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J. \V. I'OWlll.l., (ii:ill.tMllM IN I'MAIUIK. CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. VOLUMK I. WAaHlNGTON: OOYEKNMBNT PBINTINO OPPIOE. 1877. mgmmgmmsmaap Department of the Inteiuor, U. S. Geoorai'ihcal and Geological Survey OK THE UOCKY Mol'NTAIN IIeOION, Washinf/fov, I). ('., (Moher 15, lH7(i. Sir: I linvo the honor to transnut hercnvitli VoUiiuo I of th(j Coiitrihu- liona to North American Ethnolofyy, conijjriiiing a report on the triixis of Ahiska by \V. II. Dall, and a report on the Ii (Hans of Westctrn Washinj^-ton and Northwestern Oregon by George Gibbs. I am, witli great respect, your obedient servant, J. W. POWELL, In rharye. The Ilea Secretary op the Interior, Washhigtnu, I). (J. Ill— IV X41 53 PK KKACK. I I)iirin niiit'li of my \\uw lias Itceii Hpciit iiinoii^ tliu IiHliaiiA of tho Rocky Momitiiln rofj^ioii. In tlic carliiT yotirH I collrftcd many short vocalmlarios of tho variouK Irihcs with wlioin I met. Kroiii tiino to tiuio, as o|)|)oi'tiiiiity affortU'd, many of thcHO vocaltuhirit's wi-ro onhu'^otl. 1 soon learned to enlist Indians in my party, ami to s('ize every oi)portunity of conversing with them in their own lanjjnajre, in order that I mi}i[ht acquire as mnch knowledj>;e of tlieir tonjfnes as possi))le. A larfj^o number of vocabularies were cy myself, were placed in the liands of Mr (!eor;;t' ( iihlts, that eminent ethnolo;,rist and lin^rnist, to he |iuhlishiMl in the •Smithsonian Contri- hntions under his editorial mana<;ement. liy his death this plan of piddica- tion was necessarily delayed, liy thih thne the materials in my hands had increased to such an extent that it seemed hut justice to my assistants and myself that it should he pnhlished with as littler delay as p(»s8ihle. I there- fore laid the whohf nnitter hefore Prof. .Joseph lleiu'y, Secretary (»f the Suuth.sonian Institution, that I ini^ht have the benefit of his advice on the suhject. lie kindly ;rave consideration to the matter, and a fidl review of the suhject led to the followin;; correspondence: " Dki'Autmknt ok tiik Intkiuok, "U. S. Geog. and Gkok. Sikvkv Kocky Mointain Ukoion, "J. W. PoWIOI.I,, (iKOLOdlST IN (JUAKCK, ''WashiufjUm, I). ('., (ktobrr 2, IHlii. "Siu: Knowiufr that the 8mith.sonian Institution has heen for many years makinjjf collections of vocabularies of various North American lan- {Tua.^fes and dialects, 1 beg leave to make the foHowing statement and sug- gestion : " 1 have myself been collecting vocabularies of many of the same tribes, in which w(»rk I have been assisted by several gentlemen who are making studies of North American Indians, and thus I have on hand a large amount of lingr.istic material, consisting of vocabularies, grammatic notices, &v., which 1 desire to publish at an early date. In the continuance of this lin- guistic work it will be of very great advantage to have tlu^ material in the hands of the .Sniith.sonian Institution published immediately, so that in tho fiitun; there will be no duplication of what has already been accomplis.hed. It would also seem wise to consididate the Smithsonian material with my own. 1 therefore beg leave to suggest that the material in your hands may be turned over t«» me for publication. tl PUKKACK. ▼u "Slioiilil you fOMHiiU'rit wiho toHiiiH iiitriMt iiii' willitliiH iiiaf«'rial I will l)io«'ct'«l with tlu^ |ml»li»jititm ii« riipitUy an tln» iiiatt»T ran Iw |in'|»an »1, and wlu'U pulilislu'd I xliail Im« phaxrti to jrivr tin- |tri»|KT n«'«Ht to tin- liintitii- tion lor tlu' ^Trat work jM'rlimiM'il in the rollt'rtii»n of tin- niati-rial, ami to tltos(> who havt> takt'U part in thi' work. " 1 am, with ;rr«al roHpcut, your obeditiit wrvant, "J. W PoWKi.h '• IVof. .losKl'II llKNia, '^Snniurif Stuitli-^oi'inn lii>>tituli(iii. " \\'u.sliini/li>n, h. C. " Smithsonian iNhrm'TioN, "IVn^hiiiiftoH, (hhJM-r 1(», 1H7»:. " Dkak Sik: Your htfrr of ( htulxr 2, pro|M.sinj: tliat the SniitliHoniau lnstituti<»u .should turn over to you for pulili( the materials in his possession you will Hud <»f imiM>rtance in the pn-paration of the vocabularies for tlie press. " This transfer is inado in accordance wiMi tlu- p-neral policy of the, Smithsttnian Institution of (h»in;r nothiuf,' with its income which can bo equally well done by other means. " Yours, very truly, "JO.SKIMI IIKNKY. "J. W. POWKI.L, "/« rliarye U. S. Gcoyraphind ami (irulntf'ual Surrvii, This threw into my han«ls several hundred manuscri|it vocabularies, with extensive granunati*' not< s collected fnun trilMs scattered throuylumt i VIII rUEFACK. till) irvcntor part of Nnilli Ainciit-ii. Kxiiiiiinatioii pnivvd that I |)rol)a))ly had ill my hatiilH viihiiihl)- liii^rniKtir iiiiitcrial n-latiii^ to itvory Ininily, and |H-iiiM|)H ovt'ry hin^^iui^o hut (wo within tho liniitrt of tho llnitoil Staffs. After u HoiiKMvliat hiiHjy rcvi«'w of th(! Hiilijcct, a sch'ctioii from this matcM'ial was made, to hit |)ul)lixhcd an th«' firnt vohtiiu' of •' ( oiitrilmtioiiH t(t North AiiKriian Mtliiudo^fv ". Ill orr that tht^ ^n'i>at iiiiiidu*rof coMahorators tlirou;;hoiit the coii.iM'y mi^ht have an canioHt of tho Kpcody |)iildiration of tho roHuitH of tlicir hihoi'H, this vuliiiiK! was ratlior hurriedly sent to tho proHH. iVrhaps, had a litth) moro timo boon taken to the piopcr dif^estion of tho Hulijoct, a sonajwliat o8 of his thorough anil conscieiitiouH work, and it must ovor 1)o a matter of deoj) regret to American liiij^uists that Mr. (Jibbs was not spared to coinph-to liis hibors, and to {jive to all this jfroat oollootion of li'ifruistioa that bettor iiiiish that would have resulted from his editorial skill. It seemed proper that a bioj^raithio iiotioo of Mr. (jiil)bs should appear in the iiitroiliu-tion to this volinno, and I had ooninu;m*od the preparation of suoli a notioo ; but when I learned that a " Memorial of (Joorgo (Jibbs" had boon written by John Austin Stevens, jr , and published by tho Now York llistorioal Soi-ioty, and subsoipioiitly republished in the Smithsonian Report for lS7il, I rooof^nizod that this task had been perfonnod far bettor than 1 ooiild do it myself To Mr. W. II. Dall 1 am indebted not only for his valuable contribu- tioiiH, 1)ut also tor his kindly paiiisti.king assistanoo in tho general propara- tiiui of tho volume. The valuable oontributions from the pons of l)r. William V. Tolmio and Hov. Father Mongiirini are but a part of tlu; material in my hands ool- lootod by tho.so gentlemen. I hope that the method of publication adopted will meet with their approval. Mr. J. C. Pilling has rendered mo valuable assistance in his proof- Il I'UKFACB. rt'iuUiijr of flu' jfn-alrr part of tlm voIiiiih' — it work wliiili liti Iiiik pcrfominl with caro aiitl skill. For the hint ivn years I hnw hahitually laid hefore FVofeHHor Henry nil of my Hii< !<*'fic work, aiwl have diiriiifr that time reeeived the hejiefit of his jml<,'pjen i these matters, and to a p-eat extent I am indebted to Iiim tor advice oiieonragement, and inihienee. In ••xpressin^'- n.v gratitude to the Pr'« • >Hor, I 'm'k also to express the hupo that the result*^ «»f my work will not wholly di-iajipoiiit him. J. W. roWKI.i. i)i:i'ai:tmi:nt of tiik intkuiou. U. S. GEOGIlAl'llICAL AND (jEOLOOlCAl SURVKV OP TIIK UOCKY MOUNTAIN UECION. J. W. ro\Vl'.l,U, (ii':iii.()(ii.sr IN CiiAiKiK. TRIBES OF Till; EXTREME NORTHWEST. ur W. M. T)A.IuI^, TIUBES OF WESTERN WASHINGTON AND NORTHWESTERN OREGON. BY OEO. G 113 lis. W AHh INilTON: a O \ K U N M !■; N I V U ! N T I .N U O 1" 1' I (! E 1 « 7 7 . r t TABLE OF CONTENTS. I'AHT 1. On till! (liittribntioii and nomciicliitnra of the native tril>rB of AInHkii niiil tlip ailjorrnt territory, with a mnp \V. II. Dalt Oiimit'ci'Mion in Ihu Hbull-lii-apH of tlio Ali-iitiiin InIuimIn W. H. Dull Ki'iiiiiikH on tbe url|{in of the Iiiuiiit \V. II. Doll AI'PKNDIX TO PART I. 7 41 NoteM on Ibo natives of Alaska J. Fnrnbelni Terms of rulationHliip «»enll Comparative vocabularieH Oibbsanil Dall PART IF. TriliCH of Western Wasliington and Northwestern Oregon, with niap-fieorge Oibbs APPENDIX TO PART II. Comparative To Ali-utiiin IslimilH AiiiicLK III. — K«'uiui'k.'« ou tliu uri^in of tli<' liuuiit > II I ON THE DISTHIHI TION AM) NOMKNdATrRE OF THE NATIVE THIHES OF ALASKA AM) THE ADJACENT TEHIIITOKV. MV//, ,/ M„f,. IIV W. II. DAI, I,. 'I'lio iiit°i)rniatii>ii i-oiitiiiiK-d in this iirtirli- i'tinns a >iiiiiiiiar\ of iiivcstigatidiis wliicli 1 luivc purMicd siiMc lS<;."i, wliili- cii^rairftl in diitii's uliicli t(Hik iiu', at (UK' liiiif ur aiiotlnr. tn nearly Hie mIh.Ic <.!' flu- coa^l Iicicin nicntioiu'd and over a cuiisidcrahlc |iurti<>n of flic inti-riur. As a dij^cst til" the jircsi-nt .state of' oiii- kniiwled<;e in re^raid tn tin- tril>al and ter- ritorial Itonndaries of tliese j)eo)tle, it may form a not iinlittiiijr iippendix or Kiijijilenient to tlie ^reat mass of similar iMforniation in relation to more sontlieni tribes, wliieh is hy no means the lea>t amon;r flu iiianv results obtained during the promTess of the liiited State-. ( ;eo;^Ta|»liieal ;nid fJt'oloj^ncal Survey of tlio I{oeky Mountain IJe^'ion niider the diiettion of Prof. J. W. I'owell. The acconij)anyin}4- maj), in addition to atfonlin;,' the ethnologic;!! infoniiation for which it was eoni))iled, has also In^eii lironjrht ii|i to diiti; geoo-raphically, and thii.'* jire.sents, far more fully than any other extant, tin- latest and be.st data in regard t<» the yeof-raphy of the refij{iiti(iiis, till' piiiiripiil luiflionlicK fruiii wliicli ilifurniatinii Ims Incii l»s,J UfiMl('l,v^ mill \ui'i iiiiiiiir |i;i|i('|n Ky Miiiiiiii iiml .Miirkliiiiii, liiiik, iiinl • iilicrs ill the Anfir I';i|mi>|| oI' 1s7'», jiimI oiicciiillN a iiidst >iiti>lii('l(ny iiml lucid |iii|M'r l»v hr. .lolni Siiii|iM>ii, |{. N., wliicli liciirs iinf only iiittTiial i-s'i- liciicc (if cart' and acciiracs, liiit i> cniiliniicd liv wiiat I liavr iiidiviiliiallv liccii aide to learn ot tlif |i(ii|ilc treated i»t l>y tlie aiitlmr. Sexcral papers of Interest lia\e aiiiteaied iVtmi the pen of ]\I. Alplmnsc I'iiiait ill relation tu Alaska natives, l)iit these coiiNcy little new inl' nation, excepliii;;' trom a philoloj^ical standpoint. The work ol' Mr. 11. ncnd't, which has lateK appeared, on the " Native Kaces of the Pacific Coast", so tar as it relates to the people with whom I am familiar is eliielly valiiahle tor its nnnieroiis references to other works, lis arranjicment is pnrely j^eo- ^raphical, and unwarranted hy the charactfristi«'K or kinship ol" the peophj descrihcd. A sketch not materially dill'erin},^ from the arran^cnieiit now propo.sod Mas j^iven liy me in the IVoceedin^s of tlu^ American As.sociation for the Advancement of Science, Salem meetiii;r, ISliU, and amplitied with Inller xocahularies in 1S70 h\ Aldsld and ita lUfiources, Numerous additions and corrections, as well as per.sonal (dt.servation ttf much before taken at second hand, have placed it in my power to enlarj^e and improve my orij^iiial arranjrement. This is the ohiect of the jiresent paper. In isdil,! projKtsedfor the Aleuts and people of Inniiit stock c(dlectively the term (hctrians, as inilicative of their coastwise distril)Ution, aiul ns suj»- |dyin;j: the need of a ;.;cneral tei'm to designate a very well-defined race, which, thonji'li acknowledged as such by some ethnolojrists, had not received the general recognition which it called for. In referring to the various groups of people under particular .stocks, 1 have intmduced as far as ])rac- ticahle a system of synonymy, showing ajijn'oximntely the various names apiilied to the same group by ()ther authors, wliicli may be of service in * Hacr ami Ilcliiioist'i:. !i;'itr. St. IVtersburg, 8vo, ls;i'.», I KihiHiKi-. SUI/ Act. U.'U. 4to, IHoT). } SiiiilliSUMiaii Urimii, IsU;, _ ^ * I'riM . A^j.issi/ ills!.. Sa( raincnlii. Cal., I-Tll. II Kci\iil (l(iif;i. .Sue, l,iiiicli)ii, ^Ml, 1-7.'), nuTfliit'iiij; iiifiirniatiiiii rmiii \iiriitii^ mnincs in nliitiuii In llu-ii' IialtitH lUui fMSttllllH. Tho Oijiriiiiis iinili>tiii;:ui.«lu il. 1. li\ iIk Ir limj.niii;.'-*'. uf which thf -y \<*;w a ^t^^>Il;,'■ n'siiiihlaiicf in one niKitlMr throiiglioiit the pTiuip, and dilVt r in tli«ir litrilaitinii, al>va\s cniiruiid to ihf M'a-cna.sfs ..r islands, soimtiiiits (.'iiti'rinjj the iiuaifhs ot' lari^f rivers, as the Viikoii, I'lii only ascciiihii'' ihetii fnr a short distanre, and as a rule avoiding: the Avooded country; .'i, hy their haliits, more niaiitiiiie anil ad\entlll•oll^ than tho Indians, iollowiii;r, iiiintin;:, ami killiii;:- not only the sieall ^eal l.iit also tho Hea-lloii and walrns. j-'.ven the j:reat Aietie iH.whrail wliah' (and aiK'ieiitly the siierin uhale) falls a \i(tim to tliei" |ieise\erin;r cH'or^s; and th(f ])atent harjioon, iihnost universally used hy Aineriean whahrs in lieii of the (dd-fashioiied ariiele, is Ji ••o|»y, in steel, of the hone and >late Mcaiioii which the Iniiiiit liave used for centuries. Lastly, tliey aiv di>- tin<'uislied hv their jihysical eliaracten>tirs, a lij:lit fresh yellow cniii|ile\ioii, iin(! color, hroad hniM, seajihoceithalic head, Mieni cranial ca|iaciiy, and ohliijuity of the arch of tho zytfonia. The ]iatteriis ol' their iniiilenienis and weapons and tlair myths are similar in a ^reueral way ihroiif^hoiit tlie group and eiiually ditleicnt from the Indian types. Tho Orarians are divided into two well-marked ;.toiii)s, namely, the InmVit, coniimsing' all the so-called Eskimo and Tiiskis and the Aleuts. Takiufj the trilies in tln-lr freo^rnijihical seipiem-e, we may commence with '/'III Mil /III AiHiii'H/;iA (irilic AlniiiiKi Iiiiliaim. Inhr'nii of llic N'oltlnTIi I'iiHuli. Hi'iH'kii, lliulHiiii Hiiy JarKiiu— " Hioki^ii Slii\i". hi'iiiiil, tlu' li«liiuaii|iliiMl liy tlii'tr pi'iiplr in llieumelvfH. containing the lollowing trihes: 10 •I i : I K()|'A'G-MCl\ i= A'"//«/l'(/-Ml,M)( (plllliin, J)|-, .Silll|ISClIl, K. \. < AVi«f/-iHii7(-iHii«/», Ji'icliardMoii. t Tarrior-miiil, Ah\ii' Vrtititt. TW tcrniiimticns «^ and n hidicate the i)lunil fonn of the colic-live iiomi. As Avo sliould say A,nrnc',,-mnn,, som.^ in.livi.hials of the trihe. Ko-puf, eon.es from AV,^-, river, and juU; great— the designation meaning people of fh,. great river, just as Knrrhh and pnk, form the •' I'-ii't. They appear to be very few in number, and known principally as the most active agents in the inter-tribal trade between the Iinniit of I'oii't Harrow and those to the ea.stward. From Barter Islaml, the coast to the wesfard is uninhabited for nearly three hundred miles, excej.t during the temporary sunnner tra.ling excursions. One of the articles furnished by them is stated by Dr. Simpson t.. be skins of the narwhal (Kil-lcl'-lii-a), Avhu'h he speaks of as being tiseU foi covering kyaks. ""''"'"'« ""•=■'■■ r. Sini|iw)ii, Kuluirilsdii, Ar. P", Siuipsdii's ]i;iiH'r, bcl'oie n-lcrnMl to, is a iii(>iio<.Tiij>li ot'tlu' liitbits, fustoms, and appearance of tliose jieoplc* who inhabit Point Harrow, ('ajio {Sii'Vtli, and liave smaller \illa villa^o at Point Harrow; lint those of the other villajies mentioned, — thonjih donbtless havin<^ other loeal names as do tlie peo])le of all settlements, however small; are not dilVer- entiated in any wuy of inii)ortance, as far as we know, from those of the principal settlement at Point IJarmw. 'I'liis had, in lMr)3, a jHijiidation of about three hundred, and the other settlements j)erhaps half as nuieh more. It is ])robaVtl(' that since that time they have materially diminished in lum- bers. These ])eople have been more fully described than most of tlu; Imiiiit of the Arctic coast, owinfj;- to tluf fact that several e.\plorin>^' vessels have Avintered at Nmviik. From Simpson, we learn that they • vol on their Kurunier excursions for barter as far east as Mamnn<>' Point (or JJarter Island), )>artly a\inv^ tlu; et»ast and partly through the numerous inlets and intersecting lagoons which border the continent not far from the sea-coast. The journey is an anmuil one, and is usually made in sixteen days. The j)arty starts about the ath of July, and spends a ))ortion of the time in trading with the Kunatun'g-meun, at the mouth of the Cohille Kiver, and return about the middle of August. NrxA-TO'(;-MrT. ._ yiinii-tiiii'y-iiiriiii, Dr. .sinipviii. These ]»eopl(^ iidiabit specilically the mouth and shores of the Niui'iitok liiver, which enters the western extremity of Jlotham Inlet, with outlying villages to the north and west, the ]»rincii)ai of which is that at Point IIo])e, called Noo-na. They nund)er some three or four hundred souls, as far as known. The cliaracter of those who meet the traders aniuially at Point Ilo^ie is bad. They are reported as very ingenious and persistent thieves, and exhibit a great degree of assurance, and even insolence, when their m iMnuLorso-iv,. il„.„i .•n„rHl..np,. ;mh1 tl>e wliitcs are not inunorons. These l-oplc r.s.vn.l tlK. X„nat..k f„ m point vhcn. mh (.i.sv ,,nrt;,»,. ,,„, 1,,. ],;„! to 'Ik- -Mr.>- wat. rs „f tl.o C'olvill,. nn.l Imvo an annual barter at the mouth ot th.. latt.r riv<.r with the castward-boun,! Innuit fVon, Point l?am.u-. 'I'ho Niini.tok is also known as the Inland b'iver, which is a tninslati.m of its inniil; name. KOA\'A{i'-.MrT. =- i\uuu,i'ii-mii'in, |ir. Sini|i»oii. Fallin- into Ilothani Inl.t, near its eastern extremity, is a ri'ver known as th.. K,,w;,k, on the banks of which grai)hite and o-;dena are foin.d. A leu- Innuit inhabit tlio rejrion m-ar its mouth, and bear the above local name, uhile others somewhat to the eastward, on the Sela'wik liiver, are called Srhun!i'-„n,f. The latter have some trade with the Koy.ikak Indians. i^Iost of the names above mentioiuMl are merely loVal, and indicate no special peculiarities of language or habits. They niay, for Convenience, Ije correllated as folhiws: WKSTKKN MACKEXZii: INNITT Kojid'iimiil. Ki'ing-miili'ji-mHl. AVKSTi:i{X INXCIT. ^nnin'-mni,\xi,Haa,j.muiJi>. = Tthouklvhi A»iali(jiirH, lialhi. At Ins KiIjii. = TtiKki, Ili)(i|»'r, J'arkliani. ami l>all I. i.,|iniv. fdiihihiii, \Vraii};<'ll. Tola'- S<'a. < hol.li'!it-hiiiain iil' llii' Aiim riraii Iiiiiuii, Dr. Siin|i.si)ii. = (7nU'-(/ii, willi vari inulo^v . iiruillliiiis, I'liiiiirniisly. > t'/ii(i/ii/.'))ir(/, .Sliiiipi-on. MSS. :=:iS'(r/i'H(iin/ vr I'li-liimj ( liiiLliix i>( aiillims. The iiaine I liuvf licro iiddptid is |)i(il)iilily (|iiil(' local, ami it is very likely that tho Iiiiiuit who at ]ir(sciit iiihahit tlif Asiatic coast near iiciiii;.;- Strait have no special tribal uaiue, reseiuliliiiii- in this rcsiicct the |ico|ile iVoin the Selawik lilver to Point iSarmw, A\ho have hccn prcNioiisly men- tioned. But I have <;iven nj) the term 'I'uski, proposed hy laciitcnaiit Hooper, for the reason that I am convinced that it is due to some miscon- ception. It is not an Iinuiit word, and these jieople arc jtnrel}' Inmiit, as several vocaludaries in my possession testily- They are in no respect dil- I'ereiitiated ironi the ordinary western Innuit, exce.j)t in such teatin-es as tho character of tlio country and climate compels, and in not wcarln^i' lahrcts ; in this respect reseinblin<>' the eastern Inmiit. Of their ori;^in, I jjropose to treat hereafter, and postpone that portion of my remarks tor tlni present. They extend from the Gulf of Ana'dyr to Capo Serdze, and formerly tx) Cape Shelagskoi. Their distribtitlon is invariably' coastwise ; the}' have no reindeer, and live by trading with tho interior tribes, and by hiniting tho loan habit, willi a oopiiLTy tinge in the c(ini)ilrxi(iii, miniailio in their haliits, with oliiup mises, ami hav- ing a langua^^e apparently allii'il tn thi' Koiak tiingne. I think It proliahle that they are a branch nf tli.it sliiek. They wander with their n- sus; and I have a Tunguso \iortrait taken from life in lbii.">. The Tuiigiises ari^ believeil to be Tatars, and tho YTikagirs relati'd to the Koiaks. yit Mr. Miiikhuiii nould iiiaKu the lornier, among other tiilien, the ancestors of the Innuit, ii 14 1 'ii !: 1 i: i 't !' } «eal, walrus, various uhalos, a.ul otl.er a.,.!.. n.a.i.H. uwu.nuals, X., .,,,„,,, of iMM.pJ,, l,avo jrivon rise to s., ,uu,.|. ..miusion, crrati,. theonzi.,.! and "..Ioh.hUmI jreuoralixatioM as tliis ...nall hnA of Imn.it cxiLs. Tlu.y J,.,ve 1-" most ronm.only <.o„lou.ul..(l witl. flu- i.niM.v.nsl.c-a soclentarN" l.nuls ^'' ti'<- Cl.iikrl.is, if I un.y ].e in-nnittcl to uso a t.-rn, of wl.iri; Knnan ■sMVs, '•! a.u .f opinion that the wonl y;A«/,v/,,r is a corruption of the ^vnnl (■/un,.r/.r, which is used in the lanona.v of the Koriaks (Kon,ks) „, iiMh.'ateth.. settled hranehes of their rae.-;' Certain] v. if I n.n l...]i,.v.. the wonls of one of their own nund.er, they are, an.l hoi.! themselves, totally d.stnirt n, h,nfr„,o.e an.l rare fron. the non.ulie " reind.'er peo],le" witl. wh..n, they tra.l... The lano-n.^e is t..tally distinct, and tln-re is not -i siii-h. wonl in tl... vo..aI.nlari<.s of the "Chukchis" whi..h resend.les, (,r livin- white n.an kn..ws either lano-ua-o the int..rconrs<. with th,^ whitc.s .,n the coast is also ..H-ried on in this,^.r "partly M. this, jarnon : and nnn-liable and erroneous vocabularies have thus been ••olle.-te.l. J{nt wla-re the v..cabularies have been obtaine.l fr.m, the iionia.Iic people ..n th.Mr western boundaries where there are no Innuit, or from the Imniit on points of the coast not reached by the "reindeer men ", w.. fm.! no su.'h n.ixtur.. and no .'onnectin- links between the lan-uapvs. ' ' Tlu. larovst villaov of these people is on East Caj.e ; but s^rfth^ments iire .lott.-.l alon,^- wherever it is possible to wresta livino- from the desolation whah su,Tu„n,ls ,h..n.. Amonc. those of more particular imp<,rtanco are the xdla-es on Kayne Ish.ud ; Seniavine Strait ; Chaklfdclsland (whose inhabitants assume the name I have provish.nallv a.lopte.l f.,r th.> whole Itoople): Indian I',.int ; Plover Hay; and Holy Cross Bay. A somewhat full account of th.-s.^ peopl,. will ]„. found in Alaska and ^fs Brso>nrrs, I'art 11. Chap. Ill, but, unfortunately, at the time of my visit ollu.r dr.tH.s prevente.l me fr.m, .-ollectin- vocabularies, of the impcu'tam-e "• "Inch I wasn..tatthat time fully aware. Since then 1 have received s..ver,d Iron, .lilh.n.nt lo.-alifi..s. but. with f..w excepti.ms. thev have been J f 15 (lisli^urtMl l)y till' intidiliictinii i.t'ilic triullii;: jiULiMii, wliicli cniiinliis c.irniii- tions not only of Innuit and L'liukchi, but mIsu of Mnnlisli, h'ussijiii, iiml I'ven Iliiwuiian woiils. 'I'lic only puie \«)calmliirii's 1 have icccivcil liavo 1)0011 from East ("ajic and Scniaviiic Strait; tlic latter very scanty. OKKK-OO -MfT. •' liidh HI hiiiiiiii dl llif Wrsti'in liiiiiiil. Hi. Siiii|i-iiii. i. (Ikev-iMj'miit of llic Ncirtoii Siminl Iiiiiiiit. < Malimiiit i>l' 'I'ikliini'iiirr. I.ociil duiiu'h: ImiiklUi'iiiniit of Hiitniiiiioll Islaiiil, Dioiiu'dcs, or ImiiUil. /»(/((' KiMscTiMlcrn l>laiiil, Diomidcs, or Iniiiilitik. liikliliiii'iniiKl oi'St. I.inviciicn Isliiiid, wliicli is talli'il I uo' rieii l>y tlic I'lovrr Uny Inniiit, tinlr If(io]MT. L'kitOij -milt III' Kiiif;'» Island, or i'lciiul:. These people inhabit the iwlands between Asia and America iiurlh of lutitudo ()-'5°, and, as mij^ht be expected nom their habitat, are amoiif,'' the most a{,nle and hard\- of the northern canoe-men. They are ;;Teat traders, and do most of the interc«)ntinental trading'-, in summer reachin<;' St. Michael's and Kotzebue Sound on the east and the shores of Siberia on tla^ west. 'I'hey are practically middle-men, livin^r to a {.•reat extent on tlu; j)rolits of their trade. The trade I'rom America is chielly in deer-skins and sinew and wooden ware, the material for which dues lutt exist on the Asiatic shore. From St. Lawrence Island, especially, frames of kyak.s and umiaks are transpi/ led to Plover Bay and exchanj^cd for tame-reiiuh'er skins, walrus-ivory, and whale sinew and blubber. The distance travele(! Is never undertaken except under the most favorable circumstances and with all possible precautions. The Okee-og'mut wear labrets, and in habits and a])pearanco nro more like the American Inmiit than those of Asia. 1'hey are obstinate; and couraf,nH)Us, and have given serious trouble to the traders on more than one occasion. Those of the island of St. Lawrence are said to bo unusually immodest and tilthy in their manners. The dialect of the Okec-og'mut i hardly dibtinfruishable from that of the following tribe. in IG {•I ! \v KA\iA(i'-.Mr"r. """ ^'''"''"•'/'-""''. 'i"li'n,.In|,|M.in,li.m ^ .inhijmut, Holiiil.,!),', Wniuj;, ||. '' ■'^li'lillii'j'i'i, l;iiii!ii). -'-'".'/'-'""N.fiiiitliniH, in ,.,,,, r. < J/n^7Hi((/,Til(liiiii'iiir(. > T-^chtiiiiimul, WrnittivU. I'ociil imnic's: A"^U'-m^M,,K„aik M..,l,.,„,„( on X,„.,„„ nav '"""".'/'' wi«( (if (Jolnfninliii.v. ^'''"''"-"'.'/'■'«"( (ifKaviiiziik Jdvfr. .K-;./.'/'-m»/ of 8I,.,I-,, Mainl, or ..(;';,,<• .^»/.'-m»/of.sntll,.„„■ntatl•o^t(•|ar..nf■o . Vi-"yM>,.„,„(ofC'a,,o I'rincoof Wales. '"'"ilHtc'I iu winter „nlv -f I' -i n-w ^•'"'ff^ villnge of thorn, ---h;::^::,::;':^ ,:;;tr:r"/"'°''^'''° .^tro,,,. n.ntrast to tho rlnru-f .,- ' f V ' '■'"'"'"" ^^^""^ '^ .--ai^iy duo to con:e:ir ..;;.. ':;a:;"''^'^^^7 ?""'-^^' "-' '- in vi/«./.« «.,^ ,7,, J!c.ourrrs. ^ '"''" ''''" de-soribod ^ ■)ffiliry,iiiU, II()lrnl.,.|-. < •'/"///(('((/(ifTililini.'nii'f. ■ • •t/'(/(/Hi«r, Wrani,'cll. < MdlrtjwjndjAiiuiu. Local names : ■1l't<"»iOt!at\H'\ttoimm villa.'f.. SI„Mo'li,jmC,t at, tli,. SliaktoliU vTll.,,',. ' hoi,N,j'mf,t on the Koyfik IJivcr. '^ " liiiiiniujcmul on tlic Kfiiisuk JJiv.T '"•'''"'"'''■.'/"'"""" tl." Inslnialik Kivrr. 'J'lioso luiuiit inhaljit the neck of the K-.v-;.,!. P • i .- on tho south, oast to Aftenn. .,''""'"'''' ^'"^'^ ^^''^'^^^^^^^ iallin^intos'l,^ 3 ""''"■;■ ^"""'^'^^^ viHage, west to tho rivor Bay. The; r no •? T '^ '''* "'"'^ Sound at Eschscholt. «V- ^"*> •"«« 'liivo a winter V ao-e at TTn.-,].^,M;i. rni in f..n ,Io..il i„ .„,„,„ „„„ ,,, „,„„,„.-;^, "' ""■''■'"■''■ Tl.oy m^o decibel ■T? 17 rNAIJCMnT > " Tmhtiai/wiit" Iliiliiilici;;, WiiiiiK'H. > I'oi'loliii'nuil, Iliiliiilii'i^', WiaiiK"'!'. =-. Azinijmul, \V()riii:iii in riUliinciiicI'. ;• Tiihihiyiiiiil, \VriiIi};rll. I.iiial names: I'kxIdHi/'iiiiiI at tin' I'asdi'lik Htiinnicr villa^;ii. Jiiilikloiciiijiniiil at Kijjiklow'i fik villa);r. I'indnklifi'iiiiiil at I'naliiklik' villa^i'. I'ikiniklu'tiij-miit at Tikiniktalik villa;;!'. ''JIr'si' ()('ciii)y tlio const from Piistolik io Sliiiktolik, jiiid t'listcilv to the crest of tlio coiist-liills. 'I'licy ;irc' soincliiiics cnllcd I'uiilcrl hv otlicr iiaiivcs, and the iiaiiie Azktf/mfd lias hccii cmiiicdiisly applied to tlieiii. 'riiey aro few ill iiiunber, and nnicli altered by intercourse uitli traders. i:K()(i'.Mi"r. > fitdkhpaii'tmiit, Holiiilieiu. > KwilliliKig'cmut, I[i>linIi('lK. =:= I'icmoiKki of the liushians, moaning "|H>o|iln Iiy tin" nvix" > I'limoKki, \Vli_viii]n'r, (Captain Itaynionil. > .tijiilmiiil, Woiinan in Tiklinicniif, Wian^ill. ? Kitniiilil, /a^iwkin. f KmiijjiiUI, Kiinan. Local nanii's : Aiujivhag't-miit, \ Tiidteg'miil, I >'hiikchu(ff7n>'it, I Ukfig'nm'il, inlialiitanis of vaiioiiH villaRcs widiin (ifly or Hixly niilcH of (lie Ynkonnionlli. Wonhkoifimiil, ■ Iknklan'iiifil, Miikny'miil, The Ekn/i'mfd.^ or Kicilxhjhhj-wi'it, iiiliahit the Yukon delta froiii alxmt Kipni'iik to l^istolik, ascendinj^- the river to a short distance above the mission. The former is their own name, the latter tlu^ name ap|)lied to them by the Unalipniut Innuit. Tliey exhibit a mark^'d chan<;-e in personal appearance, cnstonis, and dialect from the whole .W(i,'/i«iii(, Wi:iri>,'i'||. > ■Miiijdij'-miil, lli)li]ilii'if;. — .W Miii/midl, Woiiiiaij ill TiKI] i, ,,.(■. > Aiinim/, /»(>;,/., Worijiuri in ■I'ililiriiciiicf. TIm-s.. ,u.n,,l,. ..all tl„.,ns:.|v,.s "inink ijooplo," in allusion to tl.oir most ''•'-'iHlan. In.-ani,nal, ,h,. n.iuk, mar/n.nrn/^ ; ;„ul they oxtoiul ln..n the vi.'nuty ot K,,,nink sonflnvanl ah.n- the const to Cape IJona.nzofi; inehul- n.- s,.v..ral viUa^vs at the uovth en.I „f Xunivak Island. The women wear C-.sha,,e.llalm.ts on the n.aiu-lan.l, thouj-h tlu- younger ones at Nunivak, seen l.y ,„.■, w.-.v .l,.slitute of this onunnent. I inurhase.l there several iHlm-ts ot this ,K.e„liar tonn, hut .li.l not see then, worn, though one of the oIen ha.l five h.les tor the purpose in her under lip. I had pre- V. udy supposed that all the iuhahitaufs of Nunivrdv belonged to the next f_'l-. In.t these deelare.l themselves t,. be Maj,'eu»Mt. They are a poor idthy, and not modest people, but excel in ivory-carvin<.-. '- i li Ml. ill 1! If \ -I Kl'SKWOG'MUT. liihiliU'ii, \Viiiii},'cll in |)iirt only. • C.I.'/h/hih/, Holiiilici^;; l);ill, 1. c, pars. > A'((.v.A-/,H/,-c/iic(i/,-m«f, Wraii;;cll. > /wM^YWrAnniA- ,.(• Kirl.anlsoiU.nilrwi;,', .•M,,l ,.ll,rr antlH.i-H. ;■ /u(»/,oAiriHi/.vi, Wiiiriiaii ill 'riUliincnicI'. > hiiihihiriij'-miil, n(jliiilirT;r. ^W»vy-m»/, l.,,U..,Miai,,lMn^ = /i«)./,W,in)H;/,r,, Tunici- ill 1.11,1,. wijr, Apiv. Za^'i,.sluii. =- lidnl.okwimii, Ludewi". These people inhabit the shores of Kuskokwim IJav and westward to Cape Avmolf. Accordino- to Wrano-ell, the southern part of Nunivrd. Island IS also nd.abited by then,, and as 1 have n.entioned that we found the people ••' ^1'" ""'••tl. n.ast In 1.S74 to be Magenu.t, it would seen, as if there was "" '•->" leit for the Aguhnut of Ilolmberg, of which I have not been able to Inul any trace. On account of shoal water, nmch of the coast between Capes Vancouver and AvInolT is not habitable for a maritime people, and we may therefore asslon the boundaries of the present tribe as beln-. from M, m ('.•i]t(' AviiK.lV ti. ("ii|ic \c\V(nli;iiii. with |)(.ssilil\ |);iit i>\' Niiiiiv;ik l>l;iiiil iiiiil tlir li;iiilk(ik\\iiii K'ixcr iit lcn>t iis l;ir iimtli ;is l.-itilinlc (11 . Tlic tradiii^-jiir^dii in ii.-c licluccii tluiii iiinl llic lii(li;iii> h.is ri.iitniiiiiialcd .«()iiic (il flic \(ic;ilMiliirics. 'I'licy (li> iml iiiln iii;iii'\ , iiiid unwr ol' tlif statf- iiiciits ill rctiard to this ti'ilx' (jUoIcil in I'.ai r and I icinii ix n hear tlic iiiij)rcss of roiiiaiicc. 'riicy arc said l»y Wran^dl to diticr more fidiu tlic lollowiii;^ Irihcs tliau I'roiii tliosc just mentioned. 1'licy arc said to niimhcr o\cr fuc thou- sand soids. NOSlIAUACI'-MrT. > hijdhiiijmiil, IIoIiiiIht;;, Wraii^cll. < .lijl(iii)iiiil, Wiiliiiun ill 'riMiiiii'iurr. > liijiiti II, Wiiiii;;i'll. =ii -Yii/i/i((i/((;/')ii»/, llicir iiwii iKiiiii' I'nr Ilirin.sclvi'S. . '" These pcophf inliahit the shores of liristol |5av west of the Xusha<'ak U'wx'V to Caj)o Newenham, and also the hanks and In-ad waters of that i-i\cr and the numei'oiis lakes and water-courses of the tundra to the westward ol' it. They ninnl)er ahout four hundred .souls, very wideh disti-ihiitcd, with theii' priucipal settleincut near Fort Constantine on the Nnsha^ak. OO'IJLMCT. = Oyhmfil, Dall I. c. = .(f/ZiV/'HiH/, llciliiilicrj;, 'I'linirr ill ]ji(ic\vij;. — .lyo/rywiii/, \\ r:iii;;rll, 'i'liiin r I. 0. < Aijlrijmiiil, WoniiiiM ill TiUliiiiiiiicr, I'.iiiiiiii. = Snriiofflsi, or Xorllnrinrs oi tlic Ku.vsiaiiN. < Ti.hoiikkhi aimriiuni, liallii. Loc'iil iKiiiics ; VijiiK'hiij-iiuil (ill tJK' l';;ri>liiU (11- SiiliiiKi IJiver. X'ljoijog'-mut on tlio UKi'ikfili Kivcr. Kukluii/-mul on tlic ]<\vi( linlv Kivcr. These lunfiit iidiabit the north shore ol' Aliaska Peuinsnla (whence their Ivussian name), north to the mouth of the Xusha^ak K'ivcr, southwest to the valley of the Sulima or I'ga.shik Ivivcr, and eastward to the hi;^h land of the crest of tlie peninsula, incluiliny iIk; Jliamna JSasin. I 'I ; I 2(1 KAiNlAU MIT. < A<,(/i /l''"'i(i """•' '•^' 'lunierous. They have hecoine nmch altered hy constant iiilc.vourse with the Russians fur nearly eij-hty years, and are nominally Christians. Thvy have l,e,-n frequently confoun|]I(iliiilH.|{;, Wi.iniaii iMTililiincni,!' liniuiii. ■~ r.icliiiiintcliik. Wiaiij;!'!!. ^ r/iMfl,i,/ri;/Hiii/, tliriidwii aiiiicHatioii for tlifiii.selvos. - -- 'IWIiiuiiilnihi, lAulfWig. — 'JHoiiyalihi-hoiilc. and iindiaMv a less iiimibcr. niAI.AKMfT. :_ I'gntinlni' cifllir Kiissians, Tiiriirr in A|i|i. I.nilcvi i;;. i- I i/aliHl:c, lliiliiihn^;, wnni);ly pliKi d iUMnUK llir I liiikilH / /'j/ii/iK/iiii/iWi (if i;rtii;iii. .= I'lialiiiHktii, Worniaii in 'I'iklinK'iiii'l'. :.— rtfiilJtikiHjiiti or r'/(W/<(/./»»i/f/«i of aiil Iiots, Ttirnrr 1. ('. ^- I'lidldk iiiul, lliclr own tiilial name accorilin;; to llir Irailns, r= I'liilkliiik'mul, lliiii- own trilial nanii' acroiclMifj lo ihr Nnlclii;;ninl Iniinit. This people has loii^i' liecii one of llie stiiinl»liii;^-l)lorks in the elhiiolo^iv of tilt! northwest coast. ( )n my \isitto I'oii |]iilie> in isTI, | jcjinicd iV(»m the natives delinitely that the ( '^-.ilik'niiit ot' the traders were, like themselves, Inmiit, and callcil t!iems»dvcs CliUkltak-ninl. and had foinicrlv occnpied the coast continnously with themselves; hut the Ah-trmi Indians .forced their way between the two tribes and hold a small part of the coa>t near the ('oj)per liiver mouth. l^/al'ciit.si \s the Iiii>sian name lor the>e people, and is formed by addinu' a Kussian t<-nnination to the rnot of their supposed tribal name, it follows that the (li>tinctioii formeilv ilrawn b\- me between the llgalak-miit ami the I'ualentsi falls to the ;ironnd. ihonnh al the time it seemed warranted l)y tlie vocabularies furnished b\- the lJus>ians to Mr. Gibbs. The older errors, as to this tribe bein;^- T'liidvets oi- Tiniief:, arose probably from a confusion of vocal)ularies, olitaim-d either of ihe Ahtena, or some wanderin<4' band of Yakutats, who sometimes come iVoni IJeriiifi- Bay in canoes to trade at Port Mtches. The U^jjalakmut residt; on Kayak or Ka\e l-land in winter, and pursue the salmon lishery at the mouth of the Atna Ki\cr aial alon;:- the coast nearly to ley B;iy in sunnner. Tlie\ compri.-t farther east and .south. r ■3^ 22 Si'iiilill (iiuilji. ^ UNl'iNd'CN. : (Mints.) = Aliulann, I.mlrwijf. = liiii„;i'HH, tlirir iiwii iialionni iiain.', tr^h Kiimiiii ami my own ni.rahil .iI.mim vati<>ip». = Tiiinkhiiiiiii, I'inart, Mem. Scir. V.\\\n. Taris, l-7u', p, l.'ii. < .(/ihN of till' liiissiaiis. = K,„i,iUnj„ h,mmi„H, lliiniliuMi ,||ir ,„ii ■.! name nf llii. KaHl.Tii .\l.iil« iii.ii..' I.v ii|.fli<'|<', of tlii> Kiix LslumlH ino|i,.r. Tlic iiiiiiic A/dif, ;i|)|)ll('il hy file IJiissiiiiis iiKliscnmiiijitcl \ ti. the K;iiii;i;iHiiii iiikI the iiiliJil.ilniifs nf the ( 'iilliri-inn or Ahuliiin Arcliiuclii<.i. liiis Hi'ii(lii;illy licciiiiic ivstriclcd iiiiKiii^- wi-itcrs to tlic liittcf ;'i-(iii|i. u liil ''s i'n.M'iiijil iiic'iiiiiiii' <"■ "l<'i'iv *'<'ii, till sniircc nl" iiiiicli cdntrdx crsx', is now lost ill olisciiritv. Tlic tci'iii l'-)i,iii(i',ni, I li;i\(. siitislii'd niysclt' hy rcpcittcrl iii(|iiir\-, iit t ii;ilii>likii, Atls.'i, Attn, itiid I'liiia, is it o'c'iicric term, wliicli ilicsc iico|ilu iilijily til tlicmsclvcs, iiiid wliidi incjiiis siiii|ily "people" of tlieir nice, as ilistiiin-iiislied tVoiii otlieis. Kniiiiii sa\ • i!ie oriniiial iiieaiiiiiii- of if is lost, l)iit this is not home out hy my ine-iiiie^, Aecofdiiii;' to in\- oliservatioiis, Tii/iiU/-/;/nniiii, o-iven hy IMiiart. means \\, ,itian iiini, in contradistinclion to i'liiniii'ini, which means all Aleutian i„^,i,h; without ilistinction. The local names o-ivc-n from I'inart are doiililless authentic, hut I have no nuans of vcntyin<;- them. On u previous occasion I (pioted Ilumholdt's term, luiw >liown hy I'inart to Ik; improperly extended in its raiioe, Imt without intonil- iui;- to use it as a point in ariiiimeiit of their eastern oriii'iu, as he seems to have unih'rstood ni(\ These peofde liave lost almost entirely their trihal distinctions indicated hy the ahove local names, thouLih small local jeah)usies ;ire not entirely extinct. 'IMiey have ])eeu transported from island to island, and oven to Sitka and California, hy tradens, and are .so tliorou^lih- reclaimed trom l)arhansm hy hm},^ contact with h'nssian civilization that of their orij^inal condition oiil\ traces exist. Tl'uy 'jccupy the entire chain ol' the Aleutian Islands, the I'riltilolf 2:} Isliiiids, llic Sliuiiiii;.''ins iiiiil iii'jiriinis(>f Aliiska and tlic ailjati lit roast ol A>ia comprise tlie followiiiji' ^^roiips, ami approximate population: I— iNNfi r. A. — IlV^/f/// M(i(l;iti:i(' liDinif. a. Kop;i-'-imit I'OO h. Kaii<''mali<''-mut • 200 I). Wisti III /lUlilif. a. Nu'wiik-jiiut ()••<• h. Nunat(V->i"'< •"'"" C. Ko\\a;4-'-iiiiit 100 (■". Sciawiii'-imit 1 00 (/. (Jlmk'liik-imit 1 e. ()ke(M,j.''-miit "00 (;'•'. Kiklit.iM'aimit 2r»0 / Kavia-'-mut AOO //. .Mah'leimit IJOO C — Fhhhig Innuit. a. Uiiali^iiiut . l.OO h. Elo>'mut 1,000 r. Ma-''eniat ^00 (I. Kii.sk\vo<^''mrit 2,000 c. Nuslia<^-.i III,. I, .11,1 •• li,„i,h ". This li,Tmiii,.on.s|y tU'rives Ihini a v,.ili, '■«»/(;«, /, Jhh", and wiil,.N „l,iim'. It isin,l,.,.,lslnui-,.|liat li>' slmnM n,it hav,- r,.,-,>^'ni/,,-,l in •'/;»«,/(•' a din ,■! .U'livaliim, .ir, ni,iiv piopcriy " '■•"■'■''''- '"■ -'■■'l''i.v C'T llw. vv,st,.ni IrilH.s, at least), of the w„r,l In- ,l„,.s ailopt, nanii'lv. '■Ilu,r\ ""'■■ «"''""'■""'""' ■'■''•''^'■"•"■"Mu.aihlsiy, 111,. »l.,.inj;ni,.ivly an lns,Tl,.,Iriiph„nic. Ilr laki's" l),-n,"! "P''n|iif,Mli,. Kiilihin «„nl for •' a man ", ami ..on, ,l.s 111'"' I'll,, a I, nil fur ihsi-natiiif; all tlH'Tinn..|i trilu.s, and llior «„,.« ,.iitir..,lv olfilie lia,k to s,.,.k a d,.nvali,ni for 'l inn,li wlii,l, is i,l,.|,ii,...! with his /(,h^ as « vclly w ritteli. llai.listv, Hoss, KiMnii,„lt an,l(iiM,s ar,. sniiici,.,,! anlhorily for lli,. Irno lin^aninK of Ihc ^^"ld, l.^avhiK my own p, rsoiial and pri'lly n.mliisiv.. inv,.Mif;alioiisonl of ii nnt. Tli.r,. can lie nomanncrof ,Uml.t as l» ih,. u,)ul - tinm.h" anil ilHri.pri.s,.|ilaliv,. I,.rm-Kiil,liin", m,.anliif;"p,.opU, nativclo llio legion" r,.spt.,tivt.lv in.li,' ,| l,y jm varmiis pivlix.s, I h,. ,rroii,.oiis natiii,. of H,.m,. oflh,. r,.v,ivn,l faih.rs slat<.nuiils In r,.;;aid lo nalin. voids is siilli,i,.nlly in,|i, al,.,l \iy l.is tonfiisioi. .f 111,. Kskin.o .saliilafon, hymo, or, in llie wesl, d,ami,.i, « ith llio «di,M,(7i)m, , ii,in;;li (p. .J.'iT, 1 , ) 25 > A'o/o/iiHO (if till' KusMans. = Tlii/n«i\ riiiait. > /'i'«(', Alil'i' I'ltitiit. vNol ()(i)iM. I'l lilnl, 1 Not /'(ii(//i(', Alilc"' IVtitot ^ ; "iiiiiu" lit' Kutiliiii tiiln'«). < Itynai, KiMiaii. > //'-A«/i/i of Nuwiiliiimt Iiiiiiiit (ifl'diiit llariDW. > It-kaJ-;; /ii'-An/-/A' 111' Mall liiiiiit ami riirili;;'iiiiit liimiit. > /iiy'd/iAi of llif I{ns«ian!t ; imt of \Viaiif;ill. = Tlyiiui, or Taniii, of Zai;oskiii. = Tiinit', or Dtiinic, I.tiilcwi};. This "iivat t'liniilv iiicluilcs ii liiri-'i' iiiiDihcr of Aiiicririiii trilies cxtcinl- iiiir trom iK'.ir the nioutli of tlic ^larkriizic soulli t(» tlic honlcrs of Mexico. TIio Apachos and Navtijos l)elung to it, and tlic family seems to iiiterseit the continent of North America in a iiorthei'ly and soutlierly direction, ))rinci- jiallv ahuiii' tlie ilanks of the IJocky Mountains. 'Jlie northern Irihes of this stock extend westward nearly to the delta of the Yukon, and reach the sea-coast at Cook's Inlet and the mouth t)f the C'oj)})er JJiver. Eastward they extend to the divide hetween the watershed of Hudson's Hay and that of Athabasca and the Mackenzie Hiver. The (lesi{,niation proposed hy Messrs. lioss and Gibbs has been accepted l»y most modi-ru ethnolo<>i.sts. The northern 'i'inneh form their tribal names by alli.xin^' to an adjective Avord or phrase the word liiuicli, ineaiiin<^- "peoi)le", in its modilications of tiu'nrli, f'i'iia, or tciia', or in one yroup the word lad-chin' , having- the same nuaniiif:;'. The last are known as llu^ Ki'drh'in tribes, but, so far as our knowledj.;e yet extends, are not suiliciently dillerentiated from the others to refpnre special cliissitication by themselves. Tlie followiiifi' are the ti'ibes of the Tiiiiieh, ]ie Iiikiilmhliiiilr, Wraiii;i'll and l.mli'wit;, 'I'liilHi. I'.iti. (Holt., (il. 1, l^^riH. ; . = /n(/((/!(^i, WliyiiijM-riiiicl li'ayiiioiiil. - Iiduliti'ii of Wiaiim'll — i'.l.iiijmiil, Ar., |iailly. I.oial iiaiiK's: r/K'AiU/iwdDi'ci on till- t'liik.il; K'ivci-, 'I .■,l m Siilit'ln klio-liin II ;i( iVnlato, hKii/iU.'a-hli, i.t„i,',i i,n t]ii'K!i]ynU\i\\rr. 7i(/,(ii'-i/i(*?,i(-/«iH',( DM the SlifiK'rliik K'ivcr. Tui-iiiKjmi'u-hholiin'ii, \\<\»y IviibKcikwini IJivcr. 'VhQ name of tliis jrrt-at tril.c nicans Lowhmhrs, aii.l as tluy <.c,.ui)y I'T tlic .u(.st part fl.o low tnndri on and about the Yukon an.l Kuskokwini J^vcrs, it is not inappn.i.riatc-. It coniprises a nmit many sotflcuu-i^fs. (ixt.iHlin- uv..,- a lai-oo (•xt..nt of country, and liavino- cacn its local nan .; -'f curs,., l,ut presenting hardly any uiarkcl diano'e in the dialects spoken ■•yn^\ the n,,H,-al chara<.teristics of the jieople. All these j^eoph, interniarrv , ■•"id d.. not appear t.. have adoi)h-d a totemic system. 1'heir hiibits vary with their ..nviron.nent, and those who live l.y fishing dilli-r sonu'what fnmi tiins.. whn hiuit tlu, moose and deer, as niioht ho expected, while the tribes most adja.. nt t.. the Kkoon.ut Iiniuit have followed their fashion in havii.rr more festivals and dances than those to the northward. On the Ynkmi, the sonthermnost settlem,-nts live principally by their abundant fisheries,' and trade dry lish, wooden ware, in makin- which they are very expert, ami stron- birch canoes, with the Tpper Yukon ami Sha-ehik people. Tho.so on the Knsk.dvwim live more es])ecially by huntin- ami those on the Upper Yukon above the Sha-vluk about equally by either pursuit according' to circumstauces. These p<.,,pleare most connnoidy called LiiiaUk, or Lujahrt by tho b'ussians, a corruption of the Inmiit word meaning- " hullans". ll"liid.er-. in his s.umnary, was misled by the untruthful and iinao-i- iiatixe Zao,.skin, many of whose fables were exposed by the panics of the I 'it.Tuational Tele-raph Kx])editioii when exploring in this region. Hence, his undue multiplication of tribe.s, intended to eidnince the dist'.veries whicli !"■ """1" I)iincipally, m.t by traveling, but by questioi.ing the natives. 1 feel ,,uite coidident, from my own intercourse with these people, that, nntil further knowledg,- is attaiiuMl, no division of this group or tribe i.s n<.cessary or even desirable. They e.xteml from near Kolmakoff lv\-.loubt on th.' Kusk<.kwim KMver to its headwaters, on the V.dvon above the liu's- .sionon the h.ft und above th<- Anvik K'iver on the rio-h' bank, vest to the .\nvlk Kiver and Iktig'.dik on the Thikak IJiver, m.rth to Kr.^ai ., ,::ud east to the mountains <.r the Kuskokwini Kiver. ) 27 'IIh'V hiiild |M iniiiiiciit villiij^cs, tli(iii;ili tlicy soiiictiiiu'S Icmvc tliriii (liinii^' ihc siiiiiiiicr, and (H'ljiiiialK wore the |;(iiiiti(l Imiilliiij-sliirts, wliicli ;^iivc iiiiinf' to the ( "liippew vans, Imt wliiili have licm, to sonic extent, juit aside! vtlierc trade with the whites oc Inniiit i^avc tlu'ni o])|)orIinnties lor iirocurinii' more dnrahh' clotliin';-. 'I he\ are InlK' de>ei'il)ed in AUisl;ii and its Itisoinc/s. The Nuiato settUnnent is nearlv extinct, and inindiers have died on tlie l,o\ver ^'nkon from asthma, prochiccd liy inhalinj;' toltacco- smoke into the Iniifis, and oilier canses. KOVr-KlKH-OTANA. i:^ h'oiiul.i'iklii 1(111(1, Dall 1. c, iiic:iiiiiit; " Knynlviik IJivrr iiioiilo". Ljz: ,lu)i)iiik(i(li(ildnit, ]\i>]i\\hvvji, Y.AfidxWin. -^ li(lliH-l\('(l(liiii of t]]t^ I'lirt Yukon Kfitiliin liidiiiii.x. iii /i'«i/iU«».'<, or Ai)i,«/.»n»A"i, of llic Aim rii'iin anil lln.-siaii liatlcis. = roi/""A"""i ^\ li.vni|»'r, K'avnionil. = /iHi/i(AdH*'(i, Wornian in TiUhininhf. These ])eoplo inhabit tlie watershed of the Kajinhul; or /w(/////'f7,<)/ Ixiver, and that oi' its tributaries, the Knllilul'iio, h'ah I'lio, and Kftatrlkd'hut. Tlioy are a tierce and warlike tribe, and princiiially distin;^iiislied irom the Kaiyulikhotana 1)V bein<^ in a (dironically hostile attitude toward llieni. 1 see no stronj>- ditVerences in lan^i'uajic or habits; l)ut as a tribe they consider and keej) themselves markedly apart from the others, and, as such, 1 have retained them se]iarately. Misled by Zai^oskin and bad vocabularies, Wran;j^ell (in Hai'r) has niinjiled Iniiuit and Indians in his account of tliese people. His li/hililcit n])pear to have been considen'(l by him as an Inniiit people, tlion^h he ineliules si^veral sul)tribes of the l^owland Tiniieh, and the same appears to have been the case with his Iiihnhiclihidti)/. The result is that it is not easy to refer to his nomenclature of these peojile without fiivin;;' occasion lor niisconceptioii.