh(d<' bein;^' hand-woven in the same way as the last, 'i'his
makes a very thick and warm stulf. The ilakah alom; manufacture the
cedar-bark into texturi' suitaldc foi- weiivin;^- l''<"i' <his purp(».se, the inner
bark is selected, boiled or m.iceiati'd, and then ])ounded and hatcliele(l out.
The bark is n>ade to form the warp; th(i woof beinn' made of ^rass thread.
This stulV is pliable, and makes a conveiuent oiner <.;'arnient. Very pretty
capes, edji'ed wilh the sea-otter skin, are made of it. This tribe also ar<' th<'
principal manufacturers of the ccflar mats, wlii(di are used on the Sound.
These are entirely of bark, formed into narrow strips, am; woven on the
iloor. I'liey are thin and perh-ctly even in texture. The other trib(>s em-
plov for mats two kinds of rushes, the flat or conmutn cat-tail, and the round or
tule. These are used for a <jreat variety of jjui'jioses, as to line theii- canoes,
for beds, covering for pxids, ten;porary huts, tSiv. In fact, an Indian's roll
of mats Is his constant traveling' com]»anion. Of baskets, they make, oi
rather did make untd lately, an almost endless variet\', mam' of them oi
beautiful textuiv, tasteful shape, and ornamented with c(dored iii^ures.
Home were used as pails, and even to l)oil in, beini-' tilled with water, and
heated stones thrown in. Cups, di.shes. and platters were carved i'rom wood
by the .Makah in a very neat manner. Larj>e bowls, holding- over a (piart,
were made from the bonis of the bi<,f-horned sheeii, and s|)o()ir-, from that
material and those of the mountain-iioat. These last arti(des prcbabh- canu'
from the north, but found their way, in the coui'se of traile, far down the
coast, and even into California. The nets and seines, manufact'u-ed tVoni
the j^rass in;] vtcd from bcvond the Cascade .Mountains, deserse mention
as very wel' n 'de, the twine benii;- perfectU ev<'n and well twii-teil. The
Hilt
1^
221
hows and arrows iiiid ilcfciisivc iirnior liavc Itccii incntloncil in nnoflicr ron-
nection.
In all tlit'ir native ni.niul'iicturts, tin' Imli^ins di' iliis TcrritorN' were not
wantni;^' in sivill, alriionuli tliry were I'ar Ix hind the northi'm races, wliosi;
inyennity is, in i'act, extraordinary anionu' savages.
DOMKSTU; ANIMALS.
The liorsc! inid dojj;- constitute the only ones, excejtt ihnt ;i very i'ew
individnals may jjeihaps own a little stock. I'mtnts, a Klikiifat, livinj;- at
the month of the Kathhtiintl, until recently killed l)y his trihe, aloiu; pos-
se.ssed a <^ood lierd. CJenerally speakina', the Indians we.st of the mountains
do iK)t keej) them. Their horses, also, are i\i\\', comparatively, and of mod-
ern introduction.
The date of the introdiuiion of the hor.se amon<^- tlu^ trihes in tlu; i-astern
district c;nniot I)e arri\('d at with ;niy certainly. The Snake, Nez I'erccs,
and Spokane had, accordint;' to Lewis and Clarke, innnen.se munhersaf the
time of their visit. (<arry, cliief of tiie latter trihe, informeil mv, that they
first got theirs from the Flatheads, who, he believed, procured them from
the Snakes; anil there c;in ))(> hut little doubt that they were first brouiiht
northward )»y the lattci- in their interctmrse with the Comanches. 'The
Cayuso added to their stock ])y theft from the Spaniards, as I'Vanchere men-
tions (ieoing- them with Spanish brands.
Dr. Suckley considers the doiSf^ to be of two bi-eeds, one resembiiii;^-
the coyote, or j)raij'!e-wolf, and very probaldy cro.s.sed with thiit iniini.il,
which is the kind used foi- huntinj:'; the other, a lont;-bodied, short-lej^'g-ed,
turnspit-lookinji' cur, which is the peculiar j)roperty and jx't of the women.
To these ai'e prob.ibly t(t be adiled a third, tlu; doy used by the Ska;;it,
Klidlam, and others of the lower jiart of the Sound and Uulf (»f (Jcorj^iii,
which is shorn for its fleece. Vancouver mentions these as re.semblin;^'' tlie
Pomeranian dog. They are of i)retty gooil size, and generally white, with
much longer and softer hair tlian eitiier of the others, but having the same
sharp muzzle jnid curling tail as the hunting-dog. Among some of the tribes
of Northern California, as on the Klamath Kiver, tlien; is a variety with a
broad tiiil, not more thiOi six or eight iiK'lies in length, which iippe;n-s to be
11.
1
U.'t
■'I i
Mr-
Q^
111
222
iiiitiiiiil, Jiiiil nut tlie result of docking. 'This I .suppose to be a (listiiict --^le.
'Hie Iii(li:ui (logs Jire much /alued by their owners, particuhirly those em-
iiloyed in luuiling.
SYMBOLIC WRITING.
I am not aware liow far tliis may Ije carried among the Sound ti'ibes.
I'njbably there is no great essential difference between them and their
luMgliboi's of riie plains in this art. It may perhaps be best exphiined by
an example given me by a veteran mountaineer, Dr. Robert Kewell, of
( "liampoeg. A party of Snakes are going to hunt strayed horses. A figin'O
of a man, , ith a long queue, or scalp-lock, reaching to his heels, denoted
Slioshonee; that tribe being in the habit of braiding horse- or other hair into
their own in that manner. A number of marks follow, signifying the .strength
of the part}-. A foot-print, ])ointed in the direction they take, shows their
course, and a hoof-mark turned backward, that they expect to return with
animals. If well armed, and expecting a possible attack, a little powder
mixed with sand tells that they are ready, or a square dotted about the
figures indicates that they have fortified. These pictograi)hs are often an
object of study to decipher the true meaning. The shrewder or more
experienced old men consult over them. It is not every one that is sufli-
ciently versed in the subject to decide oirectly.
There are, I believe, no permanent symbolic writings below the Cas-
cades like those which occur upon some of the rocks on the Colund)ia River
above them, and attributed l)y the present Indians to the I'JVq) TiUkum, or
primeval race.
]\IOUNL)S AND lOARTIlWORKS.
Mention has been made in my former report of a circular work on the
Vakania River, the construction of which those Indians disclaimed. That
was the iinst of the kind which had ever fallen under my observation, or which
I had been informed of within this Territory or Oregon. Since then, Dr.
Newell his informed me that, in sonae parts of the Willamette Valley, as on
the Twallatti jdains, for instance, there are indubitable earthworks, some
of them of various forms, of which he mentioned the letter L- None of
them, to his knowledge, presented the figiu'es of animals. I am aware of
none on the Lower Clolumbia or I'uget Sound which ileserve the name.
22;{
Indosures for ganlon-patclios were soniotimos iiiado by biuikiiij,'' u)) iinmiid
tliein with refuse tlirowii Diit in eleiuiiiig the grouiul, wliieli, uf'ter a loiij^
while, eamc to reseni])]e a low wall, and, in aomo cases, as at the old Sno-
lioiiiisli fort on Kwultsehda Creek, they ina<le external ditches, which were
fdled with pointed stakes and coveied over; but these do not belonj;' to the
class spoken otf. Near the house of ilr. Cameron, at EsquiniaU, Vancouver
Island, 1 noticed a trench, cutting- off a small point of rock near the shore,
which seemed to have been about six feet deej) and eight wide. Covernor
Douglass informed me that these were not unfrequent on the island ; tliat
they generally surrounded some defensible place; and that often an escarp-
ment was constructed facing the sea, but that the earth was thrown indis-
criminately on either side of the ditch. The present Indians have no tradi-
tion of their origin. He supposes them to have been made by their ancestors,
and the authors forgotten by their descendants. There are also, near \'ic-
toria, a number of small mounds, which I was unfortunately unable to visit.
Governor Douglass mentioned that one had been dug into wllh(»ut iinding
anything. Some of the gentlemen of the company sui)pose(l them to b(^
kamas ovens. Until an examination has been made, both of these and tlu;
works in the Willamette Valley, the question may be ('onsidere<l as still
open, whether any works analogous to those of the Ohio Valley anil others
of the States exist on the Pacific coast.*
MIGRATIONS.
The various tribes, as a general thing, claim for themselves to have sprung
from the identical country which they nowoccuj)y, and their legends, sd far
as I have been able to co them, give no account of remote changes ol
place. A Tsimlk story, relau-l elsewhere, points to a northern origin for the
ancestors of the tribe, but not for the people themselves. In reply to direct
interrogatories upon the subject, they invariably state that they have always
lived where they now do; but this is far l(>ss satisfactory than indirect (evi-
dence, as they are quick at suspecting some object in regard to their lands.
" In cdiiin'ctiun willi tlm sii'ijcct, ri riiciirc iiiiiy lii> iiiiiilc luTcto tlii' iiuiiiikIiiioUiii'iI l)y Sir Kihviinl
HclcliiT ill ii;iil8 ol' tlic .Sacvaiiiciilo Viilliey, wliicli, I'c stutcH, win^ raisi'd lij- tlii^ I'xiNliiin raci' ol' ImliaiiM,
for tlu^ imipiiHo lit' t'Icvatiiif; Uirir Iionscs bcyoiiil tbo rcai'li of iiiMiKlalloii. W lift her kiicIi ii iiiolivc giiv-
enicil the niuiiinIbiiildoiM of Oliio, under any circuL-iataiicrH, I nni uniuforinod.
I
.
I
'Si
9
h
221
i\rcnti(ii) Iiiis iilrciuly Ix-cn niado of tlio niovomoit of jvirt of tlio Klikii-
tiit soiitli\v;\)(l iit ii very recent ))eri()il, and of tlie statoiuent, by the WiUo-
]).ili, that tlie Khitskaiiai Iiail Hki'wise ehanj^^Ml tlieir hieation. In addition,
1 have bee;i informed that the Tsen\akuni and Toauliucli once lived <tn the
upper waters of tho Niskwalli and Kowlitz Rivers, and tlie Satsop and the
Satsall upon tho south fork of the latter; but the Indians who made this
statement declared that tlieir own people, the Staklamish, had never moved.
Their country, they said, was tlie "navcl of the world". On the other side
of tlie mountains, it is well known tha,t the Snakes have, in modern times,
been driven southward; and Dr. Huckley was positively assured by aj^ed
Indians that the Klikatat and Yakama, branches of the Sahaptin family,*
had pushed their way into the country formerly occupied by members
of the Selish. This latter extension, bein<^' to the northward as well as west-
ward, is out of the usual line of travel. Suflicient investigation has not
been nvuh jet to determine with certainty the routes followed in many
cases; still less to ascertain the relative periods at which the variou.s offsets
from the fi^reat families have moved. Some have, in all probability, after a
temporary stay in one place, passed over others of an earlier date, and
located themselves beyond. The sul»ject is capalde of much curious specu-
lation, and possibly of a near ajiproacli to a correct conclusion.
If 1 may hazard a conjecture at [)resent, it is that the Tah-kali and
Selish families, with, perhaps, the Shoshonee and some others, originated
(fast of the Rocky Mountains; tli;it the country between that chain and the
great likes has been a center I'rom wliicli pojiulation has diverged; that
these two trib''s crossed by the northern passes of the mountains; and that
their branches have since been pushing westward and situthward. Whether
the soutlieni branches of the Tahkali havp been separated and driven on by
the sulj-^eipient iriMiption of the Selish, or whether they have passed over
their heads, can, [lerhaps, be ascertained on a severe comparison of the dif-
ferent dialects into which each has become divided; it being reasonable
to infer that those which dill'er most from the present are oldest in date and
emigration.
The route of the Selish has obvlou-'lx- ]h'v\\ alony- thf c(mrses of tlio
two great rivers, the Frazer and the Columbia. 15y the former, they seem to
i\^
Till' V:iUii'i:i ;iti- ilw« li. ri' rcCii nil in iIh- .Sijivli.— [I'.d.I
jlj
liave ponotr.Mtcd t<t the soa, wliilc mi tlic l.ittcr. tln'V were stopiicd liy llif
Saliiiptin anil tlic T-^inrik. S.imi' luniulic^ iindipiihtcdly (■rM>>cd tiic ( 'as
rade l{anji'i\ at dillcrcut points, to tlic Souiid. and llic cnmiiry iiilt rincdialc
betwocn tliat and the ('(ilniiil)ia. And tlic 'rilainuk lia\c overstepped lli;it
boundary and iixed tlieniselves on the eonst ot" ( treL;oii. 'I'lie soiilliern limit
of the Tahkali is not yet aseertaiiied. .Mr. I Inle ideiitilied the I'liikwa as
ill! offshoot. Lionti-tiant Kaut/, has lately sliowii the Tu til ten to he
another, and it is possihle that some of ihe ( 'alii'ornia lan^naues may also
bo assimilated. Dr. Newell states that, siiiee he was lirst in the Indian
coiiutry, all the j,n-eat tri])es have lieeii uradualiy breaking' 'i|) into bands.
Whfiievur two chiefs attain alxmt an e(pialily if powei- and iiiilneiice. jeal-
ousies arise, which li'ad to a separation of the tril)e. 'I'liese are l'oiiiente<l by
many causes, tlie chatteriuji- of tlu^ women, of course, amoii^dtlieis. Helore
the introduction of iirearins, the rani>e of tiie ditiereiil tribes was more lim-
ited than now. They did not travel so far from their own coiiiiliy. 'I'liis
last is less ap})Hcable to the coast trilies than to those of the interior. 'I'lio
fornuM- are, however, e';en more split up. and those oi the Siuiml country,
perha})s, most of all. The iuiluence jjossessi'd e\cn by tho-e claiming- t<t
be head-chiefs has become ahnost nothinji-; and, in case of any tlisa<iree-
ment in a ban<l, the dissatislied party move olV to a little distance and take
the name of the ground they occupy, or any one desirous of establishiiifi; a
band on his own account induces a ])arty of his immediate iollowers lo
accompany him, and start, as it were, a new colony, it is to this sejiara-
tioii, and to the petty hostilities, which often i^rew out of it, that we must
mainly attribute the diversity of dialects prevailing-.
NOTICES UF EARLY TRAVJCEEIJS.
The first notices of the Indians of Orej^on and WashinjitoiriVrritoriits
that we have are by Vancouver, whose voyage was performed in 17'.)"2. 1
have (pioted them much at length, because they present a view of the con-
dition of these tribes before they ha<l he.Mi affected by interccuirse with the
whites, and as suggesting a numlier of points which reijuire exjjlanatioii or
suiro-est in(|niry. So far as the coast is concerneil, his oijservatioiis are very
meager; for that navi'^ator. ilioiigh seeking the great river of Oregon and
15
Ivi
I
fii
22(3
llif Straits (if .liiaii dc l''ii('ii, sciins to lunc liad a lio!\' lidi'idi' of laml, aiul
sciliilniislv kc|it at >iicli ii (listaiicc tliat lie made no (lispovcrics whatever.
1'u.ssiiij^' I )esti'iu'tioii Island, lie noticed a canoe or two paddling' near the
shore, and remarks: " It was a tact not less sin;:nlar than worthy of obser-
vation, that on tlie whole extensivtM'oast of New All)ion, and more ])articu-
larly in the \icinity of thos(( fei'tile and (h'lightful shores \\v had lately
passed, we had not, excej)tin,i;' to the southward of Capo Orford and at this
pliU',(^, seen anv inhahitaiits, or met with any circumstances that, in tlie most
distant manner, indicate(l a prol)aliility of tlu; country bein<"' inhabited."
Of the Klasset, or Makah, lu^ says: "The few natives who came oil'
resembled, in most n spects, tlu^ ])eople of Nootka. Their persons, yar-
inents, and behavior, are very similar; some difference was observed in
their ornaments, jjarti 'ularlv in those worn at tlu; nose; for, instead of the
crescent, generally adopted by the inhabitants of Nootka, ti:ese wore straight
])iec,es of bono. Their canoes, arms, and im])lements, wei" exactly the
same. They sjioke the same language, but did not apj)roach ns with the
familiarity ol)served by those people on visiting the Ivesolu^ion and Dis-
covery, which mav))robably be owing to their ha\ing become more familiar
with strangers." 'i'lie village, he observes, which is situatcnl about two
miles within tiie cape, had the appe "ance of being extensi\e and populous.
The maimer of the Indians was very civil, orderly, and friendly. 'I'h<'y
requested permission i»efore entering his shiji, and, when receiving s(tme
presents, " politely and earnestly solicited " him to slo}) at their village.
His notices of the KhiUam are not much more extended, for he had
but little intercouise with them. Of those at New Dungeness, he Siiys :
" 'I'he aj)|)earance of the lints we now saw indicated the I'esidence of the
natives in them to be of a temporary nature only, as we could perceive
Avith (uu- glasses that they ditl'ered very materially from the habitations of any
of the American Indians we had 1 'lore seen, being com])osed of nothing
more than a few mats thrown over cross-sticks ; whereas those we had passed
the preceding day in two or three small villages to the eastward of Cla.sset
were biult exactly after the fasln'ovi of the houses erected at Xootka. The
inlial)itants seemed to view us with the utmost indifference and unconcern;
they continued to lish before their huts as regai-Uess of <tur being present
227
i)s if sudi vessels had l)ei'ii lamiliMr to tlwui, iiml iniwnrtliy of their iitteii-
tioii. On. the lowhind (if New Diin^cness wd'e erected. i>eriieiidieul:irly iiiid
seeiniii.tih- with iiiucli re,i>id;irity, a miiidter df \cr\- tall straight jinlcs hke
ilaii'-stavi's or hcaeoiis. siipiiorted from the ;ji'oiiiid liy spars. Their liisl
appearaiieo iu(hioed an opinion of their lieini:- intt'iKh'd as the npriiihts lin'
sta<'i's on which the\ nii^ht dv\ tlieir lish ; hnl this, on a iiraivr view, seemed
improhahU', as llieir heij;'lits and distances froiii each other wonid have
reipiired spars of a <zTi'ater size to rt'ach from one to the other liian the
sid)Staiiee of tlie jioh's was eapalih' of snstainin.u'. 'I'he\ were nndoiihtedly
iiitei\de(l to answer some particuhir purpose: hut wliether of a reiiijions,
civil or mihtury nature, must he hft to some future investiiiation."
A hherty pole or a <>-allows, jirohahly, would have tilled tlic alternative
su"''>'ested. 'i'he (d»ioct of these erections is mentioned h\ Captain \\ ilk
as serviiij;- to suspend the nets with which the Indians catch wild towl.
\'ancouver was greatly disyiisted at the small importance atlacheil to his
visit. Ho says further that on Mr. ^^'iudl)ey's landing- to seek lor water, the
Indians continued to iisli, "without payint^' any more reiiard to the cutter
than if she hail hei-n one of their own canoes." 'The circumstance was
certainly remarkahle, and can only Ix; explained hy tin- fai't that the no\-
eltyhad worn oil', as there is no douht, althonii'li N'ancouver sujipiised him-
self to he the iirst who had jienetrated thus far up the straits, that Kcmlrick
ami others had preceded him. At I'ort Discovery, lu' says, "a. few of the
natives in two or three canoes favored us with their company, and hrou^ht
vsith them some tish and venison for sale." "These jieople, in tlnir i.ersons,
canoes, arms, imidemeuts, i^c., seemed to re,send)le chielly t\\(: iidiahuanls of
Nootka, though less hedaubeil with paint and less iilthy in their external
aiii)earance. They won- ornameiUs in their ears, hut none were oh.served
in their noses; some of them understood a lew words of the Nootka laii-
<>-uage; they were clothed in the skins of deer, hear, and some other ani-
mals, but principally in a woolen gannent of their own manufacture,
extremely well wrought. They ilid not appear to possess any lurs. Their
bows ami implements they freely bartered for knives, trinkets, copper, etc.,
and, what was very extraordinary, they olfered Ibr sale two children, each
2M
T
I
I'Si
iil)oiit six or seven NCiirs of iiiic, niiil lieiiie- shown some coppor wore very
iinxious lli;it the Idir^nin shmihl lie cIosimL""
At I'ort 'lownsheiiil he siiw no Indi.'insjmt ji rloserted village at the slteof
the 'IVenifilvinn town, appiiicntlx in ;i stnte of decny.
A few liidiiiMs were met with ;it Oiik (,'ove (I'nvt Linvreiice), iuul mar
the liendof Hood ( 'anal ahout sixty. imdudif.j,Mvomeii and children, iiiidoiiht-
edlv of tlie Skokoniish trihe, wliieh were all that he met with on that
<'Xtens!\-e line. " The rej,non we hiid lately passed," he says, "seomcdnearly
destitute of human l)ein;^s. Nowliere diil the appearanee of the party creati!
any alarm or much astonishment, the Indians always treatin,i;- them in a
friendlv manner, and harteriii;;' their arms and other articles for iron, copper,
and trinkets." Tlie following' <4'eiieral ohservatioiis are extracted entire, as
they hear upon the apparent po])n1ation of tlu^ eonntry at the time. They
refer more particularly to tlu^ Klallam, Tseniakum, and Skokomish. \'an-
conver, it ma\- he? mentioned in passini,'', does not seem to have sonplit for
the names of an;/ of the tribes, and none are mentioned in his book. Other
points aic omitted which ap[)ear singular. In speaking of the iish taken in
the Sound, he never refers to tlu; salmon: and, what is most extraordinary,
he sa\s nothing of the custom of flattening the head.
" Having considere(l with imparlialit} the excellencies and defects of
this couiUry, as far as came under oin- observation, it now remains to add
a few words on the chara<'ter of its iidiabitant.s. None being resident in
I'ort Discovery, and our intercourse with them having been very much con-
iiiHMl, the knowledge we may have acquired of them, their manners and
customs, nuist necessarily be very limiteil, and our conclusions drawn chiefly
from comparison. From New Dungeness we traversed nearly one hundred
and fifty miles of their shores witlauU seeing that nundjer of inhabitants.
Tho.se who came within our notice nearly resembled the peojde of
Nootka, their hair, as l)efore mentioned, being in general neatly cond)ed
and tied behind.
"In llieir wea])ons, implements, canoes, and dress, they vary little. Their
native woolen garment was most in fashion, next to it, the skins of deer,
bear, i^c. : a few wore dresses manufactured from bark, which, like their
woolen oms, were ver} neatly wrought. Their spears, arrows, lish-gigs,
(
229
i\ii(l (illicr weapons were sliiipi'tl cxjirtlx liko flinsc nt' Noiitkii. Imf innic Wi'vv
IKiiiiti'd with rojijicr or with jiiiisch'shciis. The thi'fc tni'iiK r wnc p'iicr,ill\
hiiihcd, and \]\i»v ])uiiiti(l with (•iPiiiinnii Hint, aL'alf, and Imnc srtincil nl
thi'ir original wnrl<nian>hi|i. ^ it nidic of their arrows were ohsrr\iil to In-
pointed witli thin, ll.it iron than with iionc or Hint, and it was\cry sinL;nlar
ihat \hv\ should prdci' cxchanfiin;^' those poincd witli iron to any ot tiie
others, 'liieir Ixiws were ot' a superior ■, onstrnetion: tlioe, in ji'^neral, were
I'roni two and a haU' to tliree feet in le ijitii: tlie hroachst part in the niiddh-
was ahout an inch and a half and aliont thri'e-(piarfers ot' an inch tliirk,
neatly made, nnidually taperin;,' to each end, which ferniiiiated in a -liouMn-
and liook for the security of tlie l)ow-strini(. 'I'hey were all made oi' y.w ,
and chosen with a natnrally-iiiverted cnrve suited to i!;; method of nsini^-
them. I'Vom end to end iif the concave side, which when strnnt.'- hecame
the convex part, a, very stronii' stiip of an elastic hide is attached to some,
and the skins of serpents to others, exactly the sha| e and len^ith of the liow ,
neatly and iirndy atlixed to the wood hy means of a cement, the adhesi\('
])rop{ rtv of wliich I never saw or heard of liein^' e(pialed. It is not to lie
aifected by eithei- dr\' or damp weather, and forms so slrcm^- a connection
witli tho wood as to prevent a separation without destroyin<i' the coni])onent
parts of both. Tlu^ how-string'' is ma.de of the sinew of s(tme marine animal,
laid loose, in order to he twisted at ]>1easnre, as the temperatiu'e of tluNitmo-
spliere may require to preserve it at a propei- length. Thus is this very
neat little weapon icndiTed ]iortahle, cdastic, and eifecti\t' in the hii^hest
degree, if we ma\ be alhjwed to judge by the (h-xterity with which it was
used by one oJ' the natives at l*<u't Discovery.
"We had little opportunity of ac(piiiing any satisfacti>ry information
with regard lo the j)ublic regulations or }»rivate economy ol' these people.
'i'he situation and ajipearancc^ of the places we found them generally inhab-
iting indicating their being much accustomed to cliangt! of residence ; the
deserted villages tend to strengthen the conjectnic ol' their being wanderers.
Territorial prupi'rty appeared to bi- of little imjiortance; tliere was jdeiity
of room for their ii.xed habitations, and tho.se of a temporary nature, which
we now found them mostly to occujiy. being principally ((ini|iosed oi
crossed sticks covered with a few mats, as easily found a spot I'or their erec-
If
L';!()
1
>ii
tioii, iis tlicy wi'ic rciiHiscd IVimi one stiitioii to Jinnilicr, eillicr .'is iiicliiiiitiiui
llli^i'llt Irail or licccssiiy cnlilix-l ; ;ill(|, lliivill^- ;l \ci-\- cxtcli^iNt' r,lll;^c iil
(luiimin, tiny wfii' not liable to iiitciriiptiuii ur (i|i|i(isiti(iii iVniii tli'ir t»-u'
«lllTniniilill^' IH'iulllxil s
" I'Vinii tlicsr circmii-^laiHcs iilmic. it iiia\' lie sniiicw liat |iniiiatiirc to
(•(iiicliidc that this (Iclinhtt'iil (•(umtry has always liccii thus thinly iiiliahitcil;
on the coiitiaiN, there are I'easons to iiclievc it has l)ccii infinitely nioi'e
populons. I'lacli ol' the deserted villa<;es was nearl\-, if not (juite, ('(jlial to
contain all the scattered iniiiibitauts we saw, according' to the cnstoiii (d'tlie
Nootka people, to whom these Iiav(( f^reat uilinity in their lixud habitations
and in their general idiaiacter. it is also p(^ssi!)le that most of the (dear
Hpac(is may have been ind(d)ted lor the removal of their timber and iimler-
wood to mainial labor. Their <4'eneral appearance f'nrnished this opinion,
and their sitnation on the most ))leasant and commandinj^' eminences, pni-
tecteil 1)\- the forest on ever^' side except that which wonld liaxc preclnded
a- \iewot them, seemed to encountf^'O the idea. Not man\' \ cars since, ea( h
of these \acant spaces miirlit ha\'e been allotted to the habitations of dilfer-
eiit societies, and tlu; variation ol)served in their extent mi^ht have been
coid'ormable to the size of eacdi villaj^c, on the site of which, since their
abdication or extermination, notliinf:;' bnt tlie smaller shrubs and plants liad
yet been able to rear their heads.
"In our difl'erent excursions, ])articularly those in the nei<^hborliood of
I'ort Discovery, the skull, lind)s, I'ibs, and ba(d<-l)ones, or some other vi'stip-s
of the human Ixxly, were I'ound in many places pronii.scuously scattered
about the beatdi in j^Teat numbers. Similar relics were also frequently met
with duriuL;' our siu'vey in the boats; and 1 was informed by the oflici'rs
that, in their several perambulations, the like jipjjearance.s had presented
themselves so repeatedly and in such abundance as to produce an idea that
the environs of I'ort Discovery Aveve a general oenietery ff)r the whole sur-
rounding country. Notwithstanding these circinustaiices do not amount
to a direct ))roof of the extensive population they indicate, yet, when
condiiued with other apjjeavances, they warranted an o])inion that, at no
very remote period, this country had been far more popidous tlian at pi'esent.
Some of the human bodies were found disposed of in a very singular nian-
L';;i
IHT. ('iilKM'S were sms|i(11(1(mI lic'wcin two or inoir liccs, ;il>iiiil iwcUr l''''t
from llu' <;toiiii(1, In wliifli wire ilic >kclftniis ol two of tlirrc |it'rsoii-
Utlicfs of n liifiicr si/c \\rw liniilcil up ii.lo llir oiilslvirts of the woods, wliicli
coiitaiucil Iroiii four to xxcii skeletons, covt rid o\cr\\ilIi;i liroad plank.
In some of tlioc, lirokcn liow> and ari'ows were found, wliicli ,1 iir>t uav '■ i'is<'
to a conjectuir tlial these mi^lit have hcen wanioi's, who, alter liein^ mor-
tally wound. m1, had. whilst tlirir streULilli remained, hauhd up their canoes
for the purpose of expirini: i|uietl\ in them. I'.ut.oii a lurther examination,
this l)(;eame improliahle, as it would hardly ha\e been possiMe to have pre-
served the re;^idarilv of position in the agonies of death, or to have detended
their sepidchers with the broad plank with which each was eoveretl. 'I'he
few sk( 'etoiis we saw so earefidly deposited in the e.inoes were prohaldy
the chiels, piiests, or leaders of particular triixs, whose follow, r> most likely
continue to possess the highest respect for liieir memory and remains; and
the n-eneral kiiowled-c 1 had obtained tVoin e\perien<'e of the reji'ard wliii h
all savai'f nations iia\ to their fiuuMal sidenAiities made me particularly
s(dicitous to prevent any indiuinty from beinj:' waiitotdy offered to then-
departed friends. JJaskets were also found suspended on hijih tree.s, each
contaiiiiji;^' the skeleton of a youn^- child; in some of which were also small
square Ix.xes lille<l with a kind of white; j.aste, resendilin^i- such a- 1 had
seen the natives eat, supposed to be made of the saraima root. Soiue
of these boxes were (piite full; others were nearly empty, eaten jirobably by
th(! mice, .sciuirn Is, or bird.s. On th<' next low poim south ol our jacsuut
encampment, where ihejiiiniiers were airing' the powder, the}- met with several
holes, iu which luunan boilies were interred, sli;'htly covered over, and in
different states of decay, some ajipeariiiH' to have been very recently
depo.sited. About half a mile to the northward (.f our tents, when! the lan<l
is nearly level with liiyh-water murk, a few paces within the skirtin;^- of the
wood, a eanoe was found sus])ended between two trees, in which were three
human skeletons; and a few paces to the ri^ht was a cleared space of nearly
forty yards round, where, from the fresh appearance of burned stumi)s, mo.st
of its vegetable produetitms had very lately been consumed by iire. Amon;-st
the ashes we found the skidls and other bones of near twenty persons in
different stages of calcination; the tire, however, had not readied the sus-
f
Mi
liilll
! « ,
232
jH'iidfil cniinr. iiiir dill it ii|i]i(';ir ti» li:i\c )iccii iiitciHlcd tlint it slimild. 'I'lic
skclt'lniis, I'uiiiid lliiis dis|i(is('(| ill (Miiucs or in li.iskrts, liurc ii wvy siiinll
|irn|)urtinii to tlic iiiiiiilii'i' of sIviilU ;iiid otiicf liiiiiiiiii lioiics iiidiscriiiiiiifitcly
>ciilf('l'cd ,'iiioiil liic sliorcs. Such iiic tlic cllccts; liiil o|' the ciiiisc or cjinscs
lliiit litnc ii|M'riiti'd to |irodii('(' tliciii, we rciiiiiiiii'it totalK' iiu:i('i|iiiiiiit('d.
w lictlici' o('cii>ioi|{(| li\ ciiidciiiic dixiisc or rciciit \\;iis. 'riKMliiinictfi' mid
{ifiicriil dcpoi'tiiiciit ol' tlic lew iiilial»it;nits \vc occiisioiiidiv siiw liy iio mk aiis
(duiitciiiiiiccd tlic liittcf o|iiiiioii; tlic\' were iinil'oriiilv civil and iViciidly,
without iiiaiiitestiii^- the least sij^n of Icar or suspicion at our approach, iior
did their appeiiraiu'c indicate their Imviii;^' been much iinireil to hostilities.
Several of their stoutest men had heeii seen perfectly naked, and, contrary to
what nii^lit have? l)e»;n expected of rude natives lial)ituated to warfare, their
skins were niosth unhleinished hy scars, exceptiuf;' such as the small-pox
S(f(^meil to Iwnc occasioned, a ilisease which there is <ireat reason to beliexc
is very fatal amongst them. It is not, however, vei-y easy to draw any just
contdiisions on the ti'iie caiisf' from which this havoc of the Inmiaii race |)ro-
ceeded: this must remain for the investifi'ation of others who may have more
leisure and a lietter opportunity to direct such an inipiiry; yet it may not
be unreasonable to conjecture that the present apparent de[)opulation may
have arisen, in some measure, from the inhabitants of this interior part hav-
ing been induced to quit their former abode, and to have moved nearer the
exterior coast for the coincnience of obtaininji', in the immediate mart, witii
more ease and at a cheaper rate, those \aluable articles of commerce that
within these last years iiave lieeii lirou^^lit to the sea-coasts of this continent
by iCnropeans and the citizens of America, and Avliitdi are in ji'i'eat estima-
tion amoiifi'st these peojile. beinj;' pos.sessed b\- all in a greater or less degree."
While surveying Admiialty Inh't, \'ancouver met with further parties
of Indians. Ol' thi' Skokomish, he says: "'i'owards noon, I went ashore at
the village point (southern end of IJainliridgo Island) for the piu'pose of
observing the latitude: on which occasion 1 visited the village, if it may be
digniiied, as it ap])eared fiie iiio.st lowly isnd meanest of its kind. The best
of the huts were |)oor and niiseral)le, constructed something after the fashion
of a soldier's tent, by two cross-stick.^, al)out live i'eet high, connected at
each end by a ridge-jiole from one to the other, oyer some of which was
■ml
n
thrown ii conrst" kind ul' iiint: over oIIhtx. a fm I.m,sc l.iam Iks nf trc's,
slii'uhs, Jin.l ^Tiiss. Nc.nr, linurvcr. apiiniir,! to l.c .MiLstnirtid tor pr..I.rl-
iiin> ilicni. cither apiiiist llir lical nf simuiicr or llir iii«liiii. ncy nf uiiil.M'.
In tllolll Wcfc llim.U' lip. tn lie fUlvd l.V til.' Mlinls.nf till' fllV ll \ K<l'l '"'l-
Htantly l)iiriiiiijr, clams, muscles, and a few mher Uiiid> nf fi>li. >eemiii-l>
intended fnr their winter's siih>i^tcnce. 'I'h.- clams iieihajis weiv tint all
reserved fnr that i.m-pnse, as we fivqiieiitlv saw them Mnm-aiid wniii ahniit
the neck, whidi, as incliiiatimi directed, were eaten, twn. three, nr h.df a
iln/.eii at a time. 'I'his station did not api^'ar to liave lieeii preferred fnr the
purpo.se of lishin^', as we saw few of the penplc s(. employed; nearly the
wh(de of the inhabitants Ixdoiif-in^r to the villat>-e, which e(.nsisted of al.niit
oifrhty or a hundred men. women, and children, wen l.iisily en-a-ed. like
Kwine, rnotin^' up this heantifiil v.'rdant meadnw. in .past ..f a sp.'cie> ..t
wild..ni..n, an.l tw.. other r.u.ts, which, in apiiearan.v an.l last.', f^r.atly
resembl.Ml the saranna. parti. nlarly the lar-.'st. The cnlle.lin-' ..f iIk'sc
roots was most likely th.' «d)ject which attract.'.! them to tliis spot; they all
seemed to gather them with mmdi iivi.lity, and t.. preserve them with -r.'at
care, most probably lor tli.' i.m-pose of makin;;' the paste 1 have alrea.ly
nientione.l."
"These i)e.tj)le varied in im essential Jtoint frmn the natives \\v had seen
since our entering the straits. Their persons wen* equally ill ma.l.'. an.l as
much besmeared with oil an.l dilVer.mt .•.dored paints, parti.'ularly with ivl
ncher and a sort ..f shining .•halVy mh a, very pni,.h.r..us, an.l in .'..Inr nm. h
reu-mbling black lead, 'i'hey likewise p.)s.sessed more ornam.'iits, ..sp..ially
such as were made of copper, the iirticle most valne<l an.l .-steemed among
them." SubsHiuently, about eighty of the Dwamish visited the ship, whos.'
appearance he mentions as more cleanly than that .)f the pe.iple on th.'
ishind. The latter were undoid)tedly there merely temp.)rarily, and for the
purpose of digging the roots referred to.
A party of Indians, it seems, turned the tables on \'an.-nuv.-r, so far as
the suspicion of cannibalism is c.mcerued, an.l, alter subjecting .some of a
venison pastry to a very severe examinati..n, rejecte.l it with great .lisgust,
pointing to their own bodies t.) iiuli.-ate their idea ..f its origin, lie satis-
fied them .)f its character with .some .liiUculty, and drew th.- inf.r.-n.'.-, c.^r-
'if.' .
!
I! ^
H
l?l
t
Ml i I
I I
2:}4
t;iinl\ iMiiiTi. ili.it tlic rli.irMrtcr n-iiiln-d in \\\f imriiiwcst Iinli;iii-; i>t"
Alliri ir;i ill hi- il:i\- \\;i-.. ill lf;i-l mi l;ir II- tll(--i' WClr i-i ilircriliil, llll]M-.t
I In- iiiiii.iitT <'! lii(liMii> tin<iiiiit(i(il 1)\' Mr. I'n;^ri in i-.\|il(.| in;^ ihc
\;irinll> illicit li-.iilili;^ In ihr -nllln! wllicll llnW lie, IIS lli.s liaillC (Ino lliil
M'i'iii III li;i\c liiiMi '.'I'Mii'i' ill |iniii'irli(iii lli.ni llin-i- itift with in A(hnlr;ih\
liili'l ;ini| liiiml < '.iii.il, ;iv, ihiiiiuh \';iiicnii\ cr spcnks nl hi> iiicctiiiu' ."-cNfial
trilic-. hi' ill If- I ml rrlcr In I heir iiuiii1mi> 11 ir niil\ (litliciiIlN hiiil with ;ni\
III till' iiiili\c< \\:i-- 111(1 wilh li\ tlii> Liiiill'iiiaii in what i- imw calltil Hair
l'a>>aL'i'. wilii'll, lldW (■\ i-r, nvsilli;- tn IiIn jiniiltlicr, i| (I lint prncrci In
<\triiiiilii'>. It is I'ciiiarkalili- that mi liii> m rasinii thc\' slinwcd tin sur|irisc
at the lire nt small anii>. Imt iiirrch iinitalcil the sminil ni' llu- iniiski'ts 1)\-
rSi'laiininiJ- jmnl |inn: al|i| nil till' ilisrhaTL;!' Ill till' S\\i\cl >llntti'il, ill>|('ail 111
thinu', nil Ti'U iiii.-lnini;' tlii'ii' Imws, am', caiiii' Inrwanl with Iciiiiiiibtratidns
ol lili'iiil-hiii.
Ill >MrM'\ iiiL! \\ hiiHii \ Islaiiil ami the passa^i's Kiii^i' cast nl' it, .Mr.
W'hiillii'N imt \vi;ji till' Siinhninish ami Ska;.;it. < )t' this districi, Naiicoincr
>a\s. " 'I'lii- II 11 111 111' I' III' its inlialiitanis is a limit six laimlrcil. w liicli 1 >limil(l
sii|)|ii«sc wmilil cM'ccd the tnial ni all tlir nati\('S li 'rnrc sccii,"
Alnad'. the jinidiictiniis nl' I'lurniican art iian ln';;iin tn lind their wa\'
hiri' Nut iiiiK' wcrr the Indians tnli-raliK well shjijilicil w illi irmi and ('n|i-
|ii T arinw -jinint-. Imt \\i'a|inns al.-o had ln'iii iiii|inrti'd "'I'lit' cim! " sa\s
\'am'nii\ I'l', "t'nrsn we iinist disiiiiii'uish him, hail two haniici'-^, mic ()F S]i,m-
i^h and tlir ntlu r ni' l'.ntili>!i inamil'actiirt'. mi which lir sccincd tn sc-t a ^ "r\-
lijijli \alii('." !''rntii tlii'ir riirinsit\- in kiinw ir he was all w hitc, Mr. ^\'hldl)( y
cmiclndi'd thi'\ had imt liitiirc seen an\ l^iirn|K'aiis, lliniij;li tVi m tli(3 (liU'ri'-
ciit articles ihcx' |inssessed it \\,is e\ident a i 'oininunicatie had taken jilace;
|ii'nlialil\' 'iv means nt' intertvilia] trade.
.Mr. Iirmiuhtmrs account of the C'oliuiiliia River hidiiins is i'ar less
luiniite. Ill' makes no estimate of their apjiareiit numbers, which do not
;!|i|iear In lia\e struck him as ver\- lireat, merely remarking that the farther
he |iriic('cdid till- iiinr.' the country was inlialiited. It is tn he noticed that
the de-i rti'd villaii'es referred to \)\ \ aiicmixer and his ditVereiit jiarties
wen jirnhalily lett i'nr the time Iteiii;^-. The perindof Mr. Brouti'liton's visit,
the mmitli ni' I >ei'enilii'r, was one at which must nt' the liands livint:' near
tiir int.iitli nt' thf ii\.-r \\>-v <<u SIi.mIw.U.t \\:\\ . cii^iip-il in l.ikin- wiiil.T
salmon Tin- loll.iu iiii;- .str.ict .nili.-lii-- lii- primiiml ..listTViitious :
••'I'lic natives .liti.'ivd in nuihinL;- very nialcriaily In. in lli^r \m- ha.l
visitcil (hn-inu- tin' .-uiiuu.r. i.nt in tlw .If.'nratiuii ,<\ lli.ir iMr-';i~: in this
iv>i..Ti ili,-\ <nr|ia-sc(I all llie .'IIht trilirs, uiili painls of ililV.r. m .•..|..r>.
|'railicr>. an.l cilnr uinamcnt-. ■riuir li..u-r- >. ,nic.l \.<\'r nmr. .■,.ail..rla!.lr
than ihoM'al Nnutka: tin- roof liaviii<? ii f^Wator iiirlinalinn. aii.l tlir j-lankinir
hcin- ihat.'h.'.l over with tlu' l.ark ot tiv, . Tli.' .iitian. ,• i. ihiounl, a l.olr
in a Wrnail plank. .Mrvrd in Mirli a niann.r as to iv.-Tiiil.lr tlir larr ol a
man. tlir month -.rvin- tor the ]M|-]iom> of a iloor-wav. 'I'll.- Inv plarf is
.sunk in the earth, aial con'oied from spivaiiin.L;' al.ov I v a wooden frame
Tile iidial.itants are universally addieted to >:n..kiu--. 'i heir \,\\n- is snndar
tooursiusha|.e. The howl iMuadeolverx h.ard w ood, an.l is e\ieriially orna
niente(l with rarviu,-,-; the luhe. ahoul tuo feet Ion-, is made of a Muali
l.ranc'h of tlio ehler. In this they smoke an hei-l. whirli the country j.ro-
duce.s, of a very mild nature, and hy no means uniilea.sint ; they, howi^xer,
took-l-eat pleaMire in s.a.d^ill- toliaeeo; heliee it is UlltUial torouehldcit
Mii-li! heronie a valiial)le arlirle oi tiallir anu.n-s1 them. in I'loM other
iv.si)ect.s, tlu-y ivsend)le their -.ei-hhor.-, as to their mauu.rs an.l mo.h' of
Ii\in,ii', hciii;:- t'i|ually filthy and uncle.iidy. "
Mr. \Vliidbe>'N a.i'onnt of the cxamiuatlon of Ciax llarhor .■outams
<-veu less iutonuation. Th.' total numl.cr ..I' iidiahitants s.^en hy him was
estimated at one hundred; most of the remainder liein;^-. iu all |a'ohahility,
at Shoalwater Uay, uhh'h. as hefore meulioued, was the wiute:' nnuim! of
the 'rsihalis e(|ually with the ('hiiHlk.
'rhe next, and a lar more valuahli' account of tin- ( 'olimdiia Ifiver
Indians, Is that of Lewis and ( iarke, thirtei'U years later, 'i'heir dcM-rip-
tions of lu.lian maiuiers. dwelliu;is, and life are ac, •urate, an<! they hase
not, likomau) other writ.'is. indul-ed Iu speculation, or attempted to draw
infereiici's rud assign motives for .utiou oil insuiricieut l.asis. The iioineu-
(datnre assigned l.v them to many of the hands, with which the_\ met or ol
which thi'V ohtained luformati.ni, is uot recooni/ahle at the pn m-uI day,
Theiv are, iu fact, no tieueric names used l.y the lii<llans aniou;!' their own
tribes, hut each Imiid is distiiifinished l.y its .ipproi.riate appellation, that <.l
ii
flic i.'riinii'! wlilili it Dcciijiio < ii'iicric nv triliiil iiaiiM's \\iy (itlicr- lUf ^miie-
liliics ii>ici; liill, ;i- liclnrc inclitii i!ic(l. 1 In- ci ilic-ii p|i ;iinn|i^' tile li;il|il-- " >,♦' tile
.siiiiii- t;!iiii'\ is sii sriiiill. ili;ii it i-; nuTc iisuiil !>> Iii'iir tlicii >(|iiii'iitcl\ im-ii
timicd, (■\,-ii liy tli>ii' ii(i;iiiliMis. As til*-'*' aji]i<-II;iti(>iis (litlcr with tiic
(lltli-rciii trihcs. ainl iii(iii'ii\ <-i ilii,- uut u iih ihr ,ili:iiiili>iuiiciit n! a |)arti<'nlar
l<i(alit\, it l.> ic\t tu iiii|iu--ilplc, all<-i' >ncli a lapse -it' liiiir, in iilc!itit\' all
III lliciii, i'-.ti-j)i l)\' llicic lucaiitx (if (iidcf (it siiccissidii.
SulisiMjiiciii til Lrwis and ('laikc is l'"raii(luri', wlmsc siiiijilicitN nt
iiaiTaiit.il aiii| air i if tnilli indiKH; a ic^^fct that liiswnrk is udt inure in detail.
I |hmi iliis iiiiu'li fit Mr. Ir\iiiii"s desci'i|tti(iii is iiased.
Ii'(is> ( 'ii\".-~ ad\eiitiii s, tlidiij^li lii;:lily aiiiusiiijr and suflieienti\ a* ciiriite
\vli( re de>rri|)ti.iii alone is conccnied, uixi lialile to ;:ive very t'alse inipres-
sioiis ol" motive anil idc;i.
Of tile i-xtei'iials of s;i\iiji'e life on (he ( )re<idn coast, tliere are nian\'
)^ra|iliir ai:d full aecoiints; luit an insi^ilit into their minds is not so eas\ to
reatdi. and tlio>e who hn\(' most carefiillv sonjilit it are likely to lie most
iloulitfnl ot tliei.- sneces.s.
iP
KAKM.Y VISITS OK WiiriK .MKX.
The Indians at the mouth of the ('ohimli'a jiru!ser\i' sexeral ti'aditioiis
of the early yisits of white men, the llrst of \vlii(di must lune hecii many
years anterior to the arrival ol'Oray. The wit'e ol' .Mi-. Sdloiiioii 11. Smith,
who lielon^'i'd til the Klatsop, and vvas liorii ahoiit the \ ear islo. inl'urmed
me that the first white men seen hy her tribe were t1i:i > who came ashore
in a hoat i'rom a wrecked ycssel. •■The\ landed on Klatsop I'oint ( I'oint
Adams), vvheie one soon afterward died. 'J'hey were lifHt descried li\ a
woman who had lost her idiild, and, after the Indian fasliicii. had o(,iie out
in the mornin^^ to moiirii tor it. She .-aw a lar;i'e oltject lying on fhe Ije.icli,
;'i d. while loukin!4' "' i' '*' wonder, the seamen came asliore and approached,
holdinu' a hrij^ht kettle and motioning- her to liriiin' wafer. She was afraid;
Imt they )»ut it ilowii and ri'tired, w hen she t«iok it ami ran to the yillae'(
i'he 1 ndians then came down in a hody. The new -comers hx 'ike mi'ii,
except ill, t they had loiiji- he.ards like liears. Tlie\ had already \«\\ the sick
man into :\ oo.x to lie Imried, a.s he was nearly dead. The Klat.sop Indians sent
t'lir till- <ifln IS nil fill' liver, ^^lll> cnmi' \\, 'jrc-M iniinl)riN A-^tmii-licil ;it iii<>
valiif I't tliiir prizr aini. licijiiiiLT to i^i't tin- \\ liolr .it liu' iii-. I.ii> w liicli it nni
taitici!. lliiv -I I till' 111 till' wreck. l'\ which iiie.iiis ihe\ hi>! ;il!. Ili'ie
WcrC' culilier Lerlle-^ oil the \e>>el> iillil |)ie('eS(it llli>Ile\, hllvillL;' ;i >ijll,ire
hi'h' ihripiiu'h ilsc center.
'ihe t\\ I) sur\ i\ illLT >e;lliiell reillliiutil ;is sjavis in ihe lvl;ll-ii|i milil it
\\;i> tiiuinl lh;it iiiie \v,\r. a iVi.rkcr ill irmi, nf w hich t!ie Iiii!i;ni> he-, in in-^e.
thie N.lllle. wllell lhe\ lllilih'hiui 11 chiet'. .\t'te.r\\ .■Hi! ! lie t W m st.li'teil t'l ir I heir
own ciiiin!r\. whicli. thev >aiii. A\a> fou.anl the risin^r -iim Ihey went as
i'ar as the llaUes, where nnc stnjipeil anil inai'rieih The uihi r leiunieil to
Miillnoniali l.-lamt and niarrie<l there He liad a «laiit:!iter, who wa- .in
olil jiTiiv-haireil woman wiicii Mfs. Smith was a chihi. li-r own i.ithi r
feiiiemlicrcil the arrival ot' tlic seamen. Tlie iii.m \\tio h\ei| oii .Miihiioiuah
IslainI was iimhiulitedK the one mentioned hy I'ram iuie in Iiis nanatixe,
whose .-on. Soto, was ali\e, and a \er\' old man, at the lime ot his visit.
After this, a vc.-sel anchored oil' .\l;ihcai-nie Head | lalse 'rilamuk ], in
the hij^ht at the mouth ot' the Nehaleii K'ivir. .\iionl twenty armed men,
with cutlasses, came on shore. lirin;jiiiji' an iron chest, which they cirried
about two miles hack into the countr\, to a spot where an Indian trail
cro.sses a hrook on tl'.c south side of the jironioiitory. I he |ilace ua> ia>t
of tlii> trail and south of the lirook. There they luirii d it hetueeii two rocks,
lettinj."- down auothei- on top, and cut an inscriiition oi^ the lock. 'I'lny then
killed a man and went awav. Some years a;io. a party of ( )reij:onians went
to search (or this liox, nndei' the impre.ssioii that it was hidden iiiasiin', hut
wer(> iiiisuccesst'ul, for, althou/^h the place is ascer.ained within ;i -hoit dis-
tance, their Indian iiuidos would not appi'oach it.'' The iiicideiii o! i man
lieino- killed on the .sjiot is proliahlv an Indian addition, drawn I'loiii their
own usajiis.
Another ves-.ei, luivin;^' on hoard a lar<ie ijuautity of lice.swax, was cast
awav on the spit of land to tlivi north of the sauu! river, the Nelialeii. The
crew came aslions built a bouse, and lived peaceably lor some tiim?, till
they lie^^an to take awav the Indians' wives. This createil ,in e.\citemeni
and linally, when they had .seduced otf the wife of a cliiel' lie a--eniiiled the
tribe, and asked if the\ woiil I ht their wives iro or li^^lil. The\ decided to
li
'j;;s
!'!■
' I,
'I,
fi;j!il. iiii'l jiitaikcil the M^jiiiirn \\itli 1mi\\> iiikI ariowv ■nil siicii-s. TIu-
l.iiiir I'^Istc'l, lliiii/rir/i/ stmn >i bclt'uiil tliiiit (iiid innlii (lieir unns k ill/ <irtut June,
;i> llii' liiiliaii- ^;iy, liiif were finally ill! kiilcil. This i.ccsuax Jia - ('I'tcn hci-ii
ni<'iiti<)ii<-<l liy Ira\ <l'T,s, and jii'ccs nt' ii coiiliiuii- In lif tdiiml atti r ui-.-tcilv
-liifuis. 'I'liis vcssi'l \va- jnoliaiily a .(a|iaiifsi' jiiiik, si'\< ral nt' wliicli lia\e
Irmii lime tn tiiin- liccii cast a\va\ mi (lie coast. It is iii>ticcalili- that nunn
111 liic 'I'ilaiiifik ilitl'ci- in [nixinal a|)|M aiancc iVmii tlitir iHi;:liliiiis at this
(lay, su as easily tn Ic rccdunizid h\ tlm-c ac<|Uainti d with tin- |!rciiliafitv.
Thcii- ci)iii|)lc\iuii i.> \clhi\\<r than iiidinarN'. and tlicii' cxcs iikuc nl)li(|iK!
and clnnyatcd.
Tile s|)(pt oil w liicli Lew is and ( 'larkc's v,iiifcr oiicaiiijniicnt w.is lixcd is
still disci rniliji-, and tin- loundation lo;^s iciiiaiiicd till \\itliiii a \ car or two.
It \\a> oil the \\c>t liaiik of a lililc ri\cr, called li\- the Indian- NetuI, liiit
;^eiic|;illy known a.'^ Lewis ,ind ('larki"s Iii\er, alioiit um> miles tVoiii its
month. The trail liv which the\ nseil to ii-ach the coast can also lie tra<'e<|.
'I'heir \isit |ii'o(iiiced a stroii^ei' imjires^ion iliaii an\c\ciit licforc the arii\ al
of the Astor'a |iart\', ami tlie\ are still remeniliered ii\ the older Indians.
( )iie ol these Indians tohl a settler that the cajitaiiis were real chiel's, ami
that the .\merii alls who had come since wero hut filihnn. or couiiiion pt'o-
|ile. Skc-mali-kwe-iiji, the chief, and ahiiost tlie last siirviMir f)t' tlie Wali-
kiakmii hand ol" Tsinrik. jin -er\c(i wiih ;^reat inide the medal i^iveii him
liy Lewis and (.'larkc. until within a \ t'iir or two, when it was accidentally
lost, to his j^rcat ;.iriet',
TIu; Tsihalis Indians retain a recollection oi" (iray. K.au-kaii-an, th(i
old iliiel at IVihalis I'oinf, inlonned iiic that he had seen him. Gra\' 'j:;\\g
them a innsket and some < artridj.i'es, iirst, liowixcr. ciittiii;.;' oil' the halls.
The\ did Hot know its use, lint supposed it wa.- intended nu rtlv to make a.
noise, and lireil it oil' until their jiow.ler was pone, when th.\ hroke il up.
.Vl'terward they I'oiind out ( iray's oliject. lie al.Mi i^axc tlieiii axes and
kni\es. the iir>t the\ had seen. A lew years after lijin came Captain 'I'oin-
linson, with whom also the .' traded. (ira\ and he iiseil to ^'iNe them a
"small blanket'. prolialiK' a piece oi coai'.--e elfith. Ini' a dres ed deer-skiii.
(.jtiiitv' a niindter of' Sonnd Indians reniemlier the \i-iisot' the eurU'
ships to their \\aters. altlioii'/h. a^ nii'.ht N expected, ilie\ ha\e confn^ed
L':'.u
llicir iiccuiiiits. l.alJi k:iii,im, iMlli.'r nt tlir hiikc dl ^(ll•l^. the S'kliH.iiu
cllict', ■■IImI .Ilili.irrlilU :i \cr\ "il<l lll.'lll, illli'llli' >l Hm' tll.ll lif \\ :l> :iIm.ii; liir
;ii;c nl' a \u<\ wliiiiii li' |nMiiiiil li',;!, of ■-ciiH' t< II \i:ii> \\licn tlii\ I'li-i
ari'i\(il. riii- 1: •• -.iiil hail nnlx nii.' >tick, iiiasr. and wa- |ir"lialil\ iIh'
\\'a>liiii;^!(iii, ( 'a]ilai;i Ixciiiliick, u liirli laitciril ia 1 7 ^I'.nr liir I 'ri in (■•-•- lvi'\ al
I S|(aiii>li ). I.iintfiiaiit t^hiiinpir, in 17!"*. 'i'ln' liaKan- l!i«ai;;lil ii was | )<>
kwi'-liiill. I'm' llii'N knew ii.iiirnii:' (it llic kwa mli tnni. ur \\liiir man. ami
lln\ Icaic il Ii'.-l Mtiiir ^Tcat -ickufs.s sliciiiM tMJJdW. I he m-.-'.cI camr np [•>
New I )iinL:(nc-.- ami anclinrcil. Tlu- dIiI nnii ami \Miim n wml (uii and
rallri! 1 >(.k\\claitll hukwflinill Tlif cliict's >a!il t" one am>l!ii-r iha! llnv
oii^-jit not to In- atVaiiJ. and tiic\ aciiird;iiL;K wa-iicd, nilcd, and |iainl(<l
tlitir i'aics as wlifSi niakini' tani.alni ons. ihlnkin'.^- U> iilcasc 1 lokwlmt!.
'ri,i'\- all ui'iit iHM in ihcir canoes to liic -liip, when iii:c man, a sailni',
nni;i.iiicd to tlicni iml t>) clinic near 1 ill t lax li ad w a si ad the jiasnt ti'nm their
!iic(-s. 'rhe\ Went a.stern and did s.>, and ilaai all were admitled In the
sliip; Imii Lakli-kiiiiiini, wiii«i was sniall ami alVaid. did iM>t '^n. 'I he sailnr.s
<.;i>t iiitu his eaii(»e, and wanted to trv ami jiaildle it. and he <ii( d till llai-
\ a-wati^t. (ieiiei-iil I'ierce's father, win. is still li^ in;i, and <'hhi- than hinis( li.
eaiae down into the ranoe and told him not to i-v\ . Some one. he sn|t|io-es
the eaptaiu. then made tiieiu all jireseni- oi' Imttons and kni\es. The <aii
tain wanted afterward to Imv one of the do^i's iiaii- Idankets aiul one ol
i-e«[ar bai-k. lie had ii< thiii;^- at this 'inie to tra.h with e.Mciit l.ntioa-
knivos, and sheathint^-copper, and the shell called ^r;\-i-.\v ( lldliolis). IL-
traded these tliiii^-s lor curiosities. Ah. ml a year (ir a year and a hall aliei,
ii thnjf-uuwted and a two ii.u.^ted ves>,l came in. Neilliei' ol the a wiiil
farther lip than Port l)iscover\-. 'i'lic two-ina.stiMl \es.s(d traded iiiein in>ii
hoops and broken iron; they lioii^ln deer- and (dk-skins, and •^aw ln>iii
ei;:-ht to tw(dve small hlatikels! or a miisket for one skin! 'I'hey also s<ilil
sjiot and jiowdei'. When thi' captain had done tradiiiLi, he ;;a\ c away kin\es,
htokintr-u'lasses, and other small articles as presents.
Lakh-kanaiifs reineitdirance of prices is prohaldy verv iiiiich i -xa-Me,-.
aled 1)\- distiima-. the L:ood old times lieini:- a j^-olde'i :^::'- with tli Indiaii-
also; liii! the narativc is ]irolial>ly suhstantially aci nranv W'laa, he had
<>rown lip and ;^'ot a wife, two more ships came, Seveia! uad tnai !icd at
#■'
L'-tO
<';i|H' l''!;itti:y hi't'i.rc the li;M caiiic tir \i\v I )iiiil:'iii<'s-^ Tln'V caiiii- .i^lmn*
iit iiiici', ;iii<l |Mii ;i|i a Iciil. ami iiiaiiv nf |||.- |\la!laiii caiiK fn mt licr. I'lic
iiaiiii- III' Mill- ia]ilaiii was Lclis and llir njlni' i'a|iiil. That <if aiiotlicr still
was Kclaliiiiiik. 'I'lii\ always waiiliil >kliis riniM the Itidiatis. 'I'lic I ii<liaiis
had iHi iiiaNir, lull elk, deer, and sca-ottir. I'or a lar^'^c sea-otter tlii'V ^^-asc
tueiily l)laiiket>. They also hniii^ht liaikwa I'mi- Iduiiket^. live t'atlioiiis tor
il hiaiikef. The>e blankets wel'e ditl'erellt tVoUi tll<- til>t. heilli;- heavier.
'I'he la-t two vessels olllycailie up to I'oit I )i-.roVef\-. II,- thouohf thfV
till II went to Klyokwot. It was at'ti rwai'd that ships (-aiiie uji the Sound.
l'or>o)iie time, a ;iood many came, and then tlie\ >topped. The name of
ihe captaiiLs ;4i\(-ii liy him eaiinot he i-er,o;;'iiized, and \-er\ possiliK wei-e of
liidiaii hestowal. It would si-eiu to iii(li(.'«it(' that se\ efal tf!uliii<>--v('ss(ds had
pa.>.•^ed up the straits hel'orc ViiiicoiiNcr; liiit there is .some eoiifitsioii as to
times, if the sloop was Ciray's, as he cwiiM not have come up in the interim.
I.dxh kanam also recollects when the white peo]ile (the Ivussiaiis) livi-d in
a hou-.e at Xceah l>ay. lie was then j.;fown ii]i. \ vess(d was lost there,
and the .Makali ]>lui'dei-ed her and liehavi d liadl\. The li<>ii-e was oiilv a
'•'lit. 1 II- knew iiothinu of a stone lioiisi-. such as the adobe buildhij,'' eri-cted
by the Spanianls.
\\'iiia|iat, or, as lie is called by the whites, Uouiiparte, one of tlie old
Siiokomish chiefs, iiifonncMl me that the tirst .ship eaiiie up only ns far as
Whidliey Island. Until then a piece .if iron, as loii^- as oiie".s liM;^er, was
woith two skives. That ship I'louiiht it to them directly. Wlieti he was a
very small hoy, two slii]»s came, one of whi(di stopp<-d in the Kiallaiu country,
and the other went up to the I'uyalliip. They carried oil" a chief, Tsee-
shishtc-n. In this, also, there is jiroliably some error, if the ships wej-o
\ ancoiiver'ii, as ho makes no mention of takiiii; away any Indians.
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DEPARTMENT CF THE INTERIOR.
II. S. nr.fHillAl'lIU'Al, AMI iii;ii|,';(;K'AI. SI iiVKV n\- TIIK l;iH'KV Mul M\IN ItKHldN.
.1. W. l'0\Vi;i,l., r.r<ii,iiiii-i IN Cm Mil. r.
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Nihkwjilli-KiiKl'^'' Diclionary..
i;ugli»li-Ni»Uwiilli Di.liou'uy ..
.(IIIUIH, 'riil.MlK, AM> MKNtiAKIM
(iKOKliK (iimiM.
(iKOlKiK (illlllS.
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY 14S80
(716) 872-4503
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VOCABrLAUIES.
I.
m
1. — Voculnilari/ of tin: SliiliinijitiiidJi.
A trilic (if tlic Sflisli raiiiil}-, <tl)tiiiii<'tl iVom ii Wdiiiau of llio liil>i.' with llir
assistiiiifc of a iiiaii also of tin; trilu', l>y (Icorii-c (lililis.
><(>iK. — I did not It'arii llic locality fioiii uliitli tln' woiiiau caiiic,
and iiiia;;iiic llific may lit dialectic ditVciviiccs in tlic lan^^iia^f. It is
also pussiblu tliat she may have i'or;<(itlcii some words. — (i. (J.
S
2. — I'didliiildfff tij the Shdosiiiuip.
A l!il)e of the Selish family, obtained from Dr. William V. Tolmie. of the
Hudson IJay Company, l»y (Jeor;;*' (Jihhs.
X,,n;. — (Jonceniiii;,' the hahitat of these Indians, the followinj-- re-
mark is taken froia "Indian Lan^nia>,''eH of the I'acific Slates and 'I'er-
ritories" hy All»ert S. (iatschet ( Ma;ja/ine of American History, March,
IH77): "TIk; Shiishwap, Siiwaiianmck, or Sonthern Ainah, lielon^s to
tho Selish stock, liut does not e.\tend in litldle course of Fraser
Kiver luul its allhuiits so far south as to reach American territory. It
t'loselv resemhles Selish tiroiM'r."
ft'
•A •
rr
248
w
J-
m I
*■ j;
If
i I'
3. — ViHiilintnrii nf the yiLnt< tiutl.li.
A IiUm of III,. S(li>|, Ciiiiily, iiiliiiMliii^r till- Fnis.r K'iv,..- iVuu. \hv liill- alin\,.
'■'"■' '^^'l'' I" >li'' iiK.iilli <.f til.. 'I'l i|.s,,ii 1,'iv.r, liv (MMi;iv (;il.l.s.
Noll.. — Tins Nnc.iliiiliiiy Wiis iil)fiiiM<(| .n K..1I II. .pc. .Mmvli •_• I,
iSTii, In.iri liwcc-ljili'-lich-kiiw. .-..11 ..f tlif .lii.i' <.f Kl..li-;.ir-m..li (n
viliii^.. ;il ih,. lurks) ||i,oii;;li llw iiiciiiiiiii ..»' Sk;ili-uli|, j, Siiiiuis . |ii. r,
at on.- iiit.Tvi.u: >Ml..s,M|ii.-iitly n-viscl. ini.l |,r. ■.siiin..! t.. Ix- .siihsiaii-
tially ri.ircct. — (J. (J,
4 — V(i((iJ>nliiiif of (hr Ol'niiih. )i.
A nil... ..r tl,.. S..|i.|i lamily, ..liliiiiM-l In.iii an iii.li; I' tli.. Slu'iiici-a-ko-
"111. h l.an.l, li^;,,;^- uv.w \hv luiks of iIr. rivcT |( )kiiiakaii<. .' ], Im.|.,\v ||i,!
lakis, liy ( l('(ir;^(. ( ;ilihs.
NoTi:.— I have n.i .l.Mii.t ..f llic m-..,,,.,.;,] a.'iMiracv ..f llii.- v.icaliu-
kii\ . 'I'll.' lan^riiajrc pndiaMy vaii.'s c.iisi.l.Talily towanl the li.si.l ,,f
III.' ^r.'al lake. — (1. (;.
•'»• — Viiiitlmlinif (if I he \V<'i-hii-ihi-l(iiiii\
II. t
-^ "■'• •'•'"• •'^•■li^l' lamily; ..hlaiiic.l liviii Dr. Win. F. T.-liiii.', ..f ili,- ||
•siiii Hay ('.•mpaiiy, l»y (Jeor-r.! (Jililj.-^.
(!. — ViKnhnlaiji ,,/ tin- Sliiniurlpi.
A liilu' ..rilif Si'lisli laiiiily; ol.taiiicl liy (m.iiu-,. Cilihs.
N.Mi;.— .Mr. (Jat.sclu'l spcak.-i of tlic S..aiatl|M ( |>r..l>al.Iy lliu .simo
Irihc) a.s ri'.siiliii^- west of Olyiupia (.'itv.
7. — ViKvbuhuii of Hie S/.oiffpc/i.
A tril)(. of 111.' S.'lisli litniily, ol.taiii.'il In.ni tli.- |{,.v. ( i. ^Fcn^iaiini, by ( ;,..,r.r,x
(JihI.s.
— ^' — *-'*-^-'
msmmm
•2 ID
S. — ]'iic<ihiil(in/ iif llii Sjiiil.iiH.
A trilM.' i<\ llic Sfli>li CiiiiiilN , nlttniiii'il I'mui S|iiiK;iii, a cliiil' i>\' llif (lilic, li\-
( ifur;jc ( lililts.
!l. — I'liKtIiuhtri/ oj llif I'isl.icitiis, 1,1 Winntsltii.
A liiln' nl" tlic S(li>li rmiiilv ( li\ iii;^' nii tlic ( 'uliiiiiliia lii\('i IiiMii iIk' N\ inat
>lia ii|) l>> tlif ( >kiuakaiH' ), collcclcil in ls;),(, ;iii(l siil»M'tju«'iill\ icvisfil
at Kdil ('uhillc ill iSdn, li\ (Imi^^c (iililw.
N<Mi;. — It is |iiissiMc tlicic iiia\ \»- (lialcclic <lillri"<iii('.N iiclvvi ni
tlic Indians IVdiii wlinm it was ulitaiiicd. — (!. (J.
N( > TK.
Tile lulldU ili;^- cxtllicl, iVnlll " I lislrilrlii .n> jnC iJcMairll iclativt' 111 llic
l']liiinilii;,''\ and l'hilnlii;^\ i>l Anit rica ", hy ( icori^c < iildis i Sinitlisipiilaii .Mi-<-
(•(•llanciMis ( 'ullcctiiijis. No. |()(i ), i> inx rtid a> a ^uidc In I lie s|icllin;^ uj ilic
williin Micaliiilarics li\ 1 )r. ( iihlis. 'Ilmsc li\ I )r. 'rnlinic dn imi |nllcn\ iln'
.saint' plan, Iml tlinsc 1)\ I'alln r .Mcii^arini sccin tit liavc liccn allficd li\ I 'r.
(!il)l)s to conlonn tu liis syslcin ot' .s|Mlliii;^- :
Vn\vi;i.s.
A as |nn;i' in Julia i\ and sin. it in <irrniaii Iml ini:iii\ as in Kn;;lisli iilnil).
i: as liiii'j in ///'// ("liiii;^ '('" \\\l(iii), sliml in iiirl.
I as Ioiil;' ill iinnnir. slioit in jiiii.
I) as jini^- in //'J, slioil in /'"///', ////"A (as "^•cncraliv |>|-iini>iiin'(d in llic Xuilli-
cni States).
U as Idiii,'' ill /•/*/'■ {III) in J'nol), si in full [mi in ffunii ). //as in imiint,
jilDi', i^c , In III' w rittcll '/'/.
\ as in 1(1/ {iiir, tin in Ixiirl^ hii<i/lil).
A as in /ill.
\J as in lull (n in Imr, nu in hhiml }.
Ai as in (lisle ("loii^r T' in piiir).
Ai' as uii: in iioir, mi in Imnl.
'riic distinction of ioii;^- and .sliort vowels to be noted, as far as ]Hm.sili](',
liy tile di\ision into syllahles, joining; a tollowin^i' ( oiisoiianl to a short \ iwel,
f
il
!
\
i
\
'I ,
!"L
iiiiil li-.tsiii;j lilt \.i\\i| •i|ii'ii il' Iciii;;. W'licn llii.-. i> iii-<ii(liricnl, m wli.rc
;^iimIii ili-l'iK Iiio-^ i-- ili-.iiiililc, ,i lnirizuiital iiiarlv iiImisc. In iiulicalf a Imij;'
vciwrl, a riir\<il iiiarK a . Imrt one, lliii>: a, •', <, >, ivc A nasal -^s Ihililc,
like llin.c tiiiinil Ml (•(Piiiiii(iiil\ ill I'Vciicli, III lie iiiaiUrd li\ all iiiilcx, /'. at
ilii' ii|p|H r ili^lil liaml cniiicr nt ihr \n\\il; ||iii>, ((", ir\ II", II", will n|iii>fiit
llii- Miiiml-- III llir IViiuli nil, (III III' ( //, III, ami ((//, r(>|K'cti\il\\
( ONsoNAM.s.
II a-- ill i;ii'_:lis|| 1,1, ill.
<■ iml l<p lir il>i'il (• \rr] it iii;^- in (lie i( ilii|M illlul ( // ; wiili' A I'ur tin- liai((
miiiimI, s tiir ilic Milt.
|i a- ill iait^lisli ilid.
y a-- ill l''.iiL:li-li .///(•.
'• a- ill JMiLili-li ,'/"/. iH'M-r l'<ir llif >u(i >(iiiii(l, a> iii i/iiiiirr; i(ir t!li:^ \\:\-
alw a\ > /
11 a-i ill iiii'jlisli limr, 1,1,1, liiiiidli.
.1 a> ill |ji;;li>ll jilil'li.
K a> ill j!ii:ili>li /,/(/■.
I, a.- ill I'aiLilisli hilf.
M a> ill r.ii:ili>li ntiniir.
N a> ill Kii;^lis|i 111,1,11.
I' a> ill Mnuli^li jiiii, .
t,| iii'l li lie ii.cd: I'di- ifii writr hw.
i; a> ill I jii^Ti'-li inir.
> a- ill iliitili-^li ^<iii( ( .
•\ -A- ill l!ii;:li>li tuilit.
V a-- ill l"ai;;lis!i rur
w as ill MiiLrlisli irni/niin/,
X ii"' 1" 'h' used: mile /,\ or /):, acmriliii;^ In tlir sdmnl, in icii.i, ciuiiiplr..
Y as ill l',ii^li>li fid, I, i/iiir.
/. as ill Mn^ilish .((//, Im::.
N as 1/1/ ill I'lii'^^lisli siiiii'nui.
sii as ill |ji:^li>|i -.liiill, ■^lim:
/Il a> . ill ii.iiii, .V ill Ju.MiiH.
L'.")l
CM iis ill Ijii^lisli ihitK li.
ft
111 ;is ill i;iii;li>li //////, IikHi.
nil ;i.s III ill tlic, irillt.
Kii :i surd guttural iis|iiriit(', ilic ( «i 1111:111 > // in (f //, /"i A, /'/«> A, ami xniiriinii s
ii|i|ii'<iii(liiii;;- tli;:t ill /(A, ;((///, Ih/i In r.
(.11 :i .soiiiint ;;'iitliiriil asjiinitf (Ar:i))i(' i/liKin); i>tli( r ('i>iii|iiiiiiiils, like tlic
chirks (icciirriiij:- in T'-siniik, i\ic., to Ikj r(|ir«s(iil<(l liy /./, //./, ///., iVi,,
jictonliii^' 1(» tlii'ir analysis.
. !
'?;
i
( U.MI'AI.'ATIX i;
Si lixh
Ai I iiocii \
Mm.
W OIIIJII
li<'y
(iiil
Iiit'iiiii
lalli.i
MoIIhi
Illlnlillliil
Wil.!
Sim
I)|ill){lltrr
Urotlii'i
.SiHt<'r
S .■M..r
S rlilrl ...
y >i)liii|jr|-..
liiiliiiliH, (ii'iipli' .
II.imI
Hair
1'UCL>
KlMl'lu'llll
lOiir
Eye
I. Sliili\r!i|iiiiukli. I ','. SliiMiHwaap.
I
'.iiil;/( tllhlm. I Itr. lini. I'. Tiillil'l.
>k.> liikli hkiilliiin, Niiimiiiviiii
diliiral).
Iliikll llii'l;i>Lli .... Klllllrlloiik
|II-\VI -Ullt
li»kti'irii<>'-tHiii I
hUwi lll;l mill
kil'-cllMN !<• io
Ui- ■liKH 1 II » k <> i ( li.v iimlr );
t(l.illlll>,V fl llllll<').
hIiii lll'IIN
liokli-lioiidhli I
hkll-in' iwilDli-ici
skllilll kllllN
^i sliin -mIihh
lP-k«•ll^^' ...
Ill- -liiiatiiiii .
Niikiik kakli
rli-l'llll-rlllls
k»l kh
••K:i|ili K.iiiM I l/asiiikiin
Sum'
MoiKli
Tonkin)
Tirlli
llriinl
kail I'liN kiip'ki iii'liiii
► klll-liwl I
Ik HIM ini'H hull
klaiiiiH I ti'iiii-iiali
sU'w I K'h lliis -Ian ^liiii kiin-lloiisk tin
)HIH-SakH SpiiWllkH
H|iil liir-NJnR I N|ilriiiir'iiii
Hiiiiil lain
tll-W( -lit
iHin-riiii'milkli .. .
kii kxMi iniiiii iiifil
skaiN -/a
hkr liil'la
lini -vcv .. .
hliii-aui -..
irh-kii la
MiiS'kii la ....
ii«-kiit>k
ra'-dliriit -hIii ...
nkrkli
kIiihi -kwa
irki'-H'iairkaii
li-livval-N'kH I li'wluliik
liallakliWK I a-<'iliiiiiii
Mi|i-lnlii.H ;
Hkii|i'kaii
ii'M-kiil kliiMli ...
MH'H
klaii-iic
irkiil-klii^li-taii
|ii-H(ikii .. ..
Hpi-liit -Han
lal-la
Iiai-ja -liii
i4|i\viip -I'liiii
t. Okliiukin.
limrijr iiihhn.
1
xki/llaimkliu ...
rkiiil iiii'klin '
li'-liiil'
ImnIi III) tlllll. .
wakli -Ijll
iu-lii 11
inkii'l
iH-lir -lii-i
iniiakli ■liii-iKi
.>< Ii II t-r 111 i -li i I t ;
(\(iiiTi;;ii ) is-kan'-i'
hliil|> ; Stan :i-l lit.
H li u t'i'-in I li lit;
lyoiiiinri ) Stan .'i-
lilt.
iN-ka'-t<^lin
in-slii»li iii-Hlm
ilkikha
il-<lilklr-i-<i|w
sk.'-liiUli
iii-tHa-Ni -akaii (iii,\
lllMll ).
' in-kap-ki'ii'-tin ...
j iti k« lUklii.l
j in-kl'kc-iiii'l'-Nliiii ..
in-t«-'na
I i(t'n-k\vill-kw' kliw-
tin.
iH-puH-Hakit'
iH-jiil-liiirlHiii
in-liwthk ,
in-ai -tiiiii-iii
ilS-(>p-l4t-Hill'
L'."):;
VtMAlM I.AKll'.S.
Jul III ill/.
f>. \Vii-k)-liA-
Lailif.
Ur. H'm, f. Tutmif,
(>(ur>;< liibbn.
Du-tiu-tiucb
kait-i'liU
kfi-i-liis ...
INll-C-<Mt>l|-U-ll?<ll
lliln-kiiil>
JHli-kap kin .
ka-<M)-iiii
kliiii-iiiH
biHvkiio-tlouHli-
kiiiR.
i'<li-|>i''-»!ikli-zKi'<
l.S-piliHlttluiJS ...
tvc-whaat-cliiit..
t'll-tnlll
rH-lli' -lll-r
iii>kh-li<>-iii>kli
rs-kllKc'
I'K-trlli-kr -eil...
I'l-slii- ■sliin-s.lia .
rl-k.lkll-U'bll....
.1 k.kli.1
il rlii-(liiii|i»
hki-'-liikli
txa-Hlii'-u -kail
kap-kcii'
Hkut-lus
kl-ki'-ii)rl-»hiri . ..
ti''-iia
Nl'kiil-kiil-los-kaii
«|>o-Kak»
SlM'-lim-tlM'll
If'kliw'tHk
ai'-to-iiiiii
H<i|i-t<'liiii
*. Mkoyrtpi.
ttir. li Miiiijartin.
I*. S|Mikaii.
Iliuryi- (iitil>!>
ckMl-ll -111
kl
v\ ...
tl'k ll'IIK
-li
1
t.-t" -Ail
...
«ta'ki>.iii
kli
11
\Mi|\h till
U'-<- liii . .
...
nkal III iiiikli : Kkiil'tailii liii
I
Irk lilii iiii'Ikli Mliia-i'iii .
I. -Id it ' li'ln il .
Nil' ku-inikli ; nliaxli-ii liiin.
woklilill (ikliti'll
I
\>. I'lRknuim iir
WiiiiilKlia.
Uriirij, f.i/./..
Nkiil 1. 1 uh kll^v .
"Iliil-.iiii
ll'l -11 wil.
kr-u-nii lin.
Htlllll.
lf-(>-ii (iif n will); k'-r -II |liy linj); ili-lil-ii'-o (liy iMiy);
tiiin'-liiiii (iif II iiicn'-lHiii (tiy Kirll- ill - III ii -a ■• I mil
(laiii^litir). [ (liy ^irl)
nko <i(iif it HUM); loin cc-kii i ( liy Ihiv ) , ihIi kii' i (l>y Iniy);
(<>rik (laiiglilrr). I iii-liiiit ( liy )'iil ). in Intii < liy ({<>l)-
n'klii' lii-c ' i»-liiir 11 I is Im l<>-i>.
no-klio -iHikli I'li-nkli o-iiii ' riiiikli-liK-iiiikli.
uku-sr' IN kiviis-Ni (ililiKl ); rii-aNli-kwii-hliii
I H k II k Kl- <• I t
I (ynilliniT). I
Kli'in-kr -('It Il IH-t H lli-c IliM' 1 1' i IH-Ia I'lin kil.
(i-lilcHt) ; liiH-nllir- i
twin ell (ytiiuiKor).
^H Mil Ilk I) I - » i -^ in-kal -kl i I'li kakit-l'k.
\ kliukli. i is-t.n-sujm-mii'-iniij in hIii -rim; m-Ni iiiii-
<'lia ( vi'ry yutiiiK),
^HM ■ II 11 - k n I-hIA iii-kl-< ill -elm iii-clia -ka.
^ kliiikli. / iiil-i'lii ■( li(-ii|m .. . I'll Ik'-Iii.
skai-likli Nkiii likliw I iih'kiiil'.
lH<'h -M'-kc'ii Bpilli-kuiii I'ii kmii kail
koiii' kail I'H-Hki'-an ii-kaii.
hkii-lliiH i Kkwil-lim' isli-klii't'-iiii'ii.
kil-kiMiD'l.i'-liyiui ..| Hkil-ti iiiv-hIiIii kat-ka-nialHli.
iti-taii'-na.
s'chi k-kc vi'-kliw'- iMli-ini-klnx k Inn'-
olilii. mill.
»pu-HakM ! Hpi hakx' i ri-iiiKk'-oin.
Hpu-lliii-twii ' Kpi'-liiii'-vlilii iHli-kuiii'i Inn.
ti-kliiitii-kii I li-»li-«!Hl' ! i!U-in<-l'-lik.
kap-kalii'-tt'ii
ti'-iii! trn-iii<
i
MtH-ku-tlim'-!('ii
. .. ' llllli-r -liwii.
ai-'ii-nii'ii ...
»rip-t/.iii O'l'nrdv).. Hiip-cliin
i-n-liul-aklin .
(•h1i-« lip chin
■A
2>»
I! I'
!l
l.\Si.l AI.K,
Ai MiDiarv,
Nek
Arm
lluiiil
l''iii);rrN
ILhI.V
COMI'.M.'ATIVK
I. Sliilit\a|iiiiHkli. I 'J. Kli(Mmwnii|i. X Nikiiti'iiiKkli.
(iiiiryi tiihht. Hi, II m. /'. fnhi'i tliunji tlibbn.
k'l luilii I lllllN
«kil W.lkll li:iiiH
kal llkim'..
lO-lr' li'k^l .
Ii.'iIIIkIi
hIicIiuhmxI
k.l Kl llllk'Kl'lJH....!.
wi-wn lllli |.
hk\\;l ll'ln V
I
ll Ull-llllMH ' Hllt/.D-i/ll-llllll
ll kll llHIIH I
kli-klllHll
pOH-lllillN'
I<>Iiii|i'-kIh I iiiil-kf.vull
I'lM.I
TlH-N
II ■
Il.illl
III.hhI
Tiiuii, villii);r
Clii.f
' \\':lllinr
l-lhii.l
Iliiiix' , t'liil'-liir, ixkiii liiil;;)' i'Ii<'|I-ihi;;Ii
n'llllll-llllllWlll-llll
kiik-|irkli' ..
ii'kr.>all -sa.
Kctlli' ' kl-kil|i'
ItiiH i ti'li-kn III -link
.\iroH ' skwil
kaikh
l.-llknl
CR-kl'-Wlllt
k» ki'iik^t
Nln'.uaii III!
>k«.iklll
lokli-iryc'ii .....
i..kii-ir.viii
k" U..klill
liHa ^-uk
|>a-trl kl
k..k.|..-
n'ki' hli.iirk .
f. Okiliiiki'ii.
Hiorijv Uibb".
Ill kiH-|iaii'
iii'ki' likli.
ill kl' likli
iH-clia-.iikxt'
Ill kiikli kl' -iiik'Miii
in-ki'l-t'k
is rill -liau
i»-k« ikli ,
i»-i'lia-ii-li<iir
iH-tMiiii'
IN-llO'lm'
iii-a-iiiiklil-ki a
i-a
I'lirl -llll
.\x
Kiiirx
kki-iiiiii
liiil-l.ik^l'
Illl'illK'IM
III ll.Ulllill
CaiiiH' tiiaik) . . . . kli-.i : ulii;; mil)
tliluk-a-aiiH.
MllHH 8lilll-/l.' kii^li
I'iix' , "k..- fi
't'liliari'ii Hriiairii
Sky skli-«kt
>>itii
liia^li lian.
inlilikiluaHkil
iM|iiiillal
ll .I'llH -lllllll
ill■ka■^i•li^ll
i-silaklil'
ill t'liil llll
illi-ka|>'
li.ii-ii kit
>k\vi' j iiul:-kw ili-iiik . ...
I>li'k\viir-iiiik ' iiiskr-lili
k'ui'M'-kaii.. . .
hIimI-I<-4
Iskil'wll
»liilt-7ii'
iMik-kiilH-laii .
siiian'li
kliH
kw<l-k« 'IK ..
iii'kaii i'> -Ian
iii-i'iii 1 k»iiiiiiili .
iK-lai-liiiii
iii'kakli-liaii
iviia-niaii'-liii-'i'ii .
Knian'-liii
kiil-la' im-iNl
liai'Mill 'llll
voi\\i;ri,\i:ii:s.
I 'it mill/.
I ;. \v.. ks iiA-
' l..illlr.
ftr. M'tH, t'. Tntiitii .
1. >li»iiM'l|il i 7 Sl,ii>t'l|il ' - S;mvI..mi
I
1 I
I n'l III IllJh kulll. .
k i'n |i« II (Imi'k iif ki'M'ix'ii
iift'k) ; Hki'iii.il
knit (llinHit). I
I Kkii "a l.lii n , kil I kr' lixli
l(:i-illt^ll kr llkliw ' k<lkli t.111 iliiiii km 1 l-l>
lii(;l'iil<<',{llkiiill .. iitrliii-.iikHl ! lilwr ikl-. ... m Im i Im iik«l
kokli'ki'iiik Hti'ii . ' kiikhk;iiii k^- ti'ii k«-ki> ki'iink
iikil-lik I nki-l -li'k
hI'mi-IicII HtlMl' lll'll
-luinajjlit HiHi'likli-lu'ii riki' l.klir:i
lirrllA-ullllll ' Hi "Kil 11 -l.llrll
' slVlin' HlH-iti''
S|Mt-0!
NpiMW
I liii;i|if.i.t I mil kr uUli im I ki \i
liw.- , khii . .
ll-i-iiH'-liinn I li-tiilklimii
,! nik-i'-Klir -lihli I l|-Kc-li-l.il .. .
••Iiiklu' Nil l.ikir . .
Irlilt -liii ...
(Hit llll
. I trkip I'ki'ii
iHrkwIiiU tuM-kniiik .. ..
tH'ki''K'ii Iw-kc -li'li .. ..
kliin-iiicin ' lii-l.-iiiiii klii'-li' iiiin ...
■<ii(i-kii«-iiii' i II ; ' niu-ka-iiirii iiiii k^i-iiirii
lllllltlilNt
klii (ol liaik); slai lli-i-'
Iiiiii t<t>i;{ otil ).
hIiciIi/iiIi ' k:i'-! iiii ki'klirii
' nImIhi man -llll tell scniiutikli-tcii. .
' Hinaii -llll j mi-iiHMikli
iHllni.iNkil ; i^ll■ uli -kiin.ih'kiii i »(«kii-iiia>-krt ..
tli'ik (I'UiiiiU).
Iiai-all nil ...
iikiiil-l'k
uli'liii t l)<> -^lilll
all llll ^llill
nil llil-n!llll
nlrtlo|i ...
HIH'-II-* -
Mil a lull
m i -Mkai -IM ....
llll iiii'-liiilii .
nil |ill '•III -r -llll
ilmili lllH
chit llll
kl-< lii'p
Kkwiiitrli . .
til |ii'-niiii .
sllll I'lllill .
iiiiiH'lir-iiiiii
H'tl Inn
'.I. I'lnkuaiH iir
W l-.!ia
iilOHI* liihtl».
Ill km (llll
klllll 1. 1 ll.lll I <l|it>rt \
■ Dpi 11 nil U k H I
(liiwirV
I'll klt'likll.
t'H'ilii* i ik"! ; N II ■
lllllk't t lIllllllliV
ill nnI |>ll-llkKt
l".|| kllllk
1' II k <> III II '< ll I II
|I|iIkIi>.
i«l I'liii Iiiiii.
isli lull lull hlllll
ll-Mllll',
' Npllt.
mil kill y.i
\ ll h nil' liiiiii
'.km.
hiaklil.
; Hlli.|>l III llll, I. III.
Hlial llll : ikI ImiI
I linilli'l.
Ill -klll> .
llll rlii kail.
kai i-Hliiii
Ni:ii man llll ti ii
.Hiiiair llll
will rill liiai* k'l .
tn-ka' lull.
kiiii-iN kail.
Ill ka-iiiiii.
sii'i Iniii.
'•ka' I Mil'
' -tliiitl-ki'ii.
Miiair llll.
s' k.'i 111.1- -k .1.
klii-.M-'liI nil , i|i. kaii-i' k"n Imii.
!'.')» ;
1 ,1
i ^
*
1 I
1* ■
'•;■!■
•i'
id;
iOMPAIJATIVK
Silixh
I.AMil AliK,
At ill<ii:ti V,
M'MIII ,.
Hiiir.
I My.
NiKl't
l.iKl'l
Miiriiiii)( .
r.M'iiiiiK
S|iiiii|;
SlIllMIU'f . . . . .
Aiiiiijiiii
WlMllI
WIimI
Tlimiili I
I.ikImiiiij^
K'liiii
Snow
IIhII
Kih-
Wiil.r
lev
i:ai III, land
K'iviT
1. Hliiliwii|iiiiiikli.
*J. Nl)«>iinnuii|i,
.'t. .NlkllllklluUll.
1. 1 Ikliiaki II.
Uiuri/f «iifcfc». 1
hr. II III. /'. Jul mil. 1
titiirgt fi'iV'i.
tiiviijr tiibtitt
llia;;li liiili
ll> III lIllllllHl^ll
iiiu-ir,>i'l -iiii
li.ii ,\all no; Ml kiii'
urn.
Mkll-NHIll
HriHi-riMiHiii .......
iil'ki>-k<i'-iilmii
xkii kii lint
Hit tiitl
M'liiil Im.il
nlii'tl -UnI
h'IikI hall
Ii'i liitn-ii'-i
Hhl'ko k.llrll
Hhr'tf-Hl'
ill kii'kii ittN'
iiiil ml'-kut
1 III !lll llC-HJI -I'Mt .
llo''liii-air-u-n> II .. .
iio-fl iiaw 1(11
rliiii |iak t!<iii (kimI'
ri.Hi').
krki' kut
hkiit Ir-liWf •liik(Niiii-
wl ).
Il ^k(l|>H'
.Va-Wi t'
il |iKki|its
hIhiimiI kirk'
lH<-l.ikli
il |ii-.|i rlia ilk ....
kindle -iHIl ...... . .
kl'H-lo-WV
IvIinI'Ii lull
il-lM*.Hi-'iN(K
w) iu-t'k
Kpakl iniiil «iiilrr)
kr-k.kll
|iiikli -iiot-tNU-wiii ■
Hill.
!.likril
I„kl
nk'liit
f*\\ mIvIiI
nliiiiicikoiit
Nlli>-<i»il|(
w i-»i>lk
«iiklit
kltt'hiiH ...... . .
Hiiii'.-skwiit
Isi'fi. uI'tHMIll . .....
Nit.Hll-ltl'.'^illt ......
hIiii -i-iiaiii
ko
Hll'-Wllll-kWll'
XI iillkw
tlllll-lllrkllW
' kloa i|iiiilliiii\v
Iiiiiiiiickliw'
iii'tiini-liii -III
Wii-l.iiii -Ik
kwall kwn
kl-hlir li-lnva; "il'-
Inva tr'-k» III (lii((
luki'J.
sll-Hl'llWll
cIllMI-fijfll....
kcili : bV1u'.W(i-w . .
aii-dil-i-'wit
.X
V(»( Aiii i,Ai:ir:.s
l-'iiniihl,
■ ' NVii kv-lirt-
1 lilir.
Itr. Urn. F. Wmk.
M|iiil i limit
•lllMHillUilll
iiliuUiUiil
nIii iliiilit
(ItiirjttHbhi. I iftr. »•'. .Wriiyo"»i.
bniull II" ' klir-j«>'lil no
nkii'lcii-nint ... .
Iiu |«' Hit
Iikll kll Mill
oklinl kliiill .
I'll kll k«i' <Ik Ik
tclll'll kll kll Jll'll
riiiil; hhiil '1, .il kli.il
.I'lml. j
u-kiiii' kim
Iiliil ■ kll - k «• ii" I tiH'n-ii in'
itlii> lirc.tk I. I
kiik'-wm; kt'l.t kliw kcU-kli
(Hiiiim'l). '
Hkcplcli j iiki'ii (»«
Ntaiiiii III ;(iiil(l>iiiia nU«i-u' I o
iiior) k-lin-iiklr. I
Hkn-iil , "kc-rti
mviiit -ik iti-iHiii-kti
Hllu'-llt
iH.lklnUrlll'
Kllil-Wlk ■iM-tMlll
lllll''-lll
lH.lk tN'kclll
Mi'-wi-kiii'luiii . ..
hIi-I>Iii\ tiiiii
li|nMi-iiii;;llt ,
Nkil ' »k<-'-il ..
iBf-CWk
hIi:iiiiiI-i|Ii;i
HiHo'-kwiit nmr'-kot
Hllt-Nlli'l»'-Hlll>llt ... HtHII-tMII-liM-WIlt ..
Hllll-rrS-lIp I IM>-li>. sclp
1
»i-iil-kti j Hf til-kii
h'lm'-iiit Hklin-int
kliM)-kiilliiii|;li ... Icm-i-lii>'-lckliw ' tu-ini-klio likli ...
Hliit-la-tn-i|iia.
17
nlii'-li li»a; HJ-iiltk; KkH-iiu-liU-liiit-ku.
hkl-iiil'li-iiiilkwu.
n'lii -I'l -k\Mi (tilt!
main river uf n
VIlll.'.V).
n'lokli'klinait -kll
« *>|H.klll.
f f I ftr i/t I ( I ^^•
lintkll kll r(> >K
kill) I (lii^ht »iili ■■
kii'liii Mint
■•Ill ta liiill
■kll kiM'lx
• ' ll;lll
i-« |,i|>
k « <• k « kI
kll liii III! -111111. u I
11*1
nk**!*!^; ki- |H |i.|«i
Im
>wi aiil'k ; nil I'll!
kll. li".
■tIh' !• ; rill' ill«
i>i-<«ik; tTi-rn-rki
1 14.
niip-iit
Mtllt **-lllt-*-|ll ■ ..
Hii-ii •■ kiiiil
<«|C.|M' It
mill ■' kilt
M>-ri-"hilj<l
>M' \tliil k'w
H'liii->iiit
<it<i - liklin- ; Htii
liklin-iiialt.
'.I ri«k»iii»i'i
\\ iikiIhIiji
<•«<<■ killll
ink |ii<l I tail Ml.
' .ik •kdt bttll.n'liiil I
UC- !
•tl IMI M I'
kll k •« .IHt
n'-Iii-i r kwiidn.iiii >
nVlii-cl -k'.vu ( :i
hi a mil).
Iwil Ml
ki |<.
' 1(1 |Mi 111.
nllxikll l|i>.
.^Ilc i«l k»llllM"<'i'M
iiiik"): uliiiia k»iil
(r. miow V
•i|in|>: KllKkl p.il
V,\i II
hlH}) mil
M III at k» |> ' liroh
ntll <i.
Kiiio lio. uninkwDl.
rliii* I'll! II.1.
nVlii at k»'|>.
hIi.ti Hi kn.
■4li\^ii iii.t*k.
i-iii iiia-<> iii'il.
■u!-clia-»tiuii ilkw.
(■li-li-iil kn II iiialii
IlVl-IJ.
I
m
hi
L^*)«
('«»MrAl!.\TlVH
l,AM,r\iii:, ' I. .>-liilnv.i|piiHikli -. Mi'Mwwaaii.
A I 1 iicii:l I V, ) i.inriji iiibbt.
I.iiki- I i»u-liirkwa
\all<y siUan lit
Or. H m. I'. TulmU:
ilill, iihiiiiitaiii
Islaiiil .
Stiiiio
Salt ..
Iron .
W.mmI
L.-iil' .
Ilaik .
(irass.
In'ki'iii
t^llOll-k'UII
Klian'h
liiiKli-tUxil.
s\\ o-lu'-la-tiiin . ,
Irlii-Udp
si'kril fliii sun
Htlia
s'liiiyiii-t/ci ..
l..llaii'
sUlr-.r
I'inii.
rirsli, nil al .
1»«'K
lliilValn
Itrar (Mark!
Wnir t^iay)
saiil 'kxMilii; (liij
sUalp.
Mi-\v;iTi -lius
!<kaklr-lia ; (IniiNt')
kl-Ka», hka liii.
>liiiii-iniilt .
Iv'n - ka ' ka - mini ;
(Hii/zl\)Mknni-lii»'.
nial - iini - skli -a' :
( praiiii! Willi' )
.snnkli-luikli-Iio-
liikli.
sk'Mltik
knkiK>-a|i|ia
:i. Nikiitiniiikli.
(itorije (iiblm.
plI'Slll kll
s|i,ii -J Hill
li'van'h
niliaii-i''kaii
k.kht
klat -liiiii
hllll lis
I. Okinakrii.
iitortjf iiihhx.
tf-k\vi(t ; (iliiii.) Ii'-
ta-kwul.
k'lila 'Hl-iiN(piairii')
yani-k«r'-Ml; (smnv
pi'ak) Mkiil-kwalt.
k'sliiHi k\v
Isnie -iiiiip; wi -Ipnin
Nllfllk kaiii
pai-yaii
^lu-iik -kani
pa-liai -y.ik (lir) . .•
hllllK'tM
>ka-lia
kwiiisp
.HkiiniakriNi ••pilN; slirkli-slirikli
U'fi'-'l.V).
^kll•^vllnl
irkhkl.il
iMiir-iit
wul-lii-lini'
yal-sii-liip ; (I'liri'itl )
yas-lsil-sal.
kVllp'-JHl
kurll' - Nill (iiriin-
lai ) : palN-k'l
(III nail).
kf-lil' Im
str-i' vriiarsr); lak -
\\'ll(liiuii h-niass).
sa -al'-kw'lp (I'.
jiiltlfltlVfll ).
.-Iciik'!)
ka-k:i wap'
I
htHlll-all I
skiini-n)i)-lilnt'; ko-
laii'-na (gri/zly).
n'i!»i't'-Ni'i ; sin-kr-
lip(prairli< wiill)
L>:)V)
VOCAIULAItir.S.
Family.
:,. Wiikytia-
kaiiii'.
(1. StlWiivrlpi.
Dr. II III. /'. Tohiiii.' (.niij/f (.i/i/m.
Bh-liaiinii;;1i.
Kll-llll"llt/:ii
(/(■I'
slik.i-lia...
tr-kul
Hli-kiHillavs ...
tKi'ii ' III - all - tiiiii ;
(liriirir)Hli-i' .
Iclirm-iiiakw; nkiil-
k \v a 1 t (Htft'p
iiioiiiitalns) ; ki-
^v u - nliaii - k a II
(HlHI\V-|H'Ilk.'»l.
Iilii'k -shun - k II III
( larnf ) ; k'slio -
nIhIII k\VHIl(Hlliall )
Hllllllot
tMar-rl
iilo'-liiii
tilii-i[i'; (,f<ir«"Hl)ki-
hIiii -IhUIiw.
H.-!.'!.
pMclikl; (<iflii)ikli
I 111' -ka-itia.
kr lil-liii
stii'
T. SKoMlpi. i ". S|Miknii'.
lift'. <i .Mcnjoniii. Hiwiji i.il'hu.
U- klml ; kil kal . li
;•. I'inkHiiiinrfir
Winiltnlia.
Oeuci/i iiil'liH.
la kvMit,
tsiii-ii-.iliilii I Kilir-liii la-lil liiiHliMii-iiiiil ,piai-
iHiiiii-MiA'ko (hill) ;
t»ii 'V - ko (uiuiiul-
aiii ); k«-wiH-hhrli-
koli (tiiiiw-pcak).
o-k«iui-kii ,
fls-liiiikil iimk hai aul : li a I k -
iiiiikw : Ik •ml n
^niiow iiniU 1.
itM-k'NUlluk I k Villi 111. \v
wlii-tlot shi'' iiMi
tHait
ii-lii'-lliii
tsi-ip'
llMtlul'.
ilH-u' la I iHairt.
o-lii'liiii j will « III liiii'.
H-tKil-tHil at-Hpa-ll.
nhal ■ k w i I p (/'.
poiidinun ) ; picli-
krlp (III).
slo'-iik'li
kr - ko - wap ; kus-
hIiIii ; (hor«r)»iii-
tsil-Nii-KUa' Iia.
HUhiit-'.iiii (l)iili);
Hiiin.ilt, (rinv).
«'iHiii-aivi-!:i''t; Hiiia-
'lli' kiMi ( uri /./.'. i:\.
II i> 'in'-iliiii; «iii-ka-
lip (pr.aric).
HM-li>p
jM'U'-k«-l« .
kc'lilkh
Hii-i'
,sa-al klip
mIc -kit
1 111 kwii
1
pilis-kil
Ml hip'.
ka-iiia ma (id It ii-
lar ) ; rliitn- iik'-
kill (lii'iiiiil ilo. ). {
rhil-li' liiKlirt pa lull.
nil piiliikliw ■ m(o' .va.
rh-kalp I 111)
Hki'll'k
kiiU>.-kliiri : Ui'Wi'p'.' ha'-k'l »hiii
hlnll .'lli'lll (lillll) ;
ste' Mia (row).
« k r 11 'i i t ; mil a-
kl.i'-kLii (^{rlzzly).
Ilt-Hc'-I»IMI
|.i/k-«a-l"k (/'.
jioitdtri'itit I
If' la w iKiii ("111.
Iii'-IihII-i liiii : ihill-
chill (llnlHr).
kwaiMp,
iii<-t;-hall ; Mlinii-la
sl-ina'-hw
ii'khi -in'kii' ; Hiin-
lii'-thiii(Knz/.l.v). j nil (nr\'/\\
iiM-ihiii ii'Li'l-la'-iia; Kiiii'-
yaii (I'oyiiti').
jSHi
L'C.O
I.AM.rAiii:, I. Slj.li\v»|iiii»Kli.
Al ■IlloiarY, I (liorye (Hbba.
Dri
ihlkli
i;;k teii-iiu'-yu; (caribou)
hlllnvaiya-h.'iii.
liiMVir ...
^K"l law ....
Tiiltnl-tr . . .
lly
MiiM|iiilii ..
Siiakr
Illnl
!:«;;
I'c allul.'*
WillHH
Hki>'\va};li hall .
HiK k I ^>;l^t•l^'•Imm
|M'I-kw.-ik.-i
k»'uk -»la
knuii'iii -iiiHktl . .
t»W-Ii -li»an-«'lMk ; ]
t>allkli.
■J, SlicHi»»aap.
I)r. Dm. / . Iiiliiiie,
hUiillauo
Hlir-kiili'
i>-o-»a .
S{MI|llt
l'i(;i'ciii ! lulls li- 1 Mini
I'Uh
Saliiiiiii
.<liiij.'i'iiii
Naiiio
AlVcrtiiHi
Wliini
Illaik
K.'.l
llliif vlij;lil) .
ka-ka-wi'
lln'-llll
skwiist
ViMdw kwdll ...
Illllll O'K'" > •-.• »'k\M(l-llil
hkiikkaka ..
(■oMP.\i{.\Ti\ i:
:i. Nikiilciiiiikli.
(itorije ttibbe.
A. Okiraki'ii.
(iiortji (tthbii.
kl(i'-la Hl.il-lNa.
I'hal^i' .
pa'-pa-lHtH
: MO -\a ...
aiii-za
. ..| kci -k«(iH-Kr
IsoLs-oii'-sil ,
(w'-iik
kwaikwai-rt'
t»i)'-«kw
t'kwiill
iilk
ai-iasikw
ka -ta-liik^i
•si-laks
«ko'-lia-li\vi^'-lii-la ;
( ratt It'Kii a ki )
liaklj-(i -Id.
lui-k'li ski/k-a -ka ("tire
\n\iU ").
a-o'na.s
»liolll-lVl,
Hl(ik-|ir«li'-iiisli; Hki
wakli liaii-iiUli.
kIi:
klaiii -iiicii
luikli'-pL'st
ko-/a'-kari (iiiallanl)
tMiiiii -iiiak
t»'waiitl (trout).
h'lnvds
li..'-iitl..
skwaNt
pi'i'Wk ...
(|nai
i|ii<'<'l
Ht-lllU
tH]l-tll|)t
ilic'-ukw
.... Vtkwii/. kwiilt
Nt-kwid-lait' ,
iii-si' -iilUw .
IsHIll-losIl
o -llirllt ...
pc -Mk
kwai
kvvil ; tX'-kwiJ'
kwai - ti'-a - K w a i
({)aU');kwui(<larki
ti 'kwrn-re'
kwai - tu'-a-k wii i
(pali');kwai(ilark)
I
:-•(•) I
V(K"AI!l"I,Al!Ii:s.
Fiiniily.
.">. WiiUj-nil-
KaiiM-.
/Jr. Urn. i: T'lliiiii
skiillaiiii. ..
■lipc'cu.
Nkiil-lal tiiii ...
il-li |.i-\\ U .
li-i|iicyci.c|[ii'.v
ti lu-i'lii'iiwk. ..
(' SliWdMlpi. I T. Sk>i,M'l|ii.
(;<u);/i (iiWm. I llii: II. .\l,ii;iiuiiii.
klii-t'hi -iifMii ; Hill- ^tl< ■/i'liiiin
U'lll »a (ili)c ..
|>a pa laint ; i iliit-^
HiiikHlt-sa: iraii-
fill iiiKli
iii-ia-.sliikw
ii-lia'liw
». -akV
sliwiii ii|i^; 1 utile
Miaki) kalvli-lia-
M lu.
liiKlit 111
|M-|ia latHi II
Ht<l-lll'>ll
arsi Kii .
alia' II ..
nil laks . -
kll llWI It'
.■>!a-Ua-|ii.s -It'll
Nlii.si-li<liiiiii : lui t -
liwiil (iiiallaiil ).
llo'-lxHIIi-llll'-lsKIII -
krkli-wlMi I- 1 iikh
(MI. all IhIi, mk k-
ns),
n'^lii-iil lk« ii; ii'ti'
nkli (■•pllii;; isal-
IMOII I.
tmlli-lii^li
.sIlkulNl
Illkllt
.slak.l |li^ -hll ....
skc-wa' klirii
H;^■h!l-kllnl
f*. S|iiikiiir I '.'. I'isktvaiiH ul
Wiii.ilslia.
liniriii tiihlm. I (,(ot,;, liihl").
I li. II llkliw ( «lillr. sM.il.lii ,.iin,>l.
lailril >; Nkii' -lirliw Ina.
O'laik taili'il).
MM- ■kj-t-.a; Kliil Ni Ir lial -za.
IiaiilHiii I
>kiil-lr' II ; il t ki! ' hk'la'o.
(oHi'l ).
p*!ni-'. iijis; !ki-ii-1<
a! a-v|,iK.
hkiik-a ka.
Hcliiin -.'■I' liikh.
^kr -link t I a ' t I '
liii I laltli'MKiki'i Niiaki').
I
W Ill-\V ln'-\ lit 1 ...
u-ii -Ma 11-11 .tliii.
x|>iiiii • >|iir-kiit.
Mrlio-a -hail Nti/k-|ia-»iii i i|iiill-.
Nr^l III ...
kllO-lKlIIIl-kllll tsllllll ll»tN-tllll»'ll
ki ' kliii-lisli ■ hIs-sc' 111 Kh ihli
n'lial-liut.
~|>nt l.t.
|li -iikll
kv.ai
I.Hil
i»k'j'a -iiaKsl
kil-lr'
ki liwiii r«
ii'll-likli niiii k'lilcli ; cull- Ir-iikli,
Isi'Im-Iiih' 1 liiiii-i-(iis ! kwal (■ kiili.
»k« InI I hkwrHt I t.k Willi I' lint'.
n'klnvar pi lis
1
piU i f-pik j pai Ilk.
kiva'l < jiiK-kwai' kwni,
kwil i ,-k«il kwil.
k\\r -i ,
kllll''
k « a
vik k« «I i ..
kw 111 : \ uk-k^^ ili
t'knai.
k« 11 .li Ilk.
k« ll-ai -Ilk.
iff'i
H«l
im
W 4l
i
! 1
\ I
LML'
( OMl'AIIATIVK
,SV//.s/(
l,\.\c,rA(.K,
Al I lliilM I ^ .
(irtiit
SimbII
SI mil;;
(Mil
I. SliiwaiiiMiikli.
(iittrtji iithhu.
Yoiin;;
((IMhI
liiul
liaiiiKiiiiii'
I'Kl.V ,
Alivr
Iiai ,\<iiir
k«iii-«'«ik ...
>.'y>"
U( -Jill ilkll ..
•.'. SilllOhHUiip
Dr. Il'iii. I'. Tuliiiii-.
hi'iIihiwIki
:l. NlKlltrllillkll.
Cnurij' (•ihlii.
^U\^ 1 til. I llli
I )iii(l
C.il.l
Wiiirii
1
Tlum
IIc'
Wo
Yl!
l.-hu
U.'N-h
Uwiil-sak'
Is'alUli ...
.-.a-MK^. . . . .
llll/.-/.c)lll
Uii-iiic Ilia
llH/.'/lit
U((ll-lllr 'll(>-\X(^ .. .
ili.'-clic
Vil
Ul'nI . . . .
I. Okiiia!,!"'!!.
(■M)<;/| (,,/(/«.
fll i ll«il
kii Uwiii-o Ilia
liHts-kwalNt
kf -ii-l«kli ia^iilj .
kIhIh (ih'vv).
lia.>l
Iia.^t
Ki(s-tii-i riiii
HWr-IHllIll' ...
ka.st
I /.alt
iiiit'lwk
iiiiiiuwi
rliiiiri'lcli
1 IH'y
TliiH
All
Maii\ , iiiiii'h . . .
Wli,.
Ntai
To-ilay
Yi'Hii'iilay
To-iiioriow
Y.'H
No
(lm>
I «(i
Tluic
I'lUir
Kiv ...
Iu>-li«al-(lk
llWO-itk
Mi-wal-lo
las-a-kolot ; (I'ai)
ki'-kaii.
|ii-r -lisil -kill ....
n'liLs-salt'
li'ili-hi'-aiit
iim-a
Ill -11
Iir-U(i'
N'-s» -la
k.'l-hlii.s'
/..k
I.Sclll-lMll .,
i.scMirii
li'-cliail-wii
ha-wi;'
Icllin-ril ...
Ili'-lllr -mill .
pi-apst
nuts
tH<>-likNt
Six liik'-liu-liwik.sl ...
ilal; Ir-ii-iiiisl . ..
kiii-krl'
kiii-ks-kwi'll .. .
iii-clm'
ii-iiii-wtkU'
yala's'
nia-niiin'l-tiit
inaiii'iii-i-liliiiii|i .
cliiii-KiWlllkli . ..
mix
itwi'il
kallcm
iiiiiaw
clii'ilixt
tukiiinklHt
tch.-a
liiLkiim
Invil
sliwal
kr -kal; (far; kc-kai
M-ll-kiil
JM -liaiit
rl.H-kap-im.s •
lil-t(t
[lai -ya
!shai ja
kiit-liu*
iiiiis
c'lit'kst
klak-Miii-ukHt
i-kla'-l .-.s; kiil-lii'
i-kla'-lioH
Jiii'-y
li\vi-il'
Kll-SII-it'
ki-kat'; (.liir) le-ki"it
a-jM-iia
pi-r-ill'
lia-ldp'
ki-wa
lut
iiak.s
rs-(*ir
ka-tli.s' ,
IIICI.S
thi-liknl
lu-huui-ukHt'
- t
I
3 '
1
vocAr.i'i.Aitir.s.
Fiiiiiih/.
/>(■. ll'iH. /■'. I'olmii.
Ii.v-iioiii .
ukrr-.ii .
uiulia-iliown .
iiniiaw i
iiiiiiiiwiiNli .. .
niik-(m|iKli .. .
M>iill:i
kiltlm><li
xnhiiioaNt
IIHclM-rilikM . .
tiikiiiniiNt
i;. Sliwojilpi. I 7. Skiiyclpi.
titin-tfi liibhii. liiv. ii. Ml titjiintn
K S|ioknii'.
tiiortjt fu/iAi.
nil -liwi^ Nil-kliW(i'
kii-koyo'-iiia kii-ko yo'tii
,Vii.\aiit >ii.\a 111
kl. Ilia Imp (iir a lila k lihi klirp ...
man '.
kwiit-tiinr ..
kiik'iil'U .inii
yii-i \(i 11
p.. \i<- lull ...
sliilNl Vinw) j ^kll kwi-iiull sku-kwiiii 111
liiisl klit'Ht lit'"!
k'liiisl ki "I
>\\i niiiiil Nw i iiiiiii li ....
kc-,S-»ll» klH-MIt
liwil -linall kliwil kliM.Ol
tai-iv
kwnin'-kniiil
l't>.«tlil i-will
k'lal
IKlll
Hlikwall
in-ili;(
a'-iini
tl'lli-lllll^>' ....
iiii-iiiiiil -tit . ..
iiii'-iiiiii -liliiiip.
t.'-lil
twit ,
k.lt
ill H(!
ll-IIU'l
tHl'-lllilN
iiiriii nilil lit
nil -iilni'lir limp
klil'li
ki -ai-ilrli
Hk w-cIm
koyi' 11
II' lii-wikli
Il'llill-iln
kiinpi-lr
n'pil-i'p "In . . .
mt'-iiiin'-i'liii-likli ..i iiii'iilnriil Ini- IinIi Irliiii i IIin..
rkh-lir'
kakhlic
tilif-ii
Invii-it'
"'Iin-il' . .
kc -ket; d'ai ) Ir-kut
a'pi'-iia
!•' kill-
ka'-klli'«. .. .
tni-ya'
hwiit
Ill
ki -ki't
a |>« III'
pi^tsilt piV-lNI'lt
lia-lap ' klia Irp In! lip .
ki'Wii ki wn II III'
I. it lilt ta
nakH iii'-kii ..
«-t.i-n'
nlH-c-a'
Wlll'-l't
Hll-l't'
rlljkll'rt; rlll-klll
(lar).
yi't-Hlii'-iiit'-kiit —
npi I'H-ilir-rll
liaks
I's-sliir
kal-llNli
Ill^l^ll
tclii-likKt
ta'-kiim-niikxt
sil
kr'-lilin
niiiM
Ihi likiil ....
lakaink'Ntc
I'-hlii-l
illl' I'l-ll'H
iniiH
iliil-ikN
la' ka ..
[>. I'lxknailN or
\\ lllllt^lla.
liiii;./r (iihltM.
kwal tiiiil.
Ir t.l-ii ina.
>ai \.\[.
kltikll klllkllp t .m.l
main : liiiirnkli
( worn),
rliikliliiiii
llllst
kiiNt.
HliatN-livvatl litvatl-
I Hill. i
HlMkli'liiikli-ini'kli.
Kl-Miirii.
hkw.its.
Ill liii la.
in yii kwa.
■ iiiii-in r.
ini'lia'.
1'' llU-Wl'.
rlllll rlllll I'l.
ki'i la.
alio'.
yai' ya.
liwril'.
Hliwal.
ki-'ki'i'-la ; lu-klll
(Car).
H'liHl-linll .
pi'-la' kill,
ai' kwuHl.
ii'.
lot.
nakti.
t'ka -OH.
katla.x'.
niiM IK.
ilii-liik-1.
Iio till maknt.
I
m
m
m
hi
M'
2M
\
I
I.
lh:it !. i
l.wci A«;i:,
To H»'l
ll> li>Vli
T(. kill
T.) ,-il
I'll >taml
T..j;..
'I'll I'liini'
r.. »iiiu
I. *«liili\Mi|illlMkll. 'J. Sliiiun\Viia|i.
M. MliiiU'lliHkll,
>>I'VC II
|-.iKl"l
NlIK!
I'm
KIdvcii
I'w.hr
I'uiiily
'I'liiilv
UlK lllllll IVll ....
I.itini, (iihhK. 1)1. II III. I. InhiiK. I Ciui./i Cdih
link ii|lS
( >iir tlnnisaiiil
Til , ill
'I'd (Ir ink
I'd run
'I'll iliiniii
I" "iii^
Sli'i'ii
I'd hiM-ak
d |i«IiM!
d |iiiK-t all lir k(
COMI'.MI.V'ilVr,
SilUh
1. Okiiiiiki'ii.
tilltfijl- (ilhbu.
Hcispllk ...
llM'lllilll
liii};liuii<Mil
dpiiiikst ...
d' |ihKmI all M--»a'-la
sell d [iiiksl
U.ll-d-|d/kst
lllllB-jK -ku -kllllk.st .
ai-iil -iiik
cs-ta -kail
iiiMiaii-iilKlil.aii . ..
iik-kwa. l-likt
d-k»iiiiiiaiii -k'l . .
Hli-dl-il -ki
Mikkiil Idl
(ils-a-luin-tiiii
iiis-lidi'-lidi-aiM'
ap-drsldii
a-iiidl-ka
a-l.ikli-l'kli-k,iii ...
waii'-tu
nal.s-iia.s'-ka
« Ilk - kail - a- liiiii -
kiMI.
tcliiil -ka
I"'"l"<
Ihmi-iI |iai ya
lipt'ii-i/kst
ii|irii-i(ksl al pai '-.va
dprii-i/ksi alsliai ya
hld'-p4'M-l/Lst
k(itl-d-pin-Hk»l
liHls- pi'- k 1- - kail-
i.k.st.
kla-liansli
d-ka
Ui-ai -ikli
kwai -tcliu-ta .. .
<1 la-ina
d'-it
kwrlll.sluit
tWd'ulllllll
ll'slldZdIll
II ai-ya
I((t-lj
iiaH-ki'ii
d.f'-lnva
KJs-pil-lik
l.-iiiiklil
liiikli'liHii'iidl
d' -pi'ii-iksl
at-lilr-iiak'^ I d -ptMi-
ik^> (lit lllr-liakit.
d-pi'iiiks 'idt la-sir.
as-i-la d|Mii-il>sl . . .
Ki/l-li-(i-pi'ii.ikHt . ..
Iiiilili-c-thikst
kill-si -iil-iiikli
kill-si -iis(
kai; -.siMi-liiikli.. .
kwai-r -li-'.iiikli .. .
ill-kwHII-Milll
.I'll
kiii-k((l-li-k\vcll' . ,
wn kill
l'll-lll(lll-llu;'-llMk ..
jid -lis-l»iii
kiii-iia-iiidt
kiii-ak-swckli ...
kiu-liii'-is
l'(ll-llll'-i(lu' coinrs
IvIM-lllI ikli
it4
i! :
I'!).".
V(K'Ai'.n,\Kii;s.
Fitmihi.
:>. \Vu kyiiil-
fi. ,S||\Miyc||ii.
7. 8k«>>i>l|ik
K. S|M>k«ll .
'.1. l'i-k«aiii> m
kiiiiir.
\\ iiiiiuliii.
III-. Win. 1'. Tulmii
(ii(/r;/( dtl'h'*.
/I'l r. a. )ti luiiiniii.
I.Kiri/l l.l/i/in.
(iim'ijt iithttfi.
(-IiiHi-rliil-Ka
slii> |nlk . . .
>U'pclki>
nIh pil'Kli
•.IS pill,.
iiiu'(iii|ii(;li
Iiiiiillliiiii'kui"|iia
Inn -111
Iiin lili
Il'llr I'll lllllll
lu'-ln'-Illll'
Ill w inkli
1 a liaii lllll .
klllt -klia-IIHl
klia-klia-iMi
imli-ii<)|iuklN
11 pell iksl
11 pink-.stc
"I"'" •
llHl Ir llllll.
o pfll-ik^l 1 ll imKn
11 pi' 11 k M t t' (■ !l 1 -
iiakNi.
rill 111 kil
la' Ir-naks
o -prii ik.st i-t Ii s m1
1. prtik >l<-flll I- sil
ml W'l
i'll«-ka' iiH.
^■^.-^il o lu'll-ikst .
i-s-mI 11 -pfiiksli' . .
CN -N4'l-i-ll pl'll ....
t'ka' UN hull llllll.
kiill i> pi'ii-iksl
lllll ccliiksl
krlil lo'-priik-sli' . .
Klla-lsll•l^ik•^l^■
rill 1 ll-ii pi'll
Iir-kii • 11 - kril (lllll'
luaih
kal la liakitl liiill.
hill r ihaksl.
i>- o' - pi'ii ■ 1 N t -kail
, li'ii lirail.sl.
iii-iliaki-iiiksl-ill-
iiikli.
kill- 1 sr - t tii ■ lilr-
iiikli.
h-IiiiImIi
Ji'll'-llll.
iiik-!'hi -iiN-la
kili-lm-lhr -iis-tolii
mint
kiiii- iia - » ll kwal
kwii.
kiii-ski'-ilii-lalia .
kiiilM kr IM'-Iikli.
kl't-NllilHJl
iia-« iklilii la. "'ii.i
will.
k\vai-iiicii->iliiil
kiii-:Ki'-k\vai iiiiMi-
iMlt.
kwaiiJiiii-Kiilt
viiikwii-uani' liii.
iiik-kwii-iiiiri'
kiii-tMc-l»c-kiiiiikli .
irkwi'-iir»li'
iiik-sliiit'liakli
l\iii-tMt'-lMikh .,,-^.
il.sh
it'll ; Hi'-it'-liii.
tikul-kui'll lia .
kiii-luc - 1 SI'- k 111 -
kwi li-klii'
kwill-kwiltKll
waii-il-lkli, H'waii
il'kli.
t'k-MWr'-kiMii .,.. . .
kiii-tM'-« i-luirii
wi'-rliiiil ; als'-liHiit
at'-sin-la, Ha nl na
liaii.
iiilia-iiiiiik
kiiiklia-nii'iik
lii'-liirii-lcliiii
iii-lia-iiiif-iiik.
kwik-slipiilslHiii .
( nil t^i'lii'lir vri li) . .
piilnk
kokli.
ii)-»lti-iuut-hii
kin-mut'
kla -kidnli
kla-ka-liit, Nlla' ka
likh.
in-Rtil-lm
kiti-a-Hii-ikli
Ic->liilsli
l^-likli'- 1 a . s'rlii
likh'.
kiiia-liu -i
iu-lclm'-iii-lclia
kiii-lits-Kliii'ikli .
klii-tsu liii' i
Iliiklll.l, n'lliikt,
rllr - ' '»' - I a . r ll 1
tchii'-iMli
linklil.
kiii-sliii-jhl'
kin-lst'-klnv ist ...
Iliikll-lii'-li' a.
'1^ •«••
!
M
ill
1
t
I- '
.
¥\ '
1'
VOCA!!l'hAl;ii:S.
II.
Id. — ViiCiihuUiijI of llii h'dli^ixhii.
A trilic (if the Sflisli iMiiiily, liviii;^- on ('link's I', rk ol'tlic ( 'i«limilii;i liivcr;
i»btaiiicil Jaiiuan , lN(i(>, I'loiii an Inilian uf ili. trilic, liy < 'I'lir^c ( Jiltlis.
11. — Vorahuldr;/ i>f tlir Kullirsjirhii.
A tribe of tlie Seli.sli family, ohtaimd iVoiu Dr. Wni. V. 'I'olinir, ot tiic lliid-
son IJay Company, l)y Georj^o Ciihljs.
12. — Vodibitlati/ of tlic Sriiitod.
A trilx) of the Solisli family, (»ljtainc'<l ihrougli tliu li(!V. (J. Monyarini, by
George Gibbs.
1,'!. — Vocuhuhinj of the ScVisli proper.
Obtained tlirougli the liev. G. Mengarini, by George; Gibbs.
14. — Vocabuhirif if till' Ihlliuuln.
A tribe of tlie Helisli family, ol)taine<l at N'ictoria, April, is.")'.*, by (Itorgc!
Gibbs.
NoTK. — This vo('abulary \v;is obtnincd from a woman of llie trilx;
throiifrii the inedinm of "Stewart", a "llailt/iik" Indian, and niiiy l»e
l«i7
^l-r^
lii
i If
i'i i
relied Mil, iilllinii^rli tlic e\i-Iii>lvcl y friittiiiiil «Iiiii';irtcr ol' the l;m;jii:iL'"o
i> liiinl 111 iciiilci'.
A lew unids will lie ininul >iinil;ir li» tln'>e id' the lliiilt/.iiU, iiris-
iiij:, 1 |iie-imie, licnii tlieii- \ iciiiily ami iiileriiiariiii^ie. I consider tin-
lllli;,'-llii;^e il>elr, lii.WeSer, as (leeidedly lielii|i;iili;i- ti i IIh' I'latliead. Tlie
Irilie |ii.ilial)l> enoMil llie iiiniiiitaiii> diiriii;^- llie |ierind oi' iiii;4iatii>ii,
ami I'liiiid llieir |ini^ress stopped liv the liaill/ailv and 'rsiiiixyaiis,
and llieir iitreit lia> siili>e(|iieiitly lueii lilt nil' liy the ( 'aniers de-
si-eiidiii;^- l'"ra-er"s j{i\c|-.
The jlailt/.iilx, it will lie seen, has in t'liie ItiiiTuwed sonic words
iVoiii the I'latliead.
Mr. (iailatiii has placed this with the Naas, or 'rsiinseyan, on the
rttienjjlh oT a \cry iniperlecl vocabulary. — (i. U.
];"). — ViiKihnltuii iij' Ihc Lilu'iat.
A trilie of the Selidi t'aniih , II\iii;^- on the lalowat IJivi r, olitaiiied on llar-
rison'.^ Lake, .March 111, is.'id, liv (leor^c (iihhs.
Noli:. — This laii;:iia;;c is spoken on the lalowat liixcr, the main
I'cedcr ot" llarn.son's, or Tschniss hake, eniplyiii;^' into I'raser's l{i\ci-
iVoiii the north lietweeii J'oit Hope and Fort Lan;^ley.
'I'lio vocahnlarv was (il)tiunc<l iVom K'.shaaii-ta, chief of the VilhiLit;
of S'kools-ahs, at the iiionth ol' the lalowat. .Skeh-nhl, chief of the;
Sniiias, acted as interpreter. I liad no time for revision, and percei\e
.some eiTors, hilt ill the main presume it to he correct.
'I'lie occinreiice of the letter r once or twice in this, and once in
the Saainena, 1 lielievt' to he certain. — (1. (J.
:'ij I
\('>. — Vinnhiihirii (if till 'I'd'tl.
A trihe of the Selisli family. li\iniioii I'raser's K'i\cr hehtw l''ort Vale, oh-
tained from a woman at Fort Hope, .Se^Ueuiber 2;"), 1858, by Georgo
CJibbs.
*j«;«j
17. — \'i)i iiiiulm II lit till All in"i'Ui<.
A tlllic nt tllc Sclisli r.iiiiilv. i>lil;lillii| ;it N.llliliim >, Sc|iIi'IiiIm'1', IS.'iT, 1111111 il
IIMII, \t\ ( Icnl-^c ( lililis.
Noli;. — 'I'litii uwii iiiiiin- Is S'tliilif tiilitit liii : tliiit ul" S'ko iiiiH.k
is tlic iiiif ^i\cii tliciii 1)\ tlic r;.niiiltiis.
Tlic Words ill tills \uc.iliiil;ir\' wire ■■■ivcii as (•orrcN|ioiiiiiiii> wiili
those ill tlic Kuwalilsk, tlic Indians not imdfrstaiiiliiij,'' tlic jarj;(iii. —
(i. (i.
I
I'l r
is. — ViuidntUirii i if tin Kunulitsk.
A triix' of the* S(disli fiiinily, olitaiiictl at N'anainio, .Si'|it(>liibi'f, IHf)?, from a
man, hy (icor^c (iiidi.s.
L'TO
COMI'AKATIN i;
In 'f
r
I.ASIH'MIK,
Ai iiiiiiiis.
Mum
Wuninii
Hmv
<. il
Iiiliiiit
Kallnr
Mnilirr
I lliiKliaiKl . .. .
Id. Kiilixi" liii
l.liillji llllih'.
xknl ti iiiikli'
U'llr
Sdfi
ll.lliKliIlT .. .
s I'ldir . .
\ rlil.r....
( Miiili;;rr. .
I. <l>.iiix, |i('ii|>lr
I'.Kllllll
H llllllll
to-til'-wit
xlllhll II ll/lll
hkii-kni milt
la-aw (iMiy »ii,v«) :
liiiw'-tiiiii (k ' < I
iikii i, (l>"i.\ HiiVHl;
liiiii (t;ii I Ntt)"!.
n'llf -lu i
Iliikli Ilii'liuIJi
s'll-T 1 all
nIm'-liiin-rU
II. Kiilli'cKiM'liii I- S'.liil /111 or
I KilllnIHlllI). ; t'll III ll'Alllll'.
Itr. Urn. /'. Tiilmii. I!ir. (,. Mimjiiriui.
nkil -ti llii'»li.
Nkuil-t«-iiiiikli.
lii,v-tt yii(liy iiiitic);
iiifix tun (by li>-
iiihIi).
Vkiii ( liv iiiali'l: looii
(liy iViuitli').
i-< koii-»ay .
nliiij-cliailt
HIIIC I III
tl' ! it
»(. Iii'-lllinll..
K« ..till....
I'i i"' •■
isli-Hliiii'-wn
< U-kaInk . .
11 ml
Il.iii
I'acr
Iiiii'liiacl
Kar
l^i"
N.isii
Mouth
ruiiyiic
I IVclh
Il.ar.l
N.tU
.\ III
«<l cliil— .lin
tii-cliii -tlia-iiliH —
ska l.-klr.v
hprl-Ul'll'
kaiu kail
Hkiit-liliii'
Bicliilt'liiiiiia -.iliiu
tii'-u«
»k« i'il-k« ruliii -tan
HpHS-isakM
.tl>il-liiii -t.san
trkliwlcli
liiil-li'kliw
wip-txikli
a«kcil-tHi(in -t s i 11
(llii'iiat)
nVli"iii-|ia » - Il « 11 !
(upper); Mtcli/ini-
iil-kwi'kMt (liiwri).
J
S
ckliail nwi- .
nokll-llll IKlkll .
NkwaM'-kii—w
Nliiii -l.-lii'
M' iii'k-xi'-khiikh . .
■Il'-Uliikll
Mpil-ktiii ..
ki>iii-a-kiin
»t.sllilit
lain-iirii
hill(Hl-ko^^I■llKl^-tiII
t.pis-tiak.t
.>plrrin-l/.ill
ti'wclilrli
liilli'iiHiKli
11. s.li»li ir(i|MT
lit I l.illiiatlN.
Ill r. a. Mii'ijiiriiii.
Nkiiltiiiiun ( r i r. ) ;
^k^ i;;il {IlillUDj.
n'iii 0111 ; »liii<^<'m . .
HkiikiiNi It
xll I llllli f-U
Hknkiii milt
I'lii' (irlatin« (I) »
Mill i; iiii><lini (If-
laliiiKliiadallKli-
tlT).
skiii irt'latinK to n
Min; ; tiiiii ( irlitl-
iiii; to It ilaii)>li-
l.'i).
"Ki- liii
ii"Kti<>K
skuxeo
Uii -ini-kiii
tHliap-kai-iii'ii
Hltw-w'-nit'ii
. .. t.-illL't-t»llt'-llll' -1"^ •
tr-ii(i
t>lilii'-liliis-nu'ii ...
nl-labll'-lUrks
Ml-tnlu'iii'-.'.i'n
tikli-iils-lslii'
klu-U'kli
»j;wfp'-zin (beard.v)
t^lii'?- -pin
s:MK-i'wa'-!i''ii .
HtUll'll' l>'lt
Hiikiis.si' K" )
Im-iii ; H);ii'<iii' I'tii . .
Nki''li);ii
splkriii
ko'iiikaii
H);ii1iis
Hnililiiiic'*'-Mlin .--
te'ii-i)
(.■liknlHstii
K'cliiia'naii ..
H|),-iiks
»[)'li'MlZll
ti' mizrll
Ki'lo'Ki'
HUpzi'll
cli-i)i 11
271
\<K AIJI I.Al;IKS.
Fumili/.
II 11.11 hi.
tiinnli liitthn.
kllllll stil.
11 > III-lll|!.-> . ...
iiiiin-iiiili
clii I iiiiiii null
l.aiKli till
iiiiiiiii
•'Iiiiiii
I.WIHi-llinilnll .. .
.ml '<rM.|i;lH» ...
I ll ilJllk'll
nn-iiiiia-titi'M . . ,.
► Iiu-'lu-lr
>l>llllllll'_vill-IIIUlK' <
Kliiiii.Htali'
Illllll -l>u
lilt Is-Kwali
iiii.'-.'-lii
»Kiilll-lrll-kii,slii''
taiiK>li-t:i .
kiil-lokcs
I.'i. I.il.mal. J H;. lail.
iiimiji Ifilih: tlivryr <.'iW»
Kkiii >iiii){|i I HUi'lr-ii kit ..
Klit'-ali k'li'li.'i...
ko-kiillii'lll
nlii'lr yak'i'Niiii .
hIicIi vnIiuII'Ii . ..
Hkiilil'M' la iiiuiiiii
^ktli -nliflii
Irli kcKi laaiiii ha .
'll Hlifiiuaiii
ti'lirli(M»-\\ u»Mk\^(> /.
ten cliiHi-ua hkcm -
k»a-la.
Nliau-luk-Hliii
i<liJN.>.-kwai
Mliaa-hiUs
NliiNH-ka
iii'-(ki'-(iliui 'ki'-Uiii)
iia'.
j k« 'tklii -nlm
iiiaa kuin
I kwilf-klllH'il''
I n' al kfliiiiislH ' ...
■luli-U'ili
RWi-ti-kn-itlilli'
Kl.-tll-lll' ulilli .
nkmi kalii . . .
inak-nliali'
l.sliiit(^->!iah' . ..
Kliii-sl.ali
iit-sliali
Kko-piilitnlr ....
k..-k„'-llrll ....
k'liin -iia
kluNllX-tl'll
. I KllllNVtllkKJl
. i rliiiu-i^lii'cii
.. ' liiot-.sali!!'
. I liai'-clic-nilii
.. sIiwihi-iii'InIi
I I .-I
kali -kcM-iia ,
•kiiU' Iil.-wliiihl.^i' k<'-\val,-kii(lit
HWrll -a kllM ....
n'll-'vlatl -ttirt
tfl-.'lllrh III
niall-li'ill |i'|-i>-iii. II
iia.
tfii-KiiC lalaii
tcl-ikali -ak
Niii-.-iil' 1.1 Ian . . )
Hcii'kali uk \
lawlllll -ll'IIIIMM'll .
fi'liai-.MlM
iiiaakiiii
ta-HaIr .1CH1H
Hkii-iiiiilih ' ; N ,li-iiiiil
(^•_^l•l)rll^^).
k..l
kiil-liiiii'; klf|i-li'l
('J"l 8ll).
iiMik--<iiii
Nail Hill
tiiUi '-iiilli
vil liH>'
kwcli-if-iiN'-auii
Ill|l-Slllll
cbali'-llcli
17 Ki> iiiiaiiklm.
I« ■ I i>">h . . .
■Illtllll lllMI
rllii -ll'
nliali nhl' Ikh
lali la |hih|h>
Im.1.1
iirkMi
kliit* ^lialill liiMi
Iiiil viiii'k.i^li ...
liilriUuli <la
liitit liali'il.i
I'lii'l kah'lH'i ...
UlK'krIi IK il
klitfcai^li
kai-iii<liK ...
I". KuwHiiUk.
fiflTyr tttMtu.
«Wrli J I- kii.
klull IIIH.
olrlil la kilt t.
■lull iir-nblli'
iiii^liiiilii.
iiiait iiir yi'li.
»M«h ilr-yi-li.
ll '•nun itali' In n li
irHnali'ii'nIali lii'<li
n'Dlali IiihIi.
iiKWali n a - in n n
mini lilt.
Klali-iii'ulilli' iiinn
I III.
iiVl liaat nil.
..| h'lh'kaak.
\ ii'iM't.liaaliin.
\ ' n'lnkiuik.
. I ii'M't-wlnil niiioli.
iHi-uiiitir
Iiali k. t
nkao'-kno'
I'lirKliiiil
kwnn.na
Ukuli -<Hini
iniik-!<linil
Holl-M-li
t«'Ii«->iitl
iljiil (Hhh
ko -1MV!«'<1
Hliuil-tutI
cliuli-iuli
It'lll'll \ w*.
»tmi it.
.s'ali MUM.
H'ko llllll'^O.
kwnii iiMii.
kill. Ill III'.
iniik -M>ii.
w»li' Mini.
tiik<--Kiitl.
yin'-ni'tM.
knell ii"-<'8'-»iiii.
all-lutr.
eliak-IUh.
m\
hi
CU.MrAlJATlVH
ScUkIi
li
lit
1(1
I.a.m;i .M.I'.
Ai iiiui:m ,
lllllKl
1(1. Kali'-iM liii.
(iiurfjc (iililiH.
II. Kull('(-Hpl-I|[|
( Kali^priiii).
Ill: Hill. r. Tiilmii.
I'J. S'cliil/iii or
Cdiir d'Alt'iif.
A'm'. (1. Miiiijcriiii.
Ti. Sclisli pro
or Flat Ik ad
li'iv. C. Miiiiju
i.r
iiii.
•■Ii-iliii' I'hIi
Ht-cliii-w n i 1. f li t ;
Ht(i|M'-l(lll(tlllMllllV
kaki'iil-t'li's-laii . .
^kl I'-tilrll
cliiilliHli
Ntu\vtikt'i)iii.''ii ....
Nt'sf'-yt'tsli-ato ....
skliwc-le-m ck-8to
(sin)!).
ii'kwaklik \v a k li-
k.liil-l-hi'.st.
-kail'tikli
.••tVr->Ilill
^wak'-slirii
>kliwil-klnMl- 1 1! -
iuo'^-sIh-ii.
.sfsaiii
cIicIhcIi
iliflsili
kofjkt'i'iulist
fkclti.li
/OOSlllill
zoii.si'liiii .
NjiilH
lliidv
I.,."
st'-Ki ■-llili'
sl'.sn-slicli'
•^(/(Mislll'ill . . .
luut
Ht'-clia-slicn
Nt-Miin'
It.llK-
lllilll
Itlood
'
siii-liuKlil
,silH.I'.:.p|
inrd-lslic'-di'
'I'own, viUii'^c . . .
hkf'ilici
Cliiil'
il-lr-llir -lirltii
i li-itii-kliiiii)
Ir-tHlie-li-Uliit
klKl-IUt,'ll-tsI'i' WfS .
•
i]ini'"'iiiii
Wall iiii
l-niiid
llllUSI'
ii'ilu' Halsh'
is-^'i-lakli^
cliil-lMi; spc-,\al -lui
(hKili li)<lf,'r\
Kl ili.ip'
ililiimU
bla^,'!
Krtlli'
liliop
/kui'iicli
taiiiiii'ii . .
How
\l IllW
Am'
KiiilV
ta-pi-iniir
ta'-pi'-niiMi
slll''-lc>-IIH-|l
sliil-la-iiiiii'
in'ii -rlii-inaii
Uli-a' O'iiilO: »l''l'-
liiiii (<lii);-uiil).
kii'hliin'
siiiiia-iaan'-liil-tcii
Hii-iiiaii'-lm
«'i'li<-lu-iiias'-kiit. ..
spc-kani''
Hp( -ku-m'
kn-kn'smii
H'h.il-liall'
nki, 'ui-at.s'
.M-luil'
sliiliiii'iii
iifiii-Lhluiiii
h' cllt'Illli'll .... . . .
('aii<». (haiU) ...
tf-dt!
skai-Micii
M'H-iiier-kliW(ni
se-iiiclkli'
te-t.-.lii'-iiia.s'-ktl
al-ila -rcMt.sIi
al-da'roiitsli
stslir-zi'-kliuii-zut ..
at-si't-zct
is-sni-kwi'-lts
klial (adj.)
t/jf'c ,
Ixai'sliriii
i«t-clii>.miaskit
^pikllIllla>•
Npikiiniiay ilskoo-
cpiay.
kr-ikdiisiiii
.soliilliaK
.''koo-ka-ait.i
l'i|.(-
Tnbiit'co
SUy
Sum
MiKlll
Star
D.iv
ftnnionigutii
H'.llc'lli;;!!
h' ch' (.'hiiai.ikt ....
spkaiii'
.spkaiii' flkilk
(iiij;lit Hiiii).
kuki'isiu
11 ez
Sglgi'it
Nkukiit'z
iK'^il
Ni-lit
I.i.ijiit
V()('.\i'.rLAi;ii:s.
Fdmilj/.
II. l:.'lli.>(>la.
Uniri/i Cilht.
slln'll-ll'vacli'. .. .
KolKlrll
H\mii iii:ili irli>'>.|
sku-tlciiUli
Illl-ll'.Villl'
skolili'-rU-sall . .
iMilip
>l.ilk'li
sIh'itIi
>talil-l lllllsli ....
\v«'i'-iiali'
iiDlill-kwtli'k (■ -
iiiiiii'.
sllci'll
Iiow-i;,- iliililsd.
polis-tmi'
k'k-.snmii-la
k(i-;i(ili's-a Iciit.s'
l.-k-k'-kl,i(l.' ...
klal'-liiH
Ui'b'-imcli
.sliu'-kopr-tali' . .
klahwk'
.>ho'-\v'ti-ii()ii('li' .
ftliiii'-iiiicli
kiokc
Ill as.ini'li' kill...