* These people also build houses, and occnjiy more or less perinaiieiit villaj^-es. They s(ddoin intermariy with the i.owlaiiders, and live jirinci- 2)allv bv hunting' the deer and K'ocky Mountain sheep, 'i'hey also act as midtlle-nieii in f-.aile between the M;ilileniut and the Lowland 'i'iinieh. '^riiey do not .seem to liave any systeni o'' totems. " llii^ ^alll^ is to .mhiH' ixhiil liiicor l.i mail's pari'i^i in ill.' Zfil.Hclil-. Iiir KUiiii)lo;;in. 28 I :| 1^ I UN'A-KIIO-TANA. =zU„'dkl,otmm, Dall 1. v., inri.niiig "Dis-aut" or " I'ai-oll poiile", a iiaino a|.i,|i,..l t.) tliri.i l,v ctlirr I'imicli. =^.liinmahi)tiniii, Ili)liiil>irf;, / ■; skin. ^^ Viil.nu'ihliDliti.a, aiiiDHK tin .,,..' < liikiliki, Wdriiian iji Tikliiiic.,- / /iiAiiVi'/YVi/Hrt/cw, \>'ranj;ell in pail. These people iiilial)it tlie Yukon iVoiii the .Smika'k.it iJiver to the iMoutli of the Tananah' Kiver. Tlioy call themselves Yukomkliotaii,,, iir.„ of the Yukon, but so also do some of the Kutehiu people livnig on the river above the Tananah mouth, so I have i)refeiTe(l to keep the original term, which is the name by which the Lowlanders call them, rather than risk confusi<.n by a chany-e. Th- y are few in number ; their principal village i.s at the mouth of the Xowikakat Kiver. Their houses are less sc.lidly built iiiid less permanent than tho.so of the Lowlanders. l^hey seem to acknowl- edge* no totems; rarely intermarry with the Lowlanders, from whom their dialect dilfers sli-.-htly ; deposit their dead sometimes in an erect posture, the sarcopha;,nis lookinj.- like rn Tinneh". The bodies of the dead are always i)laced by them above ground iii a box or wooden receptacle. They have no maVriage- ceren.ony ; take ami discard wives at their pleasure; have <;ften more than "lie, but rarely more than three wives; practice shamanism, but have no idea of any omnipotent or specially-exalted deity, though believing in a multitiule of spirits good and bad; have similar festivals and songs, and a tolerably uniform language. The)- are of tall and j-ather slender build, with faces varying from scpuire to oval ; their hue is .in ashy olive, \\v\, r cop- pi-ry; their hair coarse, straight, and black. Those near the Innuit have, in some places, achipted ine fashion of wearing labrets, and the inland tribes very commonly wear a nose-ornament. Their nos.'s are small but a.|niliue, "!■ rairly Woman. They vary in hairiness, but rarely have a beard, and 29 seldom any iUiKUiiit of innstaclio. In ]ial>ils and dress. tlie]te(i]ilc oi'|i(ri|iIi- eral settlements show usually some inllneiiee of the dilVerinji', hut adjai'ent, jK'Ojde witli whom they are hrouuht in contact. Their nianners and dress are now rai)idly alterin;^' hv interconrs(» ^vitll traders. I am iid'ornicd that many of the pecidiarities noted )»y me, when the International Teleiiraiih lOxjiedition (irst hroni^lit its explorers into contact \vith these |)co|ile, hav(* become obsolete or are rapidly passinji^ away. tknAx-kut-ciiin = Tcii(iii'-I{i:lcltiii, Dall 1. ('., Ilu'ir own tiilml iiaiiir. f Tnchiiil,(il( II 1)1' Wniii;;('ll, liiiiry Tiicn. =- Kohhaiiia of tlic l(ii».siiin.-( (iunoiin oilier liilics). -^ diiisdm Until n of ]'()it Yukon IIiuImoii Itay iiit'ii. = JUoiinlaiii-mtii of .'iiiiliors. The name ot' this i)coi>le slii-niiies "mountain men", as that of their river, the Tananah', sij^'nitie.s the ri\('rof mountain;'.. 'J'hev occupy the ^vatershed of tlie Tananah', which has been visited V(!ry recently for the first time by Ketchum and other wjiite men, but is not, ])roj)erly speaking', yet ex])lored. When we met them in 18GG, this tribe was almost in a state of natiu'e. Once a year, without their women, they descended th(? 'i'ananah' in birch canoes, in full accoutrement of pointed coats, beads, feathers, and ochred liaii', to trade at the neutral <,'round of Nukhikaj-ct ; or, fdling to be pleasiul there, ascended the Yidvoii to Fort Yukon, and there awaited tln^ arrival of the annual bateaux. With the g(»ods ])urchased, they then retired to tlieir fast- nesses, and were sen no nion^ until another year. No white man or Indian of other tribe had penetrated the wilds in which they pursued the deer and trapped the fox and sable. 'J'heir reserve, fierce demeanor, and the mystery •which surronnde 1 their manner of life had its efT'ect on the imagination of the adjacent tribes, v>ho seemed to fear the strangers, and had many tales, smacking' of the marvelous, to tell of them. This is now changed, and the account which I have elsewhere given of them will have a kind of historical interest. They appear to have certain localities where they estaltlish huts of very flimsy construction, but move about a larg ])nvt of tlu! year, and cannot be said, therefon^ to have strictly permanent villages. They live chiefly l)y ■IVMHHIIIICIlii 80 Imntinf,' the deer, the l.n.kcii imtniv oftli.. .•..iiiifi\- m.t attntctino' tlic incosc iiitc tliiit noi.m. Tlicy iil.n tni.l,- iVui,, tlu' Iicadwiitcrs of tlic 'I'iinaiiiili' uitl. the Iliii, Kutchin of tlic CpiMT Viikun. Tli.y arc suppuMMl t., haw ii tot('iiiic .system similar to tliaf uf tlic Loiicliciix. TKXxr'rjr-Kr'r ciiix'. ^'(H«(/« /;«»/,,/iij-, 1)1- /;,ir/i /»,/,«»», of till' Hililsoii lia.v iriiii. . ' 'I'Im'sc pcopl,., with thi- T.,ts.,l,'-KHt('lm,'. roiiipriscd n few hands of iiidiaiis alhcd to the Kutcha-Kut-chiii', who formerly waiiih^red in the iv^noi, between the rapids of tho Yukon and the mouth of the Porcupine l.'iver, haviiin. thei,- principal himtino-nTuund near the Small Houses. Ahont l.sc;!, however, they were all swept off l)y an epidemic of .scarlet fever, iiitro.luced throun-h contact with the whites, and there is now not mi indi- vidual li\ inn' of these two trihcs. K' ITCH A' KIIT-CIIIN'. = A«(r/i,(./wW(/i/», Ifiiss, Kfiii]i"i/»Mj- of llic lliidsou Bay IIICM. < liiiliUikiililii, Kiulc'wi;;. < /io/c/i«iH(( oflli,' i;i.s.siaijs. Not /wrirY/,;,, A„«iH-hiiUhiii, Ilatdisly mid IIikIsoii Itaj- mcu. = Aa(c/i(!'-AH/(7iiH, Uos,s, MSS. map; Dill 1. c. =--. l.oiiihvKr. or (Iciiii de I.nr(j<\ ol'llu' voyaj;ciMs. These extend from the Porcui)ine, near Fort Y^ikon, north to the Romanzoff Mountains. Their name means " strong people ", and is vari- ously sjielled by difl'(>rcnt autliorities. They are migratory, few in number, 31 ffoncriiUy rcsciiili!!' tlic Inst trilpc, iiml arc 0M<7((Mj-, (ir yH(irr(//(r«, of tlir llnilsoii I!ii\ voyiifjciMH = 6'yin^- tlic region iiorlli of the roicii- piiK', cast of tilt' last tril)c, and south of tlu' Innuit oil the Ai'( -ic shores. Little is known of them. Their name si-iiiilies " l\at peonle", and is taUi'U from the Kiit or Porcupine Kiver, one of their lioundaries. 'rrKKi'i'ii'-KCrciiiN'. = TiiH('iili-kiilcliiii,liiisi',\)M].v. . ■ r=/i'«/ /ii(/(riiis(if till' Uildsiiii )l:i,v men, ? Tdhii-ki'illiliiii (iflNlitiit. These Indians inhaliit the re^'ion oast of the headwaters of the I'orcu- pino as far as Fort lAlel'herson, and including!: the district of Ka I'ierrc's House and all tlie southern liea>{' l'"aiher I'etitot properly l)elon;^-s. 1 have preferred to retain that of Mr, [|o>s, wiio is excelled \>\ none in his knowed;;'e of this region. A small rivei' fallin^i'into the i\[acken/.ie is named Rat Ki\er on I'etitot's map, liut this should not l)e confounded with the Porcupine Uiver, which is most conunonly callecl the Kat River hy the Hudson liay jjeople. The present trH)e is also sometinies called Pat Indians, but the exact sijiniiication of tiu'ir name is not known to me. In all respects, as far us known, this peop'c does not dilfer mate- rially from the other and better known tribes of the Kulchin Indians of tluj Yukon. IlAN-KUTClIlN'. i_. //(i»-/,iHrAi)i, Kdss, llic II. H. Cii.'.s ti;ulssil)K' to idi'iitily his iinnics ^•('();,n''''l'hii'iilly witli iiuy known trilit'S. I'lu'y have also been calhMl (liiis dcs llnis liy sonic ot" iho Hudson's liay i)t'o|)l('. It. — MAIVAIS MONUK. = Mniiidin Motidt; (ir Slarl^, Hush, Dall 1. c, II. It. Co.'m oflictirH. Inhabit the region of Frances Lake. Very few in number, and little known. c. — aciiiVto-tin'neii. = Jcllulu-tilllKit KlIM 1. C. On the western headwaters t>t' the Liard River, oceasionally visitinjr Deaso House and Lake. I). — daho'-tkna'. --- Ihihuliiiii, l!cih.i I. c. Below the last, on the Liard LMver. Sonietinies called Sicdiiccs l»y the triulers; or else there is another tribe in the same region to which this name has l)een ai)plied. E. — taii'ko-tin'ni'.h. = Tahko-tiiiinli of Hdiuo of the traikTs. Inhabit the basin ot" the Lewis River; are very few in nuinlter, and scarcely known to the whites. K. — NKIIAI!M;KS ok THK CIIILKAIIT lilVKK. Cliilkahl-tina, DiiU 1. <;., iioiii. jirov. Indians of Tinneh stock, inhabiting the shores of a river heading near the Ohilkaht, but flowing in an opposite direction, and falling into the l,ewis River near l.,ake Lebarge. 'Plie.sc^ ])eopl(! are bold and enterprising, great traders, and of great intelligence. They carry goods bought fnmi the ( 'hilki'dit-kwan (who do not allow them to descend the Chilkaht ITiver) to tluf Yukon, where they trade with the Crows and Nehaunees. I erroneously applied the term Chilkaht to them, Avliich I have since discoverei, l.mli^w ij;, in 'i'liiliiK r liii). (Jlott., fil. 1, 11. 11, yil. = YiUoivkii'ifi or .\(liau>iic Indiaiix, liiias, MS.S. iii:i[). Not .l/H(i/i, l.iidrwi;;, Fliilliciids (if the I'liizcr Kivcr. Not VcUuirLiiinK o( tlio Cii|i|)riiiiiiic' Ivivcr, II. H. Terr. Tliese Indians, known principally by report, occnjiy the basin of the Atiia or (Joppi'r jfiver, and reach to the sea at its mouth, ha\'in«^- jmshed theiiisehcs Ix'tween the r^nhdinu'it Iniuiit and their relations of Chugach IJay 1 was fortniiiite enough to be present in 1S74 at their annual trade at Port Mtches, to determine definitely their own name for themselves,* and to n.'co^'iiize in tlieir speech many of the Tinneh words with which I had become familiar on the Yukon. 1 also obtained from them it piece, w(i<;hiiiji- about live pounds, of the celebrated native copjjer, found in the bed of the river on which they live. They resembled strouj^^'ly the Koyukuns in ajipeitrance, tiiid wore tlie original pointed coats trimmed with beads, such as I had seen on tltt; jter.soiis of the Tonui-kutrhin. Their faces were oval and of ])leasinji' and intelligent expression. On a visit to the vessel in my chai-ge, they showed unusual tact and discretion in their behavior, which could hiirdly have Iteen improved, though she wtis to thom an object of the greatest curiosity, the only sea-going vessel they htid ever seen. * KiVllu'i- IVtitot, liy a ciulons inisri'iidiiiK ol my text \n Alanka and iln lUmiiiait,lvM arrived at llie coiu'liisioii tliat I liavi- (■oiifoiiiidcd tlic Copjier or Atiia Kivcr w illi llie Coinnriiiiiie Ii'ivcr of Ilcarno and I'rankliii, lircanse (on Ross'h aulliority) I stated tliat the .l/i-(fH(( were sonietniifs called Vellow- liiiifeor N'eliannee Indians by the Knulihh, while the Yellowluiives that lie Uiiowh are re!*ideiits of tho Copiierniiiie Kivor. It would apiiear, ainirt from liis ini.sconeeption, that he lias forj^ottcii that tlio trad- ers fro(nioiitly apply the Kaiiio name to widely dilVerent tribes, and tliat in ipiotii!}; them, then as now, I conld not vouch for tho proper application of any names except those 1 have personally verilied. m Tlioy were tiill and nttlicr slcMitlcr, l»ut of jruml ]i1iysi(|iic, nl' a rlcar »tliv(! coniiilcximi, and witli straight hiack liair, arched cvi'-ltrows, and witli- ont Iiair npon the lace. I lit'V appear to l»e nut very numerous, l)nt rather widely distributed on the river, trading' with the interitir Indians at its head- waters. 'Fhe si;4nilieation ot" their name lias some rehition to the ^fhieieis which are found in tlieir territor}-, l)Ut 1 cnidd not make out its exact I'Ji;^'- lish e(|nivalent. I noticed no traces of '["Hnket words in their speech, and it is a question whether those note .tli-lcini Iiidiaiis. No satisfactory vocabulary, nor even a trustwortliy statement of the name by which these people call themselves, has yet Im-i-ii ]i'il»lished. ]\y some words of Wrangell's and liisiansky's vocal)nlaries, and by the fact that they possess a totemic s> ♦^'•m, it may reasonaljly Im- surmised tliat they are more closely relate.' ' the Kntchin tribes than to tlu; western Tinneh. The word Kciiai I have stroufr reasons for believin;r is an Inmiit word, and honco any ajiplicatioii of it to them is erroneous. ( )n tlie other hand, I. cannot recttncile the form Tiki'iiui with any of the forms in u.se amon^' the Tinnoli fur dcnominatinj^ themselves as a tribe. I have some doul)ts of the coiTectness of the m'.me su])plied to me by the Ah-tcud, and .so 1 Jiavo pro- visionally adopted the name supplied by lioss. 'I'his is that by which they are called by the Tenan-Kutehin of the 'rananah', with whom they are said to occasionally trade. They are amon^' the least known of the tribes which reach the sea- coast. They are said to o<'cupy the Kenai IVninsula on its northwest sid(! from Chuti-achik 15ay to its head, and the shoies oj)posite a.s far soutli as the hiiy iK'iir Iliiiiiiiiii \', (lie bii^iii (ii"*lu' Knik iiml Sin'liitno IJivcrs, jiiul their Iiciidwiitcrs. 'I'licy bury llioir (lead in boxes above {^toiiikI, on uiiit li tli(;y |»il(! ii|) .stones. 'I'liey are ^aid to l)e more intelll^i-nt than tlie adjacent Inniiit, t'roni whom they |»in(diase kyaksand other articles. 'I'hey kill lar}:;^ nnndiers ot'tlu^ li(.cky .Mountain ;^dat and use the skins I'oi clothin;;'. This complet^'s the list of the 'I'inneh tribes of Alaska and the adjacent teiritory, and we now come to tlh' stock or family of 2.-T' LIN Kins. = niinkits (if iiiOHt IiiiNHiftii 1111(1 (Icrinnii iuUIkiim. = A'i)/(i»/i( 1 or luiliiHliiiiiin, l.iiilcwifj, and most. IOiihIIkIi uihI I'li'iicli iiuUKirs. z^ KoliilKhiH, ri;illii, =-: A'u/()i/i('«, riiiuit, Hull. Sue. (I'Aiitlir. IST;!, Ki man. = Tlhikil, llicii' (iwii iiiiMic lor |i(!(i|)l(' (if tlii'ir ntdck. > .si/A/ii/intu;, Wdniiiiii 'i Tikliiiu'uicf. 'i'hese people as a whole are remarkably well ditl'erentiated Irom the Tiiij'.eh, and have been \ery fully described by N'eniaminoll", \Vran<"ell, Ui'iidci, I'inart, and tlu; writer. Of the tribes on Norfolk Sound especiallx', the mater'al, vocabularies, Sic. ai'c remarkaldy complete. There are several oiitlyin;^- tribe.s, however, of whii'h the allinities are not i)o.sitively deter- mined. The principal of these is the Kygani or llaida tribe, which has been very jfeuerally united with the T'linkets, but which 1 am disposed to so refer only provisionally ; and the Chimsyans or Xasse Indians, who ver\ probably belon^^' to a distinct family. The IJillecoola are Selish; the liailtzuh belong' to the Vancouver Island family, though both have been referred to the Nas.ses. The languayo of the latter is, according- to Ciibl)s, quite distinct fr' in that of the Tucullies or Carriers, to which Ludewiy com- pared it. Tlu; Vakutats in many respects, also, are dilTerentiated from the other T'linkets, though they belong, without doubt, to the same stock. The T'linkets may be divided as follows, into iive group.s: "YAKTTATS." ~ Yuk'ulalu, Dull 1. c, I'iiuirt, .iikI iiuist iiiilliors. = l'(iAii'a(«Aoi,W(irnmii ill Tikliinenicf. = Ytitiiutiiln, Kniian. These Indians inhabit th.o vemon between the eoa.st-mountains and m tlic sen, tioiii Hcriii;^ llav In l,iliiy;i l>ii\ , (>fc;isiuiiiill\ tiiix tliii^>^ in ciiiiors iiirllicr west or siiiillicjist tcH' |iur|Mi>cs of tniilf. ()ii in}' visit to licriii^' Uiiy ill 1K74, I ciKlc.ivdiiil to <|(t tlicir own iiiiiiu' lor lluiiischcs, Inil liiitl no intcr|»i('fci', iind nt itii( r the njitivts nor niyscll' s|)oJ\c mucli ('liinook, so lli;if I do not tec! sine tliiit tli( y nndcrstood my inqnirics. At id! events, I could ^i't no otlicr nnswcr tlmn '•^nkiitjit", wliidi is ex idcntiy tiic name tliey ;ii\c to tlic conntry tlicy inlialiit, hut nnisf, in nil |»roliid>ilil\-, liavc sonic otluT suilix or tcrniinjition wlu-n jipjilicd as a tril)al naiiic. Tlicir princiiial scttlcnuMit is on a lar^^c stream, ahoundin;,' with salmon, and eni|it\ inj^ info ]{(Min;,'- jJay or ^ akiitat. They fish and >7i», ('lialliiiiii Sli'iiit. liii'iii iiriir ('ii|ir l)i'( i.sioii, ' llitiiimiii III! I'liiicc (if Willi's I>l;ii)(l. /'(iHK/d.fn iirar I'liil 'roiii;4iisH 111- 'rmij^iisH. iM//i«-Air«/i at, .Si'ka nil N'liifnlU Siiiiiiil. 'I'lliHr iiiiliirH iiiaj; Iii|iiin' miiiir iivisliiii lien nrirr, cxfclit flii- lanl. Those; people iiiliiil)it IJaraiiort" Island and its vicinity, ('liiclia;x<*il, Admiralty, Kuiu, KnprianofV, and Prince nt' Wales Islands (flie latter only in part), and tlu; arc]iIpela,> cvi - 1 ' ' ' bitka-kwaii 4, ,^^,. otaklmi-kwan j rnn (KYtlAHNI.) ^y^^^^ -.--: 300 (nasses.) Niisse liuliim.s. Cliinis}'an.s. 'J\ttal Alaska Tiuliaiis TJTiijSO Total Akvska (Jrarians 54 Q_r,,j 'i'otal iiati\t' ])opulati()ii 25~7()4 Add liussiaiis .... _r,() Adil liall'-brcc'd.s or Croolos j 599 Add citizens (iiu'ludiiiji' lOO military) 250 1,800 'i'otal i)o])u]atioii of tlio Territory 2'r504 This estimate is j.rohal.ly over rather than under the real number, e.xeept for white eitizeiis, whose nuudjer fluctuates, and who, during the uriniuy-seasou, may number as many as fifteen hundred. J II. ON SUCCESSION IN THE SHELL-HEAPS OF THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS UY ^v. II. UjVll. T\ni uott'M (if wliidi this piipcr is tliu result wore nmdc while eiiniij^ed in a hydro;^ rapine aiul g'eo«jru[)hi('al reconnaissance of the Aleutian Islands, luider the ausjtices -ulf of four tlio\isand fathoms in dejith, euttinf;-otr the fauna of Asia from that of America, exceiit such portion as has spread from the Arctic alon;;- the shores southward on both sides of Bering Sea. 1 have been thus explicit in stating- the. physical features of the region, because they have a very im|)ortant bear- inii. 2. On tlu; we^itmi shorus of Siiramiii JJiiy. W(; ueiv intunncil <.f siniilnr deposits on Jlassacre Bay, antl two oilier localities on the wi'stei'n and sontliern shores ol' Attn. JfjallH y,^/««r/.— We were inlonned that some old vilhi,',''C-sites exist on this island, which was inhal^ited at the time of its discovery. Ki/sim Island.— On the scjuth shore of Kyska Harbor, near a .small porta^rc, is a rather modern shell-heai). A modern village-site exists at the west end of tlie harbor, and one, (juito extensive, on the bay on tlio west side of the island, o])i»(»site the harboi\ Little Kyska /.s/««f/.— Afforded no evidences of shell-heaps. Amchitim Island.— \ tint and low island abounding with binls. Hhell- heaps excessively abundant wherever a convenient cove presented a good >site. A large settlement at the head of Constantino IIarb<.r; another, smaller and apparently more modern, on tlie eastern shore of the harbor. Numerous large village-sites <»n the north shores of the island, west to Kirilotr settlement, the latter being quite modern, and abandoned in 184'J. On the south shore, very extensive evidences of settlement, and a large resident luipulation. Adakh /«/««(/.— Near the Bi\y of Islands were several small village- sites on shell-heaps, and this island is said at one time to have been very populous. Atlm Island.— At Nazan IJay, only ccnnparatively modern l)urial-i)laces, rock-shelters, and a village-site were noticed. On Korovin I'.ay, there are several village-sites, but no old shell-heaps were seen. Amlia Island. — Said to have numerous old village-sites. Islands of the Four Craters.— ^y^>r^i in comi)aratively modern times occupied by a considerable population, especially on Kaganul, but no shell- heaps are reported, and the former activity of the volcanoes, not yet (luiet, would hardly have invited early settlement. Unina/c Island.— Kxteimya evidences of early .-yttlements and munerous village-sites rejjoi'ted. ^ Unalashka Island.— On this and tlie adjoining islets, on every practi- cable site, shell-heaps or village-sites are to be found, with numerous more 15 mndoni rock-slicltc rs tifilized for Ixirial-placos. Tlu'ro aw iiiiu' vill;i;4'(>- sites on Captiiin's Hay alone. CliH.a liocliS, AkuUm Puss. — lIiToaro roinaiiis of a small, hut populous, st'tdonieut, but no sliell-lR'aps. On tliG islands to the eastward ot' Unalashka these; remains are so numerous as not to lie praeticablo to enumerate, except sueh as we aetnally visited or have been speeially reported to us, namely: Samiakh Islands, village-sites very numerous; False Pass, two localities for villa <4(;-sit(!s; Port ]\lr11er, Aliaska Peninsula, shell-heaps extending over twenty acres, village- sites much less extensive. Unga Island, at Delarolf Harbor; Korovin IsLiud, Nagai Island and Simeoiu)!!' Island, among the Shumagius. (Jliiachi Islands; Chignik Bay, Aliaska Peninsula, extensive village-sites; Chirikoll' Island; and so on to Kadiak Island an-' Cook's Inlet. The poi)ulatiou of the islands wis estimated at (ifty thousand by Shelikoft", and, in view of the evidences of habitation, the estimate could not have been excessive at one time, though perhaps too great at the time he visited ti. . islands. The present population is about two thousand. The village-sites or .shell-heaps are indicated, as far as the eye can distinguish vegetation, by flu'ir brilliant green coverijig of herbage, which is oidy dimmed when covered by snow, and even in the height of s])ring is brighter and more verdant than the adjoining slopes. This is the result of the fact that the shell-heaps i,re great mounds of the most fertile material, which thousands of years woidd not sulliec; to exhaust by the ordinary draughts of nature. Bc^ cs, shells, and all varieties of rejecta-ienta having been dej)osited here for centuries, the covering of s(H v' oh has accumulated over them is incomparably rich, and it has even been suggested that the solid beds of compacted fish-bones, which are to be found in some localities, might bo quarried and exported as a fertilizer. Nothing is to be got from these deposit? without ext(.'nsive excavation .•end patient search. Our usual metliod in investigating these accunudations was as follows: The shell-heaps, especially those surmounted by village-sites, usually pre- sent ui undalating appearance, which from some neighboring elQvation is at once seen to result from tin; following causct : The method of house- m t Idiilfliii;.'; in vofsuc ;niifinjr llic nncuoit liili;il)it;tntH wan to oxcavato slij^litlj', «<» l)iiil(l a Willi (if Hat stones or of Itoncs of flic lar-i-cr wlialcs, and 1)aiik this uj) on the ontsidt- witli turf and stones. In tlieso ancient liouscs, tlicro was usually a door at one .side, as in most Inniiit houses, and as many of tho Aleuts jjiactice oven now. 'i'lu; ononnous yourts, entered oidy by a liolc in the to]» and acconmiodatinfr a nund)er of families, were of more modern invention, and are rarely found anion}>: the ruined villages. From throwing out ilcbris, and tljc f^ra(hial accumulation of material in the course of years, th(! house 1)einj.^ more or less resodded every autumn, tho outside embank- m(!nt in the course of time ))ecamo ehnated from four to six feet above the level i>f the iloor. The roof was formed of whales' ribs in default of wood, covered with wisj)s of hay tied tofjfether and laid on {frass-mats across the rafters; and all this was turfed over. Hence, when the house was aljan- doned the straw and mats decayed, the earth and finally the rafters fell in (the latter ])eing often removed ii. ,ise in some ncAV house), the rain and storms diminished the angles of the embankment, and, finally, the only evidence remaining would be a ronndly rectangular pit, with steep sides, sonu;what raised above the surface of the external soil. This might endure for generations without any practical alteration, as the stone walls within would prevent caving in at the sides, and the filling-up of the pit by the acciunulatio)! anposits would progress very slowly. As the ancient Aleuts built their houses as close together as possible, the surface which is left b}- the disapjjearance of the structures above described is irregularly pitted all over with depressions from four to six feet in depth, and varying from ten feet square to dimensions of forty by twenty feet, or even much larger. 'J'liere is usually, on the highest point of tho bank or knoll where the village stood, a ])it much larger than the others, which was l>robably the workslutp or lashiin' of the settlement. Around this we usiudly found tools and implements more abundantly than about tlie smaller pits or remains of houses. We also found that the floors of the pits hardly alVorded anything imtil we reached the strata of the shell-heap upon Avhich the houses had been erected ; while the outer embankment, containing everything which had been thrown away, was correspoiulingly rich. We therefore adopted two methods of procedure. When stormy J »l 47 woatlicr prcvoiitcd siirvcyinn' work, we would muster six or vh^hi nicii with picks iiiid shovels, eliid in stonii-proot' nililxT-eoats, hoots, iiiid soii'westers, and attack a sliell-heap. I laviii^;-, it' possihh', th'teeted the kashiiii, one party would enter the pit which represonted it, and d\ s9^ •* ii^ »". Jit;, jau.^ Siitih (if i-illiii/c-niU:. K, kit) Iiitii, il, b( lull. i I n flic nrcIi.Tolofry of Anicrica is wcU known, iis is ll.r fiut fliiit tlio conditions of \\\c stone ji^c iinrs. ♦ I t I 11) l\'. 'riiiit It is ])ossilil(' tliiit llic liiti r iMijiiiliitioii wjis j,;irtly a (li taken i)laee, of people wlio (wiiile related to the lirsleoiiiers ) nia\ have liad some opportunities for de\ elitpnient in manners and arts uliile teni|iora lily resident on the adjacent (Hjnliaent, while at the same time tlie iirsfcomers had heeii developin;^' uiiihr dill'erent and more rcNtrietetl conditions on the islands. V. 'I hat the peojile \\ ho llrst populatid the inlands wen- more sluiilar to the lowest , hy whie'li the contineutid Innnit were not restricted, led to a moro rajiid and a ;:reater intellectual development on the part of the Aleuts in eertai . directions: and that this pvogress is shown, among other ways, in the "greater development of the possibilities of their lanL!iifiu:e, in its more ))erfect ^frannnatical structure, and in a nuich nioi'(^ tliorou;j;h system f)f nun eration, as compared with that of the continental Innuit. VI IT. That the stratilic;ition of the shell-heaps shows a tolerably imiform division into ihi'ee stapes, characterized by the food which formed their staple of subsistence and by the weapons for obtaininf;, and utensils for preparing this food, as found in the se])arate strata; these stages being — I. ^i'he Littoral Period, rei)resented by the lOchinus J^ayer. II. The Fishing Period, represented by the Fishbone Layer. III. The Hunting Period, represented by the ^Mammalian Layer. IX. That these strata correspond a])proxiinatel}' to actual stages in the development of the population which fonned them; .so that their .)() toiitciits coiiditidii being (liti(l. To iniikc clciir llic .siicccssidii of flic sfnitii ill the sli(.'ll-licii]is, I siilijoiii ;iii iilcjil section of one of lliciii, Avitli one of the liouse-pits ms^-^^vKsrr.-: ^r:ffiP^ ^7c^^^^^-^ ■, "'' "^ suhsctinent villii}>o sm-nionnt- Sectlono/Milop. '"- '^'' ^^'^ ''*';''*'"" ^l'«'^vin- tll(^ A. ()iii;imiiii.itci|,uii. stone-walls of the hitter still in II. ICrliirillH l;ivt I. 1111 • i' c. ri«iiiinn.i.i,Mi. iiliicc henciitli tlie covenii"^- ol II. Mi.iiiiiiMliiiu liiMT. , , , , 1 I -; ■ j;. Muiliiii.l,.|,uMllsnficl v.jjoliililiMiKil.l, M.'getiUJlO lUOlU UllU W UflS, A.— TIIK LITTOKAI. PKiaoi). In mn.st of oiir excinations, especinlly in Attn, Anichitka, and Adakh, wo found the lii>.t stratnin of the sliell-lieaiis, aliovc the primeval soil or liardpan, to be composed almost exclusively of the broken test and spine.s of Krhhnis {Slronfiyhnviitiotn.s) J)r(jba(hicu.^is, (Miill.) Agassiz, recently described by E. Terrier under the name of Lojcchiiiiis riolarcits. This is at present the coninion and only sjiecies of the family foinid livino- in the Aleutians. With it were found sparin^ily the shells (»f the f(!llov>'in<>- odilile mollusks, all found li\ inji; in the adjacent waters at the present time: Jlfod/ola riilf/ayis; Fleming. MijIUks aliilis, Lin. I'liipKia liiiKi, ]\Iartyii. Purpura dcccmcoshda, Wn\. I/dorbm sitlana, Phil., and vars. Tapes stam'mca, Conr. Sa.ridomus fifjualidus, lli^^ih. Miicnma iia.sufa, CV.nr. Arnura patina iind A. pclla, llfivh. The list is given in the order of the frc(|ncncy of their occiu-rence, but they do nut form altogether more thixn one-tenth of one per centum of the i n ) I sfnitiiui. I'xiiics dl' nil vcrfi'lit'ilfrs, cNccpt vcix' ViircU' tluwr ol' Hsli, si'tiiifil tot;illy iilisciit ill this >triitiiiii. Sliclls \vt re nut siilliciciitly :i1iiiiicl\' fxiiniiiicil, of line, ixiic, nni- iorin, ^rr(ni>li-\vliit(' siiml. 'I'liis lied viiiicd in tliirkncss IV a tot;il of two i'l'ct to tlinc I'i'ct ill ii \crlic;il iliicriion. 'I'lic (ir|)o>il cnIiikIciI cvcin w iiiro uiulcfiu'atli tlic slicll-liciips, cdvcfin^i' <'"> iH'cii of tliicc ncrcs iiml m li.ill' iit Attn, iiliont i'oiir jukI tlirci'-'|iiiiftcis iicns nt one of liic Amcliitlvii vil- lajiX's, and at Adakli lialf an acre or more, liy iiicasiirfiiicnl. 'rraccs of it n-cfc found in all the .sliclldica|i> ixaniincd, tlioiijili its dcplli and cxtt'iit •wvvv less fully dctcnniiicd at oilni- puiiits tliaii lliosc ahoNc niciitioiicd. Till' (•(•liiniis, tlioii;;li posscssin^i' no «'(lilil(; tissues of its ou ii, is fiirnislied uitli oxarics on the inner side ol the dome of the lest, radiatin;^' from the ccntef. These, when in full condition, whit h occurs in some individuals nt all seasons of the year, olfer two or tliiv<' talilespooiifiils of reallv palafaMe liiinuto i"^'^!^, tasting' liUc an oyster, and of a liri^iht-vellow color, it woidd V('(|iiire forty or iifty adnlt iiidividii.-ds to all'ord a n'(Mid meal for a man. Thev are eaten to this dav in a raw state liv the Aleuts. We ma\ arrive at some slifrlit idea of the leii^'tli of tina; it must have taken to have formed such enormous deposits of this materiiil, hv a simple calculation. It is not at all lik(dy that a, ('niiniuiiiity of iiati\cs could constantly ohtaiii a sullici nt siiiPith' of this kind of food at an\ one localit\' for aiiv -, etc. Wo may siipjiose that one locality mifilit siip])ly them with ecliini for three months of the year, at ditl'erent jieriods (biriiij^' the year. It is probable, also, that at that time, with the limited amount of food to lie obtained, the eommunities would be small, probably not exceediiif^ twenty persons each on the averatre. 52 1 1 1 P Upon llici-o tlicnrctical considoratioiis as a basis, w(! may i)roceed to mako a calculation.-* Takinfr tiic least tliickncss of tlio Ijcds at two feet, Aviiicli I consider a, fair averai^c; lur the ordinary shell-heaps, the amount r((piired to cover an acre two feet deep wnuld he S7,r20 cubic feet, usinj^- the I Iiuted Hhites statute acre (— 43,5G0 square feet) as a basi:3. Admitting that each person consumed one hundred echini ])er day, a community of twenly persons woidd consume two thousand per day, or, in three months, J.s.l,()0() echini, llavin-,^ taken an echinus of the largest size, dried, and reduced it to coarse grains, such as those of the layer in qtiestion, I lind that it occupies a cnliical cajjacity of one and three-cpiartcrs cubic inches, 'i'i") specimen was umisually large, not one in fifty, as seen oil the shores, attainiug its size. Furthermore, it was not practicahlo for me, without reducing it to dust, to uiake the dry fragments as compact as they are in the Mchinus layer; so, if tliere be any error in ihis part of the calculation, it will ))<" on the sith' of jirmleiice. At this rate, it would take 988 echini to make one cubic foot of the layer, and for the sake of convenience, it not being likely that an estimate of 1,000 to the cubic foot will bo excessive, 1 shall adopt that nund)er. Tins would give over eighty-seven millions of echini to a siratum two feet deep and covering an aero. Under the circum- stances previously assumed, this would be formed by a connnunity of twenty persons visiting one locality for three months in each year and eating ono hundred echini ibur inches in diameter per diem per bead in a little more than four hundred and seventy-three years. To form a di'posit like that at Amchitka mulcr the same circumstances would require over twenty-two hundred years. It would matter i)ractically little whether one hundred largo echini or eight hundred of half the diameter were eaten, the contents, either of nutri- ment or of solid material, in each case being about the same. The individuals not containing ova are rarely found exce2)t at a depth of several fathoms, 'iliey seem to enter tlie sliallower Avater when gravid and to retire to the deeper water after discharging their eggs. This has probably some connec- "I must ilisavow any iiitoiition of iiroviiip nnythiiift absolutely by tliis calciilnlion. It h merely iiitoiKlctl to jjivo a cl.'aivi' idea than coiiUl ollicrwisi' ..o convcycil of the IciiKt'i of tiiuo wliUli would bo occiiiiicil ill foniiin).j siii'li a (Icpnsil iiinlor ('irf?mii: i,i: ' i not in tliemst'lvca iinpi'obabli-, ami which may not niati'iiall.v (lillVr from thosr undor which the pariRiilar di'iRisit iiientionctl was actually foriucd. .),) lliiii witli the mode of icciiiulMtion. llciiot' tin.- tests of baiTcii ("cliiiii \vi Mi \t h ■* No liiiiiiati rciiiiiiiis distiiictK' rctc^'iiblc fn tliis pcvitxl have bcrii (lis- (■((\( red ii\- us. 'I'licir iinxlc ot' (lis|i()sin;i' ni' their deail reinains in ilmil)!. It is init iiiiiiii>.-il)lc that tlii'v cxpdscd them tron;il\' laarked., are nietamoi-phic. not volcanic or eruptive like many of the nioi'.- eastern islands. We find in the Mcdiinus layer no evidences of lire in the shape of char- coal (one of the most indestructihle of suhstiiiiccs when burled); and wo kiiow that the Aleuts of the historic period were accu.stomed to eat lish and most ot' their other Ibod I'aw. Indeed, such is, and probaldy always has lieeii, the scarcity of drift-wood on the western islamls and its value for other |)urpos{ s, that little of it has vwv been used for makin;^' lires. No lamps have been Ibund in the Mclunus layer, nor any baking--stones or hearthstones, so we mav reasonably conclude that these ancient ])eoi>le were not in tlie liabit of nsiuLT lire for domestic purposes, even if they wen> ac(|uainled with its use. The cliinati', thou;^li inclement from a (Caucasian point of view, is no more so than that of Maficllan Strait, where tlu; natives still >j.(> neai-l\- n.dved. The total absenco of awls, bodkins, knives, needles, or buttons, in fact of anv bonc! utensil whatever whi(di mij^ht be used in iiiakin;^' clothes, and of anv liom^ or stone im])lements I'or dre.ssin;^' skins, leads to the comdusion that these ]ieo|)le did not weai' nuudi (dothiuii'; and what thev niii:iit have worn was |iroliabl\- of a xvvy simple characti-r, such as a rude mantle of skin, softened by rubbiiif;- between the hands or with an ordiiiar\ pebble from the beach, like that of the Fuefj-ians, It is not unlikelv that they minht have made some coarse fabi'ic of straw or ^rass wliicli would reipiire no implements to sew, and would, if cast oil, decay and lease no ti'ace. No Weapons ot' an\' kind wei'e round in the tons of this pul\eri/.ed l]chinus->liell which we examined, 'i'here is no evidence that thev were ac(jUi\infc(l with tlir use i.l' tlic li;m«l-limc<' or spcnr, tlidiipli tlicy iiiny li;i\o liad slinks and wisiixuis rcsciiililiiii;' a "sliiii<>-sli(it ". lidw low in tlic stale of liiuiianitv must tlicsc creatures have heeu wlio wvvc nrnteut to i)ick up ■sou-oji-'! It niav he askeih "What is fouml in this layer to di^tinniiish it from an accuninlated wash from tlH> sea.' 1 may answer as follows: It mn-t lie noted that the Echinus layer always (.ccurs under later deposits full nt implements, and unmistakahly human in their origin. It usually is situ- ated on some small knoll or other natural elevation of the ori;;inal soil, ii extends usuully over a h'ss area than the suhseiiueiit shelMieaps, and n thickest where they are thickest, /. c, in the most central portion ..f tin; remains of the .settlement. These facts appear to prove conchisisely that no other a;xencies than those referred to ahove could have heen coiucrned in the formation of this layer, even if implements liad lii'c n entirely ahsmt. Ihit we do fmd hanimer-stoues, round pehhles fr(un the heacli with an in- dentation formed on either side f >r the Ww^vv and tlnnnh, and hruises on tho peiiphery, wheri^ the ancient had cracked his sea-(-;i-^s ami shell iisli. ^\ (! lind heavy .sea-shells broken, evidently for extractinj;- the animal; and toward tlie top of the hiyer we he,L;in to lind net-sinkers of very rmhi i»atteriis. These, how- ever, occur only near the up])erniost surface, where the Echinus layer joins the stratum which I have termi'd the Fishbone hiyer. And now avc; mark a sudden, sharj), and extraordi- nar\- change in the v\ hole character of the >sit. We lia\-e seen that a peojile hav<' e.visted here, w h, so tar .^.^^ iii^Tl-'ni.-ii.innmi ,. . .. •,] ,,A kIc.ih' rniiii Kiliinim In.vi r. at asdiscovervot vestiges or rt'lics informs us, were witiioui ,„„„,,„,,„,, n,,,!,,,,, Aimhiiua houses, clothing, lh-e,himps, ornaments, Aveapons( unless of the nio.st primitive kind), implements of tlie chase, for fishing, or even for cooking what they might have found upon the shore. If any of tliese things were possessed by them, they must have been formed of such ru.Io ,,r perishalde material as to have entirely passed away, it wonl.l appear Stales Nali..nal M.ii-r.iin, llu' Mi.nllor nniiit.cl' to my ..^^ ii tirl.l-(atal..nii.', ai»l llm liacliulia U> tlu. nlativo liiifur .si.'.tMil'tlic li;;Mii' to tlii' hin'ciiiuMi. 5(i i * !i sif; tliiit tlioy must have had rafts or riuh; canoes of some kind, hut no Irace of them is left. On tl>e Avlioh-, it is eminently probaltle that they were sunk in tiie lowest depths of barbarism. Are wo to ascribe the sudden change in their food, and the sudden increase in the kind and number of imple- ments found in the deposit, to the stinndating example of some genius who had invented a seine, or is it to a new int'ursiou of people who had devel- oped in a less restricted field the ingenuity which led to the invention and manufacvure of new and varied implements? Probability would seem to point to the latter explanation. B.— TlIK FISHING PERIOD. On the uppermost surface of the Hchinus layer are found a few rude net-sinkers, indicating that to the primitive hand-m-ts or scoop-nets, with which the echinus-eaters might have secured their food, had been added the larjicr, more elaborate, and more effective seine. Nil. l:il(17.— liiliU' iM t.iiihUir tVoiii lioltniii «t' I'lslilioiii'IiiMT, Aliiakli:ik('uvc, AlimKuiiK r.^l^ilicl, l'ii;ilii»l]kii, j liiu'iir. N(i. IWOI ( i',i(;) — lli'iluii iH't-siiikir. villuHO- Bill', CliiiikiiU'lslaml, J liiirur. ^Vhile the rude character of the early sinkers, and the better-formed :ind iiKire cari'fuUy-fmi.shed character of modern ones, would be evidence of progress in one direction, yet it nuist be noted that rude sinkers occiu' in all, even the must modern, deposits. Yet the fact that all the more ancient ones are rnilel\- fasliioned, and it is only among the modern ones that \\v find ;ni\- alh nipt at tinisli or syinmctry, indicati's thai there was a progression, even if this was not attested in tlher ways. It may bo rciiiurlunl also that the use «>t' the seine woiihl tend tt> knit tlie interests of tlie connuuiiity toj-'ether, as in and 187.'i) has been published in the J'r.u'eed- ings of the Califoniia Academy of Sciences, from which the subjoined section and tfipog-raphical sketch have Ixen reproduced. This cave is situated under a large isolated mass of i)orphyi-ite, which stands uj) like a low tower on a ilat, comp isi'd of old shingle-beaches, raised a few feet above the present sea-k'\el. This fk.t unites hig'her areas of Amaknak Island to the north and south. The Cav(3 liock stands close to the beach, and is probably a portion of an old reef, an obstruction tow':'cli is probably due ^ the ibrmation of the flat. The rock is M ■ about twentv-five feet hioli from the l!.(!iiml .Imit of llic loc.ility of tlir rnvp, s1i.>wiiij;llii. h'Vel of tllO flat tO itS SUmilUt. ItS sideS low i»llin;iK4 lii'twcin the liiylu'i- jKirliuiiH oT tho isliiml •■ i -i • i • i ».,r(iia.Mi«,i,ii,. are abrupt, and it is covered with grass 2:. iV'ci. .-.mm!: s»v Vtiliciil Rpi'tionof tho Amaknak Cavp, flhowing tlie rock, the lieach houthwiat nl" ii, aul (lu' ll;it isthniiiH runniUHin iwiitiu'Jist of it. A, upper stratum of limwii incM. must iiHuhTii dt posit. 11, layer ol' 8li!ii;;lo or boai-h-worn stom'H. C, Ktratnni of "kitilii'ii ri(fum)", shclln, Ac. (Xliimmaliaii laj(i). D, luwir stratum of orfiaiiic mold with Hki'lotoim (l''i«h- ■Jionc layrr). ;il)t>v(.\ '^I'lic urcalcst Iioiylit of the cavu inside is jierliaps ten foot. Tho 18!18r) (ii' M:iil>iir. AnicI ilkii Isliniil i !'::i,-ii (4-'M.— Sli'iii- kiliU', with liiiuiU' indientiil by iloltiMl liuc, ocljjc ({nmiui, u»nl liolc ffir In.sliiiijx ( Iiipped tlir- this later ])eriod, while used as a burial-jdace, tla; roof of the cave had received a coat of red ochre or clayey ore of iron, and, pei'- liaps to avoid dosecratiou by the Ivussians, the (h)or had been walled up with stones, iu which condition it remained until a few years befori^ tlut time of our investigations. I'he details of each layer will be mentioned under the period to Avhich I iiave referred them. I will only remark hero that no evidences of civilized influence of any kind wen; discoverable in any of the articles found in the cave, and it unquestionably in its latest contents antedates the Pussian occupation of the islamls. The invention or introduction of the seine, judging by the remains found, worked a revolution in the economy of these savages. Pish, wiien raw, is a substance which cannot be conveniently dismembered Ijy teeth and nails The use of sharp chips of stone as knives, doubtless of great antiquity, was soon superseded by the' introduction of miu'h more artistic iniploments of rhond)oid or semi-lunar form. These at first had merely the edges ground instead of chii)i)ed; but later the entire sui'face was ground m siiHKilli, iiiid sniiictimcs liolcs were deftly loriiicd liv cliippliiir, in order tliat llie hisliiii^' ol'tlie knife, to ii wooden liinidle like tiiat of ii lunier's or clio))- |.in;;- knife, ini;4lit Ite niiule more secnre. 'J'iie linest-<^roMnd knive.s of the niu.st iirtistic .sliiijics do not, however, appciU' in this sfrjituni, l)iitiibovo it. 'VUa iirsf iii(h' and rouf-li lance-heads, snch as nii^ht be useful in secin-- in;4 sidiuoii in shallow water, now I)ey Ii;;-. i;{, ()()(), at the termination of the Fishin;^- IVriod, the mamd'acture had already much ])rogres,sed be\-ond the rude forms li^ l:llil)ll {l:|-JI.— IImIji' I.iim.I .liill li.ati, Inwrcl Mallilli:! liilli Iu.\. I, .\Minl.iii(k l'H\c, Auiiil. ik U\M\<\. ('ji|ilaili> Uliy, I'lilllaHlika, ). (Mi;).— Jiiiric iMiji'c'bead, upper Fialibunr lajcr, 8lit!lMii'a|m, Uualaaliki Ji.laud, ). laiWI ( I3:i) — r.oii(> hand rliirt licail, iipi'iir FIhIiI I;i,vi'i', Aiiiiikiink ricvc. Ainnkiialc Island, (':ipl;iin's ll;iv, I'ljnliiwlika, 1 . I: i i ■■ |- i :ii r ut into liclii;^. 'I'Ik' sjn.ii:!' iiiiiid \v;is invMkciM'il and stiimil;il((l l>y iniiny new !)