\va.H-»li()'-ii iio-at-
Na>;li .
(S(I-..||IIIM : t NO .
sliiuii-.-im .
1.'. I.il.iwal.
Ciiiriji ihhhr'.
li--lio-luaka
sVlltli-Irn
klnvc'li li'ii
nil' znlit>li-k.ill . . .
kwiili lial kail ...
.slipali li ,\aii
lacli-iiu-li' li\\ I .
k'kHiili-iri
^Iiwaa-kocik
p.Vcl'-ll
Iiwi'h -la ( Ih'Ii-Iiid'Ii
kWdkr |u'i
ii'ki'-.sliaiMl'k
Nlir-.-ia-lukxli
ilirli-tiHi'li
lia-laa ka
to'li'-wliatKJi
k'k' siii.ia-l.lsli
k(nv'ls.s-kail'
Iiwi'll ki'-trll
klaiits; irrlii'-nirt-
InaU (hiiuiU caiini')
»liclili-z<Mi
sk\vi)'-ilz-ti'ii
!<hiiiaa.M(M)lT
k<iii-liali' a
simk-uimi
kl.l! l.MII-ll'M
ki'-kii'-Nlic'-riiit
Ici-s-kail'-Hlia
Iia • ra:i|i'; pli-ii - a-
i'aa|>.
IC. Tail.
Hiiniji (hhhy
nIikIi -t.>.ns.
k« 111 tsii.s
N.ia'iiii'l : k\\ III la
«'liiil -l.i
Nwali' ^n.ssliil
hliull-h'\ III
Niiin-lsim
kwali'-lo-wul
haa-M'-> III
s-rraili'-ni
h'liai -ll-hiit
liVklrli'
lid-ali liiin
t-kwali'-wus
IiicIi'-wIimIhIi
Hlalil'-l.i'li
kiiw-i'li.-i -ka
khialK-tal
HJo'li-wliiill
i-kiil'-ia-li'viii
hkl)-U.1-Ulll
siiiaa-lli li
kwiit-cliili-cliil . .
Mfo ali-kiinii'
Mkoti-lic-aliHs
kwali'-.sil
trl-a-wili \il
til-.i-,lalt
Ill"ll NWcll-vil
is
1
l<. Ko-liumkllt*.
H. Kiuv.ilitsk,
iitmiiv liihlix.
Hiiir-ii C'lhht.
ko-ti'tsli-r-ili.' Ja. .
cliali li>.li.
lnvaii-\n-k\viiio...
mull rlllNH.
kali-;iali j. -kn ji-ti'
h'ii kkili .liilits.
.li.yii-il.islu iIiitIh'^I '.
kwaw-waitlir l)i-ll,\
"•'i' lllsll.
.jiv.li JchIi ill
s'ln'11-iia.
pak-alil .^liul
.h'Iiiii; iia-slii'l.
liwa W.IU -ll-^lllll .
.t'luiii naslH't.
liaw'-ii-sliid
ii'.ialiiii.
kiN-kwai-f-Kat . . .
nils k«ali' Imiin.
kwlill
^'llW illlll).
l'll'-;;llHf
«'ainin'.
kkil -' iiliin'
kwaiii' kiMiiii.
1. ...Iill
ir.sklrl,'.
kliili iisli ..
la.t-liiiii.
kIi kwalttc.
hiil-li.li-UlaIr
Iliik-lnv
ta-liiili's'.
sk\va-la»li'.
liiii-c-lii'li' yi'
Hliii-iini'li
Hklll) kuMi'.
kliili(-I»|i-lni(i{piii'k-
(>l) ; kciiKlic' kfii
kIiii' (^ll^alll I.
klatrli-li'ii ('•liratli);
ai'lilfii ( iMiikcl).
llllrll \vllffi!l ....
SMOU Willi (t^f'lH'I'ic).
kliik sliiil
link' hliiii(iiioiraMiii'<)
Iiwa haul -^j
s'pliailiiiii I'll -111.
a-walik liii
Hpalir Illlll.
nI aiil'
rliccN' 111.
lai-fiili
Kkwal-iiiii.
t^'iKil-
kl-kalth.'.
k(i'-»hii(l
kwair.Niiiii,
Iiali lie III la
tank Mkwai il.
ilall
nail.
ill*
il
;i
i
274
^1
IB?
t
•Il
II ^i^
I
P
it
CO.Ml'AK'ATIVI';
iSctixh
l,\Mil M,K,
Ai I IM.i:il) .
I>mkiii'Kt ...
Mnlliili^. ...
Kviiiinu
'^I'lii'K
Siiiiiini I'
.SlltlJIMII
Wiiilrr
Wiiul
III. K:ili~|ii'liii.
titorijv tiihhu.
icliiin'
Kni ■kwiinl .
Ui'-kiill
Nkap-iH .
-a-iilK'
-Iilia-ai . . . .
W-i.ttitlll ..
xllilllt
'riiiMiilrr -IhI ti laii'.
I<i^;liliuiin i ^au (•' kiili .. . ,
Kalll i --li'lirs'
Sniiw Hiiiii'kwMt
Hail
liiiv
Wiil.r
hr
Kill 111, laliil....
Sfii
tsi'l-sr Iii'-hIihii
Mil-hliisl
wi-w iill-kwii. ..
blm'-iii-tMii, .
Klaii'lrkliw . .,
Ii'Imi-
Mtchit - pit 1.1 - inn
kwu.
I'ti-lii- at'-kwii (tin-
|iiiii( i|i: " liv.i >ii
a vaili" ,.
iVliil-kal.'' .
hill-Ian -tiiiii
l,aK.'
Villi, y
Hill, iiiiiiiiilaiii
l'*laiiil kIci-iis-iiiM-Noii'-kwi
issiMii'-kwa-iiicUli ;
I liii knii lol'-kaii.
.SIdlii.
Salt ..
Il'KII ..
Ti.,. .
WiMl.l
sliaiixli
ulci-liiir
Ichi-i/l-slii -la.
Id-kvs
I.i'al' ! h|.| )-laii ..
Haik ' clii lal Uii
1
(lia.is : slr-a'
I'iiio
(.1 ,1 I k W II ( 1 p
Hk(il|i (Jii.)
II. Klllll'l-H|llllll
I KaliN|ii'liii).
/';•. II III. /'. T'llmii. i l.'ir. i:. Mini/iiriii
1-'. SVliil-ziii iir
(niir iLMiiir.
Nti'c [lai.i . . .
^iiii-liuap . . .
Mll--lll'itil ..
■-.ll-iinlk .
>|1M1-||'\M il ..
iiinlil a\ Ink
I:!. Sili^li piiiprr
nr I'lallii ail.s.
tiir. a. Ml injiirhii.
l-lic-iii (ilaik, tiilj ) i IcIiiin'
Uu ilztniii ••kiukii.st . ..
Ir-ll'-pi'P .
ki
ll'kap.
.\al'->li -kr
s'islii id
sit sil-ki)
Hllll'-llt
Ktat/.-la-ri''tiii
si'1-1,1 kliaiii
ski)'-|iiil
Mile kill
t« llialkll
.-I H-kwrl -klip
si -kwo
i.kliii'-.l.iit
lii-iiii kliii -li -nmkli
srslnt-pii'-liiiii-k\V('
(sllOII, flul (if till'
laiiil).
n'/i'-kliiit
i-la-kail-kwr ; lulii't
ki'-lii (((im).
n'li'l Ic'-l I' -iiiiikli ;
ii;;ii-iiil-kvvi'.
i-lr-liHli; i-lisli; kliii-
/iit (siiiiw pnik).
s' clu'Iii"
«krp;
rtiliMiM-kwi' ; r-ti-
; M iii-kwi'.
i-li.iiiisli I nIic -lot
I zor
— ] M-hi -liiii
Hi>ak I ri -slu -IH
I NO-lrp
' |li,'ls-|slli-I(l pi Zsclli
tshi-'-lii i fliilclj;ii
Hi r -lie i mipiilejjii
s° aiilka
h' (.II' li .
fi' istili .
HlH'Ilt
hlollrlain
stcllrlaiii
sti|M'ls
Nliii'kiit
sjilnssi'
siiNrhi /til
siMilkll
Ki;iiiiMiitikii
HtiillKii ; Miall
kill li II t Nr 11 1 k II
(Ki'i'at water).
M'lilkii (walfi) ...
I'V clilkalii
tfiasiiirjril
/iiikiii'iit ; I'NiiKik. .
os' cli.sciiik
o
s' .solu'liscli ,
(■liil;;iizi*ii
ololi'iii
Iiik
zi'lzi'l
vat k'.viilp ( /'. jdiii- >' atkii/p
ih rimi ). I
i'^ *£•-
<.)
V()('Ai!ri-.\i;ii;s.
Fit III ill/.
It. l<.'lh<H.la.
1
l.'i. lalowat.
tii'orijf (iihtis.
(.'(■<»•;/(' (iilihx.
kuikli-ti'ili
naa-tiii-tdiili
rhiikli'-};i-if
icli-miiN klii-ruaii ..
Uwiill
|)t'|iaaiiehiik
I!»lllH!l-kei-I(>t«h' ..
MlMMlll'llk
aH-nliokii
Nh-kiicli Ijiim
s'liiynotl
k.O-lTik-kiil Ink ...
liebm'-lii'liiii
kal-lii Mliiiii
ulll-\vul-l;iallli ..
8llk\VPI>H
U'jiii-im
iiiaa ka
kriio-sliiiir
skiik-hiwlii^'
iicli -llll
Kpali -iiiibli; will -lii|i
knl-lali
koli
no'-kliiis
cliih iicli
s'ai'-tl
tc-iiichw'
Nt'-US»
Im<li)'-iiii'-(lialaatl
iHli-xhotit
wli()(i-aii -wiiih
fliaiill
(■Ilc<'ll 111
yiii-yiio-'.iiiMiisIr
|ial-liiiii; hIi'iiivI-
liiiii (pralrii';.
kunkcKlit'
slii'CNlr-liiitsli
lac'lil
kill -lucli
Iiait' (w
Iiwc'bk-liii
at-pnt-lilimiii'
Nlic-waap
kooiii'-ill
paa-iiiiHli (diinvotxl)
•^poslii' ,
»Iiliik'-nm
klacli'-kwiit . —
slirh k.rl
skt;iWK»>
sliink - kiiiii ; iMiip'-
paals.
/o-lial ' ini'h' wliatH
(III).
IC, Tall.
IT. Ko-inoiiklis.
I-'. KiiwalllMk.
llioriji ilihliH.
liftUyt <ill>h-<.
ftinnj'- liihh .
liK.t-Ialililalip
liaa-tiill
kwai-t'o
!l\vil11-llrllt''(*l.
li\V(xil-laalt
Inviiu-iiaii It.
iiiokwi'li Ills
kwali'kwiis
kw-asli
tiiiii k»ali li.-<li.
nil liii'li-lialll sKt .
is-lii'li -IIImIi
Iclii'iiii-lilicm ....
Iiiiii-li.iit'l.
palialsr
poll -liiiU (ifi'iH'tii-);
1 11 - a li-liai (ii.) ;
iaii'k ill ak (K.).
n'cIiiuIi liiiiii.
lidlnvahsx'
Iiai lic'li
kwiil 'lust.
lial lak it
kiil'liH
yiikw.
Nliiiii-iiiii'ir
ch.tl
sinin iniili .
Mill .-ka
kci-Iiai
kii-kwhaliss' ..
t' t.^al^-O.H!llll
nknl-kwal liii.
liai-iikw
kv.ai'rii
liai kw.
Ink ka li
kali'-'ii
kit'li.
slc-l-liikw'
hill (laliw)
sprll -oo.
Imii-iiii>'l.*
>;iil-.vi'li
kolitl k<>
Iinii'iiioii.
kwalillkwa
kwalill kwa.
-tail -lo
kwiit -liiiii
htali It).
lialit -s:i
Kalrall
liali-lKlia.
Hpclli-lial (prairie).
nlial 'yrakw
Npi lli-liaii.
Hiiiiiall
laliknl
Miiaant.
klrlil'l-chns
kwoHamli'
hkH'.Na.s^\
kleli trill.
kliial-llllll
kiilil-liilic
kli'ilil'-liMit.
Ii'paal-tiil
llclltH
haalelil.
Hkaat
pali'ailai
nkiiat.
ti<-lii'li'-iikw
kwalil -alniliii
ki'li' a-kali.
kwiil lat-sim
li'\ai-li.i
Hilli-lrslit.
Mall' koine
pall \alt.
kuiil' lull.
saililiwnl
kink kiliii
Ma!i'«liiili.
nlai (III )
kla.i-il (til)
kl.iakiit.
F<^
27(
i<)
COMI'AItATlVi:
S,lisl,
; i.
li;
II i!'
I :
11
I.AMil AliK, ; 111, Ku|iH|lrllll.
I'Irsli. meal . .
i><%
liiillal..
liciMliliiik)..
WuU (Kni.V),.
I -.Ik
l!i:iv,.i- ...
Tiiiliiisi' .
riy
.\Io>llllitM .
Siiiiki'
<:,(ir;ii <:il,hi.
sliiil'-tilsli
IlKtIU'llijJ
liiid
):««
I'i'iillh rs
WiTl-s ..
llMlU ...
l'i;;.'(.n
Ki.sli ...
^jlniiin . . .
.■■.|iir^;i(.M
.MVrcliull
Wliili.
IShnU
I.'.il
lilllc iliyl.l) . ,
V.ll.nv
tiiTi'M Ui;;'it ) .
• ilC.ll
SllLllI
Hlcliipt I'/in (liiilli:
NtHMl-IM.'lkli' (cow I
n'kliitn'- 1< a ; hhim-
lmi'-t[;liiii(uii/zl\)
n'lM''- 1 Hi n : si ii -
Irliu-lfpdiiuiiii').
Ihc (I'-likw
.s'llil'-Sll-l«UM: 8ll-l'l'
iMa (caiiliiiiO.
»ka-la -i>
al-M -kwn
ii-wair
trlia-.-r-h.ks
n'rlia-\vi'-la; lia'-n-
111 (ralllnsi aki'\
liur-lnval -Null ...
s)iiim
s'IiIki \VII;;1i -llilll. .
Ii«:i( -Init
liiils liii -(slim
II. KiillrrHpiliii. I I'J. .S'cliit/iii or
( KaliN|irlin). ' Cii-iir iTAIriii-.
Ih: ll'iii. K Ti)liiii(. I 1,'t r (S . M iiujittl .■ .
sk.iillih
Illlclltill/l'I'll
siiiiiiaik'liiii . .
>kiil!ayi> ,
• Kk.l til>li
iikii- k(is- m 1 - tiii-
slii'ii.
s/ii-llln III (hull);
»lc'-rnii (n>\\ ).
ii'lila III' ■ k a ; siiia
klic-liiir ((;rizzly)
ii'tr-la-im (laiRi');
.Mllil: -11 (fOyilll'J
IHI'
si-lc -s|ict» (liiick) :
K[lll-ZI' (<l()c).
ii' iiiiil-.slicnt.fli. ...
N|iai-k\viilks
n'kr-kai -ka-iiii
sim-al-hlilcli' .
Isiiii-a-lii.s' ...
skHasI
i-|)r'-llk ..
il-liwai'
i U'vil
i-iliil-k«iM.'-likliw
i-kwa'li
skvviM;'.|-ia
ku ii'-luiit
ku-kHll-Vll Ilia ...
tc-tH-llisll
uliriwliayiiulli ... i-tiklil; i-li let (^Jiir.
(is'-so
tsliH-ZH ; fim'-.iirii .
st'f>li(((5\va'-k('ii(iiriii
klnvat-kliwal (mal-
laiil).
k* rils-kli(i-!siiiii
ki'-kliii-lisli
lit. Silisli proper
111 llallieails.
/iM". ii. .\hlHJillini.
skelliili (vide hoili/)
ilUokd-iliiicliiiMl.ii .
-ziillii(liiill); .st"iiiar
mi (c nv).
in/aiiik a ii : Niiigi>-
icliii (Kiiz/l.v).
iizi -ziii
z' iill;;ll.
.SIH-L'llIzi'
-imllliln-lell. .
er-pee-llk .
yiik-kwai
ie-i|Mrel ..
kiMl-liiiilit .
siMllK-tlilsll
/lllli-tlls'
skwi^t
kliar-pi'-lilet.-' pus.
pek
kwid ,
Uwil
koll^i
kii-ivk'
kii-iiH
kliM-kliat
Ihlii-lslie'-;;i'
sUal.ii'
spelkiiaks
Kaiiialtiii
HlakM
!>' ^elieiii'le
;,'iiiHiici ii/ (animal
Keiii nilly 1.
iniNse
Kkapiis.sel
h' cliiiii;;aii (amis)
sesl/i.'iim
H/--ii/.im
sileiiC . ..
Nlll/i'cll .
skile.st..
il'iU
ikiiiii
ikiiil
iklMM
ikciali'
ikiiiii'
kiitaiit (i::aiiimate)
I Uiikiiiiiiiiii
aU..
L'l <
s I
vocAr.ri.Aiaics.
I'timil!/.
II. I'x'lliool.l. {
l.'i. I.iliiv.at.
Iii. I'ail.
17. Ivi.-iiiiiiiklis.
\f*. Kiivviililsk.
iitttnjt (',ih}ts.
I.uinji (lihhx.
(urlijl lllhh-.
(Uiiriji dilil'i.
Cmnji f.'i/i/i.i.
fkiLilill
tsc'li (vcnis(iii). .. .
HliHi-\vli('h'-;k«i\ s. . . .
rlltt -llll
klfhl Kilt.
Willll.l
skali -li.i
sko-iiiai
Kv\ais|i
s|paa". ; li.ii - IliaUr
skii-iiiai.
1 'li'-krli mill.
ImIi li.ill
kliicli; I- uh.li -
lira - liaall ; iiir a -
liil (while).
liaall.
(-ri//l.V).
noiil .Hliii-kwiirlr .
kuvv'-Hain
>t<;-kai ja-a'
kl.llll liilir
sir k. 11 yluh.
slioo-pali -mil
Isrli
siiiai fss'
kill nass
hah pil.
hthit'ht .. .
1 hii.its
kai-\'i'lits .... . .
Uai-chlsh
Ink kiilic
Kai rhlsll .
skill Ian'.
ki>-li"iii'
skill laa'
skal-laii
Ii.-nialils'
Uwalrh-nink'
li«aia
k»aal
Iiuali Inva julic
Isak-chuhshr ,
Illrll' Illllkll.
iiii'h-shnii .
|ir-U'\ iim'
liap-iii -ik
iia-wliilil
.Ili-kai a
iihl-kai
ilaall.
tellCt-t.slll -clu'-piM'
kup-acU'
slirli-iikli
a...-.sha
kai .111]
ho'-uUc (si'a-i'dwl).
hwali-h Willi
iiKi'-okwiM'a fiiwl)
t
tiiiiii-iiiish.
iiiali'-iiir-la-lialli' . .
o-l;\V'iksli
shells
Mt-ka-al'
Isullt-tsiikw'
lialr-inip
slkasse (ipllll>).
sl-kassr.
Hlll•^-^ll(•c■^vl^-lall
stia-kalil
mil-Ill l>liai' ....
Uiiiik-saalt-iiall ...
tc! Ilk -sill
ki'liil-a-kchil (iiial
laiil).
llll -Ilk H ii(iiiallai'il
(ihii-st-k'k
Ill'-lllll -Wll.i
lia-ii:alr
hall -a-liMii
litiiii -anil.
nliiiii-sliiiii kakl-
k'.slu:i '.
sit.s-kwai' (small
kinds).
sliil.-lah-liiiii.
.sliiiii-llk
fliii.i-wiii I.ia-\\a
sa-al -Id
ja.i 1 1- Immi
s'l liaal t nil.
liiilr-iitl
(skwaa- <• li !■ (■ t Nil ;
kwoi'-lai -D-siil. ...
Iii.s-ilalul'
k\\ ll-llli sill.
skwi rsli.
skvvals-lali'
skwiis
hliwaat kwaals-
rrtsli i wli at 1 h
jdiir iiaiiii' .')
pak'li.
rli-kwiiii'.
^*ki«'h-f'('
liiikwclr-iicli
Is'kcli-ih'
lalir-sclini
iiio-liwaiiir
clii'-kwr-clicc'-iik .
Iii-cliarir
hwiisli
I'll kcll -IK'll.
k«ul-h-aaiitl
kwiits-hwaaz
Ishwnb'-iikw
kwasir knasli
Hht-kalHi''.
clikwiiii'.
llll- kv.ai.
kwiil-lr-aaiill
kwnl-clil -Ml
Is' kwai'li
kli'Hli-i'li-liMhkr
nk' wall iialz ...
Iiii/-/.oim>'
tr-Iu'li'-iikw
l.rll
sti-'ll.
kaiklitili ..
kwclr kwiisli
la iiH'li-iiill
i Ir-tolilh
'*irt-' illililll
27s
II
i
1 ' I
i 1
3.f -i
H
t'OMI'.VK.VriVH
l,\N(ir.\(ii:,
Ai illiiiiii V,
.Silling;
Old
|(i. :<:ilis|i( hii.
tiliif-t/t (iilllm.
11. Knlli'i'spchii
( Kalispclrn).
/>)■. Km. /■'. Tutniir.
I'.'. S'l liit-ziii or
Coiir d'.Mrnr.
Ittr. a. ilciiiiiinui.
ilul .(lo|.;;llt
lit. Sclish proprr
or I'lallii^ads.
lici; (j. Mingariiii.
i.s-i .ot
{Mikh-po-liot'; stii/sli-
lia'-liiks ( worn)-
skn-kwi -milt ; i.s-
HilN (lll'W).
hdst .
Voiili);
1
.■^kukiii mil
K^l
irio
khl.-.t
tshist
.s\\ i-noiU'tf^-niish ..
di-i -di-it
khwi r-khwill
ta-kliokU
/.art
kwclt
Hail
t.ii'-ya
IliinilNDiiir
I'kI.v
Alive
^cst (^ood>: ^fhiis
(lii'aMlilnh.
ii'lo (liad) : clicsiiN,
(dit'orincd).
^{iilniiilt (is alive)..
tli'l (is dead)
zait {"iiM.)
rs-hw il-hu ill
l>,.,i(l
u'l-itr
cliitM-iit-lai'-lii
liliis-Uwili'
kn-ya-ii
a-iio-\vc-
tsaii-it 1' .
tzult
kooi-ay
aiiimi
tzilll'dl/
Cold
I
Inin-i'iis
koi' e
'I'lidii
IIo
\Vi(
/..'-n.'l
Ishi-li -i>ot
ko-pe-li'-pot
ZH-nc'-lii-lisIi
ZH-/.i ; li'ii-hwi'
hlc-hlo'
znilz ......
kau-iii-la'
ii'|ii-lt'ps'-t«ml
Iclu:ii-iii -illNli
shai'
I'liet-lii'
kaeiiipilu
Vo
nipilcpstciiip
ziii'-i!z
yti
Th.y
This
That
All
pas-si-a
Iiwai -il
sii-wat'
ta^ -li-kol (not far);
li-koi'dai).
I'll-hwa
ls|iu->:lU'
lial ip'
a'-i-a'
a'-H
Ida ..
cssia'
Kiii'it; tliKai'^iUMt'
(of persons).
Hitut
Many, ijiinh
Who
Nciir (iiol lar)
I'o-diiy
Yratciilay
To-moirow
\V»
t.'ihi-tshi'-ti'
klnva-khc'-nl
att-pa'-la-ki'l
la'-kho
/ehi'cllet
iut?H(ia
SlMSZell
iie'^alin. . .....
ho
No
la-a'
hit ....
t a
Olio
iiki'i (iiianini.ile) ;
t'hinaks(aiuinatt^).
csel (iiiaMiiiiate) ;
cbesel (animate).
elie/i's (inanimate);
elielieiehle.s laiii-
niate).
Two
(iM-sli:itr . .......
is-.sail
iliaii-thlais
<?»^-.sel
tshi'-bk'H
chdt-laH
r
L'V'.»
VOCAUrLAUlIlS.
Fiimilii.
II, Hi'llioolii.
l.'l. l.llllWilt.
HI Tiiit.
K. Ku iiHi..lilh
(;,„ry, (;iM«. '.".,■;/, CihI.x. j <;™i./'' '■•;'''•«• '■""!" '■''••"'•
tlali'MiiitH liiiMaiiil UwAamkvvi.ni .... klnlV-xlcii' .-. ■
„livv„rii k'll-m.ni-niaai. ..T.' l„l.'-la-«lial-«lial' shrnli-lio-liHlill
;<kilt1n; al 111- ^ rliii -I'l.il
\vaiili-wa(nt'W )j
.•.■-yah' I Ma-ina
tinh
k:ial kill
icli'.kiial-tii-iiia.s.t
at-t<i-iMan«' ■, /ii ak
li».)H-k(l liml.-- Im1i|i|i
kwill kmninii
iiulnU I Kh«..'n-t<lia'
vlll]i)-«.-l
cc-iiiiotl iii'lil -la
rtliiii-lii.'.'tl i wihli-nrl. -iM.ilill ..
I fliiiui-laaii
.... Ulmli
piikli.
Hllolltl
wich-yowtst' 1 ii'i-Hlaap
kwu-latws' j lali-kini-ft-loli' ...
M'la.li hu-i'Ut'
iiii'li yil-liu kiili'-liiikali ahli .
I liik-ni i kai'li
I.siiiii.|ii('l->alil luiii ; clmli'-rlniiii
I iMmn-llKl-kwMi:! ! kwiuis-tcli
! la-al'-wi i .lii'-.l'^ll
Ial-li>'-wa I <l<';;'-.Vi'li
Is' sa-a ' liilr-s.'lill
taMili -inilli 'I'll l"'li>l ■
tiit-lii -wiip ill) -ap
\iM-sa -a i M-h -yr-woli!
la-flr j •
ti'Mi'li ; ta-lali -la..| ko-l.^-lali
iniikw; lo iiiiikw .1 ali-wiikw'
lllrll-hi'll -UM.<
vi.scj.iH I 111 yli
I..kat;!i
1
wal-iiiiki'H'. ..
slir-waat
liclik-llfh'; icbw krli-ki-1'l; kc-kaliw
(far). j ('■'"■)•
\vni-lii'.''-Ni;-k I..'- I tcliai'l-tclioo'l -cha
yiHiku'. (■')•
ya-ka-iiiai-iiiiDrlis ' iial'-wliasli
k'yai-iiimclm 1 k!p-sliili -kisli-k'l ..
wais.liii ! k'w-slu'hw'
aili'-ki> ; liDo-ahz
s'ln-ina'-ii ' pal-la
kl-nosf' all -iio-wabh
«H-iii.)OHo' ' ka'.-laaHli
n'yaiit-»-n'.vaiit ...
I'li-rh-liit ; ti-ili'li-
J.'.ali-la dai).
1 Icl.a-wai-yi-l I Ihiili-kw
t6\v-aat
tM-ta -a-I'lis; tualikw
kiii'li
twl-aa-kall \ shi^^liJiili-Nli'ilill ■■
wai-iMiNH k\vai-i»li-iili
aa-a (•) (;iil-<lali-lnv.>ll
DW-wa hwttli' .
tul-ul-Ha. ..
p('li-l>ah'-ii
1-. Kiiw .ililhK
kniii kiiiii.
wrllilih.s.
liailH O"'" )•
ai.
kiilh.
p'kalm,
kulli.
hal.'h'.
kai.
salil' liiiii.
kwali kwuH.
an ><a.
liii-iMi -" a.
tii'llri'll.
lull .llcr-liill I.
Idll'-ll'-WI'l-lllp.
u-nali-liill.
nri'llna (pcrwiii).
laiii'i'iii.
iM'i' kw.
kadi.
|ii-«rllt.
klilill kih; .lialikw
(far).
I.'li-iik k^\ al ill.
I
i
' k.i-rliil lali' kill.
j iikwai'-il-liiN.
I all -ha.
I ah'-wa.
Willi iiul'-Hn.
saa-h'li; ti>i;-«aa-lili.i .Hh('li'-»hah
klchw; liilhliw . ilialit-lai
in-Nali'-la.
kl.hw.
\\
i F
Pli
2s(i
(.'O.Ml'AlIATIVi;
I,.\.miihm;,
Al I llolltl N ,
'" '''■'''■'l"l"i II. Uiillrr^ii.-hn IJ. .s'.liil-/,iior ' l:i. S,-lish i,r..i..T
''^■'li-P'-lim. (•..•iir.l-.Mriic. ' (,i- Flathr.i.ls.
I'oiir
I'ivc
i
I Six .,
Ki-hl ...
Niiir ....
Irii
KliMri ..
I'hc-Ivc
Tui'iilv
riiirlv
Til sfc.
■|'i. love
To Kill
IIHIM .
Iclli-I (ll'l
la Kail...,
si.'^'-|IHl
Ii.'ia iiiiiii
Iiaii-iiiil'
IIIIIIIN .
I Mir llllllilliil . , .
I llir I lliillsalill ..
To rat
Toiliiiili
To mil
In ilaiur
I'll siii^;
Slcp
TllspiMU
11 pilU
al liii-liii
iil-la-sall
l/r.l
laluin
liinjiil
Iiai-aiiiiiiii .
llall'IMinl ..
iiliiiii
I alii'-iniiii
klia -klia-iiiit
ii-]M'nl<Nt - .,
rs-.iirl <) -|iHii
cliall II -pHii
Ill Na kriii
rlwik-M'-ill'-liiMl . .
l'lllll\-.M»>,-|i ,
rii/iU sKall .slii ....
rlii(U-xkwi- -iiiiii-sjiii
li.
(•li»k-Niii-k\viiii-imi -
rli«k-.s'l-krl -^lli
riH(k-.-.kiil-kual-li -
ell »k-y iiksii-ats'
liiiiii.
I'liiik-lii'iKi-iiiaiili'li
r li II ]i \ II k .--11 11 1
t.sHIII.
iiiiM (iiiiinliiiiitii):
cliiiniHcins (aiii-
IlllltC.)
t«'likst j zil liimi: i mat !•) ;
•li/i'-l/il(aiiiniati')
\y ii^liik.sl lackaii (iiianiiii.iti^);
I'lilarkail (aiil-
liuilc).
Iso'-nikNliiiii hi >|irl I iiiaiiinialf);
<lisi'->|irl la II I -
niati' )
lirliiiii-iii (j nil II i .
Iiialr); rlilii'lii'iiaiii
(aiiliiiati ').
Uaiiiif (inaiiiiniilf).
I cliKaiinl laiiihiali'}
. .; iipi'ii (iiiaiiiiiiati') :
! fli'iiiii'ii (aiiiiiialr).
i 11 ■|i('ii-iil-iu. -kwii. ..; niii'ii-c'-iikiii man.);
I j i'iriiiiiMii/rliiiiak>
(aiiiiiiair).
; u-pi'ii-ril-i.i-scl l'lpl■ll-l■^(■M•l (iiiaii.):
cli'iipi'ii (■/ riirhM
I (aiiiiiiali').
I's-.srr (i-prii I tcLs-i'ipni (iiiaiii-
I mall); I'lir,! iipcn
(uiiiiiialc),
t.-solu-lllr -li)-piMI .. j cjlrl-iipril (illail.)'
I cli'ilu/ oiiuu (aiii-
niali'i.
ii'kii-kaiii ; klii'-zii-
/H-li-SlH.
a-ii -pcii-tis-str-kcii
l.slii-/.i-lili'ii
(.slil-ziik.s
t.sliiii-zi'-Uwi-iiciii ..
t.slli-t.^kwi: -ill-zill ..
iHlii-nkwi'-iii'-iiiiNli .
I.slii-zi -t*llH-lllisll ..
(.•ilii rl.s-kwa'-kwa-
liiin.
f shin z^'wi-l i iiiclifcii ( I lia\ ■■ srcii
lliIl■l^lla-lll^llsl^ iii;;aiiii'iili-Ii ..
ii'sp<)lM-iii....
iikaki'iii (jilf rally
iiin' lii'ail).
iipriicli.^lkaii
Iiics'i/iii
IIir.sMi>li
llirMiiaiiii
tiicMkniiiiri] ■rni ...
Illcsllkilllrl
liu.-iil.sclii - ...
tiRvskiilkdiltl
1
^1
''I
tl
\
•_si
\ t>( Ai:ri,Ai;ii:.s.
I'll mil y.
1 I. Ill llhiiila. I'l. I.llinvat.
Iliih'-tvllill .
Iw'f'liw j oliirl -ki.>!jt
Iiii'li'liolill Ul.ih kiuii'iixl
jivk't'liiiiiiir irliiiot-lali-Ua
I
II. Tail.
ha aht srl .
' i: Ku 1 Kl,-.. I>. Kii«.ilil.sU
I I
t
tilitrtjt '.'./l/'i. I tillllilf titl'lt^.
Im-Hiii Iiiili-ikli -HJii.
»l» r li I » II h; t II I Kili a' --ai
fsUt'lll-MIS.
I
Hull liiuu Ilia \ hii'li lull ai
iMlllkwS
kflitl-iiiiw pal-iipi -s'l't I InU-.ial .-a
ki-csli-ina -o kliiiiii|i,il -aiciil .. luo'li
t.s-ki'l l.iakt j knni iiiiip
i 1 1 (h'c a I 1 isli- I kiiMi -iiiii|i wU'-pal-
luu o. la.
ill pi>r-:ill nall-
klt>-ah --.U-rUt
aw-iiiiisi'-slcokt
kMin-iiiii|i \vii' iiii
iii>-\va.sli.
la-all p.l
all imI kii'-tclill-Ha
ah i>''! kiis-tr-Kaa-
Irh.
iIi-iHi-ua'^li kiliiili>-l iN'Kwauli
kat-U'a.--li kililipsli..; klu'li-\> lull ^ll'_vall
Imi -I'lit'-Hal
kl kalil Mir<.
till li liniii .
hall I* \VM.
t»-killakl -t'lci'kl
aallps
kaclila
kU'r-kliiiin'
iiai'li'liiiiini'
Ililll rllil klllllphll. .
laa(-M>-»ats
shkali
iili-kw.iil'-ka
liii-nii'iioliool'
biMit -.'^inii
imi>-)aliiir-tlk ... rlil -lillii
(■lii'('-t<Hi-iiia nil -yil
tlf-yolik' k w a 1 I II t r- 1 <: li II
(iiiiji.)
klaiia-ki'r liirlnv. at^'-lluIl ......
hkwaliiii -koits. .
ii'm liaall
kaik'li li'i' /ii'k w-loli .
lll-l.ll-illrl
kah -kal-rlicl
wliiil-iryaa-liim ...
\\ liaiL'l-irli'
Irllllim
ell .lal-rli.il
kw.ial-lrlirl
kwaal-Miil-^'jcii ., .
IlOO^-kir- I'll'
kail ilirl
la all -cIiihIi tr kali'-i li;i
(f^ ilnv ' til li« .
t
" l''"< " I'll"
1) p. Ill I'll'. ik pali-a i II piiii tun lit sa.
ii-pail I'll li.ik "liali-a <i piiii lii' Mali l.i.
Isniii hlia -a i ilir k» ii-li.
I'll. Ill aliw .-.ha a.. .; klmli " liil ■•liili
li'-hli.ili il.sli
, 111! till
ki.-oli kl.
.I'll
ili.lit III,
liuii-iil
klali rl.it
Ii'th kwai
k" lull -1:1
liil^ lialitl
kai tail ..
iialil---'ii ^^ itf^li.
nV ^^\\aliiil Mil t II.
n'n-kali'ka.
Iio-cliali' iiiiiii.
k«ai I'll' li-'li.
n'lili liiiii.
I'll till.
ii' Hwaii hkalil .
Illlll IIIMlll.
iii-.|.li'lr.
k:l II
■^■'\l
in
I '
I I
u
>S'>
l..\M.r.\(ii;, |n. KjIi-|..Ii„. 1 1 . KiiII,, ..|,.1iii j |-J. S. hil/
' l\.ili-|» liii). Ciiiir il'AN lie.
'\' iniii;ii\, r;.,>r7' i,iI'I,h. n,. ll,„. i: l,.lm„ l:,r. i;. M,,i,/,iriiii.
To Hit
'I'll Hlaiiil
'I'<'K
To conic
lll«li-Hlill('-h|lilNll .;.
rli«k-lii -sliiKli
<lii(k-Hirvvi)'-i ; lio'-
isli {imii.).
iliiik iiiiiii-clii-iiiil
lilid' i ; trli'liii -isli j
(im/i.).
To walk ilii(k-.-.\M^ I
'I'o work , iiiakii . .
l^lllll'/l'■IMO^
Ishiii/r -lot
l.iliiii-liu-i ..
Inlllll-l.-.|lil /-llll
l^llill kllW Inl
c'<).mi'ai;ati\ i;
,v< //'.s7(
!:•. Silisli |ir(i|ni-
111' I'killiriiilK.
/.'ii ■ 'i. Miniinriiii.
lllr'sllakMllUrlli ..
tiid'cliisiii -ill
tllr'si|Ui
till' M|lii
Illr Mini nli
r
L's;;
VO(\\r.ll,AKlKr4.
Fa mi 1 1/.
M. ItrllhX.l.l.
\:<. 1. lie. « ill.
(,(.>r;;r Cihhs.
aiiil'li
tliin'li
oh^ Ullill
iitl.licli' ....
icli-kiiiii
kH'liiitn iii.'iU'li
Khliii'li'-lcli^ihk . .
liiat'l-liuli
iiMiM:iHli-K;iall
If,. liUl.
fi'iiiiv/i (iihlm.
lliil'llilll rlli'l ....
Mrli lii'lll M'l ...
Ill slll.l.l llllt
17. Km IIUHtkll-^
!-. Kii«.il.l.-U.
I%».kli-tln-rlinti'
Uwu-iIihIi'
viirli Ik-Ii I;i...
. . i»-i<h
. I'lii'l IihIi
. M \ ll.
.sIkIi Ilia iiiaiill .... mil iiiilil-rliil i kwi-lali >j'>i>'i ••■ niilH-la.
iiiaa-liiK kiitl
ill mil lil-ilu'l...
saisilir!
•'ll liali nhitli
I'll 'iiiiili.
t
till
li':il f
rnoNAiiv or tin: mskwamj.
I.
msk\vai.i.i-i:n«;i-isii.
Ilv (;m>i: III:-. M M.
A.
A' ;i Uwiil. till liilliiis vf (I Jhli in it:
i\li ilk, riiiiji (im|i.).
All li:il!st.s't, 'lire, imikt a jinxnil i>j'\\U)\>.\.
A 111'!, :i iiicl, //■.
All sliils. ijli-f, mult II ]>iif.i III !■/ iitu\)-).
.\' ('hi, 11 ■■ill 11 1:
All /ill !(' lii<l, list /.ill liili, III lie iiiitiinnil,
iti't III L'lii'ir.
A liiMJ lii, lii'il hi, jiirli.ijis (hii;iliiiiiii ilhhi
III/).
Ali«iis-liisMili, iriiitir, lolil innllin:
Ai 'll' ;ish, ;ii' \i-!isli, i/nin; xirimis.
Ai' ;;uii.<. iwrliinnii. Imiii r.
Ais clil b:i' (lull, //i/' niiillilit./i n I iiml iniiii
Aim' lil. hill el' hi,'"//" ijVii h.hiniii {\u\\\
Al>, iih hi, iiUs, liiiiiii.
A Uiis' kii|i, riincrt. Inn. Hn- rlijlil.
A kc•l^\^, li'liil lii^ tiilliitiiy
Akli liwiiil' /.id. " >' "/' . '"'•
A' kwi h;;' kwi (diiii.j, /'// " l-dli ■ luli.
Ai, III. ((/. ///.
A' iiil, " liiii'xi:
Al' ii sliik. It tiitlolsr.
AI ch.ui'. ii-hilhif.
Alkli, iitliill'li, hiinij. i-imii' iiii'nl;.
Alkli liiid, '/<»/f« siniiiii.
Ai>li, ([iliir.) ii'hi^li, I'liillur or intixin.
.\\\'U kliw, uniiiK. I'lrsh wiitrr miissils.
Al to' di. (dim.) ;d U>' di di, tlnx , r. dc'-
iid.-.
.\ ' k, iiiixtiil or < iMliiiij, Usui IIS llir nrl'H
III III- mill III Itiirr.
.\ said'-liii. III kiiiiir, umli rstiiHil,
.\s a' will, ii.Hlsii' vvul. hiiiiijrij.
.\s liiiis' Indt, tlif liixt nil imtriiiil 1 1 liixl.
As lull, iiiijiil, roi/usnl.
A.s liidl.><it, inilii.slriiiiis.
.\.sl>iis, sliiliiniuiji.
.\s liiill, a.> llU'tl, _/■////, xillisffil.
.\s lict Id. I'S IllCt lill, Sli/I.
.\> lii Villi', •liiih.
.\> i-liiil>. ///' III! iislniiil hiililiii) loilijr.
As ('he llUiil.'. //(( liii'is III ilixjiisi).
.Vni'Iii lil^h, iiiiin'liiiij. Iii:il, iiHi-
.\> cln ' uk wil, iliilif.
.\s iliilsli, stiiililtil irilli hnixs iinils.
.\-- ihiili li.i. III I'liiiii iri.iiil I', III irn'ir. (,>il.
irnil I'll.
.\-. ihiill liii, /" liin , liiiiil.
.\s dcMiu'. iis dilkliw'. ill, irilhiil.
.\-~h i!:i!->. /ViVmi/ (si»(ll.inil /■> <( nnni)
A-> In ' liiil.--li. riirlii liiiiieil.
.\s ln' 1 .' /■"/(■ .' /("/'■ lllllrll '
.\s 111 ' liilfiiil, IIS lit ' hi lit ', /"• .•7/'i(/(.\ j:>
iiixi hi.
As hi ' kwuh, IIS hill.-.', tiiiii'l, ii/,i:i>l.
f
£.4.
1 t
'I-
2^i\
As lifp'. sliijiiit.
Ah lilulil lull, iisklaki kii, sjioltnl [of (in
uniiiiiil).
A'sh\i\, ii'shiiil, ii/iitiul {.•ijiiiiLiiiii t(i(i iiian).
As l;i)l<\v, (/ sliiiiiliiiti Irif.
As Im' MIS, ilvli l)ii' Mi-^, xlininu) f'niij.
As Im, a siiil.
As Im cliii' ills, h<iitl;ii<>si(l.
A' sIiikI (liklil, I' I jtliuinta.
As Imdsks', shiju'il.
As Imkw, nii.iiili iloini.
As Im Ic' ;i kunl! (lull, h> pull tin lip <hnni.
As-lmts', as he' a kwiih. limiil, ti/niiil.
As li«a' kwil, Had.
Asliwal' sail, cmptii.
As liwc' liui Ink, fliililixh.
As-liwc' kiis, (■(Hiiihiiiii.
Aslnvcikli-\v"t, inini old.
Asliwctsli, .scnitrliiil.
As liwiilliikli'liwii, ntniiii/ (iiH (I iiKiii).
As liwiil' \i\\,/„t)lisli, ilniiih; »/(c/((/.s7c.
As liwiil If iiks, irith i lie ivr.i pi< rent.
Aslnvulliiii, lame.
As-liwulshwiit i{,'\viis(iiiciiiiin^ unknown).
As lnMiC, torn.
As i' la kwiit, h'clier(>ii.s.
As is'-ta, so, <is, lihr.
As clial)'-l)a, to can-if.
As clml|i, liri.stal.
As-diit, is (lilt, miilniijht.
AH-ilckliw', as iliikiiw, H-ilhui.
j\s(liit' clio, one.
Asil/cd' /a-lic', prnjnnnt.
As(l/c};vva' till), (TrtCT/.
Asi'ili ffwut ? n-hat is naiil *
As-f' iik'li. /(((7,(y/ (f/.v (( //■(•(■»• or roiuJ).
Asf' Ilk sf' Ilk (|)liir.), icith iiuuiij /orLs {<i
till ihliK of II riri'r).
As -Ilk, us j,Mik, open.
As ;,uk' ki'j, siinxliini/, hri'ili'.
As fiul' lu liid, niarnlifi, mirif.
As-Kwa'-diik'w, hornnl, ii hurl:.
Asfi'wilia'liad, /(■i«//r</.
Aslial, nn.'iroiilcrril, Jii/nriil, irrillcn.
As-liat-sitf,li, corrriit (u.s icilli u lilmihrl).
Asjadsli, t\c ;/((,'.•.
As )i ilk, asslickw, .■<l,iillow.
As-kad' as, opcn-moiilluil.
Askatsks, pufj-nnsril.
As kail' ilsli, IninrliliiiiLiil.
Askc'a kali, tiniijliil (ns lliirad).
As-kc' lits, t!i/lil {lis a ilriss).
As ki' up, I id. I lull.
An kla'liOt, /« licnr.
As-klakli' ka, as liliikl kiit, spotUil (of nu
iinimiil).
As klakliw, astlakliw, liirt/i; <iriiiri,;ij liinii;
As kk' dalckliu', lispimj.
As khkliw, kli'kliw, Hirct;.
Asklc'iik, astlc'iik, stickii, lullirsirc.
Asklu' il, as klukliwil, hnn, void.
As-klnds'-lm-lins, dull [as a tool).
As-kliilkli, spi.tlcd.
As ko III!). (^>iia'ii' .'//•(((/.
As kii t'lia' ^'o jiats, idili tlir hair parted hi-
hi nil.
Asklic.s', starinii, to stnrr.
Ask liii-slic'-a j^uiis, "hiitchct/iurd'\.shiirp-
J'aird.
Askiik'li, hjinii on tin hack, right side up.
As kiill) (iiiraniiiH: iiiiwitaiii).
As ku-lo' sum, stirp.
As kuad zii, i/cllitir c/- lii/ht ijrccn.
As kuad zis, ri.iril.
.Vs-k\vai'-i, iri trd, irithi'ird.
A s- k wil I' )i w us, irossirixe.
As kwt'tsli, .scratchid.
As k\v('iik\v,ask\vt''yukIi,('()(7>((/<7/.',y//rj-
nanf.
Asla'j,'\vitsa, naked.
As lakh, hjilit.
As 1(1, (( hide.
Asliikh, split.
Aslol cliid, to hear.
.\s lo'kuulcli, lialil.
As lukw, slakw, ini.
As Ink wadiib {or dOp), niiidd)/.
As liitsli', /'«// (as a hrtllr, .u;.),
Asiiial'kd, nii'nstniatioii.
As nals', /ViVnf/ (.spriihinii to a iroman).
As pc' a-kail', briftli.
As[)i.' aki'ii, a dead or old mossy lire.
•JS^
As i>('!', hii'inL iliicl.
As pi t!<'Il' sill), irilh tin hand raixid In tli
hind.
As pud, Ihr nmtnof jdoiits. ii hvn]t nf nittli.
As |ni' kwiili, (il'iirr lidi initir [nf land).
As pukwiu;. iiiiniil liniddl.
Aspa' 111, ilidnti'.
As sit'siilli. clolliid. dr(ssid.
As sliiij)', (//•/((/ ((i.v./is/(, iK:t'.).
As slials. 'iriixj (imp.)-
As slu'kw', as slii'uUw, shdUnir.
As' slii (iiifaiiiii;,' (l(Mil)tt'iil).
As ta'lii'il, ,/'»)•/•('/ or hiiii-ii.
As-takli' lia ^;v.-il, liiiiii/ on the hilli/ (<>/ i>ir- j
suns (iiilii).
As-tak-!iul, ilidpiinl {as the liaiids).
Asta'Uo. thirst)/.
Asl'lilai' Ills, siiidillis {in ii mtin).
Asm k\va'-<l('. '/((//'.
Asti-kwa' <lit, i<ini>nnit, stiiiiid.
Ast-kla'kos, blind,
Aslla'liiit, /') nnilcrslmid.
Astlakliw. tiakliw. Inri/i-, ijvuirinij lar<ji',
Astli'tl, tattiHud.
As-tliikl'kl, spill trd {of (in (inimal).
As-tlc'iik, askii-'iik, stii'l.ii, mllKsin:
Ast lii^ wa' (Ii, ini nir [nndiint.
Asto' aliils, spotti:!.
As to'kaba-dul), a roiiiih, ronsumption.
Ast-saii' I', siiphilis {in a ironiiin).
As tsc'pK 111, irilh the iips rlosol.
Astso'-wiii, asa' will, hnmjry.
As tsiikliol, o stnndin;/ tree,
As-tsiip, (( puddle.
As-uitl kwa'-liad, dinted or notehed.
Ast/ak, (i/alleu tree,
iVst/.al lal), iijnoninfy nninfdrmed.
As yo'liil, (/(■(((/ {of unimols). slillliorn.
At-iibiid, dead {of persons oiilij).
Atolli da'flli tlil,<ni intrrjielion ol'siirpriye.
x\llilail<ili;\Miii'lill, ///(' n-(st, the eounlnj
on the sun's road to the iresl.
Ati-la'lii, tula'iii, presently (in lln- eoiuse
of the diiji).
A-ti-slakli' lu'l, today, to-niijlit.
Al'la, iil'-la, to eonie, bring.
Atla' liil. ^'times"; the nnmbir of times any
thimj tills been doni .
Alli'l ;;"ll!, on this .-ide.
At'sa, iit-sa, /.
At sliiis ka'-liis, I yelids.
Atsi-^wiis, tit barter, buy, sill.
Alsil ti'l'-iiiu, peiipli.
Ats Ic pal (lull, lips.
At-silds, iit silts, present or eristiiiy {used its
a rerb), to be, to harr.
Auti'ks, ealf of the tiij.
W.
\\.\'\y,\i\i\y o(}\prinfi, younij.
l>a' cliid, ma' chill, the testieles.
I>ad, iiiaii,,/iif/i(r.
I>a' ko, ma' ko, snoir.
l)a'k\v:)li, iiia'kwditi, <i prairie,
r.alhiil Ic', bait for lishinij.
r.a lol' sid (lull, III marry a brother's iridoie,
IJat silts, bet' silts, a smihi.
lie' a-kwaif silt, lo shahi , trnnbli .
I'.cb' (la, a dull.
r.('l)kiid, to piek or yiilhi r nuts.
1)(1) kwii, all.
Mi'ltkwiicliad, iriryivhere.
1)1-1' kwu, baek, eonie baeU.
I5('sk' lui, lics'kwii, the edible crab.
ISt'skli chad, liee.
lie' Nets, the Jlesh of animals aiid birds,
Hi (loti, the lehitrfsh, eoniionns.
till al hah, bit a' la liab, h, l.nnl.
Illal' una, Ihe naril,
l>lops, (( nieeoon.
r.iikw, ((//.
Ilokw-di'tl', all of them.
r>o 'kwi chad, i rcryahere.
IJd kwi sa'it', both,
lliidsli, a lie, it is n lie.
Iliil kilt shed, /(( return, eome back.
lint lils, to pail.
('.
<'lia, (/ hole in thr yrotnid,
< 'ha' ad, ochad'. to die.
<'lia'clili;;'-uiis.(li.i'cliiikw, o [I' shore, keep
oj):
t
^^'
2S,S
:fe
1 ■
I
: '■
<Mi,i' ili:is, cli;!' clicsh. small, lilllc, II 1,1,1).
( 'ha' liril, /() tiiliiilk:
("liiitl, irl'(n:
CIi.kI.s, clijits, iiidtiis.
< lia' dills, ((/( (;((/,.
riiad /il, liiilr i/tiiirsi 1 1' I '\m\i.).
Clia'lcku, llir icilil tulip, lilii.m.
< 'lia'li'sli, III!' loirrr iinii. ini.sl.
<'liii' IcsIj Ills, till- liiid.r /'till.
( 'lial Un, (I in II.
< liap, liiiihi i\ siij'l.
i'liat^' a lail. lla IkiihIIc i>I' h hiii/'i\
«'lial liiis, (( riiumt hviltl, liat Jhillriicil.
C;iiail ili, .shdis.
Clia' wa-tuli, clia' liuiit, to cut. tn chop.
riic bad. (lie Ita' (lats, thr hnir (inil haw
llioni.
Clu' lilsli, asclic' lilsli. /<//,•, li:i/.
('Im'1|i' liii, a (jlm'.rt.
Clicsl' hii, h'clicsi' liii, Iinshaml.
(Mu'tcli'-tia, .stiini/.
("Iii't'-la, (( »■(((•/.• ()(• static.
Clictla IioIInIi, an iron pot.
die \ailsli', to rill at.
Clii cha'cliil \vi, tlir ariilin.
Clii clnlcli ila. iiranl.
("hid flia liii (im-aiiiii^- not asccrlalncd).
Chikli KflJi'-tuli, U, kill hif Lnorl.in;/ oh the
hiail.
Clii Kill' sid (iiiciiiiiii;,' iinci'itiiiii).
tlii l,\vii|.' .-uU, klkua|i. sill) till), to rhohr
ill siralloiciiii/.
Cliil ko'lia, <'liil kd'hats, il„ i-asjilnrrii ami
hush.
<'liil |n)' led, to iiiiil.r sail.
riiili sf', a ilnr <//,-.
('ill mas', (( sistir-iii lair {to a man).
<'iiis|i ai', a JishiiiiijHth',
<'liiicli, niat\ roinr war (imp.).
Cliit l.ik, «'.s cliiit, a harl; mat.
Cliil Ic I, tlif ra:oi-<lam.
Cliit-scjiid csli'.liiid. „ itin. a taotli i>icl:
Cliiisli la' liwats, ///,• irihl jiia.
("Ili wakli', the salmon trout.
Cliii' lid, to iiHiiir.
('III. I la, .s"idiu|-la, /(((/•( .s- «/ thr ma/il,:
Choi lilts, chooldllts, thr iiiaiilf.
Chot.sli ot-liit.s, a place where map'es i/roir.
Cliii' till), a Jlea.
Chilli' hush, brother- <;r sister i;i lair {to n
iroiiian).
Chiili-o' ha, hroail leans ol'treis.
Cliilii'-wiish, a iril'e.
Clink clnilv ur.'s, Anv/r hra 't.
CI. ..kh laid', to spli;.
Cliii lalts, to lenil or oe.\ .ic.
(Jhiil piittiid, /() //()/■( {«,■ irith a ijiinlet).
Cllll'sild, a star.
i).
Da' dato, tomornnr.
Da'hii, dilklnv, /».s7 noir.
Dai, (lai ai', di c', onli/, hut, e.rrept.
Da If' tc, another, otlar, (lifferent.
Daiit'-.si, the hoilij.
Di''-a-di', ill '-di dc', thtre, elosr hi/.
Di- a Ic'-cliiip, hei/onil.
Dc !),i(l, iiiiiiiaii, small, a ehilil.
Di'had (la. dc he' ha-da, an iii/anf, son.
Dc hcds, heijonil.
Dckliw, do-iikli, in, iriihin.
Del, kcl, kill fiii('aiiiii}r not •■-■^•ortiii!!' I'j.
DcI},Mva, theii.
Di a' hats, hei/oiul.
Di' (lal'.okh, turnips.
Didi, <li' adf', there, close hij.
Die', onlij, hut, e.rei pt.
Di cl, di el J4will, across, on the other siile.
Do' kwi liiitl, Xo kui mail, //«■ Slaijit name
.far a principal mi/lholoiiinil character,
familiar also to the Xiskmilli.
Dote', ijou, !/oii the;- (aililresscd to a mi n).
Do-tish'i-ha, //..|, there (to a man. nilh re-
spect).
Dotsi, i;on, ip)H there (ailflresseil to ,. n ■i>-'.'n).
Dii^kussod, to liool; or fasten {as u -■ ,;.
DiiK we, thou, ijnu (siiij,'. '.
Dii ir.vcl, /^l()r/./»V.
Diik .' k"!; -aiil, i , iripe the nose.
Dti ■ '.ikhw'. >. , rt'hqi hraih.
Dm I'lio, as .;;t: i;l:: , one.
Dzaa'c'iij, tli' rijht hand.
tl'
L>SO
(1
Di'.i' ;i ;;\Mil, III »■"'■'.■ ("A' " o'liilli).
l)/.;i' (lis. //(« ^r//(.
1>/.;| llii' Ic nwilt, In till' riiilil.
1>Z;|' k;l-;:\\ il, In Ivun.
|)z.l'.' ^'«it, Ihr lariir hnniiirlr.
I)/.;i! kiis. /(» /)/(•» «(■<■(■ III /'"/.
I)/„i' shid. i|illll.) (1/a sIlM slild, Ihrf'iol. ' .1
|)/./.M'Mi!'.T/i' Im.'lill .I/.'' iHi. lir.U lomiio.,. I <i"ll. Jl^v.Ul. 0/ or In loiujiiu. In.
(lilt Ic' till, (I SIHIJIIIll ill till ,tl>'l-
(iwii' iliikw , (( //ii>';i.
(iwn Ic' iil>« , "VI '•(.«.
(icil, ;:nll. UWUtl, nj'nr Inlnmiiiiij tn.
(iiikli liai!. ;;iikli Ih'iI, niistnniii {as -i Imir),
iinticil, Innnf.
(iiikkdt sul (lilh; ('•. ti ■4ilk\ In ni>iii.
Ciiik sliiil>. npi ii (imp.).
(iiil. K" "1 liiiiMiiiii;,' imkiiitwii!.
I)/.i» kwusli iiil>, till- liili .
D/.o'lak, « ilhliijr.
D/.nl cliii, minx, surf.
l)/il(l (liik-lcil f.l. //(( ci-niili- xtiik or inil.ir.
Dziikli' l/ut, tn iiinrc. iiinb mnni.
D/.ilkii liwilils, oil Zlikliw, /() null (iis siinir).
("1 W.ll . II III).
CwiU rlltl f \i\\.i\ Ki) ; irhn I'.ii- ijnu f
(ivvisli ills, /(»s7(7 lininl.
II i<tnlli-.
K.
^,.^,,^^^^^.^^, „,„„,,, ,.;uis.tnll..s.t;wi.ii,n.., .,//,,«,.,/.
I)/nk-kml,.lzn k.,i,^/,<' ..<-.»'/ ../•"•/.///m,o,., ' < '.smI 1 ,,1.....,,.,- unkMuuiP.
«iu ils!i'-;;«ilsii. /o iiinn J'oin iilmr In jilnn:
(iwildbi'liu'. l;\\ mi \<r' liwiils. ///( iliiilniiii
iinil rliic.
(iuini' ili'i. .•// (iiup.).
(iwiiliiil'. In Lill, ifniiiiil, ulriki:
(iuni If'-cliid (iiHMiiiiit; 110I MiKlfrsimul).
(iwiis soli', (I sii(riisof<jnisn,arnii>si tlnnul.
("■Willi, ;:iltl, ni'll, <;/'()»■ hcliw'iiiiij In.
dwiil' cliiii, Uinl; fni\ mik ;iiiip.).
(iwutl .-.li:!!. / iiii.ss {it iiiiul.).
1; liali z! iliM, II liiacli.
!■; li:isii. In iciilL.
I',' liii iiasli, nil flint.
I','-li;l(s. f' units, iiriiiiililiihi.
!'.' Iiili, 1' pip. f' iniiii. In ciijiiilnli .
i.'-iiil;i, (I _/(.>/( Ill if, nixn iim if tin cnll.ililln
liiill,\ .\o (lllllll.
V, (■', (■ »'kii', //(.s.
If.
Ivliuiilkiilt. rliuiil l.uali, " '"','/ nr luirlinr.
I''.k'kt', ik'ki (a parlu'l.' of iiicicasc). | \].\ nUw', In/ ami hjl.
1;' k will, «•' kwi'.l, In iripr. ilail dull, s'liad dull, xummer.
K' la cliid, to iiidl Ihr Imir. Had,-. Iia' liiids, a .'<iiiviis if ilaiii, liitrinia.
K'laliail. hnriiir nr nliji if niiiiHiiiiii. tin Mad- kiis, /oik/ hils"/.
Iinri;nii.
V.' lak, till' .slirii if a niiini .
I',' lip|-si(i, till' niillit III a ririr.
!•;' Inks. (■' la llll>, Ihr mil nr iiniiit if aiiii
till ml.
I"/- si all, nil i.iiirissinii if Jlnlti rii ; •'.'/'■'>
chiif".
i:s kfi'a liu. ski'l, till mil' nnnii.
Hskli kos' liiiii. iniiiiins.s fir Ihittiiiiiiij Hi' II. 1 Ic', ha iikli'. aliri.
Imtil, Iia li'kw', (( Kiiiinii.
'•:. ini'i'-lili. as Im'I' hr, .'.ift,l>liiilili. liinhir. Hal ;^w,i' ; .|il. .-//'■, ■"In ivltn.
Ivs pak, (I l>iiii.t irltli ritrailnlf in skill. Map a-lifd, llir nraUn)i.
f'slilkli' a liil. ilark nf I if iiini.<l ((/'«//«■ niil\. Hall, iinnil. iilml, jilni.'nil.
I'.t
1 1, id zai' \li! sid, " /""(; rliiii.
Hail zuii, till kamaa mnt.siii.illii isiiilmla,
II, li. iiinlKjIi, stiij) (irlaii lirlpiil lajnnil).
11 ,1 «'t' la. aiill'la. mini ipiirk, liiirri/.
Halo' liv^a. Iiw.ii 11. 'I. /'.'/■
Il.ii uk' I'l, II II irk, III im ijn.
llai scl. Iirnki II ills a linrsi).
Ha kill clilll, n .■spirits if lliixth .
; {■
290
ilall Ivii'cliis ; i\n. ijiiitil iitilvrtd.
Iliill' lid, liiollirrui hiir Id It iiiitn {IIh' iri/i-
liriiiii).
IIiils, hill, Idiif/,
Jliitsabc <l;ili, nhiii Iriijiliitis.
I i ' -I'i'l. 'o iiirrrii.
II. ' !(l, r( sjiniis of slrauhntji.
Ilaii \ th( In niiilcrith.
II:i wet' .>;i, tlic .slnnr vriih.
lie' ;i Kcil, lit >i(r(iUh llif lioiil.
I If a' .--li 11(1, ///(';(/, I/'"' {III/ luif mint Uxtiuilhir).
lie' hid, ti) SI nilili.
Ill d'dii ,\ a, ii'i'i r.
Ilfd 111, a lied la, iiiflKijis [imiiJijiiuj ilisJii-
Hii).
Ilckli'ka'bats siikli ]ial.^', sjnial Ihniul.
lick liul)', iin did:
ilokli pal' .vultsli, (( /((/•//(■ (//,v/i or iilatc.
lU'kw, /((/•//('.
II(' K\v<'tl,"cfy/.
lie' kvvctsd jil' /.,i, II ii'l lilmiLi't.
lie kwcl'-liilsli, nilliiiinil.
llcliw j;\vil(l(', It iiiiilr.
lli'ku s"li(i'-,\ all, iliiir {ill iiiiir).
Ill'' jail, lalit, .s(( (imp.).
Ili's-ko, lliiiiiL'.s (ii.snl III/ iciiiiiiin to niiiit).
Wfls, law.
Ilt'lsil, for xliitme.
lli''-\vil, lu''\vH la, Ihijoiu (imp ), ;yo <*/(, (as
with 11 xlory).
Ilc-iik' iiMa, (» kill' la, Id tlunil; mir.
Ili'|iaiklill', li'piii'it'^1 (hiijini culur, tinija.
Ilitot-sa, lilinl:, iliuk blur iir <irini, iliirL-
ailiirnl.
Ili((i( sa lit' /.I, <i ilink hUinhil.
ll.i liai' IK .sill, III jiiiul.
Ill)' l)(il, tliriiic Dill (imp.), hiiil Dill {(IS « III-
iiiir).
llii'lti'l, lio'-lu'Iu, slop lalkinij.
Hull!, (( iiiiiliUi'.
lliih-ti, llwash.
Ilit-liKli-tikobri, till' ri ntriil Jills dI'ii lisli.
IIcmI, liot, /lie.
lloil-i;i'', llnii-iii''. (( miitliiiloiiiial pi rsDHiuje.
llu'-di, s'lio' di, //((' iDiiil-jisli, cdIIus, Ike
PIciiidcK.
]\i< link sill, /<) liijlii {lis (I nnnlli). .
Ilu (-ll), til mill.
IIii' i, iiDiiilhi/r.
I In kukw, irliili:
IIo kOli, ilolliir, siln):
link ko lit' z:i, II irliitr hlniilrf.
lli>k k'liap, tlir hill, iiu llic hip.
Ilukwaikliu', iniht him-.
Ill) kwiUs, jiilliiir or lii)ht ijrrni.
Ill) kwuts, frifihti-ncil. a/raiil.
Ilt)k\vt.''lisli, smui;r,J'i«j.
1 Icil, iiiliri:
III.' la, lioo'la, 111)' lu.s, 111) liiklil', if, pir-
hdjis.
Ili)t, llud, _/(■/•('.
Hot hot, .S7;(7//i (iiin).).
llotl, thr liirf/rr (Iniliiliiim shrlh.
II()-ti/l'si)liiini, /(( .shiHit {irith ijini or liiiir).
ilotsli, roiii/h icatir.
IIi)'-j il, to hccoiiii', to iiroir lihr.
no-M)kli, lio-.vnkliw', .slop, jininh (imp.).
Ilo-vfit, (/() (imp.).
Iiu, liwii, a .siifiix di'iiDtiiig lucalit.v.
Ilflbdil' ild, the iriiiiih.
I Ill-Ill)' sill. () po' Slid, /() throir, to nmt,
1 1 II clia' iiwopud, (/ irhip.
III! I'lii' a klld, //(( liiriir siit-miissrl.
IIii rliil pi'' t,Mviid, (( iiinisrri ir.
lliiddi- KVV(';:'sali', ii " ilittii-lioi/^\
lliid di'-liii. liud ili'kliu', //(, ivilhin.
Iliulili'Id. (,)ii. /;.;•.
lliul'-di), //((■ huinphticLi'l suhiioii, S. proli ii,s.
Hud »<li'iil'l)iil, (( unoicshiii:
Hud zadiiiit, the hiniiuii xkiii.
Ilii ida'litld, to cnol;.
llnlili liiid, to lush or luie with a rnril.
lluk-ki'il, liiikki;' ml, to piil; up irilh longs,
lie.
llii-ko kt'il. the crown of thr hiinl.
Iliik-kotsiil, I'orcrol, irilh thr lid on,
link sill- tlril', II slrinij or conl.
1 liikkwas so lil-za, u i/ran lilnnbi.
Ilii-kwa.s'siid, (( lowil.
Hu-k\vi''ii-ki)d, (( (•»/).
Ilii-kwul Irt.sli', the (•()(■ ofcrnh.s.
lliillai-iiiit .sill, '(()•(/(• .storiiyi'liatilctt.
291
IIiiMitCsitl, a sprcii'sof fimivis unnl I'tir ifl
jXlilll.
lliil Ifl' (l(>|if'il, tlirtla:)!- of (t lioii.sr.
IIiil lo-a'st'd, lull \v;i' si'd, it hid or Iml-
pliire ill a Inilr}!'.
lliil to iiiiil.s', liuiil li iii:ils|i, (I iimi.
1 1 111 (ii-l)()-lit zii, II irliilr lililiil.i't.
I ill II lie', IIo(l(l( ', 1 1 Willi lie', (I iinitliiiloiilnil
cliiinifli r.
Iliip liiiii. till' iiniiinil ijnijii; {'iilnr of iiiiiisr
liiiii).
lliisli k()s, lii/lit liliii' cliith or JlinDiiI.
Iliiskui (liik'-kf (incaiiiiitr iiiikiiowti).
Hiitcli, till' irill, irii<li,oiiiiiioii, iiiiiiil.
Hull, lihr ill ajiiiniriiiiir.
Ilut la' li'kw, to such-, to riiisr n lili^tir hij
Kiictinii.
Ilutld, hitti-il.
llati pa l(i! kwid, tlir iimlrr iiicllii.
Ilnl'-lufiwiil l(''-j(wiiil (liil). II jionlliiinioiir
ihihl.
Iliit sc' hip id, (( nitiliUe.
Hiits^o-siid, soup.
lliil sliii' lohid, ,s'liiid-slia'-l)('d,y'<»()/ 7i(/((/.s.
iriilsli kla'lus, tluii/ihalls.
Hills liiiis;its, //((' irilil iiiriuiiiini.
Hilt tills, hliiiL-, or (Mill iliirk color.
Hiittiit la])', a tirocUjinl kiiifi:
Hu'-yt'-lo. to bivomc, to l/c cliiiiiin'il or tniiix-
foriiiril.
H wai'-o, liaio' Inva, ///('.v.
Hwai'yii, tin l.iiiTpiiii.
Hwal'it it, to miorc, to jiiirr.
Hwas, sali\va>', if.
Hwats'l lia', till' insiilc of tin: tliiijli.
II wall, (( pilloir.
Hwc', no.
Hwi' ako, mnc-ijrass.
Hwc i! kwus'-suh, to liniuj niu's srf.
Hwc'clii-dOp, to jiloiigli.
Hwc' kil-Hii, to rii'i itijninst inn/ our.
Hwc'kwa-di, thnmhr ; also tlir Tlnniilir
Biril, irhiKsr iriiii/x irrntc tin' xoiiiul.
riwc'-kwi biikli' liwa' clii, tlir Liiiu'Lli's.
Hwc' k\vi-c'ii!c, ///(' I'lihy'-uri'Iiiii; s'litiHo.
H w'l laiiwild, thirnrtx of It niiior.
Hwc' lad i. till' rhnhx.
Hwiiikli' kwi ckw', kwicKw'. it siiil.ii\s
"/)((/)« ■', (I tliimhU .
H wit: liwii iiickliw, it hdhi/ hoiisi .
Hwotskiis, xliinjip iiiti'l.
Hvvuli laid, tliroir, put (imp.).
llwild /iiks, liwild.sks, shttrp poiiiti'it.
Hwiil, to, irith.
11 will liw III kol; sliid, to mill'' o fool of oiu'n
srij.
H w Ills, .sliiirp I'llijiil.
Hwidtiiiialsli, liiil t(i nifils, it ijiin.
Hwutsli, tlir srii.
Ihvul tiini, (( irliitr tinni.
Hwiiiiiic'. Sec " Hiimic'".
H wilt liw ulli, loiLvr {Its It ilrrss).
H wilt I, to hri'itl:, to srjKirntr. Srr iilso
'•('oiiii'", " /•;((/■', I'ltrt II.
II wilt I'.'Islit, to liri'iil: (lis II slirl,),
1 1 w nil iiiailiiii, ^1 iiistrntr.
Ilwiil scil-tid t(i p(.| t"d. tiiLi' ill sitil (imp.).
II wilt sosatclii, tlir pitliii of tlir loiinl.
Hw lit Ml tell, 'lir jiosti riors.
I.
I h.lsll, to sinll upon II iriiilKIII lit uiijhl.
Ikli clic-^wa'siili, /(( titUr it iril'r.
Ikli Imp' a-Kwa, t'liiip-a f,'wa'-,siid, to fold up
(IIS It hliliihrt).