|)|iliciitl\' tlu' liiisc I iillkr siilisistiii;;' nii ccliiiii, wliicli ciiniiof lie kept lur i'lifin'i' use, Imi niii-t lie r;itiii the (lily tlifV Jirc scfurcil. flic |nissiliility of liiyiii;^' up :i store ot' ilr\ li>li would ("iiso tlic fi'niiwiujz's ot' ncci'ssity, ^nvc time lor luccliiniiijd work nml iuvciition, Mud would ol'icu preserve life, wliicli uuist, under similin- e\i;^t'U- cies in the precedlii;^' epocli, liavc lieen lost liy I'iuuiue or siU'rilieed to avert tlw starvation ol'otlier individuals. A store oi' pi-ovisions iie<'essilales a store-liouse, a jirotcction a;^'ainst the ravens and the weather. Here we liave the iirst intimations of that cnt'orccd prof;Tt's.s wliieh is the result of l)rei-e2 ! h\ TM n 'fi vIom.In ..Nist..,|, an.i i,, ,1;,. ,.,.a,s,.|.-ss .stni--l.. I.y wliirli the i,.,rtli,.n. l,,nlKU-i:..> wn-sts his >.i>f..imnr,. Irniii ;, i,io.r;,:i!ly .inir.-imici.t,;. Mir|ilii> >tuiv nt tun,] ^^.Mll.| -i\<. I,i,„ ^u,^^ mi,. I tlin, a Ixvailiiiiir sp.-ll. This wmiM ivn.l.r it I"'^"'''''- '"'■ ■ ''^'-I'-iml inv.ntiv.. ..r a >lh.tic i.l, a f. -vnninatc and -i,,w. TIk- sharp hue ol ih'liiiitlnii 1mI\m.,.ii tlic lahimis lay- r nui\ the |-"iiuii (,r lishcniicii upon the chino- plm-i. Is lint paiaHrhd in thr Hn- hctw.cn this and ihr .M;iinn,;dlaii stniliini. The (li-,lin(tinii is readily iiiiirkcd in an artiiul section ot' ii shell-heap. Imt ''"■ 'M'!"''""' I'oi-ti'in or' tile l''i>nlion.' hr-d contains s. me niainninlian '' •S'liid the .Mainniallan hed tlironelioiit, l.iit piirticiiliirlv at it ~ hjise, <-on- lains a lair pioporii ,f llsh-hoiics. In fact, the chiinjr,. is what wv ini;.ht cNpe.t in liie prue-ress ot' a race stiumlaled hy new invention or application oi' means which pla.cd new. valiial/h', i.nd ea-crly-accepted powers within their reach. I n'^I.e ih.' previous strainni, the ilmitati.ms ,,i' population and con- ■""'M"i-"'' "f 'l''>nand an.l Mippiy. are s.. va-u.. ih.at even the most lax li\l.ot]iesis will not permit us to attempt any cempntatioii of the len-lii ,,f time which it mi.d.t tahe to form a lay.r like the Fishl.oiie layer. I )„ lievc it to have l.een nearly as loiin. as the time re(piire.l i;,r the Kchiniis i.iver, bul this is onl\- an a->iniiption. 'I'll'' .'arliest remains of man f.mn,l in .\laska nji to rhe dato oi' wntin;,'- 1 refer to till, epoch. 'I'he.e are some crania found by .is in the lowvniiost 1)1111 »{■ the ,\maknak Cave, and u eraiiiiim id)taiiied at Adaldi near the aiichorau-e in the !ia\- oi' Islands. '1 liese were de]iosiied in a ivmarkahle manlier, precisely similar to that adopted and still practiced liy most of the continental Inmiit, l)iit efiually dilfereiit from the modern .\leiit I'asliioii. At the Amaknak ("ave w(> found what at first appeared to be a wooden inclosure, but which proved to be made of the very niiieli decayed snpra- iiiaxillary bones oi' some larue cetacean. Tliese wt-re arranized so as to lorm a rude rectaii;4ular inclosure covered over with similar pieces of Ixme. 'I his was soiiu'whai less than four i'-et loii.i;-, two wide, and eiylmeii inches deep, 'i'he bottom was t'onm d of Hat pieces of stone. Three such were I m 1(11111(1 cldsc ti<;:i'tlu r. (ovt n <1 wiili ami lllh d Iiv ;iii Mccuimil.cioii nt liiu' vc'j;'ctiil)lc and or^aiiif iiinld. In i ac h \\a> tin- riiii;iiii> ot a >k( litnn in ilu- last >tii;:« - 't'(I(ia\. It !,ail cx iilc ntl\ Ixiii ticil u|' in tlic liinuil ra>iru'ii l<» LTct i! iiild its iiariow Ikhisc; lnit all llic Imiics, wiili tin' i \(('|ilit>ii ul' ilic skull, well' r<(liii('(l to a suit |ia>ti', t>v cncii tiitinlv ^^muc At Ailakli, a I'aiii'N' |iriiiii|itcil iiic In ili^' iiiid a Miiall kiiull near tlir am it iil >li(ll !ica|i; aihl lici'c \\c luiiiid, ill a jin-cix-h similar ^aic((|iltai;iis, the remains ot a d\(l( loll, of which also miU the ciauiiiiii rciaimd Millicitiil a|i|ien(l(!(l. In lioth localities, the ske.lls were iiimdi >ot'teiied and ii.arilally deticieiit, re([uiriiif»' the e-reatol care to jireser\t' them. < )ne of the Aiuakiiak skulls is now 111 the eidlectioii of the ( 'alifornia Acadeiiix' ol Sciences, the olhern ai'c in the !'iiitef the four lij.>ures of Aleut crania which are liwo y;iveii, i uni ul»o indebted to the liberality and courtesy of ])r. i )tis. I have made use of some; measureiiieiits of crania, from the iiortiieiii part of Hcrinf^- 8ea, examined hy the late lameiiteil Jcllrles Wyiiian, Init which were by accidental circumstances (over which he had no control) erroneously named or taken to be what they were imt. in his pamphlet Ji I 04 (<»!,.. ,,i, r,-;„ii,., llnMoii, lS(;s,, liv,- .nii.ia arc .IcscrilM-.l as TMiLi.ln, ^vlli^|, ,,.v all Asiati.- iM.iniu; aii^l ..f (iv.. in, in the '• Vuk.m h'ivn-". ,,m!v on,' ;7.j;{(t) is ail Iiniiaii ciaiaiiiiu tl ilicrs l.ci!,- iv-kini.. trnin St. .Mi.lia.-l's, ^'"■'"" '"^"iii"!- 1 li.ivo also use! 111., in.aiis nf Hi', l], I'm-»-.Is's m.aMin- ni<'Mfs..r .Tauia of <;n..-n!an.i lumiit. -i^(•)l ii, a pap.!' ( Kii.i-v Woitc JIImt 'ii<' Imini; .hw Siniil, Sim.l.s) n tli.. Anli. T. Aiitlin.iuluoi,. r,.,- Is?:,. [,, tins jiaj.ri- ,,f I )r. i),.sMls aiv als,, nivcii lurasiuvincnts nf snin,. (,f tj,,. .laiiia ubtaiiMwl i,y iiic ill the Al.'iiiiaii l>laii.!s. Tin- inllnuiiiu |,,1,1,,, ,„;,y ,i|,,,u- soiiir li-ht oil th.. sulijcct (iiscussc.l ill tlio s.run.l ,,a,t ..f tj.i,-, |mi>..r, uliilc i,.,ssc,s.siii- a -cncral iiiturost IV»rtl;e (•l'aiii((|o«"^.-c.„„iu,„ „f dm.i fto,,, ,.,;..K..:,..,.w, iM,„„,. n.,b,„, r„«„, .■ .,. ,.,- ,„ ,„ ifiinn, rilVrriil li, iho irimiing uml .'inil hhori (unu. m m 1 ' '•i|Kll» |m M 1 •JJIJ ^ . 1 • ^ 2 a S S ; 2 I i i ; i c i & .J' 1 = 8 g ?i « g ft S !! § i 2 i 8 2 = 5 2 3 S! 2.' « 2 r i; ii 1 ^ 8 j~ 5 H S O K i « S « S g J s 3 *; g g ? ? s ^ s K s |»ii.l •).i.u» y< iiiSilVT [itl Miiid p. i|j"u.i'| ■|V|DV{ f 'c ?i s 2 ; 3 s : ; : = i S = 55^' zSH§ 5 § 22S:g SL'I'I 3 2 ■tt3aiu.>fn)iiiu|f) i i|.nit |VM!|in)|3aM'i •ip.'K |«|!li|J.10 •i|Wti ittiaH»9 i ^ s 3 1 j g S § ; :. « ^ S 1^1183 8 fit i 1 3 ?. S 8 1 '■4 6 09 o 'qnjti inaiM^ 'tiitiiiJtniti tl.lHMMiil {<> V,t|i||J •»1*)"1 .1" x.»|iir| j illlimui) i» xapnj 1 E i ill J : 5 it '7 ^ i i" i" 15 SSiig S^lgl ;? 1 fS ^ S * is i? S •" < 1. •|»niKMiJc)i|i|.iMaH •tpptaia g 5 S 5 :! : H 3 • i ^ ^ S g"J £ B i = 3 -5- 'r .:»^_« S:.;s 51 S S3 ; a " O J*; 1. 5 £ £ S i ? ^ S 3 S 1 2 rr ^i ". ^ ^ ^ 1 ^i|9lfita^ H 5 S EJi S 5 S u L Ii j ' S S £ 1 :] S jii * s ' ? i 2- e ■£|!i«iil^, 1 1 III it 1 M ; . ^4WA^^ ! 3 § IS ill 11' : i i -r- -f t- t- f 1^ : : p ," u f S s s a 8 ■iaiinmn imiltMn 1 •j-wimnii'iifivv P 5 5 5 — 1- .- (2 |J : ; ; TiTTiig IT ■'■•s 1 >1 I — - — - - ^ — ._., . 1 1. If I I « ■- " 4 2 g (J z a i- * s. S ^* ^ «■ J b '-' IMIP i - — C *■ i. ■ - = .'r i 1 e g I- » t 5ii a 1 :■ = = 5 . i. y. ~ s 'i ? Si - a i: "". ■' i h - = ■/: = - t . . g I 5^U if?';: i ...iialiSI ^#^^ ^iii^'»«' 66 I i w Q < ST. u as o I & >, ^ o : J % 6 ■^^i i % "aiXnn |«|3tIJ ? I'-li'I T j.).H. (.. i,iriii'i: " im'li'i'i J'» lil-I.i.rj - •(IflfMill JO l||."tll.l'| '£ \KllMi.>J>'I a l|,MII pil|.IBil!|llor,.| MlutlHiatl IIiHIIIMItJ .!<) IC'iptll '1l|il!kii( JO x.iplll I ■i||pi:n.| 1'. \ M il ■ii*!i>n 1 i ' •|lll(|.l.l| p. i|ipi i|;| i|ipi:..l;| ■lIlUlM'l I ■.\li.ti!(li[, ) ; G O IS •/J ■.(■Hniiini p'ii!~^l.u> •J.iiimiiii -iv "H'v I s f I n = '/J H u EC 03 i I. - LJ » "; V « •=' r -c r ?: .5 j i P 1 f: S 53 ti j: r.' *• v« ^a (^ ^ K M 5» S § 2 S * V 3 ^ '^3 - T, : : a 2; : * 2 sri o (- 5 B S S i "O O ".^ \^ X 32 tl, 611 U. '.i -.1 J, . u 2 ? r s = = 1 i. :: < ^ 1 5; i^ 5, ^ '■ s 1* i^ li n « !*•• |t iI % S S : S S s 2 * "• 5S§SgS2 1 s S s § 2 B S ^ 2 1 S§2 = S = L' S a Slil'^lS I S SlgiiiS 2 e4 8 il si 1 5 S J % i ll -7.1111 I. JK « l'^s|5;?i§ %\% t- -^ t» T* » O -! 1 5; 8 « i I s X -ri r< -• •> u; t'- ^i « fit If r: fi c* V? s ?i sang I- t-s ••; -5 1* u-s ^ S |.- ;3 -x ;i ;^ q s J -^ u ?i ::; s t. C3 3 =i C = = ^5 o \-) o "d "o "o t". — * b S C - % ,. -f "" — _ t; "* _ — 7 - -1 r- — CI 1 ■ 1 ■ _ "■ ^J ; ■ <1> a B .1 C •1^ P? I . r , 1 m i \ JZ ^ n f I ~ l r a r ^• •* ~ » F 2 «; ■< j I: ^ Ml3l« IB|JB.< I ^ jj ^ 1 ■4.>|,1 inii||i ii||niiiii;iA'/ ■[tliil I IJJII JO l||T!l|.i-l llnuMKll JO qfaiMKl I " » J » ^ » -|ii|uii)!nu<>-| ■l[3J>|«|)tI)3.IO •II.U1I in->)4iu i 'I|;u» |««iio.i .{ iiiiiuifniii nMituiij j.) xiipiij ; ■1i(S)ai)jui.>|iii| 5 S 2 5 S ii s s o i^ 11 ej K <"! t? S ^ K i ^ g s? 13 K § il § i s s S cl U 3 S! X! P S isl fi 5 I S S I- o g i !i g i 5 si fi" s K i; ^ & I' I" *- r- 4j S — S fe !• r* I* i- I- ifiie i les iS ■^qsion '|n)au4jjiitiiini.ui[ | •1|1I>I10J(| 1 BSSS S S=g SB 6l C» fe 51 '5 — O iC •rt ITJ T to 'nisiioT * f2 'atiqatnu (ouri i( > •a,.,|ii,nii n n , 2 a = => 1 2 5 !3 * i! *? - i~ *^ U r- •r 5» « ci S ^ 5 S g 3 2 E U ■ B S i%l ig lis Is i- i = § 1 ' ^■ - i ^ 5 " »^ ^ C II. 5- & i e i a B - .« ■" 1^ »^ ^ C ft 'f-l If! a ! F. i :. 5 % 3 3 2 $! n lii i; i" 4 IS S3 '3 "it IE !s_ SSHg i 5 S'i I ■< * . •a 2 5 2 - ^ = 1 I I 6» c s O i a ■< u H O Q O i- ( i O n O 8 I f s 1 e B a a s I J « I s ■^ £ 2 Id fi da ^ I a t 1 Tlic iiMiiIa n| ( trarlau tillics dt' Niirtli\\<>t Aiiuiica ami l.aNtirii Siluiia, when r(p|ii|iarril willi llicisc III' ( irtriilaiul. >liii\\ a i;1' aKu |iiii|Miiliiiu iitflv lint Ml IiIliIi. Tlif ciiriiiial lid^c, (t\|)i(altii a ciilalii lAlriil dI all (>rari,iii craiiiii, ami tViuii ulilrli it ii((iir> that tlir terms " innt' sliaiicd " ami " sca])li((-ct'|)lialniis " lia\c luiii a|i|iliiil In tlinu, | wliiili i> \{-r\ >triii'L;l\' iiKiiki'd ill sniiic (iirciilaml .-Uiill>. i> li~- a]i|iar(iil in the iiiaiuill \ ni' ilic Ni'itliwcstiTii t >iariaii>, ami the ili i n a>r in (raiila! caiiacitx iMriiniii;^ riniii :i ilimiiiiitioH in this r ,rtinilai- is madf ii|i lur li\ a liiuadininj^ ut llir ciaiiiiiin. 'I'lic lulliiw iiiL;- laldc slmws lln' i'acts alluded to. 'I'lir iiiiinlirr ut' ciaiiia frdiii tlic N(irtli\\cst allnrdiiii;' llir imans iisril iaii;;(' triuii .'111 Ik 11', liciii;^- tiiki II lioiii tlic ]trct'cdiiiM' t;il»lrs, and (•oiiiiiand wllli a siiics of niraiis linni !i:i to 101 (incidaml skulls incasmcd l.\ I »i-. I'.osols. I..Kulil\. I ;||>.M il> I.I liulli. llMM'llh ni'tiiiiiii ui NcMlll»l«ll' liri-cnlaiiil iioi r,ii I'j.ii) 1 r. . ui in I.', hi; I :u 1 1- AinoiiL;' the iiortliwcstcrn |ito|ilc, the crania ot tlic Alciits collcctivclw coni|iai"cd wiili the Nortln\c^t American and Kast Siheriaii Inniiit crania, .show (lill'L'n'iice.s pi'ocistdy similar to. hut less in ile;^ree tli.iii, Iliisc which hiivo heeli poiiitoil out iis distin^^iiishiiii;- the uoi'thwesteni people iVoui the ( Jreeiilaiiders; the Aleuts, as iiii<;ht 1k' expected, shouin^i' the ^reiitcr spccial- iziitioii, while the coiitiiicuta! jieople tend more towiird tin- ( Jrei'iilaud l\pe. ' ,, I . . ■ . Ilirn.llliiif .. . , Ciipacily. I jjlli. 1 I'.i. Mill.. ||,„(.,|. I ll''i:;lit. All'lltK . Liiiiuit. . HO'J i:)c8 II' I. 'I IJIl lIM • III III ul)tfiiiiiiiii' these means, ai. averaj^c of" t went \ -live Ah-ut crania liav(! 1)0011 oinph>yod, and an a\cra;^e of iifteeii of Asiatic ami Northwestern Aiiioi-icau Iiiiiiiit. I'he people ot' the ,\leutiaii Islands were fonnerl\ divided into two piincipul gfoiips or tribos uocordiny to sonu! authoritii.s o:i the .subject. 70 ii;iiinl\ , tin- .\tK:iii> ;iii(l ( I'!;i.-lirii <>r ) I 'iiiilii-likiiii-. A ((iiii|i:ii I^«iii lMt\\"i'ii iilinlll tln' -lillir lllllllliir III All lit Clillliil, llnlii lllc r;i>t ilinl llcilll tlic iVf^f, hlmws the- (lltl'i irii(( - I.I III- \ (IN ti i\ i.ii. It', iiiilicil, tlii\ iiir I ml -I nil ;i> wmild ili^;i|i|ii;ir ciiiiri'ly willi the fXiiiiiiiialii>ii ot !;ii';iii' imiuiIk is cit' >|M(iiiiiii-. nr uudur iiiciisiiiiitinii liy il iliD'crriit iki'suii. t'a|>iiiily. 1114 1400 length. 1T7 no nnii.llli. I.',0 j 149 Itri'nillti (It lic.nliil. ii:> 115 ll<'l;:ht. WH 131 Wemcrn 'riic cniiiia Mipjiosfd to liilnii^i' Id tlic era ol' I'islhriiun lia\c iint liccii iticliiiliil aliMNc. Indccil, tli(\' arc .-«' iiiijK rl'ict. tor tlii' nio>i pail, lliat it would ill' worse than ra.slnicss to attfiii|it any <^ciK'rali/,atioiis ii|iou tluni. ( 'oiiiiiarrd with the twciit\ -two more uiodcni crania referred to the eporli of Jliiiilc'r.s, they staiiil a.s I'ollow.s: Unprnlty. i:iJU I4IH Li'nutli. no ItrciiiUli. HS 148 Ilrciiiltli or friintnl. m 115 Ih'iKlit. VM 130 KiMlicriUi'ii . . Ihiiitor* A slij^litly .suKiller cajiaritv iiiiL;lit have lieeii expected of the aiicieiit l"'i.slieriiieii, liiit it may not lia\i' existcil, and, excejit tor the few indi\idiifdH coiu'ci'iied, the .ihosc coui|)arison does not pro\"e it. Tlie other ditferciices are of the most trivial (U'scription. Tile averago facial anjile aiiioii;^' thu Aleut.s ai)peurs to have heeu ahont 72''. Ill iliis connection, I may vc^ntiire to remark that, while not a [irofessed craiiioloi^ist, I ha\c had the oppoiliiiilix' of e.\aminin<;' a ver\' laru'c iiumher ol alioilLiiiial crania, and have become impressed with the "Teat raii;^'e of vai'iatioii which occurs in cases where no li\l)ildity can be rea.sonably asserted. Il has appeared to me that while certain features, hardly defina- ble, are to be reco<4iiized in crania from a sinsile localit\', ^■et when a coiii- pn'lieiisive si'ries of crania of any race to the numlxr of several hundred are examined, if the ]ieo[iIe be widcdy distributed in area, and subjectiMl to vr.ri- oiis conditions ot' diet and surroundings, it will iii\ ari (bl\- be tbmid that nearly all the ,so-callei| characteristic types of crania ma_\ lie rec"^iii/,ed, and i ii I 71 lli;ii iVoiii (Iiil"( liuci |i!i;il\ ti' liiJH li\ ci'iiliiih M >cric>. nt' iiiill\ iilii.il \ ;ii ijili^ni-* »\i'l 111' rnllllil rld-ili;; l||i ;l| i| i;lli III Lf;"]'-^. I aill I'ar 11(1111 (Ifmili;; tllilt Ih'II- rliyc<'|ili;ilic or iliilirliiici|ili;ilif ciiiuiM iiia\ lie ImhihI Im lie rliarartfristif of races ri'stTiftcil tu a liiiiitfil ai'ca i>\- iiiiirniiii cniiiHtioii-. Iml tliat t'raiiiiilii;;\ , aii\ iiii>rc' tliaii i"ilii;j\, i-^ an t\ail .scicnci', sr(iM> \il t" Ix- |iiii\((| Tliat a iMci' can lie iijintiticil li\ cranial cliaractcii-iic-. lli4iii:;li i>\\ri\ a>>imictl, lias niNcr Itccii satistactiiiiK (■>talili>liiil. ami llir piaclii I cliaiactcii/iii;^ a |Miiji|i' tiiiiii ilic cNaiuinatii'ii nt liall a ilu/rii >KiilU, a-- lias occasiniiaiU' licrii ijiinf, xciiis liiilc ^limt (if ali-iinlil \ . I caniM"! retrain tVniii -nMn,.^!- Iiiu' tiiat niiicli III' till' a|i|iai'<'ni cmit'ii- imi in ('citaiii ilc|iarliiii'nt'> ul Aiiiniraii ar<'liaiiliijiy ]■> likrl\ In lir cleared ii|i w lien its In 11 nieaMire i> a I In wed in i lie t'aclKi- ol' iiidisidiial \ariatii>ii. Wlieii siicli eMnnies in ditl'er|iecti\ ■■ lucaililis nf I.;?""" and 111""", are nil record anioim l]-kiinu crania, and li\ no means \er\ e\ce|t- tional, a little liesitatioii in acce|itiiin world wide theories, liased o:i a lew narrow or Inoad >kiills of a ;^i\cii peojile, seems not iinreasonaMe. i> C— 'I'lIK lirNriNd I'KK'KH), Willi tlie aliility to kill, 1)\' meansof lioiie \\ea|>on^, and aiiled li\ somo kind of sjdii canoes, not oiilv tisli iroin the shores, Init sea-animals, and e\cii hird.--, inan\ new instruments were "eiiiiired. .Manx new wants and aijplications ot' material sjii-an;^- into heiiiu-. do utilize the results ol' tin- cliase, man\' new coiitri\aiices were necessarx. With this e\|iaiisioii in their ])oxvers, and this cliaiiLi'e in the lialiits of the aliori;^ines, the stratum xvhich 1 have tei-ined the .Mammalian laxci' lieiian to he deposited. 'I'lii.s was omlnenth' .'in e|ioch of hunters. 7'lie Mammalian hi\ er has heeii reco;4nized wheri'Scr we lia\e mad(! excavations. It attains a \aried tlii('l. v^^ ^ 6^ r> - <>^<^*' I? k \n i k 72 ! Tliat it »'ly, tlicrt' is Imrdly jiiiy inoin tn.loulit. 'I'm «li<)W this, the increased iiiiiniier uf sliell-liefi|is di" this period i: siiirieieiit. Thi-y extend nver idl the islands, the Peninsida of Ahaska. and we have in th<- National Museum hone implements of pattern similar to those of the Manunalian layer, (ditained near tlie mouth of the Stakhin or Stikim- Iiiver. 'I hese hist are dissimilar to Indian weapons, and the modern Indians of that r<';^ion never use hone for arrow-points. ! am toleraliK' Well satisfied that the ileposii whence these Were olitaiued is also an Innuit shell-heap. Where we have made e.xcavatious wu have found the .Maumia- lian layer varyin;;- from two or three feet to eiirht or ten feet in thickness. Tile comliiiu'd tliickiu's.s of the shell-heaps (ineludin;: the dep(.sits of the Fi.shin;;- and lluntin^r Periods), on Iliidiuk Spit, I'nalashka, is ahoiit fifteen feet. The dilference is ehielly due to the dill'erences in population and h-ii;;tli of (M'fupation of the various localities. We ha\c no means of e.sti- matin^r th<' length of time retpiireil to prodme these ac( unndatious, hut we may ohtain hints of it from the facts relatin^r to the .Vmaknak Cavi-. Mere wf hav«' the three skeletons depositeil some tinu- durin;;' the l-'isliin;.'' I'eiiod. These were then jiiadmdly covered hy an accunndation of niohl. lesiiliin^- from tlie decay of \ei;vta)de matters and or^iauic refuse, po>sihl\ hrou<:ht in hy toxfs who mii;ht have had their nests in the caxc or partly fr(»m material which mii^hi ha\c ;.;iadually worked its way in irom (he exti-rior hy the aitl of the w<-ather. This would have heeu a verv slow process, when we note that the cave is so protected hy its coutractetl iipenure that hardly anytliin;r could h.- carried in hy the wind; the Itottom not hein^'' I'ch.w the natural surface of the outer soil, it would rec.-ive litth- or no wash from the Hat oulsi.h-. ( 'onsideriu;-- the -reat anti|iathy, exhil.ited hv the luniiit ^i'enerally, to approachin-r a hurial-place >,( this kind, to .say iiothin;: of camping; ,,11 it, the covering- of tin remains huried there umst have heeu complete, and the ori^^inal use f.U'^fotten, liefore the depo.sition of tile ue.vt layer could have Iteen couuuenced. I'he Cave Ifock, as siumii in the sketcli, stands on a narrow isthmus, and, heiiijj 11 damp place, presents no .pialillcations lor a dwellin;,r- 'i'he hiyer C is compos. .1 of kitchen reliise, Imiuos, hroken arrow-heads, odds and ends of carvings lialf linished, i^c, iV:c. It seems evident to me that if was made hy occa>ioiial parties of ! t 73 iiativi-s f(iiTc«l to st't'k slu'ltcr tVoiii storms tiiitil llic surf siilisidcd, si« tliiit they iiii;;lit liiuiit-li tlicir hidiirkiis iVoiii tlic sloiiy Ix'iirli Iicm.imI. Tim iiintcriiil, iis ii wIioK', is ilmt nl" ;i f('Hi|i(ii;ir\ ciiiiiii uf tijncliii;^- liiinicrs nitluT tliiiii that of a (Iwclliiiii-, aii• fUf-olV. 'I'hc six iiiclics c.f id hri.s fidiii tin- repasts of occa- sional visit.iis (who uin|iiestioiial»ly were iiieii of the lliiiitiii<4' I'eriod) uuist have aecimuihit«Ml very sh.wiy. 'I'heii it woiiM seem ;is il' some tidal or earthquake \va\c was iiistnimeiital in forcing' a la\er ( U) of heav\- shiii-rle- stones from the adjacent sea-heach into the cave. Aftei this had lieeii accomiilished, the nse of the cave was a^ain chan;;ed, and it hec.ime ii second time a refii;i(' for the dead, 'i'lie uiipei- layer (A) was exchi.-ivelv compo.scd of decayed or^^anic matter, from whi( h refnse was exchnled, appaiH-ntly oidy the liodies of the dead, and articles placed with them, I'ontrihntiiij-' to its formation, 'i'his material is free from aii\ taint of civilized iiiHnenci's, iind. as I have previously mentioned, mH|nestionahly antedates the atlvent of the K'nssians. 'I'he hiiMth of time taken to form the I;iyer of eighteen or twenty inches of this m
, or thereahouts, prohahly al) lUt a century after its l»ein<,>- clo.sed. While estimates may dirter largely as to the actual time occupied in all this, lew will lie inclined tit dispute its lieiii;;- very cousidcrahle. If \\v allow a thousand years for the duration of the Littoral Period, DIJ'; MAMMALIAN l,AVi:i{. The ahove, and liie f; manmials and hirds : Mii/djitnii irmihilis, the liiim|i-l)acked whale. JHomnlia hidiliifiuv, the mottled albatross. MurDiiiii (oniicii/iitiis, the lu rned pullin. Minimu (in/i(ifiis, the tufted puflin. I'riii sp., several of the divers. J'liiildis sp., .several of tin,' smaller anks. Jmi/djuis iilhiis, the ptarmi^ijin. l.ains /niinptnii.s in- i/hiini'.saiis, the larj;cr fri\]h. Jk'issii ti-iiliiili/lii, the kittiwako. And bones of several species of eidi'rs and other ducks. II'I'KK MAMMALIAN LAVKU. All the precedinji-, mid also the bones of — IMiniii Sichnhdi, i'acilic ri;ihl whale. Jhilnmi iiii/filkcliis, bowluad or IVdar whale. ImW (fX?l).-S|..lH iIjII ll.M.I 1 I, ..Ml MlllllllMlllJIl IllJlT (C), Aliiaklliik CiiM'. I'liiilii-lika i lil|.|.iil i|ii:irt/il<'. |. IIUH.-.V— ;! (^niin.n,- ilnrt jioiht fiir li ■ liiiiiil iiiiH'i. ii|.|.i I MMininiillim kiv.riAl, Aiiiakliiik Ciivi', riialllMllk:!. '. I I4*>1H (|:i'.)'— Ill i>l "I v\ !,,i!ii^ !,nH . ,. I'li'in nppt t MiUniiiilliAn ItivtT (A), Aiiuikuak ('j(\i>, I'lialaMlikH (liii-tt Hliitf, ^ikuihI Hliitrp iiu both rtlurh, Itif i>lh'>r niilr tilt. 75 lihdchimiirtis iihiiK u remains in the wound, even If the dart has penetrated luit s'-^htly. It would he impossible, without fi;rin-injr hundri'ds of the.si- w .pons, to show the yratlual progress in finish and SI- S' ill 7() adapliitioiiM of Innii wlii.li, ns ii whole, clninicti ri.;t'.s the weapons of flio miecessive portions of ||„. sliell-lieaps. I Imve llieivfoie contented n.\>e!f willi :i .selection of the nioi'e cliiiiiicteristic tv|i(;,s. 'I liese seeni to .show not ' only a <>Ta(ln:il pionrcss. i.nt a reniaikal.le siiMiliM'ity in type of the eiiiJi.r weapon.^ of the .Ment.s to the i ieni types ni M.se iinion;i' the Kskinio of the adjacent renion. 'I'iie.se Kskinio types are \< ly ancient and have Keen handed down, with some iuijirnvcineiits Imt not nnich alti-ration ol form, from a period prol.ahly contemporaneons with ihe.se Ahiit weapons. The stone dart soon ran its coinse j \n; the Aleuts, •""' '"■•••■ • \\'ll' '•"•I" merely an appendage of the l)one dart-head. 'I'his was owin- to the loser facilities which it alVords {\>v retention in a wound "'"" < !""■<■<' ^^i"'' >'"' • •■ I'arl.s. When hone was lirsl applied to tins pnipoNc. the weap.nis were of a most primitive cliaracti-r. N(.. I (KiS.l exhil.its "lie of these rude and clumsy forms. At fu'st, all the weapons sceme.l to have lieeii l.ari.ed • side only, and this type persists to the present day; lint points l.ari.ed on l.otii sides were introduced at a very eariv sta;^e, and als.. still persist, e:u-ii type i.ein;^- in some respects i.etter fitted for .s(.mo special purpose. 'Ilie hone points were iirsf made to i.e pennanentiv attached to the shaft of tlie dart. Ihit an impr.>venient wa> soon intn.- diiced, l.y whidi it was detaciad, i.iit not lost, heiii^'- still made fast to a cord attached to the .sli.ifi. wlieii a woumle.l animal had worked it out ..fits s«.cliet. 'I'his .saved tile siiaft I'rom i.reakin^-, an important c(.nsiderati(»ii witii the Aleuts, from the .scarcity of wood suited to the purpose, jhit the eldest form still persisted, and is now in n.se amon;r tlie lOskimo, hut chietiv as ciiildren's toys lor shooting' at a mark or at small i.ir.ls. ^■ari..us inodiii- cations of the type repre.seiiti'd i.y No. l(i()7!l were found in vari..ns parts •I'tiie shelldieaps ahove tin- lower Mammalian layer, ..n tlie wiiole im].ruv- in;^- much in finish as we pass to tiie specimens i'rom the upper strata. Nunc ol llieiii. however, carried tills forii to the perfection wliicli lias l)een reached i.y llie modern Kskinio. a specimen of wlio,s(» work is shown in X... 1(141.'}. N\ hen tile doiii.le i.arl.in^r \vas introduced, we have iw. means ..f decidin-r; i.nt iioiH of (.ur specimens are from a jrroater dejitli than the middle Mamma- lian straliim. At first, the i.arbs of one side were h.n-er than tho.se of the other, and a tendency to this may he noted in most modern Kskinio dart- ic«t IrilriK' rinkiii* Spit, till, iMkk, j '"■' '^■ IdiKl (rtp;, -|,„tt..r ManininliJiii Us,,. I l.ikliiu .S|.ii. rn^lnahlin, luinn dan luml, J. IW!lc;;,in._.|u,iii-ilnilh.n.l,|..ncrMMihiM„li.,iil;n.i r,.ii .M„i;. i .Mi.,» kii I'l'iiinmila I inrfKivi'iI f.ir iiiiifoii t) l:i(KH (:i5H)._lk.ii.. .lanh.-u.l. ),„v.t MarmnnlMi., : „t r.i.l nlioItiT, Alka I«liinil, J. , J^^^^IWIPCm* ^^^■I||Mp'^*^ ' lc«ipai) («i:i -rriniltlvi- lii.iioilaillii.nl. !,.«. 1- MniTiiiKiliiiii l;iyiT ninklila Spll. ITnnlanhkB, I ■iiiirrr7[finirtiriinrnr"ir^ |- I(;«1.'i-.M.k1iiii n^iinclioiiiiliitllirail, CaiHiKti.liii, Nijiiivuk IkI.iii.I. ll.liiiK So*, 4. IrilnHlilcoil III dlioiv Kliiiilalily nr lypo riiinlilni'il Willi nrli'ilir tiiiixli in llic iihmIi'Iii Enkimn wi*a|Hiii. li l:l(Nl|.I.Mi-Al.iil I • .Urll,.,..! ii.M.II. M.u„n,,l,.Ml.„.r, N..«n IU>, Alkri IhIuimI t lMri\ a:>; - AI.Hl I" lail l,i;i.l. Iniilll.' M.iii'i uli.in hi>..i »..i»kli U'4li.l. |. 'lliiKiiil m.liunnr'lttlilllfl .■«rthl\ I" "liiiw ll„. roiiiil •».•! III.' (irlitiniil «imii|wi"«I «ill llir uril llaiin-. KIIU.l.li;i«al Al-ill I I.ill hr.Ml, n|.|.. I M Miiiii.ui.i I-. •! A.liikll lalaiiil. I Ii.ir.HlMiiMl In »lio» i.iiiiiliiril> >■( IM"' wHIi i!ii«li-r lliii«h In llii- Diwleni <. llillKlil i-!i;i -Alilll I" Inrt h.iiil. 1" li"l'l i.l.M.li.ili l».liil. lip l«rMuiiiiiMilliii ltt.\•■■< i- t»i«>^ ,1,,..., In »ll"» Hl.llll.V 1.1 1>I" '-r II"' lT.Ui.ln.i.- AU1.I «v,i|H,ll «iil. 111.. l«lU.r flmsbi-d moiliTii "U> III till ii'iiiiiii'iilal luiiiiit 77 |ioiiits III' tlw Kiiinc ♦ypo. lint «illi llic Alciit-* llic fnnn sonii iM't-ninc iicjirlv .s\ iiiiiit'trii';il, lis li;i'iin-(l in l;!i)-j;i miil l."i<)J."i (/ Stniit- of tlux' |Miiiits iVoin llic I' ■ 'Ml* iiiul npiur |iiiris tit' this striitimi iiic In iiiiliriillv liiii>Ii<>\' iIm' miiiu* ty|ic, i\\i\ Inr tlii.H rciixin |ii'uliiili|y, >v»if imt wcnkrutil li\ ;i Imli in tin- l>n .. \( >('cnn;y a «iir(l it \v:i.- priiliiiliK ni.iilc l':i^t tu (In- Inii'l iii-l ill ;i(lvaiiiM> ;>l tin- Inilt. A;riiiii. Ikiwim r, iis ji ^iciiciul iiri>|msili(>ii, llic iiumIciii K^kiiiHi wt'iijMiii (il'tlic siiiiii' ty|ii' is iiiuic cji aiilx iiiiil >i!iiir|i|\ tiiiisiifil, tiiiil always stduter ami stnmjicr. instead - llatliiuil, lil.c ilic Aleut wea|Mm. it is caritiafed on eat li siile, tliereliv niinli iiit rea>iii;L: ii.- irtiij^tli. Tlie I'iskiniti \vea|ioii> iiKire generally have a tuniiiil lial't, «hile llr Aleuts niaile theirs uitire ('iiimiiiiimK nitlia weil;:i' .s|ia|ii'il st|iiai-e halt. The final iiii|)riiveiiient in i!art-|i( I'unnatiiin (•! llie ii|i[ieniiii>| Manmialian strata, imne dt" the examples (ifcnrrin;:' in the luwer or miildle laviis. This was the |»tiintin};' id the liuiic-tlart with iili>iiliaii ur sttiiie. As (•iiiiniared with the rude im|ilenients tif the I'i^hiii^'- ll|iinli |ire\ imisK li^^nied, Ntis. IdOi'iH and ltin(;2 slmw mmh hitler workmanship, and the liiial l\pe to wliifh the stone points ;;ravitateil is shown liv No. 12'.IH."i. Stone dart- jHiints, t'.\c«'pt the small tmes lor hone halts, are not ahnmlant alter the early part of the lluntin;.'- Kpixdi. The Imue arliih' served the purpose nineli better, ami Iniife was universally used. Still we lind oecasioiial speeimeiis of stone heads, even to nearly historie times. An nnnsnal niodilifatioii, oll'erin;f many objcKVwons to its {fcnenil use (ami as a type, I helieve, iinitjiiej, was found in the uppermost strattun at I'ort Miiller, and is li^nred with the others (No. KiOH."! a). The linal form of the stone-|)iiinted hone dart is shown by li.'57, while the Kskiino weapon of the same ty]ie is represented !)\ \^){>H, below the lirst. 'I'lie Kskimo have worked out the same type of weaj)!)!!, finely linished, but their less rei^tricted enviromneiit made its use less universal than it beoanK* ainonir tlu; Aleuts. A speeinieii of one of lllt^ Hiatc whale-haniiioii heads earel'iilly {i^round is also (i;;ureil (No. 1 H»IS). It came from the later deposits of this period, lii the middle Mammalian layers at IJlaklita Spit, 1 was pn/zled by eertain roiind bone or i\ nry aitii Its whi(h I found. They were uuide of that part of the walrus tusk or speiae ili ♦ 78 \\li;il<' tdiitli wliicli Iiiis :i cciitriil Imlluw or cdrc, \\liicli Iiinl liccii rciiiin'tl -mt. Sciiiii' (if tlic ulil Aleuts f.\|il;iiiic(l t(i iiic tluil tlicsc tliiii^^s ncn- pliMcd on tlic |Miiiit of m dnrt wlicii |ir;i(ticiii^- iit :i iii;iik. in nnlci' tliut it iiii^-lit iidt iAi:.(jf.:i).-nnii..iifnrii.iri.i.f»|MiiTi Ix'cniiic liliiiitcil. 'I'lic iiimcxcd lijiMirc slidws one u lull- tiMith t\]M'i Mitliiin;ili;iri l:i\.r.C..n-l:iiilih. llail...i.Arri.lntl.ii, |. of (llcSC, wllicll I fnllinl ill till" U | )|KTnive hej^in to find, for the first time, various im|ilements of this kind. The most common (as thf least valiiahle and most likely to he lost or thrown away) are jinmice-stono skin-dressers or riihliers, of varialtle shape, hut always with flattened sides and rounded ed^H'S, ami usually lon;;er than wide. 'I'hes(i di> not materially alter in ap- jiearance in the diil'erent strata. The coarse {rrain of the pumice, wliii h floats on the sea and may he found on most of the l)eachcs, is admirably adapted for removing- tlic remnants of llesh and tendinous matter from ii dry, raw skin. Then we tiiid rude hone skin-dressers, more! t»r less chisel- shaped, and hardly to lie disfin;;uished frou) the wedjres hereafter Id Ijo described, except by not beiny hammered at the thicker end. 'Jhese bone dressers, however, im|)rovedf^reatly in form and fniish. ( hie from the lower stratum is fijxured (1G07!') above, and another from the uj)per stratum (H;()sS) is remarkable for the care with which it is finished and the excava- tion of one side clear to the tips f)f the horn-jirocesses, which afforded a secure , Anichiikii 7S» IV'rind. 'I'lic^c were used tor rciiioN iiij: ilic rciimjiiits dt" lli'sli iiiid muscU' liiiiu tlic cili^fs iiiid curiicrs dl' the >k\\i v.; phirrs not ninl.cd Ii\ llic Inr^^^ir iiiiplciiiciits. 'Id cut iiiid ^cw till' f-i\iii. wliiii drt'sscd, r.tlicf iiMpltiiK'nts wiTc rtMiuii'i'd. 'I'lic kiiilc ii;iiii'«'d under ilic I"i>IiIiiL:- I't liid li;iil liccn l>y this time nuicli inipnivcd in its nt.ncrid iini>ii l>y licin;^- ;;riinnd sintintii n\fr its entire MirlJicc, instead ot' uierelv iit the eMttili;^ eilge. No. 1(1(1,')! >lio\\s n line examplo of this type. These knives, ot' eonr-^e, were ii.^t il tor nsany other purjiose.s l)esi»h's nittiii;^' the dresNed ^kiiis: liut lor this tliey were lietter than scissors, not cutting' the hair. Soinethin;^- similar i^ u>ed l>y ail Inrriers. l'"or piercing- the skin, in ordert the tiiread, an awl was used. 'I'his, troni the earliest times, was prel'eraldy ot the win^- liones ot' liirds. TheN' answered the purpose hetter than other hones oil account ot' the Jiollow in then, and their harder texiine, which made it easier to keej) them sharp. The more modern awls are the luiier linished, hut the general form is latt ehaiiji'ed t'rom that ot' the primitive type. ( )ne is ti;4iire(l alxivi' from the lower, and one t'rom the upper, .Mammalian la\cr. With lhe.se thin<^-s are foinid ,i i:'reat \ariety ot whetstones ot all shapes and sizes, on which the hone and stone tools were lirouyht to a sharp ed;;e. 'I"he thread was twi>ted, of w hale-.-inew , and attached hy a little resin, from the hark s), contaiuiu^i- pieces (if soft luenuitite, graphite, and lihii' c.irliouate of copper, with which the anciimt seamstress ornamenteil her h.indiwork. There were also a nmlti- tiulo of little bone splinters, useket of woven ^^rass, which had shared the fate of its oW'n<;r, and passed awav. i suppose; that the birch- bark was a]s,> u.sed l)y the.se natives as tinder, t'or which its resinous prop- erties peculiarly adapt it. Up to the close of the l''ishinji' I'erioil, though it is incredible that they should not have been ac(piainted with the use of lire, vet there are no (;vidences of its haviiii'- been used in anv wa\ . We Pi 80 iiijiy s;if'clv cniicliMlc tli;it it t cfniit' into j;cii( r;il use until tlic iiliscncc (>r xvnuiK fuel Wiis niiiilc n]i t'nr liy iilmndiiiit su])|ili('s of nil iiiul liluhlxT liniii ilic s!iMi;^lii<'r of s(ii-;ininiiils. Not onl\ must tluTc lunc Ik en iin .•ilmnijimt sii|i|il\ tor s,i\, •!;;■(■ ii|»|i('tit<'.'S lnit tlicrc ninsf luivc liccn :ni :il»un- (l.in! sinpliis to iiMJiicc tlicni, li;iliitinitc|M'i Maiin,„,li:in. i: liuilai |.l,ic4, .NaMli ISaj, Alk», |. J . 81 liy Inii^r c.iitcst with the ley .-..M \\;il. rs. 'I'lu y wnv Vv^Urt] .iiid licM iiiiilcr tlicir -iiiriiiciits until tin- li.'.itcl jiii'. f.iiiliuf.l l.\ tlic ^iitsliiri m- kjiin- liiyk.i. Iiiiil s(r\c(| its |nir|»(>s('. Ill tlic ciiiirsc' of time, liowtvcr. v >u\\ Iroiii tlic slmri's, wlicii misnitcil Inr ntli.r imrjx.scs, was iisc.l as fiul. tlu- lirt's l.ciii-- iiiaiU- in the open air, on stnne heartlis. Iiiiilt lur ilie purin.se. .Many (.f these heartli-stniies were \'ii:nu\ liy iis hej.riii;;- th<- marks ut' lire. They wire preferahlv snmeuliat cuncaNe on the upper surface, hut .itherwise irregularly shaped. The natives al.-o used the liones dt' cetacean.--, spou;;y and riill tA' u\], tur I'liel. They sdinetimes placed tish or meat hetweeii two coucavc stones, plastered th(< chinks w ifh clay, and haked the whole in the (ire until done. .Much of their i'ood, iiicludiiii,'- al;ia', shli, the octopus oi- ciittlelish, and bluhher, was eaten raw. The (dd men, to this day, ascrilie the various com- ]»]aints, wliich have artlicted later j-cueratiims, chielly to the pernicious prac- tice ol cookinji' food. \\'ood was prepared for various nsi's hv splittiiii;- it with a maul and lioue wc'd<>c.s. 'J'hese latter articles are ainoii;.;' the mo.st common iclics of the Mammalian layer. They are to he distinj-uislud from skin-dressers of similar sliajie liy their ruder outline and hy hein;;- ham- mered at the hroader end. A spe«-Imeu is here tioiireil, which had received much hard usa^n'. Tin y were usually cut from the jaws or rihs of whales. The cuttiui;- of the hone, from the marks left on fra;.;nients found in the .shell-heaps, was usually done with a sharp-edj^cd stone used as a .saw or lile, and very rarely with any other tool. There is hardly any stoiu> on the islaiuls, such as serpentine, lit for makiii;.;- celts or adzes. They were probably imported from the C(»ntiiiental Innuit at <;Teat co.st, and ver\' liiuhly valued. We know that small thin iron chisels, Khaped like the nati\c celt (wliich was alw.iys attachecl like an adze to a wooden kiiee or handle), Avero auionjj the most profit able tradinfr piods of the first discoverers. Fifteen and even tweuty of the finest sea-otter skins were cheerfiillv jiaid for one. To the jrreat value whiidi they attached to them I refer tlu^ absence of these implements from the shell heaps. Not one was found in all our excavations. Aud in orily one case, that of a comparativeK modern, tliouyh prehistoric burial-place, has an adze or celt been found in the Aleutian Islands. 'J'his is one of the etlmoloj^ical peculiarities of the U i i I » |i -A I I 82 ron-ion. The fact tliat Minon^' tlic tluMisjnids cf iinplMiiciits, wonjutntJ, &c, tliat \V(! Iia\. collcctid in this ic-:ioii, tlicic slioiiltl lie liiit one celt, slmws their cxtniiH' r.iiilyaml the lii^^h valiii- |irul)altly placed on th down (d)tained from the wild cotton-"rass or rush, which had been sprinkled with snlphnr from the crevices of tho vcdcanos. In the npper layers alone wo be^rin t,, find the ivory ornaments .' iid appenda^-es, which now form i)art of every kyak or bidarka; and tho thin strips of bono with which was ornamented tho wooden visor used by tho Aleuts to ja-otect themselves from the liiii-r tlirir l>,,i„. aii.l u.mmIch imj.l.-iiifiits iiiiht stone walls, covered outside with mats, straw, and finally turf. IJude bone picks, for excavatin^r, were not luiconnnon hi the shell-heaijs. 'J'he roof was formed by archin;.;- ■\vhale-rib.s, or long sticks of drift-wood, matted, thatched, and turfed like the sides, Avith a central ajjerture. A platform, soniew hat rai.s.d, ananul the sides of the house afforded a ])lace foi sittitig and sleeping. Later, each village had a large liou.se, or haslniu, which served as a common work-shop, and n lodging for .strangers, as well as for a town-hall for tlu^ir di.scussions and festivals. In all this, they agree precisely with the present Iiiuuit. Still later, in a period not very greatly antedaling the historic, the Aleuts began to build largo connnuni.stic dwellings with features jieculiar to themselves, without doors, and entered by the hole in the roof, the inmates descending on a notched log placed upright. I'hese large yonits were divi.h^d, b)- par- 111 I 84 lIlioiiAof wood, Htoiio, or iiiiittiiijr, intit siiiiill romns like tli(> stntr-roonis nfii Ntfiimcr, lull \vitli<»iit dixirs; o|i)'ii towiinl tlic (ciitcr (il'llic yoilil, iiiul I'jicli .•M'cdiiimoiliitiii;,'' riiio fiiiiiily. SdiiicfiiiiiN tlic dciul were iiK-loscd in tlii' fi|i;iitiii(tit iIkv liiiil (»ccii|ii(Ml wlicii liviii;^', wliicli wiis lillcd willi cnrlli iiiid widltd ii]i, wliili' llic (illur iidiiiliitiiiits r(f:iiiiid their i'liiirtiiitiits ns ]h tore. \V(f tumid, ill tin- ((uusc! oloiir ('xcavatiniis on Clakiifii Spit in one of tlu'S(> old yoiirts, tlirt'c sktdctoiis tliiis iiitcncd. Tlic IxMiii-s win- tied with tli(» kiii'cs hriMi;4lit up to tlic cliiii, iih is now (•ii>toiiii(ry aiiioii rlic roiitiiH-iita! liiiiiiit. Tint laiildiii^r of lioiiscs and liylitin;,' tlicin witli lamps must liavo exor- cised ;i powcrl'iil iiiod;i'\ iii^' iiilliiciicc on tlicsc people. liisinj;- :ind retirin<^- with tli(! sun, their pro^^cnitors nlied on heaven for llicir li^iht and warmth. Now till- lamp formed at oiiec ,1 center (.1' attraction for the memhers of a hoiisehnld, prolonji'e(I their a\ .liliihlc hours of lalior, and clurred the drearv nij.dits of winter. Not only would the utilitarian side of the iiiitivc mind become developed, hut it mi;iht l)e;iiii dimly to experieiici' sensations of tlio heiiiitifiil. I'rohiildy the ;ireiiter comfort and miituid conlideiice in which llicy existed would tend to modify for the better tlii' dreary animism which characterizes all of the most dej;rade(l and sava-^c races. '{"his brings us to the consideration of those olijeefs found in the shell- liciips, and solely coiidiied to the ni-periiiost strata, which iiiiiy ])0 fairlv denominated — AKTICLEH OF AliT 0I£ oliNAMr.NT. The expression of a'sthetii feidiii^j', iis indiciited Iiv attempts at orna- mentation of utensils ;.*» IPH rmk-slultirs. I liavc clpcwlicrc trc.itiiil>ii'cf iiii.rtinsn, iiiul "ill ii;i>s it liy Ik If with tlic li'rc;r,,iii^r ii|li.>i,,ii. Tin re fan Itr no iloiilil also tiial, l»y die inx-ilidn ut' ffatlifis, liair, and whiskfr-lnistlfs t.f llif seal, as well as in i.tlifr ways, tlif liiilarka or kayak was lastfliiiJv urnauKiitcil. 'I'lic ([cnililf or luo-liclfd lii.larka. picnliar to tlic Innnit of Kailiak ami llif Alfnts, lifcanif a nffcs^ity Irnin lliiir nirilioil of laintin;^-, wliifli ncffssitatti! two pfrsons, onf to liinl tlic «lail and llic oilnr to stcfi- and inana^H' tlif liidarka. 'I lie sin;r|f kayak, foninioii to idl tlir Innnit, is «'oni|)ai-ativ«'ly iiifllififiit in sca-ottfr Ininlin;;'. The ilncc liolfd liidarka ajipfars to have Itccn a KMissian innovation. 'I'lif liidaiia, a- nmiak, does not .sfi-ni to liavf Ikmii as fxtfnsivtly nsed anion;^- tlir Alcnts ,is it !> ijiinni;- tlufonlinary Innuit ; and It is iiotiwortliy tliat on ilif wliolf wf^t foast it has not tlif special «diarafffr o|' n ••woman's lioat ", wliifli isi liaraftfiiNtic «.!' it anionii' tlif (Ircfnlandffs and eastern Innnit. 'I'liere are some artieles nsed on tlie kyak wliieli aic n>nall\ made nl" l)on<', and often preserved in tiie ni>per .Mannnalian siralinii. and npon wliifli some attfinpts at ornamentation were l»e>t(»wed. These are little pieces of l)on(> or iv(try, in ^feiieral shapi' resemhlin^^ a, knfelin;,^ limine, uitli one or two holes, thron;.^li wliifh cords were jiasscd. Tliesi; cords were niadc^ fast at the outer angles of the kyak, passiii;r over the upper ridjiff of it, and drawn taut. On each side, one of the hone appeiid- a^'t'.s was placed, t(t raise the cord a little, so that a paddK nr dart ini^ht bo slipped under the latter, and so iiia(h^ fast to the k\ak. 'I'here are usually at least two of these transver.se cords plac((| in advance of each seat aud two behind tlui stern .seat, inakin;;' six in all, in a double kyak, and reiptirln^'^ twelve appendages. The Litter were, in soiia; ca.ses, carved to represent fij,nires of animals. Another species of ornanientation has already been alluded to in the ilat, thin strips of bone which wen; fastened to the wooden visor worn in Imiitiii;^. 'i'heso were fre(pieiitly ornamented with typically Innnit jiatterns of parallel lines, dots, concen- tric circles, with zig'zag markint nl' tlic sinnll iiondL'scriiit cjirviiijrs fuiiiid ill the slicll-l:c;i|)s cjiii he rcl'ciic il to this species of (iniiuneiit. \im- laiiu'(l hv the iliill colors and thin tcNtniT of most of the Alciitiau shells. There are a few, iiowovcr, wliii-h wcaild seem to have lieeii (|uite suilalile, lait \vt' i'ound \.o ovidonees of their nso. Ill some of the latest preliistoiic liiirlal -places, we foiiiid, lieside other car\iii;is, masks, toys, ami once a rude woixh'ii doll, Imt with one e\ceptii>n we have foiiiid no imitations of the lmm;in I'oriii or face in the kitchen- heaps, '["his exception w;is a small and very artistic ivorv carviii;.'-, perhaps once lashed to the peak o|' a \ isor, or to some other article, of which the iimiexeil linnre is a representation, it does fit]^ not, however, ^ive a siitlicieiitlv clear idea of the delicac\- of the carviiiii', which is reallv e\ce|itional. The face has '. the n.-iial Inmiit cliaracteristirs, and four litth- holes at tla; *c(| sides were exideiitly for sico.iiiiL;- tiie lashiii;;'s. '|"lie hack ^ is (piite concave, as if it had heeii tilted to some sin.dl ^^ cylindrical oltject. The upper part is I'arvcd jihe the heai^ iiwi n.-.fi-unnc cirv- of ii bird. Tiie ohject is too sh^^ht ,<> have iiceii aiiv kind Miiii.niaii;in niiatuiii, I'lirt ot iiteiisil, aiid pfohahU' w as made fo'' orti;inieiit alone. ]. It indicates superior ahilitv in the carxi'r, and a lireat iidvance on tin; usual u'sthetic condition of the Iiinuit of th(»se tiiin's. In a fi'eneral way, the love of ornament was exhibited in the better tinisli and neater proportions of all utensils and weapons, and in the model ot the bidarka, as we have clsewheri' noted in the course of this paper. The cu.stoni of picrcinj^- tlu^ llesh in order to attach an ornament or appendaji-o to the person is very ancient and widely spread. It would be assuiniii;^^ too much to infer any necessary connection between the instances of occurrence of this [iractice in widely-separated refi'ious. it ])robably took its oriyin in some of the dark and j^looinv superstitions of early barbarism, akin to those which now impel some sava;^-es to lacerat(! their bodies io appease eyil spirits or please their fetishes. This, by survi\ al, has not improbably grown into a custom in wliich ornamentation, so- called, is the only' motive, and which still flourishes in civilized nations. The thinner portions of the body, such as tla; lobe of the external ear, the H8 i ^w n ii': *K iiii Sill c'lrtiliific, ami tlic lips, iifVonl jiTcatcr facilities t'ur the ipradicc, and liavc liccii ;i(iicrall\' afli'ptid lur lli,' jiiirimsc. Amnii;^- sdiiic AtVicaii tril)cs, till' iidtdciiiliis ill lira/il, tlic T'liukcts of the northwest (•(in>t, the \>\\ histoiic Aleuts, and llie mndern iiiniilt, lalnct.-. or plii^^s iiiserte■!•, as r.inonjr theiu 'he women also wear ]u-culiar lahrets of a (' or .1 shape, soinetiino.s two and sometimes more, in the lower li|), whence they project like little horns. The Norton Sound Innnit women used to wear an omament tlironriU'fict' of tiitodiiin- itfrpclKliciilar lines dii the cliiii ..f wnnicii he also iiimtioiis and ilj^iiivs, as well as a i'rw t:aiis\,.r>c lines on the iipiiei- part ot' the !':u'(', cxtciKlin,!,'' hackwafd from near tlie outer coi'nc rs of liie e\ cs. I{illin"s and I.anjisdorf also li^iiirc the cdi^at-sliaped lal>ret. An earlier praetiee is revealed hy (nn- researi'Ii.'s of a lar^v central lalii'et like those of the '["'linkets or IJotocndos, worn in the lower lip, prohahK l»v the women, Imt this is not certain. 'I'hose foinid hy us in the Amaknak Case were asso- eiati'd with tlu; remains of a woman's work-hasket, liefoie alhided to. 'I'lie earlier form.