Ikli-o' .viis, as ho' yiis, to sliiiiiini r,stiiiiiiiii'r-
inij.
Iklipc'-liis, II lliiltiiiiil licad.
Ik' ki, ck kc, a particle of increase.
II chiikli', hiilfiin iiiiinitili/).
II Iiwatl, (I pitrt of luiijtliinij.
II liikli, half (in liiii/tli].
Isdat, asdal, midiiiiihl.
Isli' i lia, an iiitci jcetioii dciiotiii;; con-
tent.
Issa', an interjection of iinpal Icnce.
Is' slii, riyi//, {i\{\. hrsidi's, toiirtlirr iritli).
Is slii lie', vrnj, a stroiifj assescralioii.
I.stut lilkli', Inxt niijht.
It In^r wilts, tlir iiiiildli' {of li ii;i'li).
It sa' li irittiili, toti'il ours ilniimn.
i !
.'li.
L'lrj
.1.
• I;iil ."-lull, (( mil, III! I .
.loll id, (/((/(■ iif (t (lull, llii thiijli.
.lukli. iniiiiil.
.Ill/,' Wii, Zii;;' \\,t, Ji ii/lil.-i, nunisli IS.
K.
K I. )iiiiiiii (llii' |iliiiiil .•^i'^ii).
K.i' 1):U, II ijirl mil l/rliniirnl ul jinhi iti/.
Kill) IIimI. Ill IiiIiI.
i\;i iliii' \ II, llir liiiii 1/ tililnl iiit, liiiitiniiil.
K.iil' liM, llir iiliililli.
K;ul /:iUli', kiiil /iiUli', nilniih.
\\A;i\\,\V\i\\, Jlii-i.
ivi ll.ll 1,1 llll. Ii/llll, lllillll/ lillKs.
K.I hill -Willi' [ill. U'kul ;,'\viiii llll, till' cast,
tlir niiiiilii/ oil tlir >^ilii'.s iiiitil in lliculst.
K;i liDS, k;l 111)' sill. II I hill.
K:li ll.', II I'liill.
K:iiUli«. sliiiikli, ijiiiiiil. till- iiiliiiiir. nii
sliiil III.
K.ll uUll U« :l, llir mil;.
K iIJi' |iii. Um ]>"' lints, Inr.i I )nil.-< iiiul Iniyh.
Kii' kaiii, xnlt.
Kikliw, kiikii hwilts, iiiili iiiijili iiml tilt.
K,i' ii'l rili. Ihr hit liiliiit.
K;i' lull, kii'-iiis. //((■ ijli:
Kal siiiil. tlir I. ft foot.
kills, till- silii jtiiiri r runt.
K.I 111, i' III, //((■ sin-xiiiiit.
Kii >!•'. iinclr on litliif .M'.'r irliilc the jiiiiiiit
is tiriiiij.
Kills a" j;' Wilts, npinru.
Kail' its, (( liinirliliiiil;.
Kaiikli, till, till ii-iiii-.
K.I will), /> hiiirl lu: II irol/iir lUnj.
Kr' a kiilkli, lirrriiiii-ror.
Kc' iliai, iifoiiiiilmoxs.
Ki' kai' \itks, triilliiiij Urn J'nr lisliiiif/.
Kckli-liii, kaikliw, iiiliiinl, iii>-st"iiiin.
Krk li I'Isk, (( iimni' .similnr to Imrki ij or
hnmlii.
Kr' ki> wilts, till- iirilsitho)iprr.
Kil, kill, ^iil (iiicaiiiiiK iiiikiiowii),
K'' lal), kf' loliit, (( i-iinoi- [gv\w\'w).
Kelt, till- sl:\iiil,i-iihliii(ji\
Ivc pDtl. (( stniif iiinrtiir or iiutnti.
Ki'S, tlir hiijliist or I'liiir jioiiit in ilirr.
Ki'tlic cliaili', ijroiinil iiiiir, vnijiini) ir'r-
i/nrn.
Kctsli, ili'iir in price.
Kciik 111 sliid, to holihlc or Jitter {ns <i
liorsi j.
Kf ya', hr^ttlr.
Kc' \a, (( iiriiiiiliiiotlii r or iimit mint.
Ki- \ii|) lull, i)-ki lip, /') tiiklr.
Kli'ali, Uiiirij.
K'lio'liil liclts, iriiitr lutililrs.
Kik (l/.o'liap, till- ijiirroir.
Kla' liails, II l-iirii,s.s.
Kla liat' sub, to rros.i oni's .SI l/\ .\ii/n iritli the
cross.
Kla'-fliiili, liriiii; lire iroiiil (imp.).
Kla' ilap, til lii'il. i/irc to int.
K'a' di' I'l' li, iniili r Inircs of hiilhnns plnntu,
Kla' (li, (( Jiillin trie.
Klii'-;;witsali, to striji om's silt'.
Kla liai' lalliis, tin creninij stiir.
Klai, '( sliorel nose or Ininlen cnniic.
Kla'-kwii, //// nnil hi/.
Kiakli. (/((/■/,■, niiilit.
Klakliw, lis llakliw, to i/roir Inrije.
Kia'kwa Ickw, to tick.
Klakw' till, <l iiiiit-ni eille.
Klal, klallias (iiicaiiini; iiiikiiDWii).
Kla' lail, kla lad kli, jiresentli/. soon.
Kla' lap, klalliip, the tomjue.
Kla'lalsa' 111, n-n>t (iiii|t.),
Klal) l)i \ iikli, leeiiniil.
Kla'lrl, tn Innil. cnnie to Ininl.
Kial-fjwiis, iiiiitni.
Klal'lck .sliul), to jint out the tonijur.
Klap, to hiile, Cliche inn/thinij.
Kla-pi)k, of ti moon.
Klat'sii|ipud, (( liHclde, belt.
Klatcli, thelielly.
Klaiit. klo wilt, nrir, fresh,
Kk'h' 1)11(1, tsiili'-hcd, (( .spoon.
KIo-1)cm1s, on one siile.
Klc' cli'iii, (( iviiisel.
Kl(>-cliil'-k('(liili, to cut the hair.
if!
-".•:
KlfilaU, .//•/(('/((/ liiif.
\\U (l;l|t. liillHiiil liiii.k.
KIcil r ell, (f l:i niiiililiioililt'.
Klf-ditl. linl.
KIcd' ;i\vil(l. IJisl till, ci roji):
KIc jitflii, sliiiij) uliiiil.
KIckli (i:if:liiili^' iliikliitwn).
\\ I'Uua.' Iu>ii, Id ciitch lilt [ii.s ((/I (( !!«i>ii
Ivlcklivv , ;is McUliu, lliicr. j
\\\f Uuiiil. <(// iniii /mil liiiiil:. .
\\\i-:' ;^vviil •^\\l\\. II i'liil-. ItiioL.s ami ril'S. I
Kli'lUli, ^| f"i'/i iiaiilt, j
Ivli'l' l;i ;,'\nil), hriiiii Jill \iiii|i.).
I\li'lls, III liiiiul III. Ill I'li. j
l\lclll llWf' 1.1, llllil.
Kli'p: Klip, /.'i' I'.i' I'lit^. li'K'ilii, iiiiil'i'-
KIctI pikvv, (( intiiiiiirs ilri.s.i {iinnlirii).
Klftiiil. Ill jiiiiL [us iritli II iiiii).
Ivii' 111,' w ml, (( liiililiiil hiiiil: (';/' irn'nl).
Kli' .\ III (iiKMiiiliji' iiiiUimuii).
1\1 lie' lil>ll, stnilil, stilild iiji (Imp.).
I\l li'ls. kl IidI .-^iils. rniiilirnii mill rim.
I\l li will .--III >. slinili iif rrriiirnii limlJi'
lirrri/.
Kl* livvMi', III'' iriiihr siihiiuii^ S. niiirn.
Klikwa' 111.--, Ill simii (im u iluul .s:iil, Innih
iiifl).
Kli|i'pU(l, the ciiihislii.s.
Ivlip, tlip. iNVv '• Ivli'p".
Klit U-'ii liilliiks, kill' a In! Inks, Imni.i.
Krkil litl, II Liliiiil.s slirl,-, II stirl; fur iliiiijiiuj
liiiitu, (t'l'.
I\l kwap siili-tiil), clil kwiip siili, to iluil.r,
slninijlr.
Klo, tlo, kill, till, prclix (li-niitiiij; ilif tiilii'c.
Kidli. tluli, iimiil, lii/lil, irill.
Kl:iU as i^' ta, it in i/iioil, l/oml Sit.
Kiiili u t.i', //"// /•■ lii/lil.
KIdh ol) klol), iioiiil iiiititnil.
Klol) kat silal)!, Uml; nut, tiikv ran:.
Klo ImiIi, to hunt.
Kill' liic'il, iiiitnivs, falliiuj Ktiii-K.
Klo' liwiil. inniujli.
Kiokliklokli, ojisti'i-M.
Kill ku all, the aiiii.
Kill kwt'ls bill, Ihr uLin i>/ a l/tilii ur liilnr.
Kiiip, siiiirisr.
Kin' sill, a iiiiiiiliii'iii r, (I liiiul iiir a ijnii.
Kliits ali'kvx', III tir
Kill \\ il alp', /" ijalhi]).
Kl" pal', till liiimi^ oil li'ml.ils.
Kill, till. Sii '• Kin".
Kink iiil. klukli kii. Iiiinl III- utiiiiiii, mil
Uiitlli .
Kink sliiil, liniir, an mlil .v/d'' <■'■ slm l.iini.
K liil ilnkliw', iiiiiiiiili.
Kllll-., kllll' si'l, kllllls, .s7i-/) tilniiiilur iiiiiii<)l
(imp.).
KInp, /( hid
Kliitl Ir di-' K al, .M/'/s.
Kii, null i\ </. ''. ill I'm I 1 1 ■
Kit' liai, .skii' lial. '1 iliiji.
Kn liali sliiil, ku Im'li >liiil, //((■ iiiihlr.
Ko li.il' il, I'll " " .
Ivnii.ll' sliiil. ko 111,11 --liin. II iiiiiiliiiir.
Kllll liuiil l.i' li.i'l, ku liukh uiil slinl. III!'
vlliiiir.
Ku li\\.i' (111, ku liuai' ill', till mills.
K.U kal (■' k« II, I- ijiiiliili'ii
'■ Ku las'-taii, lliisiirii ■ In rni.
, Ku lalsli', to liil.i miiall lisli irilli a inhi:
Kllll cliiils, mliiiliia iiiiimviii.
\ Ku iiiati' kcil, (( ilnii's liiiir liliiiii.il.
Kuu'ilak. (<,>ll ) III ijiri II liiisl.
Ivu' pri la, //(( niillisli.
Kut, (/ Hint II/ Jliit inxlii.s.
Kills a ilits, III A/.s.s.
K"pii' sinl, III iliilliii llii Ill-nil.
K's-.si" (1, a jiiiijiiiiai'.
K'.siik lal k'scl' rlii, nails II/ /iiiiji'rs iiml tms.
1^11 ila' (liiilns kn ila') i iiiimiiiii;,' iml
kiiiiw II I.
Kilk'li, ililir hiiilliii- (hi/ a man).
Kill, kcl, ^;iil (iiii'aiiiii;; niikiiuwii).
Kn hilar' liii, liraxs.
Kiilkli, sniiiiiiii nil:
Kalla' k,l lilil, //'* sill lis III' ri nslariaiis.
Kill la' li;,'" 111, '" "" ''./■'•
Kill lull', liail. iriil.iil. riiimis.
Kill sill, III iiiiik irilli hill stiiniH.
i\iilts !•' Iiii, ijil n)i (imp.).
Klip In.sli, (( ulinnj sliiil, a limilnl xlui.
'.i.
■A
^li
t !
L".)-}
K w ;iil, II iHiisiinitii.
Ivwiul lllll--ll, In lill.i hurl: (<( inisoil).
K«;i lie' a k wals, nil/iiiiiroinl^ iiaiiitlus.
K u ail'li, (( iiK usiiiii .
Ivwa'lsn lat' liii. u hniss l.itil,.
Ivwa' Kwilcli, /( hiiikill; ; iiIsd tin roiixlrllit-
Hon 1,'i.sa Miijiir.
Kuai'hii, <( l(tiiiliiii/iiil I'm- fish.
Kwai i Im)( li, cdjiw (ixhnrc (iiii|i.).
I'wuai' ikhl, to Kcnil (iiii! an an irnniil.
Kw ai' liillsli, hurl,- hii.sl.rl.t ur sinhs.
l\\\aU \va stai iiiiiilili,f(.'((//H/u((.v nicv o/jiiy-
mils.
K\\al, niKilail.
Ivwa I, tdiiir,
\\\\:i' lill'li. /(//(■//, i/iiiii.
Kwa' li IIS, kwal' .vii-!, mi nilzi:
Iv walls, hiiil (iiii|i.).
Ivwas' lid lir /.a, (( (jDiil's iriiiil lilihi! li.
Kwashil. Ill aiinit.
Ivwas'ill sliid, ///(■ jitiiiiirli.
Kualld, ^) lliroir lUiwn, tliniir diCai/.
Kua' Inn. skwa' (ml, a niousc.
ivuaii SI' Ills, //(( liipiii.
Kuc' ad, /(( ulnmt, rail to iiiti/ our.
I\\vc' a kwc', lirnil.i.
Kwi ' ( lijd, In x/)/// iqii 11^ to liinst.
\\n I'd, /(()((• miiiii/ .'
Kucd. kucdl, //((■ /;((((■(/.
J<\vi'd i fjwiis, III icr<:>itli:
Kvvc-kwa dc'ii kwiits, the aspv:i,
Kwc'dcwats, llic tnir rn.sh.
Kui'' kwi ic, //((■ ,vA■((^• {Jhlt).
Km' kwiia, /('(c.
Kwf'kwtilli, ijra.ss, lurhs.
Ivwi' Id' lilsli, (( liiislctt.
I\wi'l|p, roots of trees.
Kwc liikhr li, roiiic (tshorc.
Kwid dii-hai'd clit'd, kwiui diib-ha'ioli. //«
liitnilk' of (iiii/l'iiiiii.
Kwid dat shiids, sIkiI.i lioiuh |iiii|i ),
Kwifkw, liwi iikli' - kwi - ckw'. a soiior's
'•/)((//)(", (( tliimhli:
\\\\\\ la' di. the (VI*-.
Kwisli kuishk.s, mi mrl.
K«i .Mikli', kwijo'k, llu- lulli/.
! Kwnut-did, Lillnl.
' Kwo tail sil, tilt sliiniron.
Ivwcil' Ic rliid, In iiiiiiirli, titroic IClltir on,
, Kwil d.l he' dills, the iloij/riioil, eorini.s.
\ Kwiid (lull l)a' luli, kwid do l)ai'ii chid, the
hmuUe of' mii/lhiii;i.
Kwild/.ab, lieheiis, luos.ses, il'f,
I'Cwiil, coolccil, iloiie.
Kwid la' clii, the stiir fish.
Ivwiil oi'-sid, .siilirn.
Ivwill - lll.^'ti -o, the oiiliihmi, tltiileicUhi/.s
Oreiionn.
Kwid'lnts, ereri/nen hiiehlelterrij.
Kwiisis'-las, //( litis leoji, thus.
Kwiissatid', tliv initiic of a horse.
\,.
L.ilil, laliid'llc', he lali, sie! si e 1,1 (in. p.)
Lal> Im) had, n rest, or iniisteoiil.
La liais' !a. (^>ii. to eome or ijo irithoiil pur-
La lial, sla hal, the (jmiie «/' hmiil, iimiie of'
llish:>.
La-li(id, to stiili.
ImU. hueh, hehiinl (for coinpomids si'c I'ail
I II.)
' r<a ka' lot sid, the knee-pun.
r.akh. tiijht.
La Ic', liil Ic, (iifolher, other.
La Ic' kwiis, anotlier, ili[lerent.
r.a h' itiih, lalc'-il iikliw, /<> alter or
ehmifje.
La-k'l, lain (sec M).fm:
\i\\ Ic' osil, to alter in nppenrmwc.
Laliid' Iiii, iruit (iiii|).).
Lap jicld', to drive dnininls.
Lc lied' elm, ashed' elm, ichat is the mat-
ter icith ijou .'
Lchc' lelliis, //((■ inorniiifi star.
l.ckh' iiii, Ilk ho, short (in ilinieusion),
Lc'-kiidja, tofi,sh with a rahc.
Ld, III, laid," lain, /((>•.
Lclc' yi-was, the eonstellation Orion.
Lclsliiidst, the hoivsinan if a eanoe,
Li'l' tsiil, Iil'-t.sii(, morefarther, heoff(\ti)[).),
Lct-iisbuUbw', the antumn.
n
Lit. l.'l, la lit. la Id,. /•<!»•.
Lil tMit, li'l tMit. hf <(/,'■ (im|>.).
l.ilkwi, i( iriiiiiliii ili.sli III- iilitlr
l.iil, a particU' (Ifimliiijt (liit'ctiiiii.
l,itltl/i' liii, Ix/iirc, go iiiforr.
I,itl lak. litl f' lak, //(«•'., 'j" Urhind.
lat'lfl <;\viil, <( littk iniji ".//'.
liitl ti (hi;;'\vitsli, routi'l the i>:iilillf.
1,0' f^VVIlS. (/ Clipf III' I'lotlk.
Ld'-liill. old (ol |Tt'rson.s>.
Lot ill, '" ,'/'■""" l(tr<n:
Liiil liii tliail liii, irlin-r iioir ?
lain \Mil>, (I i/iiutli, yoitnij mini.
laikli, thr rilis.
laikli' sliid, (I torili of (■(tiidlr.
laik wai, (i ili.sh of stiiiio or inirhny.
laik kwat lad, to ihirc (uiiiikiIs.
1,11k wuil, tiike/oo'l (mi|'.).
I. Ill Ic', la-li'', dijjrrnit, o/lur, (iinilluf.
I,\il wa'sfd. 1ml loa' sfd, a hid, Ixd pUui- in
(( lodijr,
M.
Ma' fliiii, l>,i' <lii<l, llic l<:sticlr.i,
Mai ct^, " liiick <'lk-
Mil k\v( ba k'viili, n jiri'irii , mindmr.
Ma' ko, lia' kii, xninr.
Man, l)ad,_/''(^/«»- (used by liotli scxis).
Ma pot, iiifdin.
Mat. iiIkc mitdr 0/ Jisli skins.
M'dali, to (jiir liirlli, bruojfotlh
Mf' ta la, sine' tali, (/ (jmnc o/dirr.
Mi man, di' bad, small, a child.
Mi.sli,bisli,siillix iiit'aiiiiig"iu(ii)ie", a''''"
to local iia:iu'.
Mit clii lo' la, thf out.
Miiikli, aiiUix dfiiotiii;; locality.
Miik'li\v,./W^ (of a person).
.Milk kv\ai liii, Im-ijr round, staiit.
.Milk kwc' {^vva do. (I prniinihrii.
Milk kwct' sa, to carry on the .sliouidcr.
Muk s'li, thr nosi'.
.Miitst't.^' dalctl, n rdrirli/ of sinilo.r
Mukw, liokw, all.
N
Na' ;;wa bet, on viho.
2>a'liatl, rt sea otter.
N.it la' lull, sunsrt.
N'clia Imkli, Olid, IKK tiinr.
N'llii liii da'), to ironn the iiostn iom.
Net' iliil, /'.' ilintdliiim, '• iromiium ".
N'^jwiit chid, to ihiise.
So kucd. on i)i>» (irrior hrod.
No k«i liiakld. l»o k\\i biill,//i('iV/.(ij;ir inimc
for till iiiiniipolsnpirnotuio'.lninii.
N'>la' Ickvv. to tub II H-ii'r.
0.
() ad /.I kad, to turn oniitliinij round or orir.
() ,iid' liil, o cd liii, to Jiiid.
O-akli ho, to dill cliinii, to 1 loni.
at a bud, o a' la bud, to die (iiM-d ol pc-
soiis only).
atld, o iilld, to nit.
{) l).ii>' hub, o liais ho bil, to nien>,truate the
JirsI time.
lial bil, to ini.r, to mistake one for anolhi r.
be' ad<nail'Mil, /" sair [as in 11 lumber-
mill).
() be dali, to ijire hirth.
Obet lil, to /iol'lin OS iinase, milt.
(» bet lalckrt', to ijrind tos in a mill).
Obs cliil;; \\n>h, to toLe o irifi.
( ) bud chub, to lie.
Obiil .sliiis, to lint diorn, laij doirn.
O-clia' a chatl, /" /'/«'.'/. omu.ye one's .>ielf.
()-cli,ili. 11 cliali, to dii .
< )-clliid, to hidr.
( ) chad dub. to tn ni'de.
( ) elia' liuiid Md, to irhi/i.
Oclia' |>ab. .sfH//', // (•< siiiir.
Oclio'ba, as chub ba, to enrrij.
( > cliokvv, /') ent.
(Jchil;j hull, the fionorrhieii.
1 link' wiib, lo sink in, he mind.
()cliut-i>lii (iiieaiiiii},' iiiikuowu).
da' at sid, to ijirr a nainr.
Odab, to Older, lommnud.
C)i\ liii kwakw, to abort hij riidenee.
Od liil! kil (latsh, to eot e.nremenl.
Od hut' zo sub, to idiii k nut thr hilir.
Oilhwc' cliil'-, to siratrh thi fiiei .
(iod kub, it is had leeathrr.
L'itC)
^'
I I
;': i I
f\
i 1
H
Mi-
Oilil;; \\.i'ImI>, ^/c iiiiihlh <>/ li ikjIIi^ hull'
II III).
Odilj,' wil.^li, (I (l:i' ;;\Ml>li. t/ir iiiiilillt nj
iriillh.
(> ilii;; «l|s, In jiKt iiili) {im iiiln H Imirl/.
<) link cIim' l.i ;ili, Id /'iiIIdic <ir jiiirniif.
* M /a' Im iiw il, /ii Inn It.
( )il /.iMiw', ^( /)/(>*(• iliiivii,
< )(l /.iikliw, /ii nil It.
Oil /,,(' kwiil, /i) ifiiirn-, roil,-, ••Inlir'',
{ ((I /.;il lali, hi Insr Ihi iril'li liliiiulir in aiiiirli.
miller II miHtiikr,
• ) 1 /I'd /!, til rnnrrirr,
( ) il/i',' lull, /(, .v( (■/,■, IdiiI: for.
( M /(■' Ilk ii>l, () isc' a kiul, /<( «(/;//(.
(>.| /.II' hcil, cl /.I)' l)iit. III hlik.
< ) d/ii' livviii, ^) i-iiiiiil.
< >il /.Ilk' kiid, /(( //■/((/ iK.v /( laiil'r 1)11 II stiiiif),
<) !■' .1 kuiid dii|i, In rliilil lip, xirii'ii.
(» (•' l)a-.|i, Id inill:.
( ) (•' lll'l. III Clipillllli .
< > cd' liii, () aid' liii. III liniL
()(' llil, oc'-liiil, III siiiiH siiiiii Ihiiui.
<» I'd i ;,'Uill, as vX I ;;wiit, /(■//((/ /.\ it .' iilin!
is Sllill .'
Of' kii. // in iliiiiiiiij up [iif Iht h-viilhn-).
( ) (■/ ;4U lit, / 1 sill/.
O i-l i ku 111, til (■ ipiihilr.
() (•' liil. Ill .slii'p.
(>;4iiai, III iiiislriiiii. luilii.
O^iiik, o L;iik kiili, III iipcit {iix u iliiiir), In
rliiir lip.
()-,i;i,'-siil, II, till, rrliilr.
() ^'\\a'.', Id iiiisiI.
( > UUa','. Ill i.rpliliil, tinvh, aliiiH' llitic.
< > ^ua' lalt, to i/iipr iir j/nirii.
< ) i;\\('' ^ui, In iissi iiilili:
( ) ^\\( ' lid. In inicnrrr.
<> j^uii' hull, In hnrk (nn n ilnij).
() ;,MViiil' del, In nit, kH up.
«) fiwiil lair, to .sIriLr, inniinl, hill.
<) hall. In surprisr, attiiil; unmriins.
<> hall, u ha' hall, In Hrri>,(o cry k.v an aiii-
null.
< • had.ikh'. In ir.uiu.
( > had (hid. In pu*lt.
< ) had/,' III liid. In pii:i ii\ inlh a Uri r.
< > liai nil. In liiuijh,
() iia' kill liil>, /'* iciml.
() iial, (> li.t' lad, tn inihrniili r, irrilr, ilc.
O li.i'siil), () Invii' sill), In .>inir:r.
() hall, In liirr, lih'r, winh, ininl.
() he:!, \vi» lll'l, ('•////, irliiil is Ihr innltir.'
( ) hi' iM-iic; m1, tn prill II I t I lir niu/rij.
() h(^' hud dull, //((■ spriiiij.
<) lirt-sil, to he uni/ri/, In hi- ushii. il,
() ln'lsil n-i. In siilh, In hlush.
( > Iii ctl, /') riiri':h.
<) Intli, o huiili, to ijii.
() ll .'lull silt. In t'litl, limp ilniCil, III limp.
Insi:
Olmd, 1) liwash, In liuni.
() hut h.it, Inxpi'iil;. lull;.
■Oho' kill. iilM'kuiit. In prick lis irilli a
pill.
Oliii' villi. 1) liw o' Mil). Ill liiirlcr,
( > ho' viikh. In linish .
< ) lio'-\ III, In ill.
() hud a iikliw'. I) liri'iiiiir irnriit.
Ohlld d('\lnv. In cnnr iitsiilc.
() hulls, /( bite.
<)hul liisli, to III- jcnlnus.
I ()' iiwi), ()-li\Viikli\v, <jn (imp.).
} () liwa'diitsh, lnihh[,is tlu' tiili).
1 () h\va'-,-<iih, () ha' sail, In siurzc.
<) hw,' I kwits hat, 1 1 hlir.r (us Ihr fin).
() hue' elms. / ( riitnr srrntrU Ihr face.
() liUf'-lnvi, s'liui-' ui, tn ml.
I ) hue' iiwud, /* irhiillr, ,v//(// ns liinh.
< ) Invct, lil (iif iiiiilcars ; iju. Infill nr shunt j.
() li\V('!-s'lia ('hi. Inri'l nr srrnlrh Ihr hiimls.
O-liwci skii iiil. o lnvi'i-.-,ki)-iluli. ,'(( rut nr
srralrh.
<) huii lal. In Insr.
() hwoU, o h(i'), /() (p)
O Invo' yul), () hi) yub, t ) barter, sril, bnij.
Irnili .
() hwuli-hiid, /() Ihrniv ilnirn. Ihrnir inraij.
O liwiitl, tn brrttk.
O huul la' liatl, tn break the arm.
<> hwilll huiill. rhrrkrrnl.
(J liwuU .shild, In brink tin luj.
!.h
•JUT
( Miu III ^, lit iliiiit.
<) hunt >i(l. III Idl.r ii(f'{"x (I hilt).
n liu iit> Kll lull, til iiiill til pliirs,
«) liuiil (lilt, ti) tiiir.
() jills, til uri itliiir.
() jil 11, til tir iiliiil. jiliflsnl, inoilil.
() ka'diili, o kii' (lull, til stiiil.
O kail <lult, o-knd iliih, \\<i U.ni ilut) ukli, In
iiiiirt, miihc lore /•>, lit irilhii irommi.
() ka' y:«iii, oka' ),'\Mit tult, i>k lu' ywud, to
liiliiiilc, sill I r III.
() k.i' liiul, to I'jii II till niiiiilli.
<) ka' kah. d I la' tiali. In tn^tr ••/ siill.
<> ka'lialail, /" Inni.r nr linmhiuj.
Okall', '" ruin [it niins).
< )ka|i o, til iiiilln r nuts.
<) kali, 1) kiikiil, ti> iiinil^in.
O-ka' \va likw. to iln ir.
t) ki'akail. In Imhl.
() ki' hijiwii, /() ijit nil or iiilii {lis II Imrsi
nr ciiiiix ).
Okc'lalal liii. /" ijn iiiinnl {ii.i rniiinl n
liiiii.'-i ).
( ) Ui'l, skt'l, (ill' llii> iii'W II II II III. 1 1 II.).
O kl'llU lit .^lli(l, In IiiiIiIiIl iI lliiiwr.
Ok lie' n\vinl,<ika' !;\val, tn siui r lit, ili iiili .
Okli l.iii. ii' l;iil. iiUlil>liiii. ijn (iMi|i.).
Oklitiisiiid, ((((■/// (imp.).
Okll kus, till ihitnil.
()kl' up. kc-\ lip.lllli, In tiil.ic.
() kl.i'-kwiii !iil >i, In-h.
O-klatfli, /o ' I i-.ii.'.li, imt nut [its ii mil-
dU).
Oklu'eiiid. <iKlfls, to rut.
OkK'I'-lutl. tn piikf (lis till- Jill I, /() jii ill,-.
Oklu^- Willi, (iililnj;-\viill, /i/ Imrr n in r-
snil nr tliiiii] ilittiitiniHtUil.
()-kliik-\vii(l, o fliikw, /(' ihnp, or iliip nil'.
() ku' kwa, tn ilrinli'.
Ok.-i, ak, uk, sninr.
Ok sa' ;,'\vil, In sliilr {as on in).
Okllll' o, tn siirl:, tn siliLlr.
Okuddul), (i-kail (liil), to i.oini, niiihc Inrr
to.
O kiiklil, II kail, to iiiniLin.
U' kul la, lifiik' ul la, to tlmnk.
() kul I. ill. In sinillll.
<) kill kl l.il I lul, ^1 iln nni.
(> kwail ilal.>ll, to tilki lull I. ii ijijt.
() kwa'^walt, .^»((7, ;/i)iii/ to iilt.
() kwai' i, tn/ailv nr irill (as/lmnrs).
(> kWilll), (I kwillll, to rnilst nil II .i(liiL
< ) k\\all.>*, />> />iii/.
< ) kw a^ll, (I liiiil, /(( liiini.
n kwa' tal^li, In iisiriiil [II iiininitiiiii}.
Okw.ill, (ikuiill, tn llirnir II nil ji, I III III II,
linin\ sjiill.
() kwal' .-111 cliud. In SI ml nil il iiiissiiili.
() kwi' 1 1.1 ;i\wl, In III I ilnini.
() kwc chid, In sl.iii nil iininiiil.
() kwcl', () Uwil, tn jiirl.. iis Inrriis.
l)-k\\»'tl, (I kwrllkli, (iiicaiiiiiu' iml ascn
tallied).
(> k\\ i dal'Clii, )i kw id ilat sliild. In Inhr tin
liiitiil, sliithr liiinils.
() kwiid dc' liiul, tn tliiinl; oni:
Ok wild dud, to tiiLc, to intrh, In iinllnr.
(► kwillll. (I kualii. In must on n sliil,-,
O kw 111 ku III, Id sin III.
i) kwiitl. In llnnir iiiriiij, niijilil, jiniir, sjiill.
( > k Willi. /() miss It iniuL.
O kw III' Mill. Ill sliili., lis on ii't',
( > ku UN chid. I^>il. / .niiit.
O 1,1' Int. In HI . In sllliir.
O la' had hii. /" rimllirt.
O l.i' hcl. ,1 la' liil liikh. /.. iliiini.
( ) la lial, ii-la lial lull. /<i ijninlilr.
( > 1.1 1, till' (lit tiiil rush.
Olc'auil. /" /"■ iiiliii, nr sinniilh (nf the
iriltrr].
( ) Icl shid. In rnir.
(» lilkli liwnd, In strihr ivlth II irnllinn, sliih.
( ) 111' 1, In ijn in II nliini:
( ) III; Ua' Ick" , tn sirnllnir.
< > iikll, /<< ijn.
O 11' pil, till liiji.
( ) (>' sil, In din .
Oiil liii.^, II i-iiniii (M.ikali patlcni).
O pai' ak, a rarpnilir, irnrl.ir in iroiiil.
O pa' 111, to ririrr, mini: In ii/'r injnin.
O pall lid, /(,•./■*(/.
O p.id slad, /i< stw.
i;
i (
^i
! r
L'StS
|ii
< ) |)( ' l,l|l, /(( / (,S( , ((.V //(( ,''■>/(.
<) |ii Mo' Ml 1 1, III riiinli.
() |i">' 11 Irkw, III lilinr {<in lli, iriiiil).
<> |iii' I'd, III lilii." {iridi Ihr hiiiilli).
i) |)()' Mill, III! Iiii' s,:!. Ii, tliniir an ii .ftich.
«^•^■., vidl i).
1 ) |iii, III liinih irliiil,
< ) |iuil ililil, III hitri/.
< ) jpiiUw, lo iliif: II ilk ilii- slrmiii.
< > piikh liwiili, lo 'itiiim.
<> |iiil Iiii' t>iit, In Imil.
<> sn' liMil ,-liiil, III .siriii))' {US ivilli a Liii/i }.
< ) Nil' li\\;i, III iiiinalc (if u iiniii}.
O Mili' Iiii, d miK' liwii. liilli/.
<) .Nc' <li kiid, /() iiliisjii r.
O.shil' llll.l. Ill ,hy.
O sliii' hits, II 11)1111 (ifsiipplic:! I ion, '•;</( dvc",
J ). shell /.III, Id I/O nut.
( » .lilt ' iiwi (ult, /() liinr {((I pliiji).
<) sla' \v;i, In iiiiiidlv (if a irniiii(ii).
Oshoh, In hf litrili/, li'tr.
( > --liiikliu', /(* sirtll. IIS II hniinf.
(> sliiik ml. III lif iiji,
< )>liiii hiKli, ^, linn' ihj/ [n.s lnj ililiiiii/ nj
till' ll'lr).
()-sn'liiiil, II I'liiil, In siiii'il.
() siiKli liiill Uucil, In .sliiirr.
() siil|i.tMil, In irliirl (UK iriilcr).
( ) tilt;'-t;l;;wil, Ini/rl ml Iniiiii/lliiiiii (iis ii Inii).
Ola' j,M\il, Iiii ta' -w ii, /« (/< 7 limni, ilisviml.
<) til' liuot. In liillll.
< ) liikli'. In full, ilnip ilnirn.
<) takli' Iiii ;^\vil, in cniii, ciiiirl.
«) l.i' :;im1, '') trluni, In piiy liiul:, i/in- a n-
linii /in SI III.
(> tilt -Mill. /,. Insli hiiil.
< »l iIu'mi \M-1. /„ iiiiiliili:
( ) li' M-klls, ■:iir/.
O-tc'cllil), wii tc'-cliili, In Kiiiiii.
(>tl''tCtlll), /.( /((///((■.
Olc'liii, /() .■^imi (sliiiihiiiij n/ ptn/ili).
(>t lilnii-wiitl, o-klnjiwiitl, In livn,i inrsnii
or Ihiiiij liitniliniiHlli/.
Otliir-iic kwiti. In nnlir, riit::iiiiinil.
(It-liii -pud' (hill. In hivomi iiiiulili/.
() Ihil' kwiih, to /',' i.mijiitt, spill/.
I <> lia' llWliil Mllh. In ililliii, In pniiiiil uiU,
sliihs.
<) tialsh', () lllll>', In pill ilirilij. In pill nil {lis
II hill),
Othi'thili, () ka' kah, /-. tuslr of .suit.
Olla'wil, In nut.
Oljii'.kwilts, In plisli.
()ll.)l riiiih, In ml irilil/mrl.
< Ml-tal), lo ilraini.
<) llllkw, 1) klllk' WimI, /.. limp n> rliip oil'.
<) lliil'cliil, (> kliil' cliil, /„ iirriii.
() Ii.' kiih, () lo will, In spil.
O lot sil, oIoImmI, to sliniil -it!i ijiin m- limr
to hil II niiirt;,
( H saklnv', In I'mlr (us m
< >l '■all-iiii. In liiiiiiiiin-, In /, ,,,/.
() l>al lull, (« iMil tiih, In i/iiiiihlr, hrt.
Oisc' a kiid, oi' /('ilk 11(1, In iiiiijli.
Ot sc' p(» III, III iriiih:
( ) Isc' iik'h, lo siiiiii :r(,is liirriis In tin hnu,!).
Ots ;flll' Ic, In he lint of iruilll (.spiiihiiiij iif
liirsoiis).
(> Isi if'kuid, III piiicli.
tsla' If'kw, to irin at phnj.
Otsiikliw', III ipi out, Iwrniur riiiiiiinislinl
las a lii/lit io-jin), to put out, ritnii/nisli.
Olsiiltiil), o tsal' lull. In (jamlili:
01 sii^' Slid, to ili-irr nails.
Ol-siii hill), In Irickli- (as nakr Jivin the
rorl.s).
OI thits. II J,- not, a liiiii/li'.
Otllotsol, to llr^ In l,,inl.
Otul) sid. In liraiil.
O lii'-dii };ualts, In Imtil a ijun.
Oliid'/cl, to III- ilmrn.
Otllk kill), In net irllil/mii.
0.tiiN'-v;jil, ,1 tut No.slii'd, In sh-ll.-r.
Otils' sill. In III- cnlil.
Olii'.,s|ia shiikw. In nnhrolihr irilh ImnU.
Oliit'sosliid, o Ills sid, /() strlki-.
Olut-uhid, In mil (as a hall).
Ol/.iikhw'. (Iziikh hwalts, to mill (as snow).
Oiilld', ..al>l(l', In cat.
Ovai' lis, In liiaLi; irnrh; In he linsi/.
O-.yt'l'-Miiii, wiyf.t'siiiii. In till, narrate.
0->(/bil, lo die (oin.Jineil in animals).
2W
V
Pad a IumI, |pa lab, jmiI lie !, icl.i ii, i m:
I'ail sti'il, piit^' (li'il, II iiiidlr.
I*a<l' toliis. (uitiniiii.
I'akw, pa' kvMits, n iiii", a l<iii;i fiipi-
I'M \n\\,/'riiiilliiii!iyi( itiiiiiit iniri>i,.\,;iiiiihr
tiiiishi, inirlliliss.
I'at sill) iit.s, (( sliiil ii/dnsKid skins,
I'l' cliiil)', llic irilil i(il,
I'cklil, nulls ii/jiri .
I'l'' liikw, (( siiriiii/ III' inilir.
r«' liil \i\\:u\, liiiiumis I'luiijl iiriiiiiiiii on Inm.
I'('l»'a c'lii, a lint.
I'd' Id ki, tlw spiini/.
I'l ila' lik«, III i>hinl III- snir.
I'ickl, iilumhiiijii.
I'i kals, piikats, mlli a irmul fur sini'Liiiij
sLins.
1*1 (I iiips' pisli, (( lillir III' i.illiiis,
I'lp kol /III I, (( Kiiliiiiiinuli )•.
I'isll pish (i;il;illslii, (( rut.
I'd ai', a jliiiiniU i\
l'«)i'-cliii (i(lii)iii.), lure, i/int ; ciniif Uin'.
I'dk, po'kwiits, fnl Jliiirvfinij rniriiiit n.iil
Imsli.
I'ul ki', SjHiiiish muss.
I'lip sa lia' liat. lloiits ni' a m I ar si inc.
I'o' tuil, (( silil.
rolsdcil, pad sled, (; nirdlc.
I 'lids, III CDiih iinilin/riiiniil.
I'llp'|i k('-,\ t'Is. Ilic iliiijiruiiil, riirniis.
I'lil lu'il, pad a lied, »■/(('/(. ()•((•.
Sa-filsliid, ///(' tins.
Sad'diili, sininiicr.
Sad' x.iip. lull, liniij.
Ma'lia pill, sii|)liiili, till' niil.lc,
Haikli. the iiniirir.
Sakli' lid, rliniis, iniis.sils, df
Sakliii, suk'wii, lnjli/.
Sa'dvO, W;!/ W('^/l(.'/'(.Spdkcll ll.\ lllltll SCXI'S).
Sakli-liiiiii. (( iliiiirr.
SaUliliiiiii all Iiii, <i pliur nf ilaminij.
Sa'lap, llir tltiijlt.
Sa If, ml III nihil .
Si»' !«', :i» Ma'-U', tiro.
Sa If' iiks, II iliiiilili IhiiiiIIiiI 'lint.
Sa in' /a, hhiiiLiis.
Sap pus, iiiiiil.
Si' puts, s'l sa p. Its, tlir irillmr,
S.illd, Mil Id. Ml M,. /ill"/.
Sal Ic ;iwiis, tlir iriii.'sl.
Sal SI' kiilt, mrrri/.
Sikt Mini, sitt'Siip, (I KfiK im III' siilmnn.
.S.it.s kdlil, till III III/ of II .Milimni.
Sa; /us, the fitiT.
.Sails, sa' MIS, <i iriMiiIrn hoirl.
Sli'da'. rnr III' smii'.l Jish.
S'lid kw alls. /Ill/' (If siiiiilt shot.
tS'luill), tlif iirtiitii- thisHc.
S'liliiii' vii, II liiniv.
."sVll./ di-, II iroiiilni Jish hunk,
SVIiad /ill, (/ iriimiin's/i intjiil lutliriiiit.
SN'liast, thr liinlis nf n tm:
SVlm'-ldIt, the Urn:
.S'rlial kliili, II i/Mcc/.v liiiii'.
S''lit' a kuil. II iiiiDsh, siriiniii,
.S'clu' III' (lilts. Ihi jiilliiir lir, nhiis lluu
I ijliissi.
.S'clu'lt' il, s'cliiili cd, Imil 11/ Irus iiiiii iiillij,
inner hark »/ jir.
S'liit' iladlui, siiliniin (;:i'Urlic liu' the tiiiir
' kinds).
S'clicsl liii, cln'slliii, hnsiiiinil.
S'cli4't w Ul, (( Lloik hiiir.
S'lliii Ids', sliiiulilirs mid fun pin t nf n Jish.
S'cliit sad, thi liiil iiiirtliin nf ii Jish.
S'fliil s'sad. till liiil 11/ It Jish.
I ."^"(diits, //((' liliir tiiiissil.
I S'llills sill- (Id', II sinilll hlllliolls nmtj lillllis.
' >S'c|iii liaiH, till iliiiidiliiin.
S'clidtli, thr liillilii'l.
S'clidl la, the liiiiis 11/ ilii iiiiijilr.
'< S'('liulil:"d, .s'cIk'U' it, the linik nf tins
(;;ciifric;.
S'cliii lalts, III linil, liiiirnir.
S'lliiilkli, II Jirst horn vhihl.
. S'cliuiii slia' VII (liid, tl:r /III' hum:
I .S'da'. sdas, da. ila-. d nnini:
I Sc ai' i pld,.//(A7i lailir miiUil.
m^
t '. «?
uOU
ill '
If:
M if
;M ;
.Si'i:li;i' clhis, (( 1/011111) ijii I,
H(!-;,'\\c>' tiillf, skwf.s' tiill;, <iirlli,siiil, sand,
iliisl, ((r.
.Sc' j^wiils, « liniitj In i:
.Sc-lv;i,' ,si/ii, iiJIdiKr; <i!.sii ti jiriijiir ikiiiii J'nr
Ijlll-S,
Sc' liu III. lo liar.
>^i' lic' \ii, Hill ijid ltd iiiiithcr.
Sc.'-hllillils. //((■ ((/(/(■ /;/■(( l.iii/r,
Sc-l;i' hiiil, side fiiiK n/' liillihiil, ilc.
•Sc Icil ;;\viis, tlif Itirtisl or fliinl.
Sc Iclls, sil els, //,( /iirilinid.
SclKs, skill) IP al'li. //((' iiij:idis.
Sc' liiivs, c' liiUs, //((■ ( /((/ ()/■ jiiiiiil ll/' mill-
III in;/.
Scsku ml, llii .•:iiiiirlii I I'll.
Scild, ^:i;|il, Miild. /(i(»/.
Scl_s:il sliiil, III tint.
Sct.s No, li'jlil, ciiirni, line,
Sc' hill, III .siiii[lli:
Sc wilts', (( liriili/r iif iiiijs.
Sc' \ lip, ((/( (iiiniii.
S'^ilk kll, ildijUijIil.
Sjuwis (ml), M'-jiwcs' mill, </. (-.,• (,()■//(.
Sli;i' iiM, nil/ I'll till r (s|)iikcii li_\ liolli scxt'.s).
S'liail iliib.lhiil dull, siniimir, iiiinii iriulln r.
S"liad' /.nil, .s'liad' /Mill, Ltniiii.s-ninlti irlu.t
ciiiiki d.
Shii' t;aK, llir irihl iiiniil.
S'lia liiili'-cliill, l/ii- riiiiiiiinii llii.^tli.
S'lia.' Iiai, ///( iiHIk of lisli.
S'jiai _\ us, Ihc liniil.
S'liak.s, the rihs iij'jhh,
S'hal. I iiihrvidvri/, ncidlv irorl;, initiii;/, diiji-
Ihimj Jiijiircd.
S'lia'lat clii, Ihf liiiiid, llir Jiiii/rrs.
S"lial laiis, .s'lial-lcd ctl. ii iiiidli.
Shal lickliu', sliullic'-iikli,'ii(/ nf dimis, out,
irilliiiiil.
Shall iitsli, till' .shiill.
Sliaiik.'i, II lioiii III line liiiiil.
Slicliclli, IniisI, iritli 'I siiiir,
S'lic da.s', till irimd-fon.
Slicd./iis, the smill.
S'licks, thf Slid .■til Ills III' .siiiji.
Slickli, til rise, us from ilirinij; In rniiu iiji.
Sliclia, the jii Ills.
Slid .slid' aw ap, n ti;iird.
S'licii-lia-tiiiii, s"lii-iia, (( i-oiijuriiiii jn rl'iinii
nine.
SIicsIki'-Iiik!, (I .W//I/// .\iliieiir int.
Sliitl l)!i' dali, (( stijij'iithir.
Slii a'li, til (jroir iiji (ns ///vi.v.v).
Siiidu' dal), .slui-iia' nam, ^' iiiedieiiir" or
eoiijiiriiiii.
Shi jl.s k( ' (lull. In inuh the h'lir.
Sliikhlta'dali, u .sliji-iiiothir.
Skika'-bats, i,n to)) of, on, niton.
S'hi'-Iia, .s'licllha lil|ii,(i spreiisoj'eoi jmimj.
Shi put ai' Ii, Ike must of u eiiniieor hnul.
Shi shiik'ii, al'iire, over.
Bliis-ciiiik-sit'chi, a fuiijir rinij.
Shis'-kii bai, //Ar ii do.j (in the form, of one).
Shiillia'-had, to amuse one's self.
Sliit.s-t!(l', iijile.
Shii.so'-kwa, a i/onnijer hrolher or sisli r (l»y
OIK' of cither .^cx).
Sliil'!i) kuall, Ihiii/li rniion.
Sllillli It chilli, /(( mahe n/i one's mind.
Sli kai viit .sid, Ihi iijijier lip.
Sh-kul'-chichil, nnrroir or ae'ienlar leures
<>/' trees.
Sh kwdk wii.s, ,( hi II I)' or still) inuii;.
Shla'iid, sia'hd. dai/.
S'hii' (l.i Ic, a Jire jilfiee.
S'lu/di, the loadjish ; also the I'leiades.
Sluiil'-za, //(( niaiji/ot of the hloirjl;/.
S'lui' lioliip, II spieiis o/'smilii.r.
Slid iiiiii', .shodab', a '^ niedieiiic"-man, a
eon/iiri r.
I Sho iia'-naiii, shiiKi'dah, " mediei^ie", eon-
H'liopat.s, sediiefirn,is.
Shop, tlie siphon of a shell Jish.
Shiiwll, the aploiloii'ia liporina.
Shiili c'd, (/ seine or m t.
S'liiicliuU'kii, tVhub-krddi, elondi/.
S'liiid.sli, .s"t siidsli, nettles.
Sliiuhi.t, the lioir of a eanoe,
S'liud .sha' bid. hat .slia' to-hid, a footprint,
Sliiiifu'il, (( )(),(//, dooriraji.
Shiik'h. t/:e shy, ahore, over.
. 'i-
iri*
noi
SliilK' lios. iqi hill.
Sliiilili liiiiii, wind.
Slink'-.sllid, //" iiialq).
Siiiilvh sliiiliats, llir IrHliuin.
Sliiilv ml, lift ujt (imp.).
SImUiis sc', ))/// iiiii-lc (Itji nuirriiujt).
SliiiMi' sliiikli liinl, slit' hliii liiid, (( mini' or
nit.
iS'luilsliiitsiil, Id »;i'?irs7(iH-/.
S'liiil ;is', <i plunk or ImnriL
S'liii lal' liiis, (/ loiikinij (jl(i.--s.
S'liii '(•' Ilk WHS, Id jiidnl llii flirt.
Sim luit, III iiiiriv.
Sim' put (l",n;;lislri. a shirt.
S'lm'-pU, till- lihlildrr.
Simp I), (I lilaililir jhmt I'lir lishimi.
S'liuskwal III' kwad, tlic njijur ijir liil.
Sliii-lii ba'di, III!' iliiihs.
Sliiil sitsa' liii'. Ilic fiiitlii rivfi "f ini nrnnr.
Shu tiikli' liw itsli, lukii liwitsli, (( liinr
.strimj.
S'lm IftMllsllid, /'( kilink.
Slmtrii, to hiroinc ihii mi tlii' fcliniij i<J' In
tiili:
S'lm >aiii, " iiriintrul nici of .siqx rnn'iirnl
In i mis.
SliwaJN', hilt or cui).
S'liwc'wi, /() i/i t.
Sliwiii 11 kw', //((' liind-sniiil, hili.t ; iiIsdii pur
tiri'.liir dniion.
Sliw iikli u, (( .s7/(/(' of nirks I'roni ii niimntinn.
Shw ulliik, II foul.
Si III)', siaii.', (/ ihiif.
Sj-iiU'-okll, to .srold.
Si-lilt, liiiskit inirk i.iltli:
Siidi liv\i ai-Mis. <^>ii. n tool,
Sikh Iiwd'-viimi, /or sale.
Si I.i had, iir'iinnii piOfdv.
Si l,i'-lo bid, /.'('• slioiihlrr.
Slkai-.vnsid, thr inidi ndu.
Si m1 till, l<i dill oiil {us II cinior).
Si-ii' till >'ill.sli, to drum {us iit diitiiis. il-c).
Ska, I lilir hrolhi r or sistrr.
Ska'-da, a thief.
Skiid'h, wkai'-kikai, thr kinnns-rat ; (jniviiys.
ykad-zo, skudzo, thr hair.
Skad yii. tin piio sifiiinil ; sriiirrj.
Skai \ii, (' mrjisr, iiliost.
Skai'wa, skai wa' diits, thr o.lnitns urn
iirsi lirrri/ luid rinr.
Skaikli kail^liw. /»'in;</, //i( inli rior, up n
riirr.
Skai' kad /.ii, o llshiiui iim.
Skai' kikai, sl.ad'li, u tliirf.
Ska' ka lak' lio, thr full moon.
Ska' ka-fiwiitl. pcoplr of thr Inltrr rlnss,
Skakcd, aliriijis,
Skak'Im ab, short i^in diwnislun).
Skakliw. ska' ko. (<t, irirlrs.
Ska'li'k slid, thr shonldrrhlndr.
Skai 111 kuad. In iipprr iji lid.
Skap sub, ///(■ li'riiii'.
Skap ats, rosr hnshrs.
Ska 1 1, thr loiidiitlir.
Ska' uiii, //'.' sniiill or pruirii indf, roindr.
Sk«' j;v\ iits, II drrr.
Skt'-lia, (( ritrirlij of thr dnj, shrundfor its
Jlriri ,
SI, els, (/ siior piiik.
t'^Ui' iaii lid, niiiijir, II pnirrr or <i[l'l, fortune.
Skt't, >i ki i, ihr III ir nioon.
.■^kT'lH iv'sc' ilii. II liuin r riiui.
Ski la jilt, il him oflrr dnilh if hi r innthir.
Sklakli lioddp, pUiuts or In rhs (^iciiciic).
Sklakh hcl, slakh lid, niijht.
Skia' ka d.sli, dirt'.j.
Skia' III', sla' dc, <i iroinuu. thr frmillr nl'miif
ouimal.
Skli'lioi, skid Ir' hi)!, iin mini pirstoi of
ritlnr sr.r.
Skll'l lilsh, tiiltooiu;l.
Hkh' pai' ,\iil sid, Ihi undir lip mid chin.
Skli^-wa'ili, sl( I lo a' ili, nirrimjs.
Sklul 1 ultsli, thr riiinhrrrii.
Sklil-clk, thr lirorirr fi rii.
Sko, iill cXprissiKIl (U'lltil in;; ul bcspiMkillf;
ijood irill. Irii lid ; it seems also to deiiulH
riiiiiirriioii,
Sko al ko, a point in thr forks of ii rirrr.
Sko'-bai, ko'-bai, ko iiiai, n doij.
Skolietsli. thr dorsiil offish.
Skod, a ivntrr hucki t.
3'
fl
no2
V ^
ss 'IS ' '
1^ "! i
I'i:
h '■■
SNccl / 1 1( l;\v, K<iih>inii.
Skii' li« Ills, (( sjircir.s iif stiliiiiDl.
>'i\ni' \, mollin- (siiiilicii u( l)\ liiitli sexes).
Sko' k\v;i, (I ilriiil: iir iliaiKiht of an>/lliiii<i.
Slai' kwi ;,'v,iu, kokh he t,'\\n(l, /(I tiini the
/'arc (I irai/,
Skotaiii', ///( Kiiiiill piir ; also the ttiiHon iif
siiiiill po.r anil ]!<Ktil<')icc.
Skinii, I'lixh iC(it( r michtir,
Slici' puts, Ihf Iwmlorksprucr.
Skn'-Mili, snt/iKtm.
SkOs, sko' <»-;, nl.niiis.
SkiiU CI. '/(( liicdul I'f It iriiiniiii, milk.
Skiiho-.il'li. .'■(•:ks, //((; nijijilis.
Skull' lii \n, tin- skunk.
Skull III iiil-iil li, ((•/( ii.rc itiinillr.
.Skuil ilikliu', skiid di'.', (( nin.skiiit.
Skiiils, liinr, .\irrilltiiiil, inislns.s.
Skiiil za !ril>( liii, an (iiiinolii inns ti'iiii, I'r.
Iii>niin .
Skiik' e ki'iai, still; liki'ili, foiist, irnoilcil
ronnlri/.
Skiik ke' ill, (( rniilli:
Skiik-nk', (•/(/(/• Iniitlirr (sjidkeii lo by a
woiii.iii).
Skiilli, (7 ntlns.
Skill lllt>ll. rlitlli Jish.
Skwa' kwc iiisli, inilrr/oirl (tieiieric).
Skwal' liip, ii-liis.
Skwa'sc lints, u .vm//;
Skuii'-siili, ///(' ,s/.//( of nn iinininl irilh tlir
hair iiu.
Skwa'-talsli, a nnnintaiii,
Skwatcli, llif (litij jish.
Skua' tun, kwa' lijil, mnUKV.
Skwaiil, sUwa' Willi, a sjnrii's u/ .inlinnn.
Sk\v('},'\vnl, a niul of the liilr ntsli.
Skwe' a kuiil, (( iriili r hiirkil.
Skv\ekli\v, till ririinininx jii'itIi,
Skwe' k\vilf;li, tlir .sni nicliin, nliinn.-i.
Skwf' kuiil li, i/riiss.
Skue'-lilslit, ijunpiiwilir.
Skwei'-lub, (( jLtlii^pinr.
Skwe' o-liwe' ()-k(i-l)ai, a liltir of pups.
SkwC'is, a iciilotr or ifiilainr.
Skwostall), si>-ti;\ve,sttilli. inrtli, soil, .suiiil.
.Skwetsks, n point ofUiml.
Skwdlaf'-lail, hirrii'.s nr fruit (;;eiieri(').
Skwiul tie', hnir of piihis.
Skwiiklilt, till- tail of It fsh.
S"k\viil, mis kwiil' hull, hot or inirni {if a
mom).
Skwiilliiits, irilil irlinj.
SUwiisli-iili, (skwiisliiiiii, clouds, fog.
.Skwiis p'tl, hrook or npickliil trout.
SJiWiit, the iinahoij clani, Vnin.s (sp. /).
81a' ^;\viits, insiili- hark of tlniJK.
Slii'-;;\vi(l, tin' unilir mat or slirrt ot' a hnl.
81a-lial', la-lial, thv ijanHs of haml ami the
il-isk.i.
Slakh' licl, sklakli' liel, iiiiihl.
Slakats. slal Iiikli, riiphirri/ ami Imslt.
Slakw, as liiku, aslukwddp, int.
Sla'-iie, skla' tie, a iconiiiii, the female of mi ij
animal.
Slat la'lie, rreniufj.
Sle tlal'sliitl, st kwal sliitl, I'lvheaillmniljor
earrijinij loailn.
Slef It) a' tli, sklii^jwa'tli, ear-penilant.s.
srr .s'ltliil), to breathe.
Slo-kwaliii, the mora; a prineipal nii/lho-
hiijiial litinij .so call til.
Sl()-tlalkslii(l, sliit-lalk-sliitl, the hiij toe.
Sliilv a liiitsliitl, //((' heel.
Siiia' tlel, a hill.
Siiia-liit-siii, rilatire of a ileeea.seil irife.
Siiia'-iiasli, tohaeeo,
.SiiKi kwiil, (( ijirl irho iloi.s not )ni ii.slnmte.
Snie'lali, im''ta la. a i/aine phiijnl leilh
hearcru' teeth for iliee.
Siniiblie', the game of rimis ami arroirs.
Siiiiikka, tlie lielhj, the Itoihj of a shdl fn<h.
Siiiut-tisiip, ///(' tail if an animal.
Siieilka'tns, to wink.
SiiOkw, iron, a knife.
Si)-ili ffwa'bats, the miilille -seel ion of a fish.
So luit-lmt, speeeh,a lamjuaije.
St^liw-tiiil, the fat of nniinal.s.
Si) kwal'elii, a hraeeht.
So' kwub, the outsiile I/ark of the thuja,
So'lns, o ealf, young of the elk.
Si) t')l)-ih', a hunter.
.^-ii|i'm(|>, ^) jxnit.
Si) l.ilili, so liikli, till' xiiiiillir sl:i.v of ilniln
limn sliills.
Sowiklil, s'l s(i' >\itl. jiiiili 11(1(1.
Hpfik bus, (I raiind liiml, not cmnprr.isrd.
Spc'-oknts, >•(>()/ iif stujittdriii. jhitit'oi s.
Spisli, /(\7( .vcr(/(.s'.
S|)impt, '/ cdlicii slilrt.
Spo'kwal), (( hill.
Sjiops, spiip sil, tlic irhi'll:.
Spiik'h, boils.
Siml liwtis, (I liiiirl ni-iilc of hum.
Spii >iiit('li, //((' liUtddvr.
Siuits, ivvrvmcnt.
Stab, i/7((//.
Sla-licuks, slab <l'ip. iiropi rty. ijoodx. tiiimj
Slah-ota', stab ta', H-hut is llutt.'
Sla'i'lii ;:\vut, the hodij.
Sla'f,'\vuil. sin;,' Willi, sta' ;;v.a (lilts. ih(
■sdhnonlxrrii and rinc.
Sla'-jj\v"sli, <i lidfiiiiin, i>u)rlidst:
KliiU, tilk, inland, the interior.
Htii'latl. iic])lii d' or niivr, ronsin "I'l iilii r xi.r.
S'tc-h'thwa'Iiip./'uvx/. inioihd counlrij.
Stc' ak'il, the Kd-dinit li Lli'icrrii.
Sif'-a kwiisli, sin d<r, foij.
Stc (li j;'\vil(, (( /((•/;/ ro])i\ ii d'illir.
Stckai'yii, tlw lariic n'ld/.
Sti'ka'irkw, (( /(V// irtir.
StekOt-siil. //((■ lid <ir (•()(•(/• of tuiiitliinii.
8t('' lib, tc'lil*, (I siouj.
Sti''-liin, //((' nidi/iv of sii(i-(ss iri;li iroinin.
Ktt'l-kwii'nius, ti wdrl,- u-^' i <l(niic-i.
Stfl kwiib, ajisli i)iij.
Sto solialk'-Siit-clii, tlw little Jinijrr.
Stc'iikwil, sniol." or fiij.
Sli''-\v;itl, (( ennue [northern jidtlernj.
S'llia' liiltcli, the sole {fsh).
Sti a kc' yii, d Imrse.
Sti c'lii', sfi'-ta-clii, an ishind. <i simill islnml.
Sti kiikliw, sti ka' lid, d Imirer.
Stikli liwOl), stikli-liwc' bats, linsli enoi
Iterri/ mid shrnb, rilmrnnm.
Slikop, stiik()|>, ivood or stiel.s.
StitkL-'-.vti, afodl.
Sl'kta'liats (iiR'aiiiii;; not kiniwii).
S't kbt la ai' kiiiii. still lal kiim, heilles,
lini/s, il('.
S'ikol skill, //((■ hoofKifii )inddrn]ud.
St kwa'bals, fUwa'bats, Itiijli tide.
St \- van', tht id mas root irhen rnn-.
Stkv\al'sliiil,slc ilat sliiil,(//('/ir(i(/ hand f,.r
cdrriiinij lodds
StU'-k<'l-kub, snidll "trie" Idrds (;,'(lii'l it'K
Sl'bip, ileej).
Slo'bc 111. //((' north or ihnrii striitni irind.
Stiilisli. sill' biisli, </ niiin (rir.).
Slob slial li, the stems of Imlhons jilonts,
.It.
Stu' link, (I slave,
Mill, h' rrin;/.
SNiI cliakliw, the sid Inuere.
Sloli fiwnt. i,> li KV^'i'. Ido'ul.
S;i,' liikw, (( )■/(•( / .
Still lakl, the land hrece.
SIdI liii' ilnp, the i/irhd lineua rine.
Stii' Id liiisli, (( mini ehild.
r>'ls i.'la-;;ub, darl:, niifLI.
^'tsa' sns, ts,i' tsiits, (/ liiin\
S't-sa' Ir, s'l saltcli, tin hunt.
S't sa'-pals, sa' puts, llie irillnir.
S't si/will, sii wiklil, the jindendd.
■Stub sjiiil ill ', tiiUslir illlil, hrdlddl.
.Slii'.t tabl, d urizzli) hear.
Sliiii ;,'\vu'lns, the eijes (pliir.).
Siii;;\vak\\', the south or iiiistredni n-ind.
St Ilk- will), (( .s/((7i', a iidrdineiisure, n-innL
Stiikli ojt"'ill, a iiortdije.
Stilklc-k()b,/iyc(.s7 eonntnj.
fUiik liiiiii, trii s (Liciii'iii').
S'm-killa' clii. //(' jtdlni if tiie hand.
Sliil abed', the tail if ii bearer or uiiiskrdt.
Still ris, niiii:i: Indidii corn.
Sliil |i llkll, medieine, lihi/sie.
Still IcilJ, the lidek.
Stills lilts, (jriiril.
Siid-tli Ik' bada, ddni/hler.
Siifjii jjvvaltiin, d broom.
Sll (,'Wll(lst liil, the roof of d house.
Sukli, a piflix (Iciiiitin;^ tin' Use oi' pnipiisn
of aii.vtliiii;;> or the iii.striiiiiiiil Willi
wliicli it is iloiii'.
r
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i >\
f
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^
t
1
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:!( 14
SiiMi li;i' Kill, Ihr rroKS ImmUi nf Ihc l.iinins
SiiIJi' :i ;f\vml ilc, (( nail, a iliiiir.
Siikli hill, jiiii iif fiiiiril, irrilinij mdUrhiJs.
Siikli lie :i' lilt ciii. Ill'- Jhiijirx rollii-lii-i h/,
Siilili'liilll kuiil, (( ifiziif.
SiiMi' liwii, urine.
Siilili Uii' kuii, (( iiij).
SiiMi Icisli, II sine.
SiiIJi piits. Ilirtiul.
SiiMi sliii' lie liiii, slirriiiis.
Siikli siiil (lull. Ihc i/rlliiir inisj).
Sniv'-liw, siiiodlli, Jliit, Icrd.
Silk liw' (lu|i. hri I riiiitilrt/.
Siikliw'l .s'liiill' ii" <i liiifimir.
Snkkiil cliiil. a siiiir.
Silk wiit-liil, sj)!!!/!: <ij' nilhii inxul.
Sulil, sii't, ii<nii.
Sill kuii' ;;\Vil iHllsli, hiifk III' I III' liiilil.
Sill lii-;i\vii|i. the xliniip uf ii Inf.
Sill li'. Ihr .siikI.
Slip, .v////;
Slip hull, sii' liii pill. ///( riwl.li'.
Siis el I mi, n utiinr mhr.
^ii-i liWii' 11(1, (( Imii, Ihr .sriiilinn.
Siis hwit' l»C(l, thi inliiinsr Jin uf Ihr ml iiiiin
liihr.
Slltid, sillhl. /'rn;,/.
Sills li:i' liil, iiiiilhi r ill liiir {ciillctl liy liolli
sexes, or, (he iiidthei' heiii.L;' ilciiil, iili
iiuiit li> iiiiUii;i;:e).
Suiii; wil, hind nr xlroiiij [not hrittlr).
Suili'il li, (( lirilir liilshrl.
Swiikii (iiieiiiiiiij; iidI iiscertiiiiied).
Swiilekhw till, Ihr riirlh or irorlil, Ihr
ijroiniil. II pliirr.
Swiiuwii, Ihr ronijtir.
Swe'-iikwiiii, Ihr iiinniiol.
Swe'j sui'' hilts, sues 1)11(1 uts. Ihr " Ornjon
griipr" luul Im.sh, hrrbrri.s.
Swet le, //(( iiioitntiliil-ijoiil, itiilorrnix.
S«i 1 le il ke(l. (/ hliiiihrt o/" iioiiIn' irool.
Sw'liiikt, (>/'/, irorii mil (nf Ihini/x),
Swdp, II liiiirrlrl oj' lirilss irirr.
Sun' Mil), prirr, II liiiri/iiiii^
Swiikke'-iik, II I'roij.
.Swiis, timt.ir. finirii.
Swns ke'lii-i, ii .siriiii/.
Suns link kos, //(f roiiiprrss for Ihr rhilil\'<
hriiil in Ihr rriiillr.
T.
Tii'-hets, tii'liid, hiiir,l'nr.
Til helld', (( riipr.
'riihiilsii, Ihr jirlloir-iloi I:.
Tu' ^iwiit. tii'kuiit, tir-tii-j,'U'iit, iiiioii.
Til' lliis, .iloiclii.
Tii'-hiits, tiikh'liiits, loir {not lorul).
Til' kii, liikiids, xiilhiJ-hrrrij and hush, i/iinl-
Ihrriii.
Tiikol), //((' niinir nl' Mniinl li'iiinirr.
Trdc, sti'lk, Ihr inlrrior, inliind.
Til kiidt, tii-liikl, loiriirds Ihr .'ihorr
Til'liikw, Ihr shonldrr.
Tillts, thi llrsh offish.
Tiis sill), Ills sill), irlnirr, cold irnithrr.
Tiitl, '( piiinlid spi iir-hiiid.
Tilt le'ile-;,'u list, Ihr rorhrod.
Tat leuks', Ihr '• ridjish''.
Tii-tsiilt'sukh, (( rnttlr.
Til Ink' t lis, iniihr for Ihr .shorr, Inp in
(imp.).
Tiinli'si, a dor.
Tiiii' il, titu-itl, to'-witl, (( nnirr, a hilrh. Ihr
frinnlr of mn/ nninuil.
Til// l)il. lo piiji.
'rdiiib khkh, s'hii (hilbUii, riondij.
T'cli Uii' Uiil, II loiidliiiskrt.
Te (iii('iiiiiii.L;' iiiikiiown).
Te' (U'K^viid (loltsli. Il liviiidHixlil.
Te'lle lliip, Ihr fill nloun.
Tt'gWil' (llU'illlili;;' llMceitiiiii).
Ti-'-hats, (( xhrnh imrd for Ira, tea.
Te'lietsli. (j)n. lo ii.sk for.
Te'lakw, a xprrir.s of stlrairbrrrij.
Te-liikhlii, il li lilkhhi, pnsrntlii, during
the (/((//.
Telii'wil, ll.i' uil, lo rini.
Ti'l'he, ti'1-lictsli, lei h'ye, prrsrnlli/.
Tolil), ste'-lil), ste' liiii, c .vo»r/,
Te' sid, ti''-sud, te'siiin, Ihr slini/ of iin in-
.\rrt, an iirroir, ii Inillrt.
i '
;',( I. .
'l\ s hikh' lij, Inilaii.
'!'«' t;iill|i. ii A/irciV.s' 1)/ (dIIus.
'I'c-lcts, //(( /•( ins.
'I'cti III' li;l(l (lull, III sinlrli iDii'.s Kill'.
Ti'tsli, tidsli. //(( siitiic.t iif'dii iniiiiKil.
'1"1iiiI)m' liiil, lo turn hik's hiuk.
T'liinl ilnksliid, to h/iid {ns a lioir).
T'liuii iiy:\vii' Slid, Ikli liii|i' a ;,'\va. In f<iUl
(titjifhiiifi.
T'liiilsc' ukiid, (( nniiriid.
'I'i, tit'l (iiit-aiiiiij; mikiiDwn).
Tidsli, tctsli, lite siiuws 11/ (III luiinuil.
'I'iki'wali, OH horschack.
Til, (jii. Hull.
'I'i Icsli, //(//( (//( (liiiinisinii),
'I'i siitluia. Ilif siiiril irlm jinniiJis ortrijiHu]
I'liiiiiiii'.
T'lvdiiidtic, IIk' III iiiliirL-xpnirc.
T''k()-l)Oltsli, (I iviioilcii KiiiiDii.
T'kot'sid iliil), tuk kml', In slnil {n ilonr,
dr.).
T'kwa'-hats, s't kwa' liats, liiijli Ink'.
T'kwa' Ititsii, .yxoLs.
T'k\val)sliid, Irathrr .shorn or hoots.
'I"'k\v(^'k\viis snb, to irijh:
T"k\siiMc'-;,'\viir, (( inirrior.
TIa-lialts', toiiHisn, to irontlrr.
Tlcidiu-ta^wiil, /(( riopf.
Tlip, kliji, inuli r. In iinitk.
Trkaukh', In lop {un doas do jvatcr).
Tliil ('Its. vool{iiiii iritli hot stoHis.
'J'o (jiicaiiiiij; iiiiknowii).
TOi)-.siic-dad', on iiwdiilitlioii to procure fair
icciitlirr.
To-bi'tsitl (incaiiiiij;' mikiiowii).
Tobslic (hid, sliilislii (!(■', Iicintrdor hraid
(d, hnoltid hair.
Tobutl, vs.
TDlifils, thi' sorrel.
Td-datidat, ijistndiii/.
To dc a'hat.s {iiicanint'' iiiikiiowii).
To'-di. thin;.
To' Ii Kwiit, sto'-li t,'wiit, blood.
Tii'|iel, the spidi r.
T(i'-|ii, the spunk of rotten wood.
To' pud. III pound in a nioitar.
20
To tIaUli', /'(■ ' iiiiiht.
To«atl liad', iloirn slriinn.
To'will, tail' 111, i( iiiiU'', liitih, t'iniiili iini
mill.
Tsii, theiraue nl' the iiioon.
Tsalit, (sail tats, ml ildi rinrri/ mid hush;
siitiihuciis.
Tsa'-;,'\vilsli, the tiijer lihi.
Tsa-gwiil, Isakwtsak w, to irnsli elnlhrs.
Tsa'lia,, /'((//(. I •('/I /((/(• (hv Imtli sexes).
Tsa' dialled, ts'liiiiilicd', the i/i le.
Tsa' liwe, rid fir or sintiee.
Tsaik. on inednliitioii I'lir siieei ss III iiloii, iie.
T.sa' kali, tsa' ka'liats, red eldrrherri/ nnil
hush, siinihueus.
Tsa' kad, to s)>eor, jiirree, xtiih.
Tsi'ikw tsakw, tsa'-;;\viit, to irash elothes.
T,s;'il, toiiil .•itools, l'iin<ii.
Tsa' lal, Isa' liitl. n lake.
Tsal liid. o shiidoir.
Tsa'-jia, ijriind/itther or ijrentunele.
'JVfip'h, tieiiis or roots for Imski lirnrk.
Tsii-pi'ii' Ilia, the spider eruh.
Taa'-tsuts, Ht-sii'-8us, *( hoie.
Ts'l)(''kli\v, tsiilidiekliw, Ihr tliroiit of II sal-
nion.
Tse'akw, to pound in n nmrtiir.
Tsii a kwiits, (( prouijid spmr for hirds,
Tse lia' led, the sniiill .suiid iijuisetuiu.
Tsods' kii, tsits' kii, real, arluul, riijkl.
Tse' li will, the hearhi rri/.
Tse'-iik iid, lo shout.
Tsliiih lied, tsa'-lia lit7d, the i/eir.
'I'sial'dvo, a raee of spirits who hauni Jish-
innplaees.
! T>il ka' (le, Ihi pietoral fns of a fish.
'I'silsk'k sub, to make faces hij raising the
nose,
Tisils latsks'. a Jire-nhoiitir pi lid.
Tsiiic'-ako-dop, to serateh ui:h the nnils,
clan:
T'siiiiil ki'Mi, ///(' mink.
Tso' bed, the larijer hones of a Jish,
Th(ili-ts(ib, the barnacle.
Tso'djiid, the rije-broirs.
Tsub-a-ta'-de, the bail of a kettle.
w
'illl
>']
;)(ic.
Tsdli I'd), l.lcli bud. (f .v/miiK.
'I'kikI {iiiciiiiiii}; iiiikiuiwin.
'rHiKl.sll, //(' iitlllr.
'I'.viiUliw, 1 I >iilJi\v, (.ifiniiiiishxl (lis a ciin-
,llr).
T.siik liwiil, Ini.i (^ii'iifiic).
TsiiK k^ils, t--iiU Illl, Inic, il in tnic.
'I'miKIi \Mitl, (Ik IiIiii- I hli iI» ri ji, sdiiihiifKS
(illlililriisls.
'I'suU'li \v, t.siiU'-w I (lull, Jliit.
Tsukw, llir II It IIS.
'I'siik w'sh, //(( flic or Illl ilirr, rttriis iiinii-
ill lisls.
Tsiil liti'h, IIk IhuI:.
'I'siim (siimiiilis, till niliiiilhiiir.
'I'siistud, (( niiil {for hoiinh).
T.sntldlsli, III rumlilr in lliv IhIIij iiitli niiul.
T.sutl diitl, to /'iiiiil, swoon.
Tswiiil, tswu' il.its, till' irilil ihrriimiil Irir.
'I'll (iiiiMniiij,' iniUiiiiwii).
'I'll cliiil |iiul, to ticisi, liorv lis icitli a ijiinlit.
'I'lid (iiii'Miiiii;; uiikiiowii).
'I'lKl' lie', roo's of till- hrtilcr fi rii .
'I'll illl ;;w;ilts,tiikli-dl!j;-Wllsli, to loiiil ii ijiin.
'I'ud /.(• UiiUliw, lir iloirn (iiiiii.).
'I'lilJi liiid, liniil (imp ).
I'likli liiikli lia' liats, to .'.ii/i onr (i/.v onr n
Tiikli' islia' li.i, loir tiili:
Tiikli'liwitsli, sliiitiiklilnvitsli, a hoir
xlriiii/.
'l'iik'-U('t«'-kiils, //(( rim mniilr, lurr vircin-
iiiiliiin.
Tiik kod, Tkiit sid-diilt, to shut [iis a iloiir,
.It.).
'I'lik-kiili, III ncl icililfoirl.
'I'uk \vc' liit,(i.v('()<>/< [for liailinij acanoi',A'c.).
Tiikwt't' Ills, nilfirril.
T\i\,froiii.
Tti lak', /»(((•/;, lnhiiul.
Till ka' pad, to slup.
Tiil'lii, II fitini.
'I'll piislik'sliid, slriiUilitiHfil {as a boir).
Tiis, (■()/(/.
Tu.s-ii'-}i(i, lll■sak,o^/ {of tliiiiijs), if old.
Tfis-bi^'-bi dsili, our irlio trlls tilm, little lies.
Tiishiid^li. (' liiir.
'I'li-sliii' KWi'l*, to striiii) III nils.
'I'lts-ka'da, (( thiif.
'I'lis-ko' kwiil, to ciiiiiil III/ fiilliiiiiis.
Tils kiid-diili, '( striniiint.
Til stt ' aknl' lakwid, <i liorsrmuii.
Tflstr' I) Illl, til tl'Wk (I liil, /(I "(/'///, <OHIH(/f/l/.
Tiitiikl, ta-kii(it, toinirils the shore {If on
the initir), to the inlirior {if on liniil).
Tii-tcl-Iii, tflli'vf, jirisi iitlji.
Tiitlilnk ;i\viis, hull' full.
Tiil-li\\t'tslit,.v/r»/i// {as (I lioir).
Tut-kflt-.sid (lul>, (ill. til sliiii.
Tiitl, tiit'hl, tiit'-lo, il Is trur, it is the truth,
eirliiiiilij.
Tiit-la'-licl. iin ellipse.
Tiilikaii, (( iiunrter full.
Tulsa' ;;\V(i-lilsli, In iriish ilishes.
Till sa' nuus-siili, to irnsh tin fiier.
'I'litstiih, stall diip, }iroiii rlif, (jooils. thiiiijs.
Tutu su-vvf'cliil), to Hi iliiini iiinl inirni
otu's hiiik.
Twrdsli'-tuli. to j)iekfeulher,i
I Tu( 'kolisli, I" ihiui.
Twill, to.
I'w ill-kill sills, to hiss,
Twiil'tt', hither, to this pliiec.
Twul to'-di, thither, that leiiij.
Tzil, tzin-il, he, she.
Tziili kOt, ///'■ liriiin.
U.
U-clifib, Di'liat), /() ilic.
T'iwus-.sc'a kat, the aiiroru horalis.
Uk, iiks, Ilk ktik, kuu ka', some. See "ylA"",
I'kho, k'kliliu, short {in dimension).
I'ksi)' hus, siimll biisketa.
Ul, al, at, to.
lll-bi- .vukli, to leu re a tliimj hij mistake.
I'^.s-dc' fikli. in.
Usf,'i'-k\vaklil', pantinij.
fs-yiiik, open, ele(<i'.
['s lilul'-lil, to iiroie larije.
Is kiilUli, airake.
irs-ikiklnv, iistlakliw, to y row large.
:i(iT
Ul l;i, ill I.I. Ill itiiiii.
I'tlatli, (•"»/(» (iiiM'.l-
I'll kn' sliiils. hiiiiil (<>, liriiiij (imp.).
I'l liUlil' IvWll. to jhh iritli (( IiiidI;.
I'll ts'liiii'. ^» I'liiil {0 .'/"«)•
I't ^atsk'. III .simir III- piinr
I'l' sa, at' sa, /.
Ut-M'l' sis, til hv oxlri]) (im thrjhot, (tv.).
Uts tiikli'lnvOli, lo .strike ir'tit a xlic.l:.
Utsiit'-sa,//'/)i.7c.
\Va kft a liiili, ixact incaiiiii;; imcfrlaiii ;
it relates to tlie new inooii.
Wekli juisli, (I iiillltsiMhc,
\\r\, l-oltill.
AVi' US so, (/ cnncil of vhiUlrcn.
\Vi at la lekw, In fish irilh ■ dipiirt.
Wiyel'suiii, o-.vel' smii, U. till, niolc.
W'o ai' il>, a ilrexwil Nkin.
Woitii' liali, /() irccp. to cry as an (iiiimal.
Wo kap', wiikkiili', a ho.r, chest, trunk.
Wok'smii, Hiihtniiiij.
Wo kitd liiib iikli, okail dill), lo court, maki
love to, lie with a woman.
Wii'clielia let'kwii, to fri).
Wakknlt', wo kaii', ti ho.v, chcxt, tniiik.
Will lot 111. (( j/outh, young man.
Wfitclio'-kOtsid, to cut.
W lit l.i' ^u n>li 111, III Imrlir.
Wilt le clial' r k«il, III I III with .ncissiow.
Wllsakli' liiiiii, til iliiiii I .
j Wii te' cliil), o ti ' fliil). Ill .iwim.
Wiitl 1m k ' iiu iiii, '" ^'v^.
Y.
Vai' ciii, (I lull or slur;/.
Vai' It hub. III sliiiiili-r.
Yai' ilo Ills, ///(• honcji.suikl)'
Yakli'hwiid, (( ijunjUnt.
Yal'sliid, u'l' sliid, <i pdir if mocnisiu.s,
.s/iix.t, or .sloikimtx.
Yatl'-sliids, hanil lo, lirimj (iiiiii.).
Ye/ do, n sH-iiuj.
Yi'llll', \e lam, u}olc or miiil olUr iliolli ul'
the j)itr(Hl.
Y'e-la' Idlsliid, .M'I am' l>eii, jiiinlitloiins ul
skill or cloth. .Sii •• Yal slijil".
Ye latsks, II .\i.r shooter iiistol.
Yes sa'w i, the nlili r.
Yil iiie'liu, the saliuou dance.
Yokw, thi' siiliiion irhen erhniisliil hy sjiiiiru
'".'/■
Yiikli, ,viikli' lia, (luii.
Yukli liwud, (( stone arrow hiiiil, n iiuujliiil.
v..
;<iiir-wa, I uij;.v;i\,friiiUts,m(>uslerii,
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DICTIONARY OF TIIK MSKWAIJ.I
II.
KNdl-IHII— NISIvWAI.M.
II}' (•■'.IIIIIIK (ililllS, M. 1).
O
Aborr, slmk'li, slii slmk ; on the tap <>/, slii kii' Imts. 1»ki!1vaiivi;s, 7. c, sliiik si ;il)'
(literally llif •' Almre ('hiif").thc diloiilol iiiniii nf (!od ; sliiikli, the .shi/, Iminn;
.s'lMiklilimii, iriml ; sliuk-iuJ (imp.), lift up ; sliiik liOs, (tsrciidiiKjy up hill : o slmkliw,
to .u-cll (d.v (( hniinc 01 boil) : sliiiklisliii li;its, a viiuic of Ihi Irilliiini ; .slmk sliiil, ///<■
i list' p.
Abuse, ilnlili, riilinilc, mil names to, o kii'-'^wal, o ka' };u ul-liili, "k lu'' |;\mii1.
Aeioss /(.v .' ulriiuii), ili ci, dit-l uwiti.
A'he i^of iron), kvva'li us, kwal' yiis ; (0/ stone), siLs'-elliul.
A/'i-did, iisliiits', as lie'-kwiilt.
Afternoon, Ida jiuk', sliitlo-kwatl.
At/iiin, iiia|Mii'.
Aged {of persona), lo'-liiti, sklc'lxil, skill If' tiot ; iin old innn or ironinn, skiil Ic' liol stOlisli
■ or sklii'iic.
Alike, like, asi.s'la. Set' " .SV>".
Alire, hale', lia likli'.
All, ererji, (f. r., hokwi, bokw, hchkwii ; all (fllicm, bnkw dell.
.'?»Ho«^(liieraiiy 'i./f./Wr), liwe' lalil';((/»n(.v/ ilea<l, liwe" la ill- uiii' at a Imcl' (lilcially md'
for'- to' (lend*) : almost ont (ofafreor Hi/lil), liwc' laill ;;\Mii it Mikhw'.
Aloni/, alonij nuth, toi/etliir, klal has.
Ahraifs, skos, skakf-d ; aln'oi/s so, skaked as-is'ta. /' alirai/s' /,»(■»•' |^)'| .'/"«'', ski>sli"-
chid-' a said' elm'' twiil' diiu'wc''. Yon ((lirai/s ijo, ska'keil ok la.
Amuse one's self. See " I'laif.
Animals. See '"Mammals", " Iiirds'\ " Fislt", i^c.
/Uff/, ((/.so, .viikli, ,vfikh'-l)a, i.s'slii. /'((«(/■ lyoH', at' sa' yukli' . 1 dii;,' • f-'. An<i 1 also,
yiikli'ba atsa^ klal' us is'ta' (/. e., .(«(/' P >;■(, .w*),
Anijrji, to lie, o-liet sil. [Are] ifon^ ani/y;;' irith' me' .' o-lict sil- cliii liii' Iwul' at .sa*. /'
((Hi an(jnf iritli' i/on', d lict'-sil--eliid' liwiil' diit;'\ve' (liimi ti lied, lela/. -Iiat is the
matter, and si-lus, t lie forehead). 1)KU1VAT1V1;s, imI liet sil 11s, to snil:, to tdnsh, 1/. i.
:il(i
iMi
Aiiollirr, iilliii-, la Ii'. III! Ic', <l,i !»•' Ic. T<> //<>' tn' nnotlirr' pliin*, oiJi lin(' liwiil kiil'^ l,i
If" HWa Ickliw I'll'. .1 «((//(/•»• j/(M(7i-j liiiiyiiiiifi', liiMf'k wus- mi liot Iml. .Sec '• IHfjir-
riil'\ "/■'((»•".
Amis (till), Isiikw.
Anti {filriillji till liiinr <inii), flia' Irsli.
Arrh'i; In. Sec "('«»«(■".
Amur, ulinj't of (in iiiroic, a hitllct, tc'-.siiil, tf'siiii (from tf'-sid, llir stiiifi iij un iiisivl).
A hour (irriiir liniil, shanks; iron (irniirlirail, lut-kwvtl' {Uimi siiokw, /n*«) ; stonv
(irnnrlirail, > iikh liwiid ; tlir fi nllirriii;/, shut sitsa liili.
As. Hcc ".S'n''.
Asrriiil, III, () kwa' t:itsh. / iiscrinl, nAiw.i' tatslichid. I'roiii skwil' latsh, ri iiiiniiilitiii.
Aslnimril, la lir, i) lict sil. / am nsliininil nf nijisilf (in iiici riiiiciit ), nlii'ha hct shiil (sci'
iliiniiiiitivcs). Sec ",S7/((/H( ". it is (|istiiif'iii->lif<l ln'iii o liel sOl, /o br umjnj, q. v.,
(iiiiv liv iiiloiialiiiii.
Aslirs, skwal liip.
Asl;/<ii; to. ti' hi'lsh.
Aslrij), sliijiii. as c'liilsh. Sec "iSVcc/)". Aslrrp (iis mic'y fixii), iit-st-t'-sis.
As.sriiihir, l<i {In hriuij Inirtliir (I rroiril), o ^jfwc'-fiwi ; {Iti (Id .so/nr Un pKiposc of a frdst),
ko O'lhik'.
Astrrii. Ht'!' "/jV/cA".
.U, nl, 111. Whrrr f at irliat jihiiu i" i,]cUHi\ > 77»tc, il Ui' di. Wlinr is it if al chatl kwi-
sas ? A I ^/le /(ou/ie, ill slii a' lal. Al n ifilit. n\-k\ sit-slakh'-licl. llarr iioii ain/ sal-
mull.' ao' kwi s'chcdad Im a! (In;; we ? On ^/ir ^/n'/v/ /Mi/, alslc'hwalldat. I'ndtr
thchiiusr. klij, al a'lal.
Atniosplinic jihrndnirnii : — ll'//i'/, sliiiklihiirn. r/n/n/.v, skwiisliinii. liain, skal, okall)
tSnoir, ha' ko, ina' ko. lliiil, kli'in liwc'la. A niiiilinir, ko hat shid. Mrtrors.fall-
intj slurs, klo' lii rd, o Invf't III. .1// ccliiisr, tiilla'licl. 'J lit aururo harrnlis, w^
wiis-sc'a kat. Sec the ahoxc icspcctivoly.
AiniLr, as-kiilkli. Tu luraLin. o kati, o kiiklil. W'ahc ar i/rt up. it is lUiiiUijIit, kiiils-i''-
hii, o lakli liil Ink.
An'l, kwish-kwishks.
A.ir, ko-hiit it ; pliir.. kiiiu ko-hat'-it. A.tr handle, skiihiit-iid-iilli.
'I
I"'-
/•V(/(.V/(()H,S(, Iiwiii liwilmokliw'. Sec '• (7n7(/(.s7i ". .1 //(»//, hchila.
Had: (the), sc'-lichid, tsul litsh; hachsiilis, Iiw lit siitch.
Hark, liarh-irards, hrliind. lak, tiilak, lilllak. Ilaid //((i/.-, tiikli hod tn lak. <li) lirhind
(lull, adv.), lak. Uark, come hark, hi'I kwii (imp. adv.), ^i <]irr hark, rrlurn, hu\-
kut slu'il.
Had, a-irkril, kul luh'. That lis a\ liud horsr, kiil liih ti f'l stiakf'-.vii. To Iw had
(r(vi//«r, o (loil kill). It is bad u-calhrr /(» */((i/, o dOdkuh a-ti-slakh'-hi'l. To hare a
had tastr, otalsiih.
liaji, swa'-Iiwfid. ^Scf Srrofiim).
Hail {/or Jishin;/), hal' liiillo.
I III, as lo' kwiitsh.
liiiiiddijr {roniftrrss for Ihr hrail), swiis" link kos.
^1
.Ill
I'lliiiliil iirilli liiiiitil stiijiis], ;!■. lililUli liiill..
liillik III- }ihi(l\ It, lill U'Un.s
llnrijiiin. St'c *• Ititrlir".
I'tiirh (>/' tniH (jfcru'lifi, s'lliiili liid, s'cln ' hit: mihiih hitiK nl tliKJd, >ti' kwiil); inmili'
liiltl, of tlilijil, slil-;^u Ills, s'cliilli Im (I, wliicli ;iImi iiii'.iiis. and linili' [Mil ifllltnlv , llu"
iliiicr liiiik I'l'ilic lir; it is li> tlu'ni liUniril to l>iili lickhw, tla llirmit i;/' tin miIiiioii,
I'sti ( iiicil tile cLii'i't'st |iiiit. liiiin lluir siiiiilar coliii-.
liiirk. Id ((IS II ilitij). (> iiwo' liiili.
lUirlif, liiiii, sill, liiiili , inliiiiiiir. Id, oliwti' \ iiIi, ii Im' \iili, aC si ;.'\vns, ai' ;,'\Mis, « iil la'-
};\viisli 1(1. / //•(((/(. .1 liwo', viiWfliid : A/ //(((/r.v, n liu' miUi Im. 1 iinin In hiii/, I irill
or irit,h In liuij, la-la i'yiilt'cli id. \\ In ii ilid i/nit Inii/ \it\ t tliiul' kwi- latK'Mt,i'j{w'.sli' f
(/. ('., irltvir' Unit' yniir' hiinjtiiu'j.' Ilmr iiiinh ijou iisk /or tlint f tlinic viinli lluil iinii
/»•(((/<■.') iislini' kwi tilts Hia'fiw'sli. Thnt in iin/ (/nir, liwr la ticks i«(i'-viil>, .1 trinh\
swo' \ill), sla' j.'wnsli. /•'«(»' .s(i/(, sikli li«n'-,;iiiii. 'I'luic is im di-liiiclKiii I'llwi ill
liiiuii;; and st-liiii;,', tlu> idea liiiii^ an i-xclian;.;)'.
Uiishil, kwcld'litsli ; loiidhaHkil, Iili' \\a' win ; ii 'liit-hml; hnslitnf smU, k\vaili>ltsli ;
tir'njliitslit, tc'ilt'nu lid ddllsli ; Imsl.ii LillU, si alt ; iniin hiiskil, swai' a li (IV. o sa'
liwa, /" iitiinili'}; Innjv Imski Is /nr stnriini, liiil lai ,\ lit sid ; smiiU Iki.sI.i Is /nr mlils
(tnd ends, ukso' lins. Tin Jhinns nii n Imslnt, kl pat'. 'I'lrii/s nr nmls fm Imt^Li I irmh,
t sail"! I.
lidthi; ^<, (I tc' ti- tnli. Sec •'Wiisit".
I'liji, Iniiliiir, t liu III kali'.
l!i,ln. The place til' llic vcili to Iw is supplic<l liy tlic adjectives a oU and alsiitrt
ineaninj; jnistiit, wliicli are conj'i^'atcd t(t a certain extent as xciUs. or it is under-
stood from the connection, '..'/., Is Sli'hai In n ! au'kui .S|c liai. llv is in llio
lioiisr, at suts al, slii a'-lal. Is 'hnv iiiiythiinj'f an' k«i s.i li\\.i>' .' Is hv lirrrf at-
>*et .so ? Ill' is /(Dv, at' silts ()»■ itsiid-sha'. Furmnhi' inji' Iniii inis' \'<iini\, io-hni,
siids* ti- skiid'-/o' ash to lia'-;;o'. In tliis idirasc, to hat >iiils is the aiijectiNc pie
ceded by the si^'ii of the past tense, "to".
Beach, e brdi'-/,i (hii.
Heads, k\se'a-k\ve' (an adopted word), klo a'hiiliiks klitlc'-a-linl Inks. Tlir iaiiji f hinds,
chnkehiik-wels. To sttimj In mis, In slia'-},'\veh, diishakliw'.
Bear. Sec " Mammals'''.
/A'rtCf/, kweil, k'wedt. .1 razor, sii.ih-hiill-kwcd. To slian, o snkhhiitl kvMil. I'roin
snkli, a pai'tieh) sigtiil'.vin}^ use oi' purpose, u iintl oi ohwiitl, In sijinnilr, and
kwOd.
I'.eat. See ".S7;'(7,t".
Bearer, See '• .l/^(w»i<//.s".
Because (by paraphrase only). T do so hecatise I ehnosi, o lni',\ n' chid- kits its' i,'\vad*
hntch'' (i- do' lehiit' mif licarT' or ivill).
Become, to (in th»' sense oi' to he clninijiil or Irans/nnniil), Im' \clo. lie lunniir a da r,
hll'-ye-lo ske';;u llts. [ Ynu liiirr] almost' [^;■'J liiroiin' an linliiin'. Iiwi'' la-lil' ^uiil'
iio-yiP Ats il tel-inn*.
Bed, entail, the bed phut in a lod<jc, liil ua' sed, hnl lo a' si d. i'illmr, hwalll. '/'/" nnder
mat or a slierl, sla'-;,'\vii| (Ir. sla'-jiwiits. Ilir innir Imrl. <>/' lln ndar lluij-i).
Be/ore, d/.e'-hu, dzi' Im, litl d/.e' hii.
'it
; H
I
I
n
Sill
'<\i
•M'2
llrl,i„>l, hik, til l.llv. litl Ink.
Hilli/, khitrli, NiiiiiU' Im, kwi Vilkli ; ciiriiuli nl, inrijitniil, as kwc Vilkli. :is kwclikw.
Itihnuiiiiii to. Sec " (tj"\
Hiliiir, iiiiiirr, Imiiiilli, muibii, klcp, klip, (l('|i, tlip, s'tlllp, kic pil' It.its ; ti idflit , klilp; /(
//(//, kliip.
/!tlt, huvldt, kliit Hii|i'piiil.
lUnd, III (lis II liiiir), I'liiiil iliik'sliid.
Ilniiiilli. Sec, *• llrloir",
lit rriin, fruit (generic), Nkvvii-lat-lad.
Jlirr;/ liiiiriiifi xlinihs, lirrriis, \,c. l-'riiit, skwo laClail (^^I'licMic). Cm nhrrrii plant,
oiriiriiiTiis, kl Inil-.silt.s; tlir hiirji, kl Imls. skliil liull.s. IliisliirniilKiri/itirifl hlirl.li-
hirri/ (ipi. riliiinnnii). stikliliwi'' li.ils ; ih- litrri/, slikli liwch', slikli liwim'. /.'/( ;
jlirni hiirLiihirri/, kl liwiitsiits ; Ixiri/, kwiil lilts. Sinimii liiirl.lihn-rii, nif a l^'\\.
iSiiiiirhiirii, scskuiui, < inn.ii hirriihiisli , \Hii\in'-hi\ts ; birri/, tsa-kali'. li'iiljliurniiiii
ciiiriiiit (rilirs siniiiuiiiiiiiii), pokwiits; Inrfji, pok. hrirlKirii. ii\\\u\\H'' h\\\\\^;
/mil, iiWMi] Ix'kliw. /i'((.s/i//( *■*•)/, ell il k«' lia'.s; fruit, cliil ko'lia. Siilmuiihtrrii i i''il'<r
iiiill.iiiiii.s\, sia' ;,'\va iliits, stiij; wild. CiijiUvrnj (h'lihiix slri;iiiniis), sla-kats. slatliikn.
tSlnnrhi rriis (iwu sprcifs), liat-Mid sliid, Iclakw. Ii'Dsi-hiixliix. skap' ats. Cnilhtin;
kakli li wilts; fruit, kakliw. Uiiirllinni, rlic ha' dais; fruit, clic-liad. W'itil clurrj/,
tswa'ilals; tin fruit, tswail. Sirrinliirri/(iuuihiurltiii ciiuiiiliusis), ki> l:is tan.
l-:iilir (scarlet lirrrv), sdnihiinis jtulnnx, tsali tats ; fruit, Isaht. Klili /• (blue luTiics),
s.iiiuiiilruni.s, Isiikli-wild. liiitrlirrrii (liiuiccru iurnlurrutii), tsc liwal. Itniimi uriiju,
hoUij lidinl Imrbcrrij (livrliiris iiijuifolium), swc'liats. swcs liiidiits ; tin: hirri/, swc';
II Kiuiillir .v/vriV.v, s wi' simhiits ; hirri/. swi'shiih. Sulliil (Ts'iindO, niiullliiriii sliul
/o«, la'-kads; //(f /(crn/, ta'-ka. Arhutus iini »r.s/, skai'wa-diifs : ^/(c /v'/-*i/, sliai' \va.
Hrl, to (also lithvr to win or lime, to (lumhlr), o t.sal'-tiili, o tsiil'-tiih (Iroiii tiic saiiir Kiot
as {> snip tsiil. to irhirl. tVoiii tlic rotary iiiolioii of tlic ;;aiiil)liiif;- disks), otsla'lfkw
(lidiii tlic iia )rilic -aiiici)r"/((ni(/", la-lial'). sla-liTil. / bit, ot-siil cliid. J' hitrc
H-iin' II /;</' ()/' i/(i»', o-tsiil-tui)' \\o tict-' sliid' ;,'\villla'-li.>'.
Jlij/ouil, dc' a Ic'cliiip. dc beds.
Jtinis (iriitrr furl, ariii'vic), skwa-kwc-liisli ; ("■ Iriv hirils"). stIc kcl' kiib ; (//r/.v, oos';
fnilltrrs, stokw ; u-iuiis, tsc'-tsal, tsits ill ; the malliuil, lial lint :/;/(/((»/(, limiio' ;
seireelioirl, .s'klal-Ick w, slallakw; innr, ka'-ka ; riiren, skwaiikli : //(/W( /( niiilr.
.s'lill'-bi-chal; hliir jtii/. .skai-kai ; icriu, s'clic'-clilll ; redhuidul irimiljiick' r, kill
katsli ; .siiuiljiijiir, willuilkli ; tiittlir, kco' ya.
Ilite, III, o-liiills; hittiu, liiitld. Itiil he bite [.'/"«]/ oliiill siil ,' to nuck, to mis, <i blislir
III/ sueliou, qii. Iiiithi'-lckw.
lUiiel;, hi t')tsa.
liliinhrts, sii'.ii-'.a; irliite /^Ani/.v /, Imk kolil'za (linkok'li. /r/uVr); liiil-lo bolit'/:i (ipi.
Iioiii liwiiltiiiii, (( irhitc mini); ml hlunhet, lii-kwctso-lil' /.a (hckwctl. (vi/); blue
ubinkil, liaitiitsa lil'-za (liitTil'-.sa, bhiel: or dark blue); iinrn blanket, Imk-kwas-
.so-lit' /.a (liokwats, y/rcH); niilire bliinkets of (loij.s^ hiiir, ko-inatl-kad (ko-iiiai, <i iloij);
of uiountiiin-iioiit.i' iroul, swOt-lc-il-kcd (swcl-lc, ii ijiuit).
liliize, to [IIS II Jire), (I liwc' a kwits liiit.
lilinil, asl kla'-kos, asia'kiis.
lilisli r (to mine n bli.sttr bji .sueliou), liiitla'-lckw. Sec ••.Vriliciiie^'.
Ptiiiiiil, tit' li j{vviil, .stii'limMid
i
imiiiiif III' II ({Will, Mirii |;\> int.
Jlliiir, to (irllli till III iiitli), » \>i>'<>i\ : [<is tin /riiii/i, n pu' a IfUw ; Ik IhkiI, icim/. <> |iii' ;
to (li'i/l, II |iiiUv\ ; ^l /)/(•;(• iliiiiii Ins <i tin), ml /akiiu. iS I.itin".
Jlli(f(ii(tl(], lid kwaiUliw ; {ildiL), In tul ,sa.
Hhisli, III, III lict sil IIS. Sri" '•. I /((/;• 1/ ".
Hiiiljl (/(H(»(/((). sta ilii ^u III. iliiiil si; (( iliiiil liDilii, .>.K.ii \ii. I'lii Is iif tlif liiiihi : — Uiiul,
N'liai ,Vlls ; /'i))> /(((((/, sc Icll.s, si Iris; i iii/ro, lill kti Uiil ; /x/i /, nl thr Amii/, Mllkw a'
ywa-inilsli ; .s/.i///, sliail' illsli ; Imiiii, t/iiltkri; linir, sUail/i>: 'm i , >al/iis; ci/i
Imiiin, Isii' liiiil ; ( //( , k,i' ills, |»a Inli; iinhroirM, lititMli-kla Ins ; i(/</i»c liil, s'lms l,« il
III kwail. ska! Ill kwiiil ; iiinltr Inl, liuti iii-lnrkwiiil : t i/t/fo/n .«. kli|i'|iiiil ; ll<<^>',
III Ilk s'li ; iiiixliils, as III'- 1" ; mis, kwil la' tli ; cAi </,.«, .sliii In l>a' ill. liwt' la<l i; iinmlhy
kail'liu ; //'/«.v, aisle jialihill : if/i/«>' /('/i, sli'kai', Mil sid ; tixWir /I'yi, skir pai' ,\iit Mil ;
liDKjuv, kla' lap, klal hip ; In lli, il/i' ilis; < kin (."aiiu' as iiiitlcr lip) ; jiiir houv, s'rliiiiii-
hiia'-,vu('lii<l ; /««»</, kwcili, kwiil : IIik'hI, skap' miI>: huI>-, kai iikli' kwa, as jaiksli' ;
rill si, SI' li •(!';,' Wlis; lii'iiist (;/' iri.iiiiili. skill in'; nijifih . skllli n' ;il' ll. si'lks ; .sliinihli r,
ta' lakw, si la' 111 liiil ; \liiii;lilir hlmli . ska' Ick siul ; Imil.. si ' la rliiil, Isiil lilili, sliil
li'dr ; jiiiuli I iiirs, li\\ iilsiih'li ; iiiiiis, isiikw ; hillji, klatrli, kw I \ii'k, k\M ,\ nkli', siiiiik'
iva ; liliiilihr, s'liii |iii ; iiilniils, kail /.tkli' ; iinril, lihtl' jiwa : /<//), nn'pil; inuli inlii,
siiwiklil', si s(i' wiklll ; liiliiii. sil ;u'\ II sill ; irmuli, liiili ila' ail ; jiliii i iiln, a' sliinl
dililil'; iniiis. slii'i' la : iniiix irilh iiliiulnl forfukht, r> pak ; Imir i>l' fiiilns. skvNiid
iV'\ li-fiti.i, lia' rli'il. ma' iliiii ; Kriuliiiii, siis liwa' ad ; litiiil. sl'salti'li, si sa'li'; iini.st,
sal'lcj,'^ IIS ; /(('/(.v, liiikk'liap'; iinii (lio ;{«'liclal «iiid ! ; (//lo/r, kii Imkli' w nl sliid,
l!'l>li\viilla'-liad; Imrir nnii [irrlsl], clia'lrsli; lininl (Jiinurs), s'lia' lat rlii ; tiiilit
liiiiiil. d/a-a'i'lii ; /( // liaii'l, ka' lil rlii ; /lalm, U\\ lit su'-sal i-lii, .s"tii kii la' rlii ; lliuiiili,
slii-kla! tia'clii, sliitlallsatrlii ; lilllr Jiinjir, stc'sii lialk sat flii ; /i(Wik [inllni-
((•(7//), .snkli Ilea' lat rlii ; LhiiiLIik, Iivm-' k\v<- Inikli liua cIii ; naih <;/' ritliir Jiiifiiix
iir Idck, kii li\\:i' rlii, kii liwaiclii, k'snk t;ili k'srt flii ; Im imils, kuakli .sliiid ; Inj,
(ii(» Ki'iii'i id \Miril); //(/»///, sa' lap ; (h.s/(/( ii/'/Zi/i/A. Iiwat' .s'llia ; A«(c /kim. Iiwai ,\ n la
ka'liitsid; (•((//' ii/' /if/, an trks ; niilJi, ku Kali slijd. ko link'; sliid ; /im/. < /.i//»^ /im/,
d/.asliid ; lil'l fmil, klalsliid ; I'ltt. dza sli'd sliid ; iiishii, sluiksliid : *i7< , sfkul sliid ;
Af ( 7, sliikii' lint sliid : /((..■, sjial sliid ; li'uj tut. sliil laik shid. sin llalk slild ; nhix,
ti'Irls; /*/()(»/, to' li;^"ni. sti. li;,'\Miil ; /mHrv, s'lilan'-\ n ; a/./», liiid /ad mil ; mi//»",
k\\ 111 III sill ; ijcn-iiKiil, spnis; mini, siikli li\\a. .^rr tlir almxc irspirtiM'l.v.
/.'(i(7, /(». (I kwalls, (I pill linlsiit (ipi. riuin u pu a likw, ^i hlmii. Jluil' koiiu' imliiloetr',
kwalts' iiks- "pen kilts'.
liinii , s'lilan' \ II ; lisli-hnins, s'liaklis.
Hiirilrr. iilijr nf (iiii/lliiiuj, r'-la li;id, lltlf'-la-liad. Sim- ^•I'lliji".
Iliitv, III, (dinl p'l-t'd, tii<:liid|ind (cliclp'liii. u iiiinlil). .Set' *' Tirixt'\
lliirviiir, li 11(1, s'l'.hn-lalts. / hnninv, <'liii-laltsi'liiil.
Jliilll. Sl'l! " IliilliJ fuith ■'.
jUisiim {of iroiiKUi), mill., sknli-o; Ihi nijijili, sknlin al' li : In .sinl,, niicldv, </. r., <i knii'-o.
Jjoth, bodiwi sa' If (all liru).
lidir. tsa'tsiits. s'lsasils; liuir ulriiiij. I nkli'li\vit.-li. sliii I iikli' liu itsli ; xti-.iinj. liit-
liwcislil ; .'itrnii/liti'inil {its a hmr thut lian httn //m^;, tnpiisli k'sbid ; (o limil it lioio,
t'lind'duk-sliid.
Itiiic i;/'(( rnitiic. slindst ; tin hiiir.'*iii)iii, li'l slindsl.
m
m\ I
lUiirl iin„„lni), «;iiis, s:! .-,iis; u,/ l,„rii „/ „rlx 1,101,1, ini( or " hln-liorn"), spulkwus.
Jio.,; ,l,rsl, h-,i:ih; uiiKkiil.', uok;i|,'; //,/ ,;/•/„,,,, ti'kut sils. stfkol-.sul; ,lill„-l,o., for
InlU-K. Iiiid (li {^wc;;' s;i Ic.
lloji, cIm' ill.,-,. clia'chcNii (lilfially small, » small ,„i,j.
Jlraiit, /o ias 11,, A<(/r,, ci liil. sj.l ; l,,-auU<l, stiil. >lii.l-(k.', luli-slicdiid. / hraiiL o \\\h-
liraidil (of lirass a-in). s\V(»;i; [of luaih], si)k\vi''-clii.
j!raiulii.s of a Ire,:, .Vcliasl. iScc "/Vcc".
Jlras::, kti-lii lal' liii ; brass naitril, corcml iritli „ails [as ,1 trunk or ijunslovlq, as cliitsl.
(s.'c ''HiiUoiis"); brass hlllr, K wails-al;it lill.
/.'/■«(((/, ,sa pii HI (a liiiiiducd woid IV. 'IVmiik, Isa'iio-lil).
JirmI;, to (as a stui), also In sriiarair, iliriil,: n liwiitl; hrol.rn. Ir.viil Ici.slit ; lo hrtal. the
ley, ohwutl-sliiKl; chc-hr,;!, liu ml hunt 1 ; ,, ,,a,l of aivjthhuj, illiwuti; loose,
hwiit-liwiilli ; /,( hrcnk iriiid, o pit ; hrol:,,, (as a horse}. liai'\il.
lirmthr, to, .sl't-.s"! <lal). Si /',. br'huj forth ".
Jiriilijr of liKjs, sc wills'.
lirimj, l„, atl'ln la Iiansuivf rorin of tiio vcrh at-la, ut-Ia. to romr ; for similar
iiis(aii(vss,.,Miriilfi-'^;,r'aii(i -Carri,," ^'Srr'\md -Shoa-"}. //**//(;/, la all tut-slii.l.
llr,u:iorhan<l mr, atl-lii' sliids, mi ko'-shids, .\all sliids (see ''(Jiir"). (So ami brinq,
klul.'clmliii- ooklits'clni- atldlin' (liU.iall.v .^/.W umi' ij,,^ ,,o„\ hri,,,,'). ISriuq
f,;wo„d, <,r-la chop, kla' i-iiiil) (stnk-wul), mmi). lirho " liijht, lakhs 'lukhshud.
I',r,,„i a littUfnr [n brand), kh-1 la<;uiih. av'fotcli' |m,vj ////«,/,v', okht-shids' a.s-
shats^ ;all Hi' sliids) sinlidop:^ (sc.. undci' " aire"). As-diiiliba," to br:ng wood and
iralcr (.' to wait o>,).
lirlwj forth. .,., o hiMlal), iii-daU. l)i;i;iVAHVK.s .IcLik! da. df !.iid-da.,n, i,it\nit, a son ;
Slid di lie l.ada, (( danyhtir ; slird di l.iid d.i, mil child ; mi mad. hi bad. // liltir one ;
l.a'haad, offsprinu; lu'li'-da, a doll; lici.'-o kwcd. to dandli : as also man, l.ad',
father; (h'-liail, i/onr father. Set- to breathe, srt-o'l-dah. Stillborn (i. c, dead), as-
ii'-tal)iid, las-.vo'-l)il (tli(. word used lor aiiiiiials). To produce abortion (by rolliii;,^
over a loj,'), oilliii kwakw.
liritlle, as pu' akail, kc' .va'.
Jiroad, as-pf'l'.
Jlroom, su-ku kwalt'-liii, sii-f:;ii ;;«'alt lui.
Ilrothir. See "Ii'datioiiships".
Jlnehet, skod, skwc'-a-kwod (Iron, siikli, nse or imrposc, liwc'-wi, to (;ct, ko, water),
tlufiato. Hvv ''Mammals".
Ilnlbt, arroir, Ic'siid.
Ilnrn, to, o-hr.d (hot, ]un\,Jire]. I shall bnrn. klolio'-cliia (sc' ''Fire"), o-kwasb.
/>i(»-^, /(), o piid-diid. Src under "rooA". puds.
Unsj/, to be (to be at irori:). o-yai-fis. 8fe " \Vorl.'\
lint. Sec "O/)///".
Jlntton.'i, sVhit.s-slieilo' (a small bulbous rooi, IV,,,,, a faiicii-d ivscmblanco to which the
iiaiiu' was taki'ii. and Ironi uliicli also a.s-chitsh, covered with brass nail.t),
Itnij, to. Sec "liarter".
/'>!/ and by. 8i'o iiii! : '-rre^cnllir'.
315
('it<l(i\ II, kl;lp; 11(1111 Ivlrp. iniilir. Ifiualli, sinihiii,
Ciiliil, siiKiiitli. to In . o-lc' a-n il.
r((»(/(' (^ctiriii'). kc' lo-hit; Tsinnl; or .l/d/.vi/i /)(;^^>»-/i, <) (il'liiis; iioi-llirrn fviHiK', .slc'-watl;
t:Itoi 1 1 hoskI or hunlcn iiiiioc, khii. To ijo in a avioi\ o' lull. To ijit into n nnioc.
okc'ki ;,'« ll. Sfi' •■<l('f on". Tlir hoir of ii cmior, Mliildst, slildsl ; sttrn, r' Ink
(till' hihinil); //(;/((/7.s, liw'l llill-« ild ; »i'(.v', slli pol ;il li : .v(/(7, |ii> t ml ; piidillr. \\oh\.
('(till', rliiiik (worn like a )ion('lio). Id' jiwiis.
('((ipcntcr, irofkir in irond, o -pai'-ak.
('anil, to. okti tii (transitivi' loiiii ol' vcrlt. (i iikli, to (jo). ('((/ci/ (iiiip.).ukli' tii >liiil. ToLr
unit ninii. kwmldud «'>kiitii. u iliu' lia, as-cliuli-Ua. / riinn. It's clii Im' chid, /
ciinil on till' shoiililiT, m\\\< kwci' ^a iliid. Carrij ijonr bttir. ah' aii kals "lial.
Cilfitriiliil. Iiwiill iiia'-iliili : I'miii o liwiill. to sijuu-iiti\
Citt (adopted trom ICii^ilisli ). |iis|i pish ; litti r o/ l,iltrns, pi' o pips (lisli.
Ciilili, tiil;f, to, <) iiwiid' liild. ('/(/(•// on (lis i\ liool; or thorn), kic kvval' lilsh ; citlrh sin
/'oirl in n ml, o-tiik kiib, otloi I'lio!) (IVoui o tlols, (/ l,not, knottnl, ami o holt, to ijo).
"s.'e"F/,s7(".
('irtiiinlii. tnilii. tall, tiitl, (iiC lo. Sec '■'■Trni".
Cliiiir, .suit, siikh-a tiwiid-dc (iVoin sukli, iisi: a-id ^uiid (h'i, /" sit, //. r.).
Chiiiujc, iilti'r. to. laic' il 111) (IVdiii lu-lc', iliffinnt, «/. c). Voii Imrr nltirul in apiiiarann;
111 la Ic'u sil elm (from sil-cls, forihiiut). Von hiirr ihiinijnl i/onr miml, la Ic' il
ukliw' tii 1- liiitcli' tc' dii^i'wc'' (literally, iliiniiiiil' ijonr' lirnrt' litis* i/o"'). To hr
i'Ihukji'iI or trans/onniil, hit ve-lo. See "'/'o Inionn ".
Vluim; -sirk, linik/in; ij. r., ii';;\viit-cliid.
(7h(.v/c, as-pa'-lil ; h»c/(«.s7<', ashwiil kii. Sec "/'i)((/('.s7( ''.
('hint, to, clic-.Midsli.
Clivrkiiril, o-liwutl liwiitl ; lioiii o liuiit!, to luriilc or svpnroli:
(Jheik.s, hwc' laili, sluito-ha' di. Sec "IJnr".
Chi'.st, lior. See "/>(».(■". VVic /<r(<(s7, se-led-;^\\ us.
(Jhriv, to, o-ka'-wa-lekw.
C'/kV/', !<i al), si am; (iiliir.), si i al). 77(e /A(7,i/, sliiiksi ah (thi Aliorr Chiif). To kioIiI,
(o loril it, si ah okii.
Chilli, iiii-iiian, hi had ; (littlr onr), dchiid' da ; ii miin-ihilil, slu' lo-misli (iliiii. of slolisli,
mini); a Ji rut horn vhilil, s'ehulkli ; a vroinl or i/othirinti of ihililirn, we'-usso,
Chililixh, asliwe.' hwi Ink (see '^Fooli.sh"); a hiilnj-housr, Iiwiii Invil mcklnv.
('hin, slile pal yiU-sid. Loiuj vhiniuul, ha<l zai utsid (hats, lonij).
('hokr, to (in sinilloirinii), clii-ku iip-siih, kl kwapsab tiil>.
aiioii, chip ofl'y to, okliik' Wild, u lliikw, clia 'liwiit. Si To inf.
Vlean, to, oliwiits, t'we' kollsli. To vlnui u)!. mrrii (iiriii/ ilirl, .s/cny*, o e' a kwiid-dop.
Cliiir ont. hr off, off irith jioii, lil-tsfit, Id tsiu (imp. adv., rnim lil, \v\, fur).
Vkar up, to (ii,s thv innthrr), (innkkiih (iVom o ;^iik, to oprn, ii. r.), o-e' Uii. // (.■< rlmr-
inij lip overheail, o ek liii ti sliiik'li.
(limit. See ^'"Axiinil".
Cloth, Jhuinrl, ml, lie' kuell ; hliirk, tliirk hlnr or ijrii n, iliirhioloriil, liilt lots; lii/ht hhir,
liil^li oks.
Clothiil, iln.ssiil, asset'smn.
w
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1
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is'
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Ij?
•fi
i
(Jltimls, skwii>.Iiiilt. >k\Mis|i uin. ('Ininlii, .s'liii I'lialt till ; r<-li;ili-krikli .'Xisk".); h'kut
lull (Siitili.)
Chill, ka ho' sin ; (i Imidiil slirk <ir Klunij xlmt. kiip-lMsli.
('mils III' Jiff, prklil.
Ciilil, lii^i. 7(> he mill. (I Ills sib. Ciilil (adj.), as-klukli liwil. Mi/ Unci; is aitil, as klOkh'-
wil ki M'-laciil<l. ''"/'/ firliiiilK, askl(.)kli-\vil siitld; Iciui, as kloil.
Ciiiiih, III, n |ii klo'siili. / ' riiiiilr )ni/.silj'', W at-su' up klo'siilr cliid'.
Ciilnrs, llir :-~ii-liili'. Iidkokw; lilinl:, ilnilhlni; iliiiicynvn, iiml iliirk niliirn (jvncniUy,
lii-tol-sa; I'kjIiI liliir, iiu-kwalkliw ; liijlitiinin anil ijcUinr, liu-kwats; /•«/, lie kwMl.
In tills, as jnohahly in most of tin' Iniliaii ton;,'ui's, tiicro is viT.v li'ilf l>ii'-
cisiuii in till! (listiiU'tioii ot' colors lii'\oiiil whiti', black or daik, anil red.
Ciiiniiiiiiiil, iiriirr, In, ot-liii ilc'-kwid ; In ijifi mi unlirfiir iiin/lliiini, In i/iri: one aiujlhiiiij to
ihi, o dab.
('(i;/«, /(',((//■//•(■, /fir//, at-la, lit la, o-!<liit('liil. o thit-cliil. / (vi/^r, la-all sliid. I vitmr.
J'liiiii I'lirt 'I'oiniKiiiil, t\\\ .uX ivA' lAl slit- latl. Jii/ irlml miitl iliii i/nu roiin^ cliad'
sliiij;- w'll- ka-tsi' liwutl' .' (literally, ivliin' rniul' ijuii^ ciiiiir*). ! t'dinc hi/ll'ir \!sl,iriilli
riiiiil, skwa' m sliiiti \\"tl lets a liwiitl. Cniiu'liiri', alia twiil U'. Cnmt:' you- [iiml]
.s//' |/i(»( |, atla' clio' lio' j^vviiil del'. Ciimc quirh-, liaiet'-la, ai-iil'-la, at latl. Ciimc
//i.s/(/c, ut-latli liid dikliw. / inini: nr arrivr, iil-lat'-cliilsliid. Thr iliitf lum cmne,
si iib tot la' cliil. Ah ! jiou'rr iiitinil, alia'I otliitcliil elm. / luirvjunt inmv, da' liii-
cliid ol hint clii. Vi.-<ltril(i!i I nmliiil hvn; to-datl tialshids ot Idet chi twiiltt'. /
inrirnl .■<oiiii- /uKc i(//(), es-lu-a'-;;(i si nt-kiiit-cliil. lUrhuiis lir is nuniini hin\ ho Ins
kil da' o lliitcli 11 Ilk w.
(,'()//(( iishini. See " Sliori ". Tn inmc ii/i. rixr !il Ihr irnlrr (iix iij'li r iliriiuj), sliekli (tVoiii
shiik'li, ((/'rov ). CiDHi- liiiik, bel kuii (iiiiji. adv.). / cuiiii' I'nr nnHiiiuj, |ial-lal 1 chid
la liaista (an idioinatir |iliiase, ]iallall ineaniii}; "./'"/• nntliiiuj". ij. v., la-hais ta, In
i-niiir nr ijn irilhniit jiiiiiiose). Cniiir liirt, irliirr arc ijiin ' |ioi-chii ; pwiil-le'-chiil
ta^westa? \also idiomatic, Iml not explaim-d).
Cnnci'irc, hirninr jivniniiiil, In. od /.ed' /.i ; }irr<iniinU as-zi'il' za-lic. Tn pmiliiiT iilinrtinu,
od-hii kwakw.
('oiijiiriiiti, slu'-na'-nam, slioda'-ilab. .1 lonjiim-, nr '• mciliriiiriimn", slionam', slio-ihib'.
Tlir I'liniiliiir nf thr rinijiirir, ske-lal i-liid, skwo-lal-i-tiid. This word is also apjilicd
to any iiarticiilai' j;ilt, pouiT, or acipiiri'int'iil possessed by an individual, and is
<Mpiivalent to the taiiia nous of the .laijiiin, the i'taiiia'-na-was of the T'sinnk.
I'rom o-e' tilt, to sliiji, o kill kilali tut, to ilnion, (j. v., as it is in a dream or trance
that the spiiit ivveals itself.
'Hiere arexarious kinds of eiuijiiiiiin iiccoidiiii;' to the object to he attained.
.Viiionu' them an-, s'hi' na; s'hin-hin, <u' s'lieii'-ha-niin (the diik-walli ot the Makahs).
known on the Sound as the black taniu'iio us. a species of Masonry; odzekhw,
a perfoniianci' akin to iable-lippiii;;' (si'c '■'■ Illnir") ; ste' bin (lioiii te'-lib, <( soiiii),
that (d' sill vss with wdiiieii ; Isaik, link ill thr ijitmv of '"hdml". which also briiij;.s
kwrdi'li, fiiir irinil; tob-slie-dad, //" mukhni of fuir iniilhi r ; yd me' liii, Ihr siil-
moil ililiirr. See •• Milllinhiil!l'\
Coiltiniir, ijo on {on irilli ii .s7<(/i/), he'-uil, he'-wil-ki. / will ijo (ni. Mci-he'-wil tu-clild.
ll is rarelx used exccpl as the iiii]!. aiU. uinnj, ainnj irilh ijiiii. Sec " On".
'■("'/,, t,>. hli i il.i' lill.l: /„ /,„,/. ,, Kvv;iilv'. n |,iil liii' isill (.|ll, lioili u |mi .1 li'Uw, /(, hloir) :
linked limit r ;iri>iiii,l, |iinls (o pml iliid, hihiifii) ;. ti> roast mi a */■,■/,.() |,v\:.ll>, <i k\viill>,
(ikwiiliii; ((/( Ik,/ stniiis itiiil n>ni;<l trilli iiiiit.", kill siil ; tii J'lii. wii . In' lia Ir! kvMi-
viidLiii, iliiiir, kwiil.
Copuiiili. til. (1 f'-lit.-l.c'-liil», I'' |ir|i. !•' iiiiiii. iii'l i kuul. In slidl iqinii n irniiiini n/ nhiht,
i-lia^h ; Id rarisli, o-lii elk Sec •' Vniirt ".
('i>liitlati(,ii, ko-kiil-c'kwii (IVoiii oc'-li kwiif).
Cnrpxv, .skiii-.vu. Till' uord iilso sijiiiilics a ^'lavc or any iil.icc ul ilf|i((sit lor ilu drail.
Voqiuhiit, pniiiiiiitl, as-kwc'iikw, as-liwi' .Mikli (Irtmi kwi \iikli. tin hrllii).
('oiiilli, as-liwc'-kiis, ii.s-(o'-k()-lu'il(lMh.
Coini/, kwii.sli-ii, Iiat shid; / count, lial sKl-sliitk Sec •' J/oir wrni.i/ " aii.l " .Niimr/ ((/.■<".
Ciiurt, mitkr lore In, lie intli, o-kail ilal), n-kiiddiili, \v<i kiid id» ;!kli iCiom skiids. <i mnrl
heart); J iviirt, at skiid (■lii(k Sec >• T„ sliul"' a!id " I'lir nioiilh'.
Cover (of (I hn.r nr hittli'}, ,Kti' k<il'-,sid ; runnil, irilh tin- liil mi, kuk kd : u\ ; mnnil (<is
iritli II liliiiihitj, as iiatsitch. / cnnr mijxill', as hat sidcliiil.
t'riiillc, s'hal' fans, s'lial'-tcditl, skukkc'-itk Tin' iruilli kHiI., In irhnh ii h htuKj, ^\/w\
dnk-tcdcil (Nisk.) : d/iikw'lcd rtl (SikiIi.), lilt'i;il!.\ nwhr, liiiiii d/a' a ;;\Mil,/(/ lovk.
'Ilu comiin sx fur jUitti iiiiiij llir thtld'x lunil, t'skli lvi).>tuiii.
Cniii/, a(5 dzi-^nva'-tnli.
Cr'i'p, rniirl, to. o-takh'-lia "^Mvil.
Crinilial, kwal.
Cnifis {xiijii 11/ tilt), klii liat-sul).
O0.V.V ic/.vc, as-k\vtil-j;\viis (lioiii kwal, rniokcil).
Cry, iri'ij), aim to cri/ us an animal, o-Iiab, o-lia'-liali, wolia' lial), W'hii iln iinn rrii ,' o lied'
tat-sa- wo lia'-lial>' i (irhif ijoitr' cnf.) Tn rri/ nut icilli jiniii, Isc' nkad. /'« Imirl {ax
a irnl/nf (In,/), kawol). Sc»' " Wail". Why do you cry, rhitff o lud I'liukli Mali
otat-sa wo lia'liah .'
('/(/, U>, o-fliokw, wut-cho' ko' sid, o-hwot'-skd-tiit, o liwcts ko kult, o kli' cliid, o kli^tn.
Toiul the hair, kUt' cliil-kcdid). Ttt rut ti,r Iniiidx, o liwctsli at chi, lYoui s'lia hit clii,
hand. O/io:" | /J cm< [w//] toK/", tiUsldOtslial clii' asli (d ha' ^..' 'l\, ml uith xris
sor.i, wntdi'-chal c'-kwii. Sec " .sVck/cA".
1>.
Bandli', to, hilb-o-kwed. .See ^H'liHd''.
i>fni«', silkh'-liiiin ; tn dam- u-sakh Iiiini ; a place usfd J'cr </((«(■/«.'<, mikhliiiiii all liu.
Tofrixk ux a duy, sakli ">. ,1 mask used at dances, stet kwa' imis. Th> salmiin
dance (on itxfirxt arriral), ■ine' Im.
Dark, the, klakh", sklakh ; tlark, as bistid, ,sr,s-a'-la->;oli ; dark cninrx, hi lot sa {black).
See " .V(V//(/ ''.
i>«(Crt, ^», ola' hel. o lakli' hilliikh. Ht'CLir/W,
/^«//, sla' liel. shlahel ( IVoni lakh, /////</, (/. r.); j/ioiv'/d//, klop; «(">/i, la' fjwiit ; aflcninon,
kla-|M)k, .shit lo-kwatl ; cnnimj, slat la'lie; xinisil, nal laliiii ; nii/hl, klakli, sklaUli,
sklakli-hel; miduiijht, i.sdat, as-dat. See under "Future .mV//i", *^ To day", '> /'/rfl-
ently".
Dead. See " To die ".
Deaf, astikwa'-dr (Cioiii k\villa'-di, tlivnir). To he deaf, mil In underxlami, as li kwa'dil.
Don't you underxtaitd t as-ti-kwa' div chii '. I dnii'l uudirxinnd, as tikvva'-<lii diid.
318
i^<
Ihnr liii pviiT), ki'tNli, licUv\ s'lio' \ III) [Itinjr iKinjuht). Sec " Hurler''.
I >( 111(111. Sec " .Mi/tlioliiiiij".
Ihiji. .siniLin, st'lilp. lilip, tlip, vVf. Sir "/'«</(/•", ■'lldnir".
I'ljiiiil, III. Sci' " 'I'll ijii".
Ihyri ml. In [iis J'rciil il hill, il Imr.ir, \i'.\, () ta' j;U il, lill-l;i'-;,'\vil ; / ihsriiid. i)-lill-l;i'-;,'«il-
rlii'l ; III (jil iliiini, (i-U\vi'-liii-j,'\Ml.
Ilir, III (ill spcakiiif,' of pcupic), oa' (a-ltiiil, o-mI iiliiid ; (uf aiiiiii.ilM, o-vn'-liil ; stiUhurn.,
o-Vd' I'll.
Difrriiil, 1,1 Ic', liil !(■', (hi II' tc. I.ll.r^ <i criiu', irilli' llii.s> (liffcrfiHi'\ liiitrii' ii- ka' i;;r',
;,'u 111 ' tc' tela! Ic-' (spcakiiiji of a lilacki^iid), tict' ^^Anollier", -Fcir". Tuiiltif,
la It' it III) ; liil If' kwiis, in a dilj'rriat irnij, (see ■' Thits").
nitj, lo, II rlial), clia ill! ( IVoiii rlia, ii hull)] In illij i-hniin, o ;ikli' lio ( IVdiii t-akli ho, .s/ir//
_//.s7/); ((/( .' main/ innnni itrc diijijinii [ruolx), at clii ihs' clii ilii' ! ka'-kwi shi (If n chrih;
diij (lilt (i-s (I I-IIIIIII-), f.i sil-iiii.
JJiminiiliris : — m«», sl()l)sli, sto'Io iiiish ; yW/Acc, ilclniil: cliilil, ilc-hail' da ; lliir, tii>-
budsh ; iiiir who tilln lilllr liis, tfis-hf'-biulsh ; Itiirf.r, stiakc'.vii ;/'</((/, slit k('.\ ii ;
siihiinn rii<\ knikli ; hirriiui ruv, ki' a-kiilkh ; .siiw.mir, liad-dnl) ; .tjirinii, ohc liiid-
diih; lliv itojiliir, kwa-dc'-a-kwats ; tlK'ufipiii, kwc-kwa-dc-a-kwats; ii xlinif, chct'la;
|/r(ir(7, ell! chitsh'-thi ; an /.s7((/((7, sti'-clii ; mi i.\lil, st ita-clii ; ii imiirir. Vn' Uwdlt;
a small mir, liaha-kOiii ; a riirr, slu'-liik : striinii, stc'ro-liik, sto-ti-liikw ; In In
a.sliaini(l, it-\]i'i s't] ; lu /in t< ml la In- .sn, id /V.sV, <i-li(-lialicl>il ; iil.vi llii- iiitcrJiTlinii in
mirriniint, as he' hi he' ; /ooZ/.v/j, as-liw ul Ink ; cliiiili.sli, as-liuc'-h\viliik ; tlirrr, al-
to di : (( /.///(■ iniii 'ij)'. al lo-di (Ii ; nl liaiiil, di-di, ih'-a-dc ; lii/ nnil hi/, lia'-akw ; //ccv-
i'ntl;i. a kwi ha kwi ; pri-'unllii, kla'-lad (dim., kla-hid-kli.) .Set; also uiidci '•/>(h/"
anil "Cal", •'■ llmj", for jdiiral iliminuliviH.
lUntcil, nnlcliiil, as-tiitl-kwa' had.
Dirlij, skia' ka-dish, asclic'-iik-wil.
IHxiasis : — snialli)o.t (also the fciiialt' di'inoii wlio i(>pn'scnts it), sco-tiini' ; .si/phili.s {in a
man), ast'lilai' iits; {in a inmiiin), astsau'c; hiihucs, as-hiitl-hal' ; ijunurylma,
()chiii;'-hiil) ; rnnniimjition, as-lo'-kwibiid' diil) ; hires, as-ehc-hwfil)' ; a faint, tsatl'-
dtitl ; rirlii/u, .sul-siili)'-tub (sci' " 'V'o ic/nV/"); boils, si)iik'li ; _/i7Tr anil ai/iie, ais-
(•Iiid-l)a'-d(')b ; eoiiiih, as-liwc'-kii.s, astoka-ha'-dt'ib; to hare Ihi heaiiache, uhuthitsh ;
to Ineal; the arm, o Iiw lit la' had ; lo hrenU the liij, o-hw iill-sliiid (sec '' lireah"); eut
or .\eral(hiil, ij. r., ashwt'l'; lo .seraleh the face, o-liwc'chiis ; to nerateh the hanils,
(1 li\\ct:'-.sat-('hi (sec " Jlaml"); ehapiieil hands, ii.s-tak-hul ; icarts, as-(Mlk.
.■Most of the above words have the adjeelive pielix as, and ])robably si^jiiify
harinij sm\\ a disease. See '■• Sii'l;'\
Dish, jil, lie (of stone), tiikwai; {of irood), Ulkwi • a hirfje dish, hrikb-pai-yiiltsli (bekw,
larije).
/>/(•(, to, o-o' sil. See •■ i'lirihead".
IHride, lo. See " Ureal:".
Doij {the ei.inmon kind), ko'-b.ii. ko'-iiiai, sko'-bai (pliir. skokobai) ; the lind sheared
for itsjleeee, ske'-ha (Nisk,), ska'-ha (Ska-;!!); bitch, lo'-witl; <( littir of pnps, AiWi'.-
o kwe' okobai ; doii lii.e, shis'-ko-bai.
Doll, bebda. See '^I'hild".
Jhinhlc. to. See "Fo/f/".
r*|i
Ihiiril siniilii. iilMi li;iil. Ii> w.Jll li.iil'.
hniun. Id, 11 kill ki l;il i liit; /i> till kih's iSniims. il sa'li liil I iili slicil, lioiii oi'inl, /.■
sliiji, //. r. See ^H'lnijinliiii".
J>r(iis,<irti(li.s ((/'(m'C '•('IiiIIi", '•1>IiiiiI,i Is") : — lull, lup, sliwiiis iilian ; x/m'/V, slill |ilit,lMl
s'lli-iils, s|)iiip|it : i>iiiil(iliii)iis III' shin iir cliitli, _\cl-l;i'-liil slnd. >rl .iiii tscii; nkiii liij
,Vi»//.s-, liatsii lii (l;ik : n juiir 1/ Itiiijiiiiix, ."limx, or nturLiiiiiy. y\ f^\nt\ ; mir Inj nr/niil
0/ Kuuu', kliik>liiil; iiiinrat^inx, vul-sliid ; hallur .s7((i(.v, rkw;il) .^lii.l ; n i<yt, Lili Im
liail : It viipi nr hliiiiLiI iriirn iinr llii liiiiil lilini imiirho, Iti ;;\viis; IIh rnliir Imil: ciijii'
niiiili III/ till Miil.iilis, kct liliiii' lii;i : 11 iruiinnrs iiitliiinil nj'/iiiiiii, siUml /iili; n slnrr,
ii'clji; ((/o-(i;i. m' \ ii|i ; iiif ili ni ilri s\. U\fl]\i\k\\ ; In II nf Inifhlt ,\\\;\t si'|i |iiiil ; /V/)i(/< ,
IIS Mil' sa ; slitrhiiui or iiiihroiilirii, s'lial; iiiiilli. |kiIn' ilcti, I'ad' >l(tl ; unit 111 iillc,
klakhwiid; //(/7'(/(/, siikli |ials : iinrn. nuU, siilii ; s]iiiiil Ihriuil, liikli ka' Itals siikh
|ial,--'; iiiiix, cliils-cliid-Osli-hiKl : IukiI.k mol iins, klci' l»\\ id ^.wiil : Inillinis, .s'cliits
sir do' ; hiilloii lioli', as-lo' ; tliimhli-, liwc' liw kw i tkw ; hruii his, >\\(>|(, so kwat ilii ;
JUKjcrriiiiis, s'ki'ls-k'.sc'-clii, sliischiik sil clii ; KirrhKjy. <<c pindanls, ^*kllln \va' di-,
slft-lii -a'dc, astliik wa'di ; iiiil{!ii<r, jadsliili; InohiHii ^i-kks, s'Iiii lal liiis ; Imuls, ij.
('., kwc akwc, klitk'-a-iiiil-liiks, cliMk-cliiil^-cls. Sci- the aliovc rcsin'cl im'In .
Drill. 1:1 [US icilli till' ifinil onhi), <i-|)llku (st In hUnr"']; also irilli tin liili or .'ilrunii, In
Jloiil iloicii.
l>riiil: (mill liiiiiiil or jiiin), sku'-kwa ; /i> ihiiil: {ns nun miil liorsis\, u kn' kua; (us iUuih
anil other unimuls Unit /(//*), tl kaiil\li. / ihinh sunir irulir, o kn' kwad chid ak l.i
a ki)'. Ihibin'l ilrink, liwi'icvi skii' kwa. \Vr inr tliirsli/, kn kwai lill siiid. Sec ko,
icatir, and derivatives.
I>riri; to (us u nuil), ul-stissiid (110111 Has iiid, u tiuil); to ilriir iiiiiinuls, Ink kwal lad,
la|i-)ield.
Itrop, lit ilmi), (i>si\ III, o-liu' but sal. / linri lost \siiiiii lliiniil, to lui' bill sliid.
Proini, to, oil tab.
Jhnin, to ((IS III (lunirs, unil in ('oiiJHriiiij, i/umlilini/, \e,), si 11' I id soltsli.
Drnnkin, as-Iiwul kii. See '■^Fooli.tli ".
J>ry, to, o-slia'-bad; ilricil {us Jisti), iis-.slM|>; to Itiin; ilnj [us Inj ihhiiuj of Ihr liili),
o-sliiil'-liikli ; (( piidiik or pool lliul ilrii.s up, astsiijt.
Dull (us on ii.i), as-kliids'-liii-laVs.
10.
/•-'('/■, kwilla'de; vliiihs, liwe'-la-de j asklil' liol, to liiiir ; a.s-ti-kwil-de, iliul', i/.r.;
as'-lo lull de', tliirarliiilis for rini/s. dr. f I'loiii a^' lo, u hoh) ; .slit lo a' di, ast-liif; wa'-
di, sklii;;\va'di, furrini/s ; so-liikliti sliij; wu'-di, ptn'luiils 0/ ili nliiliinn sliills i>-it-
lukli, iliiiluliinii) ; II innlv, liekw Hwildc'.
Earth, Ihi, swa tekliw'-leii (sec *■ I'liirc"); lurth or soil, n";;\\ istiilli, se jjwe.s' tiilb,
.skwes-tall) (see '• .Va/ii/").
J'lisl, Ihi'. ka-liol ;.;u nil' liii, k'koi ;4\viiii' liii. It i>: the coiiiitiv on the Mill's mad in llm
east. See '• Wiml".
Eul,lo, oatld, o-iitld, se'lld. / ci/, o-iitid' cliid, at I do'-cliid. Von (siiij;.) <7(/, atldo' elm.
Dill you' (pliir.) (((/-' lu.st iiii/ht' .^ o-ntid' 'sl'el' ,1 pii- to tiakli' .' / irill ml, klo ill liit-
eliid. I'nsiiill!/' \in\ irill cut' sonu-> rriihs\ lei hetsli' kletia' had' a ke' lie.s' kwii'.
Voinr, tut. ;\i la'ln^atl. I'lill, suli.\liiil,ns \y,i[\. l'iioil,>\\\\ii. I hiiri iloiir, :[•■ batlelnd.
1^-7
i>:
ill
n
m ' X
Tln'lc i^ :i cIdsc \('|Ii:iI ;illiliil,\ lict v\ t'cn tins uord .Jliil ;i1 l;i. lit li. In <ii)in\ llioii;;li
it ii (litliciilt to coiiccivc (if a (■(ihiicctioii of idciis lictwt'fii lln'tli. To rat iritli ii
siiiiiiii, Ulo lioil (kl«'l)-l)iHl. II Kiiiiiiii) ; Id citt r.io'niirnt (iiK llic larin), i>i\-Un\'kn-i\.\\f'U.
I'.lili, In, (I liwa' ilatsli.
/vV7/'», iia' ;,'\va lift.
Hrlljisr, nil, hit la' lirl (III. Ilir /idsl siilil, sla' licl, (/'(//).
Kili/i, hdiilir 11/ iiiii/lliliii/, III! hiiii'.iiii IIS llir hiinlrr 11/ Ilir (y(/7/(, c'-la-liail ; llif iiliji' nf n
/>■);//(,.'<(■' la litiils. 'I'lu' riMit is (ilniim.-ls Ilii' .same « illi c'-liiks. c'-la-liiis, //kwvk/.
Si la' liail, //■* niih jiiis 0/ Jliil lisli.
EHmir, kn liiikli' uiit sliiil, knli liwiil la liail.
Kliijii, In, lie iikw la ;;\viil.
I'.mbriiiiUr. In, with llirnul, iinllln. \.{\. wlicMcf /(( in-ilr, lial, olia'liid; I irrilr, ((lifil-
cliiil ; liiirr j/iiii liri'ii -riliiiii :' liarr i/ini iirilhn f to-lia' lail-ii(,'liii liii / IJinhroiilinil,
Klilfliiil, Jiijiinil, aslii'ls; ii hiiiil; or lillir-iniliii!i,s'\i{i\s,s'\\:\\; iniliiiji niiitniiils,
.siikli-liiils (siikli. ]iarli"l<' ilciiiitiiij^ iiM' uv iiistriinniit). '/'" (iiibroiilcr irilli Imuh,
til' slia slink u .
/^'iH/j/i/. as liwat sal) ; In 1 nij ti) [svv ^•J'oiir''').
I'hcIiixiiI, irilliiii. asdiiku.
r.iiil or lioiiil (as ii/iislirl, or /.((//i 1. c'-hiks. sc' Inks, »'-1a-liiis. Sec cih/i'. f}ii. si'lks,
llii' lliliplis.
J.'iiniiiili. kliil iliikliw (sec ",S7(»/)"), klo-liwiil. You liarr emniijli, klo-hAul'-Uo-cliukli.