-! were les.s nicely iua(h' and U'ss e!a1)orate than the later ones. Tiiis form of lahret appears to be .strictly prehistoric amon;,^ the Aleuts. Xos. l-_'!i;il Mild 141)3;) from the Amid subjected the extended strip of ilesh to freezing, and been an insuflerabh! aniio\ai.c(! otherwise. We may coujectiire thai they were the ornaments of dandies or wouk n. The expanded edge of the largest labret was woi-n in^;de and uppermost, as its weight bore down the li[) into a horizontal plane. I'mler the liead of art may bo reckoned the carvings found with human remains in burial-cave.s. As I have elsewhere described these remains in detail, and us they nw, not found in the .sliell-heai).s, but only in the more modern burial-places, 1 will merely de.scribe their general character in connection with the viirioiis methods of burial known among the ancient hunters of the Aleutian Ishuxls. "Wo found the dead disposed of in several ways: tirst by interment in their compartments of the comnuinal dwelling, as alrea examined a \i\v>xr number. This was apparently the* more ancient form of disposiii;^- of the dead, and one which more recently was still pur- sued in Ihe case of |)oor or ini])opular individuals. Lastly, in comparatively modern times, pru1»al)ly within a few centuries and uj) to the historic period ( 1 7 Id), iiiiothi'r mode was adopted for the Mcaltli^' ])opidar, or more dis- tin'.ruished class. The Ixxlies were eviscerated, cleansed from fattv matters .n runiiinj-- water, drit-d, and usually jjlaced in suita1d(» cases in wrappin;r8 of fur and fine ^rni.ss mattin>>'. 'J'he body was usually doubled up into the smallest compass; and the munnny-case, esju'cially in the case of children, was usually suspended (so as not to toucli the j^round) in some convenient rock-shelter. Sometimes, however, the prepared body was placed in a life- like posture, dressed, and arme(l. 'i'luy wer. placed as if cufTJiJ^'cd m some conffcnial occu])ation, such as huntin;!:, fi.shiufr, sewinjr, etc. With them were also placed eflif^ies of tlu' animals they were ijursuinif, while the hunter was dressed inliis wooden armor, and provided with an enormous mask, all ornamented with feathers and a countless variety of wooden pendants col- ored in «>-ay jiatterns. All the carviuji's were of wood, the weapons even were only facsimiles in wood of the crifj;inal articles. Anion;; the articles represented were drums, rattles, dishes, weapons, elligics of men, Idrds, lish, and animals, wooden armor of r< Is or scales of wood, and remarkable masks so arrann-ed that the wearer when erect could only see the ground at his feet. These wen; worn at their religious dances, from an idea that a spirit, which was supposed to animate a temporary idol, was fatal to whoever might look ujKtn it while so occu])ii'd. An extension of the same idea led to the ma.sk- ing of those who had gone into the land of spirits. The practice of preserv- ing the bodies of those belonging to the whaling caste, a custom peculiar to the Kadiak Imniit, has erroneously l>eeu confounded with the one now described. The latter included women as well as men, and all those whom the living desired particularly to honor. The whalers, however, only pre- served the bodies of males, and they were not associated with the parapher- nalia of those I have describetl. Indeed, the observations I have been able in i to iniik(; .slidW the IxmHcs df llu.' wlialcrs tn \ui\v liccii |in'sci\ imI with stdiic Wi-Jijioiis iuiil nctnal utensils iustcail of cllijiii's, iuid witli (lie iiicaiicst ai«|ian'l and no carviiiirs of coiisciniciicc. 'Hicsc details and tliosi- (if many otlicr customs and nsa;ics, of wliirli tlii' slicll-lieaps bear no testimony, yet of tin; existence of wliicli, from analoj^y and circumstantial i-vidence, there can Im no doul)t. do not j)roj)erly come within my limits. From the hints I liav*^ j;iven, a tolerably natural pitturu can be drawn of the life of the people 1 have described. In conchuliiij,'' this division of my subject, 1 nuist reiterate the remaik that the e\ ideiices of prof^Tess indicated in the succession in the shell-heaps rest on a comparison of the Itest productions of each period, and tliat tiui inference nnist not be drawn that all the productions of a particular class in any owe period are superior to all of a preceding;- perioil. Uude and primi- tive forms appear in every stratum, finely linished and ornatt^ forms oidv in the later dej)osits. Poor workmanship is as often the product of individual want 0, in the Kol.viua circnit alone, l,l:t9 Ynkanirs and others, related to the Koraks. In Kustern Siberia, in 1S((I, by the Knssian censns obtained by nic from the governor of Kaincliatka in IHfi,'), there were in all about live thonsand of these people. I have a Tiingnse portrait taki'ii from life in lt:. II Wrangell, page ITS, states that the Omoki and Reliehif^i dis.Tpi)eared from their wars w ith neigh- Imring tribi's,Nmall-iH)x, and devastating sickness. The Onkilon mill exist, according to Wrangcll, on Anadyr (Jnlf (page ^7-i). 95 castcni ^ll«»^(• <>( Sinitli's Simiitl. 'riicncc, ns new parties iinivctl, lie sii|))ios('s till V ni.iy Iiiivr si-paratcil, soiuc to the lutrlli, ollirrs rrmiiiiiiii^- as llic Antir 1 1 i;ililaiiil(r>' ancestors, otlu-rs still ^oinj^f smith, ilriviiiL;- nut tlic N(iis( imn, ami |Mt.|iliii;.'- ( Jrccnlaiiil. Fiirtiicr on, lie assiiincs it as (crtaiii tliiil lIic Antic lli;rlilaniliTS came iVum tlie iiortli. lie also makes the puiiit tliat there are penjile speakiii■(• of the snhjeet than .Mr. Markham, is that these and other iieopie came into America via the .\lentian Islands. Hefiire enterinir into the snhject in detail, it mav lie as well to |ii-eiiiise that in the tar and distant past, a period so ancient as to lie whollv without the .scope <.t' this paper, it seems prohalth^ that the liist |iopiilation ol America was derived troin the west. 10. (i. Sipiier and the late (Jeor;;!' (jibl)s In-ru-ved in ditl'erent lines of inuin^ration, one from the southwest in tiie direction of Polynesia, and another from the north. 'I'hiif this is jirolialile cannot be denied, but it will always remain donbtfiil. 'J'he fact that the home of the hiji'hest anthropoid apes is in Africa, and also tiiat of some of the lea.st-elevated forms of man; that we haxc none of the liijrher anthropoid animals, recent or fossil, in .\nierica, and none are known anywhere ont.side of the Asiatic and African icnidns, tells forcibly ajrainst any hypothesis of antochthonii^ peojile in Americi. I see, therefore, no reason for dispntiny- the hypothesis that America was peopled from Asia oriirinally, and that there were snccessivc; waves of emi;^ration. The noithern route was clearly by way of licring Strait; at least, it wa.s not to the south of that, and especially it was not by way of the Aleutian Islands. Linirnistically, no idtimate distinction rati be drawn between the American Iinniit and the American Indian. There are no ultimate or fuiulamental pri'amniatical distinctions in the formation of their respcn-tive lanr the liidiiiii iiiid t'niiii :ill dtlicrs ns iiiiy >t\vinli>tril)iitinii. W'iiciicc iiiid \\ liy did tliry ('(imf tlnTc .' Wliat was tlirir (iriiiiiial coiiditidii ? 'I'licsc arc iIk- (iMcrics awaitiiiii' a solutinii. I shall assiuiii', what is also assnnicd liy Mr. .Markhaiii, that th(^ oriy-iual iiro;i('iiitois of the Jiiiiuit were ill a \ cry ])riiiiiti\ c, low, and barharoiis condition. I tliiidc that I'or one locality at least, the Aleutian Islands, this is siiHicieiitly proved in I'art II of tips p.iiier. 'j'lie |ii'ehistoiic iidiabitants ol' I'ei'in'oi-d seem to ha\e Ix'eu littl ■ hettc'V o'''' and it is not iniiirohalile that man, when he iifst Ix'n.'in to s|iread over tho earth, was ('ver\where, as i. ""'•'ire (and possilily lanjiua^'e) is concerned, in much the same condition. It uii.j '•■; stiL;'ulfs known in any ocean, o\-er which r7 cow (H'lHiiii) n..t Kiiuuii to liiiv i\ist,.,| :iii\u|„.|v (!m-. uliirli \miv Kill.'.! Willi. .lit liny M-ivnl .lilliciilly, iiinl wlii.li ,illnn|,.,l iihumljiiK :.\u\ lu.f iili|i;il,it,tlilr looil. I III, I IIk-.c isl.MiiiN <\(i- liccii iiili,il,i|,.(| liy sjivii;^-!'^, wuiil.l ili.y have miaiiiiiK.ii^iy Icti ihi, iinl.iilin;'- MippK ..f fond for cxjii.. rations mi an iiiikiiouii and >t<.riiiy mh, and liiialK srttl.'d in ]ir( rci-ciicc till inlands iicarly liarc nf all food cxcciil ccliini.' I dii not tliinlv it tiniccivalilc. Finnlly, tlic Tatiir, .Ia|iaiicsc, ,.r Cliincsc i\]v/\\\ nl' tli(>c |ir..|il,', -o fnvoiitc an liy|i(itlicsis witli niaiiy, linds no coiTolioration in llicir inaniiriN, (Imss, or laii;.'ii;i;r<'. M. Alplioiisc riiiiiil, wlio lias can Inlly studied tli.' liiiifrua^-c with niiiisual lacilitics for coniiiarison, finds in it no liju I' these lorciLin toiiy the ^rciit easterly Pacific current, of daiiiiiiese junks on the coast iif America and the Aleiitiiin Islands, tint it mn-t lie reeidle. nd that tlies(> junks (tlie coiistniction of wimdi ini|ilies a iieople ali-ead\ fai' nd\aiiced in the ;irts), whi(di lia\-e uiidoiilitedly heen thrown U|i in this manner, are first ciirried clear to the coast of America In iatitmle aO liefoiv the iioiiIh riv retiiriiiii;,'' branch of the current would throw them on th<> islands. Then they are as likely to lie carried south as north hy the southerly nr:ii of the ( r.rreiit. In jioiut of fact, many more are known to haxc heeii cast oi, the continent than lunc i-ver heeii known to reach the islands, 'j'he drill I.',- which a -lapiinese junk, on w lii( h three persons (all men) remained ali\e, wils iiiially cast on the south shore of Adakh in ISTi occu|iie(l nine months. Diirinj.;' this time, the men li\('d on raiii-watell Land and the unknown I'ohir region, does not involve any weighty t)l)jections ('xcept our ignorance of the region indicated. I am tokl by tlie whaU-rs tliat in cruising near Wranyell I^and tliev have noticed on the shore vivid green spots, like those that are tluf peculiar characteristics of the Aleutian Kjiikkenmodden; and that they believe that land to be, or to have been, inhabite'd. AVith the greater facility all'orded by the Strait route, however, wi! may doubt whether the majority of emigrants would select that by way of the Polar Sea. But with these points I have little to do. 1 believe that this emigration . was vastly more ancient than 3Ir. ^larkham sujiposes, and that it took place before the present characteristics of races and tribes of North American savages were developed. For conlirmator)' testimony I refer the reader to I'art II of this paper. While the Iiniuit at present are almost exclusively maritime, it is l)y no means certain that all branches of their stock have always Ijeen so. Iur inland than they do now. Franklin records the existence of Innuit two hundred miles farther up the Mackenzie, in his tinu', ihan they range at present. There are iiuuiy facts in American ethnology which tend to show that originally the Inmiit of the cast coast had much the same distribution as the walrus, namely, as far south as New Jersey.* I have already mentioned that the National Museum has received relics, ajjparently of Innuit type, from shell-heaps near the mouth of the Stikine River, col- lected by Lieut. V. ]\I. Ring, U. S. A. This is nearly four hundred mile.^ south and east of the mo.st southeastern Innuit of the northwest coast. And this is not, in my opinion, the most southern ancient limit of these people by any means. ■ Whether the strange s'milarity of the .skulls of the Northern *Dr. Leuly, since the above was writtim, reports a wairiis tusk from tlio phospbatu beds of Sonth Carolina. 4 i 09 ]\romul-1)uil(lors, mid of cortiiin Irihos unco inli:il»itiii,L;- tlio const iiiid islands oF Santii l}arl)arn Coimty, California, to lliosc of the Inmiit, lias any real bearing on tlic sulyoct or not, nnist roniaiu in dc.nbt. 'J'lio facts, lioucvcr, jire worthy of note in tins connection. Dr. Kink, in his admirable paper, the abstract «)f which I shonhl like to (piote entire, arrives at this conchision: 'Hiat the "Eskimo appear to have been the last wave of an aboriginal American race, which has spread over the c(mtinent from more genial region.s, following principally the rivers and water-courses, and continually yielding to the pressure of the tribes Ix-himl them, until at last they have peopled the .sea-coast. In the higher latitudes, the contrast between sea and land, as affording the means ui' subsistence, would be sufiicient to in-oduce a correspondingly abrui)t change in the habits of the people, while farther to tlie south the change woidd be more gradual." This last suggestion chimes in with what we know of the UK.re gradual differentiation in characteristics between flu; ancient Inmnt of Aliaska and Kadiak and the Indians of T'liuket stock to the east of the in; and a similar state of things which exists between the Indians and Inn-iit of the Lower Yukon as compared with those of the middle paii of the Arctic Amei'ican coasts. Dr. Kink suggests that the Yukon basin might have been the path by which the orginal inland Eskimo traveled toward the sea. Yet it is not improbalde that they went by several roads. It is noticeable that those tribes now wearing labrets are those most adjacent to Indian tribes having a similar practice, and vice versa. I'he doctor further suggests that the uniformity of habits and development among the Inniiit must have l)een promoted by the necessity of co-operating against hostile Indian tribes and the unitbrmity of the new region (Altered by them; "but as soon as a certain stage of development was attained, and the tribes spread over the Arctic coa.st toward Asia on the one hand and Greenland on the other, the further improvement of the race apjiears to have ceased, or to have been consideral)ly checked." One reason of this may be found in the fact that, as soon as the ireeless and barren Arctic coast was occuj)ied, the struggle Ibr existence against cold aiul famine would have oc.'upieil al! ihcir powers, and the ojiportunity of further development afforded by an abundance of food and partial leisure, at times, such as was enjoyed by the '\' r 100 fliiiittirs of the Aleutian Islaiids, would liiive been denied tlieni. Dr. Kink t'lirllier draws eoni])aris()iis between the tales, lanjiuajic, eustoins, and espe- eiallv the tradititms of dillerent branehes of the Iniiuit stoek, and shows an astonishinjr uniformity, almost aniountinf? to identity, b«'t\veen them. Tills identity exists in the stories received from the i)eo|)lo of Cape Fan.well and Laltradnr, for instance, who appear to have had no intercour .e v !•'> 'aeh (itiier f(ir upward of a thousand years. As the di.stunco fron ; tpi- i ,ve- well to Labrador, by the ordinary channels of Kskimo communieir.lon, is as ^^reat as from either of these two places to the most western limit of the Ivskimo rej^fion, it may be assumed that a certain stock of traditions is more (»r less connnon to all the tribes of Eskimo. l)r. Kiidc's studies (and no (me has investigated the subject of Innuit traditions more thoroughly or with greater succe.ss) lead him to the following conclusions: "1. That tlu! jirincipal stock of traditions were not invented, from time to time, but originated in the stage of their migrations while they were making the great step, from ha1)its of life which had matured inland, to those rendered necessary l)y an occupation of the coast. x\t this same period, the national develo[)ment was going on in other I)ranches of culture. The traditions subseiiuently springing u}) are more "V less comj.-osed < ' elements taken i'roni the older stories, and have only had a comparative!} tempt irary existence. "11. That the real historical events upon which some of the j)rincipal ol' llu' oldest tales are founded consisted of wars conducted ag'ainst the same hostile nations, or (if journeys to the same distant countries ; and that the original tales were suljse\' po^sihility that any liviiin' Itfiiiys cuiild cxci- Imvc siil)si>tf(l or cxistcil in liic niu-^^rd and foiitracti'd arou wliicli I'onns llic iiilciim- of cnch iIic laij^csl ol' iIm- Aleutian Islands. Now as to tliL' facts on wliicli Mr .Maikliaui liasis liis li\ potlusis ; tlic\ arc, wlicn confirnu-d hy considtin^' original authorities, al)out as follows: 'i'hat thci'c arc numerous traces of iidialiitants on the noitli shore of Asi.i and the archipelago in the I'olai' Sea north of America, where no |H'o|ile now live; that there were om-e nuincidus trihes in Mastern Siheria no lon^'cr existing-; that VVran,i:'elI nK'Utions that theOnioki (S;diine"s ed., p. 1ST), a "tuition" possessing;' "a certain decree of ci\ ilizntiou, and acipiainted willi the use of iron liei'on' the arrival ol' the K'nssians"; "lefi the hanks ol' the Kolyma iJi two lar^^c divisions with their reindeer," prohahK turniuL:- "to file west alonj;- the I'olar Sea", nunuTons yourts still existiu;;' "near the nth of the Indi^iii'ka", though no one remend(ei's any settlenu'nt theic, and th<' placi' "is still called ( )mokskoia Yoiu'tovlcha". lie mentions a ti-adition that they went northward, e seen hv consulting the notes 1 have appended to the extracts I have (juoted from his paper. Certainly, emij;Tation caused, accordin<4' to Wranj^cll, in the seventeenth century, by the advent of the Russians, could not have produced an invasion of Greenland three hinidred years ]ireviousl\', and there are no traditions reci»rded of any earlier ex mIus from Kasteru Sil)eria on which to hiise an I I 102 H k : ^: li} potlic'sis, thou<^li 1 would not bo iiiidc'rstodd as asst'rtinjr Uiat hiuIi did not occur. Certainly, the liomogoneity of the Innuit stock in traditions, habits, and lanjruagc ■-< too threat to have resulted from the modification in a few cen- turies of a.' <;ruous horde of Mongols, Scythians, and Chukchi. We have kuoAvIedge of the Arctic Sea to justify us in asserting that thei-(3 is a bridge of ice and land, even in winter, between Wranyell's Land and,the Parry Archipelago, a distance of a thousand miles, in which no land is known to exist, and in s(mie parts of which deep Avater and st/ong cur- rents, which we know to be there, would j)ut a barrier of open water across the desert of a thousand miles of broken ice. The occupation of the Aleutian Islands by human beings, in all probability the ancestors of the present Aleuts, is, I think, shown by Part II of this paper to be of very ancient date. This is still further confirmed by the modifications in their language. Avhich, though evidently of Innuit stock, has become greatly diflerentiated from the other Innuit dialects. For instance, the Aleuts can count up to two thousand by the decimal systeuj, according to Veniaminoff, while their nearest neighbors, the Kaniagmut, can only count up to two hundred. The words, too, with {i}\y exceptions, are quite difi"erent in the two dialects, while all the other Innuit tribes have many words in common. It is noteworthy, too, that the tribes who have pressed upon the Innuit peojjle of the northwest coast have traditions of origin to the southeast, as, for instance, the T'linkets, who profess to have come from the NaSse River region. i\[y own imi)ression agrees with that of Dr. Rink that the Innuit were once inhabitants of the interior of America ; that they were forced to the west and nt)rth by the pressure of tribes of Indians from the south; that they spread into the Aleutian region and northwest coast generally, and possibly sinndtaneously to the north ; that their journeying was originally tenta- tive, and that they finally settled in those regions wliloh afforded them subsistence, perhaps after passing through the greater portion of Arctic America, leaving their traces as they w^ent in many ))kices imfit for perma- nent .si^ttlement ; that after the more inviting regions were occupied, tlio [)avstsuiv fmm Indians and .slill unsatislicd tribes of their own .stuck, induced io;3 still fni-thor emignition, ai'.'l iiiKilly jvi'OpK'd fliviiil.ind and tln' .slmics of NortlieastcvM Siberia; but that fli< sc lattci- niovcnuiits were, on the wlndi-, much more modurii, and more local than the original t-xodiis, and took place after the race characteristics and lanyuani were tolerably well n»a- tured. It is also not improbable that the eailier Innnit built their iylu always of stone, a habit probably formed in a rei;ion when' intense cold did not render this mode of construction undesiiable. ]\Ir. Markham says that the American I'^skinio "never j^o from their own hunting ranjre for any distanct' to the inhospitable north"; but durinj^- the voyage of the Polaris, Dr. Bessels saw, among tlu^ Arctic Highlanders, a couple of i)eoi)le who had made their way there from Cape Scarle, Cum- berland Island, a northward journey of some thirteen hundred miles. Is it strange that the American Orarian should have followed wh(>re the peculi- arly American nmsk-ox and lemming led the way? It is proliabK; that when our knowledge of the habits of these pi-ople shall be enlarged we shall find that such journeys are, even now, not rare. The point where the Eskimo are accustomed to cross into (ireeiilaiid, Dr. Bessels informs me is at Cape Isabella. As to the Asiatic Inmiit, Onkilon, or Tuski, which liavc^ so singularly served as a .starting-pohit for many ethnologists and theorists in their delin- eations of the origin of the Innuit, I puljlished, in 1S7(),* an acc-ount derived from one of themselves, which may fitly find a, place hen;. At Plover Bay, Eastern Hiberia, 1 was informed by Nokum, a very intelligent Tuski (Asiatic Imnut), who spokr- Englisii, that the inhabitants of the country were of two kinds, "deer-men" (/. c, tiue ( 'Iiukchis or people allied to the Koraks), and " ])owhead-men " (Tuski or (>rarians, who hunt the Arctic "bowhead" whale). The "deer-men" were the original in- habitants, and the " bowhead-men", to which class he belonged, had come, long ago, from the islands (the Diomedes) to the northeast. He sait lliu iiixad- (Ts tViiiii the castwiinl. < )ii intern ij^atiiifj;' one of llic Cliukclii, or (Ucr-iucii, will) visited tlio \csscl, lie stated that the ahovo was similar tu the Chukehi tradition. Notifinjr, in l-'.nnna llailxir, and many dtlu-r jjlaces, the remains dt' stdiK! yonrts or honses, s'.mihir to llie wooden ones of Norton Sonnd, and like them hali-sul)terranean, I asked Nokiun who nlade them, lie ii']died that that was the kind ol' house which his people lived in very loii^' i\>x**, so lonj^' that his •"randlathei' only knew oi' it by tradition ; hut wood beinj^ searce (and tlie stone proving to make vitv cohl houses), they had adopted a mode of huilding their habitations whiih was like that practiced by the "deer-men" and much better adapted to the climate of the country. While 1 f^ive little weijiht to the localizing- and the stories of individ- M'ds, which may be fouu of both languages, as well as corrupted I'lnglisii and Hawaiian words, has led to the greatest linguistic confusion in regard to these people. In sui)i)ort of the above tradition, it may be noted that in 1(!4ki still livin^i' in tlic iuiciiiit nncU'ijinuiiid luniscs, which were liiilt. (.if (Irilhvood. xVeciddin^' to liiler triivck'v.s, iind I'roiii the best iiiloriiii.tion nccossihle, these Iiuts tire now entirelv iiliandoned, and have iormed siihjcets for s|)oeiilalion in niosi woiks relatinjj;' to the rej^ioii. I'roiii inrorniatinii, den\cd priiiciiially iVoni ninsters oi'\cssels in the whale lishery, 1 eoiiclude that at jiresent the Asiatic Inanit ijuil;!' iVoni Kolinchin I'ay to the eastward und south to Aiiiidyr (iiilf. At the last-mentioned place, a ]iaity ni' them phindered the hut of the Integiational 'I'ele^rapli explorers dnrin;;- their ahseiice in the spriii;^' of l.'.lil!. I have a portrait of a couj/le of them, taken from life, at the mouth of the Anadyr Iiiver, l»y the artist of the exploring!,' party. Sul)se(juently the rol)l)ery of the hut occurred, and one of them, mistakiiiii' a bottle of liniment for liipior, di'aiik it, and passed to those re<^'ioiis where liniment is unnecessary. After tJiis the explorers saw i.o more of them. The Innnit are everywhere at a standstill or diminishinj^'. 'i'o the reflux of the great wave of emi;j;i'atioii, which no doubt took plac< at a very early jieriod, we may owe the numerous deserted huts reported by all explorers on the noith coasts of Asia, as far east r.s the mouth of the liidi- girka. At one time, 1 thouj^ht the mij^ratioii to Asia had taken jilace within a i'iiW centuries, but subsetpient study and retlection has convinced me that tnis could not have been the case. No doulit successive parties crossed at dill'erent times, and some of those may lan'e been comparatively modern. Witli regard to the disappearance of the Siberian tribi's, of which Mr. JIarkham makes so much, I think we .shall not be far wrong in acce[)ting the views of Wrangell, that tlioy were carried awuy chiefly b}- famine, internecine strife, and the contagious diseases introduced by the Kussians. If the tradition be true that some of them departed for Wi'augeH's Land, it is not improbable that they chose that course rather than that to the eastward across the Straits, because the pressure of ihe invading liimiit interj>osed an effectual barrier against their progress in the latter direction. Whether the views I have expressed be considered as well founded or not, it seems to me that they are on the side of probability; and if my remarks shall be the means of inviting attention to the region of which I a; t i I. l--e spokon, .,..1 sti„,ul.ti„. a,:fual investigation of ,1.. fiu^ts in ,l,o ii.1.1 . s..n-n..n,ly .satJsra..to,y end will have been attaincl ' 1 1.0 reports of the h.«t Ibw years as to the condition of the iee north of ■-. S.-a.t have heen so favorable fbr ex,h,rations, and .. eU ...1 «eo;,raph,cal pon.ts to be settled by such investigation, areot': <>-P ...tores, that the apathy which has prevailed Lon, .^l^t -n..-.s.n.. It would seen, as if no part of the Arctic re^n If^ a 2 ...any n.ducen.cnts for investigation as this, and certainly .owher u d -plorafon be attended with less risk to Hfo and danger 'to the vs more n.teresting results for the explorer. ' I ill i DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. U. S. GEOGll.Vl'IlICAL AND GKOLiKilCAL SUUVMY OP TIIK KOCICY MOUNTAIN llEUION. J. \V. POWKLL, (ii:i)i.(HiisT in C'liAiKiK. APPENDIX TO TAUT I. LINGUISTICS. 107 Ml iil 11 re .1 ■ C O IV T 31] T«^ 'r H . Notes oil tlio iiativrs of Alii.skn I. Ti lii im:I.m... Tcriii.i of rcl;itiiiiislii|Y hhciI liy tin' Iiiiifiit W. II. I>M i Comparative vocabiilaricH Oiiuis niiil Iiai.i. Ill 117 I'.'l 109 I hi ■1 s 1 il »'i L iNOTKS ON TIIK NATIVES OK ALASKA. iCommuniCAtod to tho Into Ooorgo Oibbi, M D., in 1802 i IIy IIi'^ I;\(i I.I kncy .1. I'lin iir.i.M, Ltilr thirtriiof of thf titi'i^iini-.tnii ririin i'nhntiiit. Tho rnstoms of the (lid'croiit trihos hiliiibltin}' llio const from Piiirot Sound to Mount Saint Klias, as well as tlin islands known as tlic PiIntT ol' Wales and Kin;^- (U'orj^o Arclii|>cla;4'os, rcscmlilc each otlirr very niuidi. Tlicso trilx'S arc colU'ctivi'ly called l»y tlie Ivussians "Kalosli", or "Ka- Ifisliia", llie orij^in of wliicli is now nid^nown. < !eMei'all\-, it is deiived from Kalusldva, wjiicli is tin; name of a wooden ornament usnalh' worn l»y Kiilosli women in the under Ii[). The Kalosh call ihemselves "'l"jiiikit" — wail, to which word they add (ii/li'l.inii/, i.i:, an, villa;,^'; t/ihnn/, common — that is, man liviiijjf everywhere, or mair helon^nnf.!- to all villajics. l>esides this f^eneral apjiellation, tliey also call themselves hy the name of the vil- hige in whiih they live; so, for instance, the Sitka Kaloshes would call thenisel ves Siil;a-hivan. The name Eskimo is j^iven hy Unssian authorities only to those natives who inhabit tho peninsula of Aliaska and the coastdine I'arther north, though it is evident that the Aleuts ought to he included in the list. A FKW WOKDS UN TilK SITKA, I'ROl'KULV ("ALLKD 'IMIK SITKA-KWAN DIALECT OF THE T'LIN'KIT LA\(!l'AC!E. Then^ are more than thiity letters in this language, if every souinl were designated hy a separate letter. It has tho same nundter of jjarts of si)eech as every European language, e.xcejjt the articles, for instance, I'/ii/'/.H, a man; t'lizin', strong; (Nhahtuidk, one; hat, I; stal.liaiii', d(» (imperati\c); I'dnzini, done; (jcl;<'' , W(dl; tahitah, ot", from; Osh, if; a'h, e.xclamation. Most of the root-words ar(> monosyllables, but are usually united with Ill i' I. t! i : ii h t;»' ,& t 112 one .'inotlicr, ;is, for cxnn ])!(', I:iilshti>, ;ni nrm; licrc tlic wonl la m(■,'^n!^ i man: f^lilii, ;\ paw; ti'';jit'/(it '/', \m''^niv\\t : lici-c the w<»r(l /^T moans Iiiiu or her, l,il, l)cll\-, numbt-rs, singular and |ilni'al. 'i'licrc arc onl\' {\\i\ cases, nominative.-; and inst-rumenial, lor in- stance, tc, !i stone, of, iVom a stoiie, to u stone, and Irt'cli, l)y ii stone; //•/•, stones and so t'ortli, fil.i'h, ])y stoni's; /;/, water, &c.; i'litr/i, ])\ water; i'nJi, waters; i'lihlrh, ]tv waters. 'I'lie plnral is nciK-rally formed by addin;;- tlio letters kli or lli-IJi, and sometimes also ».«, /, ///', or /,-lii'', to a sidistantive. Tli(^ instrmnental case is i'ornied l)y adding' tlie letters tslr. i'or instaiioe, nominative, avs, ii tree; instrnmeiital, f/i.sY.sA, hy a tree; 'j)]ural, nominative, /.s7,', and instrmnental, assldxli. iVdjective nonns are not^ declined, but have three degrees of com- jiarison. The comparatix'c is formed Ity adding' to the positive tlie word 'if/ai/nl; wdiich means <;'reater, mncli, more, or ]!a-=t; examples, /r/Ac, nr,i(i(l; ar/dn- (il.ii-ifl.lii', Ix'tter: t'lcMiiislikf, l)ad, af/aiial.-h-t'UWi'isl/b', worse. The comparative, if in the negative, is formed by adding tlio word (tkiji, ])ii(dvward. Tlie superlative is formed !i\' adding tlie woid intcliiijintuUi, which, means greater than both; examples, h'/cli/f/dndl.Ii ivllic, the best one. The supeilistive, if in the negative, is form -li by adding the word usli/,iiif/'l, less. The method of counting is not lounded on the decimal system, l)Ut (»n the lirst live nnnd)ers. The cardinal uund)ers ;n'e: tlekh, tekh, nat/.k, iahun', ketshin', iletushu, iahatfidiu, iietzkatushfi' kushuk', ishinkat'. 1. isliiidcatlekh, ■J. ishinlchateh, ;i. ishinkat'-kanatzk, 4. ishinkat-katahun', f). i.slnnkat-kaketshin', (!. ishinkatdvatletu.shri'. 11. tleka-liatshiidih.at, .".0. 12. uatz'kekha, DO. 18. natzkeka-katshiidvhat, 70. M. tahnnkha, 80. IT), tatslika', 40. Ifi. tatshka-katshinkhat,' fiO. 7. isliinkat-kataliatushu', 17. tahunklia'-katshinkhat,i)(). H. ishinkutkanet/.-kalushu, IS. kitsliinkha, 100. !l. ishinkat'-kiitnslulk', ID. chinkatkha', 200. 10. tleka, 20. ii:? If tliuy wi«Ii to count beyond two Imiidrod, tlmy must sav (wo liundri'd iuid one lunidred to it, or twice two luuulrcd, &c. Ordinals are tlie tollowin"d the addition of .v .shows tlie third person plnral. jroods are three, indicative, sid)jnnctivo, imperative; and there is also a ])articii)ial form. Examples: Jiahh hutUashd' , T h(»ld; H-ctsli itiiashcfin, thou heldest; liiilsh CHlcusianii/m, I do (snlijunctive) ; c;ws7;^7/, do (imperative); I'tiiii, doin^- (|>articiple). Then^ is no true intinitive, but the participle is often so understood. Tenses are six : Present, ctahanl, Imperfect, clnhaHCijin, Perfect, ehUsini, Pluperfect, cJiHsiiiiyin, First futni-e, ckulumuni Second future, cnlamiil I do. I did. I have done. 1 had done. I shall do. I .shall have done. Present ten.se has no delinite tei ininations. Imperfect is formed by addinji' the syllable cffin oy gin to the present. All past tenses are generally characterized by the termhiation in, which does not assiunc iir.y modilication in the second or third ])erson, either sin- {'ular or plural. The future tenses have no definite tenninations either; but sometimes the syllalde l;a or hiik or the letter n in the beginning- of the verb denotes the future tense. KX.V.Mri.I'.S Ol' ^lODIFICATIONS OK VEUHS. I do. hatsh dnhaui'ijaii, i did. thou dost. ft-dsh ctainc' ijin, thou didst. he does. u-tsh daiiv'fjiii, he did. we do. il-a'iifvh daydiic'ijiii, we did. you do. itl-a'tdsh dayinc'giii, you did. tlu'v do. astsh csifanc'ifin, they did. Ifi iKtlnidll Iliitl.dldiiihlLiriJ (ishdlitit, with all men one (Jod (supernatural being). Iiat^sh cffihdiii', ,1-dsli cstdi/iiii', ft-t.'ih stdiii, ii-antsli' ddlPni, i-n-aiitsh ddf/iiii, dstsli rsdidui, j! 115 A FKW WolfDS U\ TllIO LAXlU'AliK OF 'rilK ALI'.l'lS nV rXALASlIlvA. 'i'lie laiiL;iiii,ii-(' luis iiltccn letters: d (Latin), // (as in ( ialniel), (/, i (Latin /'), /r, /.//, /, iii, ii, iif/, s, /, a (Latin ^7); !,, tslr It has no nrtieli's, Nunihers are three: sinfjnlar, ihial, and plni'al. C'hiet" eases are three: nominative, dative, and prepositional, w hieh is also possessive. They are divided into indeiiuite, ])ossessive, and personal- instrnniental eases, so tliat each substantive noun may have thirty-two dif- feroiit terminations. Possessive eases aro those which contain a possessive pronoun julncd to a noun: as, for instance, (iilakli, lather, is the inih'linife nominative ■ .ise, and a(h()/(/, my father, adaii', thy father, adai/'iif/, ni}' fathers, iSiv., are pos- sessive nominative cases. The latter are divided into unipcrsonal, ]iolypersonal, and impersonal. i'ersiinal-iiisti nmental cases arr used when the impersonal [ironoun oiivs is used in ihe instrunu'ntal case, for example, li;/ oiir'.s itnii Adjective pronouns have three de-^'rees. Numerals extend to 1(),<)0II and more. Verl>s have nnmhers, persons, moods, tenses, voices, forms, and cunju^'ations. A verl) is the most variable word of this lanniiaji'e, so that it assumes more than 8*HI ditYerent terminations, or variations, in tli(! active voice alone. Nay, the verbs are often combineil with other words, as, lor instance, \\\\\\ sifjii, perfectly, completely: /(, .iioro than once; ■•^inasiuihi, very nnu'h; Vrts/a(/fl, uxceodingly, and >i lortli; so that in this way one and the same verb, lirnif/elili, to pray (to say one's prayers), assmnes more than foi'ty diil'ereut meanings. haniija^itiuUI;, to pray fervently; l,(iiii(/(isi(/alalil,-, to pra\- fervently and nnuiy times; l(iiiif/asi(/(isia'a- titry, and iiii|)('rativo. The iiarticiplo, sonietiiuos called the iiilinitivo, luus all nmnhcrs and all ptT.sdns, (Jhief tenses are six, present, two past tenses, and three future. The (Icf^rees of verbs are formed by iusertiiif^ the words di(](t, siaya, iSii-., as aforesaid. Voices are three, active, neuter, and passive. The frorund has three tenses, present, past, anil future; three persons; three luunbers; and two moods, indicative and sidjjunctive. The participle has every tense, three nnndjers, and all cases; it can both bo conjuf?ated and declined. Several adverbs and almost all preposi- tions have numbers. In lonjif clauses, the \erb is placed at the end. The i)eculiarities, or rather defects, of this languafii'e consist in — 1. The want of substantive verbs, so that, instead of "reading' is use- ful", you nnist say "ho .vlio reads is thereby improved"; and 2. In the Avant of abstract nouns, verbs, and adverbs, as, for examjde, (o sdncfifij, to reason, to bh'ss, the hlcas/Pff, rcanonahlij, &c. "i\wy have no word for "to sutler" and "to for{,nve". The Aleut Xaw/^'Mi'^a contains two chief dialects, Unalashkaii and Atkan. The last is divided into two branches. The ditlerence between the Unalashkan and Atkan dialects chiefly con- sists in the different ways of fornn'ng- tJie plural of nouns, the first by add- inv male), My latlier's lirotlier's son (said l»y female), My mother's hrotlier's son (said hy I'emale), My lather's sister's son (said hy femalo), My mother's sister's sou (said hv f'emah;), My lather's brother's dunyhter (said by male). My mother's hrotlier's daughter (said by male), My lather's sister's daughter (said by male), My mother's sister's daughter (said by male), My liither's la'otlier's daughter (said b)' female), M\ m(.tiie)''s brothers danjifhter (said by female), My lather's sister's dau,L;liter (said l)y female). My mother's sister's daiijiliter (said by female). My elder sister (said by male or female), My yoini^-ei- sister (said I)y male or female). My elder brother (said by male or female), My yonnner ])rotlier (said by male or female), My ])rotlier's wife (said by mak"), My brother's wife (said by female), My sister's husband (said by male\ .My sister's husl)and (said by female), .My brother's wile's brotlu'r, My brother's wife's sister, J\Iy sister's husband's lirotliev, ^ly sister's husband's sister. My son's ^vife's brother, My son's wifiAs sisti'r, ^ly daughter's husl)aiid's brother. My dau,^hter's husljaixl's sister, My son (elder or youni^'er, said ])y male or female), yrdi-'ruu'u..-hfdi. 3ly daughter (elder or yount-er, said by male or female), pun'ee-t,ndi. "y sou's wife (si id by male or female), u-ka-A'-gnh. eeth'-lOa. oeth'-Ina. eel-yfi'^'a. eel-yn'ji'a. 0(d-yrrj^a. cel-ynVa. u-ri-ru'-yri. u-u-rn'-o'a. ri-u-ru-iia. u-u-rri-ya. il-yu'-pi. il-yu'-ga. il-yri'-{,''a. il-yu'-;^'a. aug'-ai'-yri;.-a. nu'kwag-ii. •unee'-yilli. kai-tuuji--ri'-ta. uin;^"-a'-hri-<^a. rdvil'-aya. sh iikee For these tliere does not apjx.'ar to be any specilie term. I\I nil My son's fliild (citlici' sex, Ky iiiiilc or triuiilf), A person not of tin- family (ii strjuij^cr), Jtcldlirrs hi/ »i(ii)i(ifi(: yiiM;^-n'-t:i;;li:i. sliiUi-.i. nnii;- iink shini-;i. ini"'ri'tiksliaii-a. uny'ii'tiiUsliau-a. ilnk'-^ slian-a. I\Iy (lan^flitcr's husband (said l)y cltluT parent), ^ly dau^^litcr's Inisltand's fatlicr (said liy citlicr parent), My dauj>Iiters husband's brother or sister (said l)y eitlier j)aront), J[y daughter's Iiusband's son l)y another niarriago (said by eith( sex of the speaker than on tliat of the pi son to whom th(^ term refers; and also that the relations instituted l)y mariiageof a son appear to result in constitutin;;- the wife's connections, so far as they are speeitically named, as a part of the husband's family, while the relations instituted )>y tlu^ niarriauv of a daugh- ter are distinguished by the suflix of sliaii-i'i, indicating literally that they are strangers, or do not belong to the family proper. These terms, or rather the relations of the various terms, are jirobably the same throughout tlie Innuit stock, which is my excuse for introducing them her(!. They wen; obtained from a native and his wife, well known in the United States as having made part of the company on board the I'olaris, and both of whom spoke English with tolerable facility. The same terms were taken down repeatedly on several occasions, com])ared and corrected three times, and great care taken that they should be as i'wr. from ei-rors as the circumstances wouhl permit. Nevertheless, some misapi)rehensions may ha\ e crept in, for which the indulgence of the student is requested. 'J'his will be readily granted by tho.se who have had personal experience in such ditlicult and tedious attempts with aboriginal languages. VOCAIMLAIIIKS. I. 1 — Vdcahllldiil lit till y,tl,' iitut, A trll)o of tli(! T'liukit Niition (living- Ixtwccii Port Miilfrr.iv"', Alnskii, iiiid (Jape Siu'iu'or), ol)tiiiiU'(l iVom His lONfcUciicy .1. I''iiriiln'liii, ;;-o\('riiiir of till' Ikiissiaii l*ossossioiis in, Ann rica, hy (Iror^i' (!ili))8. 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J . r -■: . 2 3 s a ■'> J: ^ • 1- ; I ~ • ' -M \ • i: : i 3 is ^ ■" 3 ■5 % ■ ; j= > : ; : 'A 9 : . .^ 5 ■" — ■« -t; js ; i ■jt * * "% J: '■ ~ llll 2 - 3 J ^ 1 3 J 1 ; : '7 — ' !i rr Vr i 1^ rt r : ^ '= '•'^3 2 t: I— ■M ^ s N • i: - 7| i t 1 5 y it • •■ 5 ?v y r / < 'I ! *■ > L '7* 2 ■ c/ ^ J 1 u . lii ll»' ^7 ^" - tc -^ i ,:i 3 t^I I ■J a 9 ft. - ._ ~ fl tt i -7 3 I •5 -^ ; 13 J ■= ^ js ji '^ '5 ^ r % St. '(■ ■ J « ~ ej t. -p- 5^ >-: sa -^ — u. 3 -n: h ,1 c ■^ I J .^ ti i i ' 2 J 'H ~ •5^UJx;^.3-A?^J^i 5 ^ ?. i J 28 ! ; a o i 1 f i 111 « 1 /i 3 -i jf ,= ■; b .r 2 .: = 1 — ,a i: >. ;». ^ ^ J ^ ^ 4J 'XI lii i 2 n ^ S '6 if cs i 1 I'll II" ; : -^ ' : ' -= i i ! 1 1 1 5 1 . . i ^ - >. .r ~ 7i i: — 1 ! 2 I III III ; I '^ 1- 5 2 t '• -? : ; ; : >> i ; ; I J — •12 I " , -n - . CS n J p ^ rt J 1^ 111 r ! I u ; g i .2 H ^ ' 1 3 "= ? C 2 ■> ^ I 4) - c 's ■/. X, < 4^ 13 is iJ ii ]L><) e u tc f c I I " i§ ~ 2 .S -' -7 tc 7) ^ -3 ,= tLi- 3 ■^ ■= - ~- J< "o « 1>> ,KS .:< .= J S -:: -^ ;= -: ^ "a ^ -r. ^ i- -r OJ — -J >" -^ ?- « i g c -: ;^ 1 1 -s : ^ s tc — ti c ^ .H n I- c ct A Q, y. 130 S; i ;r 'rfj m fl --3: % ^ -^ ^ = 3 A a; . . • I .2 X 3 • ^ ■ ; -S ; ' "^ : - ^ .^ ■tt. « ; . 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J -3 _ U<&HcS(/}Wi^HWHH — c - .id J3 JS k ^ w y. o o I ^11 1 132 Si J. d J n '= c d '■■ 0) — ■ 'Zf ^ > _: ^ Ht" :— - J CI ■7i r. t i^ .t] :^ :^ 'r la J3 ~ S 2 ,2 -2 la ^ ^ S ' - " .T I . . . , , ' V ' - ■% I I I I • 5 3 3 *-* rt r < ; ; ; ; a SS * • ' * - ^ t .- ^ :i •> ^ •** c3 1 • 1 • •^ ' * z: ' '-^ ' 7: »-c ' a ; ; ^ : 2 ; ;= - ; 5 s ^ I I I I t- t . ; , .a • 1 :t . *- , ,^ -— V , "c ^ .:i: ' a ; ; i -iS i ; c: ?: : ' = -5 "« ' i • • i; -a -? w i i 1 1 1 \li \l ■■ S a : i : i i 1 -5 ^ 1 Id • : S -:i J : i i '- i 'z >^ J ' i i 1 3 f II ills ^ .2 ^ a i ^ j ' "T ^ '2 ji I -t^ ■1:1 1? 3 ,^3 -'" i -^ - oj r- ' ;i: - ' J J ^ 3 ll-S^ 3 ^ 1—" X s .= c A -^ J3 -- ~ 2 " ' c ^ • ^ ^ .Si = ij .2 * rt ^ J5 Ji! ; ia • E^ ; ^ • -■ — • 1™ >" rt J ; ■T ■£ > f 5 I " n la 1 ■ T k 1 5 § Si '^ Ji ; ^ i .^ : ^ .2 ^ i ; ^ ; i • : 1 1 M -=' < • a y; 1 » To ; ■ I • . u is w 1 : i^ I ; j 1 I c * ' r' 1 § « • ?■' " c ." 1 181 5 JOB P .a 4.» 'a I l! .,> a .a S £ '^ i I ^ ^ rt : • a = - 12 ^5 u V ^ J ^ 3 3 r •- *-f — -^ "^ ii, ->- C u. „ •*■ -^ fi- --3 ^ O 5 t^ S a "^ 5 -c - ^ t. ''' " ^ O f- a - * r If ! ) 1 ■ 1 ff ■i i ■ 1 1 1.1 i < VOrAlU'LAIllKS. II. 1. — Voaihiilai// iif (lie Toifids, or Tanla-hinui. (I'orl Tiin^'aH, Alaskii.) A (■lull of the T'liiikit luitioii, ol.tiiiiicd fioiu a vufiihiilary ol' tlic lludsdii ])ay Coiiij)iiii\ , 1)}' Cieoij^t; (.iibl)s. 2. — Vl:iliils.) A rliu, ..r il,.. |[;n,I,., Hiiti ,,l,tMi.MMl iVnin „ uoimih, of tl.o tril,,. „t \;,„a- i'iinn, iJi-itisI, (,'olim,lM;,, S..|,|,.„:lM.r, IH.",?, Iiy ({rorov (iil.l.s. Xo-n:.-S|<;t-ti,-n,.t is on iI,,. urst.n. si,l,. ,,f (^), ,,.,,, ( 'l.;,rl,,itr I^LumIs, in tl... i.Mssn-.. I„tu-....i. ll.c tu.. l,n-v „„..s. It Is, .,f coMr... ;;;;■ "'' "- I'^'i'l" 'nmily. TH. Hal.las rail ,1,. TVin.si,,,,, Kil-kat' I ho JIai.las call iho T.-ngas, Kais-],a-.l,.|.'. llai.la ...fans "necnh."- (J. (- I il 1 h.— Vdcalmhirij nf Uw Km'nui' mfd Inn Cut. (Kiidiak Isl:iii(l.) Fnm. a ...ai. a..,l u.M..a.. of tl.u t.-il,,- (a .livisio,, of tl.<. Inn.-.if) o1.tai,.r,l at \ i.'l..nM, \'a....o.,v,M- lsla...l, ,)„„,., Isfw, hy (i .o,, (JiM.s. NoTi;.— 'I'll., i.afiv.s n-o„. wl.oi,, (l.is was ol,fai.....l wcv take. ''■;' " '"""••' ■•• ''"-i'l" vrssd. The n.ai. was oniploy,.! at F, ^ icioria as a watclii.iaii. — (J. (J. o.t 1 VM 3 If = ?■=:; 55 r r 2 ^ ^ J J Ji i =» OS 1^ - JS n ^ ^ == "-3 5 1- s i ^ ■-! iO; £ 3^3.^ C O *i S- ^ *- -ii *^ •75 &3 u ^ y T U ^ U ^ I ^ . 1' — i r. ^ « . J •- li -2 ^ ^ iS -f ^ 4 . ^ r! ^ J -• .5 V n J ^ M ^ ^ : 1! u « ^ rS '3 P .S -f -3 >. ^ ^ ^ ^ ■^f s ^- ■? ■? i s! S - 3 if i 'H r5 ~ J - iX 5 S " '^ M ^^ p3 ^ •x £ •= II „ o ^ ■- - .3 ^ - J Tr -• n n rt rt " ; J! ^ ji ^ ^ — J - rs - i' 3 J 5; 5 i? '^ -2 3 J: .' >. a - 5' ^* — -'3 3 3 _• 3 s ? •/■ - a ^ ■Z, X '^ '^ 'A Ui y. <. h-r-^X. ^1 lif lis i ! IN ; 3 i r? -if: i;;h o s oS g H ■« n r: ^ J2 •- "t C X i I r :c ■3 ■= ^ ~ It "^ -^ i a -^ 'a _ ■— — ^ " ~ Z S « X :A .M. .Iia 30 « • S .k! « X X •- w iS (S £ il ■a ^ V r « K a - ~ X u, y, t^ s : = ? 5 ■i rt 5 a 5 ■^ ■= 2 .= s I a J J 5 ;i2, P, - 1 ■^ ^ ^ yy^c '? *i "7 ^ Ij 5 = -J. r; 4( ^ 5 r -w .s c /. a 5 b il V --• «- >. :: ^ ^ j: 1- -^ — " S J£ ^ _- •2 2 5 S . ^ -7 ■;: ^ . J i S .t: J ^ ,- c3 2 i; '/: :; .r ^ = « *S V ^ ^ ^ = S i? T T A s • ■I -?. :5 ^ t; ^^~yt^^-^~-Jt ■^ - r. ~ < '^ O -n £. -2 t^ = S = >i ^ H «; cc «% c/j 3 5- ? If If i;iii 5 2 3 o 5 P fc (S J K O £ u- a e o 1 V ' 1 13 -J t' - — ^ ^ ^ ft ^ "T « 7 : ■ ; ■ « • ; ; ; ; ; i ! „ ! J ; 1 fc t. 1 1 V M -i Jl ■ ii Jc = r J2 _2 ^ r: ; '5 tt tc -• 'I /- rf "r " J ; 1- ■? « ^ • "^ ? Tt '; j? ^ .5 ^ !- 1 ^ Jt ^ • ^ -i^ *^ •^ — « "7 .:< - Si - •- •^ -^ ♦- S — . 4 ; ; ■ i i uS ^j * t ' ' ' nM 1 f i 1 • ;. 1 _, I . H ; T 1 ; ^ ' ■^ 1 — :r ^ I .:i ^ f- '. J: ^ ! Si I s (- ' - ^ 7i ^ ■~ — = £ ^ -k U i - ■, J^ • -* _ ?5 ?; ^ 7 •r ::: J, 3 -£. « ^ ^i ^" 5 ? 5 c; ~i ' 3 Z "a ^y J •^ = .t 5 -r ." -r .r ■^ i _=: -= "i ^ 7 ^ • " ^ 'ji V s • ' r. ■- i ^ ^ — *- " -V ; ; i ; 1 ; 1 •— < ' I \ I , .— ' ' 1 ( Y I I J • • 1 ; ,~ I \ U i . ^ ^ \ - , ^ ; u r 3 J- •V 1 r. ■ . u :r c t; -i " T -H' ■- -^ ii ™ ; ; — = ^ Ik . Ji - — ^' rt ; • ; I : ; ■ ; ; i if t: \ 1 J 1 \ ', - ^ ^ J; ' "5 ' ^ •^ !! - •f ; i ; ^ • ^ *7 ^ 2 ' ■ J, '• j^ ^ 1 •J n ■- ' i : i }}. ,- ! *^ i 1 ^ "■* H • ^ J i ; i ^ i i^ "rt I I 'ii - " ^ • — rt ^ i I ; ; ; : : i '- • i [ j ■ ^ : 2 1- • 1 • . J , , tc ■ ^ tc c w 1 : ■! : 5 • 1 J ? ; • fe : c. - u I C ' i c ^ t - ' ^ • 1 i: -: u u \ k 5 4 ? \ e Q ; K ^ ^ V i< ^ -. X J : is : ■4 U -, rs ; > 'i ft i A X C > "3 : S3 •• 3 Ji ^ 'r. c J :: it =^ "i i *# 4-i .^ ,J; 1 ^ U< 7 A f -St— * ^ S -f •^ u 5 . •' ^ i i: 2 ^ if f ^ J = i S 3 I 5 :^ P _ f- = ? > « s ■« i I P K ? X, :.. /, I — M :i it 5 c . S 2 i; 6 », ^ ji ^ « , : . . • ■ ^ t. • . ; ; : :■;•?•= i • •' ; • ? * " n J 3 r T( - '^ ■- -^ Til "^ c - £ i £ = f- > f- >■ /'. ? ^ S i ; H H i^ u. ■/. 7" ^ >'. r- :iJ i~ II: iii II; VOCAIII LAillHS. I II. 1. — ) III iihiildr/f ■■' /"■'^i/n-'^i III Obtaiiic'tl tiii-iiu^^Ii (npt. "\\'. A. 1 hiw .ird, Irdiii hr. l\iniici|\ ..t tlir ilmlsoii Bay Cdiiipaiiy, with ailditidiis liy ( ic(if;^c (Jilths. 2. — Vni (ihiild) I (if tin Xiiiis. I A iliulci 1 (if 1 1 r I '-.iiii si ,in'. ) ( )litaiii<(l iViiiii ( 'clcvliii ( )/.irr, a liali-liiccd, at I'urt 'I'uwiisliciiil, W'a'-liiii;^- lull 'I't-nitoiy, ill May. !.S.^7. Ii\' (iroijic (iilihs. Noii:,— ( 'clcstiii ()/.!(•!•, lit' X'irtoria, a 'I'siin-si-aii' l!all-i)rc<'(!, iVoin wIhiiii tin' witliin was tilitaiiicil, ;;i\('s tta- iiauii' Kispucli-lohi^ lo tlir t!'il)i'at l''(«it .Siiiips.iii; Kl'-kri-^-ldia-nid inks tuiliat mi tlir Naas River at (lid Flirt Simpsdii, and Xis-kah to (nio iartliir imitli, Sa\s tlu- T'sini-si-au' call tiic 'r(in;ias, Ki (lali'-uiiis, and tlir Sriiassa. Kit- halit'-la. Afcordiiiu' tay t'unijian}, iiy (Jeoitno Oil>b.s. It:! 1 I m y In 1 * '5 I M ■I. ]'n,,fl,,i/,/,-,/ ,,J II,, Illl ill' 'Ull.l'. lit. Ilirll.l ,,(■ MilliaiiU .N..IIIMI. Iillll-.ll Cnllliilllhl.) "I't'iiiH'.l r,nii, ;,n linllaii IsIimnm, ;,s '•C;,],!. Sl,.u;irt", ;ii \i,-|,,iia, \';in.-nu- Mi- I^himi, ill Ajirii, h<:,'l, |,y ( ii'dr-c <;ililis, NMT|.:.-.IIiii|t-/iik nr ll;ill|./ukll i^ llir naillc ;i|:|,li,.,l t.i tliclll- scK.'s i,\ th,. liMliini- nf .Mill,auk Smiiii.1 aih! xiriuily. 'rii.. nanic I'h'I 111 I-la i-, nivcii tliciii 1,\- (.tilers. 'I'iii- \..,-al,iilaiy uas (,l.taiiH-.l I'n.ni an Tiipukr til.' kiii-iia.L;f. It may lie (•(.nsidcivd as n.nvct, as I snliMMjiHiitiv used it in procurin- that ..f tlir Itilikiila, and was i.ci- l<(! |\ nndiT>tiinik 'III" JUialuwy of .several \v..rds with tlie .snne in dill'ercnt dialects • •1 the Sound lan;;'na,i;cs will lie noliced. — (J. (). •"•■ — I'linihiilnyii (if thr K ,rit' -l;lrtll\ (A .lial. . t 1. 1 111,- ll;i-ih -/iiKli.) Ol.laincd iVnni two women of tli.' trihe at Xanaimo, ]jiiti.-ii ( 'olnmliia, in Se|iteilli)er, IS.")?, liy ( uMiro'e (iil.j.s. XoTi:.— 'I'his aiiTci's very well with anotlier (d)lalned tVoiii a liny III the Slimmer of ISfj."). — i\. (i. (N. i:.-ln th.'M' and <,tli.>r MS. lK.:.).i-inf; to Mr. T.ibbs, nnd of wlnVli I liavo s>!|n.rvis,Ml 111,, publication [.•■iv, tlic oii-ii.;.! oith„f;rai)l..v lias been pivscv...! in all (•a.s..s; ...x,vpt wln.n- the substitution was iierfM-il.v cviileiit, as in ilropimm tlu- ,■ in r^- rr|>l:i.'in- „>r bv au. X by /..v, etc. This will account for tlu- want of unilbrmit.v to obtain wincli coubl not .salcl.v be a(t«Mnptc. u •r. A J* = f is .5 is -72 •^ P a o 3 I S.-^ J- 3 5 ■" l! 5 i f .a .a >j ^ 9S .^ a S — J* ao •*»—*• w ♦J .:4 3 .^ C .a .a >, 5 £ p — c .1^ W ,1. ^C rt 5 J S 2 s — J. " ^ a a a DC tts S IS (5 it) .5 2 i ! < 5 fe -5 ; rt C K >_ C X U< U. in; £;! •■< I =: _ / A J - .j5 £ ^- S 4 i .« ,= «n 'S ^ ^ 9S 4tf 'd ^ i *.:3 iJi 2 ^ H. fe a .■ c "^^ ■;< Ji j« n r* .= S = J; "a. 4 f : : ; 7 T ^ .=' ■^ ^ 5 ■: > r; ji c r: V . :* ^ -^ s -a J= rt E ^ H= i « = £ 4 2 S .« 5 .5 -' !•■ i = b T i S o ,t: ■-. 23 -^ ^ -^ a a : i i ± il a tt. i-- rt = * 2 1 ~ ~, 3 3;: = i 2 rt « W >', ^. r- r- K /; < S 7: *— it j ? - -Stic c >^ K hJ U, H £> :5 H vj p: &, \y « J< >. ^ '= ^ c ^ 4 b I J*- /) — . - 5 . T — J! •• n r J: is -S r ;■ w ^ ^ ■- J •^ 3 ^ 2 "::: Is 2 i -i 2 J i ^" •=■ « ■" -, ^ = -c J4 I r:5 a i -' - a o -2 •a B -a J — JH 5 a. -3 ■ X 3 ^■. ■ t; — '- « — - -2 =-' CU H X 5 S 5- tt M = f S S £ ii ij « ~ .-« If I 1 tM u II ^ ■2 a a a o J I :3 rt — ^' J «5 ■/. ^ c _rt li4 as 14 It . ^ t 5 ^ 1 5 3^ ^ X 1 1 1 J 5 r? ' X c: C j3 £ ^ ^ ^>. ^--JS^tirt ^ a S i; ^ 2 5 S i i ; I d g 1 . ^ I 1 ^ rt : J ■ "i I J N ^ ^ J . ; ^ ; " j i : rt a if ; G S i! -2 2 •r, 'j3 r Si 3 'S ,T I 1 ik \ ;: •i i e 3 S t: S ' ^ >. ^ ^ ^ e 'III "a .14 ^ = 11^^ *d «rf ^ fla .^ ,u rs 1 I : ; ; ; ; i ■ ; J. 1 1 I ' jp : X '•-* ! • ' *-« ' * ' /, t t i2 7 1 ; ! '^- " « ' w ' "ii £• ■ ! 5 J -:i : ^ ; N ' ■ I 2 I .a 1 ; _, " ~~" ,S I t ( I ™ ij ; : ; u a • ^ 1 ■f. a ! 1 1 3 • r« ^ * • • '^^ • <~ cj '/; 3 "oi ii I -5 1 2 "TT , i* T H w 3 a o ■i ? C "5 1 2 43 c3 ■at a J3 — 1 to S^ ^ ^. c c IT i \ ; c • ;' i i I: i a S ^ * ; rt ; c -*j r : H 3o a .^3 i, I rt ' M s n u * ^ 1 i *« . ^ il t: a •3 is 'r Tc s a rt .a u 3 "3 t: S i rt -i s. a 1 ; 1 ; ; • ; D X "u ; ; _: i ; .- 'S J Ch t. t c ; \ 5 ! 1 L^ § ; ^ X 3 3 3 < u i5 -^ ;! ( il rt ^ ^ 'rt i "^ ^ ^ 1 A J; ,3 1 r.i i i C T ^ ^ ^ _ .. rt ^ • .= : s 1 -^^ I ■? ^ 1 i • i -^^ ? .5 c << ■«• It •? J! — -2 -o ? ^ ' la n ■-: s -• I • B it '? -V 3 S 3 T. 2 S 3 '^ a I .3 2 ,- •== * a - tf -c ^ ■" — -^ It I V ^ r" — - is S S M O is •= rt 5 ■5 a i« J2 3 , o -1 a 5 5 « -5 J ■" J '• a Im B :3 .a a • -:: :■ 3 Ji ■5 « ^ ? il3 1/ c s ~ 5 i- " 2 1- •/; A /'. -^ -tr.- r «ii i )ii •x a V, E J3 J< f - - f '7, 3 3 ? -^ ^ I J4 J< ^ s g S T = S « 2 B r O a >. i^ c >. — it .:< /■ -: J2 ,- « i: ^ 3 S H= .1 ^ l 1 -^ t a i a 5 y - ■" •/. /. r >- >; i:>i IWti ,^. S^, IMAGE EVALUATION TE:>T TARGET (MT-3) /. ■u< i/i m 1.0 I.I 1.25 li^ |28 o lis 1.4 IM IIIM IM 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY I4S80 (7161 873-4S03 ^S" /. 6^ w ' H 1 JL' k 8 a ~ JS J£ -t ■- « a -z i 4i .2 -S i ! It -a -r T » •= 2 -: J< ^ .:< ^ j< - J 2 -= ~ " ' s ■= ^ "s •X 1 .5 >'. a — S J3 a a = g = S £ e £ S a •3 a 3 'S s a ^ a « a (I) "T a c S S a r rt a a ti c a a as c X •/. i t i I. J 14 t; o 3 ." .- C O S P V i :i i - 1 ti a ^ -s J 5 ■? ' aglll t I £ £ I a a a i >- -7 -f - .- cj = ^ a tt -r C ^ - = ^ a H J. C O w U c3 M W K J II ^ !');{ I I i ^ / • * 1 \ 1 j 1 \ 1 i * 1 a 11 J 1 'a 1 7 3 t ^ ^ 4 1 X it 2 J < 1 c ? e i e 1 J s > c X C c X 'i 1 e J/ ■ H * ! t t ^ J 1 I i e ? ■•1 'e is I is 1 1 5 c t J E 1- > 1 1 s E * i «- 3 k ; 7 i V c I 1 I 1 I I n < I f t NOTK ON TIIK ISH OF NUMKRAKS AMONd TIIH TSIM SI AN". Itv (Skoiiiik (iililiH, M, 1>. TIic iniiiuriciils ^ivcii t'lsculicrc iippciif lo lie siiiijily used in coiiminii (•(Miiitiiii'-. Ill (•»iiiittin;r mm, a dill'ircut sot are iisud, as is lliu fasi- in llit- Nii;\viilli. One (iiiiiii), kohl. HrvtMi (niiiii), tup lull diilil'. Two Tiin-t! F.inr Fivo Bix tcr pa dill', kwiil liiliii'. t'liiitp tolil'. k'stiii snlil'. kfililuhl'. Ki-lit Niiiu TlMI Twoiity Tliiity First, Second, Tim last, Defori.', .Mik latlolil'. k'sliiii ma Nclil'. k'polil. ki.l(l,.lir. kid ddlil' I'ke polil'. kVkokli. kii pH. Nt'lii Ian'. Iiiakokli'. Once, kohl; kiil. Twice, kn pel. Thiice, kiili. l'\Hir times, t'kahlp. And tlioiicu on like tlie cardinals. And I siispt'ct in conntin'f salinctn, still anotlicr; as tlic word "kiif-^'cct t'du k(|t"ir" is {iivc'ii tor o<> in siidi a cast'. >lliilsl'hn. I work, nil in at laltsi. Thou workcHt, nan at laltsi. lie works, kweet atlaltsi. We wiuk, niiiiiat laltsi. Yo work, niin-at-laltsi. They work, iiimsrnnatlaltsi. I will work, trill alit hilt sin nil. Thou wilt work, triii ahl lalt sin ni. We will work, triiiahtlall sin iiiiiii. I worked, nalit lalt sii. Tlioii wo'kedsl, nalit lalt sin. Wt^ worked, Yc worked, Khali I work > I «lo not work, iialitlalt sfiin. alit lalt Hum. tsiii alit-lalt HO ml wie. alh'kerliaht lalst hi. I It \ry(S I'lIilASKH. I KiLs.sioncr, IVuf. .1. W. r<)\vi;ij., Gcolofi'ist in thntfir United Slitirs Gcofn-njiliinil and Gcolofjiail Survey of the. Jiochi/ Mtmutuin llrf/itin, Was/liny toil, 1). ('. ino i it ill- 1' I til , ii If;- C () N r K NTS. t(i:i (i.'ii;»rinilii<'iil (liHiriliiilioii Ni.tii'i'Hiir iiarliciiliii- IrilirM I'-l I'lllillluliclll . . 'Irilial nriiiiiii/.iiliiiii mill novcrimii'iil ''"•"I""* im ^'"^"•y ;■■;;;;;; „.. Ki'laliiitiiiii '^^■""' !""!!";!!!"!"!!"!!!!"" !"!^^'""" m V\u»\ .,|. '"^•""•'■' : ','Z.'. ii.7 Socirly, iimrriaa'". '"I'l '•■"''» !'!"!!!!!!!'!!""! -iiKi rm|; ,,i^, Miiliciiir nnililii«'U!«'« _ DiPIlKhlK^ niUtUK'IH _^ NiinM'H , . I'll 111 iarciiHtoiiis _ riattiiiiiii; tin' lii'Uil '^ Arrival at imlicrly " ^^<■aBurl'l^ of vuliio, time, &c *. _ IIllllHt'8 „,, 'JI.i t'amioM „.,l CUitliiiiK. utciiHilH, iVc ^1 Doiiii'Ktio animals ,i_,., Syiiiliolii: writinn ,^^, MdUiiiN and lartliworks '" iW.( Mi«rati<.ti ^ ,„,. NdticcH of early travolorH "^, Karly visitBof \vliit« men ^ Tabic Bhowing rulalious of tribcH uamoU nil 11 I? i Si ■ f : I I I I ' 1 , i THINKS or WI'XnillN WASIIINCTON AND NOIITIIWKSTKHN OllKCON. Ih (iiiii:i,i; (iiiili-<. M. I). GKOiJlJAI'IIICAl, DIS'lKMlJCriON. In tlic wcstcnHlistrict (ifWiishiii^toii TcnitdrN ,— tli.it i-^ tosiiv, lutwicn tin- Ciiscadt! Mountains and tlio I'acilic, — tlicrc is liinml, coinparctl -.vitii llio extent of cnuntry (H't'Upieil, an extraordinary divcrsiiv in llie alini'i^iMal tt»n<,nio.s. .Mr. Hale, the etiniolo^ist, who atconipanied Captain Wilkes's expedition, reeo<,nn/ed anions- fhein ei;iht lan<,nia;;'es Ix'lunnin;;- to Tnc dis- tinct lamilies, and to these ai'e now to Ite adde(l six other hui<'iia<''es wiilili escaped his ohservation. In addition, tliere arc dialects of se\iTal Iml par- tially intelli<,nl)le, evt-n to those speakin;^' the same f^cneral lan^iia^ic As ini;;ht bo int'eiTod, the tribes iidiabitin^i' this district are divided into bands havini^' far less coiunH-tion with caeh (»ther than is tho ease with tho Indians ()f tho ])rairio, where a more wanderin<^ life briiifrin^jf them e<»ntimi- ally into contact serves to keep np an identity in the eonnnon t-hont iIk^ district, but niodl- fiod l)y geographical position and by other cansc-s o])erating on both tho physical and m(»ral condition f»t' the race. Among nations whoso life is almost altogether sensnal, the character is alTectod to a more pereei)tiblo degree by exterior circinnstance.s than among tho cultivated. Scarcity or abnndaiu-o of food, its nature, tho modes of obtaining it, tho occupation.s and amusements of life, climate, dress, all, to a, marked extent, operat(! not only upon individuals, but npon the tiibe. Except upon tho strongest evidence, it could liardi}- be believed kwalli: oi- tlic "( 'ouiaiiilic" a icla- tivc ot'ilic Snalvi' •• I fiiiL;ii". ill a i;t(iijra[)l ileal \ic\v. tlic di^trirt prcx'tits tlncc iialiMal (Ii\i>!oii>; till- ( 'oliiiiiliia lii\ir, till- ('oa-t. ami i'lit^ct Soiiiid; to uliicli ini^ilit )icrlia])s 111- adilcd a I'oiirili, ih tin- |irairl< roiiiitn' lii'twccii tlic Kuwlitz IkIn cr mid tlii' l*iiyMllii|i. 'I'lic ( 'ascadc liaiiLic, wliirji .separates tiie latter iVoiii the ^^feat iiiteriof liasiii lias a ji-ctieral elevati cedar or iiilinf rtid'. 'The forest coiintr\' on the western side niav he said to extend to the ocean, the pf.'iiries occiipyiii;^- a ( oiiiparativelv small area. 'I"he skill of the Indians iiof enahiin;^' then' to cope with thi' forest, thev have liee'i euiitiiied for the most part to the liorilers of the rivi'i's and sound, to the coast, and the small pr.iiries between th<' somid and the ('(diinihia. The ])anksof the ('oliiinhia, from tlie ( Jraml Dalles to its month, lielonoc to the two Iiraiuhes of the ^Tsimdv nation, whicli meet in the nei^hhorhood of the Kowlitz !ii\er, and of which an almost nominal remnant is lel't: upon the elevated plateau lyin;^' south of .Mt. Adams ami Mt. St. Helens, and upon tin- soiitlu'rii ;iiid wistern slopes of the latter, are the Klikatat and the 'rai-tin-apam; on the Kowiit/;, tin; tribe of that name, once numer- ous, luit now almost e.xtinct: and in the mo;uitains north of the Lower Columbia, between 8lioaJwater r>ay aixl the heails of the Tsihalis, the trib(3 of Willopah, (( Kvhillapsh,) or, as teriiu' tlirir (l.|Hi]inl;itiiiir^ol ilic lvi'c-iI art. in ot Ol-c'-oii lor a (listaiirc ol' two liinahvil n:ili^. llicy ]».ss.^mm1 llir priia ipal tlioniii^ilil'arc l!<-t\vccii tla- interior and tlif orcaii, l.oiindlcss n'soinvcs ot j)i-()vision of vai-ioiis kinds, and ta.'iiitics lor trade almost uiie.iiial.'.l .,ii llie I'acilie. From the Dalles to "Cape Horn", l.elow tlie Cascades, the liver Hows west wai-d throii-li a jiass in the moimtains, and u ith hut a narrow niai-,iiiii oecasionally interveiiin,--: hut larther down it oii.iis into what Lewis and Clarke denominated the Wappatu Valley, eonneetin-- with the valley of the Willamette l.y that liv.'i-, and l.y th<' Kowlit/ with the 'IVihalis nmi.ti-y and the basin of I'ti-et Sound. Throu-h this district it inns nofthwafd, the e.aifse of the valley tfendin- with it until it is a-ain .liveited by tlic 'IViiiuk Mountains to its oii-Inal westerly course. Toward the montli it spreads into extensive bays, the imrtli side lin.d with precipif.us rocky bhillsof that vaii-e, while on the south the mountains which separate it froi!. the Twallatti plains .dose in and unite with the Coast Ifaiij-v. From the Dalles to the Casca.hs, the n ivi-atioii is nniutelTupted. .\t tho latter point, which is the dividin- rid-e of the mountains, a .series of raj.ids occurs, below which the inlhieiice of tlf tid.'s is felt, and th.' river may be consi.h'red as navi-ahle to the sea. Tlio iiimieiise (piaiitities of .h'|)osit unimally ))rou-hf down diirin- the freshet occasi,n., how.-ver, cxleiisiyo .sand-bars, whi(di ar(. .scattered at intervals to its m.uith, eiicuiid.ei- its estuary, and to a ;:Teat d.-ive create the dillicnllies of its entrance. The 1)anks ..f the C.dumbia, where (devated alM.ve the freshets, are .d..tlie.l with over^-reens, hr and spruce preiiominatin;^', a:id the same ve-etatiou ext.'i.ds over the M-.Mieral \'\vv of the surrounding^- country, which, joined to its rocks of ba.salt and vo'.cauii con;.';lom<'rati', throw an aspect of ^loom over the huul.scapn. Jt !•, oidy in the early summer when th<' cottoiiwood and maphs of the h.w ep.ur.d.s are in fresh leaf that the prevailin,^- monotony is broken. The freshets of the Columbia (.verllow not meivly the low islands, but m...st of the alluviiil country borderin- the river. 'I'hey tab; placi; durin-r tho ■r commencing- in May or June accordin-- to the mildness of the RUiinno © In 'Cr i-. 1(1(5 Kcas.Mi, iiinl siil.M.liii;.' )..u;inl tl,.. cn.l nf July. KivslM.ts ;,Is .,.|ii- on its »ril.iit;,n.-.s l.iil ilics,. ;„•,. „„„•.• .liiv.tly tl,,' om-ct ..f mills iiinl mv liinLest ill th- uiiiiiT, uli..n,.s 'li..s,.urilu. Cnluml.ia iiris,. Inm. tl„. lu.ltin- ..f snow ill iIh- K'ncky :\lum,i;iins. '|'|„. tu., |,nn.-i|.:,I l,niii<-li,.s nn ilic nnilli, lulnw 111'- I'iiM'a.l.s, arc il„. Kall,la|.„tl Willl.w.i. ..r Lewis Iflvcr. ami ||„. K..u- ''"'■ ''"'"• " '^"'' ''"■•■■^" '■'^'■■■> li'iv iiii iiii|M..Iaiit inlhunr.. npuii lii,IIaii ;■'■"""""> '" '''••''■ '■'■l-ili"'ii t" thr saliiK-ii lisluTics, wlii.li liiniisli ila- niuM iiii|iiirlaiil >laiil(' «.|' snii.-.islciicc, 'I'll'' 'ii"iitli i-r t!ic ('Mliinil.ia iiii-lit pciliaps moi- .•onvctly l.c ronsi,!- crr-l uiil, ill., cuasl scrti.Mi. uiih wlii.Ii it is intimately .•onm..t.'.,l: purtaovs l.-:'«liii- iVnm r.aluT l!ay to Slioaluatrr Hay. and tlmme tn ( iiay liaiJH.r. Tile lirst .ritlirs.. is ail extensive l.iit .slialluw jHcre nf wat.T. al...i'it luenty- live n,I!e> in leii-ili, .-..| ,aia te.l iV.mi tlie sea l.y a nam.w Mv]p ui' l.-wlan'-l. Sev.Tal streams ll,,w int.. it, of wliieli ih,. most n<.ticeal.l,' is the Willo- p.ili, uliieli has a rich alliixial vall.-y of s..me extent. The s.-nllieni en.l .,f Ihis hay is 'rsiimk territory, aii.l it was lormerly llieir ].riii..i|,al winter Mii'ii-lers. '{'h.^ northern eml helon-e.l t.. the 'I'sihalis, aii.l the Wilh-pah ""•'"l'i"''l ''"• iii-'iintain eoimtry lyin- heliiml it. It was a .listri.t a.lmiral.ly siiileil t.) In.lian lial.its, inrnishii...- o,,,,t .,uantities of lisli ami elams, ami llie ii,.i-h].oriiio- loi-est alxiuiidin- in o;une. A \\■^^■ miles to th.- north lies (JniN llarlM.r, tlm estuary <,f the Tsihalis. its ext-'iit is eonsi,|,.ral,le, Ix'iii- s..me tw..lve mil.s in l-.n-lh from east t.. west, and ahour the same iii lis -reatest width. This als.. is in the eountry ..f the Tsihalis In.lians ^^ ho .■Nt.a,d...l 11,, ih.. river t.. tlu- Sats,,,,, wh- n- they were met hv han.ls t,, wli.Mti th.. nam,. ..t Cpper Tsihalis is e,,lh...tively -iveii. N.'.rth of this there aiv m. land-loeked harl.ors. the streams eufriii- the s.-a directly an.l wit.li..ut e.lnaries; .,f tli.'se th.-r,. aiv s..veral, the lar-est l.ein- tlu-Kwi- I'Miutl, the Loh-whils... an.l th,. KwiMeliiiit. What is km.wi, of thi-; se.ti.n. is cliielly ••;-.,m the journey of .M..ssrs. Simmons and Shaw, who loll.Mved the coast d..wn from Cape Flatt..ry, in the sunmier of Ls.-,.",. Th,. ,.iv,.rs take their rise in th.. C.ast or ( Hympic ifanuv, the IvwinaiutI in a lake of some si/.e. •^'-iith.-f iNMnt(ir..iivill,.. a san.l-hea.di stretches alonj.- the coast, alford- iM'r intdim'diatc licacli, covcit'd with turcst. 'riic iufcrior of llic |icMiii>iil;i is ;i ](il(' ofiiljiupt niouiitaiiis, upon some orwliidi >uo\v lies pcrpctuallv . 'I'Ih' coast north of ihi' Tsilialis trihi' is .successively occupied liv the Ivwiuaiull, tile Kwilleliiut. and the Makah, tlie iint speakint:' a diah'ct varvin;^' consi(hTahl\ iVoni tiie 'Tsihalis, tiie secuud a distinct laui^naue, thi> root of whicii is prohaldy als-. in tlie Selisii, and tlie lliird tiie lan;iua;;e c.f Nutk;i Sound. TIk.' Makah territory extends iVoiu the soulliern <"a|)o Flattery, calle(l Itv themselves ( >sett, around Cape Kiasset, and up tlio Straits ol' Fuca, as far only as the Okeho Uiver. These l.ist, in accordanco Avith tlic ru(U' interior of tiu'ir country, are conlined ahnost eutirely to the coast, and seek their snltsisteiu'e from tlic sea itseh'. The Kwinaiutl iiiid their siipphes in the streams, and to a certain exUnt, in luintiuL;-, wjiih' the Tsiiiahs properly helon;^' to the hays, Iroin wiiicli they ohtain winter salmon and shell-lish, and trade with the interior for kanias i-oots and herries. 'J'rails are sai8 TIk; ('((iinfiy iiitlii(!((l ill this Ijasin tlioiif,"-!! considenibly lirokcn preserves ii(;ir tin- ujifcr .1 very ^ciicial level of iiI>out two luiinlred feet, rising'- lii;.dicr and ^oiK rally in tallies toward the Cascade Mountains. Its eastern side is iiitcrscctccl liy niiiiicroiis rivers which have their orij^in in that ranjre, iiiter- liickin;^- with others einptyiiiji- into the Colunihia, and ruiiiiin;^ in an oldiijiu- course- toward the suiiiid. The principal of these, eoinniencin^' at the north, an- till- Xuksalik, which at the mouth takes the name of J.umini; lieadinjr ill -Ml. IJakcr, which it partially encircles, and einpt\infr hv two moutlis into |{(llin;;liam l!ay and the (Jnlf of Georj,na ; the Skajrit and Stoluch-whamisjj, emptying into the shallow bays lyin^r hetween Whiilhey Islasid and the main; the Snolion-li, of which the Siiokwalmu is the principal Ijranch, cinptyinjr into I'ort (Jardner; the Dwamish, the upper part of which is known frenerally as White liiver, headinj-- in Mt. Ivainier and fallinji- into J'illiott Hay ; the I'nyallup, heading- in the foot-hills of that mountain and t'lnptyin^r at Commencement Hay ; and the Niskwalli, risin;,^ on its south siilc and dis(har;riiifr into PnMct Souml. All these streams have low deltas of •iicatcr or less extent at their mouths, as well as alluvial bottoms, the more northern ones the most extensive. Farther up they run tlirou<:h narrow, timbered bottoms, bordered by lii<;h Miifls, the escarpments of the table- laml, until at the foot of the mountains they are canoned. It is liy these streams, and the d( 'pressions or passes occurrii'jr at their sources, that the Indians of the interior obtain access to the sound for the purposes of trade. They are none of them navij^able except by canoes, nor even in that way ibr jrreat distances. Their course is rapid, and they are subject to frefpient overflow, beinjr alike afiectej by the heavy rains and 1»y the rapid meltin;»- of the snow on the mountains. The principal freshets arise from the fonner cause, and occur in winter. The j?realer part of the country is timbered, but tliere are open j)rairies on Whidbey Island, and from the I'liyallup around the head of the soimd. These last are of gravelly soil, and extend, with intermediate belts of timber, to those on the U])per waters of the Tsi- halis and the Kowlitz. A distin^iruishin;^' feature in this district is the ninnber of lakes, some of oonsideralile size, which are scattered throu<,di it. The laiy-est of these are those near Hellin^liam Hay and that emjiiying into the Kwamish. The western side of Ilood Canal, like the Straits of Fuca, is ICO L bonlorcd I>y inouiitiiiiis, wliicli innii ilic wotcni \v;ill t>\' tins li.isin. No strc-'ins of imy si/c t'iill iiitii it »'v..('|)t llu' Skokomi.-li. wliicii ciitci-s ;if tlic ell)<»\v. Tilt' inoiiiitjiiu ffroiip thus iiicliiclcd lictwccii the Tsilmlis, tlic cniisf, tilt" Stniits of l''iicii, jiiid Hood Ciiiinl. niul known as the Olvnipii' liini;4(>, woild si'i-ni to Iinvc hccn once an islaml I'orniini,'' part of a cliain witli Van- conviTund C^^uct-n Cliarlottc Islands. 'I'lic Indians occupN in^;' tins liasin liavo all sprunu', unless an exception l)e allowed in tli(> 'rseinaknin, I'roni tlie ;^Teat Selisli I'oot, ami are usually mentioned as tlie Niskwalli nation. 'I'liev .wo. divided into a v.isf lunnlier ol' small bands, Iia\inii' little political comiectioii, l)Ut j;atlier(Ml into families, allied hy similarits' of dialect and hy relationsliip. Tliese, 'with their constituents, will he hereafter specitied. From these three principal disisions, an inferior or snlidivision miyht perhaps be separated i.i the prairie coiMitry just mentioned. 'Vho facilities for !rrazinjjf olVered by this tract have induced in the occnjiants (vpu'striaii habits, which distin;.''uish them from their neighbors, 'i'he nuudter of iheir horses is, of course, inconsiderable, as compared with the tribes of the j^reat jdains, luit has been snilicieiit to ci'eate an exception to the otherwi.so xnuversal aquatic life of the coast region, 'i'he bands included are chiefly the Xiskwallis proper and the Tpper Tsiiialis. Ill former times, before the diiniuution of the tribes and the diversion of trade to the j)osts, there were numerous trails across the ("ascades by which the Indians of the interim' obtained access to the western district. Of late, many of these have fallen into disuse, becominj,'' obstructed with tind)er and underbrush which they have not industry enonj^h to clear out. In fact all their trails throu;j;li the forest, thou^^h ori<4iiially well selected, have l)coomo excessively tortuous, an Indian ridinjr around the fallen trunks of tree after tree sooner than clear out a road which Ih( seldom uses. The old Klikatat trail across the mountains to ^'allcou^ er had become impassable, and was cutout by Cai)tain McClellan in iSo,'}. Another led from one of the branches of the Yakama, south of Mt. Kainier, to the Kowlitz liiver, whicli in lik(> manner has been almost aliandoned, and the northern trails from the AVinatsha])am and 'Cselann Lake to iho. Sto-luch-wha-niish and Skajfit seem to be alto;T('ther so. ^I'he two most used at present are tlio.se by the Nahchess and the main Yakama or Snokvvalniu passes, tlie former of I 170 which is the roiitfoftlii' riiitc(lStiitcs mihtary road fn .111 .Stcihioooni toWalla- Walia. T\u; tViuU- l»ct\vccii th(; two districts was once coiisidcrahlf. 'I'hc; western Indians soUl slaves, haikwa, kanias, ih'ied chuiis, i\:c., and received in Hftui-n niotintain-sheep's woid, porcnpine's (piills, and enihroideiv. the ^j-rass IVoiM which they inanniactnre thread, and even dried sahnon, the |iio(hi''t of till- Vakania fisheries l)ein;>- Drct'em-d to that of the sonnd. Jt will be nt'ticed that noi'th of the country more innnediately honlerin;^- upon the ('ohMnl)ia, the whole of the western district is iidiabited hv tribes derived tn.ni a siiiM-l,. slock, with tin; e\cepti(.n of the northwest point of the peninsula occupied b\ the Makah. The extensive family to which ,"\Ir. JIale hasniven the name of 'I'sihaii-Selish, from its extreme western and eastern niend)ers thus stretches from the Ivocky Mountains to the Pacilic. On tile south, its territories are bounded by those of the Hahaptin and Tsi- nidv families. On the north, it has in the interior the 'rahkaH.ljeloiioin'-- to the 'rimieh. The nortlieni boundary upon the coast is not so definitely ascertained, but in my <.pinion will be found in the iieiyliljorhood of .lolmston Straits, upon lln' (Julf of Georgia, thus includin;^- the Xanainiuk, Kowichiu, Sonn-hu, and Soke of \'ancouver Island, and the Kwaitlen of I' rax.er Ki\cr. The sul)ject of their niiyrations will be noticed hereafter. XOTICKS OF PAlMTCULAIi THIHES. 01 the ii\i'r Indians, and eencrally of those with whom no treaties have been made, \ ery little is to be added to the observations contained in my iormer repeat. In that paper, the Klikatat were treated as beh.noini-- to the eastern division of this Territory, to which their original location and aflinities attach them. As, however, tlu^y are here spoken of as connected with the western division, .some explanation is necessary. After the depopulation of the ('olund)ia tribes by congestive fever, which took ))lace between iSL'Oand l.S;]0, many of that tribe made their way down the Kathlapfitl (Lewis Kiver). and a part of tlu'in .settled along the coiir.'^e of that river, while others cros.sed the Columbia and overran the Willamette Valley, more lately estal)lishing theui.selves on the I'mkwa. Within the last year (18r)5). they have been ordei'eil liy the supei'lnlendent of Oregon to return to their former home, nnd are now chielly in this pun of the Territory. The i»resent f i I m , : i- lit' .::; T 171 t .•KMicralinii, lor tli,. most p.ivf, look upon il,,. Kiilliliipntl ;is ilicir pn.p.r comitry, iiionj cspccijiHy as tlirv arc iulfriuamcd willi tlic rcmnaiil of ilio original pn.priutors. X nvci (VMi>tis has a? any linic lucu nia.lrof ilm ivlikatat, but the}- aru ifstiiiiati'il a! Iroiii oOO to lO'l, (..\clusi\c of tlir Taiti- iiapani. Of the Willopali ( Kwalliiokwa,) (.!•. as they call tlicnisclvcs, ( hvliiljapsls, tliciv arc yet, if appears, ihruc or tonr families livin;^ ,,n ijic Jirads of ili(. Tsihaiis Ikivcr ahovc tliu forks. According- to the account of an oM man, from whom the vocabulary was ohtaini'd, tln' Khitskanai, a kindred band, till lately inhabitiiij,'' the mountains on the southern side of the Cohnnliia, and iniw also nearly extinct, formei'l\i owned the ])rairies on the Tsilndis at the nionlh of the Skidvunichid;, but, on the failure of name, lefi the country and crossed the river. l?oth these bands sid)sisted chielly by hunt- iiiii'. As lief.u'e mentioned, they are of the Tahkali sto(d<, thou;-'!! divided by nearly six dej^Tces of latitmle from the parent trii)e. '{'he fact of these mij:rati(»ns of tlu' Klikatat and Ivlatskaiiai within a recent jx'riod is impor- tant, as indicalin;;' the dii'ecfioii in which population has ilowed, and the causes indu -in;;- thi.s separatiay, nundjered in all l^if -JIT. These dilVer very little in anything except lan;^ua-;'e fnmi their T.simdv neiiih- bors. There were formerly iiw, principal viTjiyes of the tribe on the river, seven on the north, vnd eight on the .south side of the bay, an-' even within the recollection of American settlers the popidation was very consiihirabhi. Kii-kow-an, belonging to the Tsihaiis village, a very old man, seems to have l)een the principal clii<-f, and hU son, Tu le'-idv, n>\v claims, in his placi', to be the head of the Irilie. 4 I! wtmm \12 ill Till- r|ii)(i' 'I'siliJilis, wIhi fdi- tlic |ii('S(iit purpose iiiiiy lie iiii'litiuiicd licic, iii'f ;i nuiiiccliii;^ link lictwccii tlic Ktiwlitz, llio l.dWcr 'I'siliiilis, iiiid tlic Niskw.illi. Ii\ the Iiiiliiiiis (111 tlic sniniil tlicv im- kiuiwii iis Stak-tii- iiiisli, nr iiikiiiil pcnplc; Ijy otliciv. sis Nu-sii-lupsli, :i iiaiuc iippiircutly ,-(.f',.|-i-iiiM- \n the nijiids ill llicir strciiiii, iis tlii- siiiiu' is iipplictl to tlic I'ppcr Kowlit/., iiml li\ tlic Wiilopnli iis Kwii-tcli-iii. Tlicir coiiutrv included <;-eiieridlv fill lliiit dr;iiiicd liy llic 'I'siliiilis altove the mouth of the Siitsoj), eiiil)iaciiiji- some of the iiin>t t'crtilc land in tlic Torritory. This tril)0 also is vcr^fin;^' on c\tiiieti(Hi ; the total iiinnlicr, as near as eoiild he ascertained, liein;^' "Jlfl. 'riieir principal cliiel", at the time of the setth'ineiit hy Auieri- caiis, was 'Isiii-nit-ieli, a man of rather extensive intliience. Since liis (h'alli tlii'N' can scarcel\- he said to have had one, tliou cas.^ with all these tribes, varies consideral)ly, some b( in- much darker than ..flu'rs, without referonco to the intermixture of blood. I'latfnin}.- the h.-ad thonoji prevalent, is not carried to a oreat excess. In many nspects, they are superior t.. their neigh- bors, bein^r far more enterprisin- and exhibiting.- }-water skill and industry m their manufactures ; and they are more nu.ral, for they prostitute only slaves. This tribe had a considerable infusion of white blood, a Wussian ves.sel haviufT been cast away near here, as it is suppose.l, souu- thirty-live or forty years since, and the crew, bein^ stron- enouoh to protect them- selves, havinjr lived amonj.- the Indians for somo time before! they wen^ relieved. Scneral individuals were present at the council who in their feat- ures, complexion, and yellow hair bore the strongest proof of their Hclavonic ori<.-in. They have four principal or winter villages: Xeeah, at the site of the" old Spanish fort .>n Neeah Bay (I'.at Nunez (laona); Waatch, on the south side of Cape Flattery; Tsu-yess, in a cove or indi.ntati<.n af.nvmiles south of it; and Csett, at the Flatt.-ry rocks. Another villa-e on Neeah 15ay has been abandcmed since the prevalence of the small-pox in th.' fall of IH'.L', and the Klasset and Tatooche Islan.l villa-es are sunnner resorts. It is stated on the authority of Yallakub, .a- Flattery Jack, that previous to the '!«i 174 sickness till' tiilic ((nild iniistcr '(dO (i;^rlitln(^r inr-ii. Tli<^ totiil of l)otli sqxoh iiinl ill! !i;,'-<'s is now rciiiiccti to little iimre tlinii tliiit niimlicr. Hutli Viilla- kiili Mini Klfli sift, Ml- the white cliieC, died diiriii;;' ih.it winter. Tin- hitter, ;t Ikiissiiin liiill'-lireed, was the li<'iid of the tribe; Jack lieiii;,'' however the hest known, from his speakiii"^ a little Kn;r|ish, and his j^reater familiarity w itii the traders. 'The N'ecah village, at the time of oiir visit in .laiinarv, IH").'), consisted lA' two hliicks of four or live houses each huilt close tori/.ontally, and secured by npri^ht polos, insido and out, at -I lew teet apart, \o which tlu-y were tied throug-h small apertunM by withes. The roof, like tlio.se of the Sound Indians, was made of boards, t^iiltereil out and la])pinj,' one (»ver another. Each lions(i is occupied liv several families, their respective portions being- acpcaratcd by a partition of two or three feet hi;;h. Chests of quite larj^e size, and very neatly made consid- erinj; the tools employed, contained the jjei-sonal chattels of the owners. A raised platform ran around the hoii.s(>, on which the inhabitants sat, slept, or worked; and overhead wea'o shelves and j)oles on which their ))roperty was stow ed. A more miscellaneous assortment could hardly bo found at ,' jiaw n- brokor's. Seal-skins full of oil, baskets of dried halibut and salmon, flitches of Iilubber, whalin;^ apparatus, |)addles, bundles of mats, articles t»f all sorts I'rom wrecked vessels, boxes and ba^s of every description, hun^f, lay, or stood in eiidlos.s variety and confusion. Some of the other houses were nearlvas lar<;e. Into one, a canoe thirtv-six feet in lenjj^tli had been introduced for the purpose of repairinjj;-, nor did it occupy any inconvenient room. .Mr. Cioldsboroujxh, who visited the village in IfSaO, informed me that the houses generally were on an oven larger scale at that time; that Flattery Jack's house was no less than one hundred feet in length, and that about twenty women were busily t'Ugaged in it making bark mats and dogs'-hair l)lank<'ts. One of the lilm-ks is partly surromided with a stockade of i 1 .", in: I ,i n T 1 1 .1 ])micllcolis tUcKc or liriccll IccI lli;:li, >tnil;;lllcli(i| 1»\ \cr\ l;li-;;c |m).-|s, into \vliicli ii tif-licaiii is mortiscil. TIk^ Makiili iiri', as liiis liccii inciitioiKMl lirt'oii', aliiio^l i'\clii>i\il\- liiaritiiiii' in tlii'ir lial)it>: tlicif coiintrN liciii;;- \rry small, lirolvi'ii, and rorkv. TIicv |»i;rsii(' llic w Iialc in tlirir ranocs <'Vcn ont of si^lit of laml, ami attarlv liiiu willi a darini;' tliat wonid not disgrace Nrw l!ni;lanil ii^lurmcn. Hn nnc^ occasion, a canoe was ^onc live days. 'ITie men sin'ceeded in killini;- the Avlialo, and sid)siste(l on tli(> IdnMier, cliewin'r some roots wliicii lliev had with tliem for want oi' water. Alter all, they were coni|)elled to ahandon tlio lisli. Tlielr tackle consists of a liarpiMHi, the point formerly (mImciI with slu'll, now usnally with copper, very linnly sicnred to a line, and attached lightly to a shaft ahont lifteen feet lon^-, to whit h also the line is made last; a soal-skin float is attached hy another line, and serves to hnov the whale when struck. The scene of tho ra})tur(j is described hy ('y(!-witness(\s as verv excitiiiLr, ten canoes heinpf sometimes enga;j-ed, the crews yellin;; and dash- inj,'' their paddles with frantic ea^'erness When taken, the whale, lino\ed up with lloats, is towed in trinmph to the villa;^!! and cut np. 'Hiey for- morl)' tried out the oil hy placing the l)hd)l>er, alter it had l)ecome softened, into boxes, jMidmeltinfif it out with heated stones. The oil is kept in the pannch of tho whale, or in seal-skins and hladilers, and is used as an artich^ of food as well as for trade. The season rommenees in March. Tin; Makah were till lately in the habit of ])urchasiny oil from the Nittinat also, and have traded in a sing'le season, it is said, as nnicli as .'>0,00() l oltttlilll'll ilt tlh' r.'l|ll-, Kilt tile Illll!iinH ])lir- cliasccl lliciii 111' llic Nittiiiiil, jiihI r;urit(l iIkiii to \ ictoiin fnr >iilc. l-'or- iiicrlv tlicy raiscil ii laij^f (|iiiiiitity ni |iiiliitiiict' ilic sickness tlu-y have iic;,''l(,'«'ti'(| this |irn\i>iini. 'I'lic .Makali Ihhc tlir nose as well as cars, ami Imtli iiicii ami woincii wear urnaiiH-iits in tliciii, ;;<'ii( Tally; in the fitriiicr, a small trlaii;;iilar Mt ul' slicll, ill the latter, lar;i»'r pici-cs. 'I'lic iiicii fur tlic must |»ait wear mitliiii;^' Imt a Maiikct; tlic women, a Incecli-cloiit, ami blanket of Joj^s' liair or down, or a ('('(lar hark rolie. A lew of tlie men, at .• time of the coiiiieil, iiaiies t'or the individual jiortioii. TIk; Makah before they were broken by sickness carried their war- jiartie.s to .some distance. They are still on bad terms with the Soke .'iiid Psoiij? of Vancouver Island, as well a.s with their iiinnediato noifjfhbors to the south, the Kwilleliiut. They chasti.sed the Tsemakum of I'ort Town- send before the Klallam attacked them, and not long since threatened the Klallam also, but the dillii'iilty was arranj;ed by King George, the Klallam chief, giving his .sister to the white chief in marriage; a regal .settlement of dilliculties worthy of Eiu'opean diplomacy. Oil occasion of the treaty made with them by CJovernor Stevens, in January last, the ^lakah were fir:it brought into oilicial intercourse with the whites. Previous to that time, they had (h'clined to receive papers from the agent, (Sdonel Simmons, beiiig under apprehensions that they would r Ii4 ■IS lii ;f 17 \ 1 fi hv'm ;rovi.ni<.i's .llivrtinii. il„v. ..n tlint ...ra sioii, iiiiiiH-il two HiilM-hi.-tM rn.in .-iicli villiiM-,., fn.iii uliom Ii<. sfl.Tf...! ini Os.-tf, luiiiicil 'rsc-kiiii-iitl, !is li.-;i(| cliicf, 'I'his fiviity s.-nin-il to tlii'in the point of the pciiiiisiilii, iii.lmliii;,'' tlit> «it() oftlu- olil Spjiiiisli tort N.r.ili Hiiy, iiiid tlic Wjiiifcli villa^fc on the const. TIu' Khillam I coiiMidcr to he another Itraiicli of the Sclisli, tlioii^ili of a jnorc remote (.ri^ri,, tliaii tin' Niskwalli. 'I'lieir opposite iiei^-lilioiK of N'aiieoiiver Island, tli- Soke ..r Tsolike ..f Soke Inlet, and the Tsoii;; or Sonu'hn of Vietoria l)elon;r to the HaiiK* roniiection. The trihe is still a nnni( roils one thoii;jh like others of the district, consideraMy reduced, A few families have rem(»ved to, and are permanently settled on, the island 'I'heir proper coniitry lies on the straits hetween the ( )keho Klvc-r and I'oiiit Wils(m; bnt, after the reduction of the 'rsemakiim, many of them estal. lished themskelio, at th' ao far from that of the Niskwalli as not to be {^'enerally understood. 'J'he Skwawksin, or Skwawksnamish, who occupy the istluniis between Ibtod Canal and Case Iidet. in some rcs])ects more ju'operly belony to this con- nection than to the Sound Indians. :M. The bands occupvin;^- l'u;4et Sound and the iidets openiufi- into it as far down as Point Pullv. These all speak the same dialect, the Nis- kwalli pro])er, and were all included in treaties made at Shenah-nam, or Nfedicine Ci-eek, Dece.nber, 1S,")4, since ratified by the Senate. '^Ihey num- ber collecti\"el\- S'.);i. A division mij^ht lie made of these into three sub- tribes, the lirst consistiuL;- of the S'llotlemamish of (Jase Inlet, Saheh- wamish ot' llamerslv Inlet, Sawamish of Totten Inlet, Skwai-aitl of I''ld Inlet, Stelitsasamish of Budd Inlet, and Xuselitsatl of South ]5ay or Henderson Inlet; the second consistiuii' of the Skwalliahmish or Niskwal- li, incdudlu;.;' the Sciiwallitsfi, Steilakumahmish, and other small bands; the third of ;he I'uvallupahmisli, T'Kawkwamish, and STIomaniish of the I'uyallup Kiver and \'ashon Island. The first are properly salt water Indians; the secondare for the most })art like the Staktamisli, or U])per 'i'sihalis, (•(pu'striau in their hal.'its, and the last are Kiver and Sound Indians. Three reservations were assi<)-ned to these bands as permanent homes, each consistinji' of id»eMt two .sections of land; one being the small island at the month of llamniersly Inlet or Skukum Bay, another upon the sound near the Niskwalli, and a third upon Commencement Bay. These? are all upon '!i'; 170 llio water, and are suital)l(^ lor lisliini;' stations. As, liowovor, nono of'tluMn adord pnstnrt land, it will he d(>siral)l(' that when iic^oliations arc conchidetl with the Uj)[)or Tsilialis sonic [irovisions lie niadi- of a tract snitaltlc for animals, to which all those posscssiut;' tlicin can rcsctrt in common. \\\ the treat}- lv\vi-c-milil and Sno-ho-dum-sit were desiyiiated as head chiel's of the hands endiraccd within its |irovisIoiis. lielow these is the di\ision of which the Dwamish and Silkwamish are the jirincipal l)ands, occnpyinj^- l^lliott Hay, 15ainhrid,i.;c Island, and a portion of the i)oninsnla Ixtueen Hood Canal ami Ailmiralfy Inlet. Their head chief is Se-aa-thl, or,as it isnsnally prononnced, Seattle, from whom thetow n on Klliott Iky has been named In this connection are alsoth(> Samamish, 8ko])ahmi.sh, Sk'tehlmish, St'kamish, and other small hands Ivini"- ti])on the lake sand the hranclies of !)wannsh K'i\cr, who are claimed h\ the others as \r,iYt of their triije, hnt have in rt'ality very little connerfinn with them. A very few of these last possess horses, lait the majoiit\- arc rixcr Indians, 'i'he ■iggreyate nundier of the wIkiIc was by census so7, which proliahly falls a little short of the truth. Tln^y dilfcr hnt .-li' litly from the Niskwalli in language. These tribes were included with all the others of the eastern shore and the islands in the ti'eaty of Mukleteoh, or I'oint Mlliott. A reserve of two sections was retained for them at Port Madison. ■ (d. The Snohomish, with whom are included tlu^ Snokwalmn, Ski- whamish, Sk'tahde-jmn, K'.velitl-ma-mish, ami Stolutswhamish, li\ ing on tlui SiudioinishandStolntswhamisli Rivers, '{'he Snohomish triiie itself occnjiics oidy the countr}- at its mouth and the lowei' end of Whidbex Island : the ui)pei- ])art of the river belonging to the Snokwalmil, time of the treaty they wore all ])laced under Patkamnn, the chief of the latter. It is obsei'\- able that though the coimectioii lietween them is nmst intimate, the Siioho- inish assimilate in dialect to the next tribe, the Skagit, while the Snokwal- niii speak the Niskwalli in its purity. In the treaty of I'oint I'dliott, the reservation for this di\ision was iixed at two sections on a small creek emjitying into the bay forniod by the month of the Snohomish River. A centra] reservation of one township, to include the former, intended for the general agency of the I'liget Sound distiict, and as an ultimate home for 4 ( I I I' ' 180 iill tlic trilios, was coiitciiiiiliitcd at tlu; Haino ])laro. Tho small Itav known as 'riilali|( Hay, upoi! wliicli is a saw mill, aflonls an excellent site tnr lliis pur- |i<)S('; and tlic land in the neiirhhorliood, heinj"- easily cloiinid and of frond (jnality, wonld enable the Indians in a fireat measiu'e to subsist themselves. Tiie Snokwalmfi anyond the momilains; but ii is supposed to have been di.scontimied in con- se(|nence of ol)structions to their trails. The Skagit reservation, as agreed upon in the treaty, was the peninsula forming the southeastern extremity of I'erry Island. r)th. The Samish, Lununi, Nuksahk, living around Hellingham Hay and the Lununi IJivcr. The two former are salt water, the last ('xclusively river Indians, who as yet have had very little countM'tion with the wliit(>s. ( "olli'i'ti\cly, these might be called the Nuh-lum-mi. Tsow-its-hnt was recognized as their common (dnef by the treaty, and a reservation made for them of an island at the forks of the I'iver. Altogether they numiier <«S(). The languages of the iauumi, at the mouth of the river, and of the Nuk- sahk, :\ few miles higher up, ditl'er so nnuh as to be almost miintelligil)le to one another. The latter .seems to approa( h more nearly to that of Frazer J V V f I ISl Kivcr, ;iii(l, ill liict, their |>riiici|);il iiiti-rcniii-sc is with l''i.ri |,.ni-l\ :iii lh(^ north of the Xiskwalli, cited h)- Mr. Ilalc on the antlioritv of a CanaiHan, it may be mentioned arc rccoj-nizahlc in those of I'liyallu]., Snkwamish, ISkaj^it, and Kowitsin or Kawitsheii. With these end the Xiskwalli nation. 'I'he enumeration here-i\<'n may he relied on as substantially correct. It was taken bv ('(donel Sim- mons while di.stributiii",' presoiits, aiul when almost all the Indians were ■■•ot in. The result is, for the Niskwalli connection, a total of '),'J ll*; for tlu; total jiopulation of the -Sound and Straits of Fuca, (;,:?.")S. Addini^- to this the most recent enumeration, or estimate, of the coast and ('olnnii)ia b'iver tribes, the Indian poptdation of the district may be a.ssnmed at S,!;,^;. This total, as well as the detail.s, difFers considerably from the estimates made in .January, IS")!, and, indeed, from the ccMisiis taken in the winter of 1854-;").'), while the treaties were prooressing. If seems to be pretty certain tliat the lower tribe.s, instead of diminishin <>l iiicrc;isc (ir iii(irtiilit\' iiiiowii to us, Imt \\iv capacity ut' tiie cininliy to tur- iiisli siil)>istciici', tiic iiKides ul' dhtaiiiiiij^' it Idllnwcd l>y tlic liidiaiis, tlit-ir ^•■(.