Wliiii lii'liiiil liij'oiiil, iiai (sloji).
r.nlirilii. liiil ; nitirih/ irliili\ l)ul-li(ik\M'k\v.
l-Jntriiils. kad /.akli.
Erfiiuiil, slat la' lit' ; llti' I'iriiinfi star, kla-liai'-lal-lfis.
I'rcni, \h>' k\\\ (nil); cri rjiirlnrc, lio'kwi-clifNl, lirli kwii oliad, liiikwi lOl-oliad (iririt
I'lir irlii rr). See •• Wlirn".
I'ljf, ka loll', kiiliis; (pliir.) tiits-Otls-j,'\va'i,.s, .stiid-<;\va'-lris. JJi/i- hulls, liiitslikla'liis
(miiiil or hnnl of tliv ijii') ; ii/i'-lids, q. r., at slifiska'-lus; siiuiiil-innl, as-kiitcli-a'-
lus, as liuk-clia' his: oiii-ii/iil. tull-ka' liis: .skhAv /i-cvrf/, aikliwl-ka'-lfis; irilli jiroliilh
vrinit ci/i V, tiislikwa'-liis, as liusliii-kwa' Ins ; Ilir Irilliinii, in kaloh a swa-ti'kliw
t'li (the iiirlli's iiji); lo iriiili,!/. r., slicd-ka' Ins. 'I'lic woid I'oi' c.M' is olti'ii used
for llic \»liolc tiK'i', as III Miiglisli risaiii:
F.jli liislii s, klip pud.
I\i/i'liils, at-sliiis ka'-liis ; Ilir uiijier lid. skalolkuud lnisli kwaloUkwad ; iimlir lid,
Imtl jial (il kwiid ; ot sc' pa lil, to sliiil tliv ii/rs, to iriiil,- ; o tsc' ])nlslii(l, / ,'.7((// nn/
Cjlis ; as tsi'' jio lil, as Isc'iml, iritli riosi'd (i/rs. Not a il('ii\ativt', as-liiit sc'duis,
tritli hal/rhisid or lanijuisliinij n/is.
Kirliitiiiji', to, ai'-;;\vns, at-si uwiis, \viit-ta'-j;\vusli-iil. Sec ''/!artrr^\
I-J.rrrtnirnt, .spiils.
I'.ililaiii, liarli, show how to ilo inijithinij, o-^wal.
J'.vtiiiijiiish, init out, to {as n cainllr), oklatcli ; to become e.rtiiuiiiishfil, to ijo nut. In fade
(as colors), o-tsiikliw, otsfikliw. Ils-tiikli-a-lin, the darlc of (he moon (i. c, gone out).
It is aliiidsl nut, liwc'la lil ii\\n\ I't-siikliw,
321
F.
Face, llic, sat y.ris. 7V, „i,ilc r<iirs (fn/ putfm;, llir Iq, ,l,>,ru), as liii I.' a kwall iliill ; {hi/
raiKiiijI tin nnsr), tsits k'k sill). ^' Ihilrh, I DirnI", asl. Im slu' a k»'1s. Spnilnl Dual
(iix a iiiilmhl /«))>•,). til Uwi.k WHS ((k.iii Ik, kuk'h, ichll,). h'nl farnl, tii kwi't liis
(li.mi li.'kwcll, rul). Willi Ihr /,ir, i>,ii„l,'l. s-|iii I.' Ilk WHS. -Ihufia,,,!", Iliv,
til t"liluk a wai jus, llif name of ti /,iI,uI,>iih hiiiiij. l„tl/,lo^, h,il/ mnihin.
F(i(U; to {lis rolttrn). Sec " /v'.(7//i///n',s7y ".
/'(((/(', irill, to {aHjliiiriT>i), o kwai' i ; /mhil, as kwai' i.
Faint, mroon, tsiitl diitl.
Fall, to {ax the tiilr), slifitrii.
Fall, ilrop iloini, o-lio' Imtsiit, o lakli ; o lakli lia -wil, to rnri,; o la' nwil. to q,! ihin, ;
o-tiiKta-gwil, to pit on to (prolialily to crairl on).
Fur, I.M, lil, lalOl', lalil'; not far, Invc' la lil'. {Mon\/artliir ,.f, 1,1' Im.I, lil (mH (imp.
a.lv.), la Ic', ntkn; ilifnrnt; liwc-' la Iclsli, noon, q. c, lit hi ^nvitl (exact iiicaii-
iiiK imknowii). See the partick's la, Ic.
Fast, ijiii''!:, aikh (imp. adv.).
Fat {o/animals), sohw-tiid. ,1 fo.l man, miik'liw.
Fathir. Hvo ^'■IiilationsJu'iis".
Fathom, a (used in m.Msiiriiif,'strinf,'sol- wampum oi heads), t'hu dad chu (dii! die, ,w);
Jii-e fathoms, u\:h:i'Uikhhl (/. (■.,(/ haml); tm fathoms, sa le al' ak hid (sa' Ic. //n/,
). v., tiro hands), tiis.p<«' j.adats (pa' diits, tin) ; /„///•,( fathom lid ka la' had. From
one shoiililir to tip of ippositi' nniivrs, tn-dl gwi' di kwiis (sc led -whs, the rhisi). In
practift", it is the measure from tip to tip of the liu-ers, the arms Ix'tiif; extended.
Feed, ;/in to cat, kla'-dap.
Feel, to, opatl tid. J fnl, o-iiatl-tidshid.
Female (of animals), tauiti, .shine.
Feminine prejiv and sexual irords :-s pielixed or interpolated is (.(vasi(uially found
clearly as a feminine hIhu ; but so lai^e a portion of the words in the la'n-uaKe
eommeneo with thi.s- letter that there is some dillioulty in deterniinin« its oeeur-
rence in that .sense. The following may, however, lie cited as examples of its use:
7 lore my aife, liatllfi chid, tsiill ehug wn.sh, where t.si ill is the possessive pronoun,
fcminin.', in place of te-itl. ,Slir is well disposed toward yon. k'sils twul diiK-we.
Where is your wife f chad ki sad ehuK-wush T It is also reco;;nizahle in .soine of
the words deuotin- relationship, ^c: <ri.e' l.a da,,v<.H ; snd de he' lia-da, dauyhter;
tsa'-ha, /((//«■»• in law; snts ha-ha, mother in law. So in speaking to male relations,
the posse.ssive pronoun is shed; to females, ,sed. 8ee ".1///". Oih.T instances are,
cUa'-chas, « small hoy; si-cha'-i-has, a small girl; hekw, larye; si hekw, a larqe
woman; oUiU, old ; suWo-inll, an old woman. There are also some words in which
a distinction is made hetween the .sexes, c. y., ^'frinid". In speaking to a man, tho
word used is ash-daks'; to a woman, as iials. Thanks to a man is expressed he'-
a-shuds; to a woman, hes-ko. The call of ^^ you there" is, to a man, do te'; to a
woman, dot-si. To urinate by a man is osa'hwa; by a woman, o she' wa.
Hyphilis m a man is as-tlaiiiks; in a woman, ast-sau e. 'I'he steniH of some iilautH
are deemed male and called stobshalli; the under leav.'s female, kla'dielli,
respectively from stobsh and skla-de. Jnteijections are most commonly used by
women, and in one ca.se an absolutely dilferent one is rnijiloyed, according to the
sexof thesiicaker: as-.sashi nia! for sham,.' liy women ; a sash i b'ho-vo'': by men.
F'M
1 !l
I) 1
l>
■ h i
11
t-'f
a
I
B-
1 *
!4
HiiM
y22
rnr, xihhim, lavckwiid.
h"i(jiinit, siiiilliil. Ht'c ^^ Hinhfolder",
File, II, slijls led.
/•V/ir/, /», cil'liii, oiiiil'liM. I Jinil, () ctl liiic'liid. / cant Ji ml II, li\V( ' kits-iiidliii-
W'lidf iliil !;ini liiiil .' sl;il» k'iiis I'M liwii f Whirc did i/oii find llw mnn t cliiid kills,
nil' bwii ki .s|ii!isli .' Lmd; ninl iinxnitUj jiiui irill find, ;;wiit-('liiil daicliii klo-cd-liwii.
This vcili iuid II as aid' liu. to kiwir, ii|>[K'ar to Lave some couiinoii root not now
iiit('lli;;ili]c.
Fimicin, s'lia lat-flii. Sec " ll(tnd'\
Finisli, to, () lio' iukli. / Imra dour calintj, o-lio'-yo tits-iitld. Ilurf i/ou done iranhiiKj?
lio'-ytik)! o-katstsakliw-tsakw f Slop yov, lioyukh klrkli. .S7«/», ijuit that, lio yiikliw,
(viT.v itiiju'rativcly) is-sa' lio \iikliw (issa', an iiitcijcftioii). Set' *' To do", o lioyiit.
i''j>(', liiid, iiot ; u-\hh], to liuni ; klo ho' cliid, I nlioH liurii ; s'lioda U', '/ ./((r^j/dfr; thid-
i\nh, Kummer ; o he' hud-dub [n litllf irxnn), sprini]. To Imomv HvirHi, o-hud-dc'-
ukhw. Sec •' \V(trm".
Firsl, fiitrmost. Sff "/>V/()»r'',
i'Wi (I hero is no f;('n(Mic nainc) : — cod, ko' pi'lla ; rockcoil, (sobastosoinns), tat Ic'dc-
{iwu.st ; rcdjish, tat R'wks ; Jloundcr, poai'; solt; st-hii'-hiitsh ; hidibui, s'chot'h ;
large cottim, tp-»ai'-up; toadjish (borichtliys), ho'-di, .s'ho'-di ; riripdrouH perch (an
t'inltr.voloroidi, skwckhw; slinijeon, kwo-tait'-sit; dogfish, skwattdi ; hImIc, kwi;'-
kwi il ; calorrliijnchiiK, sko' lua; snult, shfd ziis; ^•oiiliihan '' (thak'icbth.vs), (Chinook)
kwidlus-ti-o; Khitcjish (corogonus), bidotl; herring, stol; suclicr (fresh icater),
Kkiiin ; midht ( fntihn-atrr), st'-ai-i-i>id ; .v((/»i«h, schi'-ib'ul-hu (};enfric (or the finor
spci^ic^), sat'suni (tiio t'kwin' iiat of the C'obiinbiii Uivor, saluio ([uinnat), sko'-
bwuts ySln-iikh, saltno (luinnat), ti; watlin, skwanl (Shu-.vha' ins), kl-hsvai, Ic-kai
{dog, saltno caTiis), hiuldo (hvnip-hncled nalmon, sabno jiroteus); the e.rhansted
or "*/«■/! r" sdliiion, ,\ok\v, except the skwaul, wliieb is calh'd st/ekops; nalmon-
trout, ehi-wakh'; hrouk trout, skwus ji'tl.
Parts of il lish : — the fesh, talts; hack of the head, st'sh'-sbap; snout, skub-
kup; tnuDcle under prcopereulum, sliu-tu ina'de (cheeks); gills, s'iiai-ai ; scales,
M]»ish ; s])ots, askhil'h ; tin' shoulders and fore part, s'cbil los'; middle section, so-di-
gwa'-bals; /((/' .vfvYioH, s'ciiit -.'-ad ; bones (>')7*,s), s'hakhs; larger liones, {so'-\nnl; fdl-
inon roe, knlkb ; herring roe, ke'-a-kulkii (dim.) ; roc of small fish, sb'da'; throat,
t'sbekliw tsuli-bekhw' (see " Hark"); /)(7/)/. sats-koti ; j'eetoral fins, tsilka'-do; ren-
tral and .v/</c _/('«.«, Juihubtikotl (i'ronj IiObt, « paddle); adipose fin, sus hwa'-bed ;
dorsal, sko-betsb; tail, sk\'ukl)lt, s'cbit-sVad ; side Jins of Jloundcr or halibut,
si l;i'-had (from se'-la buds, the edge of a knife); the lateral line, kndzil-le'uks.
Shell tisli : — shells (f:;enriic)r ehau-ai; chvns, mussels, dr., sfikh-ko; the large
elam (lutearia), liiids, ha'-huds; round clam, kokh'-ho-di, (juahoj,'; renus S[)?, skwut
(Nisk,), si'.s'hob (Sky.); scallop, hap' a-lied; cwA/r, .«upbub sa'-ba-jiul ; razorelam,
»;hitled ; mussel, s'ehits ; large sea-mussel, buche' a-kud (Nisk.), .s'hu-cbelks (Sky.);
ogster, khikh klokh ; nnios (fresh-water mussels), alt'hkbw ; cA(7(>n, okh-kus ; sea-
snail, ka' nia' ni; land snail (helix; also a demon of that name), sb\voi-nk\v; whelk,
spfip-sil, spops ; ?/((rH«(7<', tsob-tsob ; a /rtr^/f.s^x'CiVs, dzal-gwa ; siphonofa sheU-fi^h,
sliOp ; lietljl, smuk-ba.
Crustaeeans: — edible crab, bes'kwu, besk' bu; «/oHC-cra&, ba-wCl'-sa ; hermit-
32;]
vrnh, liaiiwilo'; s,nihr rrah, ts;i |Mn' iii-a ; pntini, siiikli, Ito'liits; shll of crah,
killlii' k;il.iil; (/(f/r,.).."*!,' i,l (//(/;///); uMoni i mil a,,-,',; sc> \mt («i>n,>i); ,;>,■ of rnih.
liii kwiil Irtsli'. • ■ w ,
KcllilHKlcillls:— ,y7/i«»,, (Sfil (•>;;.'). .sUwc' kwilsli ; sriitill,, (filkcillcliili), InVf
kwic' Ilk; ufarjinh, kwiil la'clii {Jiniiirs).
Fixli, catrh Jisli, to (with a ««■//((•), slu'lt-.-ilb' ; {with <r */(> ,rl), \vi at la hkvv ; ( wi/l, „ spn,,),
tsa'-ka«l»' (SCO ",SV)m»--",; {u-illi „ /,„„/,), ut likhl k« i; (iriil, a ml,,), 1.' kii<l i.i, ko
hitsh'.
Fiiil,ii,(i!if(i>;sriiics, mt.i, sinxhOiV, Nliiikli' shnkli l.ii.l, .li<' .>lia Imi.1 (In. a. sluik'li, h;/) ;
akli hwiiil zud; n huidiini nit, ]i\\i\\' Im ; il.uitsto o m .\u>\^ sa l)a' liat ; lishnui linr, kic
«liilt, skai kad zii ; trolliiiii llm; kc kai .voks ; hlailihr ilmil hi n liiii', yliiip n' tlioiii .s'liii
1>II, « hliiililir) ; Jhh liooU {iriioilni), s'clia' (!c (Ni.sk.), liai ukli' (Siioli.), iron Jishho.U,
klt''kwii(l; halibut lioiu\\ klt'iik wiitl, klailap ; /(,v/(i»i//7»i/c, cliisli' ai ; //.vA (//(/, ,stcl
kwnl) ; lishnimn; .skwOt liilt; Jishiriir, stcka' Ukw, v-iUiil ; Ihi lofliris, ii'ii kwiil •
Jish rhih,\i.\\u>H; />«(7, bal-bul It'. '
/7((/, tMik'liw, t.«iiik' \vi (Itih.
Fliittin thrhiml, to, k'po ."^ikI ; /Ae toM(/)mM, r'skh-kri.Vtmii.
rioiirr, .so kaisiiii, Tlii.s i.s .sonu'tiriios fiivoii as a iiarni' lo >;iils.
/■'/)/, to, (1 .'•ak'-liii, o-.sak'-wii.
Foam of thrma, sUo'-Hiib.
Foil, .skwii.sli-iiiii, sle'-iik-wil.
Fold, plait, plniliil, as-hup' ; to/olrl, kal.tlcd, t'liup-a guii'.siid ; to ihiihka hiaiihit, ikli-
liiip a-^Mva' .sa lit' za.
Follow, piiriiiir, to, (liik-cliala ak.
Food, sathl, siitld. Soo " L'at'\
Fool, .sliwul-liik; foolish, dnink; vnrliasti; a.s liwnl' kii. 77/.«,sr' lonimon jwoplt^ mah'
Jooh^ [o/them;iilirs], liwul hwul-kok .sliid' kwi' .si'la InKl'. / knoic that i/oii talk likr
u,lool, as-):s-ta' sliwiil-luk^ liot-hol'-islm* a-said-tii'-cliid'' {ns'/ool' :<pfak' i/mi' kiioir' I"),
J did »ot know I was drunk, Iiwc' a kwcts' ii8-ai';dt liu' kcts' a.s Iiwul' kir' {not' /-'
kni'c' ]' [waKJ drunk'').
Foot, d/.A' sU\i\ ; phir. dza'sird-sliid; dza'-.sliid, the riijht foot ; \ii\.V-H\\\i\, lifi fool ; kn-
Ito'-shid, kohab-sliid, anklv; .sliiik' sliid, inxtip {i^\\nVh, iiUon); st kol' sliid, ,v»/,';
sIuka-hiit'-sLid, hid; .sa-al'-.slii.l, tovn ; ,sli>-tlalk'-.sliid, ultit lalk sliiil, hiij tor; kliik'-
sbid, one foot of a xlioe or utockini/, lame of one foot ; t'kwab'-Hbid, leather kUoch or
hoots (i'tom stukwiib, wood); .val' .sliid, yt'l'shid, « imir of moccasins, Irijiiiniis, shoes,
or stoekimjH ; ycl-la'-bit wliid, piintnhmns of skin or ehith ; o bwiitl sliiid, to hnak the
leij ; sti-thi'liisliid, with the foot usieq} ; kcukut sliid, to hnlihlr or fitter a horse ;
s'k-kol-sbid, hoofs ; on foot, o'-ba-Hbab (t'rniii c'liaHli, to walk).
Foot-print, bfit-sha'to-bid, s'biid .sba'-bid.
For (intended for), liiiddcld, twiil ; for my wife, twiil .sed vbiiK-wu.sb.
iVt'/tf«(/, silel.s, sc'li!lt.s. Dkuivativks, obi't-sil, to he anijry, to he ashamed; <,(lln;t-
sil-tta, to sulk; to hUish ; liot-sil, for shame ; lab;'-o-sil, to alter in appmranec ; and
lierliaps akso oo'sil, to dire (ijo head foremost).
Forest, wooded country, .stuk-ekom, Ht'cb't-bwa'-lup, .stuk-ti-kOp (liom Htuk-hiisn, a tree;
stiik-wiib, sti-kOp, wood).
Foryet, to, iiia'li, o-ba'li. I forget, o-ba-li-cbid.
J*
si!
r
iu
:524
rmhril, hntiiihid {us a rlnr or roait), as (•' :ik'li ; irilli mdiiy rliiinnch inj'orkii {an thcthlla
of II linr), lis (■ Ilk .sc' Ilk.
I'liniiirlii, unit, w' '^^k lia' p>, lia' ;iW(>, a.sli' In lia'K". <'>'-tii liii'-;;<>, »\sli' i'-ii'-j,'(i. l\tt-
iinih/' mi/ (lliin)' liiiir^ intu' |'"".'/|. tii lint suds' li- nkml /o' iisli In li;i ;;o*. O/irr' f
irnil', cstliii ;,'()' .slillsd nv. .1 uliHr <i;iii^ I iiDln-, «'s' til a' no' Ktill klllt cllil-. / oilre
liniril, asli tou' go tuts iisl.la' lint. Vni/ Innij iii/o, is-.slii-ile' liu'-gi> {indird hiiij ikjh).
Villi lull III niijlil, lia' K"o tiitla lifl. See "./«,s7 nnir", " Old".
Ill tiivs'' •■xainiilcs, tlir iiarticlt' t', to, tii, sijiiiil.vin;,' [past time, is loiind with
it.s vai'iou.s tuphoiiii! iiiodili«atioiiH, mid in tiit«, stiit, aud stfits, it is couibiiicd with
atHa, /. Sic ^' I'nst". Tlin analogy bttwtcii a'-fj", lia' K", ""'l lia akw' will bo
iiotici'd under •' I'lisi'iilly", </■ »'. As ro;;aids tin- I'ontusioii in the use ol' times [last
and I'utiire, see " Yentrrdii!/'^ ami " Tominrmr ", also " Jfan".
Viirtinw, liivk. Ti->iUl ina is the K<''iii'« <>' t'orliine. Soo " Myllinloiiy ".
Finiiiciithi, miiin/ limis, oj'lin, kaliat lahu (Iroin ka, the plural si<,'n, many, and tla' hu,
or at la'-hi si;;iii(yiii;i rrprlilion). See ^'Xiiini lal odrerhH'\
Fnsli (not smoked or (hied), kluiit (the same as iiiic),
Frislut in- J\ Olid of a rircr. See "To rise'\
Friind (speakiiij,' of him), a'-sliid, a'-shiid ; my friind (addressiiif,' him), sM-da' shid ;
also speakin;; to a man, ash-dals; to a wiuiian, asnals. A-shud and ash-dais can-
not be used to women without insult. The j)lacinta, a'-shnddiklil (llie cltiUrn
I'llinil).
I'liillili'nid, iifiuld, ho'-kwiits.
Friniii; us-snl'-sa; jvinyvd, as ;jwilia'liad.
/•V(.s7.-, lo {lis a doy), sakli hwiib. See "/>rj)i('c".
Fniy, swuk Ue' iik (Nisk.); wak w;ik"li (Sky.); by onoina topdMa, tsOl-swa'-ja (Snoh.);
also the name of the nioon'.s wife (th(! spots on the moon).
y'VoHi, till. From ichcrc, irlicnir 1' tid-cluid f From that way, thvnci', iid e.s-ta'. From
Olymi/ia, tiil al chis S'l k'cuak (/;o»i at that ttlympia). J came from I'lirt Townsind,
till ad KA' TAi slits latl. From whire did yoii [get it\ .' tiil chad-chu f
Fni il. See " lierrics ".
Fry, to, wuchc'-hatelkwu. Seo ^^Cook'\
Full, .siilisjiid, as batl. I iim done ratiny, a.s-lnitl-ehid, as-metlchid. See ">S*i/V".
Full {lis a htttli; dr.), as-lutsh; lull/ full, till hluk-gwus; qunrlcr full, tiitl-kap.
Funyus (a species used for red paint), hut-lat' sid (Nisk. and Snoli.), ibd;-do'-kw (Sky.).
Furred, hairy, as-ta-bed.
Future siyu, the, kl, kla, klo, and tao convertibles tl, tla, tlo.
This particle, as the prefix to a verb, indicates the future tense, and, like the
l)ast sign t, to, tu, is variou.sly modified in eoiubinatiou with the verb aud pronoun ;
for example, o-liot-hot, to simil- ; klo-ho'-liot, I irill speak ; o-yai-fis, ^o irork ; klai-
ai yiis chid, iviitlai-ai'-yfis, he irill icork ; o-ta'-.sud, to return ; tlo-ta'sud-chid, / irill
return; o-okli, to go. Da'-da-to'-chidb^ tlo'-okh^ or da'-dato' ke tints'^ ^ okh-lio\ to-
morrow^ P wilP go*.
The letters /,• and / before / are not only convertible, but often transposed and
sometimes dropped, while the vowels have no i)Ositive value. The letter /, there-
fore, remains as the ultimate root of the particle. In combination, it seems to
signify also nrurrenee and jnriodieity. The obvious derivatives from this particle
are numerous, and there are other .somow hat conjectural, but still probable ones.
iilT)
Till' most iK.titcalili' is tlio vcrli ;il' la or ill' la ; in ils intraiisilivc sense nicaniii^'
to ii»iir ; ill tilt' transitive, /(> /'»i/u/; ami tlie iimdilied loriii, o tliiil eliil, ^> <n i I'lc.
/.. »Mi(/(. These are but eiiiijiiiiatioiis of '.lie liitiire si},'ii. I'rniii at lii is dnive.l
kid' l;«all, till siiii. till ^iimiinj or i'tiitiiiii;i, e\i(lentl.v a nmiliinatidii nl' lii;il \eili
Willi tlie (iri;;iiial |in lix, and lnmi thai name -hil In kwall, ii/li iiiodh, and no Kwiill
da Id, to iiiDrniir. Ai,'aiii, I'ntiii the same verb eomes at'la liii. sitrnityinK timcn or
niiitilion, (. tj., ka hat la liii, mniiji tiims, kle'hwat' la liii, (/ixr tinus, iiiid other
iiiimeial adverbs; ami what to ns would apiuar siiifjiilai, todall ilal, .i/isfi n/-i.i/ ;
to-diatl(liit, the iltin lirjhrr yvntcnlitii ; In sir' hwall dat. Ihrw lUiiis ; bos all dat,,/l'iir
(lays; tsletsatl dat..//n' iIiu/h, simr or Iwiur ; all the woiiIh in the weiies releriiiin
alike to the past ami liilnre. The snbjeet of this eonl'nsion of time wdl be tiotued
hereafter, rieo " ic^/oi/di/", '■'To morroic ", ''Foriiii rhi", "/'»•(«»////".
lietiirniiiK to the fiilnre M^i\\, perhaiis, thnmnh the verb, lioiii il sjuinu lakh,
/(///(/, and its oiiposite, klakh, ilarhiuss ; o la' liel or o-la'-hilliikh, to iloini, to hn ..me
liijht ,■ • la hel .»rslila hel, ilin/, ami sktakh liel, »/;;///, with iheir derivatives. Aiiionj,'
other wolds are kla' lad, jmsnithi : kla k« ii, //// inul hi/ ; kla lals a' la, imil, oihr
(I little; kii lob' or ka-lus', the njr ; and Iho vcrb.so-Ia'bit, to m; and o la' had liii,
/() nroUcvt. Not the least remarkable would seem to be the SUa^'it name of a
m.vtholotjical lierson;i„e, !)(.' kwe ball or .N(.' kweinatl. The nieaiiiiiK of the whole
word it* not ascertained, but the last syllable points with siillicieiil (harness to liiM
eliaiaeter. !!(> was i:i}uvtiil ; the one who was to come; his mission bein;; tlio
destrnetioii of the primeval demons who persenited iiiaii at his lirst appeal alien on
earth.
O.
(lollop, to, klowil alps'.
(liiinis :—llic ijamc o/^^ liaiiil" mill that iilin/nl iritli ilisks /»(//(, la hal', sla hal ; to jihiii,
o la-hal', o-laha'liib; ofiliir iiiwli oflxonrs' ttitli, me' ta la, s'liie' la li ; tlif liinlust
or/our point of Ihc itivc, kes ; tlir ijnmc of riiiijs mtil arrows. Hmubbe'; of liiiitily or
liocki'n, kek-li Olsk. See " To hrt^'.
dope, iiiiicn, to, o-^wa' lali.
(lathn; piik, to (us hirriis), o kwil', o kwel ; to ijotlur mils, beb kod, o kap' o ikapii po,
li'izdnuts). (Juivk, hi us ijo unit pirh Inrriin, hai iik' lo, o kwel' shid.
ihoiiriipliiral nanus :—llir ra'rtli, rotinlrii, \i:, swa tekhw I'li (see "/'/«(r"i; o mount
"(///(, skwa'lutsh; snoupvak, sk.'ls; liiU, kluj), spo' kwab, mna'del ; duU of rorks
from a >hoh/i^((h, shwukhw ; point o/^ /o/h/, sUwetsks; point hrlinni tin forks of a
ririr, skoal ko' ; island, sti ehi' ; >r(.s7 country, skuk e kimi, sliikte kob; Iml
eountri/, suk-hw'.doi>; ?»•«(.'•«>, mauloir, ba'-kwob, ma' k worn; Inmt aborc fnslut,
aspuivwub; tide lands, o-sluit-lnkh ; marsh, sVhe' a kwil ; sandy ground, se ^wns
tulb; beach, e-bab-ziehu ; the sea, hwulteh ; tidr, dzo kwush diib; boy vr Imrbor,
e-hwulkwab; lake, tsa'lal, tsa'Iiitl; nrrc, .stoliikw ; mouth of a ri'm-, e'lol sid ;
irans, ^'wale'ukw ; surf, dzOl-ehu, o te' a kns; the cast, kahol ^wuii liu; the ircsl,
atl'had 01 gwun-hu; thehori^on, e' la had; the interior, inland, takt, tiitakt, kaikhw,
.skaikhw. See the above respectively.
(kt, to, o hwe'wi, s'hwe'-wi, ^Yherc did yon yd [it\ i chad kats hwe-wi ? liil chad chii ?
literally, from irhere you f (hwe'wi bcinf? mi<l^i«tooil}- Come and yet, nlln kite'
(idioiiiatie phrase, iit la, come, ki te, this hen).
;J2(I
■I;;
■ ? '■ ■ '
I ''
'/'<
w
'J
' 'i
6'/7 iltiini, III, (tliwc' liii yuil.
<lil nil III into (iiM II liiiiKf III- II iiiiiiii ), (>'k«'' la ti^\\l ; III yil up mi niiylliiiiy (ii.s a taMt- or
lalli'ii iKc, l)iii Mill (III a lii|;li |>la(H'), i>tai;ta jjwil.
(Ill ii/i, nil iiji, III (wlit'ii I.nIiik tlow.i), o ((wiiil'dcl.
liiiiilil, cliriii lili. Sec " I'll lion", " In lirint".
fill I {II ijiniiiii iliilil), flia' rlia.s hla'-iif ; (/i7//( iniinini), si t'lia'cliaN (si, I'fiii. piclix) ; « ijirl
lull ijiiiiiiij III l.iiiiir a mini, ka'liai ; iiiiv jiml aiiirnl oi iiiihiilij. o liais' liui>, ii liais' lio-
liil; our iriwili-iH nut mi iislriiitif (|i<'ilia|iH wlio lias I'aiii'il at (lie usual a^c), i^iiiokwiij.
(iirr, III {itiisiiluli li/, IIS II pi I mill], aii' >liil,s, all liiilt.s' I'st. (livi iiir sniiir }iiiinlir, all sliitH
llUs hUwr' lll.sll. Ill llu' MlIK- (if llllltll (l|- /((//( /(), KIcllN. llllllll IIIV HIVIV IwllllllVH,
UU'Ih iiliM HiK'' <• Kill.-. Ill till' si'WM- III III iiiij, aim, ill la. (liri iin , iiliiixc, Homr u'lilir,
all III' sliitl.H sKti iiK' ii Kii. (Ski), an i'\prf:-sioii iimiI in seeking llic (iinxl will of a
|it rsdii.; 1 1 iff mc smiif irnlir (a wiiiiiaii .sin-akiii^; tii a wdiiiaii ), ,\all sliiils s\\ ,i ka kn
liUin (adilrt'Hst'il in a man), yatl-Nliitls dotit' ak' a ko, Idim (a iiiaii In a \Miiiiaii),
,\all shiils lint' .si ak' a kn. (I)(i !«' ami dnl si, ciiiiivalciit lo " Ynv linn ", niiisl li)<
aililn's.sfd, tile lii'.st lit a man, llio laltiT to a \Miiiiaii only.) To ijirr In ml, lo fml,
kla'-dai* ; lo ijirv n J'nisI, kn' ndak ; In ijirr Imik, set- " liiturn "'.
(Ilail, lilnlHiil, lo /^r, n jii il, liall. / mil ijluil i/oii hiirc I'omv [ijliiil^ wi/ hiinV ijou Itiitc
iiiiiif*), njii il' lid' liut.'^li' ata latsla' cliil'.
(ihii {llllllll- III' link sl;iiis}, iiial.
(Iniiir, III (UK II nit or a Iniirn}, (^lin' tid.
till, lo, n nkll, (ilinlt, nllWnl). J' ijii^ n I'lt^ silid', n Ink- sllid'.
n InUll' kwnkli' elm' ? | You] ilhliinn' ijir, ska'kcd nl' la'
••had' kadM'' nkh'f Hoir' ilo i/oh' //.»'.' stahali' kal.s' tiklr' / (/>«) .i/ok' «/.,- \iii a]
(•(iiiiir' ' k«'-lrdr' kat.s' nkli' ! Arr you goinij noon T Iiwe' la U'lsli' lio-to'-kw' ? {iiol^
lull'' \iioii\ ijo'). Ill ifois, In nkll. |.l'''] i/'"i'' (plin-) !l<>iii</* }i\viil la'-pn' n Inkli'-
kw-'f n tnkli' kwnklr- cliil lllii' n' f n knk' tnk' (diil lilp' ! /' iniil-, til i) ni^sjiid'.
OiKv' / irvnl'', 08 tii-a'-};o' stats«t' iV. 7' nliiill gii- In- mono ir'', dada-to"-(.'hid.s' tlo-
(iklr- da'-da-to' ki tints iikli ho. I'vi-liiipH I icill ijo, lio-lnklit klo (ikli, Im'-n la' cliid
kin nkll. Toinorniir irr irill ijo, iiokwullda' da In ki tints nklilin. In a lilllr irhilc
I irill IJO, da' fliid kin nkli lia akw. I'rimiithi I irlll no, kla lad da cliid klnokli, to-
lakli lii (/(( llie rour.sr of the ilmj) cliil lonkli. )\//('ii iviH you (jof (.sinj;.), put lab-
«'liii I'nkli ? jnittalt' (ikh--(!hn' klo-nkh'f {irhni' r/o'' i/on^ will po* ? dniilicatinii of vcili).
do' \tii-\ mil'', nlint' tn^ slial-lickliw '. do jinninllii, dai cliii kin nkli Id li'vc. do
flicir ((( lilllr iriiji mill/), olint liwul tn-di-di. Lit iin <jo pnniiillij {lo ilny), te'-liikli-
lii kit'lfis-ld' kiiiliitl. IaI Hum go br/oir, tnrn-nkli slii ill dzokli lin. In tlio last
«'\amplt', lu is tile prcpositiini to; Inokli, llic fntiirc imperative; slii itl, tlie jiro-
iiniMi; d/.ckli liii, tlif atlvcih. The adv«>il>s in some of the iireviniis examples are
enmpniiiid and separated, as in go prrsiutlij ; dai is an adverbial particle; clin, tlio
copulative prunniin, you (sin^.) transferred to it from tlie fnllowiii'; veil>; klo, tlio
si;,'n nl the fiitnie tense; nkli, the verli ; tel-h'.vr, a eniitraetinn of the adverb a-ti-
lakh he, today, used in tlie sense of /)»v'.v(»^/(/, in titc coufsr of the diiy.
On (iiiiii. of o linb), n'hwa, oliwiikliw. J go, o-hwo'-but sliid. / icunt to i/o, tiisohwab-
eliid, tik-ewab, to go on homchiicl; ride. Tr "o in a canoe, o'lutl. Thrci [they] go in
a ranof, la'-nlutl. To go up hill, iiHccnd, nkwa'tiitsli (skwa'-tMsh, a hill or itimint-
uin). To IJO nmnd (ok round a house), o ke'ta kit Lu. 'fo go toirard the uiiler,
Ari'l ynu' (sing.) ijninij'f
n7(('»v ' lire ymi' gniiuj'f
■}'J
:i27
O kwcfl. V'o (/<> <»|/(IH</. o clio' l»il. Hi> iliniji, airiiff irilli J/nM. (/n mt ^i. illl il kIhiii),
lif' wil, lii-'-wil I;i. S<'c "CiiiiliiiHi". do out, lif' wil til .sIihI iMkliw. To ijo oul,
<i slicil ziil. / (/!» init, o slu'il /111 cliiil.
((11 niil, Si'C "l!.rlin;iuisll",
<l<mil, kli.li, tloli, liiUl ( /</( (Mim/, IVoiii I) liatl. I» likr, to lor, I /'.< i/oir iio, lilyi it ,' (is i7'
it"l' iiiiml' to' jiiiir ,') Invc- la' lloli' Iwiil' dii^; \\v'' f It h ijooil us it is ^ijihhI so\, IJnli
as isla. (loiiiliiiiliinil, kloli 1)1) kliil). My /ih^/xiih/ is ijooil iiiitiirnl, kloli dli kluli
Hliiiltutlfil sVlu'Nt liii. IJsfil s(iiiit>tiiii(>M iiii|uTiitivclv, as kl«tl» kat si lalM, look out
((/(III*/ iiou sir); klitlt cliitl Of' ml, Irt itir sl'ip.
(looil loii; liti i (pnilialily IVom ukli Int. to j/d, anil iisi-d in sense of <in iioii iioimi f\. 'r>i
a slll^;U' jM-rsoii, if a man, liti i a sliiil ^a s1ihI,./Vkh»0- ''• several |ieim>iis, Inn kle-
,\ul la In'st, apparently //«" (jo irillioiit ciitisc,
(hiiKs, k«e' kwnl li, liwe'kwi, ka >,'wnlli\v ; <i vmtrsr ijrtm.i iiscl/or mnt llninil, {jwuh w>l».
(Inili/iil. .See "77i(U(/,.s".
tinin, jilnir of ilrpusit /or the diwl, skaiyii.
(linn, serious, aial-asli, uiyi yasli (used also as a nitknaine).
tlrnisi, ijnir;/, swns; Inlloir, xukliw (ml.
linen (imleor li<j'it), ho kvvats, as kwail /il. It is the same as yellow. IhnL ijm n, hlue,
or likwk, hltotsii.
(Iriiiil. to {tts iu a mill), o Itet la lekw.
tiroir up, to {(IS ijniss), wlii a' li. 'I'oiiroir Inrije, klakliw ns tiakliw, lot 111, ns ilcii lil. Sot
to tjrow liirije, liwelad us-tlakliw (llie d piolialily interpn.sed lor iiiphoiis).
duess, to, tlalialts; also to iromler.
^'«(i, liul to nials, liwuiti inallsli ((pi. from livvnllnm, n irhite won); o ilouUli hornlnl
(/»(», sa'lenks (sa'le, tiro); a fire shooter pistol, tsits latsks ; sir slioolir, yelat-'ks
(I'roiu <i*a'-lats, /iiY',- d/.a' la e-lii, sij); ijunpuicder, skwe' lilsli (Nisk.), kwatl elinlt
(SiKili.); (I hullet, tc'-sud (iirroir); x/io^ .s'lio kwalts; {/unjlint, yakli liwiid (orroir
lieail); ijuuserew, liii cliil pe'^wnd (see '' I'lrist") : iinnelinniir, oho o thonje or
load, klo'-siit ; rnmrod, t'liiK se' uk nd. Loaded, tn dii •{waits, tnklidnj; wnsli (Ik. in
oduK-wus, to put into). Hare you loaded .' o tn do };wrdts «liu T iitl t« tad liwul ti-
iiia' litsli (literally, '' lias your yun (Uten f" t'roin u utld, to eat). To shoot irilh a yun
or how, 11. r., otoL-sil.
II.
Jlail, kleiiiliwe'-la.
Hair, skad zo, .skud zo. Hair of pubis, .■skwiid de ; /«<(/(/, k wed. < >il liiil' /o snii, to idmk
out the hair. Tirisied or hraidid hair, toll slii dlfd. See " To braid ". liushy haired,
},'wislie' Ins. h'ed haired, h'k kwcl-lntsli (lie' kwetl nd). Curly haired, as he' Inilsli.
With the hair parted behind, ii>^knv\in'<iii\yMn. With the hair parti d before, U»k
sliiliis. The hair or fur of an animal, U'hul, taliets ; furry, hairy, as ta' hnd.
Half [in quantity), ilelmkli ; [in leuytli), il tnkli. llalfashep, il' clinkli iiH-o'-tut. Half
way (on a road), o-dn^^ wa' b.U.s. Half full, tut liink' ^'wns.
Hammer, snkliwt-h'lialt'lin. To hammer, ot *\salt-liu, ot sns siid (l'r.)ni tsnsted, a nail).
Hand, the, .vlia'-latelii. This is more jiroperly tho name for the IIiikcth, ther« iM-inj,' no
si)eoial one lor the whole hand. Clia' lesh, si},niirvin^ the lowirarm or the u-rist, is
also nsed. Dkimvativks and cdmi'oim).-; : d/aat 'Iii, thi riyht hand ; ka' let ehi,
the left hand ; hwfit-.so'-sat-chi, stiikii' lat-clii, the palm ; sin klal tia' clii, slut lall'-
sat ehi, the thumb; kwe hnkli hwat (hi, the InueUes ; stc sohalksat clii, the little
I't -^
Hi
If Jt
It 4
32»>
fhittrr ; Mikli In ' .1 III clii, llii liiiiiir» nillirtinli/ ; ki> I1M.4 (In. ko k w .11 1 In, k'M)k
t.il k'ncl' <-lil, /A» 11(1 1 /» ; Ui-\ii, tin xlii n Iff' <i tlriKK ; o kwi dat > III, .'" foAr f/c liiinil ;
kwiil la' ilii. till ht'iijijih ; tMt.H liitskH. It liirnhootir ; \ c latNk.s. « nix nhimtir. iKuii
il/i- l.il ( lii, »!/ ; sliis cliiik Nitclii, s'kftMk'wtclii. (« jUujrrriiuj ; 80 k«at clii, .1
hiiiiilil III' liiiiih. Sec also iiiinicraii anil iiiiiiiiTal ;:(1vciI>n, d/c l.»t(lii, «i.r ; I'kat
(111, rifilit; Ka lal (III, lirnilii (-ale .-'lia' lal clii, /idi hiinil); ami s(» (Ui to hiiin
k « al ilii, Il liiiiuli I 'I.
Iliinil, Ihi- ijttiHi III (played vvilli siiiail ivoudi'ii di.-.kH uliicli ate nillcd (in a mat', l,i )i:ii.
sla lial. Si'c •' liiiims", •• In hil".
1 1 II II I Hi iil'aniilliiiiii, //i> . kM lid dull lia'IdU (llitlii 11 k wild' dud. ^< f'l/.' , k w ai diiliaio ilicii ;
liiiiiiilr 11/ It kuiji, cli.tlN' a li"d ; iin n n liiiinlli, >l.nli iit ml u! li
lliiiiil iini'H Kilf, III, liwc' a kwiih' siil>.
Ilitiitiujui , to, imI /,(•' liwult.
//(!>•(/, ulriiiiii (not liiittlc), >-\\Ai^ \vd, kiuk' liii.
/In I, i'(/i, --liwais; Nisk.),sli('' ukw (11(1111 Nlnik"li,(i/»i(C< ,Sk.\ '), n iriiiinni'- lnil.ynl Ic a k« ml.
Iliiiil, III. II ta' li\M>l ; hiiiil (ilil|i. N tilkli Imd; liilitl hml;, tilkii imd tii lak'.
//iii(. III, like the veil) to hi , is wanting,'. Its place a8 a posM'ssiM' vcib i,s .siipplicii ii.\
ilie Kamo iidjc(?liv('s, a oli uiid at-siits, words dcnotiii},' prvnence or 1 itHlinvr, i\\ liy
till' ('(iiiticctiiiii. Iliti'i' 1)1111 itnij siilwi-n .' a' <ik kwi' sclic dad liir ill' di ti wv* ? (liter
■,iU\ ,!» I \i III ml hiiiiii uilli i/ini). / /((in \«))i(', at' silts. .SVi, I hnri s<niii{(liis) Iniml,
lie lab, at .'its Id sap' iilil (sap-o Id, a liorrowed word). In other plirase.s the wmds
seem to lie lUlder^l^>lld. / /(((('(' 11 (Jiiiiy ,\a' shed hwiil ti nialsli.
//', ^hl, alisoliite, t/.il, t/.in il. These arc never used as nominatives to a veili, and in
tact seldom III any mode i'.\i'(?|:' in tlie p(».s8('.ssivi' ; as, lii> /n/oc, gwiil t/.il slia ke'-
yu. I'or the most part, tlu; verb in the third person, both Mnjruliir and plural,
stands aloiic, and, as elsewherti show n, this per.son in 'h • p-eseut tens" is the siiii
plest liiiin ill which it occurs. Slid ilitl is, howcvi^r, ►."'iiettnie.s einployt'd as a
nominative; as, //c /icrnfi, suddill as kla' hot ; /«• w<j(, sud dill ola'bit. Dcl-shid
K^pnscnts a person who is absent; r. (/., delshid. delshid .s'hulshJit sid (In' ttu'lir
stitnilH), tli(> pronoun bciii;; here diiplic.iied I'or Ki'i'ater ccrtainl.v. There seems to
be no copiilatnc in thi; third per.son, unless it be slii, wliicli octnir.s in the toUowin^'
caKcs . Ill till [il) lioiiKf, ulshi a'lal : llutt mini thnv (he) iz/M*/*, oywal hlii ai m-,
le ill siiibsh ; I liiilr (/, ochadshis chid, w here it is iiiler|iolated. This, however,
may be a demonstrative pronuiiii. Slia, slial appear generally to (bllow the verb,
Ihoiiflli not as copulatives; (.(/., l>o i/oii knoir (him) that man? n-sci'd liii ;liu slial te il
stobsh T I kiKiir /(i/», a said' hii (hid sha'. //( ix /civ, atsud s ,1'. Ill the same
iiiaiiner, il (*/. r.) is expressed by sas and sa liwas, Mi/ Inisliaml in (jooil uatinrti,
kl("»b ("tbkh'ib sliul ta (led s'chestliu. Here shul ta did is cniiipound(>d of nlial, he f
ta, a particle, signifying that the one spoken of is present, and dc' a t\o,Jiiiif thirc,
■,\s (KIOSK the toom. With these last appear to come hal ai il hal gwa ; 1: <i., that
home is not hail {a baii one), hal sti a ke'yii liw<^' la ]iat' latl ; */((' lihef\ you. hall to-
bet'sid lial gwa'. The iilurals of hal gwa' will be found under " Thetj", and it may
be conjectured that the final .syllable is an abbreviation of gwiid, u-ho. The demon-
strative pronouns .ifteii take the place of the pcr.sonal, as will be seen under " Thin",
*' That". See also '•If.
Jimp. II {nl'iiiiih), as pud'.
.'.L^'.)
Jltd'l, thr. s'liin' \ US ; .1 round htvd ^..ru ik.i ll.itiin.'.l .iilili(iall,\ ;. . h.u lai-, ►; .»!. hiis;
!<.««,/ hrmlid, HN piik-wtin, aft llll [hi k«n- ; <i _tt„ltfn>,l hrod, ikli jh-' Iiih. S4M< " l!,t>lp,
]i(tilii,>/'\ Tlnu' iiH' a r«'« inslniu-t-M in nhikIi the S. IjmIi «.,n| kt ;i, l,..l, <iIm«i|p((.
Ill \\iv Ni>k«;illi, i.s ^llll iiiMiiuil III «HiiiiiHi.-.iliiiii. 1 licw an- iiidhiI.v pii>|MT iihuick
of I liii'ts iM |H-i»*on.s of jfiMxl .l(s«n«nt. us I'ut' kt" nam. I^kkli' k<> iiam. llaC t«> a In*'
iiiiiii, \;'., the iiH'iiiiiiins ofwiiicli an- Inst to tlic wcartTM. Ili.if >.( lln> (•.•lcltrati'<l
\ akaiiia cliicf, Ka niai ya' Uni, Mtfiiilifd in tin- Spokane, a n.ijnalc l,iii^;iiii>;c to ili,>
Sclisli, "//,,!,/ irithout „ skull." Ollitr wunlt* in tho NisUwullj pi.-wi^ iiiy ihf di
'liiliation arc: liii ko kt d. tlu itoirn »/ llu hrml ; lir' a ki'd, to M-ro'rl, tin hnul . a- ;-■
a kill. <ic<i(l at thf ti>i>; ptrliap« al.no fsniul ki ii, <ltf mink.
JIkkIIhiiiiI I /(If caniiniii l<i<i,ls). m kwa.' uliitl, >!<• dal' sliiil.
JIiiu; III, as kla' hot idiint kwil l.i' dc, llu ,,ii i. as l,,l «liid ; / /(,,i). as kla' !.oi ilnd; thou
liairtnl, as kla' l)oi ilin ; /„• Imtis. as kla 1 ol. sud dltl' an kla' iu.l ; irr h,v>. ^U'^ In-tl
aakia' l;ot : )/*• lour, jn\] ja poas kla' hot ; iliiii lii,tr,nH kla' liot '(11 n\\,\\ 'Ilits word
i« one ofMnt'ial i-lsfw Inn' lii, diomd, in wliicli lhc\t'il) is conii^alrd lioin an ad
jrctivc form.
Jlfdrl, till', Nl'saltcli, si'.sa' It' (ill llif nin.sc of irill, iri.ili, opinion. lll^|^oKllion, \r., tUi-
heart litiiiK' the xvnl of the iniiiil', hiilsh : «. (/., hiilsli ka' liis. Ilirn/, hull ^h,oit or
mind of the cyt); shill hat cliuh, /o millf up oni's mnol. Wlint ,lo i/mi think t
irliiit M i/o)ir iriult f as heil' j,'\vud' VmV hiiteh'f (literall\, /d.ici ii ho' i/ou,-' Im.rt'). h
tliitt yinir opinion .' do i/ou think no/ (.vo' yutir' hrnrl'f) hh is' ta' kati' Itiilslrf My
opinion is such {of mi- hiar'' ko*), jjntl' at-sa' liiitsii' as is' ta*.
Jliiit, to, to put utauis on tin tir<' to hnit I'or cookinn. tin! its, sluts idls.
Jlmry, kh' ah.
Iliili, to, ofliad. / hidr it, o ciiad sins ejiid. 1 1, re the pKiiioiiii shis (it) is iiilerpol.iltil
l)elw<!eii the \fili anil the eoimlalive. \\ hi n nhnV I hidi il f al eliad kiits t liail /il.
Hide yoiiriH'',/, v\\m\ m\. From ilia, n holi. ,/ r.
Hill, spo' kwiilt, siiia' tie], kliip.
Hip, llu, on thf hip, iiok k"lia|i.
Hind {IIH a /lerw), as elioit liii.
Hit, to {a» a morh), o totsixl. / hit, ottit snd cliiil.
Hilhir, twill te' (I. I-, " to thi.s'\ phwe heinj,' ninlerslootii.
lloit.r, humhuij, to, o ka'ka lad. You arc hnmhinjiiiuii, <i ka' ka lfi|s elm.
//.^Wy^•,/(7/^»■,^*(«^s((/^(>»•.y('),<•kr>' Ilk lit Hiiidr front o ke' a kail'. /->//-.///, ■iiit|.|/..i' .-.hiil loot).
//()?/, iiolo'kuks; /l7^T «//*/;/«, kokokshii. (Frentli, m7i<(»i.i
lloir, as lo'; // hoi, in Ihr t/round, eha. I)i;in\ AJ I VIOS, elia ad, /" dly ; ochatl, /« hidr f
nc}iiiU, iicUaU, to difi foots ; Ui^e. at.s, hid'.'in, thr hiddni or minxtriiul lodi/r ; ehal
kt), a Will. Hee" When'".
Jlook, iiilch on, to <i» on ii thonn. kle k«al' litsh: to /«»</, or fiiHtm (oh irilh hooks and
eyix), tli!(i kiis' hetl.
Hook. .See "Finli lMok'\ HooUh and vyin, kh-l' ;,'\vni ;;\miI.
Horizon (literall.v, thv edgi), t' la hail.
UorHt; sliake'.vii (t'loiii sli-kai' vii. (/ irolf); n mnri, taiiil; foul, stit ke',vii, kai-ik.
I)KRIVATI\K8, tik e wab, to ridr (from ti hwoh, a form td the verb "tof;o''). A
horHimnn, liiKte'akiilhij^'wid (fioiii sti a ke' ,\ ii, ami o kf' la (,'\\il, 7. (•.,/» nioiint.
H( f " \iiiih '■, " HiMh ", " Hold ".
Hi r
;;;;(•
Tliiri(,'» |H-i taiiiiii;: in a Ihumi'. miiIiIU , lint m'' lii|i mI (iVdiii mjI.i' Id-UhI, tlif
xhiiuUli r); iiipi liridlt , kic' iliill ihitl (Jioiii kU'tMi, (I ro)tt); utirnip, Mikli .-.lia' tic-
liiiil ; »lii|). '/. r., Iiii clia' liNMi pud : «/>i(r, Mik kolcliiil. It is noticralilf that in tixt
laiinuitj^t'H ol' jj'viTiil wt'nlfiii trilH's, aiiioii^; which ih<- horw is ut' ifci-iit ini|H)rla-
iMiri. :hi- iiilii|it<-<l iiaiiK! i.s <lcii',rii iroiii tltatt of irolf ur dofi. in ihr Vakarna
(Siiliaiiliii tainils I, a (/()(/ i.s kii si kii M, /(V//»- hurm. auil it is ex iilciit ihal Jii.s iialiic
wa» iiaiisliiriil In th»' hoin', ami that l\v thiiH li«'<'aiiii- the (liiiiiiiiittvc (it his loiincr
.MJi. ill i! Siinitkaniii II, the .Slmsh\va|i Kkakhlia, a (/fi»7, Iiuh Im-vii cliaii;;!'!! to
Ka' ka uap, and skakls lia now iiicaiiH lunsi , luitl kiii kas ska' hiiin tixjdlUiiK Whiii
III lS."i(l the Aiin-ricaii iiiiiicrs iiitriMliiicil Ikpiscs iiiioii the Lower Kl.iiiialh lliver in
Culiforiiia, «!iere prevKnisly they hail never heeti sfcn, the Alikwai^uave them the
iiuine of wa Ki ehish' e, (ir irhili' mat's iIiujh. (ictieral (;e(ii;,'e II. Thomas, United
Slates Ainiv, j^ives as the word for hurst in the Yuma iaii;:iia;.'e, a ': ; ior lUxj,
a hot chn elin ; and lor ruiiotr or tht liltir mil/, o hot tol yii e'. The id- a il itomeH-
tieit.v nii;;ht natiirallv si /^est tiie adoption nf the iiiime of do;,', liut thai oi wolf is
lather sin;;nlar.
Iliil, iiiirm iiiliitni;/ /<> /( /i/dci"), s'kwiil, mis kuni' liilii, ols^'iil le ; (^'M tn jiirsousj, Hen
" H'drw". See "/'('re".
IliiWir, hiilijr, a' lal ; r(H>J\ sii >,'\Mid>l im ; /;/((»A-,v. s'ha' la> ; htimis, a>hnlatlalt; ilonr.
iruy (tlie same as road), sliii;,' \\'ll ; jiit iiliar. s'ho'da le, (Iroiii \iin\, tin ] ; Jlixtr, hiil-
leldoped ; II scat in tin Uidij:', swalekhw t'n ; lifl ijhitr, liilloa'sed; it minxinmi
I'kI'Ji; us chats (see "i/ii/t'") ; ii siriathouHi', s'hiUets (Nisk.S wokh-tud (Seoh.)-
Iliimihitlil fiirnituic (see ^' HiisLits", "■liliiiihts", i^p.): — />(>.r, rhcst, wukkuh, wiik-k'kiih,
wo kap .1 tniiih irith hruss niiils, as oliitshsMo wnkk'hiil). Dilt;/ hi>.<\ t<- hold
Irijirs, hnd de {{We;; sa le', />«<A(7, skod, Hkwe' a-knod. 7i(>rf/, siins, sa' siis. Hoirl
<)/■ hunt, spill kwns, />(\// or plate {of stoiii'), ink wai ; {of irood), Ml kwi. ,1 tarye
ilish, hiUIi pur .Miitsh (liekw, tunji). A nip, lni kwe'akod, siikli ko' kwa (see ko,
iratrr). ,'^ioop, tiik we' lai. 7'wi kittli; tin iron, kankli. Urass latlli; kwadsalat-
hn (kii la' hii, brass). Vast iron pot, thi't laholtsh (I'roni ehellu, ii statu ■. Stone
iiiiirliir (ir inrlatr, kepotl. Spoons, q. r., tsnli lied, klelihnd ; ((;/" iroo*/), t'koboltsh ;
(honr, ha'li'kh«. Crailli, s'hal tails, skiik ke' ill. s'hal ted ell. .1 .sm/^, siikh a-
tiwild de,
//('/(•, vtali, lloir ill) i/oii ijo > stall all kats okh ? See '^Wlutt", a-hed. See under
" Stril.r".
Ili'irl, to (as a inilf III iloi)), kiXW'iU. See''r/-^".
Iloii- iiiaini. kw<'d, kwi'-did, kwe' ilitl. Ilmr mnaii ilmis 'njn .' ii. r., htur »w»u yenttniaffs f)
kwediildat? Jloir many ilaiis to ronii ' kwet shia' he .' Iloir manifiioUars? kwed-
els ? lloiv many nil II f kwe' ,lill slolisli. See ''TiHoir'.
lloir much, ashed, Jloiv mmh a ijavil .' ashed' kwi' dutch-o' .stnk \vuli< f (hou- much^ th(*
oni" yaril*). Hon- mmh insist I paii .» a.shed kwad hnteh piz liiidids' did. See ''J'ai)^\
Takr as mmhan i/on iiant (i. <•., iioir mmh yon want), kwinl diid as he' kwats hatl.
Ihij), to, oko'-hnd.
Ilnnvh hark, kan' its ; humh harliil, as kau'itsh. This word is repeated mi iinaiita-
tioii il'an.v tale is told li,v da.\ li;,'lit, lest the lienrers should liecoine ,•
lliiniir/i, a^i-so' wnl, as i ' wnl.
llnnt, to {an-.„als), klo hob. .1 hnntir, soohde (apiiareiitlv Ironi o lioU, to ijo).
Iturl or iioKHilril, jfwiil alt. Sw "AVr/Av ".
:\:\\
t,
1 i,|M'rM(inil iirotmiiii, ;iliMoliil«t, i»! ■«,>, ui .s:i, ft ni. / .mr/' i,lhi^*-< v""', ar xii' >iitvl>' t\
llllj^' »••'. (Ni>IK..—Tlu' hull. Ill ;tl\Mk,\s putt UlllDM'lf lilNt.l -Wy III/' Wr-I o/MHKim'
|mJ h()\ pull' at' Mil' liiitcU' as is' la'. [Arr] if»m' «»N;»rv' wtth' mr' f .1 lii'( kiImIiii liii
Iwul' lit S41* ? /' mmlr jMi*'; iMi/xW; ', ti-' al sa' <>]> klo .-iiU' < lii.T.
(Copulative prclK.: -In I In- nitiiplt' Iixtii. tin' al>iui» arc ii''\ri u.srtl ,im uujniiia
tiv»-H to ii veili, liiit in lOiuliiUrttlitii wiih tin- pasi >n luiui. |i.iitii !cv (lii\ ai>' m>
I'liiploytHl, iHul aic tlicii to Im' i'on«i<liT.«l copiilain)' pivli\«s; 1. <;., koIi iIii> p.iMt,
t«'ls, tct su, tils, tuts, siats, .siil?(, slut, sluts. / ittmr, l« t m liwiitl. / hair oj'ttn
.</"ti<', kail tt'tsol.li; k.i hat l.i fill tulsookli. I •» mi from Poit /'kiowwi/, tul a«l
K A' r,\i stits atlil. I.i>nijiiii<i / .'iHir, cv m a' j-'i stiit klut rliil. I hmr tlimr fiitin;i,
o lio' >() titH iitlil. With tlir lutuif p„ni< li, tliitH. kliits, / i-ltttll ijii to uioinnc,t]ii'
<la to ki tints oiJi hi>, III- kliils nIJi Im.
(Imlcpoinltnt nomiiiatiM-.i — K-ts, kii.-, kiK^s, k«i''s. TiicHi' loruis pncfde
vorlw or words iiscil as sinh. Imt nist'i lMii.in»> copiiiativos. Tins .Hccia to lM^
coiiipoiinils of the tlciiioiisli alive prouoiiiis (liaviuf,' tla' loiccof tin- il. liini.' .ulicliM,
ki aiiil kw i, with at' s.i, nl sa, or t'l sa. I imt't tiinl i/ij, hwi- kilt aiti' Im 11. / ilmi'l
/,H(>/r, hwc' kits ii.saiii hii. W'litrf nhult I liiili\it^r al chad kiilt. rliftd /.il ? I iii<l
nut kiioir I iras dnntl:, hwv a kwits a .sai all hii kfts as hwnl kn lln- luomuui Ihk-
lu'iiiy; duplicated).
(Copnlativc siitlix.)— Clii.l, chud, .shid, shed, shut. I'his is \>\ (,tr llu' most
coinnion foi m in which the pronoun is used. / x/r, sla l.i hit' shid. / muL, o \ai'
us <;hid. / rtfitni, o ta'shitsi chud. Yrstinhiy I nniif lim, todatldot ."-hidsi
oTIilet clii twill tc'. L'tsi nil/ill I Huiil, dc, ash tii si, it la' hel sliul hit hoi li,)ls hid.
It is Hoinelimcs dupiieated, //' / //-), ho !a' iliid klo nkh chid. It in.iv als.i lie um d
iuv,u8iifively alter the iniperu'lve, Trodi m<,o jjvva' la chid. In si\i i.il ortlu'alM)ve
examples it will lie .seen thai where the verb is precediil liv an aiherh or other
part of speech din-ctl.v relating; to it, the pronoun is releried hack |o the killer.
7cf, a« iV'ic/f, skakhw, ska' ko. See " Mij/tr".
Iille, 1(1:1/, uiiirHliiiii. as che'lit.sli, elie' litsh.
//, lio la', ainel,a liel. 1/ I rjo, a-hel chid klo-okh : ho la' 1 hiil k!t>..l.h. .See a!.->o '■/'./•
h<i])H ■'.
Ignorant, a.st /at'lali. / do not I^noir /uxr, ant zat' lab chid, rtre " Mislahr. in'\ ,,d-
zftt-hili.
Tini*ntr, to, ot-diiso vel.
/»), into, irilliiii. dekliw, <|e' nkh, asdekhw, u> dekliw, as de'iikh, iisilitkhw'^ hud de' liii,
hud dekliw'. ]\<- (III irilhin the /(Oi^r, andiikw' chil ki ;i'lnl. Come insi'lr, iil lat ii
hud ilckliw' o hud dekhw chii (iniper.itive adverb). To put into um irnlir into it
IxiKiii). o (111}; WHS.
Iixlciil, rriij, is shi <le'. I'rn/ loiui mji,, is-shi de' ha' },'o.
Jndiann. Ht'C '• I'loplc ".
Jimrtii :—bcetkH, lm(iK, dc. (ueiieric), sl'klil la al' kniii, slit la! kiib : fliix, h«,ii<», liai-
o'Jiwa ; liumhUbrc. inau'kwa lush : yiltoir ir<i*/), sukh' siid diili; wrwf/fuVo, kwad ;
ant, init cbilo' la ; xpider, to pel (Nisk.), ho' bul- ta' k wil (.Sk.\.), it.i thnml, kled tid
(see ''Kope''); Jtca, clio'-fub; {/rmtihiippo, ke' l.o wiit.<; licc, b<^.->kh' chad ; m(i;i!)ot
of liloirjlii, »bo<l'/.a ; uliiiii of (jh hmrl, Io'-smI (see "/lr»(»fr '").
332
m
Tlltsr U(in!s ;iri'
., jHt'/ti' thill liir
hxlilhli iiiim, itN liiillnli
/ii/nnl. i^-v " Cliiltl'.
/lilanil, Ihf iiiUriiir, up u nrir, Ituikliw, Hkaikli, kcklnv, I, ik, >!;»',
iil'li'M used in roiiiI)iii.ilii)ii, us iiii>i kai' liwii, ^t.ilv la' iiiiili, i
ill lit ml.
In short; fiiirnrdx thiKlmrc nrliiii mi tin injfcr}, tatuU fiis (fnmi tak, inluiiil;. It is also
llif \v(ti(l ((f <'itriiiiiiU)(l, '• kcfji ill ", ■' iiiakt' for tlii» Mliorc".
/'■"/(. (1 /,«(/■<•, aK tlir iriiH, sirnkw; no kwcil, nn arroir linul n/ irmi.
I4<i»>i. Hti (!lii'; (iliin.) sti' tii i:lii.
ll, Ha^t. Hii liwilH TliiN ill li'iist appears lo bi- tlic un-amng ol the mini.-, (.;;., /■. thm-
niiiifliinij f {any it), a-o' kwi hu liwas. W htre in it f al ihad kwi sasf See also
iiiidi-r " Jfi ".
lutirirrlittnti. I'or (■(iiivfiiifncc' sakf, tin- order i.s rcvfiscd, a> llit-v an- iiutriinslatalili-.
Ad di da'! nlii.t! expressivi' of ^irief or deprecation. It in tlie wailing <r\ for iIk-
dead. l"oi an rxaiiiplf see tinder '• U'ci/ ". Alia I as in ICt.^ilisli. Ana'! ula'I
denote depieealioii, reiiioiistranee a;,'anist iniscliief, ivc. Atslii-da'I expressive
of KiirpriHe, uHtoniHliiiient. A( ehi da' clii dn I tiie diniinntive of ilie last, sifjnilien
a little surprise, eonpied « itli pleasure or aiiiuseiiieiil. A sasii' i ina I (used only
1>,V woiiieii), denotes Vexation, for uliitini' .' ulnp tlml .' A sasii c l.'lio jo' 1 lias the
saiiieiiieiinin^', Itiit is employed only liy men. A'llie'-lii lie' I as lic'lia eliii !/(»r ^Aawo
i/itiil used in merriment. I!' si iik ! just m, n>ii inlL Ivssi 1 lie'si I exjiressive of
satisf.iction. K' si ah ! e V si ikl» ! from es si and si alt, chiif, a term of (lattery used
liy women towards those whom they wish to propitiate, or sometimes in mockery.
As a verW, it means to ilafler or coax. It is a common salutation to a person of
Hole on ap|»roaehin},' a lodj.'e. K' ya' ! an exclamation in play, as when one pulls
.Miotiiei's ear. lla-wo'I a salutation on arrival, llankh! Imrri/! hurrii up!
Ill ye' I exjiressive of amusemeut, derision, or di.slielief. Ilel'sil! /(//• siKinir.'
uttered with dilVerent de^jrees of eiirnestnej^s or anfjer. Isli' i ha I another word
exprcssin;; .satisfaction or assent, ((■ci/ uril. Is.sa'! i sakli I impaiienlly eallinR
the attention of one not listeniiif;, or eiiforein;,' a command : as, i.ssakh ! lio yiikliw !
utoji thitl ! Stall! irhal! Wo'h ! used in reply to is.sa', uliat ilo ifnu irniit .* or
indieales that one does not hear. To the same diss of words lielonj; " HihxI hi/f"'
aim " /7((i/i/..v ", r/, i: A curious form is the convertiiij; a noun into an inteijection;
as, stuk ke' wi vvii! oh .' hiaio; iii;ploiiii;;l,\ .
.1.
■ hiihiii.s, as-hiill ; lit hr /culoiis, o hut Insli. Si-e •' Sirh ".
■Idiiil, hiiuji\ yuk kod.
,//(.s/ HKir, da' Iiii, daklnv. / hiirr juxt nun,, il.i' liu rliiil
" rnxintly".
K.
iliit ehi. See da under
Kamns, a bnlh which forms a prim .pal i-.rticle of food [M/iiill'i m ?(.'(/. ^M. This is a '•. Tar-
pon" word derived from the Todvwat or Nootka, ( liainas. .tirni, and is in niiiver-
sal u.se tliron{.'hout Ore;,'on aiuJ Washinjifon Tnri'ory. Tinliit Aviwr/.v, ohad /.ut-
liid; llw knmii.s sliif for iliiiiihni tin reo/, kl ka' lid ; ///* ni>:iiltitiiiUi- i>f mtmi; s»kh-
ha' kia.
:v.v.\
Keith (of bi$htwurk), M aM ; (<>/ lin\ kiiiik'i ; {,/ hf>u*), kwmlK.i Inl' lui, *.h< •• /fr.i»» " ;
{i>/,a»t iron), tli«M' lu lioltuli, i. >., itonr Ininhl ; lh> ,v.,r, M.' Ui.l Mil; thr /«(/.. t-«(il.
11 tu'«l('.
Kirk, ti>. ikI 7...' liu.l, ihI zu biU-
/w7/. /(»;•/. »„w)|(/. W/iA», ^M<lll air ; l.ilU.l, kwo-.l .lul. Iloir mi.uii/ hkm irrt< A..'?../' K vm
(litl kwoni (li.) Ni,... hW\> Till- iikmI." oI killiiin i» pMuTiilly hihm-iI1i'«1. S.m- T-
Khot't, Ktah, flrikf, \f.
Ki»>i, /'I, ittitiknt sitis, kolH ii (lils.
A'(i/r pan, liwiii vn, lii kii' lot siil.
Kittrl, tit. 111! al lml>, liil ii' l.i hub.
Knife, Riiukw (i. c, inm); <i tiror.hn'l l;iii/<; luit Hit tit'.' ; }><»itl <>/ Lnil'i, w ' lllk^^ (.«./>;
«/«;*!, ne' la liuilH ; handU., k«ii<l .In!. Ini'liib ilroin kwiid' ihiJ, /<> 'nAr), i-IiuIh i» iM-tl ;
joint or himjt vukkod; nhmlh, .siio .Id kw ill' li ; «..r</i<./. )ii< <,<,/. rtHttitlkwii' liiul.
Knork. to, H-|iilt.'t Hiit sill; to kmnk on the Imul, vhu' wu lilb; to kill l>y kninkimi on thr
/«•«(/. rliiklik.'kh'tiili.
Knot, tamjU, ..ttlols; to knot, •'.. .t>l,«\ H.-tsol; ,. (i.ils Tli..!.. fo r.itrti s,n ho, I ,n »,tH ;
kl.its a' It'kw', to tic.
Know, knmr Iwir, nn<lnHt,'n>l, ,,. v., .. a sai.l' liii. /' know' j/.-i •/'<«', a hiii.I huC nIiI.!'
tvviii' tin ;,'«•<>*. / lni'C knoirn^ t/ou' iilinnj» \ a onut tiiiii*. .sk..s' iiis a Kiiil' tu' t-^lt .<
a' j,'w..' <iiiK-Wf*. />.» i/oM kttoir that man f a said tin ilm shul U» ii stnhs'li f / A /!..»■
him, ii..saitl'-liu ••hill sliu'. / don't know, liwv' kits n siii.l' Ini. /><- i/"" "«</«■/ h/.(.:<< /
ii siiiil'tu-cbu' ? Si'i- '■'■Vmk-rntnnd". It alsi) iikuiih ^. /«■ >»/>f, c.r/Kr/ 'i/, iVr. /Vw/.k,
/(f «» (f (jrvat eatir, tiitl' a Haiil-liii-' kwi^ «uti(l« (indtiil', h> inoir*' liiH\l>»>d*)
Kuuvklcn, hwe'kwiliukliliwa'ohi.
Lake, tmi'liil, twi'lfit! (Nisk.), l»a' .-lio (Siioli.).
/^Mif, aH-lnvullap, I. c, /(roAnt (Inmi oliwntl, ^. /i/vyiii, k'uk ^l.it. H.-c " l^'ool".
Limd, to {to ,omi- to land), kill' k-I. SfC. " Nhon".
l.iniiiHitfje. Hce " To siimk'^.
Lap, the. o-lil'.
Lap, to [OH a do(j doix initcr), trUiiuUli, I'.oin Ula' liiis IIk lonipii, k.., initrt:
/.arf/c. lu'kw, ask la ktiw ; lnr(j» rcnnd, mukk'nal lin.
lMtdiorla<'>\ to Uua child in t'le crndlf or the thinirls i-, n couoc), to tic, liiikh hud. I
/««//, liuk-liOd-shid. f h,in tod »/* the vat, k\va.i liiikli slii.l lii pisli iiisli. Sec " r« ^
Lait: lurdii. to he, o-MJicb : »/"» arc laU , i)!ar., o slioh cliil Inp; very late at nojUl. l,a gwo
tnt-lii'licl, (. e., tonij mjo niijht.
Latety. Hee " JuHt note ".
Laaijh, umile, ohai'-nl).
L(i:!i, as-clii' litsli. Si'f •• Tdhr, '' UnwilUnfi'".
Lean {notj'af), as-klo' il, klo' « il. Sec •• fold ".
Leaninij, dza'-ka-fjwil, tViHii od zakliW, to hloir down.
Lmre,lo, a permn. or thin<i intent iowilbi, .UliluK wntl. .) kin;; w«ti ; to Icare amjthiuij hy
miatakr, iil-lu- .\ iikli.
Learen of treen (narrow or (khh/»/-), Hli'kul clii-cbit ; (/^»-ort(/». ciinl»^»-lia ; learen of Hw
muple-trce, .s'cLot-la.
'^ i
:;;!i
I!
Lffl, to thr, kill !;i 1i KW 111 ; llir hfi hinul, k.i' let dii ; h ft fool, k.l! «l»i«l.
I.rrhrroun, an i la kwtil Kcu " 7'ii nijiulntr '
/-»(/, TlicTf !■* ill! iiaiiif Ifir llic wliiilc iiiiili. Scf " llnlij".
I.rijijinijh {iif KkiH), liain' a In' d.ilv' ; n puir of trtfjintjH, \ ulsliiil ; iin oilil Ivijriinq. klilk sliiil.
.See '• Foot ".
I.rnd, to. Si'i- " lliirrmr ".
I.iril, Mik'JMv; hill iiunlrif, siik'liw (lr>|(.
I, ilk, tn, kla' kwai Ickw, frniii klal In|>, tin Iniiijiii-,
I, if, tn, 1) tiiiil rhuli ; « liiir, t HH ImiiIsIi ; oiu: irho IdU Jilin nr Utile lien, tils )>*< ItiKlsh ; it's n
/ii, liiiilsli. It inciiliM al-<(> 'I /i(«i.r ; '■• fuihji."
I.ii iloini, /(), II tnil /,(•! ; lif dinrn liiiip.i, tml /c liiMiw': him;! <>n tin h'lUi iiswl of |M>«i|>l<t
oiilj), Hs-takir lin-Kwil ; liiinij nn the lnuk. as kiiKli (apiijiralilf alsn to tt»iii:;s. in tlm
wMim' <(t' •' rinht side u|i"j.
Lift up, shiilv till ,s1iiik"Ii. )(/», abnre).
I.iijht (not (lnrkl.tiH lakli' : tin liijlit, l.kkh (see " Ihi;/")'. to liijhl {<in n rnnille), liodiiksliid.
Itiilhlninii, wok' siiiii.
hikr, so, OS. Set' " iSVi '', '' 77im.v ".
I,iki, to. Sec "/,<»c»'", •'tloiiil".
I.imliir. cliap.
Limiting, as kic'-ila li'klnv'.
l.ittU: Sco ''Small"
l.i:aril, slid' slid a wap; mihnntindir, [np kat zull.
I, nail, to. Si'(> ''<iitn",
Lodijc. i'n'i^ " lloust ".
I.onij (in (liiiti nsiou), hats.
Loiiij uijo. Sec "Form(rUj''\
L'lok lor. silk, nwnt-diid, o dzd lifit. Aoo/.' ami pyesrntlii^ yo)P )r!U >>iiil\ Kwut'-diitl'
dai'' elm' klo fd' liwii'.
I,oiik out! take vai- ! kloli kiit-si lalit igood i/oii mr), Iroin o la' bit, to ser.
I.DokitiiigUiss, s'liu lalluis, from ola'bit, tosr..
LooHO (as a dicfs), Invut liwulli' (trmii o hniitl, to break, q. r.). T>> louf^ri'., iintif, ini/nsten,
Kiikli lied', (■r()m .; ;i"k'. to i>ihii.
l.osi, to (at idiiy), o slii''{;\vi tub, otsaltul). 1 /d.sr, otsul chid. Koc ■ tkt, to", in lov
or drop aniitliinij, n hi)' h\itii\\t. HWDrop", I hare lost [«0)Hi7/(i»f/J, o liwil lull
sliid.
J.ouil, a kck'w: to talk nlniul, o hot-hot a kdi'w.
7.()i7', like, to. o hatl, / lure mi/ husband, t'.*liatl teitl s'oho.st-hii. T lore my ic'/e, hatl-
til ohid tsi itl din^'-wiish. Do i/im like mr.' hritl-to'liali cliuhii ? Sw also "U'm7»".
J.nrer (of either sex), skiids.
l.otr (not loud), takli lials. Speak '"ir, takh-hals kats hOtdiOt.
M.
Maice, fndian eoni, stiil tls. The word has 8ouu' associatiou with bcadg.
Hanimals. Soc "i/( (vti ", "Mule". There is no gciu'rul niiinc tor quadrupeds. liuXValo,
also eattle, kvvist; ealf, so'lfw; elk (terms i-anadensis), fsuk'w'sh ; the biiek, niai'-
I'ts, kwiij^' wits'i ; (/(>(■, ch'lt-se' ; c«//, aoMus ; </«'»■, ske'gwuts; ti/ct, us-gwa' dnkw
aa.-i
{horiuil) ; '/of, liiiill' Hi ; /</ir», (nl la', kai' ik : • /<•»; /«irii" (orM mon/fimi), liii l«-' w iiJ?*
(Ska;*!!!; imiuntain ii<>iit {ii plnn run iiki). ^wct'lc; /nw;, |mi In' kiiks ; ijrii:!^ It'ii,
Ktill) l.iltl, scli.it klilli; /f/<i<i' liiiir, .s'rlii'twul ; rucctMiH, IiI<i|ih; (/h;/, </. r., K<i' luii,
hko' liai, skc'lia ; lutih, to'witi ; liinjr irol/, sli kal'>» ; i>tniiu-in>l/ t\r riif/olc, i«ki»'-
iiin ; hianr, fti kiiklnx, sti ka' Iid iNi>k.\ «liikli liwii (Skajjit;, skmi iiilili (Snoh);
muMkriil, skixl ilikliw, ^kll(l ilrl \i\ is Ih)' hnirvr'H tjnuiuiir htolhrr); uniollrr, nil-
liati; Idii'Iottii; skatl (Nisk.;. sKiii ki\ll (Ska;.'it); miriA, iVmnl km iNisk.^, Ih-h
fliiib ^Ska}^it); irM/.«/, kic' ciriii ( Ni>.k. I, sella' t limn iSka>;ill; sl,iiid, skiil> Iti \ ii ;
couijar, Hwaii'-wa ; inhl mt, |»c clnili ; (/hhkaNc nit, |ii-<li jhsIi (I'.ii^'IinIi) ; iniloilonliii,
slio'w'il (it ix till iililist (>/' III! tiniiniU); niiiniint iiiri tiniii/s jUirin iilt in), hWi' a-
kwiiii ; l,tniiiix titt {iifomiji-), skad'li thiif ) ; hniiy tiiilid rut yiinilniiin \ ki> tlai' \ tl ; piur-
xijiiirrfl {sciiirus}, Kkail/.ii ; iiroHiiil miiiirrrl (tamiim), H\i\\:\t/\ ; uliriir moir {iir<iloi>ii),
|ifl-kiit chi ; moHHi\ kwa' Inn, skw a' tiid ; Imi. ]<r\,' a clii ; kmh', as' liii (Nisk.\ Kipkn
(Sky.); /""■/"'I'"', Ik's ^'i' <i.
The fciiialt' of any animal, skia'-ilt', Ian' ill.
Tarls III' animals: — Uonm, ^wa'dnkw; lino/'x, tt'k kol' sliid ; ilnirn, kwakli
nIhkI (tor ndils) ; liiiir ov I'lir, ta' liitl. I.i'-lirls; iiinin', kv iiHMtllil ; nkin [irilli thr Imir
«;i), skwa' Mill »/)•(»»(»/'. wit ai ill {i. r, irarhnli ; /(ii7, sinnt' ll siip; tiiil ol Imtnr ov
vninkrnl, >tul a Im.I' : hliiihlcr, siis liwa I, spii^altcli, >'liu' |ai ; /i/ii/hi A, kuas nl sliM ;
lirrr, s'cli.*' l<tl> : hoiir, h'Idan' vn ; ril>s, Ink'h ; siiuim, fidsli, N-ImIi : Hmh (<>'' nmmiilH
(tnil hirtliu Ik;' yets; /at, soliw' tiiil ; nifniilK, kad /akli'.
Makr, to, o yai'iis. S*-.- •■/>(»'", " WnrL".
Man (rir), tttohsli, sto liiisli, (plur.) slo o' li'sli, ,s!ii Im'h'.sli, (dim.) st<i' tn misli ; n »/""'/(,
finncii 11 j>. luj.; \vnl>, will lot Ml. Set" ' Mnnkiiul".
MaiiLinil, a hkih, (7. r., rir), stnlisli, ito' li .-"li ; >roiii:iii, !(. r., skla lit'. >Ja'df; ;i(<i/i/(, 7. c,
jirrKonx, Inilinnn {homhtrn), als il tt I iiiii : rhirf, t«i ab.; |»e'V"' "./ *'«' l»li<>' rliiHH,
Hka'ka }»\vntl ; rnmmon peo/ilr, si' laliatl : nlorr, *i»*> diik ; utrnHnrrH (<;' ollirr
triltcH), laic' alsil-t(l' inn ; irliitr men, livviii'. iiini ; atft^ fHr^ioim of tiUtrr nrjr, sUli'-
Ixit, skill Ic'-ltKt ; tniin or iromnii, lo' h'ltl sIoU^li or <ikla'iH<; miiUli niinl iromnn,
old mail!, liliil-liil) .skla'-dc; /itllicr. A'r^ see "h'ebtt^omjtktjm": htrrr 0/ t itlirr wx,
Hkiid.s; ntnunpvt, tiis-kiid-dtil) ; lnustard, it* Iml >4«»«f dnl>; htrmophroditr, kli'U-
oOl); a poslhumiiuH child. lint'-!ii t.MviilIi'' ^wail .ir i!i , iii'iiini m/in i/roirn »»f», Ihh-
will)! /w/y, i'lia' clias, c^lia' I'liesli ; ;/()/, cliu dias nI.i iic, si idiu' cliaM («»•«• *itrl");
iMj'uHt, do bad-da (.sco ^^ Child"); iktldnti, •t'a.-^so; HrsI horn chilfl, iCi-huVh;
find, shwiilliik: hunchliark, kan'itsli; tkivf, ska' <la, ln«ku'da, skaikikai; tutr,
tiisltiidsli ; /W^ mun, iiiakliw; frirnd, a' sliid. a sliiid ; " iiirdiiim won". ruHjiinr,
sho-ditl)', sboiiarii'; airprntrr, v> pai uk; hiintrr,>^>\> i\r. Sec iiiidt r "/'i .;//(", "I'liut"
^'UrliltiKHHllipx ".
,l/((«i/, miuli, ka, kad, kat. Mniji prrscnii, k;U atsil tcl' mn ; /W(Uii/ lliings, kit cs liih'.
You talk »HH(7/,kat ','.id sa li«it liOt .\"i mmiji, li\v»> la ka' ; not nr;/ »M"iiy, livsr' la-
ka' ka; man;/ timrK, ofirn, ka hit' la liii ; mldom liwc lakad (at' laliu luin;,' under-
stood). Ka is also used as rlie pliir.il jtreli\ ; as, k;i sla' de, iromrn.
The letter k a|>|»»'ars to tie tlie iillini.ite ladieal. not only <il this, liiif. of other
words siuiiilyiiiK <|nantity, abinidan«v, and their derivatives, as, (or instanee, uk,
«omf, and its laodilications ; also ol° tliP word ok ke or ik ki, d'-iiotiiiK lui-ntion,
used iiriii(i|ially in joiniiin tw»i nnnieralu; ns. pa' ilut- ik ki diit eho, ^M plus inv. nr
T
?
^ r
Ibii
\i
'1
I H
*;'!
i|ii>!^
ill i-rn, i •••. lint HnmotiniCS I|Ih<i to rflllfnrri- U.i; us, n Im' \ ll rhjil ck kr ku', I ili>
vitniii tliinijH. I am liirtliiT (lis|HiM'il to tliiiik lliat ko, irri/rr, with all its ilriivativcs,
takrs 111 oii^lii III till- Haiiii' liiiiiiaiiii'iilal nlra.
Marry, tnkr a irifr, In, h'mIh' U-kw (hIh'iio, irowrtH), olm rliii;;wiisli. / iri^h In warrii,
ikiiclii' Jjwa' suit rliid ffrolll clill;; wiisll. fl irifr). To l<lLr lh< irif, of n ihrnisul
hriilhir, lialot ^iij iliil> (.niiia' lot sid, liintlirr'.i iriilnir).
.ViirHh, mramp, H'clif'ukwil; vinmliy. hiici/, as j»ul In' liid.
Miisk (iist'tl lit ilaiiccs, \y.), strt kwa' mils.
Muni, >^M' "('oniii'".
Milt [of tint runlirH), kol ; {<>/ roiiiiil riiKliis). skwi-' tjwiit. Tlir unilir mat of a hul, sla'
Hwid (I'rom sla nwiils, thv innir hark of llic thuja) ; nthrr hark mots, i-Wt lak', v. dial' ;
itiat iiiiillr, klaku' titl ; Hcriiper for umiuitliiiuj uinln, liinl tla'lu siil (Nink.)) liMii'<l<'-s»'t
(Siioli.).
Mntt,J\iitli {(;/' iiiiiiiiiiU inul hinl.i), lie' .M'ts; [nf jUh), tails.
Mvimurr. Sri' ''('oiiiit".
Mi'lliiiir [ill tin stiisr (i/' /)/ii/.viV), si ill jiiikli'. A dorlur, still jiiikli lia Irkw cliiil (fmni
liiil la' Ickw, to HHvk, to ritixr a lilinli r hij nnliim), tine ol llicir usual cuiativt' pro-
cfssi's. Sec ^^Mriliciniil itliiuts".
Milt, til {lis siioi), ot zukliw', <l/iikli liwiilts' ; to hiromr noft {as prriisi), oliM' lil,
vi'lliil, a.s Mift' liri, aslict' lil.
MiHstniale, to {for the first timv), obaislio l»il, ai^ bai.s' hub ; / mnistrunti; ashall, kwo-
I'liid,!) Iiatl kwocliid; (vK/wY/Hrii//;/), asinal ko. It would scvm that the foniicr word
a|))>li<'s to a coiidilioii which has tt-i'iuiiiati.'d ; as, ka' bai is ii i/iil irho Ims not ci iclud
hir inrioil, mid ho' bil Nihilities iissntion ; the mi nxlriial loilijr, as chats {hiihhn).
Mirrii, sat sc kill) (also iist-d as a nickuaiut'). In Sk.vwhainish, ashusiiikub, the tail
of an animiil, expresses the same idea as in I'lii^ilisli icaijiiish.
MisHiiiie, kwad'h ; to sni'l irilli a iiiissiiiir, okwatsid chnd.
Milals : — iron, siinkw ; brass, kii la'iathu ; tin, kaiikh ; golil, lie' kwitl (rtd); silrer,
hok ok ihiUar {white dollar).
Midille (of Uniith), itluy;\vuts, ok-se' gwu'i, u-diij; wa'-bats ; {if width), oda-fjwitsh,
o-diiR witsh ; around the middle, litl o iliiy-witsh ; the middle section of a Jish, so-di-
j;wa'-biit8.
J/i7A' {same as Itreast], skub o'.
Mind. See " //(Y(»r'.
Mine, fjutl al'sa {of or Montjini/ to me).
Miss, to {a mark), o kwutl ; / miss, {jwntl shid (etpiivaleut to " throir aicaj/", q. r.)
Mistake, lilunder in spceeh, lose the lemj. to, oil zat' lab ; / am mistaken, Od /at' lab tliid.
Hee " [ijnoraiit ''.
Mi.r, to ; also to mintakeonefor another, o-b,il-bal ; mi.rcd, as bal'.
Moeeasins, yal' sbid.
Money. The r'lirreiii'v of the North Pacifie consisted of a sju'eies of " wainpuiii ", known
in the Tsiiiiik .lar^ioii as hai'kwa, made of strings of dentalium-sliells a fathom
in length, or as mueh as would reach from tip of the fingers of one hand to those
of the other. iS7i(7/.v (of all si:es), net'ehu ; of standard si:e, or less thanfortij to the
fathom, hotl ; smaller sizes, solakh, solukli ; coined money, da'-la (Kng.).
.1.1 (
.U(K.H, sill l,«.iliii ; nnr »««.», sK,.f, o 1,,.'. «a l.cl' a liiil>. ch Kit a hit ; Ml, W .lo Ii.i|i,
ska ka laU' iio ; ininr, Isa, tilti«-ii' liis lui ; i/</»/, (•/' Ih, ihihih «■« liil.li a liii 'i)<>iii out,
iJ-liHOuinhiil). Tlif .si;,'iiitlfali«iii 111 III!' Kili.r ttiMiN u.is iml i'\i'laiin«l. .S««'",l/#
lliiili iifi ".
Miirnhiir, kliiji. St (• " Siaiiixi ".
Mmttir III/ xtiinc, /or inniiiilinn snds, n "ii htli), ir i,,:\.
Miilhtr. Si'c " /i'<7(i/iiiMx/ii/(/*".
Miiuiit, to ins a liinxi ), ii kr' la «« il ; / iiii'iiiit mi/ hin:i( , km la ;,■« il sliiil liw ill si , a kr' \ ii.
Mnitittnin, svva' tiitsli, siio kvMili, sin.i drl : n nintr jmih, >k«'l.-« ; n Ai//, klnii; ^) iiActHf/,
II kua' tat.sji.
Miivth, kad' Ini ; ^i (./(oi rA< wnuth, <i ka' had ; /n -hut tli< mouth, n kiiK ho' sidi ; irilh lln'
mouth piirsiil (//i, as to hat I tiiiil; k/kh lijiiud, a.s kad as*; thi mouth o/,i riiir, (>' lot siil,
Tliis won! iiiViiM fioiiii' iiiiiiiii.^ siHiiilaiiniis ; as kad a.x, as xliown, iiii-aiiH o/uh tip-
}i<il, shoirimj the lath, a triiii aiipiifaliii' to thr knmnii nil (ijvomyH) ; nkad'h; thi hniiy
tdiliil ml [iiroldmo), iiwii llii' jiini sijuinil (sciuru/i]. ^k.id /il. All iIicm', and I'sprriallv
till' liist two, aro iiotoiioiis lliif\ I'S, ska' d.i. It would lliiiilon. -.itih at lia^t
pro'iabli' that llif aniiiiais took tluir naiiir> lioiii llnii |irii:liai rimloiiiiatinii, and
tlicir liahits sii;,'i;i'sti d till' iiaini' winch has lliiis (ihiaini d lor Ihiii'. I'm thri, llm
piacliii' of i'oiirtslii|i ainoiit; voiui),' Indians is lor thr lo\i i' to lir with Ins kwitI
lioart, skiids, hi/ stmlth, wIiimii'i- o kad d.ih, n Knd didi, wo kiid diili nkh, tfi courl or
moke III !•<' to; tii skiiil iliih, (;*/»(/»/;*(/ ; and dr' htl skiid uiili, <i liimlinil or rhild
u-ilhout nrogn'ncd fiithrr. I''inall.\ , llii' Haiiic loot is i'oiiiid in skod /a Nkw', soilmin/,
and in skud /a laht' hii, ciinivali'iil to thi' ['"irnrh Imuiirf.
Morr [to mnkv room), d/,iikli t/iit r /" mnn frum phur t" jihui , ;,'\v il>li ^jwil-li.
Miiih. Si'f " Miiiiif ".
Muililji. icit, as lukw, as Ink wa diih ; to lirroinr iiiiiddi/. In ti'wk' o hil, Ins Ir' o hil, ol liii-
imil dull.
Mnir, livkw-gwil-dc' (lif-kw kvvil la di, hiiinns).
.1/1/, ^ntl at sa {luloniiiiui to mn, tid, sli. shed, (t'l'rii.) snl ; mi/ horni,o\\{\ at sa sti a ki-' \n ;
1 think .\o [SO wi/ /if(ii7), as is' la tid linlrli ; I iim ijhul [ijUul my hunt), o]H\\ lid
liiitcli ; »i///riVHf/, .shida' slitid ; »»// /kx/sc, shed a' i.d ; (»///((/(, scd ihii;;\Mi>li. Sli
ajipears to lu> tlio luclix in adilrcs'.iii;,' or spiakin;; of niali' rrlat ivi's ; s, wlmli is
the fcininiMi' prcli.x also, in spcakiii;,' of or to tcinali's, c, </., had, /ii/Zirr ; sha' ha,
mil fiilhcr ; skoi, mother; sa' ko, «ii/ mothvr ; k('\a, i/niiidmolhi r ; Kckc'.sa, ii'i/
ipdndmothtr ; ka-sc', h/kVc ; Nliukiisc, my unch, iW. i^ic ''■ li'i lulioiishiiis".
Mytludoyiiitl fhnrm-tcvs. TIh'I'o i.s sonii> (■oiidision as to tin' idi'iilily and olliri's ol thr
jiriiicipal pt'rsiiiiaj;fs rci-oj^ni/fd hy thr dilTi'iiiil trihcs, thoiij;li tho svslmi is siih-
stanlially till' .saiiio with all. Tho most ini)ioiiant. ainoii^' llir N'iskwallics is 8h»
kwalin, thr Moon, who, in conrorinity w itii 1 Inii ideas and liahits, is the i Idci hiollicr
and .siipi'iior ol' Klo' kwatl, ^/(c .S'»», hot li having hren hoinol a uoniaii without
llio inti'rvi'iition of a tatluT. The relation to these of Dokwihatl, tlieSka^;it luiil
Skyhwainisli deity (so to speak) is nneertain. Ily some he was lepiesenied to me
as the ehief of all, lioldin;,' the same rank wjili the Ika'nani of the 'I'sinnks,
Amotekeii of the Flatheads, and Time'hn of the ."^pokaiis. liy others he was eiiii
lonndedwith IIwiiii iie'. 8I0 kwalin is the Spaka' ni of the I'lat heads, e.«-epf Miaf
fhe\, like some other trihes. thon^^dit the siin .iiid moon to he the same, or at least
n
il
tH
j,Mvc tliiMii til.' Miitin" n.imi'. Ilwiiii lit', llmi iir'. en \],<i\ i|..' ii ptiili.ililv tli" sai-if
lis Ihi' I l;il' I |i;l-« 111' till- 'l%iiiill>. Ihf S|.il' WH <it (lie lil.UlU.ilM ,ltiil Silicli li>|i iif
llii' ri.illHMils (^/i, iDiiirii iri,l> ,, :i]i,\ ii,-^ llii' Sun' ,111 (/</i(/(/(r) ot tlir S|Mik;tiis ; tin-
\M'-'I<T1I lf|p|i'Mlil,ill\r ol M.||i.»lto/,lii), Ihc (iliMl Willie ||.in-iit 1 111- A lyiillKlllN.
I'miii tlirii rtlaliiMis \iitli llii' Inlics IhmhhI llic ('.i>c.it|i' MihiiiIjiiik, ilir ii.imic o;
S|.ll.\;ij in iiM f.iiliili.ir ti) 111!' Nl-k«:illic.s ;iii(l Siiimii, |i. (he SU.iuit.s ami Sk\u|iii
iiiisli, ikH Ihfir own nmnrs loi lliit fliiiniitcr. ainl rvfii iiiinf ;.'<'ii<Tiill\ iis«<|. I'Ih'
II. mil' iiC Hull (If or Hull 111-' js viiv inoli.ilily ilriixid riinii liml. //(<, wlnrli, ari'iinliii;,'
til siiiiif iKTiiiiiitH, ho iiitnidiii'i'il. Il n nut a naitii- lor the aiiiiiialH iiicnliniii'il, as
till- III lu'iM ai'c. Skittaiii wax a Iriii.iii' wlnisc lioiisi' was in tin- wi'st. anil \\ lio cii'alrd
|ii'f<fili'iiri' anil i's|M'cially till- .siiiall|M>\. Slit- r.inkiil im'M in |h)mit tn lluiiiiiif.
Ii.v "liiiiiislii" was ili-Htnn I'll. Tin' \ aiimis ili'inmis w jiu iicnplnl ilir luiini'val 'mmIiI
ail' ralliil .S'liiii am (Nisk.), Si a \i' Imli (.SUa^'it). Tlii' Ni.skwalli naiiic ainwars to
liivi' till' N.iMH' orijiiii as Hi ali, i>r s> ii:u, rhiif. Tlii'.v cnrrcsimnil to liii' T'siiiiik,
rli|i tilikuin. Ill' " ///Ai^ fiiiipU", i. v.. iiriintiiiij niiiiil.inil. Alliolic llinii air Sliwiii
iilvW (//((• sniiili. till' 'I'.it 111 iili'a III till' Klik.itats, ii iiiiinntic oi/riss ; .M'.s jii;; v\a ar
'Awii \\i\,/ri(ililn or iiinnxli rx ; tlii' K" ak \va staiiiiiukli, a imv <•/ piijmiiH ykillid in
lishiiifi ; Kr III' Miiii'«li iir ki' lii'->aniisli, iiiniif Inniliis of Ihr jiminildiiis, mil nuinrr-
iiiis iitlii'is. Ti Mill Ilia is till' s|iiiit wliii ihi'miIis iivit };(iiii1 tint ii tie ui lurk nl'any
kinil (Skc lal i Inil). T.sc' at kn arc a rai r sJipimscil still to i\i^t. Iiaiintin^' lisliin;.'-
^'Kinmls ami ran yin;,' nil' s.iIiikih .mil .\oiiii^' ^;irls at iii^lit.
N.
.Wdilii {iif JiiKjiis mill tins), k.-iik tal'kV'i'-clii, kii-kwa' clii.
i\ails (fin- liiiitnh), t>ns liid. Si'f '• lln)iiiiiir'\
Xitkiil, as la' ;c\vit sa.
A'liHir, s'lla'. sM.is, H7(((^ is i/oin- naniif ^wM kwatsMa'? W'lnil is liis name? f;uat
kwi s'llas,' lit iiiniK, Id niri a iKimc, ii da' at siii.
A(ii'(7, lilal' fjwa.
A'rur, cliiclit. Ciiiiir iinir (imp. ailv.). cliicht elm. A'ko///, liwr'-Ialil, /. r., not fit r
\ fnnn |.
A'ci'A, tlii\ kai nlvii' kwa, asjailsli ; Ihruiil, ^kap-.■^lll). A'l cA/dcc, Jail .sliil).
Aivilli; init>,' lilt, iiailsti'il, tola-la' iniil. Mnl luulli; klakw tiil. Tu .sor, ti pat sti'il.
Thtiitil, ij. v., sukli-jiiit.s (for Ihv iitnlli).
Xiiilh, III, ail /, •' iikii 1, (list'' a kml.
A'( I. Si'c " ('((/(■/(", " rishiiiij ■', " Knot ",
A( (■(/•. hi'il (In \i\. Iiwi' put lieil.
A"(ir, klani, kin' wiit.
M:llil, klakli, sklakh, sl.ikh lid sklakli lifl ; ilarh; sklakli; nrniii.:/, .slatla'lic; miil-
niijiit, asilat, isilat; ((/ /(/(//(/. iil ki ^.il slakiriii-l; /«.s/ liiiiht, to tlakli'; In.st nifiht at
miiliiiijht, istiit-lakli' isli-tlat'; /-MUf/A^ a'tisaikli'-licl. Tomotrow niijhl, tla ilato
of sliikli'lii'l. Vnii lull- lit niiiht,\\.i' iiwo talla' ln-l {lomj since niijht). Sot' iiimIit
" "■(//■' lor iclatioiis of VkjIiI and (/((//,■.
A'(», )i.i', liwi-'. ('(iMi'Di'Mis, Iiwi' kwJNtah, /i(-^//(H(/ (IVoin kwi, (7, and stfil), a Ihinii); liwi'-
kwij:;wat, liwo'-kwikwiul, ho one, nohoih/ (litiin }jwiit, kwad, ;r/i(») ; liwt' lacliad,
Hoirhiir (fnnn chad, irliiri); liwc' la-iii, d/i/m.sV, not fur \ from] ; hwt''-la-lr'l,sli, .sviixi
(Iriini III, li I, ^ii ; liHc li I1.1I.W, „,,t l«nn mtlil (rroiii h.il.w. I,;i nml hy) . hwr |.i k.i ,
(Ki/ miiiiy : li«c la U.mI. h.i^ oi'tni imrii ka, tmiiiv;: Uwv l.i', Ho(hiM>i ^froiii la, rA<i(i;
||\M' a.H !•.' ta. Hut Ml Jlillll IIM l« til, ,«i'.
.V...<;i, la' ;:iMit, ta kwiit, la' la i^wnl.
.\niih. s.f •• n'lH-r*.
.\<>««', iiiiik s'li, milk' MJiiil ; ^/i/ huh K Uii tin- rinw oriMvirH/, as Im nl In' nkM ilViiiii asln,
fi /i<>/« ). Iliiok iiiixfil, i\n liti clia' liiM ; hniij nimiil, liaiU kiis ; piuj M<»Jlr(^ iin kalk<i ; ^(fiil
w<Wf/. as liii |ll•lk^^; «(»*^i/*, as Id' |(> (fmni as In', n Aufi ). 7",i nip, f/ic oox.. .luU i-
k'k siiil. Yfiii iniir till' Hiixr iiniiuiii tit, as lm .sIhIim k's clmkli.
Xotrhiil, iliiiliil, as lull kwa' had,
Sittliinii, fur iwthinij (in llic si-iisc <i| irith«ul jiiii jms, . Jri'tii tun, tuiomil!/, iinilui
liiUMly), iilso irorlhliHS, \int lall. // i.i itntliiiiij In iiii\ pal lall al itt Ha. / iriiit 11111,11/
liiiiilhlnii, ]iat lall 11 liai' nil. Ymi ,,ii,t, nnhj {i. /.. iiinitrissiiriln mi), a'l cliil |iai-
lall iliil. The woni lia.s apiLiicTiIlN il.-flla m.il in ,il \,\,tit vmnv, and is olti'n a,sH(i
cialiil Willi la liais fa, la licsl, inidristiind In ^nlll!> tn iiiiii. III- (/(I iritliiii't inir
pour. I'al lall chid la li.ii.s'ta, / ntmv fur luithiiitj, /mm iinn nninsilij, nr out of
iilhniHH. 8f<' '' (inoil hi/c". Thill liorxi- ix nut <i IniiJ iini; lial ftliakf'^Mi liwc' la
patlatl.
Xoir, a tc' I'll.
Aiimn-(il.i. The canliiial iiuniliris in Ihis as in niaii.\ ullnr l.iii;;n.i;:i's n<>i icmlini'd In
Anicrica arc nuidifk'd accmdin;,' In the <ili|i-ci.s lo he ccniiilrd. Sn (,ii as mi
iHiliccd, however, the tli.sliiielinn in the Ni.sk walls is c.inliiieil In two classes, whnli
ina.v l)c Ictined HinipU' cardinals and cardinals nf value. In eerlaiii (illnr lanKiia^es,
it iscanied to a reinai liable extent, iiidical in;; nnt rel\ the idean sl,\led It.v Htniu'
writers mtblc and ifjnoltle, aniinale and inaniin.ite, Init llmse of len;.'tli, rorni, and
sncli citnditioiiN of existence. The Milijcel has Itecn noticed in Sinithsdiiian Mis-
cellaneous Collecticiis, No. ICll. App. It. It is nnliirliiiiate that thcinipiii.N in the
present case was not pushed wiieii the niateri.ils lor this woik were eolleeted, as
it remains iiiM'ertaiii whelher other objects tliaii inoiii\ are iii( bided in ihe second
lorin, or whether other roiiiis cxi.sl, I'alhcr .Mcii;,'ai ini, in his (liainiiiar of the
.Seli>li {.Shea's I.int;iiistics, No. 111. sa.Nsof the nnnibc^s, "The.v are duplex, one set
relating,' to lhiii;;s, the other to persons", and k'^cs the diyits aecordinj;l>. It is
thcrel(jre inobable tli.it, as the two lan;,'iia;;cs aie ol one slock, thi' same niuiibcr
e.\i,sts here, but it is noticeable that the sel iclaliii;,' to pei.sons ;,Mven by him cor-
responds to that n.sed by thi' Niskwallies lor money, whereas in Ihe Niskwalli (lie
simple cardinal seems to be applied to men. It is a remnrkable circumstance that
the ailjective si;;n an is often ]irelixcd lo these numbers, show iny; an instiiKrtisc,
alllion;;li doubtless an iincoiiscions, idea of their place anion;,' Ihe parts of speech.
The .system of eiiiiineration was evidently iinin.iry, and has },'ra'lnally a.ssumed
u more decimal form, the tendency to contraction and eliaii{;eH Irtun other ciiiiHeH
obliterating,' the deiivalioiis of the .second from the (irsi live di^jits. The ori^'iual
root in the name of /ui/yrc, s'liu' lat-chi, still leinaiiis in the words lor xi.r, lujlit,
ticint<j, ami the succeeding; tens. The di;,'its are as follows ;
.Siniplc cioiliiiiils. CiUiliiiali nt valiH-.
1, as (li!t'-clio, dm' eho, die clt.s.
H, as-sa' Ic, sa' lew, sla elts.
IMAGE EVALUATION
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Hini|ili' ciriliiKilH.
3, as klikliw, kirkhw,
4, lIH'llOS, lllW,
0.
7,
9,
10,
tHil' lilts,
&/!■' la'ilii,
|.-iiks,
I'kii'clii,
JlWIll,
CiiriliiinlH or vnlnn.
klfliwOltH.
llllS fits.
tNlilt>cltS.
t1/.!al('ll rlts.
t'silU M'llM.
I'kil' rlii cits.
llWIll (Its.
Jill' tints (HkiiHit, <i' pun), pa'ilats «'ltH.
Tli*^ intvrint'iliati' iinnilxrH follow in this wi.so: 11, pa' iliits ikki diit'clio; l:*,
pa' iliits ik ki sa' Ic; L'tt, sa' la ilii ; .'to. klc liwut ciii ; l(t, s'lnos at«-lii ; .Vl, sr la' clii-
sa' clii ; till, s»' la' clii a' rlii ; 7<l, »'Mik ,sa' ilii ; Xi, s't ka tliia clii ; '.Hi, ^'Inviil a (hi;
KM), Mini kwa clii.
Till' rollo\\in(; \vrr<> obtained as applicalilc to (-(uinliM;; men, lint tli*' piclix til
is ciTl.tiiilx not ahva\s pn'st>i'vr(l, and ilofs not lii'loii^ to tins sort of classillfation.
Si'i- ninUr "I'uMt sii/n". It ic(|iiir»'s farther ••xaniinat ion to decide npoi: the radical
character of Iho tcniiination : I /«'((>(, tiidad clio ; J mc/i, tii sa' le ; <i mrfi, tiit'lc'-
liwal li ; t uiiii, til lios al li.
It does not appear tl'i! measures are counted as nionevs. c. f/., to mmsiDT,
hai kwa, or Imnls, Inf tin ftithum, tiis ko'kwid. 1 /iitliinn, t'hii dail (dio; "• /alliums,
nVha' Ink hid -, HI J'nthnmH, sa' leal a kid (tiro IuukIh), tfis pe'pa-dats. To miUMure
hfl till i/ri»(/, kwi dell tall. 'M\ i/intls, slehwntclii stuk wiili; Id yanls, lios itelii
Ntllk Willi.
Ill the followiiifj, it wouhl noj'iu that while days are not counted with luoneyc,
iiKUiths are. The instances are, however, too few to (generalize upon : Tlirrr iIiij/h
I'loiii f/iiN, lii'sle' hwati dal ; four iIiii/h from ^/n'.v, lios all dat ; Jin tlnyit frnm lliiM,
Islets atl dat ; tlirir moiitlm, kle hwelts slo kwalm.
Numeral adverlis: ttmr, n'cha' liokli ; ttricr, tsaliali' a hii ; llirrr timrs, kle-
liwal' la hii; Jour liiiun, mils at' la liii; Jirr tiiiiiH, 'slat sal'la liii ; nir tiiiirs, dzlat-
clii at'la |iii ; Krrc;i tiiiiiM, t.^ok sat lahii; riijlit tiiiirx, t'ka clii atla liil ; nine timrs,
liwnl at la liii ; tin timrs, pa ilats at la hii.
().
tliir, hek hold (hiij piuliUr).
()/, hrliiiiijiinj to, netl, iiwtl, jjwiitl. The possessive larliele. ,l/r/A»W".v horsr, ;;etl Mel-
ked sti a ke' ,M1. Inilinn iiotiilois, (^ull ats il tei' inn ,spe' o kots. Tliitt is not mini,
hwc la' Kiitl at-sa. CoirU mill;, (;wull k\\ist skiili-o'.
OJI', hr kJV, iiinii/ with ijon, ijo on, lii'wil, Ik 'w il-cliu li' 'uil (imp. adv.). See •ToM/tii"*".
Ojl'sli.'rr, kill) ojY. See ".>/((»»(•".
OJ'trn, ka, kads (miniji timrs liciiijj understood). / liiirr ojtrn Inrn to Olywiiia, kad tels-
okli tiid SiK' (HAS. .l/((H.i/ timrs, ka lial' la liii.
Olil {oj' nil II), lo' lull ; {oj'iniiiniils), til .-ak (alilir. o'tiis a' lin); {oj' things, iih riot liihfj, irorn),
as liwoUli w'l, swlinkt. See '• ll'in/i nut", (If oUI, nlil /i'/kix, Ins aj/o. See "/■'<»•-
Mlf (7//".
(hi, i/yiiiM (ill the sense of d/mi'i ), sliishuU'h, shika'duits; as to position, ill, al; on tin'
monntiiin, nl shi sk«a' tatsh; (»»» onr siilr, kle I.eds. See "Siili". As to time, al;
(1(1 thi thini iloji, al sl(' liwati dat. Sec ^'OnJ'oot," ''(hi hnrsihnrl, ",
(tiir. See ".S'nmiriils".
JKk
:;4i
Oiu's ml/, s\i\{\. Til intiusc oik'h ml/, «liill li.i' li.ul. 7'.- maU iiji om's »»;/n/, sliiil ha-
cliiil).
(hur {iiiii- liiiii ,. ii'clia' Imlili. (hiir on « time. Sfc '•/■'(■chk i7,,/".
(fiiljly Init, iJiijil. <iai, <liii 111'. «li •■'. Somn hii'ir.s hut I. Iiwi' l.«i nwilt :i sh'hI lill <l;ii ili
•■I' s;i. Tlifiv n'«'iii.s It) 111' no eoiiiu'ctiiiii <'l hIims IicUmimi lliis and ilai. />i(,s« »////.
<>liiii, III, (1 nuk, (ink kill' hidtliilt; pik MiitlH (imp.). "/'<" ; as ^iik, iis };iik, (>/»«» (adj.);
o-Kiik kiili, /i< (/(((»• uit [IIS till iniilhii); s"t;nk kil, iliiiiliijlil ; as cnk ki'l, (.((/ia/iiii//,
lirifilit ; unkli lull, ^^ undv, unHlrinij ((in it hitir), lnom ii iis c iIiiuk. Set- mnlcr
"Miiittli".
(Iliiiiioit. St'f "//»((»7".
(tiila; iiiinmiiiiil, otlalt, nt Im «U'' kuitl.
Olhii: Svv '■'IHfirnit".
nut, DUt iloofs, oiitxiili, sliallu'kliw, slial hi ' iikli. (i« «m/, In' wil In slial lnMiw. 7'« ;/<»
nut, o sllrd-zul.
(hititt o/ a rivir, e' lot-«itl.
Onrlliiir, to, <i jats'.
P.
7'(///«//(, li.ilil ; lick liolil, fx/r (ln'k, l>i;i); liidi ti, f/(( onli (pii<l(ilfiroo<l); lio liolttti koll,
ntitiiil II ml siili lin.1 '/'./I'./i.
rant, imntinij, ns j;c kwaklil, sup M>p (li.v onomii).
I'nutuloims, \i' lamtNiMi, >i'llii'-ltit sliod.
I'lipti-, initiuij , ij. r. (Ilnnrt'd or sjk dt'd, sco "Nmliroiihr").
I'liit o/tniiithinii, il liwiill, li'oni (i Ir.vntl. to In-ml; or siimnilc,
J'axl xiiin, r, to, 111. Tin- idea ol past, wln-iln-r in coriiHrlion wilii tin' vcitt, adviili, or
otiiiT words, is convc.vt'd l>.v (liiN picllx, wliicli, liowcvcr, wln'ii n)nil>iin'd witii pro-
nouns, iindfr^joi's various ino(lili<'aIions, sncli as tuts, stuts, &c. O-.vai iin, /» irorl; ;
tuyai-us, hf trorkid ; o la' liit. /<» (i(rr ,• ta '.-la la Itil sliid. / viif .• o oUli, /<i </<» ; stiKs
oos, y mill; tollakh, asli till lakh, luxl iiiijlit ; to dall-ilat, ijisUnlon : Insa'^o,
In sak, ((/■ ()/(/, old. In soiin; ni.scs, thf pa.sl si^n i.»* idioinalirall.v tianslfiri'd rioin
the novcriiiii",' verb to a sncccrdin^' one; as. / /kicc r/(iHc /((^'m/, oho' vo tils nlld.
Tn also apiicars as a pivti\ to ci-rtain nouns; as, ins Inidsh, ii liitr : Ins kad diili. «i
Hliumpii ; taska'-da, a thiif; tnl slali, ijooih ; In-dad-clio, one \muii\; Inis' Ic'-
liwal li, Ihri'i' \mvn\ ; Itiit its im-anin;; in this coniicclioii is not t-xpl. lined.
7V<)y)/« (//<»mi/i(x), at' sil It-r inn, at' sil li'l lin, i. c, Imlinns. Tlif w. ml is used in Urn
[•liiral a.s regards poisons, hat MiiTC is also a plural I'orni, als' «'ls il lil' inn.
The word piopU; in the sciiso of a class, or as a ra<r or Irihi-, i.s ronvf.M-d hy
lh<> sndix iiiish, variously inodilit'd into in'sli, liisli,or hsh ; i-x., Swiil cliaiish, piopli:
liriiiij on the m-it xhorv, Iroin hwnltsh. thv m» ; Stak ta inish, Skiii liwa' iiii>.li (loin-
iiioniy writti'ii .Skywaniish). /xo/)^ lii-lmj inlaiul, lioin lak or stak and skaikli,
inliuiil; Slo' Ink hwa iiiish (usually spelt Sliliuwainish), linrinoiili; rrinn «to' Inkw,
itrini- (these last arc names of tribes liviii;; back Innn I'np'l Sound); Sa ma'
inish. Ha-ha' bish, propir iivhuj Ifj huHtimj, rroin Sa' me na (Ska«it), so ol.de (Ni^|<-)i
(( hunlii; an appellation j{iveii with some vari-Uion to hands in dillcrent localities.
It is apparently also the mcaiiiiiK "i Swa'dabsli, the Niskwalli name lor the
Klikatuts and Yakama.s. 'I'lic terminal ion bdon^'s |o a very coiisiih iihlc iiiiinber
ol otliiT VribcM, the Mignilicalioii ol whose names cannot be traced, m are inciily
i
1
r
m
f 'i
:M2
Ideal. Tliis is tin- <ms<' with the Nisk\v:tllifs f liciitsclvcs (Sl<\vii' li a' tiiisli), tli«
Itwa'iiiisii, Nii'So' lii|i>li, Sl%()'|ia' riiisli, vS'c. ]<ii lo'-siiaisli or Ki Id' sa iiiisli is llio
iiaiiif of Olio of the ilcaioti raivs. 'i'lit' partirlc iiiIh or inV, oi-caHioiiallv |iroli\i'il to
luopi'i' naiiics, iiiav lie only aiiotlicr form of llic aliovc, as in Mis kai' livvii, tlir mime
III' (I (nhf on till- Sl^dijil (SLii jil} Uircv ; M's jii;;\va, n rtiiin mnnsters. AiiollitT pic-
li\ oflfii occnriiiiK in tlic iiaincs of trilics, the ilcrivation anil si^iiiilicain'c of whii^li
I laili'il to olitain, is nu, niis, as in Nils klai > iiiii (roiiiiiionl.v callol Klallain), Niik-
^ak (Nook salik), Nils kop, Nu so' liiiisli, Niikli liiiiiiiii (Liiiiiini). ^Sl'l' '■/'/«(<.'<",
I'lrliiips, lifil la. a iirtl la (itnplviiii; iloiilif or disliclicf) ; as ♦' it mail //c", lio'la, ho o'-la,
lid' ins, ho liikht ; pirhiiiis he is miiiiii;i, ho Ills kiiila' «)-kliit('li'il iikliw ; pniKijis [
irill iji>, ho liiklit klo okli. Si'c '• //'".
I'rtliioiil (the fiin;;til ilirss ori;;iiiall_v worn liy woiiicii), s'lhinl /ub, klc'tl pikw, yd a-
wakli. Tiiis last woiil is prohalily a coi'iiipiion ol, or iiiloptcd from, the 'I'siniik
word kal a kwa'li, (((/((I //*()/., Iiom whiih the pellii'oal was ;;eiiei ally made, and
which ;(ave it its name in that laiii^iiai^e as well as in tli«' ".lar;;on".
I'ick, to {/(iithrrs), t\\ lilsh tiili ; f pick (« hiril), twalsh ehid ; to pick iqi trilh tviujs or slickii,
IIS II foiil, link kcil. link ke' ml. See " <»<(//(t'»".
I'iriTr, run iinythimj into oni , to, sliii liid.
I'in, tootliiiiik, eliits-eliid e.sli Imd.
I'lnrli, to, otsi-Ii'-kw id.
/'//»(• {/or sni'ikinij), pakw ; n lori/f pipi, pa'-kwiils.
Vistol. See"6'«»'.
J'itrli, ijiiiii, risin, kwa' lill'li.
/7«(c, (I, swa tekliw I'll. Tile word lia.s a very extended sisnilieation. It moans llio
earth, or world, the ;;i()iind, any |>ariieiilar spot, the siteof a lioii.se or villap', alsit
the proper place of an individual in the lod};e. Many names of places and their
inhaliitants present the teriniiiations hii, liwii, niiiikh, iS:''., deiiolinu loviilitii, as,
for instaiice. .^-akli' liiimalt'-hii, the i>ltir< ol' tlaniinii, from ^akh''llllIll, a iliiiur; .Siio-
kwal niiyiikh (commonly wiiit.-n .Siioi|iialiiiii^ or Siio<pialiiioo), n trilx on the niipir
initirs of till' Snohomish It'irir ; .Min kai-hwn, <( triltr on thv I'lipir Skinjit. Tlie.se
are, in all prolialtility, derivatives ol the word tiiiniiiekhw' or tiimnie' liii, ^/irMO'/At
liinil, II pliiir, now ohsolete in the Niskwalli and other laii;;iiii}:es of I'npet Hound,
but Htill extant in the She liwap iniikli (Shns-hwiip) of l''ra/er Kiver, the Kocalled
at-iia of Mackenzie, which, as the most northern niemhcr of the Selish, may be con-
sidered as the motlu'r toii;;iu'.* See ■* (iioiiriiphiail niimis'\
J'ImiKtii, thv, a'-shnd dikhl (Nisk ); liwiitta dikhl (Sky.), "■the ehiliCs friend".
I'liiit, to. See " Folil".
I'Innk, lioaril, s'hiil as.
I'liint, sow, pida'-lekw,
riiints, herlis (^jeneric), skiflkh' ho dop; the steins of hiilhons jihints, dv., stobshalli, thv
miller leiires, kla'-de-el li, from siolish, « niiin, sklade, (( iroinini, the foriner being
considered the male, and the latter the female part of the plant ; a Jloirer, se kai-
siiii ; the skin o/ u hiilh or tuber, klo kw els bid ; siiils, kbit te tic' wnt ; roots, as pud.
*.\lii;i, lU'niitliii}; l<i Mr. Ali'X. ('. Aiiilorsun, II. II. 11. Co., in lli« laiigiiiiyu of llu' Tukali, or (.'urririii,
Hull iKilllurii III if;lilii)iM. nil MII.1 MJiiiply ".sliannt'i.''
! 'r'^l
if
.1 1 •>
.)4.>
Ktlildt' plants:— l/fnV, sdili'Is; ll,< hinins, st'kwaii (Nisk.), sUlol (Siioli);
((»-niir /i((((/ (.v(i.'/i/'((»-t'((), sjM'' oKots, tilt' iiaiiu- also ;;ivi'ii In tlic |MHalti; inld ltili)>
(liliuin), diu'lfkw ; tiijir lilji (I.. Voiimlnm), tsa' };\vit>li ; irild i;iin>t, slia' u^ik ; llic
ciiltinitnl ainiit, y;iil liwiil tiiiii, slia' naU. i>r irUitr man's nnrot ; ^/»/i//t.v, di' ila
liokli; jiilUiiriUuk, lalHtl sa; in<iiri( lli'iKtlr, s'linlli; xiiiijlourr tool, kals; ilii million,
hcholialli; irihl rrUrn, skwiil lulls ; iiniinul umiir (llif tiilttT of a spccifs of niuisr
tiiiii), Imp Imp (Nisk.), Imll tli-' (Sky.) ; root o/hndr/mi (caUii In times of scan ii.n ),
l.i<l(l)>.
Mc<li<'iiial Iwrhs-.—Srtflv, tsinlsli, s'liiidsli (iisrtl for small po\) ; tliisth; lia' liall
cliill {III iiromiitr iniiixtnial tlm'ltunii}; liiiiwriir/rnt {i>nlin>»ilium /W/ci^mh ), skliiflk
(inivxiurtornnt); .vdmi/r, kik«l/,..' liap; ilianinr i (spirwii), kats a' n«als, ((^/.-<^(^»7/);
yirlxi hiiciio.ii (//"i>Hm/-t(V, so calliMl in ("aMnniia, Mot'lioilnp, tr' lials (us.-.l lor
ti-a), wlii. li lallfMiami-alsd isyivcii torommoii tea. <'lii clic' iiits, n .•</()•»/./<//, siml
scnilril plant, is also »s«'(l lor tlio saino piuiMisi'. Tlu'ii' an* a niimlici of ollins cm
l.loycd r.ir <liirm'nt ailiiuMils, not ivconlftl. AiUutns urn iiisi, skai' wa ilnts, lliv
UariH used far smoLiiig.
MisccliaiU'oiis plants :—.S'f./(»)'i()(r.s mil {xmilnr), s' lio' ho lop ; Solommi's srnl
(small spt'cifs), miitsi't.s' da liMl ; Irilliiim. slmklislm lials ;slmk'li, ahon), ka Iol» a
s\\nU'\iU\.\'\n (llir ii/r <>/ Ihf ratih} ; coliiiiihinr, tsiim tsnni ns ; irilil lira, fliilsli la'-
liwats; /m/)//i, kwaii' sf uts; skunk inltlmijv {sijmi>li>iiiriius kam.srlialriciis), kOW ; (ji m
niiiiii, Imtsliiil.s at.s' ; lununxmkU; .vai do nts (yi' do, a xiriiiii) : xornl, Io'-ImHs; ./(•(.-.s*,
skwt'a kwnl 11 (Nisk.), sa' li>vil (Sky.) ; " nairyrasn ", liw. ' a kt' ; Jia.r, ka nwal'liw ;
,i(jni>^s i,s,(l forstirinii main, i^wus-.-oli; snhjr, s'lio' pats; .sail stim k/skIiji; .s'hrks;
trljirass, kla'-liads; raltail rush (/.(/;,/(«), olal ; luli ruah, kw.' kwals; hraki/ini,
cliii'lfsliirs (IVom clia'losli, liaml) ; wooil/irn, s'ln'«las' ; xmall xaml diuixihim, ls<-
ha' led; liijncouiifuHfti (Krowiiit; o" tivcs), pi- l-.l-kwad ; toml slooh, tsal; limirorl,
Ho'-yup a fiwuk kf' uk (Nisk.), wnkunk alks (Sky.), litfially, thr f mil's ajirou ; lirl,
cnul tnosscs, k\vnd-/,al»; Spanish mosn, \h>\\h' {'Sink.), sM<.'kwa liisli (Sky.); //»(.((/«/-
moss, kofliai: uround pine {Ijirnpixlinm), kct In- cliaili.
J'lau, to {to amusr lines self), o clia' a cliall, o lia had sliid. / amusr mjisvlf, urn jWdi/i/i//,
shitMia had sliid.
I'liasv (some form of sniudicatioii), o slia' liit.s. I'Icasc to till nu; mun, o-shu'-bilH .vet-
sum tolish.
riiuljl, viiouijh, (/. r., ka.
i'ioufjh. to, liwt' chi (lop.
J'liiik out, to {nx the hair), o hut' zo sul> (iroiii sknd yo, hair).
J'hiiiihaiio {useil for pa'.iii), pi ckhl.
I'oint of laud, promontorn, cape, skwctsks (Nisk.) ; s.-lu'lks (Sky.). Oui in tin- forks oj a
ririr, skoal' ko. Point of a knife, wcdli; .Ir., sf' Inks. J'ointid, hwndsks.
Poki, to (as thrjiir), o klt';'tad. Si-c "'/'o prick".
I'ortaiii; a, stnkh o jjwitl. Sliikli apparently is a raft or other (drntnictinn in a river.
J'otatocH, Hp«''-o kots (llio. root oi' saiiiltaria).
Pound, to (as srids or roots in a mortar), to'i)nd, tse' akw. To pound irilh slicks, drum,
otla'hwnddnli. To pound r.,- hammer, olsall hn.
Pour, nnptij, spill, to, o kwntl. / pour out, o kwutl eliiti di". iil^^o o kwull).
/'()((/, to, ho liai nl sid. (See ''Lijis").
I'ouikr. Sec "Gun".
IH-
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Pniirit , miifUiir, 111,1' kwri'i, lia' I;«uiii. .1 smiiU }triiirii\ Imli-ii-kob.
I'nfiniiiil, lis (l/i ' (l/i III ', lis kw( ' iiUw. Sci- "'('iii-jiidt iit"^.
I'rvKciit, v.rhlitiij. al siiis, :il mkIs. a n'.i. I'or tin- use of tlicsn worils, sec " Tn /«', " To
liarr'\
I'nsdillji, lila' l.iil filiiii., kla lail kli). 'J lie wunl is iiii(loiilito<ll> (iiiiii tlic fuliuc particle,
kia, kill, (/. r.; jinxiiilli/, I irill ijit, kla'liul da' cliiil klo' nkli. l)i;ifiv.vrivi:s, kla-
latsa' la kliiUl'liii, la liiil-lin (iisfd in tin- snisc (pf unit a littlr, nftir a irliili); liid'.
Iiii chad III! (ail jdiciiiiatir c\|ir»-ssiiiii sci'iiiintrl.N ci|iiivaii'iit to irlnil is iitmr liKrii/f)
(i|ii. also khils, kliil set, xlnii ; kliil set iik seelisli, Ktap lailkiiiii); liaakw, la liakw,
kla' kwii, a kalav (liiiii., a' kwi lia' kwi). ]n a lilllv icliilf I will i/o, da chid klo okli
liiiiikw. (lire me, anil prrxfiithi I irill >'(7Hrn, al<sliitH <hii'<'liid klota'shid a' kwi-
ha' kwi. I'll !i< nil I I irill jiiii/ (/»((, dai<'liid tlo ta' siid a-kak\v. See under ''/'((r-
mnlji", a' ;;o, ha' nuo. \c.
Ill the M li... ol "ill fill riinrsr 11/ till tliiji", a' li la'he, to (Uiy^ and itRContriictitiim
fire used. I'lis'iillji / (ri7/ /((//.•/« _)/()», atila' he klehahothol twiil dn;;\ve, VtiK-
tntlij I irill ijiKU'Aix'An vh\{ lo okli. f/o /o(.s( «////, dai-eiiu klo-okh tehh've. I'liH-
inllij ire will tat, lel-helsh klal-la' alld.
iSV«)H is rendered liv li\v('la lil, hwe'lalesh, not fur 0(1', or hwe' lahakw.
/ I/O Kiioii, liwe' la Irish ho lokw. The above words are tised almost indiseriiiii-
nalel.v ill tlu' sense of any future time not reiiidte. l.»'l or lalelsh, siroiigly
aeeeiiled, ex|>ressin;; (li.stnnrr.
'J'lie panicle d.i, dai, rarely oceiirs, exeejit as associated with some fiitiiro
luivcili, but its exact value has not been asceriaiiied. It usually, if not always,
preci'des the veiii, and serves as a support to the traiisleir«'d pronoun. Its coiiii-
lerparl and derivaii\ e is found in dakliw', da' liti, Jmx^ wnr, q. v., and it forms tlio
root of the word da' da to, t" iiiorrnir, aim derivatives.
I'riir. See ''Unrti r".
J'liil.-, Ill {us iritli If pill), oklel' lid, o ho' kot. I prick, oho'kwut-sid'-cbid. Also to
Itiil.r llic Jiir.
I'ri^i; III (irilli II li n 1), o had ziit bid.
I'ropi rii/, ijoiuls, dc. See "77i(;/;/.v".
Proml, \i>\iU.
I'liililli (II piKil thill ilriis up), as tsiip'.
J'liiliinlii, till, sowikhl', stso' will.
J'lill, tit (w- on a ropi), tukhhod. Tn pull thv. hair, e la'-chid. To pnll to pirim,
o hunts kii tub.
I'linijiiit, spill/, otlal' kwiib.
I'lirpusi, list: ; also the iustruiiienl w ith which aii.\tliiny is done is expressed by the par-
tide, siikli, sikli.
Sikhhwo' Mini, for snlr, from oh\vo'.\iil>, lo Imrlcr, si II, dr.; sukhhutl kwed,
(( riKiir, from hwiitl, /'* sipiinitr, and kwed, llic Iniinl ; siikh a-fiwud-de, ri ,s(((/, from
gwnddel, lo .\(7, sukhlia' kia, 7/(e vrnlvhhnndlv of a kamns stick; su {.mi },'Wi"ilt-hu,
i( broom, perhaps from k« athl, to throw mniij ; sukh ko'kwa, a 1 up, Ironi o ko'liwa,
to ilriiik ; sukliwt sail' liu, n hniiiiui r, Irom ot salt liii, to pound ; siikhlelsh, 11 sow ;
8ukli pats, thrciiil, from pad sted, « lueillc ; a liel kwi .sukh j?wul-lalt-8id i with what
dill he strike yon i fixiin o ;^w I'llal, to strike.
' f
ill
^
■■i
:Mr>
Purr, lit, liwal i (fit (tlic sniiif as snon), \'\<ui\ t ' Int. /nWo/'. </. r,
I'lmli, III, «) li.iil iliiil, t:t lo' Kwiils; /m/v/ic/, had tiili, hail tied.
I'tit, to. Tlicn- striiis to bo no nt'iicral woni lor the uU-a. To i>ut diniii (iiiiitliiiiii, o lliils'.
/ pitt (iinii/, o lliihl' shid. 7'" put nn (us n lint), o tialsli'. / jiiit «>(i, o Hals' I'hid,
o Ulals'chid. To put into (.i.s watif into tt Imsiii) o-dii;,' uus, iVoni asdiikw, in,
irithin. To put or tliior tiiiiilltinij iislmn, liwiiU hud In laUl, iVoin o liwiil' laid, to
tlnoir, ip r. To put ainnj a irifr, iil. To put tloini, o Ian' sliiis. To pnt tli< hnnii
H/» ((/.s /(» ^/ir /i(<((/). as pi tif't sill). To put out the tonijut, on (.rprisxiini of iliniri;
klal Irk-Miiub, IVuiii klalltip, the tonijnt.
(JufHcli, til tlifoir initrr on, kvvotli'' chid.
(,»»/(•/.•, alkh, atlallh (iin|>. of iitla, to conn), !iai iiU' lo.
(Juivtr, to. Sec to " /i'(»(7.".
It.
Ilaiii, sk.il. // ruins, o kalh, skulU.
h'ainlioir, ko Ital' shid, lioiiia' chin, I'loin ko. jrd^r (Nisk.). skwaksiini (Snob.).
liii/t, or olistrnition in n rinr, Hi'c " I'ortiiin'' .
Itiittiv, to ax pMih'H in a bo.v, or by iralkintj on tliew), ta tsult-mtkii (i|ii. aL-o ii rultli).
h'liir, lifts.
/,'(■(('/, to, o la' bit .s'hal {litiTully, to srr a paper) ; Iw is rmilinij, as la' bit ki s'lial.
7i'en/, ((C/«rt/, tsf'ds ku. A riul or aclual ilitr (not a ilonon in the form of on(^),\^•^•^H
kii skf' jjwiits.
Ikivollrrt, to, o la'badliu.
IM, lie'-kwtJtI.
livldtionships :—f(tlhn- (spokoii of by both sexes), man, bad; »m/ fntlur, sha' ba ; i/iiur
father, tic biid ; mothir, sko'i (by both si-xcs); »/// mothir, .sa' ko ; iiramlfnthir or
great unele, t.-sa' i)a; grandmother or (jreat aunt, kc' ya ; mil ijranitmiilher, sc k<''-.\a;
*()/!, (7//M,d'lK'ba-da; (/((i/jf/i/<T,siid dibr' ba da; .'/nid'/^'i/i ()rr/r«H'/(/'("(////f»-,e' bats,
cnuits; /iH.v/»(Hf/, clu'st'lui, .s'chf'st hn; wife, v\\u)i\\\\».\\', fatlierinlair, tsa'hii;
motherinlair, suts-ha'-ha (or, the parents bciii;; dead, the iiiicio and aunt by mar-
riaj,'t', of fither jtaty, the same); ilainjhter in lair, kuel' hu; stip father, s\H-\\\y.y'-
dab; ,</<■/) )«(j//i(r, sliikidta'-dab; brother or cousin, alsli (plur., a' lash) ; elder brother
or sister (the speaker beiiif,' of either sex), ska ; (the speaker beint; a man), kuk'li ;
(the speaker beinj,' a woman), skiiknk' ; younger bnillier (by either), sliits o' kwa ;
younger sister, so' kwa; brothcrinloic (to a man, the wife liviiif,'). hati titi ; iridoa-
()/■ itieeased brother or relatire of (hrcased wife, sma-lotsid ; sisterin lair (to a man),
ehiinas' ; bro'her- w si^ti rin law (to a woman), ehub' bush ; vnele on either side while
the parent is liring, k\isi' ; my iukYc, shnkuse' ; «««/, sajipris ; uncle or aunt after
death of parent, yetfi!), ye-laiii ; nephew, niece, or cousin of either se.r, sta'-latl ; niece
after mother's death, ski la' jut ; widow or widower, skwets.
Jt would appear that the idea of abstract relationship exists, and that the
simple word expressing such and such a relation maybe used in speakiiig o a
person, but that in siieakiii}; to one, tiie prcli.xed pronoun becomes part of tho
name.
Uemorc, to [from one place to '•iwthcr), ywilsli tjwilsli.
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li'ilililis :~fn,if, sVMiU kc' Ilk ; Miiiihi. Im-I siitH, but Hills; rallUiiniiki; \v«"kli |iiis|i ; limril,
slii'l slii'l a \\ii|i: miiIiiiiiiiikI) r, |ii|> kat/.titl.
liiliirii. Id (fiiini- lull I.). Iiiil'-Uiit sIumI, ri'iiiii hfl'-kwn, /«i(7.'. To tjirr or jinn Inn I,-, i» la'
hiul. /' ;/"''' "I nliiin', II ta' sliit si- i-jiinl'. iliri' [ntv aiiil\ prrMnlUj' J ' irill niviii*
(i>>- iMii/ liiiil,], aii.sliit.s' (lai- cliiil' klota'.sliiil'HiiP.
h'iriri', ciiiiir III lifi iitjiiin, to, o pa' lil.
ICiih; III {iin hiiiitilxu-k), lik u-wali, from sti a ki^'yii, a Itarst; anil oliwoh. Id tjn. Hfo
>' ll<iinr'\
h'iiliriili; III, (> ka' K'wiil, clia' lull. Ymi itn miikiiiij fun \<ij' mi\, ka'jiwulcliii. .Sn^
", I /<//«■",
Itii/ht, iiiioil,\)Ui\i. Thill is riijlil, t/ioil Hull, kloli o la'. \ll is\ rii/lit /(», klol» as its' la.
liiijlit {nnnii III- Inii), srlV ko, IsimIs kii, tsils kii. Itiijlil shir iiji, as-kiik'ii, 'I'li
till- riijlit, liza lia' Ic ;i\viit. Tlir riiihl luiiul, il/.a a'rlii. liiijlit /out, <l/.a' sliiil.
Uiiig (Jhiijiv ), s'ki'lMk'.He'('lii, sliisuliuk sit'-clii (IVoiii s'ha'lat rlii, ./i«</< »•,«(). JJin rings,
slii'ji) a'-ili, skliiy:wa'(li (Irom kwila' ili, llic riir).
Jiisr, III (lis thr liiliK opf'-lap; spi-'iap, .//oorf tiilr ; po'-iukw, « sprini) ; pt'iliaps also
(t piillmlHUl, /" lioil. To rist (us a rirvr in a frvshvl), orirjioir, ojals.
7i'/*(»-, sti) liikw; (( inik or smiill r/ivr, slo' li liikw, stt'-to' lukw ; llir forks of <i rirvr,
as !•' uk'li ; iM'.ii of a rirvr, a-si-' uk se'iik ; mouth of a rirvr, c'-lol-sid ; iioint of liind
III tin vn forks, skoal ko, 7. r.
Ii'oiiil, triiil, iloorinni, sliiifi'-w'tl ; forks of road, as-e' iik'ii.
lioiist. III {on II stirk), O'kwiilli, o kwalb, okwiilin ; {on hot stonvM), kiil-KJil.
Ii'iivk, slonv, q. r., rlirl'lii ; <i sliilv of mvk from a mountain, shwiikliw. •
/i'»(7,-, to (us a vrailli), to quirvr as a polv fastvnvil at onv mil, lo " U'l-tcr" (as on a lioanl
sniiiiiirtvil in lliv );(/»/(//«), (ill za'kwut ; the vlastic stivk to irhivh the vraillv is hnnij,
«l/.ak\\' It'll I'll.
liiill, lo (us u hall), o lut' I'liid.
lioolM. Si'i', " I'lanls'' and " Treen ".
h'opv, la lii'bUI, kled'gwild ; hide roj)e, klud'tld ; tirig rojtc or wilhv, stc' dl-gwut.
L'ollvn, wi'l.
Hound (in form), as ka'-lakw.
Ii'ound the iniddiv, litl o' dii^ wilsli.
h'oir, to, o U'l' shid, kli'l' sliid. To row like a irhite man, old' sliid {^iil liwiiltiiiii.
/i'«;(, to, lla' wil, U'l a' wil.
Jiumblv, lo (us the bvllij irith irind), tsiit lolsli (Nisk.), tokwotsud tud diitsli (Sky.).
S.
Saddle, liiil so'-liip id, Irom si la' In-bid, the shoulder. See ^^ IIorse'\
Sail, a, po' tud. Make sail (imp.), ehilpo'Ud. Take in suit (imp.), liwutsedlid to-
ptil' I'd. (^11. rrom olnvutl, to separate. See " (Vuiw".
Salt (the subslHiiee), ka' kam. To taste of salt, o-tla'tlab, o ka'-kab.
Sand, earth, soil ; also, aiijtliiii}; line, as dust, poirder, se (^wes tulb, skwes-talb.
Saw, a, snklit'li'tsli'. To saw (as Inmlter in a mill), obe'-a-kwait'-sfit.
Sag, to, oel'^jwul, oi'd' ijiwnt. What do you say 7 o cd i gwut elm ? ]Yhat does he
sayf oed i KWHt I'ta'.' W hat do yon say .* (pliir.) o edi gwut cliil Inb ? What do
Ihii/siiy.' o ed i i,'\viit del ;;\va'! What is said ^ o ed i gwut asedi gwut !
m
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>S'('((//), Hli\Ml's«' lulls.
iSV«/(/, ^^ M ill)' (> Uu, li'oiii si ;il>, (//(V/' (lilt'ially to '*/"<</ (/ '). I'luy icohly y.au n Uii,
\ril)' o kii.
.SV()()/» ( /'or liailiitji a canoi), ttikw)'' Int.
SfinjK, to (irilli It kni/i ), o sa' liati sliid.
tSrnitih, toiirilli llir mils), Id ilmr, tsilir' :i K(nIo|>, lir' liid. To xinitvli llir hnul, lie' a Kid
(M'c "//((((/'■). Ti> Kinilili ///( /ii((, (111 liwc' rims. To srnitiit tin Im mis, oUwtlsW
al clii (.s'liii' lill flii, llii haiiil). Svidlclinl, a« liwrlsli. To lult iiijniiisl iinylliiini, liwr'
kil.sn. Srt- " r'»r'.
Hai, tin; liwiillsli ; wiu'iicc swul clialisli, pcoph lifiiifi lii/ thv mit, aiitl pniltahly aisii
liwiil turn, a wliilv man, (tx comlmjfrom thf hcii, iScnwitnU, IninirilM thv hco, o(I' uliore,
cliakliw ; hip off, flia clmkliw, clia cim;; wiis. Thf xcn hncr, stol flialikw.
Scaxonn, thi:—:i»inij, pet' lo ki t> he' Imil tluli, n litllv inicw, (tliii-. ol' liail iliili) ; "'"'i-
»«(T, liadtliih, s'iiail diil», icavm, \u»\\ Imd, Jin ; autumn, U>l iw liiikliw, pad IoIiin;
iriiilii;n iiwiis'dis-siili, tas siili, t'r \i\h,voI<I. The <i;Ktiii<tioiis an- ikiI <Uar
fxcfpt lictwot'M warm and cold si-atioim, and tlu- pi'iioiLs arc not .spokun ot in any
di'linite sense.
Scat, chair. Sw " Sit, /«»".
Sir, to (also to shon; q. i\), o hi bid, oliiltit, probably froui hikli, liyhl. Si'C " Day " and
•' Future xitjn ".
I'AUADiaM.
Present.
1 mi; «f('., .sla labit sliid, as la labit-.shcd.
Thou HtesI, sla la bitslu'lin.
lie sees, snd-diti o la'-bit, sla-lab ta beta'.
We sei; slala bits'(!liil.
Ye see, Nlalabitsliili pu.
Tlui/ sec, Mla-labdcl-Kwa'.
Vast.
] snir, taslalabid sited, tasla lab chid.
ThoH sawrst, ta-.shilaltid slni.
lie saw, ta sla lat)i<l (pronoun oniittL'd).
U'c ««»', tasla labidshil.