■iicriil cliaracter and li>d)its, tlieir IVciiiidity, tlicir wars, ;nid various other circunistaiicfs directly or indirectly heariii;^' upon lite. That the estimates, . \cn of residents, cannot he rclie(l upon with conrideiico, has lieen made sidlicieiitly evident by the discrepaniies in our diU'ei'enr atti'Uipts at an actual euiiniei'atioii, and those ol' travelers, like Lewis and Clarke, are likely to have hee:i still wider tVoni the tact. Still, as no other data exist upon which to I'ound any opinion, we art; driven to assume tlioe ior the purjm.se o| discussion. '1 he popidation <»f' tlu' Cohnnbia, below the Cascades, was very probably at its heijiht early in the present century. N\>ne of the early writers men- tion the indications of previous mctrfality as reniarka])le in extent; and this ne^ati\c evidence is almost conclusive when taken in connection with their subse(pient nndtiplicatiou between 1S2() and ls;!(). Lewis and Clarke, in isild, estimated the total nuud)er at alxmt S,;-)()(), whi(di is within the bounds of probability. They in fact seem to have rather underiated the four lower bands ot' Tsinfdv, whom they place at 1,100 souls, whereas .Mr. Jrvin;;', on the authority of the fur-traders, but a lew years later, j^ives tlieir iuiml)er of warriors alone at ■"),")4, a force recjuiriny a much larjivr total. The same period may also be assumed as the date of j^reatest prosperity of the trii)es on the coast and on the Kowlitz and the Tsihalis Kivers. The e.-timat(> of the former, founded on Indian authority and aiiled by the i-e'ported nund)er of houses, n. After A'aiiconver's \ isit, there nnisl lia\c heen u very eoiisiderahle increase, which aceordiuL;' to Indian account, has been siiu-e, at two or three ditl'erent times, affected lt\ epiileniie diseases. In the district referred to, there are at this time (i\ ei' o.OlM) Indians; an whiles ha\(^ j^reatly fallen oil', and some are nearly extinct. I< W(udd seem, therefore, as if constant lluctnations from natural causes, not arising;' out of the seltle- menl of the country, had existed amono- them from an earl\ time, ami the inference would he that their total nuiid)ei- hah coverinjf a portion of the deficiency, are yet very incomplete, and do not coincide with the others in those mentioned by both. The census of a ])ortion of the Sound tribes, made by Dr. Tolmie in IS4I, and published in the f(»rmer re])ort, ' thou<;h undoubtedly more accurate than the above so far as it f^^oes, but a very partial one. 1 have endeavored to cond)ine all these, on the as.sumi)tion that no f,n'eat changes had taken place in that interval, but without beiuf,' able to arrive at any valuable result as regards details. It .seems jjrobable, however, that the total population of the western district at that time reached 15,000, and that the tribes most exempt from (^ that on the death of the fatlu'i' the children, if young, are often carried hack by the mother to her own people and I)ronght lip anion ji- tlunii. It does not appear that the title in such cases descoiuls in the female line. With the exceiition of a very f«'W men of whom reputation for courage or sagacity is c(»nsiderable, and whose inlhteiice is in consecpieiico extended over a tribe, their noininal chiefs have no control beyond their own petty liaiids, nor is it jiotent ev(Mi there. Weaitli gives a certain (lower among them, and influence is purchased by its lavish distri- bution. There isnoda.ssof braves, or warriors, and no distinction between war and peace chiefs. The decision of all (piestioiis of moment depends upon the \vill of the majority interested, but then; is no coiiijiulsion u])oii the minority. To this fact, as will elsewhere bo noticed, seems to Iks due in some degree, the splitting up and subdivision of tribes. In fact, society is jierfectly democratic, because in the absence of government or anthorily, it cannot be otherwise. There is no priesthood aside from the tamahnous men, or doctors, who have by virtue of their ollice an important part to jilay as leading the ceremonial incantations which accompany jiroceedingH of general interest. In their councils, every one has tluu-ight of s[)eaking, and assent or dissent is ascertained liy exclamation or silence. Some of them are effective orators, though in general their ehxpieiice is of a very noLsy and vociferous kind. The women are jiresent at, and join in, tlie.se talks, speaking in a low tone, their words being rejieated aloiul by a reporter. On occasions of less ceremony, they sonietinufs address the audi- ence without any such intervention, and give their admonitions with a free- dom of tongue highly edifying. In a few instances, matrons of superior character, " strong minded women", have obtained an inHuen;:e similar to that of chiefs. Sally, the widow of Tsenahmus, a Tsinuk (diief, well known on the Lower Columbia, enjoys great authority among tlus Indians and general immunity from the whites. The (pieen, an old lady of the Tsihalis, who patronized Caiitain Wilkes's party in 1«41, yet rules her neigh- § m St ISC, liorliood \\\\\\ iiii(li>|iut('il ^wiiy, iiiid ini occasidii iit'tlic li.if (•(Piiiicil "put in Iicr djir" with considcriililc cllcct ii;4Jiiiist ;i rcinoval. A' '• tlic tiilks, time is j:ciicnill\' t;il\cii liy the ii^sciiiliiy tn cniisidcr tin- iiiatli r in liiiiid Ix-lon^ ii. Iliial actinii is decided. Tlie leasts at uliicli their |ii-iiici|)al ('(iiisiiltiitidii.s jieiierally take place will lie iiieiitioiied hereal'ter. Tliev ai'e fiiveii by some leadini,' chiel' oi- rich man, wiio takes the dllice m|ioii liiiiisell with a view (if l)iiii;iiiiL;' hiiiiseH' ciins|iicMniisl\- helore the pulilic. I /'lOjiiil'/. — As I'ai' as 1 can ;:athei' tiie \ie\\s til' tin- Sdiiiid tiilies, tliey rec(i;4iM/.e im iiidi\it reluctance. As regards the I'ltiht ol' |)i'o|)ei'ty in liouses or ;.;oods, their i(h'as are naturally idearer. The maker of anything- is its necessary owner until he voluntarilv parts nith its |iossessiou. So also the captor ol lish or i:anie, the one who di;.is I'ools or raisi's ve^vtaliies ; but it is not jn'olialde that t):ey liavo over speculated upon tlui origin of this ri^ht, nor would their minds comjn-C'hend any abstract reasoning;' n|iou the subject. They have customs, liowL'ver, in sonu^ respects peculiar to themselves. Not only de the men own property distinct from their wives, but (which is a conseipience followin^i- on poly}>'am\) their wives own eath her private elVects, separate from hei' husband as w(dl as from the others. Ilc^ has his own blankets, sIk' her mats and liaskets and i^^cnerally speakin;^- her earnin^'s bcdouL;' to her, except those arisin;xfnim prostitution, which aic her husl)and's. On the dccwisc! <>i a nian, his ]iropert\ is imnu'diat(dy taken possession of by his relatives, and Avliat is not destroyed or displayed at his i>Tave is dividcnl amon<;- them, his sons if j^rown up takin-^- a jiart ; his wives rrft nothing' whatever, nor youn;.;- children, but unless appropriated by tin- men, return to their own people, takinj.^ the latter with them. Another custom in respect to property is that the seller of ii horse, slave, or woman "guarantees life and safety lor a time. If tlie\' escape; or dit; within perhai)s a month or two, the purchaser can demand back the price. As a ;^'eneral thin.L;-, they do not dispose of property before death. Instances liai)])en of course when they express the wish that individuals should ha\e jjarticular articles, but is n(»t always re{.!arded. Judge Ford informed me that one day the Indians announced to him tho death of a man near by. The next they t(dd him that ho was alive again, and that he said he had not disposed of his horses to suit him, and had come back for that i)urpose, that he had now done so and was going to die again, which he accordingly did during the day, and that time in earnest. This sort of coDia preceding death, it should be remarkeil in explanation, seems to l)t' not unconnnon. 1,SH 1 '1 Ski'oij. — Slavery is fli(troiire;roii from California. Many of the; slaves held her(! are, howc^ver, l»ron;:ht from ( "alifoi iiia, where they were taken l»y the war- lik<3 and jacdatory Indians of the plains, and sold to the Kallapiiiii and 'I'sinnk. I'he system prohahly originated in wars, all prisoni-rs Itecom- in;^- slaves as a matte.' of course, thou;;h as usual they hav(( some fancifid modes of accountin;,'' for it. Thus some of the S(»nnd Indians told Colonel Sinunons that the first was ma^ enough to do battle. And this slavery is final de<,''radation. 'J'he ride of once a slave always a .slave e.xtends so far that if the debtor should have ••iven up some relative in his power, and subsequently redeems him, ho becomes his slave in turn. If a man ])urcliaso his father or mother, they become his slaves, and are treated as such. The children of slaves by others are slaves likewise. And the children of a man by his own slaves are but half free ; they do not rank as srahb-viri. Even if one pur- chases his own freedom, he is yet looked upon as an inferior. A distinction is to be made as regards women, that whereas in cue sense they are always slaves or property, yet when a man sells or pays away hi« sister or daughter, she, if born of free parents, becomes the wife of the creditor or purchavser, m ISO iiiifl !is such (Idc^ not follitw tlu" rule i»f* distriliutitui, liiit uii the ilfiitli of licr liiisliiiiiil ictiiriis to Ik r tiiltc or I'jiiiiilv. TIh' mmilH'r of ]t( rsous tliiis lu'lil upon tlic Sound is less tlian fiirtlicr north, but proltMlily inuounts to onu-tontli of the |)opulnti(»n. MiUiv ot" tlu'Ui l)cIon;r to distiinf trilx's, muiI otlicrs l)('h>nt liliii, llicv tlicii t;ikc III-; lil'c, iiiul tlic ;ilV;iir stops, no linstllify Itclii;; |ir(i\(il;'a little ahea- once detennined on hostilities, thev <;ive notice to the enemy of the day on which tluy intend to make the attack, and having- jireviously enj<'a<>'e(I as auxiliaries a number of vouug' men whom they pay for that purjiose, th y eml)ark in canoes for the scene of action. Several of ilM 101 i tiicir women iici'i.m|iim\ tliciii on tlirir ('Xpctlitions, jinil assist in workinii- tlw ciinocs. On ,nri\ inii' lit tlic cnrniy's villiiii'c. tlicv tntcr into ii ])iu'l.'\, iiml cndciivor liy nc;4()tijiti<>n to tcrniiniitc tlic (|n;nTrl .nnifiilily. Soiiirlinn's ii tliinl piirtv, wlio |)ri'scivcs ;i strict ncntniilts, Miidtrtiikcs tlic iniicr ol nu'tliiitur; hut sliould their joint cll'orts t'nil in proi'iu-inj;- redress, lliey iinnie- diiitcly |irepiire tor iicfion. Slioidd tlie d.iy lie I'm- ;i(i\.'nced. tlie i I'lil is dt'ft'rred 1»\- nnituid eonsent till the lollow in;:- niornin--, iind they |i;i>s the ni;;ht intervening;' in t'ri;;htt'nl yells and nmkin^- nse of ahnsivc ami insulting- hilij;-iiaTeat lij-'ht with the Snoliomi.sh nuiny years a;,^), and some seven years since were attackeuhh'rs, with hoh's tor the arms. It western tribes within my observation have pursued the practice of scalping the slaii', nor do ihey wear scalp-locks. The Indians on the Straits of Fiica and thence northward decapitate their enemies. ". was noticed by Vancouver. While surveying Port Townshend, he saw on one of the low ])oints of Craven Peninsula, "two upright poles set in the ground, about tifteen feet high, and rudely carved. On the top of each was stuck a human head, recently planted there. The hair and flc li were nearly peifect, and the head appeared to carry the evidence of fury or revenge, as, in driving the .stakes through the throat to the cranium, the sagittiv, with * Tilt) abovo Wiut written before tbi^ breaking »iit of tlio exiHtiiiK war, in wliich it is nnneces- snry to huv tbut Ibc.v I'livo jecl of their capture. I'dk and (her are hunted to a certain e.xfeiit, ehiellv bv the bands nearest the moiintiiins; and the Snokwalm. in fact, kill more of the latter on the islands than do the Sound Indians themselscs. Lewis and Clarke speak of several kinds, sallal. vt-., >)e ih'ied and stort^d for wiirter's use. "I'he sahnoii-lH-rry, a larj^c .rl .-' . hat coarse species of raspl terry, is abundant in the river Itottonis, iind "rows to about an inch in lenjzth. There are two varieties, the fellow and pnrph'. It obtains its nani(! from its ripeninj»- about the same time with th(^ ]iei}.;lit of the .sahnon season on the ('(dund)ia, and its association with tliat iisli in Indian superstition. Acorns in tliose sections of the country where the oak is found an; <;-athered and stored for winter. But tlio great staple of food thron^ii a vast portion of the country west of the Rocky Mountains, as well in the interior as on the coast, is the salmon, which frecp.ients in extraordi- nary (piantities almost every river from the Sacramento northward, and l)ursues his way to th- found '■' otht ' localities. Tiie salmon, which enter that river ',.\ .lie spring ai' ;!r« ♦^i.,' oidy ones prized as food by the whites, do not seek either the small li i /s of the coast or tlu; lower tributaries near its moittli ibr the purpo.se of spa^v; ing, but push directly up the i)rincipal branches, such as the Willamette, tl e Snake, etc., to the colder waters of the mountains In this they areassis'ed by the simultaneous occurrence of the freshets which enable them to ( ser- come the obstructions with gre^iter ease. In some of the forks of the Co- lumbia tkey jienetrate to the m;/;u chain of the Rocky ^lountaii.'s; but in other.s, as the Snake, they are .stopped by impassable barriers. I.ji i in the season interior kinds are abundant, and these also succeed in l(s(> Indians at the mouth of the river or on the Sound. The nalle^j was for- merly a rapids and in the small streams either with the scoop-net or with a gig. The lat- ter is usually forked, the |)oints or barbs attached loosely by a thong so as to give play to the iish. On some of the; rivers where th(( depth permits, weirs are built to stop their ascent. The Iish are split very thin, the backljono being; taken out and then a .slice on each side, and all parts even to the lieads are preserved. No salt is used, nor are they properly smoked; but a small tire is kept lieiieatli the ])oles on which they hang, to hasten their drying. 'I'he (piantity put up at some of the principal fishing grounds was formerly immense, and even now is very considerable. Besides the salmon, sturgeon is taken in the (!(dumliia, and a variety of other fish, though the two former only an; staples of food. In tli( Straits of Fuca and part of the Sound, halibut is found; rock-cod, and several other species are abundant everywhere. Tin; triu; cod is sometimes taken within the Sound, but mostly without tlu; headlands. Off the Straits of Fuca, about fifteen miles are lianks upon which the Makali are in the habit of fishing for these; and halibut. What salmon are taken by this tribe an; chiefly got by trolling. Among the Klallam and some others, tin; flesh of the dog-fish is boiled, and when dried, pounded to the consistency of fhtur. Shell-fish in great variety exist in tlie liays and on tin- coast, and many of tlie.se are dried for v.Miiter stores. Seals are also occasionally captured and regarded as a gi-eat luxury ; but a yet greater prize is tlu; whale, 'i'lie '4f 1-5 lV H I & 196 ■ ■■':! .Miikiili ;il(»iio fil" Jill tlicsci tril)(!.s venture \o kill it in wlialinj;- stvle. Tlio Kwillcliint take it I»y means ot" Iiar|»(>(»ns liiiuved with seal-skins, wliicli tli(!y leave to mark its cdnrst; nntil it tiies, and the more sonthern Indians '•(•ntont themselves with tlu^ animal when it drills i;shure dead, as oecasi(»n- i II ' Mens. 'i'h(i hlnhbei' is cut npand jncserxcd 1)\- jiartialU' smokini;. <>r the ied out and sa\ed in the pannehes of animals. As the salmon form the most important staple of snhsistonce, so with them are eounected the j^reatest number of snperstiti(.' n. Those have, with many tribes, in a measmv (lierry h\- all. The estimate formed by ('(donel Sim- moi's, in 1S,'»4, of the (piantity raised by all the Soinid tribes was .somewhat o\er !l,tl(i(i buslu^ls of potatoes; no proportion, however, existing among the various tiibes of the amount to the ])o|)ulation. ik- MM I 1U7 AVitli ;ill tlu'sc sdurccs nf subsistc'ift', tlic ^^^rciitcr p.irt kI' wliii'Ii is atVdrilctl spoiitfiiK (iiislv Itv llic liiiul or wiitiT, Jiotliiiij^ but iiKlnlciicc im- want, (if tlirii't could lead to wiiut ainonj,'' a pojailatlou even <>i-('iitt'r lliaii we have reason to believo at any time inlialiitcd tliis district. IJut llicy ucrciit par- ticular seasons, undoubtedly straitened lor food, and inucli niortt I'ornierly than now when they (djtain assistance i'roui settlers in conipensation lor services. No instance of cannibalism has ever occurred to tlie kn( wleil;^*^ of tlu! whites. To the necessity of seekinj'- the ditferent ariiides of food at dilVerent times is to bi; attributed cliieHy the constant locomotion of these trib 's. Not only do they at one tim(> freipieiit the prairies or marsli"s for roots, .o another the forests for berries, and aj^ain the sounds and rivers I'or fish, but they have particular points at which they seek the last at variasl triltes from their fn>it. intercour.se with the whites. Oeoasionally, adultery forms a cause of dif- licidty ; hut it is then only because the woman is reserved for the time beinj;- to the husliand's u.se, or because he fears to be cheated of his just enitdii- nients. t'ohabitation of nmnarried females amonj.;' tlieii- own people brinj^s no disjfrace if unaccompanied with childbirth, which they take care to pre- vent. This connuences at a very early aj^c, jierhaps ten or twei\. years. 'i'he practice, of abortion is to be considered in its co.nH'ction. This is •almost universal, and is produced both by \i(dence and by meilicines {!ertain plants are known to them which ell'ect it, ami it is ^icnerally lielie\ cd by the whites, that tiiey know of others which produce sterility at will. The ci'rirmony of a weddinj^- a)non' a. marria' man has made his choice, he couunis sions his parents or other I'elatives to open the !)nsiness to the jilrl's relali\ cs. I'hey ar(^ ^t receive a certain (piantity of presents; iuid when these art! a<>Teod visited the river in ls.")l), remarks, "In the year iSiWI [1^20], the small-j)ox made great rav- ages, and it was followed a, few }ears since by the ague; consequently (Corpse Island and CoHin Mount, as well as the adjacent shores, were stud- ded not only with canoes, liut, at the jjeriod of our visit, the skulls and skeletons were strewed about in all directions." This method generally ))revailed on the neighboring coasts, as at Shoalwater Bay, &c. Farther up the Cohunl)ia, as at the Cascades, a dilferent form was adopted, which is thus descril)ed by Captain Clarke: "About half a mile below this house, in a very thick part of the woods, is an ancient Indian burial-placo ; it consists of eight vaults, made of pint? or cedar boards, closely connected, about eight feet scpiare and six in la-ight ; tin' top securely covered with wide boards, sloping a little so as to convey olV the rain. The direction of all these is east and west, the ih)or "heing on the eastern side, and partially stoppe(l with wide boards decorated with rude jtictures of men and other animals. On entering, we found in some of them four dead bodies care- |U !-!; I 201 fully wnippcd in skins, tied with cords of ^riiss and Itark, Iviiiii- on a mat in a direction east and west; tlie otiicr vaults containi'd oidy lioucs, which, in some of tlicm were piled t(» the height of foiu' ieet ; on the tops of the vaults, and on poles attached to them, hun<;' brass kettles and frying-pans, with hides in their bottoms, baskets, bowls, sea-shells, skins, pieces of cloth, hair-bajrs of trinkets and small bones, the olVerin;4s of friendship or alfection, which liiive been saved by a pious veneration from the ferocity of war or tlu^ more dangerous temptations of individual oain. 'Hk' whoh; of ihi^ walls, as well as the door, were decorated with stran lij-invs cut and painted on them; and besides these were several wooden ima-^es of men, some of them so old and decayed as to have almost lost their shape, which were all placed aj^ainst the sides of the vaults. These images, as >vell as those in tlui houses we have lately seen, do not appmir to be at all the objects of a»h)ration in this place; they were most probably intcMided as resemblances of those whose? decease they indicate; and uIumi wr. observe them in houses, they occupy th(! most conspicuous part, but are treated more liky ii cliiiiii) (if poles planted over llitiii, i'loiii wliicli lliitti icil Viiriiiiih iirticlc's of dress. Fonnei'lv lliesc pniirie tribes killed lidiscs over tlio fcmves, a ciistdiii now fulling- into disuse in eonsoqnence ot" llie tciirliiiijr of the whites. I'lioii I'liji-et lsl:inravcs haviiifi- at each corner a lar^e -stone, the interior space filled with rubbish. The oriirin of these was unknown to the |iresent Indians. The distiiM'tions of rank or wealth in all cases were very marki-d; pi-r- soiis ot no consideration, aiul slaves, beinj;' buriecl with very little care or respect. \ anniiiver, whoso attention was particularly attracted to their metho([s of di.sposinfi' of the dead, mentions that at Tort Discovery he saw baskets suspended to the trees containiu}^ the skeletons of younji' children, and, what is not easily exjilained, small square boxes containiufi' apparently food. 1 do not think that any of these tribes place articles of food with the deail', nor have 1 been able to learn from livinj^' Indians that they fonnerly followed that jiractiee. What he took for such I do luit understand. lie also mentions seein;,'- in the same place a cleared s])ace recently burned over, in which the skulls and bones of a niunber of persons lay amonr^ the ashes. The practice of burning- the dead exists in parts of t'alifornia and amonjr the ^rshimsyau of Fort Sim])son. It is also pursued by the Carriers of New California, but no intermediate tribes, to my knowledjic, follow it. ('ertainly those of the Sound do not at present. It is clear, from Vancou- vor's narrative, that some great epidemic had recently passed thron<>Ii the comitry, as manifested by the (piantity of human remains uncared for and exposed at the time of his visit, and very probably the Indians, being' afraid i T 20;5 (.r fiPiitii;^i(>ii, liiid Ixininl :i house iiiwliicli tlif iiiliiiMlMiits Imd |ii'rislicil, witii the. tlciul ill it. This is iVcuiU'iitly th>iic. Tlicy Mhm.sl iii\;iri;ihly n'lr.ovc fntiu any j»hic(^ wlu'rci sirkiicss h;is prrvaihMl, ncucnilly di'stroyiii^- the house alsd. At IN'im C'ovc, Mr. Whidhcy, our of Viiiicoiivcr's ofliccrs, nutict'd " .scvcnd sepidchers tunned exactly Hke a stutry-hox. Some ot tlicni were opon, and contained tlic skeKtons of many yonn;.;' ciiihh'en lied up in baskets. The smalU'r hones of aihdts wei'e hkewise noticed; hnl not oxw. ot" tlie hnd> Itoni's was t'ound, which ^ave risi' to an opinion lliat llie>e, by the liviuf^' iidiabitants of the nei>;hliorhood, were appro|)rialed to nselul puri»uses, sncli as jiointinjj,' llieir arrow.^, spoiirs, or otlior weapons." It is hardly uc'cessary to say that snch a practice is altoj^-ether forei;^!! to Indian character. The bones of the adults had probably been reniovi'd and binied elsewhere. 'J'he corpses of children an; varion.sly disposed of, sometimes by suspeudiufj^ them, at others l)y placin;:^- in the hollows of trees. A cemeteiy devotcfl to int\iuts is, howevei', a)i unusual occurrence. In cas(! of chiefs or men of note, nnudi pomp was used in the acoom]iain- nieuts of the rite. The canoes were of <,a'eat sizi^ and value, the war or stale canoes of the dec(.'iised. Freiiuently one was hiverted over that holding' the body, and in one instance, near Hhoalwater IJay, tin.' corp.se was de])osiled in a small canoe, which apiin was phu'ed in a lar->-er one and covered with a third. Anionji' the Tsiufilc and Tsihalis, the taniidmous board of tlu^ owner wa.s jdaced near him. • The Pii;>'et Hoand Indians do not make theses tamahaiuvii' ioards, but they sometimes constructed ellin-ies of their chiefs, resembliuf,'' the person as nearly as possible, dressed in his usu;d coslnme, and wearing the articles of which he was fond. One of these, representin;^' the Skagit chief Sneestum, stood very (;on.spic.uonsly upon a liigh bank on the eastern side of Whidbey Island. Tlu; figures observed by (Japtaiu Clarke at the Cascades were either of this description or else the carved pcstH wdiieh had ornamented the interior of the houses of the deceased, and were connected with the superstitions of the tamahno-fis. The mo.st valua- ble articles of property were put into, or hung up around the grave, lu-ing fir.st carefully rendered unserviceable, and the living family were lit(!rally stripped to do lioiun- to the dead. No little self-denial must have been prac- ticed ill parting Avitli articles so precious, but those chiefly interested fre- n I§ li IS. lis f|iH'iitly lijul tli(* lea.* tn Hay mi tlio siilijt'ct. TIk^ j,'Tav('K (if women wcro ilistiii;;iii.sli('t are watched, as their canoes are repunted, decorated, and greater care taken by jilacing them in sequestered spot.s." i l! 205 Tlio niotivo for snorlficin;; or doHtroviiifr property oti occiihIoh of dt'iith will l)o rcft-rrcd K) in trciitiii;^ of tlicir rcli^^ioiis iilcns. Wiiiliii^' for tli(> rief. 'I'iie duty of course lu'lon^i's to tlu' women, and the early mornin;; is usually chosen for the pm-pose. 'I'heN f;o out ahine to some place a litth^ distant from the lod^e or camp, and in a loud, soliliiii<;- voice, repeat a sort of stereotyped fornnda, as lor instance, a mother on the loss of her child: Ah sealih! shed-da hitd-dah , Ja-hitlp. One of these is marked and called the chief A smooth nuit is spread on the ground, at the ends of which the op])Osing {)Iavers are seated, their friends on either side, Avho an- provided with the re(pusites f(H- a noise, as in \\w other case. The party holding the disks has a bundle of the libers of the cedar bark, ii wliich he envelops them, and, after rolling them about, tears the bundle into two jjarts, his opponent guessing in which l)uudle the chief lies. I'lu-se disks are made of the yew, and must be cut into shape with beaver tooth chisels only. The marking of them is in itself an art, certain jx-rsiins being able by their spells to indue them with luck, aud iheir manufai-tiucs bring very high prices. The game is counted as in the )irst uieiilioiied. Farther ilown the coast, ten highly polished sticks are used, instead ot disks. 'I'he wonun have a game belonging ])i'operly to themselves. It is ]>layed with foin- beaver teeth, having particular marks on each side, iiu'li- t(i--hi. They are thrown as dice, success depending on the arrangement in which they fall. Each species of gaudjliug has its ai)])ropriate tamahno-us, or, as it is called upon the Siaind, ShwoUdUiai, that is, its patron spirit, whose coun- m 207 ton.'inco is invoked l»v tlic fliiint nnd nois(\ The tiiiii;iliiin-rs of tlu> i<::\u\f of liimd is cuIUmI l)y the Niskwnlli, J'sai/:; (if tlii' ilisks. Kinnrl,"!!. It would scoin tliiit this fiivorisintt iiioivly sulicltcd diiriii^- tlic i^iniic, Imt sumctiiiics in advance of it, and |)urlia|)s for licnci'id tn' conHinicd lortuin'. ("(tloncl Sim- mons informed uu) that he saw an Indian at tiic Falls ol" the K<'nah|net die from exhaustion and ovei'exeitenient while under^'din^' a jiertornianfe intended to secin-t^ this tainahno-us. He had lain lui several days in a hxlm^ ■\vitliout eating', while his friends shouted and drunnned until deafh himstdf "jumi)ed thogame" on hiui. Of horse lacin;^' it is nmu'cessarv to speak. MEDICINK AND DISEA.SKS. JJosides the re;i'ular ])nietice of the tauiahno us men, who may he con- sidered the faculty, the Indians used a nnnd)er of plants as medicines, s(»me- wdiat as herb doctors intrude their nostrums in tlu; States. Anion;;- these is the root of the Oregon ^rape { liciliciis (/■(/idjiiliKiii), a decoction of which serves as a tonic, and is also their remedy for venereal. .\ decoction of the white-flowerin;;; or poisone.is Kanias fnrnislu's an emetic, and that of the ciu'undtcr vim- (Sicifos Orcyoiiii.'i) \n)t\i an emetic and cathartic. I'lu; root, of a speeies of fern (rrowin;;- anion^- the moss whi(di covers the limits of the ma])le and other trees in damp situations is (diewed as an expeclorant, aiul is mad(^ into a tea as a renu'dy tor lt's-foot as a fomentation for Ijrni.ses and sprains. Wonujii durinji' their periods of nnMistriiatioii bind the twi^^s of the hondock-spnice iMuind their Ixxlies, but this w(Uild .seei:i ttt l)e a species of charm. The.se twigs are also used as a bi'd for the sick. \'\)r gonorrhoea, the females also smoke themselves over a lire ma(h' of I'ertaiii |. £i I %\ 20ft ])lnnts or wood. Tlicy linvc no styptics. Swr'lliiiff.s ])ro(1ii('(Ml liy injur'os tlii-y sonictiiiics sciirity. Sores tliiJt iiro slow in liealinf^' iirc cautcrizt'd, and tIi(!V employ iiioxa by the application of coals of fiiv, and the powder left by worms under the Ijark of trees is also strewn ov(;r to dry them up. This, and also potter's clay dried and powdered, is used for chancres. Suction by the Hioiith is employed as a toj)ical remedy to alleviate pain, and this too is p;ut of the jmictice of the tamahno-us doctors. Their sweat-houses ar(> par- tially excavat('(l in th<' firound, just large enough to contain the body of one ])ersoM, and covered with boards and earth, the heat being produced by hot stones; after the operation they plunge into cold water. IVactured limbs are itaiidaged and splinted with strips of wood. Of diseases to which they are subject, venereal in its ditferent forms and the small-pox are assumed to have been introduced by the whites; the latter, it is true, indirectly, it h.iviug reached here through other and more distant tribes. According to Mr. Duim,* "it commenced among the tribes residing between the; sources of the Missouri and the Mis.sissippi. Thence it spread its devastations iioithward as fur as Athabasca and the three horns of the Great Slave Lake, and wi'stward aero.ss the Kocky Mountains, through the whol(! region of the Oregon Territory, spreading to a vast distance along the shores of the North Pacitic."' The date of this visitation he does not mention. Lewis and Clarke supposed that it had swejjt the Col.imbia some thirty years Ix^fore their arrival, or about the year 17S0. There have been several returns of it since, the last in 1852-.'i3, when the coast tribes ])ar- ticularly were ravaged. To these imported diseases, the measles are probably to 1)(^ adii Territory, &c., Iiy Jiilin niinn, late i)f HikInoii'h Bay Coin|mtiy. : — MS by association with the wliitcs A very conunoii (M-iiptivc disorder MttJickiii}; tilt' tliront, iiiid (•oiiinioidy su])[)osed tol)c iVom syphilis, luis hocii rccon'iiizcd by Dr. (*. M. Hitchcock, hito sur«>-eon Ilnitod States Army, iis the "yaws", very coniiiion in tho West Indies, and k 'own anioii;.i- t.ho Oherokoes and others of the Atlantic States. Sore eyes and blindness occnr, as also par- alysis. Diarrliu'a is a common and often fatal disorder, ])articnlarly anion;^ children. DoMKSTic :manneks. The head of the family and his principal wife occupy the first place near the fire, and it is an impoliteness to pass before them. They are also first served at meals. Where a man has several wives, each has her own fire ill the lodge, and takes ca<'o of lu!r gwi; ;liil:'.ren. The oik- with wiioiii the Imsbiind sleejis i'or the time being, though in the smi../; Ik, use wilh the others, provides the articles of food, which it belongs to the woimii to fiu- nish, and cooks them herself. The man's business is !o do tii;' hunting (of which, however, west of tlu' Cascades, there is l)iit little, game not being abundant enough to form an item in the general economy), to catch the fish, make canoes, split the planks of the lodges, and ])ut them up or reinovt* them, lasso the horses, and in fine to attend t(» such things as art! dei-iiKid manly occupations among savag(! nations. That of the women is to gather roots and prepan them for winter and cure tlie fish; on the salt-water, to dig and dry cl.mis, load and assi.it in paddling the canoes; and, on the prairie, to pack and unpack the liorses, make the cam}), cultivates tlu^ potato- patch, and generally > •■ j where to do the drudgery. There does imi seem to be any particular government of children, nor any difficulty gnnving out of their origin in different mothers. (Jhildreii continue to suckle often three or four years, a practice whiidi probal)ly has its efi'ect in lessening the fecundity of the women. Common conversation in the lodge is, as might be siipp' ,i;(i, on trivial subjects, relating to their own concerns, dogs, horses, &c , the littKi occur- rences of the day, wdiat each has been doing, every triHe being thus known to all. The future is rarely a. subject of attention. They are, on tlu; other hand, fond of reciting their former actions, or speaking of persons deceasinl, relatlii"- what each knows of them, as onv civilized would discuss the char- ifii m '1 'n 210 !') iiii" actors of history. If an Indian lias l)0(m on a jonrnoy, perhaps tlie ni^^ht ensu- ing that of liis return the othf-rs conu! to liis lodj^c. They ask no questions, but sit (juietly, and when ho sees fit ho eoTninences a history of what lio saw and lieard, even to the minutest details. The one who remembers the most, or is the best cairier of news, has a con-esponding im[)ortance. They are e.\ceedingly lowd in their common talk, the most indecent subjects being coolly discussed or jested upon. AVlien a couple of canoes meet, for instance, they always stoj) to talk, to exchange news, and generally to "chaff" one another, in a style that would electrify a Thames waterman. Their Hr.st meal wh(!n at home, is generally about ten or eleven o'clock; the previous night, till a late hour, having probably been spent in gambling, tamahno-ns making, or some other amusement. From that time forward, cooking goes on with very little interru})tion, on behalf of some member of the family, until bed time. Names. — Names are given to children W'^ien they begin to walk and talk, and are gene- ally family appellations, though not in the lir.st instance that of the father, but rather that of the grandfather on either side, or, if there are several, of the uncles. These are changed in a^'ter life; sometimes in honor of a deceased relative; sometimes in connnemoration of an event. On the dentil of an Indian, his name is not mentioned for a long time. If spoken of, itisas"ho that is dead"; but after some two or three years, when the grief of his family is supposed to be assuaged, his son, perhaps, sunnnons his friends, gives a feast, and announces that he has takea his father's nan\(\ On occasion of the council at Neeah Bay, an Indian named Ko-bet-si, who received a commission as a sub-chief, changed his to Ko- bakh-snt. At the Tsihalis council, An-nan-in-ta, the son of Tsinnite'h, a former great chief of the Upper Tsihalis, announced that he had taken that of his grandfather, Wa-kwin-nam. Tlioy are unwilling to speak their own names ; a sentiment for which I was never able to obtain a reason. Nt.)r do they use names in calling one another. They attract attention l)y the word " Do-teh!" look here! if hailing a stranger, or if a friend, "Kug-weh-oh!'' yon there! Many, but not all their names, have signilication, as 8(|nu-shnm, smoke or fog, the name of a sub-chief of the Snokwalnnlh. The termina- tion knuan, common to all the tribes on tlie Sound, but t<> which they attach . ^ --_: — atf 211 no meaninp^, T holieve to bo adorivativc fnnu llio Si'lisliword "Ar/Hr", lioad, wliifli i)erva(U'M many proper nanit'.s tliroughout the castini distrii't; as, Olci- nah'ine, Tscmake'nte, tlie latter si<^nii"yiii<4- a sj,riiiy-head or water source. As the names of the fatlier's and motlier's families are alike perj)etuated in this way, and as different tribes intermarry, similarity in tlu^ names of persons caimot be assumed as a proof of similar origin. Tliey are all exceediuj^'ly tbnd t)f receiving "Boston names", and particularly court such as are imdi'rstood to belong to distinguished chiefs. In consequence, brevet titles of all the generals of the Army, living and dead, are worn by tijevs of tho different tribes. A few of English origin, bestowed in former tinu's, ;iro also liighly valued. The (Sound Indians certainly, and I believe the others, give names to their dogs, but not to their horses, excejjt the descriptive ones arising from color. The name of one dog was explained to me to meiri dirt. PECULIAR CUkSTOMS. Flattening the head, ii of free parents; slaves not cnjoynig the privileged distortion. For a different reason, it is not pcrfurmcd on the oflspring of whites by Indian mothers, it being a matter of ))rid(^ to assimilate them to their fathers. The only reason for this practice tl,;it I could ever obtain was from a Klallam Indian, to the effect that Dokwcbudl ordered them to do it in tho first place to make them handsome. The oper- ation does not appear to affect the intellect, juc'ging from a comj)arison with adjacent tribes who do not use it. It is supjjosed to be the cause of squinting in some cases; but its effect upon the general health is not observ- able. Tho custom is most universal, and carried to the greatest extent among the tribes upon tho Lower Columbia and Puget Sound. Those immediately east of the Cascades, and near the river, ])ractice it vo a limited degree only. It extends, according to Dr. I'ohnie, through the llaeltzuk connection as far north as Milbank Sound, in latitiule 02° N., where tho custom of distending the lips commences in its stead. Southward it reaches to tho Coquillo River, latitude 43° 10' N., upon tho coast, and about thirty miles back. In dejiarting from the center, it gradually diminishes in degree, ' 11 '•sf 11 if! i :^> f, Ifc! till 4 si 3 ! Si ■i.) S 'i I SI iiiul is, oil tli(> (lutskirts, liiiiitcil to the women. In ronipnnitivo cxiiminntions, it should !)(» rcnicnibcrcd tliiit ms slaves are tor tli(? most part ol)taino(l from abroad, skidls, t'oiind aiiionji' llie trilx's adilieted to the i)ra('tit'o, wliich aro not coinprt'ssed, may he; assumed to 1)0 of dilTereut oi'ij^'in, and, on tlie other hand, tliosc} very uairli altered, which are met with among the northern tribes, are jjrobably likewise so. Tlie care bestowed on the disposition of the dead will, however, j^^enerally indicate his rank, and therefore his nation- ality, "^rhese observations are important where deductions are attempted to be drawn from dilferences in crania, but are likely to bo overlooked by those unac(|uainted with the habits of these tribes. It will be seen that till! rust(»m is a, local fine; that within a ])articular district it is connnou to tribes of th.; most ditVerent i'aniilies; and that beyond it other tribes of the same families do not })ractice it at all. Arrival at ptibert;/. — The iirst prominent event in a woman's life, her becominj^ fit for marriage, as seems to bo the case with most savage tril)es, is a ])('riod of ceremonial observance among these Indians. With those of the district, the girl usuall}' retreats to some secluded spot and fasts. The rigor of her abstinence; is said to be a great merit; but that it may not bo car- ried too far, some old sipiaw, who is acepiainted with her hiding jdace, carries her when UL'odfid a little water and dried salmon. The time is, with some tribes, as the Kalla[)uia of the Willanu^tte Valley, occupied in throwing up small piles of earth or stones, a practice having probably a mystical sig- nilicatiou akin to a tamaluio-us. The subsequent recurrences of her periods are, in like manner, seasons of retreat from the tribe, although less formality attends them. The nutst peculiar, as well as universal, observances are those connected with their food, '['his, the first object of care and anxiety with ])eople who dep. id upon natural productions for their subsistence, seems to have in their minds a relation to many events; and more especially those of a se;.ual character, or the privation of ])articidar kinds of food, may have b(;en shown b} experi'nce to be requisite to speedy recovery of health. Among the fishing Indians, the salmon, during the early season of its caj)- ture, is, so to speak, tabooed to women undergoing menstruation. Among those M ho live by game, elk and deer meat are ecjually prohibited, and similar restrictions are, to a more limited extent, imposed on pregnant 2i;5 woiUL'ii. T know, liowcNfr, ol' iioihiiiL;' like jicridds ol' purificMnini, Sumo ui" the coast ti'ibfs, astliosc at I liuulpoMt li.i\ in ('aliloini,i. iiiakf a luafticc ot" batliiii Incn iihsunlly considercHl as a Jewish rite, and cited in ]irool' of the prciiostcKnis idoa that they aie di'seenchmts raeHtish tiilies. It seems natural eiiouyh that such a custom should prevail amoiiii' liari)arians, lio\\«\ir dis connected. With tiieir Hunted lieid lor mental exercise, the ^|lecnlali\e powers are likely to he most acti\'e upon points of this \ei'\' nature; |iei-io- dicity being a fact which attracts (d)servation and suj:j.;csts at once the id.a of cause. The relined objects of a dilVerence in .sex bein;^ foreijiu to their minds, that event which anm)nnces litness for sensual purposes is, of all others, the most important. Amoiij.^' the Wafko, at the hallesol" the ( 'olundiia. it is stated the event is celebrated more publicdy. As the jieriod approaches its close, the father of the jiirl makes j^-reat preparations, invites his friends, and has a <^eneral feast, which reaches its lieiLrht on her re-appearaiu'<'. 'I'he yiumii' men who wish to bnv' wives are then ready, with their horses, i\cc., to treat for the purchase. MKx\8UKK8 OF VALUE, TIMK, K'i'C. Distances were only marked l)y day.s' journeys, oi- their fractions, as mad(! on horseback or in canoes. AUjasiu'es of length wen^ pr(diably all referred to parts of the body, the jirincipal bein<4' tiie extent of the out- stretched arms, which was n^'cd in vahiinj^' llitMr money, the liaikwa, or wampum of the I'acilic. This .^hell, a species of Dciitd/iiiiii, was procured on the northern coast l)y lettinjf down loii;jf poles, to which was atiached a l)iece of wood filled with spikes, or teeth, between which the shell becanui hxed. Its j)rice depended entirely upon its leiij^th; forty to the fathom bein}^' the standard of vauic. When the shells were so short that it required more to make up the nnjuired leiig'th, they were ot" V( ry iid'erior account, but ro.se proportionately with im/reased size. A hithoin of forty was ibiiiiei'ly woith a slave, and even now will brinj;- five (hdlai's in money. Single shells went shown 111 on the^ Tsihalis for which tla; owner icfused a dollar apiece, 'riiis money is, howevei', becoming .scaice. and is far le.--.. used than formeiI>', w »](; .t 211 I i il ■ T ■ at Iciist liv tlic Irihcs wlm Ii.ivc niiicli iiitcrcnurx' witli the wliiti's. It Wiis till' iiiiivcrsiil ciirreiu'y tliroiij;li an extensive district. ( >n the Klainatli Kiver, it is valued even more lii^hlv than on the Somid and the ("olmnhiji ; an(|iiisitf tliickiK'ss. i^nuio of iIkvsc lioards nrc of n;n.;it am: One that I iiR'asiuvd was 24 feet loii>; and 1.] in width. They arc, in prefiTciu'c, split IVoni tlu! (tihor rif(/\ or as it is iisiiallv called, cedar, hut sonietinies I'roiii the iir. There is some variet\' in the I'orm adttpted ; the houses of" the 'J'siimk usually sloping; each wa\ Iroiii a rid^''e-])ole in tin- center, while those ot" the Sound Indians have hut one pitch. They are usually intended to aeconnuodato several t'aniilies, and frecpiently a wliole villngo was under the same roof. An excavation of a foot or more in deiilii is made throu<,di the center of the lionse, in which the lires are Imilt, and where the cookinjif is done; tin; raised portion h'ft on either side hein^- covered with boards or mats to serve as a seat, and thcf hunks for sleeping- ])laced against the sides, sometimes in two tiers. At one end of the house, there is frequently a jjlatform for dances or tlu^ tamahno-us. The lion.s<'s of the Makah have been already described, and the better class of houses on tiio Sound diiVer from them only in size. J5ut the triinnph of their archi- tecture is displayed in the buildings erected for festivals. Tlie.se wens of extra )rdinary size and strength, considering tlm means at their dispo.sal. ]\Ir. U. A. Goldsborougli measured one at Port Madi.sou, erected by tlio brother of Seat'hl, some forty years before, the frame of which was .stand- hig in 1855. This was 520 feet long, (10 feet Avide, 15 feet high in front, and 10 in the rear. It was supported on puncheons, or s[)lit tind)ers, 71 in number, from 2 to 3 feet wide, and 5 to 8 inches thick, carved with grotesque figures of men, luiked and about half size. The cross-beams were round sticks, 37 in number, GO feetin length, and from 12 to 22 inches in diameter. There was another similar house at Dungeness, built by King (ieorge, and one at Penu Cove, by Sneetlum, similar but somewhat smaller than this. They were erected for special occasions, and afterward dismantled. CANOES. Various descri})tions of canoes aroused by thed'' oretit tribes, suited to the waters on which they dwell. Those generally used ci fli(« Columbia above the Dalles are mere dug-ouis, of very rude shape and inish, and, though well enough adapted for carrying, have no particular mc.it. 'i'hese are also used on the Kowlit/. anil Tsihalis, and generally those streams ^'.\ L'Hi wliicli nu- shallow iiinl oltstnictcd Ity rapids, as hciii;^- litter lor such Avatcrs than \\\i' shar|M'r and iiion; clcjj;!!!!! varieties. IJelow the 1 )alles, several kinds were lunnerly eoiiiiiioii, one of which, nearly strai^iht on the ;^nnwale, and ornamented at the how with a carved iifrnre-lK ad, reiiresentinjr some liird or animal, seems to have been chielly nsed romul the Willamette ami l\.(»wlitz. A small i'lid lijiht canoe, of sim])lu I'orm, hut very yruceliu, was nsed, principally amon<^ the marshy islands toward the month of the river, fur hnntin1 IkIow tlu'^iiiiwiilc, iind uiiMlf t'list \\\\\\ ((inls. 'I'lic upper cdLl't' ol llic <^llli\\;ilc itself is iiImhiI rive-ci;.',lillis <^\' :\]\ inch lliiek, aiul I'lHir (ir li\e in l)reiultli,iiii(l lolds outwiird.so iis to t'onii ii kind i)t' riin,\vliicli prevents tluMvatcrfVoiii bciitiii'i'intollie lioat. At earh end. also, tiro pedestals, tunned ol' the same s(did piece, n\\ which are placed strange, j;^roto.s([no iifj^ures oi" men and animals, ri>inir sometimes to the height ol' li\e Ibi't, and composed ol' small pieces ol' wood, lirmlv nnitcd, withizreat in;;'e- ninty, by iidayini;- and morlisinji', without ;i spike of any kind. The pad- dki is usnally from fonr feet and a half to li\'e !'eet in leuiilh, the handle bcin;^' thick for oiu'-third its length, wh'ii it widens and is hollowed and thinned on each side of the center, which forms a sort oi' rili. U'iien they cud)ark, one Indian sits in the stern and >teers with a paddle, the others kneel in pairs in the Itottom of the canoe, and, sitti)iji' on their heels, paddle over tlu^ ^.^imwale next to them. In this way, they riile >vitli safety the hif^-hest waves, and ^•entnre, witl'out the least concern, in seas where otiier boats conld iM>t live an instant. The\- sit (|uietly ami paddle with no other iiiovemout, exccj)t when any hw^c wave thi'ows the boat on her side, and to the eye of the .si)ectator sho seems lost; the man to windward then steadies her by throwinj; his bfidy toward the upper side, and sinkinf>' his paddle deep into the wave, ajtpears to catch tlu; water, and fon-e it under the boat, wdiich the same stroh • pushes (Hi with j^reat velocity. In the inanag'enietit of these canoes, the women are e(pially expert with the men; for, in the smaller boats, which contain four onrsmen, the helm is i^vnerally given to the female. As soon as they land, the canoe is re snliil constructitiii than this. 'I'hey are also better adapted tn sea-J,''f»in<,^ as they are iVet^ trmn the iiit iiinhnince. With them, the Indians vt^iitiirti Irtnu Qneoii Cl.arlt)tto Islands, and e fii fVtiiii Sitka, as far south as l*ii manner. Shoulil, nnluckily, knots or other defects apjiear in the sides, the piece is cut out ami another set in in its place. Thi.s is tloiie by boring small holes, thronji'li which tho jiatch is Hnnly sewetl with twine, and which are then ]dugt iill tlir liidiiiiis ol'tln« ili>lri(t me now principally t'lotlictl like the wliitcs, and avail tluinsi'lvcs of many ol flicir tools and utensils ; hnt llicir original niainitintmcs possessed a ^n'cat (leal i>r nieiil. Tiu! ordinar)' dit'ss ot' liie men, w lien they ^aw lit to nsc any, was a deer-skin shirt, lej;-j;in^s, and nioeeasins, which, amoni;' the prairie Indians, was often embroidered with the (jiiills of the porcnjiine. < »n the coast tlieso (piills were scarce, beinjf id)tained fntni a distance and liy ex- clianffe, and since the openitiuth to change them, that one now sees this pristine typo of the petticoat, "A ganiiout of mystical 8iil)liiiiity." Tho Indians of tho Sound and the Straits of Fuca attained considerable skill in manufacturing a species of blanket from a mixture of the wool ol' the mountain-sheep and thf; hair of a particular kind of dog, though in this art they never equaled the more northern tribade to form the warp; th(i woof beinn' made of ^rass thread. This stulV is pliable, and makes a conveiuent oiner <.;'arnient. Very pretty capes, edji'ed wilh the sea-otter skin, are made of it. This tribe also ar<' th<' principal manufacturers of the ccflar mats, wlii(di are used on the Sound. These are entirely of bark, formed into narrow strips, am; woven on the iloor. I'liey are thin and perh-ctly even in texture. The other trib(>s em- plov for mats two kinds of rushes, the flat or conmutn cat-tail, and the round or tule. These are used for a e bowls, holding- over a (piart, were made from the bonis of the bi<,f-horned sheeii, and s|)o()ir-, from that material and those of the mountain-iioat. These last arti(des prcbabh- canu' from the north, but found their way, in the coui'se of traile, far down the coast, and even into California. The nets and seines, manufact'u-ed tVoni the j^rass in;] vtcd from bcvond the Cascade .Mountains, deserse mention as very wel' n 'de, the twine benii;- perfectU ev<'n and well twii-teil. The Hilt 1^ 221 hows and arrows iiiid ilcfciisivc iirnior liavc Itccii incntloncil in nnoflicr ron- nection. In all tlit'ir native ni.niul'iicturts, tin' Imli^ins di' iliis TcrritorN' were not wantni;^' in sivill, alriionuli tliry were I'ar Ix hind the northi'm races, wliosi; inyennity is, in i'act, extraordinary anionu' savages. DOMKSTU; ANIMALS. The liorsc! inid dojj;- constitute the only ones, excejtt ihnt ;i very i'ew individnals may jjeihaps own a little stock. I'mtnts, a Klikiifat, livinj;- at the month of the Kathhtiintl, until recently killed l)y his trihe, aloiu; pos- se.ssed a <^ood lierd. CJenerally speakina', the Indians we.st of the mountains do iK)t keej) them. Their horses, also, are i\i\\', comparatively, and of mod- ern introduction. The date of the introdiuiion of the hor.se amon<^- tlu^ trihes in tlu; i-astern district c;nniot I)e arri\('d at with ;niy certainly. The Snake, Nez I'erccs, and Spokane had, accordint;' to Lewis and Clarke, innnen.se munhersaf the time of their visit. ( hut little doubt that they were first brouiiht northward )»y the lattci- in their interctmrse with the Comanches. 'The Cayuso added to their stock ])y theft from the Spaniards, as I'Vanchere men- tions (ieoing- them with Spanish brands. Dr. Suckley considers the doiSf^ to be of two bi-eeds, one resembiiii;^- the coyote, or j)raij'!e-wolf, and very probaldy cro.s.sed with thiit iniini.il, which is the kind used foi- huntinj:'; the other, a lont;-bodied, short-lej^'g-ed, turnspit-lookinji' cur, which is the peculiar j)roperty and jx't of the women. To these ai'e prob.ibly t(t be adiled a third, tlu; doy used by the Ska;;it, Klidlam, and others of the lower jiart of the Sound and Uulf (»f (Jcorj^iii, which is shorn for its fleece. Vancouver mentions these as re.semblin;^'' tlie Pomeranian dog. They are of i)retty gooil size, and generally white, with much longer and softer hair tlian eitiier of the others, but having the same sharp muzzle jnid curling tail as the hunting-dog. Among some of the tribes of Northern California, as on the Klamath Kiver, tlien; is a variety with a broad tiiil, not more thiOi six or eight iiK'lies in length, which iippe;n-s to be 11. 1 U.'t ■'I i Mr- Q^ 111 222 iiiitiiiiil, Jiiiil nut tlie result of docking. 'This I .suppose to be a (listiiict --^le. 'Hie Iii(li:ui (logs Jire much /alued by their owners, particuhirly those em- iiloyed in luuiling. SYMBOLIC WRITING. I am not aware liow far tliis may Ije carried among the Sound ti'ibes. I'njbably there is no great essential difference between them and their luMgliboi's of riie plains in this art. It may perhaps be best exphiined by an example given me by a veteran mountaineer, Dr. Robert Kewell, of ( "liampoeg. A party of Snakes are going to hunt strayed horses. A figin'O of a man, , ith a long queue, or scalp-lock, reaching to his heels, denoted Slioshonee; that tribe being in the habit of braiding horse- or other hair into their own in that manner. A number of marks follow, signifying the .strength of the part}-. A foot-print, ])ointed in the direction they take, shows their course, and a hoof-mark turned backward, that they expect to return with animals. If well armed, and expecting a possible attack, a little powder mixed with sand tells that they are ready, or a square dotted about the figures indicates that they have fortified. These pictograi)hs are often an object of study to decipher the true meaning. The shrewder or more experienced old men consult over them. It is not every one that is sufli- ciently versed in the subject to decide oirectly. There are, I believe, no permanent symbolic writings below the Cas- cades like those which occur upon some of the rocks on the Colund)ia River above them, and attributed l)y the present Indians to the I'JVq) TiUkum, or primeval race. ]\IOUNL)S AND lOARTIlWORKS. Mention has been made in my former report of a circular work on the Vakania River, the construction of which those Indians disclaimed. That was the iinst of the kind which had ever fallen under my observation, or which I had been informed of within this Territory or Oregon. Since then, Dr. Newell his informed me that, in sonae parts of the Willamette Valley, as on the Twallatti jdains, for instance, there are indubitable earthworks, some of them of various forms, of which he mentioned the letter L- None of them, to his knowledge, presented the figiu'es of animals. I am aware of none on the Lower Clolumbia or I'uget Sound which ileserve the name. 22;{ Indosures for ganlon-patclios were soniotimos iiiado by biuikiiij,'' u)) iinmiid tliein with refuse tlirowii Diit in eleiuiiiig the grouiul, wliieli, uf'ter a loiij^ while, eamc to reseni])]e a low wall, and, in aomo cases, as at the old Sno- lioiiiisli fort on Kwultsehda Creek, they inass satisfactory than indirect (evi- dence, as they are quick at suspecting some object in regard to their lands. " In cdiiin'ctiun willi tlm sii'ijcct, ri riiciirc iiiiiy lii> iiiiiilc luTcto tlii' iiuiiiikIiiioUiii'iI l)y Sir Kihviinl HclcliiT ill ii;iil8 ol' tlic .Sacvaiiiciilo Viilliey, wliicli, I'c stutcH, win^ raisi'd lij- tlii^ I'xiNliiin raci' ol' ImliaiiM, for tlu^ imipiiHo lit' t'Icvatiiif; Uirir Iionscs bcyoiiil tbo rcai'li of iiiMiKlalloii. W lift her kiicIi ii iiiolivc giiv- enicil the niuiiinIbiiildoiM of Oliio, under any circuL-iataiicrH, I nni uniuforinod. I . I 'Si 9 h 221 i\rcnti(ii) Iiiis iilrciuly Ix-cn niado of tlio niovomoit of jvirt of tlio Klikii- tiit soiitli\v;\)(l iit ii very recent ))eri()il, and of tlie statoiuent, by the WiUo- ]).ili, that tlie Khitskaiiai Iiail Hki'wise ehanj^^Ml tlieir hieation. In addition, 1 have bee;i informed that the Tsen\akuni and Toauliucli once lived >cd tiic ( 'as rade l{anji'i\ at dillcrcut points, to tlic Souiid. and llic cnmiiry iiilt rincdialc betwocn tliat and the ('(ilniiil)ia. And tlic 'rilainuk lia\c overstepped lli;it boundary and iixed tlieniselves on the eonst ot" ( treL;oii. 'I'lie soiilliern limit of the Tahkali is not yet aseertaiiied. .Mr. I Inle ideiitilied the I'liikwa as ill! offshoot. Lionti-tiant Kaut/, has lately sliowii the Tu til ten to he another, and it is possihle that some of ihe ( 'alii'ornia lan^naues may also bo assimilated. Dr. Newell states that, siiiee he was lirst in the Indian coiiutry, all the j,n-eat tri])es have lieeii uradualiy breaking' 'i|) into bands. Whfiievur two chiefs attain alxmt an e(pialily if powei- and iiiilneiice. jeal- ousies arise, which li'ad to a separation of the tril)e. 'I'liese are l'oiiientee of tiie ditiereiil tribes was more lim- ited than now. They did not travel so far from their own coiiiiliy. 'I'liis last is less ap})Hcable to the coast trilies than to those of the interior. 'I'lio fornuM- are, however, e';en more split up. and those oi the Siuiml country, perha})s, most of all. The iuiluence jjossessi'd e\cn by tho-e claiming- tiicli ii (listaiicc tliat lie made no (lispovcrics whatever. 1'u.ssiiij^' I )esti'iu'tioii Island, lie noticed a canoe or two paddling' near the shore, and remarks: " It was a tact not less sin;:nlar than worthy of obser- vation, that on tlie whole extensivtM'oast of New All)ion, and more ])articu- larly in the \icinity of thos(( fei'tile and (h'lightful shores \\v had lately passed, we had not, excej)tin,i;' to the southward of Capo Orford and at this pliU',(^, seen anv inhahitaiits, or met with any circumstances that, in tlie most distant manner, indicate(l a prol)aliility of tlu; country bein<"' inhabited." Of the Klasset, or Makah, lu^ says: "The few natives who came oil' resembled, in most n spects, tlu^ ])eople of Nootka. Their persons, yar- inents, and behavior, are very similar; some difference was observed in their ornaments, jjarti 'ularlv in those worn at tlu; nose; for, instead of the crescent, generally adopted by the inhabitants of Nootka, ti:ese wore straight ])iec,es of bono. Their canoes, arms, and im])lements, wei" exactly the same. They sjioke the same language, but did not apj)roach ns with the familiarity ol)served by those people on visiting the Ivesolu^ion and Dis- covery, which mav))robably be owing to their ha\ing become more familiar with strangers." 'i'lie village, he observes, which is situatcnl about two miles within tiie cape, had the appe "ance of being extensi\e and populous. The maimer of the Indians was very civil, orderly, and friendly. 'I'h<'y requested permission i»efore entering his shiji, and, when receiving s(tme presents, " politely and earnestly solicited " him to slo}) at their village. His notices of the KhiUam are not much more extended, for he had but little intercouise with them. Of those at New Dungeness, he Siiys : " 'I'he aj)|)earance of the lints we now saw indicated the I'esidence of the natives in them to be of a temporary nature only, as we could perceive Avith (uu- glasses that they ditl'ered very materially from the habitations of any of the American Indians we had 1 'lore seen, being com])osed of nothing more than a few mats thrown over cross-sticks ; whereas those we had passed the preceding day in two or three small villages to the eastward of Cla.sset were biult exactly after the fasln'ovi of the houses erected at Xootka. The inlial)itants seemed to view us with the utmost indifference and unconcern; they continued to lish before their huts as regai-Uess of eriieiidieul:irly iiiid seeiniii.tih- with iiiucli re,i>id;irity, a miiidter df \cr\- tall straight jinlcs hke ilaii'-stavi's or hcaeoiis. siipiiorted from the ;ji'oiiiid liy spars. Their liisl appearaiieo iu(hioed an opinion of their lieini:- intt'iKh'd as the npriiihts lin' sta<'i's on which the\ nii^ht dv\ tlieir lish ; hnl this, on a iiraivr view, seemed improhahU', as llieir heij;'lits and distances froiii each other wonid have reipiired spars of a -allows, jirohahly, would have tilled tlic alternative su"''>'ested. 'i'he (d»ioct of these erections is mentioned h\ Captain \\ ilk as serviiij;- to suspend the nets with which the Indians catch wild towl. \'ancouver was greatly disyiisted at the small importance atlacheil to his visit. Ho says further that on Mr. ^^'iudl)ey's landing- to seek lor water, the Indians continued to iisli, "without payint^' any more reiiard to the cutter than if she hail hei-n one of their own canoes." 'The circumstance was certainly remarkahle, and can only Ix; explained hy tin- fai't that the no\- eltyhad worn oil', as there is no douht, althonii'li N'ancouver sujipiised him- self to he the iirst who had jienetrated thus far up the straits, that Kcmlrick ami others had preceded him. At I'ort Discovery, lu' says, "a. few of the natives in two or three canoes favored us with their company, and hrou^ht vsith them some tish and venison for sale." "These jieople, in tlnir i.ersons, canoes, arms, imidemeuts, i^c., seemed to re,send)le chielly t\\(: iidiahuanls of Nootka, though less hedaubeil with paint and less iilthy in their external aiii)earance. They won- ornameiUs in their ears, hut none were oh.served in their noses; some of them understood a lew words of the Nootka laii- <>-uage; they were clothed in the skins of deer, hear, and some other ani- mals, but principally in a woolen gannent of their own manufacture, extremely well wrought. They ilid not appear to possess any lurs. Their bows ami implements they freely bartered for knives, trinkets, copper, etc., and, what was very extraordinary, they olfered Ibr sale two children, each 2M T I I'Si iil)oiit six or seven NCiirs of iiiic, niiil lieiiie- shown some coppor wore very iinxious lli;it the Idir^nin shmihl lie cIosimL"" At I'ort 'lownsheiiil he siiw no Indi.'insjmt ji rloserted village at the slteof the 'IVenifilvinn town, appiiicntlx in ;i stnte of decny. A few liidiiiMs were met with ;it Oiik (,'ove (I'nvt Linvreiice), iuul mar the liendof Hood ( 'anal ahout sixty. imdudif.j,Mvomeii and children, iiiidoiiht- edlv of tlie Skokoniish trihe, wliieh were all that he met with on that <'Xtens!\-e line. " The rej,non we hiid lately passed," he says, "seomcdnearly destitute of human l)ein;^s. Nowliere diil the appearanee of the party creati! any alarm or much astonishment, the Indians always treatin,i;- them in a friendlv manner, and harteriii;;' their arms and other articles for iron, copper, and trinkets." Tlie following' <4'eiieral ohservatioiis are extracted entire, as they hear upon the apparent po])n1ation of tlu^ eonntry at the time. They refer more particularly to tlu^ Klallam, Tseniakum, and Skokomish. \'an- conver, it ma\- he? mentioned in passini,'', does not seem to have sonplit for the names of an;/ of the tribes, and none are mentioned in his book. Other points aic omitted which ap[)ear singular. In speaking of the iish taken in the Sound, he never refers to tlu; salmon: and, what is most extraordinary, he sa\s nothing of the custom of flattening the head. " Having considere(l with imparlialit} the excellencies and defects of this couiUry, as far as came under oin- observation, it now remains to add a few words on the chara<'ter of its iidiabitant.s. None being resident in I'ort Discovery, and our intercourse with them having been very much con- iiiHMl, the knowledge we may have acquired of them, their manners and customs, nuist necessarily be very limiteil, and our conclusions drawn chiefly from comparison. From New Dungeness we traversed nearly one hundred and fifty miles of their shores witlauU seeing that nundjer of inhabitants. Tho.se who came within our notice nearly resembled the peojde of Nootka, their hair, as l)efore mentioned, being in general neatly cond)ed and tied behind. "In llieir wea])ons, implements, canoes, and dress, they vary little. Their native woolen garment was most in fashion, next to it, the skins of deer, bear, i^c. : a few wore dresses manufactured from bark, which, like their woolen oms, were ver} neatly wrought. Their spears, arrows, lish-gigs, ( 229 i\ii(l (illicr weapons were sliiipi'tl cxjirtlx liko flinsc nt' Noiitkii. Imf innic Wi'vv IKiiiiti'd with rojijicr or with jiiiisch'shciis. The thi'fc tni'iiK r wnc p'iicr,ill\ hiiihcd, and \]\i»v ])uiiiti(l with (•iPiiiinnii Hint, aL'alf, and Imnc srtincil nl thi'ir original wnrlhi|i. ^ it nidic of their arrows were ohsrr\iil to In- pointed witli thin, ll.it iron than with iionc or Hint, and it was\cry sinL;nlar ihat \hv\ should prdci' cxchanfiin;^' those poincd witli iron to any ot tiie others, 'liieir Ixiws were ot' a superior ■, onstrnetion: tlioe, in ji'^neral, were I'roni two and a haU' to tliree feet in le ijitii: tlie hroachst part in the niiddh- was ahout an inch and a half and aliont thri'e-(piarfers ot' an inch tliirk, neatly made, nnidually taperin;,' to each end, which ferniiiiated in a -liouMn- and liook for the security of tlie l)ow-strini(. 'I'hey were all made oi' y.w , and chosen with a natnrally-iiiverted cnrve suited to i!;; method of nsini^- them. I'Vom end to end iif the concave side, which when strnnt.'- hecame the convex part, a, very stronii' stiip of an elastic hide is attached to some, and the skins of serpents to others, exactly the sha| e and len^ith of the liow , neatly and iirndy atlixed to the wood hy means of a cement, the adhesi\(' ])rop{ rtv of wliich I never saw or heard of liein^' e(pialed. It is not to lie aifected by eithei- dr\' or damp weather, and forms so slrcm^- a connection witli tho wood as to prevent a separation without destroyin1easnre, as the temperatiu'e of tluNitmo- spliere may require to preserve it at a propei- length. Thus is this very neat little weapon icndiTed ]iortahle, cdastic, and eifecti\t' in the hii^hest degree, if we ma\ be alhjwed to judge by the (h-xterity with which it was used by one oJ' the natives at l*ry information with regard lo the j)ublic regulations or }»rivate economy ol' these people. 'i'he situation and ajipearancc^ of the places we found them generally inhab- iting indicating their being much accustomed to cliangt! of residence ; the deserted villages tend to strengthen the conjectnic ol' their being wanderers. Territorial prupi'rty appeared to bi- of little imjiortance; tliere was jdeiity of room for their ii.xed habitations, and tho.se of a temporary nature, which we now found them mostly to occujiy. being principally ((ini|iosed oi crossed sticks covered with a few mats, as easily found a spot I'or their erec- If L';!() 1 >ii tioii, iis tlicy wi'ic rciiHiscd IVimi one stiitioii to Jinnilicr, eillicr .'is iiicliiiiitiiui llli^i'llt Irail or licccssiiy cnlilix-l ; ;ill(|, lliivill^- ;l \ci-\- cxtcli^iNt' r,lll;^c iil (luiimin, tiny wfii' not liable to iiitciriiptiuii ur (i|i|i(isiti(iii iVniii tli'ir t»-u' «lllTniniilill^' IH'iulllxil s " I'Vinii tlicsr circmii-^laiHcs iilmic. it iiia\' lie sniiicw liat |iniiiatiirc to (•(iiicliidc that this (Iclinhtt'iil (•(umtry has always liccii thus thinly iiiliahitcil; on the coiitiaiN, there are I'easons to iiclievc it has l)ccii infinitely nioi'e populons. I'lacli ol' the deserted villa<;es was nearl\-, if not (juite, ('(jlial to contain all the scattered iniiiibitauts we saw, according' to the cnstoiii (d'tlie Nootka people, to whom these Iiav(( f^reat uilinity in their lixud habitations and in their general idiaiacter. it is also p(^ssi!)le that most of the (dear Hpac(is may have been ind(d)ted lor the removal of their timber and iimler- wood to mainial labor. Their <4'eneral appearance f'nrnished this opinion, and their sitnation on the most ))leasant and commandinj^' eminences, pni- tecteil 1)\- the forest on ever^' side except that which wonld liaxc preclnded a- \iewot them, seemed to encountf^'O the idea. Not man\' \ cars since, ea( h of these \acant spaces miirlit ha\'e been allotted to the habitations of dilfer- eiit societies, and tlu; variation ol)served in their extent mi^ht have been coid'ormable to the size of eacdi villaj^c, on the site of which, since their abdication or extermination, notliinf:;' bnt tlie smaller shrubs and plants liad yet been able to rear their heads. "In our difl'erent excursions, ])articularly those in the nei<^hborliood of I'ort Discovery, the skull, lind)s, I'ibs, and ba(d<-l)ones, or some other vi'stip-s of the human Ixxly, were I'ound in many places pronii.scuously scattered about the beatdi in j^Teat numbers. Similar relics were also frequently met with duriuL;' our siu'vey in the boats; and 1 was informed by the oflici'rs that, in their several perambulations, the like jipjjearance.s had presented themselves so repeatedly and in such abundance as to produce an idea that the environs of I'ort Discovery Aveve a general oenietery ff)r the whole sur- rounding country. Notwithstanding these circinustaiices do not amount to a direct ))roof of the extensive population they indicate, yet, when condiiued with other apjjeavances, they warranted an o])inion that, at no very remote period, this country had been far more popidous tlian at pi'esent. Some of the human bodies were found disposed of in a very singular nian- L';;i IHT. ('iilKM'S were sms|i(11(1(mI lic'wcin two or inoir liccs, ;il>iiiil iwcUr l''''t from llu' <;toiiii(1, In wliifli wire ilic >kclftniis ol two of tlirrc |it'rsoii- Utlicfs of n liifiicr si/c \\rw liniilcil up ii.lo llir oiilslvirts of the woods, wliicli coiitaiucil Iroiii four to xxcii skeletons, covt rid o\cr\\ilIi;i liroad plank. In some of tlioc, lirokcn liow> and ari'ows were found, wliicli ,1 iir>t uav '■ i'is<' to a conjectuir tlial these mi^lit have hcen wanioi's, who, alter liein^ mor- tally wound. m1, had. whilst tlirir streULilli remained, hauhd up their canoes for the purpose of expirini: i|uietl\ in them. I'.ut.oii a lurther examination, this l)(;eame improliahle, as it would hardly ha\e been possiMe to have pre- served the re;^idarilv of position in the agonies of death, or to have detended their sepidchers with the broad plank with which each was eoveretl. 'I'he few sk( 'etoiis we saw so earefidly deposited in the e.inoes were prohaldy the chiels, piiests, or leaders of particular triixs, whose follow, r> most likely continue to possess the highest respect for liieir memory and remains; and the n-eneral kiiowled-c 1 had obtained tVoin e\perien<'e of the reji'ard wliii h all savai'f nations iia\ to their fiuuMal sidenAiities made me particularly s(dicitous to prevent any indiuinty from beinj:' waiitotdy offered to then- departed friends. JJaskets were also found suspended on hijih tree.s, each contaiiiiji;^' the skeleton of a youn^- child; in some of which were also small square Ix.xes lilleciilf('l'cd ,'iiioiil liic sliorcs. Such iiic tlic cllccts; liiil o|' the ciiiisc or cjinscs lliiit litnc ii|M'riiti'd to |irodii('(' tliciii, we rciiiiiiiii'it totalK' iiu:i('i|iiiiiiit('d. w lictlici' o('cii>ioi|{(| li\ ciiidciiiic dixiisc or rciciit \\;iis. 'riKMliiinictfi' mid {ifiicriil dcpoi'tiiiciit ol' tlic lew iiilial»it;nits \vc occiisioiiidiv siiw liy iio mk aiis (duiitciiiiiiccd tlic liittcf o|iiiiioii; tlic\' were iinil'oriiilv civil and iViciidly, without iiiaiiitestiii^- the least sij^n of Icar or suspicion at our approach, iior did their appeiiraiu'c indicate their Imviii;^' been much iinireil to hostilities. Several of their stoutest men had heeii seen perfectly naked, and, contrary to what nii^lit have? l)e»;n expected of rude natives lial)ituated to warfare, their skins were niosth unhleinished hy scars, exceptiuf;' such as the small-pox S(f(^meil to Iwnc occasioned, a ilisease which there is ilicni. cither apiiiist llir lical nf simuiicr or llir iii«liiii. ncy nf uiiil.M'. In tllolll Wcfc llim.U' lip. tn lie fUlvd l.V til.' Mlinls.nf till' fllV ll \ K nf fi>li. >eemiii-l> intended fnr their winter's siih>i^tcnce. 'I'h.- clams iieihajis weiv tint all reserved fnr that i.m-pnse, as we fivqiieiitlv saw them Mnm-aiid wniii ahniit the neck, whidi, as incliiiatimi directed, were eaten, twn. three, nr h.df a iln/.eii at a time. 'I'his station did not api^'ar to liave lieeii preferred fnr the purpo.se of lishin^', as we saw few of the penplc s(. employed; nearly the wh(de of the inhabitants Ixdoiif-in^r to the villat>-e, which e(.nsisted of al.niit oifrhty or a hundred men. women, and children, wen l.iisily en-a-ed. like Kwine, rnotin^' up this heantifiil v.'rdant meadnw. in .past ..f a sp.'cie> ..t wild..ni..n, an.l tw.. other r.u.ts, which, in apiiearan.v an.l last.', f^r.atly resembl.Ml the saranna. parti. nlarly the lar-.'st. The cnlle.lin-' ..f iIk'sc roots was most likely th.' «d)ject which attract.'.! them to tliis spot; they all seemed to gather them with mmdi iivi.lity, and t.. preserve them with -r.'at care, most probably lor tli.' i.m-pose of makin;;' the paste 1 have alrea.ly nientione.l." "These i)e.tj)le varied in im essential Jtoint frmn the natives \\v had seen since our entering the straits. Their persons wen* equally ill ma.l.'. an.l as much besmeared with oil an.l dilVer.mt .•.dored paints, parti.'ularly with ivl ncher and a sort ..f shining .•halVy mh a, very pni,.h.r..us, an.l in .'..Inr nm. h reu-mbling black lead, 'i'hey likewise p.)s.sessed more ornam.'iits, ..sp..ially such as were made of copper, the iirticle most valnet" Alliri ir;i ill hi- il:i\- \\;i-.. ill lf;i-l mi l;ir II- tll(--i' WClr i-i ilircriliil, llll]M-.t I In- iiiiii.iitT <'! lii(liMii> tin illicit li-.iilili;^ In ihr -nllln! wllicll llnW lie, IIS lli.s liaillC (Ino lliil M'i'iii III li;i\c liiiMi '.'I'Mii'i' ill |iniii'irli(iii lli.ni llin-i- itift with in A(hnlr;ih\ liili'l ;ini| liiiml < '.iii.il, ;iv, ihiiiiuh \';iiicnii\ cr spcnks nl hi> iiicctiiiu' ."-cNfial trilic-. hi' ill If- I ml rrlcr In I heir iiuiii1mi> 11 ir niil\ (litliciiIlN hiiil with ;ni\ III till' iiiili\c< \\:i-- 111(1 wilh li\ tlii> Liiiill'iiiaii in what i- imw calltil Hair l'a>>aL'i'. wilii'll, lldW (■\ i-r, nvsilli;- tn IiIn jiniiltlicr, i| (I lint prncrci In <\triiiiilii'>. It is I'ciiiarkalili- that mi liii> m rasinii thc\' slinwcd tin sur|irisc at the lire nt small anii>. Imt iiirrch iinitalcil the sminil ni' llu- iniiski'ts 1)\- rSi'laiininiJ- jmnl |inn: al|i| nil till' ilisrhaTL;!' Ill till' S\\i\cl >llntti'il, ill>|('ail 111 thinu', nil Ti'U iiii.-lnini;' tlii'ii' Imws, am', caiiii' Inrwanl with Iciiiiiiibtratidns ol lili'iiil-hiii. Ill >MrM'\ iiiL! \\ hiiHii \ Islaiiil ami the passa^i's Kiii^i' cast nl' it, .Mr. W'hiillii'N imt \vi;ji till' Siinhninish ami Ska;.;it. < )t' this districi, Naiicoincr >a\s. " 'I'lii- II 11 111 111' I' III' its inlialiitanis is a limit six laimlrcil. w liicli 1 >limil(l sii|)|ii«sc wmilil cM'ccd the tnial ni all tlir nati\('S li 'rnrc sccii," Alnad'. the jinidiictiniis nl' I'lurniican art iian ln';;iin tn lind their wa\' hiri' Nut iiiiK' wcrr the Indians tnli-raliK well shjijilicil w illi irmi and ('n|i- |ii T arinw -jinint-. Imt \\i'a|inns al.-o had ln'iii iiii|inrti'd "'I'lit' cim! " sa\s \'am'nii\ I'l', "t'nrsn we iinist disiiiiii'uish him, hail two haniici'-^, mic ()F S]i,m- i^h and tlir ntlu r ni' l'.ntili>!i inamil'actiirt'. mi which lir sccincd tn sc-t a ^ "r\- lijijli \alii('." !''rntii tlii'ir riirinsit\- in kiinw ir he was all w hitc, Mr. ^\'hldl)( y cmiclndi'd thi'\ had imt liitiirc seen an\ l^iirn|K'aiis, lliniij;li tVi m tli(3 (liU'ri'- ciit articles ihcx' |inssessed it \\,is e\ident a i 'oininunicatie had taken jilace; |ii'nlialil\' 'iv means nt' intertvilia] trade. .Mr. Iirmiuhtmrs account of the C'oliuiiliia River hidiiins is i'ar less luiniite. Ill' makes no estimate of their apjiareiit numbers, which do not ;!|i|iear In lia\e struck him as ver\- lireat, merely remarking that the farther he |iriic('cdid till- iiinr.' the country was inlialiited. It is tn he noticed that the de-i rti'd villaii'es referred to \)\ \ aiicmixer and his ditVereiit jiarties wen jirnhalily lett i'nr the time Iteiii;^-. The perindof Mr. Brouti'liton's visit, the mmitli ni' I >ei'enilii'r, was one at which must nt' the liands livint:' near tiir int.iitli nt' thf ii\.-r \\>-v <i..Ti ili,-\ . |'railicr>. an.l cilnr uinamcnt-. ■riuir li..u-r- >. ,nic.l \.<\'r nmr. .■,.ail..rla!.lr than ihoM'al Nnutka: tin- roof liaviii of a iloor-wav. 'I'll.- Inv plarf is .sunk in the earth, aial con'oied from spivaiiin.L;' al.ov I v a wooden frame Tile iidial.itants are universally addieted to >:n..kiu--. 'i heir \,\\n- is snndar tooursiusha|.e. The howl iMuadeolverx h.ard w ood, an.l is e\ieriially orna niente(l with rarviu,-,-; the luhe. ahoul tuo feet Ion-, is made of a Muali l.ranc'h of tlio ehler. In this they smoke an hei-l. whirli the country j.ro- duce.s, of a very mild nature, and hy no means uniilea.sint ; they, howi^xer, took-l-eat pleaMire in s.a.d^ill- toliaeeo; heliee it is UlltUial torouehldcit Mii-li! heronie a valiial)le arlirle oi tiallir anu.n-s1 them. in I'loM other iv.si)ect.s, tlu-y ivsend)le their -.ei-hhor.-, as to their mauu.rs an.l mo.h' of Ii\in,ii', hciii;:- t'i|ually filthy and uncle.iidy. " Mr. \Vliidbe>'N a.i'onnt of the cxamiuatlon of Ciax llarhor .■outams <-veu less iutonuation. Th.' total numl.cr ..I' iidiahitants s.^en hy him was estimated at one hundred; most of the remainder liein;^-. iu all |a'ohahility, at Shoalwater Uay, uhh'h. as hefore meulioued, was the wiute:' nnuim! of the 'rsihalis e(|ually with the ('hiiHlk. 'rhe next, and a lar more valuahli' account of tin- ( 'olimdiia Ifiver Indians, Is that of Lewis and ( iarke, thirtei'U years later, 'i'heir dcM-rip- tions of lu.lian maiuiers. dwelliu;is, and life are ac, •urate, anici; liill, ;i- liclnrc inclitii i!ic(l. 1 In- ci ilic-ii p|i ;iinn|i^' tile li;il|il-- " >,♦' tile .siiiiii- t;!iiii'\ is sii sriiiill. ili;ii it i-; nuTc iisuiil !>> Iii'iir tlicii >(|iiii'iitcl\ im-ii timicd, (■\,-ii liy tli>ii' ii(i;iiiliMis. As til*-'*' aji]i<-II;iti(>iis (litlcr with tiic (lltli-rciii trihcs. ainl iii(iii'ii\ <-i ilii,- uut u iih ihr ,ili:iiiili>iuiiciit n! a |)arti<'nlar l ic\t tu iiii|iu--ilplc, all<-i' >ncli a lapse -it' liiiir, in iilc!itit\' all III lliciii, i'-.ti-j)i l)\' llicic lucaiitx (if (iidcf (it siiccissidii. SulisiMjiiciii til Lrwis and ('laikc is l'"raii(luri', wlmsc siiiijilicitN nt iiaiTaiit.il aiii| air i if tnilli indiKH; a ic^^fct that liiswnrk is udt inure in detail. I |hmi iliis iiiiu'li fit Mr. Ir\iiiii"s desci'i|tti(iii is iiased. Ii'(is> ( 'ii\".-~ ad\eiitiii s, tlidiij^li lii;:lily aiiiusiiijr and suflieienti\ a* ciiriite \vli( re de>rri|)ti.iii alone is conccnied, uixi lialile to ;:ive very t'alse inipres- sioiis ol" motive anil idc;i. Of tile i-xtei'iials of s;i\iiji'e life on (he ( )ree who hn\(' most carefiillv sonjilit it are likely to lie most iloulitfnl ot tliei.- sneces.s. iP KAKM.Y VISITS OK WiiriK .MKX. The Indians at the mouth of the ('ohimli'a jiru!ser\i' sexeral ti'aditioiis of the early yisits of white men, the llrst of \vlii(di must lune hecii many years anterior to the arrival ol'Oray. The wit'e ol' .Mi-. Sdloiiioii 11. Smith, who lielon^'i'd til the Klatsop, and vvas liorii ahoiit the \ ear islo. inl'urmed me that the first white men seen hy her tribe were t1i:i > who came ashore in a hoat i'rom a wrecked ycssel. •■The\ landed on Klatsop I'oint ( I'oint Adams), vvheie one soon afterward died. 'J'hey were lifHt descried li\ a woman who had lost her idiild, and, after the Indian fasliicii. had o(,iie out in the mornin^^ to moiirii tor it. She .-aw a lar;i'e oltject lying on fhe Ije.icli, ;'i d. while loukin!4' "' i' '*' wonder, the seamen came asliore and approached, holdinu' a hrij^ht kettle and motioning- her to liriiin' wafer. She was afraid; Imt they )»ut it ilowii and ri'tired, w hen she t«iok it ami ran to the yillae'( i'he 1 ndians then came down in a hody. The new -comers hx 'ike mi'ii, except ill, t they had loiiji- he.ards like liears. Tlie\ had already \«\\ the sick man into :\ oo.x to lie Imried, a.s he was nearly dead. The Klat.sop Indians sent t'lir till- cnmi' \\, 'jrc-M iniinl)riN A-^tmii-licil ;it iii<> valiif I't tliiir prizr aini. licijiiiiLT to i^i't tin- \\ liolr .it liu' iii-. I.ii> w liicli it nni taitici!. lliiv -I I till' 111 till' wreck. l'\ which iiie.iiis ihe\ hi>! ;il!. Ili'ie WcrC' culilier Lerlle-^ oil the \e>>el> iillil |)ie('eS(it llli>Ile\, hllvillL;' ;i >ijll,ire hi'h' ihripiiu'h ilsc center. 'ihe t\\ I) sur\ i\ illLT >e;lliiell reillliiutil ;is sjavis in ihe lvl;ll-ii|i milil it \\;i> tiiuinl lh;it iiiie \v,\r. a iVi.rkcr ill irmi, nf w hich t!ie Iiii!i;ni> he-, in in-^e. thie N.lllle. wllell lhe\ lllilih'hiui 11 chiet'. .\t'te.r\\ .■Hi! ! lie t W m st.li'teil t'l ir I heir own ciiiin!r\. whicli. thev >aiii. A\a> fou.anl the risin^r -iim Ihey went as i'ar as the llaUes, where nnc stnjipeil anil inai'rieih The uihi r leiunieil to Miillnoniali l.-lamt and niarrie ia>t of tlii> trail and south of the lirook. There they luirii d it hetueeii two rocks, lettinj."- down auothei- on top, and cut an inscriiition oi^ the lock. 'I'lny then killed a man and went awav. Some years a;io. a party of ( )reij:onians went to search (or this liox, nndei' the impre.ssioii that it was hidden iiiasiin', hut wer(> iiiisuccesst'ul, for, althou/^h the place is ascer.ained within ;i -hoit dis- tance, their Indian iiuidos would not appi'oach it.'' The iiicideiii o! i man lieino- killed on the .sjiot is proliahlv an Indian addition, drawn I'loiii their own usajiis. Another ves-.ei, luivin;^' on hoard a lar iiikI ariowv ■nil siicii-s. TIu- l.iiiir I'^Istc'l, lliiii/rir/i/ stmn >i bclt'uiil tliiiit (iiid innlii (lieir unns k ill/ llii' liiiliaii- ^;iy, liiif were finally ill! kiilcil. This i.ccsuax Jia - ('I'tcn hci-ii ni<'iiti<)ii<-ticcalili- that nunn 111 liic 'I'ilaiiifik ilitl'ci- in [nixinal a|)|M aiancc iVmii tlitir iHi;:liliiiis at this (lay, su as easily tn Ic rccdunizid h\ tlm-c ac<|Uainti d with tin- |!rciiliafitv. Thcii- ci)iii|)lc\iuii i.> \clhi\\ oil the \\c>t liaiik of a lililc ri\cr, called li\- the Indian- NetuI, liiit ;^eiic|;illy known a.'^ Lewis ,ind ('larki"s Iii\er, alioiit um> miles tVoiii its month. The trail liv which the\ nseil to ii-ach the coast can also lie tra<'e<|. 'I'heir \isit |ii'o(iiiced a stroii^ei' imjires^ion iliaii an\c\ciit licforc the arii\ al of the Astor'a |iart\', ami tlie\ are still remeniliered ii\ the older Indians. ( )iie ol these Indians tohl a settler that the cajitaiiis were real chiel's, ami that the .\merii alls who had come since wero hut filihnn. or couiiiion pt'o- |ile. Skc-mali-kwe-iiji, the chief, and ahiiost tlie last siirviMir f)t' tlie Wali- kiakmii hand ol" Tsinrik. jin -er\c(i wiih ;^reat inide the medal i^iveii him liy Lewis and (.'larkc. until within a \ t'iir or two, when it was accidentally lost, to his j^rcat ;.iriet', TIu; Tsihalis Indians retain a recollection oi" (iray. K.au-kaii-an, th(i old iliiel at IVihalis I'oinf, inlonned iiic that he had seen him. Gra\' 'j:;\\g them a innsket and some < artridj.i'es, iirst, liowixcr. ciittiii;.;' oil' the halls. The\ did Hot know its use, lint supposed it wa.- intended nu rtlv to make a. noise, and lireil it oil' until their jiow.ler was pone, when th.\ hroke il up. .Vl'terward they I'oiind out ( iray's oliject. lie al.Mi i^axc tlieiii axes and kni\es. the iir>t the\ had seen. A lew years after lijin came Captain 'I'oin- linson, with whom also the .' traded. (ira\ and he iiseil to ^'iNe them a "small blanket'. prolialiK' a piece oi coai'.--e elfith. Ini' a dres ed deer-skiii. (.jtiiitv' a niindter of' Sonnd Indians reniemlier the \i-iisot' the eurU' ships to their \\aters. altlioii'/h. a^ nii'.ht N expected, ilie\ ha\e confn^ed L':'.u llicir iiccuiiiits. l.alJi k:iii,im, iMlli.'r nt tlir hiikc dl ^(ll•l^. the S'kliH.iiu cllict', ■■IImI .Ilili.irrlilU :i \cr\ "ill Hm' tll.ll lif \\ :l> :iIm.ii; liir ;ii;c nl' a \u<\ wliiiiii li' |nMiiiiil li',;!, of ■-ciiH' t< II \i:ii> \\licn tlii\ I'li-i ari'i\(il. riii- 1: •• -.iiil hail nnlx nii.' >tick, iiiasr. and wa- |ir"lialil\ iIh' \\'a>liiii;^!(iii, ( 'a]ilai;i Ixciiiliick, u liirli laitciril ia 1 7 ^I'.nr liir I 'ri in (■•-•- lvi'\ al I S|(aiii>li ). I.iintfiiaiit t^hiiinpir, in 17!"*. 'i'ln' liaKan- l!i«ai;;lil ii was | )<> kwi'-liiill. I'm' llii'N knew ii.iiirnii:' (it llic kwa mli tnni. ur \\liiir man. ami lln\ Icaic il Ii'.-l Mtiiir ^Tcat -ickufs.s sliciiiM tMJJdW. I he m-.-'.cI camr np [•> New I )iinL:(nc-.- ami anclinrcil. Tlu- dIiI nnii ami \Miim n wml (uii and rallri! 1 >(.k\\claitll hukwflinill Tlif cliict's >a!il t" one am>l!ii-r iha! llnv oii^-jit not to In- atVaiiJ. and tiic\ aciiird;iiL;K wa-iicd, nilcd, and |iainl( iilcasc 1 lokwlmt!. 'ri,i'\- all ui'iit iHM in ihcir canoes to liic -liip, when iii:c man, a sailni', nni;i.iiicd to tlicni iml t>) clinic near 1 ill t lax li ad w a si ad the jiasnt ti'nm their !iic(-s. 'rhe\ Went a.stern and did s.>, and ilaai all were admitled In the sliip; Imii Lakli-kiiiiiini, wiii«i was sniall ami alVaid. did iM>t '^n. 'I he sailnr.s <.;i>t iiitu his eaii(»e, and wanted to trv ami jiaildle it. and he ,l came in. Neilliei' ol the a wiiil farther lip than Port l)iscover\-. 'i'lic two-ina.stiMl \es.s(d traded iiiein in>ii hoops and broken iron; they lioii^ln deer- and (dk-skins, and •^aw ln>iii ei;:-ht to tw(dve small hlatikels! or a miisket for one skin! 'I'hey also sly suhstantially aci nranv W'laa, he had <>rown lip and ;^'ot a wife, two more ships came, Seveia! uad tnai !icd at #■' L'-tO <';i|H' l''!;itti:y hi't'i.rc the li;M caiiic tir \i\v I )iiiil:'iii<'s-^ Tln'V caiiii- .i^lmn* iit iiiici', ;iiikliis riniM the Itidiatis. 'I'lic I ii. They also hniii^ht liaikwa I'mi- Iduiiket^. live t'atlioiiis tor il hiaiikef. The>e blankets wel'e ditl'erellt tVoUi tll<- til>t. heilli;- heavier. 'I'he la-t two vessels olllycailie up to I'oit I )i-.roVef\-. II,- thouohf thfV till II went to Klyokwot. It was at'ti rwai'd that ships (-aiiie uji the Sound. l'or>o)iie time, a ;iood many came, and then tlie\ >topped. The name of ihe captaiiLs ;4i\(-ii liy him eaiinot he i-er,o;;'iiized, and \-er\ possiliK wei-e of liidiaii hestowal. It would si-eiu to iii(li(.'«it(' that se\ efal tf!uliii<>--v('ss(ds had pa.>.•^ed up the straits hel'orc ViiiicoiiNcr; liiit there is .some eoiifitsioii as to times, if the sloop was Ciray's, as he cwiiM not have come up in the interim. I.dxh kanam also recollects when the white peo]ile (the Ivussiaiis) livi-d in a hou-.e at Xceah l>ay. lie was then j.;fown ii]i. \ vess(d was lost there, and the .Makali ]>lui'dei-ed her and liehavi d liadl\. The li<>ii-e was oiilv a '•'lit. 1 II- knew iiothinu of a stone lioiisi-. such as the adobe buildhij,'' eri-cted by the Spanianls. \\'iiia|iat, or, as lie is called by the whites, Uouiiparte, one of tlie old Siiokomish chiefs, iiifonncMl me that the tirst .ship eaiiie up only ns far as Whidliey Island. Until then a piece .if iron, as loii^- as oiie".s liM;^er, was woith two skives. That ship I'louiiht it to them directly. Wlieti he was a very small hoy, two slii]»s came, one of whi(di stopp<-d in the Kiallaiu country, and the other went up to the I'uyalliip. They carried oil" a chief, Tsee- shishtc-n. In this, also, there is jiroliably some error, if the ships wej-o \ ancoiiver'ii, as ho makes no mention of takiiii; away any Indians. ::5 'A o H 'A y ::? n '/J =5 6C -A' 5 J3 Uj pa ''I H o J ^ r' i ■;; "^ •/. ■JS ^ 1 ? rt ^ i t *-' 5 ti 2 a J3 E^ .-' is -2 '3 '3 1 a is 1 VI 5 ■.a U3 ^ :>j a 2 3 111 7. «a ■'■ -3 ^ « 2 .— « '— « ):« "n -^ ^ s f = 15 5 ^ i ri r/, J3 *^ 3 ^ 5 -f ^ l| ■§l| J* 14 li 3 X * ^ _5" ^4 i^: '?, C >> 6 3 !l ,-' '= # ?. ,"■ ■c -3 i '-' = s ^-rii .J ^ c* -^ = £ '3 '3 r/: -7' 1 c 7. /. T 2 ii '/. i? "7 tJ « .4 ■^■ _^ ■^ tT; :j: '5 rt ■?, ^ T "7 •| rt ^: 7 ♦J ^ u i; -1 it ^ ^ « 5 a ■^ ^^ ~ •-£, h-* A A ?3 7. ,lj E- -• £/.:< H o * 5 a ■*' rt •- a. J ■- _2 '3 ~ H it - = f ■so o .So \^ (I 's'M I 6 » i 2 u: i <. *^ ■< < X, u. ■^ S B ■* S w * •< V, .■; 5 5 y-. Vi b" 1 2 S < 10 mtmmm *!l DEPARTMENT CF THE INTERIOR. II. S. nr.fHillAl'lIU'Al, AMI iii;ii|,';(;K'AI. SI iiVKV n\- TIIK l;iH'KV Mul M\IN ItKHldN. .1. W. l'0\Vi;i,l., r.r MKNtiAKIM (iKOKliK (iimiM. (iKOlKiK (illlllS. ;un» 2i'o IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) (/a A 1.0 I.I 1.25 fM IM 2.0 U III 1.6 ^ <^ //, ^ '■■' c^ ", Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ,\ ^ 9) V e^ •^ \\ €^ ^ ^ "^ S>^ ^^ ts." V- I 'i m .,1 m| , •» I ■ III I ijf VOCABrLAUIES. I. m 1. — Voculnilari/ of tin: SliiliinijitiiidJi. A trilic (if tlic Sflisli raiiiil}-, i.' with llir assistiiiifc of a iiiaii also of tin; trilu', l>y (Icorii-c (lililis. ><(>iK. — I did not It'arii llic locality fioiii uliitli tln' woiiiau caiiic, and iiiia;;iiic llific may lit dialectic ditVciviiccs in tlic lan^^iia^f. It is also pussiblu tliat she may have i'or;<(itlcii some words. — (i. (J. S 2. — I'didliiildfff tij the Shdosiiiuip. A l!il)e of the Selish family, obtained from Dr. William V. Tolmie. of the Hudson IJay Company, l»y (Jeor;;*' (Jihhs. X,,n;. — (Jonceniiii;,' the hahitat of these Indians, the followinj-- re- mark is taken froia "Indian Lan^nia>,''eH of the I'acific Slates and 'I'er- ritories" hy All»ert S. (iatschet ( Ma;ja/ine of American History, March, IH77): "TIk; Shiishwap, Siiwaiianmck, or Sonthern Ainah, lielon^s to tho Selish stock, liut does not e.\tend in litldle course of Fraser Kiver luul its allhuiits so far south as to reach American territory. It t'loselv resemhles Selish tiroiM'r." ft' •A • rr 248 w J- m I *■ j; If i I' 3. — ViHiilintnrii nf the yiLnt< tiutl.li. A IiUm of III,. S(li>|, Ciiiiily, iiiliiiMliii^r till- Fnis.r K'iv,..- iVuu. \hv liill- alin\,. '■'"■' '^^'l'' I" >li'' iiK.iilli <.f til.. 'I'l i|.s,,ii 1,'iv.r, liv (MMi;iv (;il.l.s. Noll.. — Tins Nnc.iliiiliiiy Wiis iil)fiiiM<(| .n K..1I II. .pc. .Mmvli •_• I, iSTii, In.iri liwcc-ljili'-lich-kiiw. .-..11 ..f tlif .lii.i' <.f Kl..li-;.ir-m..li (n viliii^.. ;il ih,. lurks) ||i,oii;;li llw iiiciiiiiiii ..»' Sk;ili-uli|, j, Siiiiuis . |ii. r, at on.- iiit.Tvi.u: >Ml..s,M|ii.-iitly n-viscl. ini.l |,r. ■.siiin..! t.. Ix- .siihsiaii- tially ri.ircct. — (J. (J, 4 — V(i((iJ>nliiiif of (hr Ol'niiih. )i. A nil... ..r tl,.. S..|i.|i lamily, ..liliiiiM-l In.iii an iii.li; I' tli.. Slu'iiici-a-ko- "111. h l.an.l, li^;,,;^- uv.w \hv luiks of iIr. rivcT |( )kiiiakaii<. .' ], Im.|.,\v ||i,! lakis, liy ( l('(ir;^(. ( ;ilihs. NoTi:.— I have n.i .l.Mii.t ..f llic m-..,,,.,.;,] a.'iMiracv ..f llii.- v.icaliu- kii\ . 'I'll.' lan^riiajrc pndiaMy vaii.'s c.iisi.l.Talily towanl the li.si.l ,,f III.' ^r.'al lake. — (1. (;. •'»• — Viiiitlmlinif (if I he \V<'i-hii-ihi-l(iiiii\ II. t -^ "■'• •'•'"• •'^•■li^l' lamily; ..hlaiiic.l liviii Dr. Win. F. T.-liiii.', ..f ili,- || •siiii Hay ('.•mpaiiy, l»y (Jeor-r.! (Jililj.-^. (!. — ViKnhnlaiji ,,/ tin- Sliiniurlpi. A liilu' ..rilif Si'lisli laiiiily; ol.taiiicl liy (m.iiu-,. Cilihs. N.Mi;.— .Mr. (Jat.sclu'l spcak.-i of tlic S..aiatl|M ( |>r..l>al.Iy lliu .simo Irihc) a.s ri'.siiliii^- west of Olyiupia (.'itv. 7. — ViKvbuhuii of Hie S/.oiffpc/i. A tril)(. of 111.' S.'lisli litniily, ol.taiii.'il In.ni tli.- |{,.v. ( i. ^Fcn^iaiini, by ( ;,..,r.r,x (JihI.s. — ^' — *-'*-^-' msmmm •2 ID S. — ]'iicli CiiiiiilN , nlttniiii'il I'mui S|iiiK;iii, a cliiil' i>\' llif (lilic, li\- ( ifur;jc ( lililts. !l. — I'liKtIiuhtri/ oj llif I'isl.icitiis, 1,1 Winntsltii. A liiln' nl" tlic S(li>li rmiiilv ( li\ iii;^' nii tlic ( 'uliiiiiliia lii\('i IiiMii iIk' N\ inat >lia ii|) l>> tlif ( >kiuakaiH' ), collcclcil in ls;),(, ;iii(l siil»M'tju«'iill\ icvisfil at Kdil ('uhillc ill iSdn, li\ (Imi^^c (iililw. N TK. Tile lulldU ili;^- cxtllicl, iVnlll " I lislrilrlii .n> jnC iJcMairll iclativt' 111 llic l']liiinilii;,''\ and l'hilnlii;^\ i>l Anit rica ", hy ( icori^c < iildis i Sinitlisipiilaii .Mi-<- (•(•llanciMis ( 'ullcctiiijis. No. |()(i ), i> inx rtid a> a ^uidc In I lie s|icllin;^ uj ilic williin Micaliiilarics li\ 1 )r. ( iihlis. 'Ilmsc li\ I )r. 'rnlinic dn imi |nllcn\ iln' .saint' plan, Iml tlinsc 1)\ I'alln r .Mcii^arini sccin tit liavc liccn allficd li\ I 'r. (!il)l)s to conlonn tu liis syslcin ot' .s|Mlliii;^- : Vn\vi;i.s. A as |nn;i' in Julia i\ and sin. it in |-iini>iiin'(d in llic Xuilli- cni States). U as Idiii,'' ill /•/*/'■ {III) in J'nol), si in full [mi in ffunii ). //as in imiint, jilDi', i^c , In III' w rittcll '/'/. \ as in 1(1/ {iiir, tin in Ixiirl^ hii iii-: a, •', <, >, ivc A nasal -^s Ihililc, like llin.c tiiiinil Ml (•(Piiiiii(iiil\ ill I'Vciicli, III lie iiiaiUrd li\ all iiiilcx, /'. at ilii' ii|p|H r ili^lil liaml cniiicr nt ihr \n\\il; ||iii>, ((", ir\ II", II", will n|iii>fiit llii- Miiiml-- III llir IViiuli nil, (III III' ( //, III, ami ((//, r(>|K'cti\il\\ ( ONsoNAM.s. II a-- ill i;ii'_:lis|| 1,1, ill. <■ iml l