Yc saw, tasla la-bid siiiliip.
They saw, tusla-labid ddgwa'.
Future.
I will see, kla-la-bidshid, ki klfiLs la'bat.
1'hou wilt SIT, kla la bid-slui.
lie will sec, kla-la-bid (pronoun omitted).
IIV Jf»7/ see, klalabid .shil.
Yc will see, kla-Iabid-.shil lup.
They will see, kla-hi-bid del gwa'.
Imperatire.
See, he-lab, e la' bit.
Sec yc, la bid tie'.
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NtMilliiT iiillirliniis ciiiilil l>i- olituini'il. 'rih- nlii)v<> show the iiumt rc^Miliir
f'lirni ill wliicli ilir viili i'\i>l.s, Imt in iirMial h|m'«-(-Ii it varies ^ll':ltl,v by cliHion,
ivc, ilH will lie seen liy the cxaiiiiilfs. Wlnit ili> jinu srv .' .stall Kails la' liit ? Who
(III !)iiii Mil.' iiWiW k'ti l.i' ImiI t'liii .' n//(/i iliil i/oii sir [hiiii].' |iiit tall Ki lafHiiN-
la' liit f l.ixik mil (imp,), kloli Ual si iaiit. Tiikc ijhhI cnir of iiii/ Iioiihi; UUiU kals-
as la' lilt slifil a lal.
iSikIh 11/ jiliiiils, ^i■., Miitl tr tl( ' wilt.
iSrik, lit, (I (l/.«'i liiK, uwiit fliiil (iiiip.). Sen " Look for".
Siiiir, nvl. Sec iiiiiIit '• Finiiiiiji".
iSihl.nii, kw«' liwiiil; li\v»' la ka I, nol many \liitii>i\.
Sill. Sci- " lliiiiif ■'.
iSiiiil, III [on II niiKKOiii), o Uwat Hid (Iroin kwad'li, « miHuaijc), kwai' iklil ; to sinU onv »h
a pimp, kwc a kwai ikiil.
(SVir, III, o pat slat! (IVoiii pailstnl, n tunJIr, 7, r.).
Sijuiil inirilM. Hcf niiilcr '• Fiwininc pri'Ju".
A7i(((/«(r, tsal liitl (Nisk.); siti-fiwtui (Sky.); n prnumlmi, inukkwo'Kwado. It is llic
Hhiiiliiir III llii' Hiiul as tsal lii<l is of lliv hinli/.
tSlial.r, Irimlili , In {as a hiij In/ slaitilinij on il), In' a kwait-siit. To (/im'ivt or mck, 7. r.,
(Ill y.a'kwut. To sliakr lianils (lakr lliv hiiml), <» kwid dat sliiulu (Croiii okwudthid,
to taki; s'iia' lat chi, llir hiiml, and a' siiiid, fricml).
Shalloir, as slirku', as-slii iikw', as Ji'uk.
Sliamr .' for sitaiiir ! lii'l'sij, Iriini (i lirt-sil, to be ashamul, 7. r. In a jorimr irny, as lic'-
lii lu'', as la' lia »:liti. llv is shamini) vk, dlu' Imt sflsli. Si'c also " lnlirjirtiiins^\
Sharp (eihjfil), kN'',jitclii, liwiils. Sharp (poinltil), liwial/iiks, liwiidsks, liwol skii8.
Tiisharpin, to a-hil, as a knife on a sloni; od/.ukkiid, by onomu (seo also " To irail""),
o(l /a'-iuid. To stall, tsa'-kad,
Stan; to. St-o " /.V«»v/".
Shr, t/il, t/.i nil' (saiiu- as hr, q. r.).
Shirt [if cotton), spinijit (Nisk.), poltiid (Snoli.); a skin shirt, patsubutH, shfiput (tho
lattiM- pnibalily a (■(irruption of tlu- ICn^^lisli word).
Shoes {of liathvr), I'kwabsliid, Croni Ktiik wiib, icood, and d/.a' sliid, /oo/; mocrasins,
yal sliid ; moccasin strinijs, kN'l' sliid, from klc did, to tic, and d/.a sliid. Sec "/•>«)< ".
Shoot, to (a-ith <jnn or how), otot sil. Iio-totsopiim totsa dc'. 1 shoot, o-totso-cliid.
Shore (tiiiranls //« ), tiitakt, takiidt', from lak, inland (see " Tmrards"), Keep in shore,
tatdk'tns. t'onic ashore, kwctidilit-li, kwai i Lot li. I'nl or throw nxAc/r, liwub-
bud til takt. Vo //(» «,s7(((»t, o clio' ba (sec "7h/<ih(/'"). For "0;/'.s/((»r" sec "jSVd".
The wdrds tiilakt, &('., arc used for ^Uoirards the sAtoc" when on the water, and
" towards the interior^ when on land.
.S7ii)»/ (in dimen.sion), Hkfdv'-hu-ab, lekh-hu, uk-bo.
Shut, slio kwiilts,
Slionlder, ta'Iakw, si la'-to bid ; shouldcrltlade, ska'-lek sud.
Shont, to, tse' ukad ; to shout to, or vail ani/ one, kwe'-ad.
Show, to, o la' bid, ola' bit. The same as the verb " <o nee", which sec for paradipn.
Show it vie, labtto bish ; / show you, olabthu-bct-sid-sLid ; to show hnw, see
" 7< «<•/( ".
Shut, to (as a door). Ink kod, t'kOlsid diib; to shut Ihv eyes at one, to a-ink (an exi»iC8sioii
of vexation or in fun), ot se'po 111 ; / shut my eyes, otse'-pul .shid. tsec " Fyc lids'\
:i ^f
WW
SirhJiiiliiuH, lit h:\ o liiit Iiit^ili ; s\rl;, iis liiitl. Arc ymt si,l; f as Inill cliii f / nm niik,
ijin- mv somv m(7/(ViM(,as liuti' cliul ult sliils iiU hIiiI jiiikli. Isninir' Imiil'xirL'f (iiiv
youjrnliiitg or ir.ird.') as lintl' Kwad' liiilclr'.' Mi/' liiurl is sirk' tuiriinW ijon' \l nm
jiiiliiiis of !i<iii), as liiitl' kill' lintcir^ twul' diitjwi-'.
.SV«/(, on OH" siilr, kit' lifils; on tliix siili; at Id' },'« itl ; on tlir olio r siih, ili el ;;\vill, di a
liatH J OH llic ollirr Hide of a hill, dia'liatH al ulii spo'-kwalt ; riiilil sidr up, iis kak'li :
vpsidf doirn, af<-lK k\v.
•S'l'm/, f" ("/■ /'0.7'/<), otc'lilt; a nonii, tc'lilt, st<''-lil> ; {of birds), <> liwr' ImmmI, i. c, ^>
ivhi.sllr; sinijini) in Ike Jirc, gilt tti'-ud ; sU-' lim, (Oi incantulion to Inimj sitinsH irith
iromcn.
Sink in, Iw mind, to, ovhwkwwh,
Sishr. Set- " lidntionsliips".
(fit, nil up, ti>, nwud'-dt'l. Cmnv' {t/ou'') and itif' \lierc\, nt'-la' cluilio' nwiid dcl^ n nrnt,
siiUli lia j,'wud-dc (siikli, uiv or purponc) ; o-Kwiid-dfl sdiid, / >iil up, i. <■., to a sitlin;/
poiilurc.
Skin, hud z.id iiiit (the hmnan skin); .skwa'-Htiin, the skin of an animal icilh the hair on ;
woai'ult ((. e., irorked), a drensedakin ; to nkin an animal, o kwc'cliid.
Skull, sliau-utsli.
.S'Ai/, sliuk'li. Ht'c".Ww/r".
Slander, to, d jai li liiilt (/<> tell talcs of one) ; the spcakii ill of you (|»liir.),o-yiii'-lihnb-cliil-
lup (lioMi yai' I'M), a tali).
Slap, to, ttilka' i)ad.
iSVd/v, stodiik, (pliir.) sto' to diik.
Sleep, to, y-un. Dkuivativks, asp'lfit, n.s(>'tut.sli,«/<'«7».i/, asleep; liwal e'tfif, to
snore, to purr; okal kilali-tfit, to dream ; itsa litiit tut, to till one's dreams ; ski-
lal it fid, the power deri red from dreams, maiiiv. We iriU ship, klo c'lul cliill dobctl.
Let me sle^p (ijood I sleep), klobcliid o e'tiit.
Sleere, a'-olii. Ht-*' " JIand ".
Slide, to [11.1 on iee), o kwut-siil), Ok sa'-;?\vil.
Sloirly, ta'liaH (st'o " Loic", not hud), ta' liats, takh'lials.
Small, mi iiiiiri, mi nuid (sec " Child '), clia' clia.s.
Smell, to [ijood or bad), tt-c' liul, osd' liod. / smel' \iiomethinij\, oshobtiul Hliid.
Smoke, foil, ste'iik-vvil, stc' akwukli, ho-kwc'-lilsli.
Smooth [Jlitl, lirel), siik'iiw.
Snake, bet suts, bat-suts ; rattL'-snakc, wf-kli-itusli.
Snap, to {as a dead stick hreakinij), klokwa'-iilscliid.
Snore, to, hwal-i-' tut. Si'c " Sleep".
Snoic, ma' ko, l)a'ko. Hoc " U'ote*'", ko.
Snoic-shoe, Liulwbadbid.
Snugie, to, sc'tud.
So, as, asis'-ta. / think so too (so' my'' heart^), as-is'-ta' tid^ liutchl I dimH think so,
hwe ki sa 80 ta lid hutch (an idiomatic, piirasc), probably lor kwiisista. It ix not
flood so {in that way), hwc-latlob awis'-ta; it i.s sometimes abbreviated to asta'.
.V(»/ so, hwc asta'. Thus, in this way, kwus is'taa; the teruiiiiatiou la is iirobably
the deuioiistrativo particlo (see "27u»").
Soap, lints go Slid.
:)'){)
s?r.
tSWf<mv, lo iituimit, nKuiI /a It'kw (all t'M'laiiialioii, nltcii iisrtl in opiirtiliiiiini). Skiiil zii-
liiitt liii i(« cviiU'iitly (Iciivt'tl IVoiii tliJN, ainl M-fiim to Itc fi|iiivali'iit to tin' I'lviicli,
Soft, t'N-iiii'l' liii, UH'lirt' lil ; III mill or ho/Iiii, iik i/rniKf, o lirl' lil.
tSitmi', Ilk, iikM, ak, ak i, ukH, okH, iik iik, kiik ka, tk' Uv. Set' *' Mnny'",
Son;/, ti' nil, Hie' lil>. Sn- " Siiitj".
•vViKd, liwc' la lil, liuc' l.i Irish. Air i/dii ijnimj kodii ,' liwc'laU'lHli lio tokw f at i lakh
In- kitH okli ! Hi'o " I'liHiHihi ".
Soiil or Mpiiil, Nul h'. Hoc " Slimhic".
Sinir, o cha' |)ali.
tSoulh, Set' " Winil".
SimrlcH, Ckwa' hitsh.
*S;»(((A-, liilk, III, (t hot iiof. What .-.'<» ;/<»« miyf stall' kats' liot-liol^! {irhal' i/ok' ^l//.^). / trill
tall; iiijain, kh» ho' !io' ma pot. ,Si<i'iik (iiii|i.), hml'lio (liiUln\'. l,it iiirsiiml,- ^» »/"",
alia hot hot ('lii.i liwiil diiji' \v«'. Arr you' a rliiif \lliiit\ ymi' Inlk' to- mt'' t kI ali"
chiihii' kai' HU' hol'liol' liwiil'' at'Mi''f 1'» talk loud, o hol'hot ak«-ku'. »S)»«'«A- hw,
t a' hats kats holliot (loir your talk), ^piiili or Uiikjuoiji', s'hothot.
Si>iiir, skwct lull ; /(.s7i //(V/, stct kwiilt ; //njHr/cr/ sjiiiir for hirils, tst' akwiits ; iniinkd
niMiir hniil, t.itl ; lo spmr or piirce, tNU'-kail, iitsatsk. Hrt' ".S7<i/<",
Spill, pour, imply out, o kwiitl. / Kpill, o-kuntl eliitl.
tSpit, lo, o to'wiit, o to' kolt ; milini, kuiil ot sid.
Split, to, chiikli' liiiil ; .sjilit, as lokh' (aslo, ii hole) • tos})!it open or burnt, kwc' chid (also
used tiansitivt'lv ).
Spoou, kh'li' had, tsiib lu-d' ; {of wood), t'ks holtsli ; {o/ horn), lia' U'kw (Nisk., Iroin lint-
la' if'kw, to MUck), kla'-li'ks (Sk.\.). To cut irilh n spoon, klo liod'.
Spolliil, askliiikh, as to'abiits ; ((;/' an aniiuul), as klakl ka, as tlnkt'kl, as hliikl kiit ;
fnjurfil {iin calico), as-hal ; irillt a upvthdfucc, an a piebald horse, tii kwOkwiis. Sec
""'U'A //(■".
Sprain, to, o kiillab.
Spriuji of iratcr, \K'\ukw (from o pc'lap, ^o rm); one rininij under mil iratcr, ino-latH]
tfis-al-ko, a cold Hpriiuj (from tus, cold).
Spunk of rotten tcood, to'i»i, suk'wuttut.
Spur, Huk-kolchid.
Siiufc:r, press, to (as berries in the hand), o tsc'iikli.
Slab, pierce, o-lukli liwot, la-liod, sliu'-hid, tsa' kad.
Stammer, ikh-o'-.vfts, asho'-.vfis (Ni-ik.), tusat-cliit.s (Such.).
Stand up, to, kl-hf'-litsh, tl'lirlsh.
Stars, cliii'-sud. Many of tlio wmstt'llations have names, of which tho followiiiR are
specimena : — The Belt and Sirord of Orion, Ic li' ,vi-\vas. Tlu'y rcprcst-nt tlirt'c mt'n
takiiif; fisli. The Great Hear, kwa' gwitsli {the elk). TIk> fonr stars wliicli form tho
animal arc followed by three Indians and a, dofj. The I'lciadcs, s'lio'«lai, represent
toad-tiah. The llyades, hudda'-lu-aid, a scraper for smoothing mats. The Morning
Star is le-he'-lCllfia (dayliijht has come). The J-Jrcnimj Star, klahailal-liis (hrilight
has come). These two are respectively the younger bnither.s of the sun and moon.
Falling stars, meteors, klo'-hi ftl, o-hwel' lil. They indicate the death of sonio
chief. If the meteor leaves a train, it is a female.
:;.M
Stiirr, Id, i|sK lie-*. Tin ilnr slitiid ill l»ii \\\\i' III. Ill, ^Kr' ^WIItH il«i|> lic< U \M l»i« l«X\r lliil I.
SliiliuHnrii (iiH II I'lmml III anilmr}, iiHliik.'*.
Sliiil, III, <i Kii' <lill>, lloiii K.iil'll, oUiiil'li, ska' tilt, II lliii/. I nliiil, o kii' ilihl I'liiil. /
Hi i< r hIiiiI, \i\\i' kitH ,1 Miiil liii k\u Hk.t' till (lili'i'all.N, / iloit't Ininr lite Ihu/, i, r,,
hoir til III nur).
Sliiim, It |>iil. ' ' \ lilt.
Sliij), ;i> 1,11 III nil.
Slip oirr, III oa orrr n /»»/), tiikli-liiikli l>a' liiiti*.
.Sink. . I" H ..«/".
Siirki), iilibtrni uiH i>i''h), iih klf' ilk, uh tli-'uk.
Kliji', sii|i.
iS7iH.(/ <i/'rt(i '<n«. I, ti' sill. Set' " .[nine ".
Slink: l'>. t^'v " Sniiir.
Stilihi 11, I iHhriiiili 11), s'hal.
Sloiii; nirk, i'Ik'II.i; xliniii, rlirlcli thi ; ijrunl, rlii cliilrlillii ; »i intl irmi pnl, cliM lit
IioImIi ; Ihi irhilf IHliblm oil (I lirilrh, k'llii' ktl Ik-IIs (Iioiii Ihi kuk'li, irliili).
Sloiiii. Ill, ilziik l,rl'.
Ship! ii(i' licl! Ihi III' III! 'i'liis woi'il ni'i'IIIs (iiiI,\ |o Ik- iisciI in llir iiii|M>ratm>. Il In tlM>
cotiitiiiiii cMlainaliiiii wliiii itiir in tt'iiHJiiK, or niino.viiiK li.v rniivcrMatinii. Slop
liilkiiiii mill fill to hliip, Ihi' 111' III ('till til. Slop {iliiuij or i)iiinii\ kliils, kliill-i. Slop
inilLiiiij, kliii' si't Ilk SI' cIi.hIi'. Ship liil.liini, kliil siil nk .\ up siil (sn' " I'lisnillji", kliil
iliikliw, nioiijli). .S7(i/( Hull, Ihitl's iHiiiiijIi (irlitii mii is lulpul In Ininl), liai, liaikli.
Slrniiililni, In [ns ii Inul Imir), til |tiisli k'sliiil.
SIniiiiili: III, IJ kwap sail tiili,
SIrihli iiiii'n .«(//', Ill, ti' Ii la liail iliili.
Sliiki; inniiiil, In (also In kill), n kwuI lal. / sltiki , ii jjw iil lall' shiil. I'ltii shikc (i^\\\\i.),
() t;wiil lals' cliii. Ilf HlriUiH,^) \i\\u\\,\\'{n. A iiniii siniik wc,i»kwiiI lal' liih us ilii-il
JIK shi lint' dill stiilisli (liti'ial iiii-aiiiii;; mil aM'i'Kainiil). Willi nlml iliil In' nliil.r
jiuii/ a III, I k\M siikli ;j\Mil lal't^iils (Ihti' the lili-ial iiicamnn can lianllv lie k'^''";
alu'«lsiuiiili»'s liiiir,iuirhiil tnanHir,ii\u\ Niikli,lli»'|iir(lx tollii* vi rli, iiislriiiiiciilalit.v).
Lksii' IIAI irlll sliikr j/mi, kid ;:\\ ill lal lllli rliilkli as slii I,i:sil II AI. Tn ulriki ililli n
in(fy»"»i, o liikli' liuiiil ; irillt n x/iVA, ills tiikli liwuli (liniii sink \miI», <( sliik); inlh
the hunti, (I tilt .so' .slmil, ii-tiiN' sjil. / sliikr, o tUK tslii' cliitl.
Slrhiij, riinl, itiinlliiiiil In lir »■/'///, link slir ilcil' ; a /loir /.7r('/i(/, liikli' liwil.sli ; In xhiiiii a
hoir, tut Invrlslil' ; In Hliiinj liiiiil.s, til .slia' ;,'wrl), ilil sliakliw'. Si-c " linpi".
Ship niivs self, In, kla' {{witsali.
,S7;-i/«(/, as lifp; (irilli /<*•<>(«/ a7»//)c.v), askiilkli hulk aKliiil' liulclls' ; (iri7/i niiinnr niitfi),
as-liiiilsks.
Stmii:! ('ikr irnii), klukli-ko; (ax a man), as-Iiwtil liikli' liwu. (^i. wlii'tluT from sliwul-
Ink, (t fiKtl.
Suck, In (an a child), o kiib'-o, from kUiiIi-o, hreaal or milk, </ r.; {ns n ilm Im- fm- tin- pur-
pnsv of riiisiiifi n hlintrr). lint la' li'kw. Sec ^•Mnliiiiii ".
Sulk, In, millet' siliis, Iroiii o luH nII, tn he (iiiijiy, and .sil ns, llu /nnlmiil. Sn- "■Angnr.
Siimiiur. Sec "«SVa.i.(i»".
Sun, klokwati; xuurisr, klop; hhuscI, uat la' liin ; Hunshitiji, hriijhl, as ;,'iik' kcl. Tin'
ilerivation of klokwati .si-ciiis to be tlu" fiitnrn partirli! klo jiiiil llic v«il> a!la, to
come. Sci' ^^Fulun pa flick".
m
Hi
hr ii'
ill
f ';■•'!
i;:!i
yiir/itn llir i>liiin\ d/nl iliii, <» Ic' aUiis. Hcc " ll'di'f.s".
Siliju-ix); tn [In (itlili h ItlKlirann), <» liiili.
tSiriilliiir, III, II mi k.i' It-kw.
^■*^(«^ /», o liwulkwul. J'nsciitlii ynii tlmi mat irill Mr(«/, liwc la lil' «'liil lii|)-' <> kwul-
kwiil' ;:wiil la' |mi' klckliw'' sto to' hsli'" [not ftir* \iijl'\ ijair sirrol' you* thfiv' nun'').
Sim p, to ills ilirtt. Of' a U^miiI tlop.
Siriit {lit xmill or liixti), okwa' j,'\valt.
I'^imilirdrt or mistnux, skiuls. Si'c ^'■('ourt".
Sirtll, It) {iix a //»•»((.«), (I. sliiikliw (sliiik'li, (//«■(•»); irith lln licUij sinillcn from ."ithncKg,
ii.slihn sliwi' tjnnt.
Sirim, to, oti' I'liil*, wii te' cliili.
iSirinij, a (for aniuxrmnit), swiiskc' Ifis, yi'tlo, from jai ilo-ut.s, Ihc hoHtysuchlc rinc, so
ii.svil accuidiiig to one ul' tlit'ir lak'.s.
T.
I'likr, riilili, lo. o kwiidthiil. Tdlc your letter, kwiiddiul tat^'lial. T<ilr nml curry \that\,
kwiid dud okiitii. Tnke ax miirh as you lilcc, kwiid-dud aslu;' kwats liatl. Tnkr
J'oimI {an cxitn'ssion used to oiio Roilitf <>li a joiiriicv), lidikwiid. To taUc oin'x hand,
o kwi dat'Clii (st-i- ''■Ildint"). I'd pick or yathir (ox hcrrics), o kwuildiid. The haudlr
of a knijV, dr., kxviid-diililia'lul). To tnkr o()' (as a hut), o-liwiitsid ; to takr out
[ax Ihr car- or noxt-riiKjx), idim ; (imp.), liwut-Ntid. To take care of, set' ''.See",
"■Catch".
Talc, xtory. yai' iin ; wliciice, o-jai-liliul), to speak ill of one.
Talk. Si'i' ••>/»< <jA-".
7(11/ <»/ <i» animal, .xrniit-tisnp (Xi.sk.), a.slin-sal' kub (Sky.). Tlie last word also signi-
lics iragijixh. Tail of hearer or muskrat, stulalif'd ; of a bird, ofafixh, skwiikhlt.
Tall, liats (/<(«;/), sad /.up. In sliowinj^ th« lu'lglit of a per.son, the hand is held up
cdcewisf; of an animal, ilatwise.
Tami (ax eats and doijx). kwTd; («« /io/vjca), hai'-.vil.
Tanijicd i^ifhair), aski' al- ali; (tf thread), ot-hlots. Hoc "/wiof".
I'aste, /«, wuti hale'-liu bit ■, a tjood taxte, street, o-kwii'-f^wai); a had taste, o tat' sub;
xonr, o-cha'-pab; salt, oka'kab, o-tla'-tlab; puufjeut or xpiey, otlal'kwub.
Till tooi III/. .>ikli-t-litsh ; tattooed, as-tU'tl; / tattoo, a.st-li'tlshid ; tattooed in lines, as-
luiilsk (striped).
Teach, instruct, xhoir how, to, o-j;\val. Hhoie me how, o-gWill-la'-ehidH.
Tear, to \as cloth), se'-kwid, ohwut tub; torn, as-hwut.
Tteth, d/.a' ilis.
Tell, nlate, ojit'sum, o <;u' sid. Tell mc tomorrow )i(V//(/, dai'-cliu' klo-,VPtsum' da'
dato* Ot' (a'-ti) slat' lahil" (hy and by^ yon^ Kill telP tomorrow* at'' niyhf). The verb
is here a fiitui-e imperative. Tell me (ijood^ yon'^ till'), klob'-ehu'^ wi-yetsiim^ tolisli (!)
Tit till tales if one, o yaili-hub (from yai'-em, n tale). To tell one's dreams, see
"/)»•<■<«»< ", "N/ityy "'.
Tcstcx, the, ba' eh'd or ma'<hin ; scrotum, sfis-liwa'ad, from swa'hwfid, n hag.
Thi'nk, In grattfiil, to, o kill' la, lieiik' ul la. Tiiese words st'cm to be used imliserimi-
natel.v by the .sexes. Tiiey are, liowever, less common than the lollowiii}];:
Thank you from one man to aiutther, he'-ashud ; from a man to a woman.
m-au
'iiVA
li«'s' l»(t; tViHii ii \voni;»ti to :i 111:111. i>>li' i l>:i. Ilf' ;i slind is :i I'titiiponiiil ol v or v fMi.
j/r.v, and a' sliiiil,y'; (■(;«/. Tins last word i-aiiiiot 1h' use*! to a woman wjllioul iiisall.
litis ko is ill like iiianiicr foiiiuMl fittiii o okli ami sk»t, a wonl (U'liotiiij,' (»r IxsiuMk
iiij; ;;()()(1 will, ami ptMliaps coinii'i'tfil wilh sko' i, wollicr. Isli i l»a is an inlcijii-
tioii ilcnotinji satislactioii. It is tlr.iwK-d out in a couxinjj; oiwliiiiiiii: lone. Id
ihind; o kwiiddc' hud. / thnnkcil Pat kt''iiain, o kwml dc liiid sliid twnl I'al ki'
nam (literally. Id liiiii). tioui o kwiid diid, to tnhr. Sec "'/'<(/.( ". ••SluiLf IkiihIk".
Thai. Set' '•Tills''.
Then: to di. al to-di {ol tluni. UlMlM TlVi:.>!, al to'ili <li, llurrn lilliv inii/ ; iIdm-ii/ liniitl
{<ix in the lioiisi), lU'iW. di di', di-' a dc, df'-didc: lliillin\ twullo'iii. Tliin arc
lli.iir .siliniiiii i:s III .SliiliiCDDiii, klfkli liwal jjwitl t. -di sclmomi al Sii/ a l.um. Hi re
klfkliw si t:ni lies //(»(■.• al.(i>; ;;\vill is a sntlix dcnoliii},' dircK-licn : \in\\. Ilini ; and
al, ((/.
77i(i/ (alisolnlf), d<tl, dill, isa'-tadiil. .1// 1;/' Ihtiii, UnLw dill. Tluji /r(.)7,, isa i.iiliil
o\ai' ns, /,(/ till III ijD hiiDit, tn I-.i '.k!i slii ill d/.f' lin. Mii ill liin' appiais lo he
a plural coiiiilalivc, as sin, tlif siii;,Milar; Iml iicillicr aic sali.-larloiil\ kimwii.
C<ii)uliitire:—\)i\}iv;:*, ill }i»a, tnl};«a. Tliiii xn, sla' lali dtl -wa'. Wluii iId
thiij miif? (HMli;,'wnt del ;;«.»' J Wlinl nrv tliiir iiiiiiics.' ;;\val Ul sMas nl;;ua'.'
VVk// /((r/r. as lila' liot till };wa'. The words art' appaimtly a componnd ol lln-
piv(H)silion with gwat, icho.
Thick {ill Dili- iliiiiiimiDit). as i«'l; lurijc uiiind, miik kwat' lin; 11 I'nt iikiii. rnnk liw.
ThiiJ] ska' da, tiis ka' ila. skai' kikai.
Thifih, sa'liip, sa'lap (Nisk.), Jcsli id (Sky.); in.'<i(lc ii/thinh, liwals'llia.
Thimble, kwirkw'. hwiukh kwi .-kw'. hwi-khwkwi ckw (oriffinally a sailoi's "//(///m"),
liom huf kwi f'lik, .iiutillu.
Thin {in dimension), ti-trsli.
Things, (joodx, jirDpeitji, stfili-dop. Ifitstal>. i-s-tali, sta lu'wks. Tin' woid appears to
have its root in stall f irluil * as is akso tlu' case with thcTsimik ik' ta. Halt's lalt,
mann Ihinijs. Ihv.- kwi st.ilt, then is nulhinij. The ulliiiialc it)tit ol' boili is pos.sjltly
in ta, Ihis or Ihiil. Set' "'This".
Think of, to, to make np ohi's mind, sliitl liat-chiib.
Thirst!/, astiik o (ko, initt,}. I mn thirslij, asta' ktil-sliitl.
77iis', that, the, ti, ti", ta, til, te ill, tit-l, &c., la, If, ki, kwi.
TlifM' does not seem to be any niarkeil ditleieiice in Mie tlenitiiiNlralive pailieles
in ivfiaitl to distanci'. where it is not remote, Ii ami te In-in;,' usetl indiseriniinately.
liotll have the value of the tlelinile ailiele, wliieli it seems itlle. hel'.- at least, to
distinmiish from a jiroiioun.
Te' at'sa- ()p kli>' sub' c'lid*, / CDmli mij^etf, i. e., this^ me' /' eninlr. Al' la twnl
te', eDme here or lo this. T.. tiati dal' shids- til hliitehi' twiil'te'', /' eiimi ' hi re i/<»'
//iiV) yesta-daif. At'sa' yilkb- ti' dnj-'we, /' and' {the') i/diiK To hal suds' li»
Hkiidzo'asli to ha'-(io*,/(i»-i/ie»7;/' n,^- ith<~) l>air'ivn.s' j/'i»»/). .Vbshils' Ii iln;,' we.' do
yon (lire \it\.* llutl ti ka ka, resnnldiiuj the rroir. Telakh-hi, 'o //<(!/. Aliliikh hi,
"(»«'' <(i-//(i I/. Tell hw .:• Iiiin tl'liul sinil' sitl, ^/k/^ white mii.i liiiilerstiiiids. Tdi <•
wab telle la all, t'tae herDmn, «.m hursebaek (tie alilirev. ol tietle, tlim. ol lo' di, there).
Ate'etl, noic {at thin, lime m.'dirstoo*!). Kill liib' tl-el sfia ke'yii, that is n rieions
horse. Asaid hu elm sha! te il st..bsh f f/«» .1/"" knoie \him\ that inun .» T's hall le-
itl Hchest-hu, / lore my [this) husbiind. Natl tu-ehid Isi-ill (fein.) ehiiK'WUsh, / Idic
L'3
.! it-
m
II
U
viy {thin) irif'e. () f;\vnl'-slii' al ' tc' (<• itl'' slohsli', tliiit man h niisifliiiti {niisrl.s' Ik- tit''
thin* Hint'' man'). Kill f:\viit sti a Ut' vii toitl ? irhosr horm' is Hint? (IIh- \ii1iu> of
tlif iillix ill is not asccilaiiicil). Ilclali'. atsfits- lil' sapo III', »((r, / liavf koiih Inrad
(xii', iinsiilt' tliis-' hniid*). O ci! i ;.«\viit I'ta' .' ilms In (Hii.i mir) iniihrsliiii<l f Twill-
sliiil sill la', lir unil:r:<liinils. Okli lio ta dfliail, i/o Id i/oiir (tluit) fiitlnr. Stal) ota',
Htab'la'f irluit in that f Thin, iit tliut, al ta'. From thin; till csta' (as, ts, is, mod
iticatioiis iiT a, al;. it iiiav lir iiiatlci' ol' CDiisidcnil ion wlictlMM' la is not the root
ol stall, iihiit, II. il.. stalMli.p, Ihiiiij.s, anil as is la, .■>" ; kuii^ is la. in this irnij. La
anil It' liavo llic same iiii-aniii};, lint aro Kciii-rally, if not al\va,\s. copulaiiM-. Ilwe
la ll<il> as 1-,'ta, il is not ijiuni so. Ilwf' la' tloh' al' ilii;; wr'' f il<> ijim not lil.i that f
(ill)!' Ihiil' ijoiiil' /()' i/oir'}. Ilwf la {4iitl at sa. that is not iiiliif. Ii\\c l.i IcKli, somi ;
li\v»''la'U'lsliJ kits' oklr' (»«(*<' it- Uinif J* ijifi). llwc-la 111, mt (it) for. Hue la iliad,
nil (tlw) iihin: Ihvc la liakw. not lonij sititr. Ihvi' laka', not mnni/. Ivwu tclaf
((iwat, Ic, l.i), irhii Lnons.' (of iinsons). Clia di'la ! (cliail, df, la), irho kiwirs ,' (of
thinijs). It is also the rool ul" '■/((»■", lil, li-l. la lil, la U-l. and its dciivatixcs, "(/;//;»••
vnt'\ la Ic. 111! I<-', da Ir' It', and to iiltir or rhaniji\ la-lr'it nli.
'I'lir pai'ticlcs ki and kwi appear to lie used also, hut in a nnicli iiiori> iiidclinili'
uianncr, i: ;;., da da to ki tints Okli lio, In-iiiotniir irc irill ijo. In tln-sr, ki appears
to re:'er lo the word to-iniinitir. As klo' Invil ki m'' la cliid, inn liiul; is colil. Cliad
kals aid III! ki siolisli ? wlirniliil i/ini /ind the mnn f Ihve" ki^ sa so" ta* tid'' liiitcli*,
/ iloii'l Ihinii so {not' llii' so' this^ niij' niinil''). As la'liil ki s'lial, hr is niniinii (srrs
thi irfitinij). A-- diiliw ' eliil' Ki' a' iai', iri' \in'i\ in' Ihi ' honst*. St;ili ki sMa-« .' irhnt
\is\ its nil III I' .' (iwat kwi sMiis ? irltiit is his nnniv.' (irho thv nitnii) (lui:' kwi-
s'das' III jjwa' .' irlint nii thiir niiinis .' (irho' tin' niiini' Ihiir'}. Kwi si'la-liad, Ihosr
voninion pioiih. Aliliad liwi sas .' iihiirls it.' (iit iihiir thill it). Ao'kw i (a olc-
kwi) saliwas? is tlicrr iinythiinj f (is thv it\. II w( ' kw i ■^lall, nothinij. Ilwe kwi-
irliiid, noirhm. II we' k\\ i-^^^iil. '"' '""'• Cliad kwi lals sta' ;.'w'sli ; nhirc iliil i/ou
hnji it f (nliiri' thnl i/oii tiiiilv.') Kakwi sla'-cle ni-liali, »(((».// (Ihosr) iroinm iliij.
As-lieil' kwi- diit-clio' stnk-wub* ; how miirh' the' ma' ynnl* f Chad kwi sliiij;wil
twill It sa la-di ? whin' \is\ thr wnij t> Tr SA i.A ni f
Thnnil, lio «'lli', siikli piits. Si-c "AVrr/Zr". IVn/i, suit, snld. See ''I'lrist, to'\ Miit-
lliniiil ofioiirsiiiniss, jiwus-.-oli. .Vyxxi/ ///»((«/, lieUlika' l)ats siikli pats (liek\v,/((r*/t').
ThilhiT, twiillo' (li. ,1 litlli' that waij, twiil to di di (dim.). tSeo "Thcn''\
Thou. See '• Yon" (sin;;.).
Thni, klekliw, ns klekliw'. See ".Vi//Htr«/.s'\
Thnmt, skap suit.
Thmw, to (as a stone, slirk. or riutii), o po' snd. Iiii l»i' sid. J throir, o po' siid chid. To
throw iiniiji, throw iloini, o liwnh lind; liwiih Inid tn-takli, throw \it\ iishon: Throw
out till' inilir (lis from ii vnm i ),\\W \wi\ hwiilko (see '-Su ^,", ''fill"). To throw
nwiiij, iniiili/, spill, q. r., o-kwall, u kwiitl (see 'Mi.ss").
Thiiiiilir, liw(' kwa-di'. This is also the name of the "Tliiinder liiid", the llappin;,' of
whose wili;;s piodnees the sound.
Thus, in this Willi, kwiis is-tas, lioiu as-is'-ta, so, ij. r.; n wiiinnu is/ornwil in this wiii/, kw ns-
is tas sla' lie diklil sa kwiis is-tas; in it iliff'irint icny, Inl le'-kwii.s.
Tivkli; /<>, o ki' lip, ke ynp-tnli' ; / will licklr i/dii, klo kwi iip'-si-ehid ; stop tickling, klull'-
sid ok-\nii'>id; ^iV/.V/.v/i, as-ki'-np.
n '
m
355
Tide, ,h.)-Uunsli tub; th>od ti<h'. dn li'.v.'l' (Nisi;.), spo' lap (S.u>l..i. rr..in op.' Iiip. to ,i*r:
]u. o hwa' .latsli '(// /nils] (NisU.), .sliiitrii iSnnl..!; I.xjl, ti<l<: .. kwa' lul>; loir tolr,
tulili slia' l>o. O sliiii'liikli, to Itarc thii, iis hy i-hlnmi of III, tiih:
Tir. to, klolsalrkw'. kU-'.liil (s Iiop,"); to fi, ,1 A/)../, ot llolsot: » hiol or Ian;, h:
ottlols. See -Knot".
Tuihl iox <i ilirss). as kf' Ills.
Timti,\i»imhrron, al' la Im, iiso.l only as ii nunpoiin.l. In.iii at' la. to com,: si«ml,MU« in
this s.-nsf irciitrinrr. .Sc- ".V((mrr<i/*" (a.h.'ll.s) ; mt also " iV.WrMii/".
Till, liiiinin; kaiikli. Set- •'MiIhIk".
Tiicl, as hwa' wil. /' urn tiivii-, I' i,«rkr,l' (nl'
Us'-i
■hill' at a* ka'' at i slakh'-lirl".
iiilr' to diuf \ as liw:! kwil clinl', o .vai
ir /(«•»( II- ill i/oit
To, tu, tud, twnl, Invul, KWUI. do out ,loo,s. h..' Nxil In .^l.al brklivx. » /..r. nill ,„m
,,of in clia.l kats I'okh ? <lo ./.>« l>,/o,;; In Tokh shi ill .1/.' hn. / lum oil,ii </../.,•
/,. .St, ilm-oom, ka.l fls' okh tO.l Hiil' a knni. 77.,//.. r, I wnl to ili. r.m, l„ n , al' la
twnl to'. / A"""- ('") '/"«, ii-sai.l lint tvviil .Inj;' wr. An i/on luiijni 'i-itli (to) „ir f
„.lirt sil-clin hn iwnl at' sa ? Whr, /.s lli,' >„,ul lo l'ui,ollii,i .' ••lia.l k\M >lin« \V||
twnl I'll ,val' Ini. .' do to onotlwr plac; okh hot IivmiI kill hi h-' wwaH'khw in'. <lo
ii liltl,' tloit inu,, okh hot hwnl to .li .li. Mmosl ito) .1,0,1. liw' la lil ii«nl at a hn.i.
Almost, n,l,\^^^■^.^ la hi gwnl rt snkhw. His hors,, ^wnl t/.il stiak..'.vn (to l„m
liorst).
TofHicvo, siiia' iiasli. , , , , i i .
To ,Uui, atislakh' li.'l [i. «■., "" "»• "' this ,l,uj), ali-lakl.' 1m'. I.s la' hi, f la' hi. U-\ li.v
ti'lhetsli. TlK'sccoutraetions an- wi.lclv nsc.l ; as, in th,' ,„u,s, ,>J tli,' ,lo;i. Nm-
''Pi;s,iillir\ , ,11.'
To,i,tli,r, klal has. IMh to,„th,r or olih, klal 1ms' as.l^' la-' ho' kwi' sa' I.- {to,rlli,r lo-
' ,iir /,m'). l(lo loo, klal .sliid l.as o' Inxoh. llnr Ihr ropnlativr pn.nonn, slu.l. is
thrown harkaiKl interpolate.] between Hie two syllables ..I the a.lv..|l..
Toinorroir. .la'.la t.., IVou. .la, .lai (.see "/'mT/ir/.v") ; iiokwutlda't.., appai.-nlly Hon.
klokwatl, //r'««», ami the same pan i.-U'. It is ..Hen iis.mI ii,t.T.'liiinK..ably w.lh
to-.latl-.lat, y,'sl,r,Uii,, altlumt;h the m.'anin}; of .su'li is .Usiily .■iionul. .I.'lm.'.l ; Mil
it w.-nl.l s....m that the i.hsi of ti.e In.lian is ratli.T thai of .listamv ..I tun.' than
its past .n' fntnre relali..n, ami in the use of all w..nls ivlalin^ to it a Mnular .•on
nisi..n exists. F..r ,l,iys sulm,imnl to ll„- w<.n<ur, s.-e nii.l.-r ■> 1 ' W.»-/',.i/ . Hn-
wonl is often iise.l in Hie Spanish sense ofmaiuim, ,iftrr ,( irhil,:
T,yngm; kla'lap, klal Inp; kla' kwa-lf'kw, to Vwk ; klaM.'k slinb, /.- pnt out tl„; tomjuc ;
'llkankh, lo lop, i. ,:, lick initcr.
Toniylit, a li .slakh hel, the same as to-ilnii. Little di.stinetion is ma.b' Ix'tween Ih.! two,
as see "Ihiy" ami ".Vir/Ar'.
Torch or ctnill,', l.ikh slind, (roni lakh, liylit. Ii>-in,j a liylit, lal ' s Inkh shn.l.
7'oni, as hwut, from o hwnl tnb, ^> ^,n-.
Tortoise, al' a sink. The word lias probably b.-en b..irowe.l lioiii their neiKhbors, tli«
Klikatats. _, . , , i-
Towar,ls See'To". T,>wnr,ls the .s/,..»r, In takt', In kn.ll', Iron, lak, ,»/,(/»/. h,>l> <«
shore, put in, tatnk' Ins (imi..). When on land, th.' wor.ls signify to„;,r,ls tl„- mte-
rior. See "<Str» ".
Toic'l. lin kwas' siid. S To u-!pp'\
;{5()
|! '
Tta<li. S V -'Ititflrt".
TrtTK (m'lii'iic). Isuk liwiil, stiikliuin (sink i»|t. inunl) ; n stuniinKj lire, iis lidkw. jis Isiik'
li«ii; II lirniij trie, sc' f^vviits; a /itllrii Inr. kl;i' ili, :iNl/.;ik': ii ilaitl or iiltl moKKi/ tiiv,
iis |i(' a km (ki'ii, lunil, iilisolflc) : i/nr. ts.i' lulled. Is liiili licil ; tliiijii orriiiitiii, "cc-
(liii'\ III paiklil, irp.ii als ; jii lliiir lir (/i/n'cs ilmiiilimsi), sclichi'' tints ; rcl Jir or sj.riio'
[ii. )H(/(;cm'i), t.sii' liWf; lti'iiilocLni>riii-r,\'k litiil dc', skii' puts ; arliiitiis uinuvnii, kolt.
i-liuls; irliilc (,fil,\ v\\;\'{U\ts; ai-orni*, tiiiuls, clials; tililrr. vcs-sa'ui ; roltoiiiroml-
kwa (If'akwuls; iisiicn, kwi'' kwa <!<•' a k\\:Us (iliiii.): '/s//, Uo\) ti { iHiUilU-irootl) ;
irilhir, sa'juils, .st sa' puts; ivliitc mapli,, chut iut>, cliont lilts (cIkiIsIi ot Ints, «
jilmr iriwrc iiuiiikx jiroir): rinv iimiile {iirvr rircinnliim), tnk'ke-tt' kii!s; doijimotl
omits), kwii <lii lif'tliils, piip'p- !<•''■>•'•'<; Ii(i:< I, ka'-poats; the nut, kakii po; aralia,
(•hi cha' chi'l \vj.
I'nr/n of Ims: — n >tiimp, siil la' ;;« up ; Imrl (yclicl ici, s'rhulifil, schcli-it ;
liniltn. Iiraiichrx, s\h;i-<{ ; mtlxiitv Itiirk of Ihiijii, si)'k\viilt; iiisiih hor/,- of tliii jo, s\;i'
H«uts; roots, kwclp (Nisk.;, stakh w shid (Sk\.); Irons (nnrrn/r or in-iiiilor). slikiil
(•hi chil ; (/(/•«(((/), chuliii iia; linns of tin m(»y*/c, s'cliol la ; irood or xtkks, >i\'[ii\\>,
sluk op, sluk-wul) ; iiilcli or risin, ijxtn, kwa'Iitl.
Tn iiihir, to (iritli J'inr lo- rol<l), d-chad iliih (ipi. Iiy oiiown. as Kn}:lisli, vhtiKcr).
Triildr, to (lis II sjiriini from the rocLs), (it'sut hiiU.
Tn>l, to, scl' .sil sliid.
True, triilii, \s\\\i hii. It is true [in aiisAvcr to tlic asscitiiui hudsli, /7 /.v o //c), tiit'hl,
tut 111. riiiit is triir. tliiit's II I'mt, tsits ku, l.-i'dskii [in nssml]. I till ijoii thv truth.
tsuk ktids liDliiol at sa .yct'siuii. Till iiir titr true story, .Vftsiiiu akas-kap.
Turn, to [to turn nsiih), klclkh ; to turn iiniitliinij round or nnr, o ad /.a kad; to turn the
I'liir iiinin, kitkli he ^uiid, skokwi ij;\vul ; to turn oni's sil/{iis in licil), d'/.al-kos; to
turn one's Imvh, t'liii ha' hid.
Tirist, to {lis II niril], to roll on tin: hnir {ns in miikini) jiiirn\, tuchiil [tud (Nis(].), sull)
(Sk>.); / tiiist, tU'Chid'pud'Cliid ; tiristnl, ikli liwu cliulp, axcliulp ; //<(/•)(, sidp; n
i/inilit, cliclp liii ; /(( horr, chill p'tt'd, tiichlll pud ; to iilinj iit thr ifinniof ilisls. irhidi
an mlliil, olsul tiih, o tsal tiih; « ijunscnii; hu chil pc' fiwiid. (^u. ta tsaltsukh.
(( niltlr.
U.
Cin'liiistr, as liwul iui (foolish).
Cnionr, to, n jiWc'lid.
I'nilir, lirniiitli, klip, klcp, klipa'hiits; nnikr the house, klip ul thi a'-lai. Sec "'hip".
i'nilirMtiinil, to, askia' hf>t, as tia' hot, s'hiil shfUsid (sct3 "7'r> i'Hoir", oasdidhu). Do
j/oii unili rstiinil . aslla' liotcliii ! f umlirstunil ichiit ijou sin/. as-kla'-liOt chid »
tat' sa hot' iiot. Do i/ou uiulirstiiiiil that 1\ lihiitnt ,' askIa' hot clifikh' hwu ak'il
tOh'-sliud dud Swa'-dahsh ? (literally, "Tiristalhninil Klil,iitat'\ 'the Klikatafs,
called liy the .Sound tiihcs Hwa'daltsh, wear the hair braided into a knot in rroul).
I'hiil irhitc mini unilirstiunls, te' ti hwiil'tuh d'hul shut' sid. JIi unilirstnnils (llii»
peis(Ui heiiifj- lueseiit), t'-wulshut sid ta'; (of one ahseiit), dclsliid del shid d'hiil-
shiil' sid. Spill I,- so IIS to be i(H(/f>^.s7(»>(/, hot hot ilk w t\\ ill shut sid. Xot to uniler-
stiinil, see ••Ihnf".
L'nstrinii, to (as ii bow), ;iukh lied. See "Open".
Untie, iliceutannle, lousin, to, u'<kl' li«'<l. o;;hat. / »)i/(c, ;;ukh hed shid, o-;iiia'(hid.
See"<>/)fn", "Tie".
\
■ Hi
ri
.yjUn
357
I'm. illhiii, hizii. i{. ('., ;(s flu-' lilsli. U"<' lUm't iraiit 'o </«, ;is clic' lilsli clifNIi l>;i.
Iji hill, (tsciitdiiiii, sillily' liM-i, iVoiii .shiik'li. iihiirf.
I'/lM't, t,i. (> ;;\\;ll,
I'lini Ir (liiirii. iisliiikw'.
I\^::tn-nii, KflJi liii. Uaikliw. Sec •'/»(/< c/or ".
Ih. St'i' >■ U'* ".
I line, siikli liwa ; In iiiiiwli{\{ ;i iiiaii), o sa' Inva ; (it a woman), "••'<l"<''«a ; iiriinhnUd,
swai' ali.
V.
\'<iiix, tr-t('l.-<'.
\'i I'll. Si'c '■ Inilicil ".
Visl, iraistcdiil, lali lio liail.
\'<.iT(l, as U^^atl■y.i^.
Viiniit, III, i)-(l/.o'li\vut.
I '»//((■)■((/</(', sa'-lc.
W.
'\
Wdilf'ir the tidiil, (Kl/.a'kad. Tin- vail of a iiKtllici- over licr cliiid is usually iii llii'so
words, all siali ! al-a liiid, slii'd dc Imd da', ad di da ! ali ihuf! ditnl, tini <liilil. iilux!
M'dist, sat so ^;\>iis.
Wiiil (imp.), laliKl' liw. klidd liu. klalats a'ta. Sec ".S7„/,", ''I'nsni1l>i'\
1V'<(//.', /<), of'ltasli ; xtii)) irnlLiiiii. klid set uk si clisli {slai) siniic i/oii irnlh); ini /i>i>t, ii'-h.i
l)asli.
Wamjiinii. Src "I/ohc//".
\V(inl,ti>. Sot' "ir;,s/("'.
War clith, ka ho'-siii. .1 hmdiil xlirf, m uluiujxkol. kiip liisli.
WarriDf, I'kwnl Ic' H^^'i'f- Tlu'if is no distiiiclivc class.
]V<inn, Id, o lia' ilakli. IVom hod. Jiic. To Itmimr ininti, o liiid do uklivv. / ixroiiK' inirm,
o lia ilakli chid. Tn intnn diic'h ixtxtiriors, n'dii hii-dah'. 'I'n li)<loini ami irann o/uV
buck, tut usiiwc' cliil). Sot' "/Vn".
Wash, to {riolhcs), tsa'^^nt, tsakw tsidiw. / /r((.s7(,otsak\vlsii;;shid. '!'•> morroir I iiill
(frt.s7/,ho Uwiitl-dal chid kliilsa' k\v tsiikw. 7V) waMh f/(x/i»«,tiit sa-;;\vo'litsli. TomiHh
thv fair, tilts a'tjwiis sill). / irash my face, tuts .sa'f,'\vo-sud chid. To iraxh Ihr Ixuly,
bathe, o tc-titiilt. To icaxk the liair, .shi its kc'-dub
Water, ko. Dkuivatives, sko' kwa, anji lii/iiid or jnicr ; o ko'-kwa, /» (/>m//. ; ti'kaiikh,
Id hip, I/, r. ; asta'ko, Ihlfxti/ ; ska'ko, iee ; nia' ko, iia' ko, xiioie ; ko iiia'chiii, r(
rainboir ; sukhko'kwa, a riip ; chai-ko, ((((•«//, Irom cha, k /«(/<■; tiis al ko, a c^M
xpring ; sko-alko, a point in IheJhrkH of a rirei: I'crhap.s, al.so, ho kok'ii, a-hile, and
its compounds, kaiikli, tin, and smrd ko, menslnialiiiii, from |iiirili(;atioii hy water.
The last is mcicly a surmise. Sec ''Maiiji ".
J\'</'(.s, f;\vii Ic'tikw ; roiifik water, hOlsh ; nurf, dzolcliu, otc'-akiis.
We. lis, dc' Itctl. t't'-hfitl, used as nominatives ; ice hear, ile-betl as kla'hot. Copulntiers,
cliitl, s'chil,shil,shiitsid. We /ror/,-, o-yai'-uschit I. T^V'.w, sla' la hits'chil. W'enaic,
ta-sla'la-bidsliil. Let iix ijo jirexiittlii, le la'-lii kit'liis to kiichill. \Vc irill.Mlecp, klo-
e tutcliill dc'-bcll ([uoiioun duplicated).
Weaned, klal bi yfikli.
■^
si^
ii'i;
"ill
lg!i
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Widlhfr (III he bud). i> doil ktil). It is hml iniitlicr today, o doil kiili at i sl.tkh' hoi.
Wrip. Sff ''('rii", " ir((i7".
Will {or iiliirc diifj out for icatrr), chrilki), I'loiii clia, n lioh-, a), to, ki>, inilrr.
W'iKt, all liail o! ;,Mviiii' Im, at lilaii i>l j,'\viiii liii. It is (Ii'sci'iIm'iI as tlir coiiiiliv on tlm
Mill's iciail at tilt' west. .Scr '' W ind".
W'll {lis thr ijroinid iiftir niiii), asliikw, as liik\v-«lop, slaklnv ; irit iriiml urit Jin), as
Ink IkiiI.
U lull, stall. It is a|>|ilic(l to lliiii^rs only. When iicrsons an- rcl'ciicd to. j;\v,it, irlio, is
nsfd instcail. W'liul is ils nnmr t slal) ki sMas ? Whiil is his imiiirf ;;\vat kwi
sMas .' W lull do i/iiii siiji .' irliiil i,inir spii ill .' ,stiil> k.its hoi hot ? (s:ai> lifii- ii'lcr
riii;; to liol hot, NyirrcA). Wlml do i/mi iniiil .' iiliol ijour iiill ? slali kals hatl ? W'hiit
is lliiit :' stal)-ota' .' slab'ta' T (sci- "77i/(tf/.s"). What is llicimiltrr irilli i/nii f hi h<*(l
elm f as hi'il elm, o lic'chn (siiij;.)? o hi-'fliillnp (|iliir.) ? Iroiii aslicd, o-IkmI. Iioir,
irlii/. .\|i|taii'ii(l\ Iroin this r,-ot also coiih-s o ctl-i ;.'\viil, as i-d i-;;\viit. icliiil * irluit
IS it f irliiil is siiid f Set" "7V) siiji".
W'liiii, |iiil tail, put hod, pad a hr-d. Winn do i/oii t/i) T piit-tali okli' elm klookli'? (lit
t'l-ally, icIkii y/o i/ou irill ijo). Wlirn did you svr him .' ptit-tali' ki tats -aslalii' ?
Whnv, clnid ; <it irhiit jdiiii; al chad ; iihilhir, tiicliad; irhinvi-, Ifilchad: tioirhiiv,
hwr'lachail, hwc'kwi chad : i riri/irhiii', lio' kw icliad. hokwi IcI chad {iriiy fur
jdiici), ht'lt'-kwii-chad. Whin arr yon yoiiuj f tii'Chad kats Okh f Whvrv \arv\ you t
(or, irhirr \did\ yiiii Iroiiir /nniil .'} chad liiii f Whirr is i/oiir wij'i if diad ki s;ul
I'liiiL' wnsli ? Wh
I hi? chad a! chad .' Who hnoirx irhirif clia dc la I
rrr run i
Whirr uiiir * {n-hrrr iirr you ijuimj!) hid hii chadhii ? (iVoni ochod, to hidr, ij. r.).
Whil, III. Set' '^Shiirjtrn".
Whip, II, hncha'-hwo put!. To whip, o cha' liwutl sitl. J will whip yon, klu cha' liwud-
sid chill.
Whirl, to {us wotrr), osulp tsiit. Sec "T'^r/.s/".
Whisjnr, to, o sc'i-kutl.
Whisllr, to, t> hwf' wiitl (also to simj us liirds).
Whitr, ho kiik'h.
Whitv mun. liwiil tuni .' tpi. I'roiii hwiilsh, thr sm. St-c irhilr •'Jllutikrt"; ''(Inn".
M7(«, ;jwiit. 117(() (!/•(' ,V"i( i* (ill answer to a hail), H^vfii chu ;{wat-ko ? (sinj-.) ; jrwai-
cliil liiji ? (pliir,). Who, who suid HO ? kif^wat f iVo ohc, liwt ' kwi i;\vat. To whom t
al {jwat If Whosr horsr is thutf kfil ;;\vat s!iakc'-,vii ic'-itl ? Wim do yon srrt
fiwal k'o la' liui chii ? Who knows f (of a person), kwa'-tela f (t)t ii i>hn'e). cha-de-
la If Whut (»•//(>] is his numrf j^wat ki s'tlas?
U7/I/, o hcii, vvo-htid. Why iirr yon unijry f wo liCtl kats hii hct-sil ? Why arr you cry
inij? [why your vryf) o-hud tat sa wo liai'nl) ? Thti root is the saiiie as that of
asiied, how. See iiiiiler " What".
WiJ'v, ehiift-wnsh.
Will, wish. See ''lfrurf\ '•'!'■ wish".
Wilt, withrr, to {us Jlowcrs), o kwai'i ; wilted, askwai'i.
Win, to {ut jduy). See '■'Bel". To brat (us a horse in a race), ots-la'lekw.
Wind, shiikh htiiM (from shukh, aborr). The north or down-strrum wind, sto'-he-lo. The
.louth or wind that blows up a rircr, stH};\vak"w. 77(c ca.st iriud or hindbrcnc, stOl-
takt (tnl./Vrtm, tak, inland). Thr west wind or sea brre:r, stolchflkhw ((rom tfil, and
chakhw. sraward).
itu ^^
35V)
Wiiiil, to (lis <i iKiiitliiiif or strinji), <> lia' Kul I ill).
Willi:, t«, lit s«' i«i lil (Sir ''Eiiiliih"); slifil ka Ins (si'o ••A'l/.x").
\\ili>\to, f'-Kwiil, ('kufd. I'Uwf'kwiix.'^iili. To iripc tin iiosr, duk-c k'k snd ((i,.iii
iimk sM. Ill)' iiosf). A loinl, liii k\va>' Mili.
WiJi. irinit, to,u\yM\. I (ri.v/i, liiUl cliiil. /;.. //..»((,(«/ i'..'iH<l .' utslial lokti ! /'hmw//;/
/ hIkiII iiant |x(»m<|, diii-cliid klo lial' lilt liii. / <linrt inuit to toll: so. Ii\v.' kit.«* liati
tii-kils liDl liiit as is ta (M'l"' /,.<»•<"). I iniiit to ijo, ins iyUwuU tUn\ \xi'i- -tlo"!. H<
don't mint /<»(;», as die' lit. --Ii fliflsli lia'. / iniiii to i/tt n icZ/i, ikli clif Kwa'siib-
chid (I'roiii (•lui}{-«ii'*l«, " iri/f)' I "'""' '" '"'."• '"'»'' ''""' > I'l' '''i''' l^'''' •'/'■"'•'<'")■
^YIllll ilo i/oii iriiiit .•* (SIT " ir/(/(/").
U;//(, twill. With II l:iiifi\ twill sM.ikw. Tlic iiisliil iil willi wlii<li a lliiii;,' is dune is
also doiiotcd b.V the pinticlf siikli. With irliol 'li<l lir xtriLi ijouf as lird kwi siikli-
■jwfil lall sids ?
WiHic, o, stf'lf dwiit.
Willtiii. Si'f "//I ".
Withoiil. Sw "Oifr'.
U'.W, .s,'/V/.x, stikop, stukOp, St Ilk Willi. Uottm «•«.»/ (iisrd t.i sm.ikc skins), pi kal.s,
piik ats. Simiil: of roltni ((<»(»/, tn' pi, siikwiil tut. lUinij Jin irooil (imp.), ol la-
flKip, "kla fliiili. Linllui- xlioix or hoots, "("kwali sliid. To >itiib' irilli ii stirl:, tils
tiikli liwdli. .1 yitril, ;/ii>dstiik, .-.tiik-liwnli.
l\'((»//(. lull) da' ad.
Woih; miiLi, to, u ,vai' us. / irorl, u ,vai' iiscliid. Tlioi, iroiLisI, o yai' us elm. II' irorlf.
oyui'-us (no iirtiiKUin). IV* iroiL. o yai nscliitl. Yi nciL; ^'ul la' po <i vai us. Tliiii
(/•((W.-, Isa ta dill oyti' lis. / iroj/.rv/, tn vai' us rliid. Tlioii iliilsl /ror/,, tii.v ai' us
»-liu. Jlr iroiLril, t">«yai' us (no pmiioun). / nill iroik, kiai ai' iisrliid. 'I'lom nill
irorL, klai ai' lis elm. //' "(7/ (/(-//., k»ilai ai lis. Will ijoii irorl: >. kl.i \ai' us <lin ?
Wliiit HIT i/oii iloiiiii .' slab kaisi ai \us. See "/»<»".
M'orn-oiit, as liwokli w'l, s'iiw iikl .
Worihlom, pratintoiis, \m\M\. Sci- ''Sotliiiiif'. flint lioixc is not n Ixul ont; h:\\ h\\ -.v
k' ' ,vii liwi' hi iiat latl.
Woiiniljo. Set' "iSVWAc ".
Wrestle, to, kwi'd <li Kwns.
Wriiihltil, JInliliij (as in luji). asiiii' a koh. This wind was -ivcii upropos of Smi'an, a
ni.vthohijiical pt-nsoii so dcsciilii'd, and possilily iiu-ans oid\ ir.scinlilint,' him.
WrinUhd as elotli, a.-Kiip koji. Wriiiklnl on the clink, a.shc' inns ; (,/( the fair, as
hii-lH''Uwa litis.
Wrist. See "i/«/i'/".
Write, to. St-o "hJnihroider'\ whiMico it is takcu.
Y.
Yard, a, stuk-wnb {a stick). How mueli a lard f as-lifd kwi diil-chd stnk wiiliV Sec
iindt'f '•^ N II inirals "'.
Yawn, lo, ot,'wa'-liil).
Year, a, hutl fjwns.
Yt'llon; liokwats.
Yen, e-ekh'.
mo
Y«Hliyihii/, tii'diitl'ilal', asli liil IfilJi. Tln' (irsf ol' tlit'si' iiiniics is iIciiNcil, like iiokwiill
ilato, to morroir, if not I'loiii tlie woni kloUwatl, llic nun, at least I'loiii tlu> same
riiiit, Willi till" past paiticio "to"' pri'lixfil ; tlic second is lioiii tlic adveilt aslifo,
(leiiotiii;; also past time, and Udili, lii/lit. As lieietolore reiiiaiked. under the word
lit moiniir, tliere is little piactieal distinction in eoinnion speech hetwcen the two,
except Ity the connection, and so ol an equal iinnilier of days ]iast oi' to come ; the,
to us oli\ ions, incaninjj: of the word: liein;; lost si^jlit of. />*(// /«7'»;c i/c.v/< »•</<(// or
(/((// (ifUr t(i iiiiirriiir, to-di atl-dat. Thrir ddi/s a<i<i or tit <jiniu\ til siehwatl-dat. /•'(>«»•
flaj/K of/o or /(* come, bOs-at!dat. Fire <l(ii/n (xjo or /« vomv, tslets-atl-dat. On the
//((/•'/ (/((I/, aisle' liWiHl-dal. At-lalin appears as the sullix of inosi ot' the dibits,
eonveilin;; them into numeral adverlis, r/. r. ; as, kle-hwat lalm, //(/(y; I inirs, tic,
and the sanu' idea is coiivtned here. It siynities ^/HfTt, as of repetition or recur-
rence. Si'c also under '■'■I'lilurc iitrfw".
You (siiij;.), Until (alisolute), dii^jwe. J. ike at' sa, it is \ ery rarely used as a nominative,
its phuu" lieiiif; siijiplied hy the copulative. I inn iiiKjnj iritli (/(*«, olietsil chid
liwiil diifiwe. iSliv is irrll disiniscd limarils you, k'sits \\\ id diifj-we {ulic is iritli i/oii)
J><i l/(tii ijirr it f ali-shitM t«' dii;;'-\ve ? Comi, li t vii' sjiiiil: irilii (/r(«, at'la, hot, hot-
chid twill duj; we.
(N'oniinative.) — Kats, katsi, kat-su. The.se hear the same relation to diij; \vo
that kets, t\:e., do to at'sa. jr/(<'»7' <litl i/ou Jiiul the mini f <'liad kats aidhwii Id
stohsh ? Whirr did ijitii iji:t it f chad kats hwe'-wi ? Wliiir inr iiiiii ijoiii!/ .' chad
kats okli' ? Wliiit irill you piu/ .' slah kats luitsits .' What do yoii say / .stab kats
hot-hot ? What did you find f stall k'ais-ft-liwu (liy elision). In an example {^iveii
aliove, k'sits twiil dii}i-we, k'sits appears to lie the leminine. Why air you auijry !
wohed kat-su liet sil ;' Arv ijua a chiif that you tall; to mi/ si-:ili-chii-hii kal sii
liot-hot liwul at'sa .' /)'(/ icha! road did you comv f chad shii};-w'tl katsi hwutlf
What an- you doiiiiji' stab katsi ai-.\rts. (Dnjilicated), ichy do you do so f ohed
kat SII kot-sii ho'-yut. Another form, which is not so (dearly detlned, is, to-bet sid.
I shoir //(»«, o-liibthuliet-sidshid, where the co|iulative pronoun chid, /, follows
this as an accusative. <S7it' lilics you, hatl-to-het-sid hal-gwa. A form used in
calliii;; the attention of a person, ecpiivaleiit to "I'iik theiv", is. dote', when applied
to a man; do-tsi, if to a woman. These ajipear to be proper pronouns, and not
merely inteijections.
(Copulative.) — Chu,cliii-hii,chfikli,cho-ho,8hu slie-hu. Like chid. 7, copulative,
it is n.sed only as a sutlix, and is referred in like manner to a precediii}; adverb or
other word relatiiifj to the verb. Ah I you're arririd, -AAuil o-tlul-chil-chii. Yoit
frt^ atl-do'-chii. Coine [(/Hr/j .vfV, al'Ia-cho-ho gwnd-del. Do you uuderstaud ? as-
kla'bot-chfikh-hwu ' or as ti-kwa' dit-chii-hii. You sre, sla-labit' she liii' (or sliii).
Go and briiiij {ijood you briiiy), klOb-i'hii liii o okhts chu-hu (here the pronoun is
du|ilicate(l). ioK (i/'c/oo/m//, as-lnvul kii chii. Who arc you? {jwatehu * Prcsentty
you irill fnid, dai chii klo-ed-hwu. Go presently, daicliii klo-okh tel-h'ye.
You (plur., absolute and nominative), gul-lapo, j,'wiil-la'-iio. You icorl:, {jul-la'po-
o-yai'-iis. Jto you hearf i^wXhi' -\m askla'-bOt? I hare iron a bet of you, otsul-tiib
wo-llet-shid {jwiil-la'-po. Presently you men irill sweat, liwe la-Iil' o-kwiil-kwiil fj;wul
la'-i)o sto-to' bsh.
(Copulative.) — Chil-lup -o, chillub', sbel'-a-pu, shil-lip, &c. You see, sla-labit-
Hliil.ii.u You saw. ta sla'-la-bid' Mill Im«. »»'/«.r <l„ ijnu s„!,f ..-i..! . ,i«iil .liil \n\-1
An im (joiuijf .. KUli U«6l.lMl.il lup" ■ "''"" ''".'/"" "-"H/f . .!..■• .l.il lu). .' W ho
areyouf j;«"l <liillii|>^ .s'/i, «/<i»f/<r.> »/..», oyaililinl.-.'liilliii..
Your (.s.n«.), ka.l. kwa.!, kwat. ta.l. tats tai-sa. lM.i.mun..ul,J..,.|.v... .s,..l. /»..../..» tl»nk
HO r (ix thnt uonr opinion f) a. is-ta ka.l 1mi1.'!i If Wlierv is your iritf t Hia.! Ui sa.l
H.u-wmMi! When did i/ou Unr, ,/..»» ici/rf (irhrn' i/our' road' tlW your' ,nl,''T)
driii' kud' «liu"-w'tF k'Vsa.P clmtiwusli'^ ? // ir mu,h mi/,s/ / /»(// T (how much your
Willi payf) aslifMl kwa.l Imtch nu/, bud i.ls .li.lt (s.-.. -I'ayl. 7'«A< "s mmh „h
mm lihr, kwiid diid as lu'' kwals l.atl. What is your nam,f ««a< k«atsMa'f J..»
/,«.rr/».m/(</'»/m//^'«.-,H^la-lr'il-ukl.Nv-tad'l.ntrl.M.Mlnfiw..'. I. your „u„ toodrdf
(has your' qun' caten^f) utl-is^' tad' liwal-tiina' litsli'f You talk murh (murh your
talk) kad ta.l sa hot-hot (kad. mu,h). When did you hay (// (whrrr that your har-
minf) »liad kwi tats sla' -w'sh f How much do you ask for Ihatt ivs-hfd kwi talH
8tii'-gw'8h! / vndrrslaud what you ^ay (i. ^., your talk), as ilalu.! .•hid. a tatsa h.)t-
hot. Why do you cr/i t (why your vryiny) f oIk'.I tat sa wo ha' halt »
Your (phu.). No oxainpU's pn-scrvt'd,
Youuy, youny ones, lia ha-ad.
Youth, young man, liiir wiih.
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MAI' SIIOWINd 'nil. DISTIIIIUTIOX
oi' iiii; I i;ii!i-;s oi'
ALAS l\ A
AM) AD.IOIMXO ri;i«M!iroi!^'
( ()lll|>ll('il Irniii llu' l.llcsl jiiillionlifs
I'.v W II I), ill I' S ( (..,sl Survey
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ftu>(/ri//'f//tff/ tlitlil tni>lii/iit It/' ti> \(ivitltht'l' iiir'l
Ihl'lln i{ii'illi,/illli,ll I', ^1(1, /.-.III llll-^ niil/i llu tiilll/'illl l.\
/iiiiiii/'ii//i- iiii/i/i/<i/ /<'//i, liii'iifs i/ t/ii !','< (mi.'./ -Sii/'iit
ifini'l iiiiil III! o/'.stii ii/k'/i.-' !>/' .I.wi.'.i Ihiuil.yiiii hiiii.-i/l iiml
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Till hill. s III, iiitiniliJ III iMiiiifiiish till .i/i/mKHMiiiii luini oxfi- nliuh t/f irtrni/ /ii/>r,i hmni
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; A'ii.i < IiiiIm III".
Aiidiii .1 T liiilti'lK
|rhiinHV»u"ln.li„ns , JII'imI., or Kvtiiil....
ihHia/t hill ,11, ii,<l /fix hikiii ,/.s iii,li,iiliiiif Hill/ litis /'•I'niinmlh miMfn- nil ihi linil„i\
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l>Kr'.\KrMKNT .>K THK INTKl^vli M-l
S.C.CduViipliiral iuui rT."<>lii}Jii-;il Survey of Uif Hih-Un- M
J.\\'PnWf-:i,I. in Charge.
MAP SHOU'IXC. TllK niSTHIlUTTlOX
OV rilK INDIAN TUITJES
OF
WASHIXl /r( )X TKIUUTOIIV
roriifiileil fri'in llic latest AiillH^rities
1(1 lUiieiviiti" n paper liv the Uil e C.pu Oibbs
by WHDali I' S Coast Survey
1B76
Nfi Us
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I>1\IM()NS T.iliali S.I .\i-,|»».illi Sel
i.l: TlilllKS ,
1 \ VIII.IKS
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fit Ojfll- phl'Tlrll\
t'ormcily r^'ix
thri r rf.srri ,ili M
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rrliiirn:d nijli Ihr ofyicicil n:<''liinai
\i.ii'iil\ nrtril't iif I'liliiuis cuf reiixoccd,
Thr tli.-ilrihii.iion shown i.- ihat
•\:srf// f/if' / ''!&^\i o.rr oaf.'u- .-'^d on
,iii)ri\ •'.ilini!
I'_':'
.vwilh Sri
vlil.:ilal
S;ili;i|illli
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