i'il (• \rr] it iii;^- in (lie i( ilii|M illlul ( // ; wiili' A I'ur tin- liai(( miiiimI, s tiir ilic Milt. |i a- ill iait^lisli ilid. y a-- ill l''.iiL:li-li .///(•. '• a- ill JMiLili-li ,'/"/. iH'M-r l'u(i >(iiiii(l, a> iii i/iiiiirr; i(ir t!li:^ \\:\- alw a\ > / 11 a-i ill iiii'jlisli limr, 1,1,1, liiiiidli. .1 a> ill |ji;;li>ll jilil'li. K a> ill j!ii:ili>li /,/(/■. I, a.- ill I'aiLilisli hilf. M a> ill r.ii:ili>li ntiniir. N a> ill Kii;^lis|i 111,1,11. I' a> ill Mnuli^li jiiii, . t,| iii'l li lie ii.cd: I'di- ifii writr hw. i; a> ill I jii^Ti'-li inir. > a- ill iliitili-^li ^li tuilit. V a-- ill l"ai;;lis!i rur w as ill MiiLrlisli irni/niin/, X ii"' 1" 'h' used: mile /,\ or /):, acmriliii;^ In tlir sdmnl, in icii.i, ciuiiiplr.. Y as ill l',ii^li>li fid, I, i/iiir. /. as ill Mn^ilish .((//, Im::. N as 1/1/ ill I'lii'^^lisli siiiii'nui. sii as ill |ji:^li>|i -.liiill, ■^lim: /Il a> . ill ii.iiii, .V ill Ju.MiiH. L'.")l CM iis ill Ijii^lisli ihitK li. ft 111 ;is ill i;iii;li>li //////, IikHi. nil ;i.s III ill tlic, irillt. Kii :i surd guttural iis|iiriit(', ilic ( «i 1111:111 > // in (f //, /"i A, /'/«> A, ami xniiriinii s ii|i|ii'tli( r ('i>iii|iiiiiiiils, like tlic chirks (icciirriiij:- in T'-siniik, i\ic., to Ikj r(|ir«s(iil<(l liy /./, //./, ///., iVi,, jictonliii^' 1(» tlii'ir analysis. . ! '?; i ( U.MI'AI.'ATIX i; Si lixh Ai I iiocii \ Mm. W OIIIJII li<'y (iiil Iiit'iiiii lalli.i MoIIhi Illlnlillliil Wil.! Sim I)|ill){lltrr Urotlii'i .SiHt<'r S .■M..r S rlilrl ... y >i)liii|jr|-.. liiiliiiliH, (ii'iipli' . II.imI Hair 1'UCL> KlMl'lu'llll lOiir Eye I. Sliili\r!i|iiiiukli. I ','. SliiMiHwaap. I '.iiil;/( tllhlm. I Itr. lini. I'. Tiillil'l. >k.> liikli hkiilliiin, Niiimiiiviiii diliiral). Iliikll llii'l;i>Lli .... Klllllrlloiik |II-\VI -Ullt li»kti'irii<>'-tHiii I hUwi lll;l mill kil'-cllMN !<• io Ui- ■liKH 1 II » k <> i ( li.v iimlr ); t(l.illlll>,V fl llllll<'). hIiii lll'IIN liokli-lioiidhli I hkll-in' iwilDli-ici skllilll kllllN ^i sliin -mIihh lP-k«•ll^^' ... Ill- -liiiatiiiii . Niikiik kakli rli-l'llll-rlllls k»l kh ••K:i|ili K.iiiM I l/asiiikiin Sum' MoiKli Tonkin) Tirlli llriinl kail I'liN kiip'ki iii'liiii ► klll-liwl I Ik HIM ini'H hull klaiiiiH I ti'iiii-iiali sU'w I K'h lliis -Ian ^liiii kiin-lloiisk tin )HIH-SakH SpiiWllkH H|iil liir-NJnR I N|ilriiiir'iiii Hiiiiil lain tll-W( -lit iHin-riiii'milkli .. . kii kxMi iniiiii iiifil skaiN -/a hkr liil'la lini -vcv .. . hliii-aui -.. irh-kii la MiiS'kii la .... ii«-kiit>k ra'-dliriit -hIii ... nkrkli kIiihi -kwa irki'-H'iairkaii li-livval-N'kH I li'wluliik liallakliWK I a-<'iliiiiiii Mi|i-lnlii.H ; Hkii|i'kaii ii'M-kiil kliiMli ... MH'H klaii-iic irkiil-klii^li-taii |ii-H(ikii .. .. Hpi-liit -Han lal-la Iiai-ja -liii i4|i\viip -I'liiii t. Okliiukin. limrijr iiihhn. 1 xki/llaimkliu ... rkiiil iiii'klin ' li'-liiil' ImnIi III) tlllll. . wakli -Ijll iu-lii 11 inkii'l iH-lir -lii-i iniiakli ■liii-iKi .>< Ii II t-r 111 i -li i I t ; (\(iiiTi;;ii ) is-kan'-i' hliil|> ; Stan :i-l lit. H li u t'i'-in I li lit; lyoiiiinri ) Stan .'i- lilt. iN-ka'-t<^lin in-slii»li iii-Hlm ilkikha il-p-l4t-Hill' L'."):; VtMAlM I.AKll'.S. Jul III ill/. f>. \Vii-k)-liA- Lailif. Ur. H'm, f. Tutmif, (>(ur>;< liibbn. Du-tiu-tiucb kait-i'liU kfi-i-liis ... INll-C-l|-U-ll? JHli-kap kin . ka-i''-»!ikli-zKi'< l.S-piliHlttluiJS ... tvc-whaat-cliiit.. t'll-tnlll rH-lli' -lll-r iii>kh-li<>-iii>kli rs-kllKc' I'K-trlli-kr -eil... I'l-slii- ■sliin-s.lia . rl-k.lkll-U'bll.... .1 k.kli.1 il rlii-(liiii|i» hki-'-liikli txa-Hlii'-u -kail kap-kcii' Hkut-lus kl-ki'-ii)rl-»hiri . .. ti''-iia Nl'kiil-kiil-los-kaii «|>o-Kak» SlM'-lim-tlM'll If'kliw'tHk ai'-to-iiiiii H!> ckMl-ll -111 kl v\ ... tl'k ll'IIK -li 1 t.-t" -Ail ... «ta'ki>.iii kli 11 \Mi|\h till U'-<- liii . . ... nkal III iiiikli : Kkiil'tailii liii I Irk lilii iiii'Ikli Mliia-i'iii . I. -Id it ' li'ln il . Nil' ku-inikli ; nliaxli-ii liiin. woklilill (ikliti'll I \>. I'lRknuim iir WiiiiilKlia. Uriirij, f.i/./.. Nkiil 1. 1 uh kll^v . "Iliil-.iiii ll'l -11 wil. kr-u-nii lin. Htlllll. lf-(>-ii (iif n will); k'-r -II |liy linj); ili-lil-ii'-o (liy iMiy); tiiin'-liiiii (iif II iiicn'-lHiii (tiy Kirll- ill - III ii -a ■• I mil (laiii^litir). [ (liy ^irl) nko y Iniy); (<>rik (laiiglilrr). I iii-liiiit ( liy )'iil ). in Intii < liy ({<>l)- n'klii' lii-c ' i»-liiir 11 I is Im l<>-i>. no-klio -iHikli I'li-nkli o-iiii ' riiiikli-liK-iiiikli. uku-sr' IN kiviis-Ni (ililiKl ); rii-aNli-kwii-hliii I H k II k Kl- <• I t I (ynilliniT). I Kli'in-kr -('It Il IH-t H lli-c IliM' 1 1' i IH-Ia I'lin kil. (i-lilcHt) ; liiH-nllir- i twin ell (ytiiuiKor). ^H Mil Ilk I) I - » i -^ in-kal -kl i I'li kakit-l'k. \ kliukli. i is-t.n-sujm-mii'-iniij in hIii -rim; m-Ni iiiii- <'lia ( vi'ry yutiiiK), ^HM ■ II 11 - k n I-hIA iii-kl-< ill -elm iii-clia -ka. ^ kliiikli. / iiil-i'lii ■( li(-ii|m .. . I'll Ik'-Iii. skai-likli Nkiii likliw I iih'kiiil'. lH<'h -M'-kc'ii Bpilli-kuiii I'ii kmii kail koiii' kail I'H-Hki'-an ii-kaii. hkii-lliiH i Kkwil-lim' isli-klii't'-iiii'ii. kil-kiMiD'l.i'-liyiui ..| Hkil-ti iiiv-hIiIii kat-ka-nialHli. iti-taii'-na. s'chi k-kc vi'-kliw'- iMli-ini-klnx k Inn'- olilii. mill. »pu-HakM ! Hpi hakx' i ri-iiiKk'-oin. Hpu-lliii-twii ' Kpi'-liiii'-vlilii iHli-kuiii'i Inn. ti-kliiitii-kii I li-»li-«!Hl' ! i!U-in<-l'-lik. kap-kalii'-tt'ii ti'-iii! trn-iii< i MtH-ku-tlim'-!('ii . .. ' llllli-r -liwii. ai-'ii-nii'ii ... »rip-t/.iii O'l'nrdv).. Hiip-cliin i-n-liul-aklin . (•h1i-« lip chin ■A 2>» I! I' !l l.\Si.l AI.K, Ai MiDiarv, Nek Arm lluiiil l''iii);rrN ILhI.V COMI'.M.'ATIVK I. Sliilit\a|iiiiHkli. I 'J. Kli(Mmwnii|i. X Nikiiti'iiiKkli. (iiiiryi tiihht. Hi, II m. /'. fnhi'i tliunji tlibbn. k'l luilii I lllllN «kil W.lkll li:iiiH kal llkim'.. lO-lr' li'k^l . Ii.'iIIIkIi hIicIiuhmxI k.l Kl llllk'Kl'lJH....!. wi-wn lllli |. hk\\;l ll'ln V I ll Ull-llllMH ' Hllt/.D-i/ll-llllll ll kll llHIIH I kli-klllHll pOH-lllillN' I<>Iiii|i'-kIh I iiiil-kf.vull I'lM.I TlH-N II ■ Il.illl III.hhI Tiiuii, villii);r Clii.f ' \\':lllinr l-lhii.l Iliiiix' , t'liil'-liir, ixkiii liiil;;)' i'Ii<'|I-ihi;;Ii n'llllll-llllllWlll-llll kiik-|irkli' .. ii'kr.>all -sa. Kctlli' ' kl-kil|i' ItiiH i ti'li-kn III -link .\iroH ' skwil kaikh l.-llknl CR-kl'-Wlllt k» ki'iik^t Nln'.uaii III! >k«.iklll lokli-iryc'ii ..... i..kii-ir.viii k" U..klill liHa ^-uk |>a-trl kl k..k.|..- n'ki' hli.iirk . f. Okiliiiki'ii. Hiorijv Uibb". Ill kiH-|iaii' iii'ki' likli. ill kl' likli iH-clia-.iikxt' Ill kiikli kl' -iiik'Miii in-ki'l-t'k is rill -liau i»-k« ikli , i»-i'lia-ii-li>itii liia^li lian. inlilikiluaHkil iM|iiiillal ll .I'llH -lllllll ill■ka■^i•li^ll i-silaklil' ill t'liil llll illi-ka|>' li.ii-ii kit >k\vi' j iiul:-kw ili-iiik . ... I>li'k\viir-iiiik ' iiiskr-lili k'ui'M'-kaii.. . . hIimI-I<-4 Iskil'wll »liilt-7ii' iMik-kiilH-laii . siiian'li kliH kw -Ian iii-i'iii 1 k»iiiiiiili . iK-lai-liiiii iii'kakli-liaii iviia-niaii'-liii-'i'ii . Knian'-liii kiil-la' im-iNl liai'Mill 'llll voi\\i;ri,\i:ii:s. I 'it mill/. I ;. \v.. ks iiA- ' l..illlr. ftr. M'tH, t'. Tntiitii . 1. >li»iiM'l|il i 7 Sl,ii>t'l|il ' - S;mvI..mi I 1 I I n'l III IllJh kulll. . k i'n |i« II (Imi'k iif ki'M'ix'ii iift'k) ; Hki'iii.il knit (llinHit). I I Kkii "a l.lii n , kil I kr' lixli l(:i-illt^ll kr llkliw ' k lii(;l'iil<<',{llkiiill .. iitrliii-.iikHl ! lilwr ikl-. ... m Im i Im iik«l kokli'ki'iiik Hti'ii . ' kiikhk;iiii k^- ti'ii k«-ki> ki'iink iikil-lik I nki-l -li'k hI'mi-IicII HtlMl' lll'll -luinajjlit HiHi'likli-lu'ii riki' l.klir:i lirrllA-ullllll ' Hi "Kil 11 -l.llrll ' slVlin' HlH-iti'' S|Mt-0! NpiMW I liii;i|if.i.t I mil kr uUli im I ki \i liw.- , khii . . ll-i-iiH'-liinn I li-tiilklimii ,! nik-i'-Klir -lihli I l|-Kc-li-l.il .. . ••Iiiklu' Nil l.ikir . . Irlilt -liii ... (Hit llll . I trkip I'ki'ii iHrkwIiiU tuM-kniiik .. .. tH'ki''K'ii Iw-kc -li'li .. .. kliin-iiicin ' lii-l.-iiiiii klii'-li' iiiin ... ■i;{ otil ). hIiciIi/iiIi ' k:i'-! iiii ki'klirii ' nImIhi man -llll tell scniiutikli-tcii. . ' Hinaii -llll j mi-iiHMikli iHllni.iNkil ; i^ll■ uli -kiin.ih'kiii i »(«kii-iiia>-krt .. tli'ik (I'UiiiiU). Iiai-all nil ... iikiiil-l'k uli'liii t l)<> -^lilll all llll ^llill nil llil-n!llll nlrtlo|i ... HIH'-II-* - Mil a lull m i -Mkai -IM .... llll iiii'-liiilii . nil |ill '•III -r -llll ilmili lllH chit llll kl-< lii'p Kkwiiitrli . . til |ii'-niiii . sllll I'lllill . iiiiiH'lir-iiiiii H'tl Inn '.I. I'lnkuaiH iir W l-.!ia iilOHI* liihtl». Ill km (llll klllll 1. 1 ll.lll I rt \ ■ Dpi 11 nil U k H I (liiwirV I'll klt'likll. t'H'ilii* i ik"! ; N II ■ lllllk't t lIllllllliV ill nnI |>ll-llkKt l".|| kllllk 1' II k <> III II '< ll I II |I|iIkIi>. i«l I'liii Iiiiii. isli lull lull hlllll ll-Mllll', ' Npllt. mil kill y.i \ ll h nil' liiiiii '.km. hiaklil. ; Hlli.|>l III llll, I. III. Hlial llll : ikI ImiI I linilli'l. Ill -klll> . llll rlii kail. kai i-Hliiii Ni:ii man llll ti ii .Hiiiair llll will rill liiai* k'l . tn-ka' lull. kiiii-iN kail. Ill ka-iiiiii. sii'i Iniii. '•ka' I Mil' ' -tliiitl-ki'ii. Miiair llll. s' k.'i 111.1- -k .1. klii-.M-'liI nil , i|i. kaii-i' k"n Imii. !'.')» ; 1 ,1 i ^ * 1 I 1* ■ '•;■!■ •i' id; iOMPAIJATIVK Silixh I.AMil AliK, At illiinnuii|i, .'t. .NlkllllklluUll. 1. 1 Ikliiaki II. Uiuri/f «iifcfc». 1 hr. II III. /'. Jul mil. 1 titiirgt fi'iV'i. tiiviijr tiibtitt llia;;li liiili ll> III lIllllllHl^ll iiiu-ir,>i'l -iiii li.ii ,\all no; Ml kiii' urn. Mkll-NHIll HriHi-riMiHiii ....... iil'ki>-k II .. . iio-fl iiaw 1(11 rliiii |iak t!H' .Va-Wi t' il |iKki|its hIhiimiI kirk' lH<-l.ikli il |ii-.|i rlia ilk .... kindle -iHIl ...... . . kl'H-lo-WV IvIinI'Ii lull il-lM*.Hi-'iN(K w) iu-t'k Kpakl iniiil «iiilrr) kr-k.kll |iiikli -iiot-tNU-wiii ■ Hill. !.likril I„kl nk'liit f*\\ mIvIiI nliiiiicikoiit Nlli>-lk «iiklit kltt'hiiH ...... . . Hiiii'.-skwiit Isi'fi. uI'tHMIll . ..... Nit.Hll-ltl'.'^illt ...... hIiii -i-iiaiii ko Hll'-Wllll-kWll' XI iillkw tlllll-lllrkllW ' kloa i|iiiilliiii\v Iiiiiiiiickliw' iii'tiini-liii -III Wii-l.iiii -Ik kwall kwn kl-hlir li-lnva; "il'- Inva tr'-k» III (lii(( luki'J. sll-Hl'llWll cIllMI-fijfll.... kcili : bV1u'.W(i-w . . aii-dil-i-'wit .X V(»( Aiii i,Ai:ir:.s l-'iiniihl, ■ ' NVii kv-lirt- 1 lilir. Itr. Urn. F. Wmk. M|iiil i limit •lllMHillUilll iiliuUiUiil nIii iliiilit (ItiirjttHbhi. I iftr. »•'. .Wriiyo"»i. bniull II" ' klir-j«>'lil no nkii'lcii-nint ... . Iiu |«' Hit Iikll kll Mill oklinl kliiill . I'll kll k«i' lirc.tk I. I kiik'-wm; kt'l.t kliw kcU-kli (Hiiiim'l). ' Hkcplcli j iiki'ii (»« Ntaiiiii III ;(iiil(l>iiiia nU«i-u' I o iiior) k-lin-iiklr. I Hkn-iil , "kc-rti mviiit -ik iti-iHiii-kti Hllu'-llt iH.lklnUrlll' Kllil-Wlk ■iM-tMlll lllll''-lll lH.lk tN'kclll Mi'-wi-kiii'luiii . .. hIi-I>Iii\ tiiiii li|nMi-iiii;;llt , Nkil ' »k<-'-il .. iBf-CWk hIi:iiiiiI-i|Ii;i HiHo'-kwiit nmr'-kot Hllt-Nlli'l»'-Hlll>llt ... HtHII-tMII-liM-WIlt .. Hllll-rrS-lIp I IM>-li>. sclp 1 »i-iil-kti j Hf til-kii h'lm'-iiit Hklin-int kliM)-kiilliiii|;li ... Icm-i-lii>'-lckliw ' tu-ini-klio likli ... Hliit-la-tn-i|iia. 17 nlii'-li li»a; HJ-iiltk; KkH-iiu-liU-liiit-ku. hkl-iiil'li-iiiilkwu. n'lii -I'l -k\Mi (tilt! main river uf n VIlll.'.V). n'lokli'klinait -kll « *>|H.klll. f f I ftr i/t I ( I ^^• lintkll kll r(> >K kill) I (lii^ht »iili ■■ kii'liii Mint ■•Ill ta liiill ■kll kiM'lx • ' ll;lll i-« |,i|> k « <• k « kI kll liii III! -111111. u I 11*1 nk**!*!^; ki- |H |i.|«i Im >wi aiil'k ; nil I'll! kll. li". ■tIh' !• ; rill' ill« i>i-<«ik; tTi-rn-rki 1 14. niip-iit Mtllt **-lllt-*-|ll ■ .. Hii-ii •■ kiiiil <«|C.|M' It mill ■' kilt M>-ri-"hiljM' \tliil k'w H'liii->iiit nVlii-cl -k'.vu ( :i hi a mil). Iwil Ml ki |<. ' 1(1 |Mi 111. nllxikll l|i>. .^Ilc i«l k»llllM"<'i'M iiiik"): uliiiia k»iil (r. miow V •i|in|>: KllKkl p.il V,\i II hlH}) mil M III at k» |> ' liroh ntll . hIi.ti Hi kn. ■4li\^ii iii.t*k. i-iii iiia-<> iii'il. ■u!-clia-»tiuii ilkw. (■li-li-iil kn II iiialii IlVl-IJ. I m hi L^*)« ('«»MrAl!.\TlVH l,AM,r\iii:, ' I. .>-liilnv.i|piiHikli -. Mi'Mwwaaii. A I 1 iicii:l I V, ) i.inriji iiibbt. I.iiki- I i»u-liirkwa \allliiiii-iniilt . Iv'n - ka ' ka - mini ; (Hii/zl\)Mknni-lii»'. nial - iini - skli -a' : ( praiiii! Willi' ) .snnkli-luikli-Iio- liikli. sk'Mltik knkiK>-a|i|ia :i. Nikiitiniiikli. (itorije (iiblm. plI'Slll kll s|i,ii -J Hill li'van'h niliaii-i''kaii k.kht klat -liiiii hllll lis I. Okinakrii. iitortjf iiihhx. tf-k\vi(t ; (iliiii.) Ii'- ta-kwul. k'lila 'Hl-iiN(piairii') yani-k«r'-Ml; (smnv pi'ak) Mkiil-kwalt. k'sliiHi k\v Isnie -iiiiip; wi -Ipnin Nllfllk kaiii pai-yaii ^lu-iik -kani pa-liai -y.ik (lir) . .• hllllK'tM >ka-lia kwiiisp .HkiiniakriNi ••pilN; slirkli-slirikli U'fi'-'l.V). ^kll•^vllnl irkhkl.il iMiir-iit wul-lii-lini' yal-sii-liip ; (I'liri'itl ) yas-lsil-sal. kVllp'-JHl kurll' - Nill (iiriin- lai ) : palN-k'l (III nail). kf-lil' Im str-i' vriiarsr); lak - \\'ll(liiuii h-niass). sa -al'-kw'lp (I'. jiiltlfltlVfll ). .-Iciik'!) ka-k:i wap' I htHlll-all I skiini-n)i)-lilnt'; ko- laii'-na (gri/zly). n'i!»i't'-Ni'i ; sin-kr- lip(prairli< wiill) L>:)V) VOCAIULAItir.S. Family. :,. Wiikytia- kaiiii'. (1. StlWiivrlpi. Dr. II III. /'. Tohiiii.' (.niij/f (.i/i/m. Bh-liaiinii;;1i. Kll-llll"llt/:ii (/(■I' slik.i-lia... tr-kul Hli-kiHillavs ... tKi'ii ' III - all - tiiiii ; (liriirir)Hli-i' . Iclirm-iiiakw; nkiil- k \v a 1 t (Htft'p iiioiiiitalns) ; ki- ^v u - nliaii - k a II (HlHI\V-|H'Ilk.'»l. Iilii'k -shun - k II III ( larnf ) ; k'slio - nIhIII k\VHIl(Hlliall ) Hllllllot tMar-rl iilo'-liiii tilii-i[i'; (,f 'in'-iliiii; «iii-ka- lip (pr.aric). HM-li>p jM'U'-k«-l« . kc'lilkh Hii-i' ,sa-al klip mIc -kit 1 111 kwii 1 pilis-kil Ml hip'. ka-iiia ma (id It ii- lar ) ; rliitn- iik'- kill (lii'iiiiil ilo. ). { rhil-li' liiKlirt pa lull. nil piiliikliw ■ m(o' .va. rh-kalp I 111) Hki'll'k kiiU>.-kliiri : Ui'Wi'p'.' ha'-k'l »hiii hlnll .'lli'lll (lillll) ; ste' Mia (row). « k r 11 'i i t ; mil a- kl.i'-kLii (^{rlzzly). Ilt-Hc'-I»IMI |.i/k-«a-l"k (/'. jioitdtri'itit I If' la w iKiii ("111. Iii'-IihII-i liiii : ihill- chill (llnlHr). kwaiMp, iii<-t;-hall ; Mlinii-la sl-ina'-hw ii'khi -in'kii' ; Hiin- lii'-thiii(Knz/.l.v). j nil (nr\'/\\ iiM-ihiii ii'Li'l-la'-iia; Kiiii'- yaii (I'oyiiti'). jSHi L'C.O I.AM.rAiii:, I. Slj.li\v»|iiii»Kli. Al ■IlloiarY, I (liorye (Hbba. Dri ihlkli i;;k teii-iiu'-yu; (caribou) hlllnvaiya-h.'iii. liiMVir ... ^K"l law .... Tiiltnl-tr . . . lly MiiM|iiilii .. Siiakr Illnl !:«;; I'c allul.'* WillHH Hki>'\va};li hall . HiK k I ^>;l^t•l^'•Imm |M'I-kw.-ik.-i k»'uk -»la knuii'iii -iiiHktl . . t»W-Ii -li»an-«'lMk ; ] t>allkli. ■J, SlicHi»»aap. I)r. Dm. / . Iiiliiiie, hUiillauo Hlir-kiili' i>-o-»a . S{MI|llt l'i(;i'ciii ! lulls li- 1 Mini I'Uh Saliiiiiii . •-.• »'k\M(l-llil hkiikkaka .. (■oMP.\i{.\Ti\ i: :i. Nikiilciiiiikli. (itorije ttibbe. A. Okiraki'ii. (iiortji (tthbii. kl(i'-la Hl.il-lNa. I'hal^i' . pa'-pa-lHtH : MO -\a ... aiii-za . ..| kci -k«(iH-Kr IsoLs-oii'-sil , (w'-iik kwaikwai-rt' t»i)'-«kw t'kwiill iilk ai-iasikw ka -ta-liik^i •si-laks «ko'-lia-li\vi^'-lii-la ; ( ratt It'Kii a ki ) liaklj-(i -Id. lui-k'li ski/k-a -ka ("tire \n\iU "). a-o'na.s »liolll-lVl, Hl(ik-|ir«li'-iiisli; Hki wakli liaii-iiUli. kIi: klaiii -iiicii luikli'-pL'st ko-/a'-kari (iiiallanl) tMiiiii -iiiak t»'waiitl (trout). h'lnvds li..'-iitl.. skwaNt pi'i'Wk ... (|nai i|ii<'<'l Ht-lllU tH]l-tll|)t ilic'-ukw .... Vtkwii/. kwiilt Nt-kwid-lait' , iii-si' -iilUw . IsHIll-losIl o -llirllt ... pc -Mk kwai kvvil ; tX'-kwiJ' kwai - ti'-a - K w a i ({)aU');kwui(. WiiUj-nil- KaiiM-. /Jr. Urn. i: T'lliiiii skiillaiiii. .. ■lipc'cu. Nkiil-lal tiiii ... il-li |.i-\\ U . li-i|iicyci.c|[ii'.v ti lu-i'lii'iiwk. .. (' SliWdMlpi. I T. Sk>i,M'l|ii. (;a pa laint ; i iliit-^ HiiikHlt-sa: iraii- fill iiiKli iii-ia-.sliikw ii-lia'liw ». -akV sliwiii ii|i^; 1 utile Miaki) kalvli-lia- M lu. liiKlit 111 |M-|ia latHi II Htll arsi Kii . alia' II .. nil laks . - kll llWI It' .■>!a-Ua-|ii.s -It'll Nlii.si-lil. lailril >; Nkii' -lirliw Ina. O'laik taili'il). MM- ■kj-t-.a; Kliil Ni Ir lial -za. IiaiilHiii I >kiil-lr' II ; il t ki! ' hk'la'o. (oHi'l ). p*!ni-'. iijis; !ki-ii-1< a! a-v|,iK. hkiik-a ka. Hcliiin -.'■I' liikh. ^kr -link t I a ' t I ' liii I laltli'MKiki'i Niiaki'). I W Ill-\V ln'-\ lit 1 ... u-ii -Ma 11-11 .tliii. x|>iiiii • >|iir-kiit. Mrlio-a -hail Nti/k-|ia-»iii i i|iiill-. Nr^l III ... kllO-lKlIIIl-kllll tsllllll ll»tN-tllll»'ll ki ' kliii-lisli ■ hIs-sc' 111 Kh ihli n'lial-liut. ~|>nt l.t. |li -iikll kv.ai I.Hil i»k'j'a -iiaKsl kil-lr' ki liwiii r« ii'll-likli niiii k'lilcli ; cull- Ir-iikli, Isi'Im-Iiih' 1 liiiii-i-(iis ! kwal (■ kiili. »k« InI I hkwrHt I t.k Willi I' lint'. n'klnvar pi lis 1 piU i f-pik j pai Ilk. kiva'l < jiiK-kwai' kwni, kwil i ,-k«il kwil. k\\r -i , kllll'' k « a vik k« «I i .. kw 111 : \ uk-k^^ ili t'knai. k« 11 .li Ilk. k« ll-ai -Ilk. iff'i H«l im W 4l i ! 1 \ I LML' ( OMl'AIIATIVK ,SV//.s/( l,\.\c,rA(.K, Al I lliilM I ^ . (irtiit SimbII SI mil;; (Mil I. SliiwaiiiMiikli. (iittrtji iithhu. Yoiin;; ((IMhI liiul liaiiiKiiiiii' I'Kl.V , Alivr Iiai ,\.'y>" U( -Jill ilkll .. •.'. SilllOhHUiip Dr. Il'iii. I'. Tuliiiii-. hi'iIihiwIki :l. NlKlltrllillkll. Cnurij' (•ihlii. ^U\^ 1 til. I llli I )iii(l C.il.l Wiiirii 1 Tlum IIc' Wo Yl! l.-hu U.'N-h Uwiil-sak' Is'alUli ... .-.a-MK^. . . . . llll/.-/.c)lll Uii-iiic Ilia llH/.'/lit U((ll-lllr 'll(>-\X(^ .. . ili.'-clic Vil Ul'nI . . . . I. Okiiia!,!"'!!. (■M)<;/| (,,/(/«. fll i ll«il kii Uwiii-o Ilia liHts-kwalNt kf -ii-l«kli ia^iilj . kIhIh (ih'vv). lia.>l Iia.^t Ki(s-tii-i riiii HWr-IHllIll' ... ka.st I /.alt iiiit'lwk iiiiiiuwi rliiiiri'lcli 1 IH'y TliiH All Maii\ , iiiiii'h . . . Wli,. Ntai To-ilay Yi'Hii'iilay To-iiioriow Y.'H No (lm> I «(i Tluic I'lUir Kiv ... Iu>-li«al-(lk llWO-itk Mi-wal-lo las-a-kolot ; (I'ai) ki'-kaii. |ii-r -lisil -kill .... n'liLs-salt' li'ili-hi'-aiit iim-a Ill -11 Iir-U(i' N'-s» -la k.'l-hlii.s' /..k I.Sclll-lMll ., i.scMirii li'-cliail-wii ha-wi;' Icllin-ril ... Ili'-lllr -mill . pi-apst nuts tH<>-likNt Six liik'-liu-liwik.sl ... ilal; Ir-ii-iiiisl . .. kiii-krl' kiii-ks-kwi'll .. . iii-clm' ii-iiii-wtkU' yala's' nia-niiin'l-tiit inaiii'iii-i-liliiiii|i . cliiii-KiWlllkli . .. mix itwi'il kallcm iiiiiaw clii'ilixt tukiiinklHt tch.-a liiLkiim Invil sliwal kr -kal; (far; kc-kai M-ll-kiil JM -liaiit rl.H-kap-im.s • lil-t(t [lai -ya !shai ja kiit-liu* iiiiis c'lit'kst klak-Miii-ukHt i-kla'-l .-.s; kiil-lii' i-kla'-lioH Jiii'-y li\vi-il' Kll-SII-it' ki-kat'; (.liir) le-ki"it a-jM-iia pi-r-ill' lia-ldp' ki-wa lut iiak.s rs-(*ir ka-tli.s' , IIICI.S thi-liknl lu-huui-ukHt' - t I 3 ' 1 vocAr.i'i.Aitir.s. Fiiiiiih/. />(■. ll'iH. /■'. I'olmii. Ii.v-iioiii . ukrr-.ii . uiulia-iliown . iiniiaw i iiiiiiiiwiiNli .. . niik-(m|iKli .. . M>iill:i kiltlm>

  • ii.\a 111 kl. Ilia Imp (iir a lila k lihi klirp ... man '. kwiit-tiinr .. kiik'iil'U .inii yii-i \(i 11 p.. \i<- lull ... sliilNl Vinw) j ^kll kwi-iiull sku-kwiiii 111 liiisl klit'Ht lit'"! k'liiisl ki "I >\\i niiiiil Nw i iiiiiii li .... kc-,S-»ll» klH-MIt liwil -linall kliwil kliM.Ol tai-iv kwnin'-kniiil l't>.«tlil i-will k'lal IKlll Hlikwall in-ili;( a'-iini tl'lli-lllll^>' .... iiii-iiiiiil -tit . .. iiii'-iiiiii -liliiiip. t.'-lil twit , k.lt ill H(! ll-IIU'l tHl'-lllilN iiiriii nilil lit nil -iilni'lir limp klil'li ki -ai-ilrli Hk w-cIm koyi' 11 II' lii-wikli Il'llill-iln kiinpi-lr n'pil-i'p "In . . . mt'-iiiin'-i'liii-likli ..i iiii'iilnriil Ini- IinIi Irliiii i IIin.. rkh-lir' kakhlic tilif-ii Invii-it' "'Iin-il' . . kc -ket; d'ai ) Ir-kut a'pi'-iia !•' kill- ka'-klli'«. .. . tni-ya' hwiit Ill ki -ki't a |>« III' pi^tsilt piV-lNI'lt lia-lap ' klia Irp In! lip . ki'Wii ki wn II III' I. it lilt ta nakH iii'-kii .. «-t.i-n' nlH-c-a' Wlll'-l't Hll-l't' rlljkll'rt; rlll-klll (lar). yi't-Hlii'-iiit'-kiit — npi I'H-ilir-rll liaks I's-sliir kal-llNli Ill^l^ll tclii-likKt ta'-kiim-niikxt sil kr'-lilin niiiM Ihi likiil .... lakaink'Ntc I'-hlii-l illl' I'l-ll'H iniiH iliil-ikN la' ka .. [>. I'lxknailN or \\ lllllt^lla. liiii;./r (iihltM. kwal tiiiil. Ir t.l-ii ina. >ai \.\[. kltikll klllkllp t .m.l main : liiiirnkli ( worn), rliikliliiiii llllst kiiNt. HliatN-livvatl litvatl- I Hill. i HlMkli'liiikli-ini'kli. Kl-Miirii. hkw.its. Ill liii la. in yii kwa. ■ iiiii-in r. ini'lia'. 1'' llU-Wl'. rlllll rlllll I'l. ki'i la. alio'. yai' ya. liwril'. Hliwal. ki-'ki'i'-la ; lu-klll (Car). H'liHl-linll . pi'-la' kill, ai' kwuHl. ii'. lot. nakti. t'ka -OH. katla.x'. niiM IK. ilii-liik-1. Iio till maknt. I m m m hi M' 2M \ I I. lh:it !. i l.wci A«;i:, To H»'l ll> li>Vli T(. kill T.) ,-il I'll >taml T..j;.. 'I'll I'liini' r.. »iiiu I. *«liili\Mi|illlMkll. 'J. Sliiiun\Viia|i. M. MliiiU'lliHkll, >>I'VC II |-.iKl"l NlIK! I'm KIdvcii I'w.hr I'uiiily 'I'liiilv UlK lllllll IVll .... I.itini, (iihhK. 1)1. II III. I. InhiiK. I Ciui./i Cdih link ii|lS ( >iir tlnnisaiiil Til , ill 'I'd (Ir ink I'd run 'I'll iliiniii I" "iii^ Sli'i'ii I'd hiM-ak d |i«IiM! d |iiiK-t all lir k( COMI'.MI.V'ilVr, SilUh 1. Okiiiiiki'ii. tilltfijl- (ilhbu. Hcispllk ... llM'lllilll liii};liuii (lit lllr-liakit. d-pi'iiiks 'idt la-sir. as-i-la d|Mii-il>sl . . . Ki/l-li-(i-pi'ii.ikHt . .. Iiiilili-c-thikst kill-si -iil-iiikli kill-si -iis( kai; -.siMi-liiikli.. . kwai-r -li-'.iiikli .. . ill-kwHII-Milll .I'll kiii-k((l-li-k\vcll' . , wn kill l'll-lll(lll-llu;'-llMk .. jid -lis-l»iii kiii-iia-iiidt kiii-ak-swckli ... kiu-liii'-is l'(ll-llll'-i(lu' coinrs IvIM-lllI ikli it4 i! : I'!).". V(K'Ai'.n,\Kii;s. Fitmihi. :>. \Vu kyiiil- fi. ,S||\Miyc||ii. 7. 8k«>>i>l|ik K. S|M>k«ll . '.1. l'i-k«aiii> m kiiiiir. \\ iiiiiuliii. III-. Win. 1'. Tulmii (ii(/r;/( dtl'h'*. /I'l r. a. )ti luiiiniii. I.Kiri/l l.l/i/in. (iim'ijt iithttfi. (-IiiHi-rliil-Ka slii> |nlk . . . >U'pclki> nIh pil'Kli •.IS pill,. iiiu'(iii|ii(;li Iiiiiillliiiii'kui"|iia Inn -111 Iiin lili Il'llr I'll lllllll lu'-ln'-Illll' Ill w inkli 1 a liaii lllll . klllt -klia-IIHl klia-klia-iMi imli-ii<)|iuklN 11 pell iksl 11 pink-.stc "I"'" • llHl Ir llllll. o pfll-ik^l 1 ll imKn 11 pi' 11 k M t t' (■ !l 1 - iiakNi. rill 111 kil la' Ir-naks o -prii ik.st i-t Ii s m1 1. prtik >l<-flll I- sil ml W'l i'll«-ka' iiH. ^■^.-^il o lu'll-ikst . i-s-mI 11 -pfiiksli' . . CN -N4'l-i-ll pl'll .... t'ka' UN hull llllll. kiill i> pi'ii-iksl lllll ccliiksl krlil lo'-priik-sli' . . Klla-lsll•l^ik•^l^■ rill 1 ll-ii pi'll Iir-kii • 11 - kril (lllll' luaih kal la liakitl liiill. hill r ihaksl. i>- o' - pi'ii ■ 1 N t -kail , li'ii lirail.sl. iii-iliaki-iiiksl-ill- iiikli. kill- 1 sr - t tii ■ lilr- iiikli. h-IiiiImIi Ji'll'-llll. iiik-!'hi -iiN-la kili-lm-lhr -iis-tolii mint kiiii- iia - » ll kwal kwii. kiii-ski'-ilii-lalia . kiiilM kr IM'-Iikli. kl't-NllilHJl iia-« iklilii la. "'ii.i will. k\vai-iiicii->iliiil kiii-:Ki'-k\vai iiiiMi- iMlt. kwaiiJiiii-Kiilt viiikwii-uani' liii. iiik-kwii-iiiiri' kiii-tMc-l»c-kiiiiikli . irkwi'-iir»li' iiik-sliiit'liakli l\iii-tMt'-lMikh .,,-^. il.sh it'll ; Hi'-it'-liii. tikul-kui'll lia . kiii-luc - 1 SI'- k 111 - kwi li-klii' kwill-kwiltKll waii-il-lkli, H'waii il'kli. t'k-MWr'-kiMii .,.. . . kiii-tM'-« i-luirii wi'-rliiiil ; als'-liHiit at'-sin-la, Ha nl na liaii. iiilia-iiiiiik kiiiklia-nii'iik lii'-liirii-lcliiii iii-lia-iiiif-iiik. kwik-slipiilslHiii . ( nil t^i'lii'lir vri li) . . piilnk kokli. ii)-»lti-iuut-hii kin-mut' kla -kidnli kla-ka-liit, Nlla' ka likh. in-Rtil-lm kiti-a-Hii-ikli Ic->liilsli l^-likli'- 1 a . s'rlii likh'. kiiia-liu -i iu-lclm'-iii-lclia kiii-lits-Kliii'ikli . klii-tsu liii' i Iliiklll.l, n'lliikt, rllr - ' '»' - I a . r ll 1 tchii'-iMli linklil. kiii-sliii-jhl' kin-lst'-klnv ist ... Iliikll-lii'-li' a. '1^ •«•• ! M ill 1 t I- ' . ¥\ ' 1' VOCA!!l'hAl;ii:S. II. Id. — ViiCiihuUiijI of llii h'dli^ixhii. A trilic (if the Sflisli iMiiiily, liviii;^- on ('link's I', rk ol'tlic ( 'i«limilii;i liivcr; i»btaiiicil Jaiiuan , lN(i(>, I'loiii an Inilian uf ili. trilic, liy < 'I'lir^c ( Jiltlis. 11. — Vorahuldr;/ i>f tlir Kullirsjirhii. A tribe of tlie Seli.sli family, ohtaimd iVoiu Dr. Wni. V. 'I'olinir, ot tiic lliid- son IJay Company, l)y Georj^o Ciihljs. 12. — Vodibitlati/ of tlic Sriiitod. A trilx) of the Solisli family, (»ljtainc'lvcl y friittiiiiil «Iiiii';irtcr ol' the l;m;jii:iL'"o i> liiinl 111 iciiilci'. A lew unids will lie ininul >iinil;ir li» tln'>e id' the lliiilt/.iiU, iiris- iiij:, 1 |iie-imie, licnii tlieii- \ iciiiily ami iiileriiiariiii^ie. I consider tin- lllli;,'-llii;^e il>elr, lii.WeSer, as (leeidedly lielii|i;iili;i- ti i IIh' I'latliead. Tlie Irilie |ii.ilial)l> enoMil llie iiiniiiitaiii> diiriii;^- llie |ierind oi' iiii;4iatii>ii, ami I'liiiid llieir |ini^ress stopped liv the liaill/ailv and 'rsiiiixyaiis, and llieir iitreit lia> siili>e(|iieiitly lueii lilt nil' liy the ( 'aniers de- si-eiidiii;^- l'"ra-er"s j{i\c|-. The jlailt/.iilx, it will lie seen, has in t'liie ItiiiTuwed sonic words iVoiii the I'latliead. Mr. (iailatiii has placed this with the Naas, or 'rsiinseyan, on the rttienjjlh oT a \cry iniperlecl vocabulary. — (i. U. ];"). — ViiKihnltuii iij' Ihc Lilu'iat. A trilie of the Selidi t'aniih , II\iii;^- on the lalowat IJivi r, olitaiiied on llar- rison'.^ Lake, .March 111, is.'id, liv (leor^c (iihhs. Noli:. — This laii;:iia;;c is spoken on the lalowat liixcr, the main I'cedcr ot" llarn.son's, or Tschniss hake, eniplyiii;^' into I'raser's l{i\ci- iVoiii the north lietweeii J'oit Hope and Fort Lan;^ley. 'I'lio vocahnlarv was (il)tiunc. — Vinnhiihirii (if till 'I'd'tl. A trihe of the Selisli family. li\iniioii I'raser's K'i\cr hehtw l''ort Vale, oh- tained from a woman at Fort Hope, .Se^Ueuiber 2;"), 1858, by Georgo CJibbs. *j«;«j 17. — \'i)i iiiiulm II lit till All in"i'Ui<. A tlllic nt tllc Sclisli r.iiiiilv. i>lil;lillii| ;it N.llliliim >, Sc|iIi'IiiIm'1', IS.'iT, 1111111 il IIMII, \t\ ( Icnl-^c ( lililis. Noli;. — 'I'litii uwii iiiiiin- Is S'tliilif tiilitit liii : tliiit ul" S'ko iiiiH.k is tlic iiiif ^i\cii tliciii 1)\ tlic r;.niiiltiis. Tlic Words ill tills \uc.iliiil;ir\' wire ■■■ivcii as (•orrcN|ioiiiiiiii> wiili those ill tlic Kuwalilsk, tlic Indians not imdfrstaiiiliiij,'' tlic jarj;(iii. — (i. (i. I I'l r is. — ViuidntUirii i if tin Kunulitsk. A triix' of the* S(disli fiiinily, olitaiiictl at N'anainio, .Si'|it(>liibi'f, IHf)?, from a man, hy (icor^c (iiidi.s. L'TO COMI'AKATIN i; In 'f r I.ASIH'MIK, Ai iiiiiiiis. Mum Wuninii Hmv <. il Iiiliiiit Kallnr Mnilirr I lliiKliaiKl . .. . Id. Kiilixi" liii l.liillji llllih'. xknl ti iiiikli' U'llr Sdfi ll.lliKliIlT .. . s I'ldir . . \ rlil.r.... ( Miiili;;rr. . I. .iiix, |i('ii|>lr I'.Kllllll H llllllll to-til'-wit xlllhll II ll/lll hkii-kni milt la-aw (iMiy »ii,v«) : liiiw'-tiiiii (k ' < I iikii i, (l>"i.\ HiiVHl; liiiii (t;ii I Ntt)"!. n'llf -lu i Iliikli Ilii'liuIJi s'll-T 1 all nIm'-liiin-rU II. Kiilli'cKiM'liii I- S'.liil /111 or I KilllnIHlllI). ; t'll III ll'Alllll'. Itr. Urn. /'. Tiilmii. I!ir. (,. Mimjiiriui. nkil -ti llii'»li. Nkuil-t«-iiiiikli. lii,v-tt yii(liy iiiitic); iiifix tun (by li>- iiihIi). Vkiii ( liv iiiali'l: looii (liy iViuitli'). i-< koii-»ay . nliiij-cliailt HIIIC I III tl' ! it »(. Iii'-lllinll.. K« ..till.... I'i i"' •■ isli-Hliiii'-wn < U-kaInk . . 11 ml Il.iii I'acr Iiiii'liiacl Kar l^i" N.isii Mouth ruiiyiic I IVclh Il.ar.l N.tU .\ III «il-liiii -t.san trkliwlcli liiil-li'kliw wip-txikli a«kcil-tHi(in -t s i 11 (llii'iiat) nVli"iii-|ia » - Il « 11 ! (upper); Mtcli/ini- iil-kwi'kMt (liiwri). J S ckliail nwi- . nokll-llll IKlkll . NkwaM'-kii—w Nliiii -l.-lii' M' iii'k-xi'-khiikh . . ■Il'-Uliikll Mpil-ktiii .. ki>iii-a-kiin »t.sllilit lain-iirii hill(Hl-ko^^I■llKl^-tiII t.pis-tiak.t .>plrrin-l/.ill ti'wclilrli liilli'iiHiKli 11. s.li»li ir(i|MT lit I l.illiiatlN. Ill r. a. Mii'ijiiriiii. Nkiiltiiiiun ( r i r. ) ; ^k^ i;;il {IlillUDj. n'iii 0111 ; »liii<^<'m . . HkiikiiNi It xll I llllli f-U Hknkiii milt I'lii' (irlatin« (I) » Mill i; iiii>li- l.'i). "Ki- liii ii"Kti<>K skuxeo Uii -ini-kiii tHliap-kai-iii'ii Hltw-w'-nit'ii . .. t.-illL't-t»llt'-llll' -1"^ • tr-ii(i t>lilii'-liliis-nu'ii ... nl-labll'-lUrks Ml-tnlu'iii'-.'.i'n tikli-iils-lslii' klu-U'kli »j;wfp'-zin (beard.v) t^lii'?- -pin s:MK-i'wa'-!i''ii . HtUll'll' l>'lt Hiikiis.si' K" ) Im-iii ; H);ii' III-lll|!.-> . ... iiiiin-iiiili clii I iiiiiii null l.aiKli till iiiiiiiii •'Iiiiiii I.WIHi-llinilnll .. . .ml 'l>llllllll'_vill-IIIUlK' < Kliiiii.Htali' Illllll -l>u lilt Is-Kwali iiii.'-.'-lii »Kiilll-lrll-kii,slii'' taiiK>li-t:i . kiil-lokcs I.'i. I.il.mal. J H;. lail. iiimiji Ifilih: tlivryr <.'iW» Kkiii >iiii){|i I HUi'lr-ii kit .. Klit'-ali k'li'li.'i... ko-kiillii'lll nlii'lr yak'i'Niiii . hIicIi vnIiuII'Ii . .. Hkiilil'M' la iiiuiiiii ^ktli -nliflii Irli kcKi laaiiii ha . 'll Hlifiiuaiii ti'lirli(M»-\\ u»Mk\^(> /. ten cliiHi-ua hkcm - k»a-la. Nliau-luk-Hliii i.-kwai Mliaa-hiUs NliiNH-ka iii'-(ki'-(iliui 'ki'-Uiii) iia'. j k« 'tklii -nlm iiiaa kuin I kwilf-klllH'il'' I n' al kfliiiiislH ' ... ■luli-U'ili RWi-ti-kn-itlilli' Kl.-tll-lll' ulilli . nkmi kalii . . . inak-nliali' l.sliiit(^->!iah' . .. Kliii-sl.ali iit-sliali Kko-piilitnlr .... k..-k„'-llrll .... k'liin -iia kluNllX-tl'll . I KllllNVtllkKJl . i rliiiu-i^lii'cii .. ' liiot-.sali!!' . I liai'-clic-nilii .. sIiwihi-iii'InIi I I .-I kali -kcM-iia , •kiiU' Iil.-wliiihl.^i' k<'-\val,-kii(lit HWrll -a kllM .... n'll-'vlatl -ttirt tfl-.'lllrh III niall-li'ill |i'|-i>-iii. II iia. tfii-KiiC lalaii tcl-ikali -ak Niii-.-iil' 1.1 Ian . . ) Hcii'kali uk \ lawlllll -ll'IIIIMM'll . fi'liai-.MlM iiiaakiiii ta-HaIr .1CH1H Hkii-iiiiilih ' ; N ,li-iiiiil (^•_^l•l)rll^^). k..l kiil-liiiii'; klf|i-li'l ('J"l 8ll). iiMik--' kwcli-if-iiN'-auii Ill|l-Slllll cbali'-llcli 17 Ki> iiiiaiiklm. I« ■ I i>">h . . . ■Illtllll lllMI rllii -ll' nliali nhl' Ikh lali la |hih|h> Im.1.1 iirkMi kliit* ^lialill liiMi Iiiil viiii'k.i^li ... liilriUuli iitl iljiil (Hhh ko -1MV!«'<1 Hliuil-tutI cliuli-iuli It'lll'll \ w*. »tmi it. .s'ali MUM. H'ko llllll'^O. kwnii iiMii. kill. Ill III'. iniik -M>ii. w»li' Mini. tiik<--Kiitl. yin'-ni'tM. knell ii"-<'8'-»iiii. all-lutr. eliak-IUh. m\ hi CU.MrAlJATlVH ScUkIi li lit 1(1 I.a.m;i .M.I'. Ai iiiui:m , lllllKl 1(1. Kali'-iM liii. (iiurfjc (iililiH. II. Kull('(-Hpl-I|[| ( Kali^priiii). Ill: Hill. r. Tiilmii. I'J. S'cliil/iii or Cdiir d'Alt'iif. A'm'. (1. Miiiijcriiii. Ti. Sclisli pro or Flat Ik ad li'iv. C. Miiiiju i.r iiii. •■Ii-iliii' I'hIi Ht-cliii-w n i 1. f li t ; Ht(i|M'-l(lll(tlllMllllV kaki'iil-t'li's-laii . . ^kl I'-tilrll cliiilliHli Ntu\vtikt'i)iii.''ii .... Nt'sf'-yt'tsli-ato .... skliwc-le-m ck-8to (sin)!). ii'kwaklik \v a k li- k.liil-l-hi'.st. -kail'tikli .••tVr->Ilill ^wak'-slirii >kliwil-klnMl- 1 1! - iuo'^-sIh-ii. .sfsaiii cIicIhcIi iliflsili kofjkt'i'iulist fkclti.li /OOSlllill zoii.si'liiii . NjiilH lliidv I.,." st'-Ki ■-llili' sl'.sn-slicli' •^(/(Mislll'ill . . . luut Ht'-clia-slicn Nt-Miin' It.llK- lllilll Itlood ' siii-liuKlil ,silH.I'.:.p| inrd-lslic'-di' 'I'own, viUii'^c . . . hkf'ilici Cliiil' il-lr-llir -lirltii i li-itii-kliiiii) Ir-tHlie-li-Uliit klKl-IUt,'ll-tsI'i' WfS . • i]ini'"'iiiii Wall iiii l-niiid llllUSI' ii'ilu' Halsh' is-^'i-lakli^ cliil-lMi; spc-,\al -lui (hKili li)-IIH-|l sliil-la-iiiiii' in'ii -rlii-inaii Uli-a' O'iiilO: »l''l'- liiiii (.miaskit ^pikllIllla>• Npikiiniiay ilskoo- cpiay. kr-ikdiisiiii .soliilliaK .''koo-ka-ait.i l'i|.(- Tnbiit'co SUy Sum MiKlll Star D.iv ftnnionigutii H'.llc'lli;;!! h' ch' (.'hiiai.ikt .... spkaiii' .spkaiii' flkilk (iiij;lit Hiiii). kuki'isiu 11 ez Sglgi'it Nkukiit'z iK'^il Ni-lit I.i.ijiit V()('.\i'.rLAi;ii:s. Fdmilj/. II. l:.'lli.>(>la. Uniri/i Cilht. slln'll-ll'vacli'. .. . KolKlrll H\mii iii:ili irli>'>.| sku-tlciiUli Illl-ll'.Villl' skolili'-rU-sall . . iMilip >l.ilk'li sIh'itIi >talil-l lllllsli .... \v«'i'-iiali' iiDlill-kwtli'k (■ - iiiiiii'. sllci'll Iiow-i;,- iliililsd. polis-tmi' k'k-.snmii-la k(i-;i(ili's-a Iciit.s' l.-k-k'-kl,i(l.' ... klal'-liiH Ui'b'-imcli .sliu'-kopr-tali' . . klahwk' .>ho'-\v'ti-ii()ii('li' . ftliiii'-iiiicli kiokc Ill as.ini'li' kill... \va.H-»li()'-ii iio-at- Na>;li . (S(I-..||IIIM : t NO . sliiuii-.-im . 1.'. I.il.iwal. Ciiiriji ihhhr'. li--lio-luaka sVlltli-Irn klnvc'li li'ii nil' znlit>li-k.ill . . . kwiili lial kail ... .slipali li ,\aii lacli-iiu-li' li\\ I . k'kHiili-iri ^Iiwaa-kocik p.Vcl'-ll Iiwi'h -la ( Ih'Ii-Iiid'Ii kWdkr |u'i ii'ki'-.sliaiMl'k Nlir-.-ia-lukxli ilirli-tiHi'li lia-laa ka to'li'-wliatKJi k'k' siii.ia-l.lsli k(nv'ls.s-kail' Iiwi'll ki'-trll klaiits; irrlii'-nirt- InaU (hiiuiU caiini') »liclili-z. IC. Tail. Hiiniji (hhhy nIikIi -t.>.ns. k« 111 tsii.s N.ia'iiii'l : k\\ III la «'liiil -l.i Nwali' ^n.ssliil hliull-h'\ III Niiin-lsim kwali'-lo-wul haa-M'-> III s-rraili'-ni h'liai -ll-hiit liVklrli' lid-ali liiin t-kwali'-wus IiicIi'-wIimIhIi Hlalil'-l.i'li kiiw-i'li.-i -ka khialK-tal HJo'li-wliiill i-kiil'-ia-li'viii hkl)-U.1-Ulll siiiaa-lli li kwiit-cliili-cliil . . Mfo ali-kiinii' Mkoti-lic-aliHs kwali'-.sil trl-a-wili \il til-.i-,lalt Ill"ll NWcll-vil is 1 l<. Ko-liumkllt*. H. Kiuv.ilitsk, iitmiiv liihlix. Hiiir-ii C'lhht. ko-ti'tsli-r-ili.' Ja. . cliali li>.li. lnvaii-\n-k\viiio... mull rlllNH. kali-;iali j. -kn ji-ti' h'ii kkili .liilits. .li.yii-il.islu iIiitIh'^I '. kwaw-waitlir l)i-ll,\ "•'i' lllsll. .jiv.li JchIi ill s'ln'11-iia. pak-alil .^liul .h'Iiiii; iia-slii'l. liwa W.IU -ll-^lllll . .t'luiii naslH't. liaw'-ii-sliid ii'.ialiiii. kiN-kwai-f-Kat . . . nils k«ali' Imiin. kwlill ^'llW illlll). l'll'-;;llHf «'ainin'. kkil -' iiliin' kwaiii' kiMiiii. 1. ...Iill ir.sklrl,'. kliili iisli .. la.t-liiiii. kIi kwalttc. hiil-li.li-UlaIr Iliik-lnv ta-liiili's'. sk\va-la»li'. liiii-c-lii'li' yi' Hliii-iini'li Hklll) kuMi'. kliili(-I»|i-lni(i{piii'k- (>l) ; kciiKlic' kfii kIiii' (^ll^alll I. klatrli-li'ii ('•liratli); ai'lilfii ( iMiikcl). llllrll \vllffi!l .... SMOU Willi (t^f'lH'I'ic). kliik sliiil link' hliiii(iiioiraMiii'<) Iiwa haul -^j s'pliailiiiii I'll -111. a-walik liii Hpalir Illlll. nI aiil' rliccN' 111. lai-fiili Kkwal-iiiii. t^'iKil- kl-kalth.'. k(i'-»hii(l kwair.Niiiii, Iiali lie III la tank Mkwai il. ilall nail. ill* il ;i i 274 ^1 IB? t •Il II ^i^ I P it CO.Ml'AK'ATIVI'; iSctixh l,\Mil M,K, Ai I IM.i:il) . I>mkiii'Kt ... Mnlliili^. ... Kviiiinu '^I'lii'K Siiiiiini I' .SlltlJIMII Wiiilrr Wiiul III. K:ili~|ii'liii. titorijv tiihhu. icliiin' Kni ■kwiinl . Ui'-kiill Nkap-iH . -a-iilK' -Iilia-ai . . . . W-i.ttitlll .. xllilllt 'riiiMiilrr -IhI ti laii'. Iii a vaili" ,. iVliil-kal.'' . hill-Ian -tiiiii l,aK.' Villi, y Hill, iiiiiiiiilaiii l'*laiiil kIci-iis-iiiM-Noii'-kwi issiMii'-kwa-iiicUli ; I liii knii lol'-kaii. .SIdlii. Salt .. Il'KII .. Ti.,. . WiMl.l sliaiixli ulci-liiir Ichi-i/l-slii -la. Id-kvs I.i'al' ! h|.| )-laii .. Haik ' clii lal Uii 1 (lia.is : slr-a' I'iiio (.1 ,1 I k W II ( 1 p Hk(il|i (Jii.) II. Klllll'l-H|llllll I KaliN|ii'liii). /';•. II III. /'. T'llmii. i l.'ir. i:. Mini/iiriii 1-'. SVliil-ziii iir (niir iLMiiir. Nti'c [lai.i . . . ^iiii-liuap . . . Mll--lll'itil .. ■-.ll-iinlk . >|1M1-||'\M il .. iiinlil a\ Ink I:!. Sili^li piiiprr nr I'lallii ail.s. tiir. a. Ml injiirhii. l-lic-iii (ilaik, tiilj ) i IcIiiin' Uu ilztniii ••kiukii.st . .. Ir-ll'-pi'P . ki ll'kap. .\al'->li -kr s'islii id sit sil-ki) Hllll'-llt Ktat/.-la-ri''tiii si'1-1,1 kliaiii ski)'-|iiil Mile kill t« llialkll .-I H-kwrl -klip si -kwo i.kliii'-.l.iit lii-iiii kliii -li -nmkli srslnt-pii'-liiiii-k\V(' (sllOII, flul (if till' laiiil). n'/i'-kliiit i-la-kail-kwr ; lulii't ki'-lii (((im). n'li'l Ic'-l I' -iiiiikli ; ii;;ii-iiil-kvvi'. i-lr-liHli; i-lisli; kliii- /iit (siiiiw pnik). s' clu'Iii" «krp; rtiliMiM-kwi' ; r-ti- ; M iii-kwi'. i-li.iiiisli I nIic -lot I zor — ] M-hi -liiii Hi>ak I ri -slu -IH I NO-lrp ' |li,'ls-|slli-I(l pi Zsclli tshi-'-lii i fliilclj;ii Hi r -lie i mipiilejjii s° aiilka h' (.II' li . fi' istili . HlH'Ilt hlollrlain stcllrlaiii sti|M'ls Nliii'kiit sjilnssi' siiNrhi /til siMilkll Ki;iiiiMiitikii HtiillKii ; Miall kill li II t Nr 11 1 k II (Ki'i'at water). M'lilkii (walfi) ... I'V clilkalii tfiasiiirjril /iiikiii'iit ; I'NiiKik. . os' cli.sciiik o s' .solu'liscli , (■liil;;iizi*ii ololi'iii Iiik zi'lzi'l vat k'.viilp ( /'. jdiii- >' atkii/p ih rimi ). I i'^ *£•- <.) V()('Ai!ri-.\i;ii;s. Fit III ill/. It. l<.'lht«h' .. MlMMlll'llk aH-nliokii Nh-kiicli Ijiim s'liiynotl k.O-lTik-kiil Ink ... liebm'-lii'liiii kal-lii Mliiiii ulll-\vul-l;iallli .. 8llk\VPI>H U'jiii-im iiiaa ka kriio-sliiiir skiik-hiwlii^' iicli -llll Kpali -iiiibli; will -lii|i knl-lali koli no'-kliiis cliih iicli s'ai'-tl tc-iiichw' Nt'-US» Im sliink - kiiiii ; iMiip'- paals. /o-lial ' ini'h' wliatH (III). IC, Tall. IT. Ko-inoiiklis. I-'. KiiwalllMk. llioriji ilihliH. liftUyt h-<. ftinnj'- liihh . liK.t-Ialililalip liaa-tiill kwai-t'o !l\vil11-llrllt''(*l. li\V(xil-laalt Inviiu-iiaii It. iiiokwi'li Ills kwali'kwiis kw-asli tiiiii k»ali li.-'l.* >;iil-.vi'li kolitl k<> Iinii'iiioii. kwalillkwa kwalill kwa. -tail -lo kwiit -liiiii htali It). lialit -s:i Kalrall liali-lKlia. Hpclli-lial (prairie). nlial 'yrakw Npi lli-liaii. Hiiiiiall laliknl Miiaant. klrlil'l-chns kwoHamli' hkH'.Na.s^\ kleli trill. kliial-llllll kiilil-liilic kli'ilil'-liMit. Ii'paal-tiil llclltH haalelil. Hkaat pali'ailai nkiiat. ti<-lii'li'-iikw kwalil -alniliii ki'li' a-kali. kwiil lat-sim li'\ai-li.i Hilli-lrslit. Mall' koine pall \alt. kuiil' lull. saililiwnl kink kiliii Ma!i'«liiili. nlai (III ) kla.i-il (til) kl.iakiit. F<^ 27( i<) COMI'AItATlVi: S,lisl, ; i. li; II i!' I : 11 I.AMil AliK, ; 111, Ku|iH|lrllll. I'Irsli. meal . . i><% liiillal.. liciMliliiik).. WuU (Kni.V),. I -.Ik l!i:iv,.i- ... Tiiiliiisi' . riy .\Io>llllitM . Siiiiki' <:,(ir;ii <:il,hi. sliiil'-tilsli IlKtIU'llijJ liiid ):«« I'i'iillh rs WiTl-s .. llMlU ... l'i;;.'(.n Ki.sli ... ^jlniiin . . . .■■.|iir^;i(.M .MVrcliull Wliili. IShnU I.'.il lilllc iliyl.l) . , V.ll.nv tiiTi'M Ui;;'it ) . • ilC.ll SllLllI Hlcliipt I'/in (liiilli: NtHMl-IM.'lkli' (cow I n'kliitn'- 1< a ; hhim- lmi'-t[;liiii(uii/zl\) n'lM''- 1 Hi n : si ii - Irliu-lfpdiiuiiii'). Ihc (I'-likw .s'llil'-Sll-l«UM: 8ll-l'l' iMa (caiiliiiiO. »ka-la -i> al-M -kwn ii-wair trlia-.-r-h.ks n'rlia-\vi'-la; lia'-n- 111 (ralllnsi aki'\ liur-lnval -Null ... s)iiim s'IiIki \VII;;1i -llilll. . Ii«:i( -Init liiils liii -(slim II. KiillrrHpiliii. I I'J. .S'cliit/iii or ( KaliN|irlin). ' Cii-iir iTAIriii-. Ih: ll'iii. K Ti)liiii(. I 1,'t r (S . M iiujittl .■ . sk.iillih Illlclltill/l'I'll siiiiiiaik'liiii . . >kiil!ayi> , • Kk.l til>li iikii- k(is- m 1 - tiii- slii'ii. s/ii-llln III (hull); »lc'-rnii (n>\\ ). ii'lila III' ■ k a ; siiia klic-liiir ((;rizzly) ii'tr-la-im (laiRi'); .Mllil: -11 (fOyilll'J IHI' si-lc -s|ict» (liiick) : K[lll-ZI' (li(((5\va'-k('ii(iiriii klnvat-kliwal (mal- laiil). k* rils-kli(i-!siiiii ki'-kliii-lisli lit. Silisli proper 111 llallieails. /iM". ii. .\hlHJillini. skelliili (vide hoili/) ilUokd-iliiicliiiMl.ii . -ziillii(liiill); .st"iiiar mi (c nv). in/aiiik a ii : Niiigi>- icliii (Kiiz/l.v). iizi -ziii z' iill;;ll. .SIH-L'llIzi' -imllliln-lell. . er-pee-llk . yiik-kwai ie-i|Mrel .. kiMl-liiiilit . siMllK-tlilsll /lllli-tlls' skwi^t kliar-pi'-lilet.-' pus. pek kwid , Uwil koll^i kii-ivk' kii-iiH kliM-kliat Ihlii-lslie'-;;i' sUal.ii' spelkiiaks Kaiiialtiii HlakM !>' ^elieiii'le ;,'iiiHiici ii/ (animal Keiii nilly 1. iniNse Kkapiis.sel h' cliiiii;;aii (amis) sesl/i.'iim H/--ii/.im sileiiC . .. Nlll/i'cll . skile.st.. il'iU ikiiiii ikiiil iklMM ikciali' ikiiiii' kiitaiit (i::aiiimate) I Uiikiiiiiiiiii aU.. L'l < s I vocAr.ri.Aiaics. I'timil!/. II. I'x'lliool.l. { l.'i. I.iliiv.at. Iii. I'ail. 17. Ivi.-iiiiiiiklis. \f*. Kiivviililsk. iitttnjt (',ih}ts. I.uinji (lihhx. (urlijl lllhh-. (Uiiriji dilil'i. Cmnji f.'i/i/i.i. fkiLilill tsc'li (vcnis(iii). .. . HliHi-\vli('h'-;k«i\ s. . . . rlltt -llll klfhl Kilt. Willll.l skali -li.i sko-iiiai Kv\ais|i s|paa". ; li.ii - IliaUr skii-iiiai. 1 'li'-krli mill. ImIi li.ill kliicli; I- uh.li - lira - liaall ; iiir a - liil (while). liaall. (-ri//l.V). noiil .Hliii-kwiirlr . kuvv'-Hain >t<;-kai ja-a' kl.llll liilir sir k. 11 yluh. slioo-pali -mil Isrli siiiai fss' kill nass hah pil. hthit'ht .. . 1 hii.its kai-\'i'lits .... . . Uai-chlsh Ink kiilic Kai rhlsll . skill Ian'. ki>-li"iii' skill laa' skal-laii Ii.-nialils' Uwalrh-nink' li«aia k»aal Iiuali Inva julic Isak-chuhshr , Illrll' Illllkll. iiii'h-shnii . |ir-U'\ iim' liap-iii -ik iia-wliilil .Ili-kai a iihl-kai ilaall. tellCt-t.slll -clu'-piM' kup-acU' slirli-iikli a...-.sha kai .111] ho'-uUc (si'a-i'dwl). hwali-h Willi iiKi'-okwiM'a fiiwl) t tiiiiii-iiiish. iiiali'-iiir-la-lialli' . . o-l;\V'iksli shells Mt-ka-al' Isullt-tsiikw' lialr-inip slkasse (ipllll>). sl-kassr. Hlll•^-^ll(•c■^vl^-lall stia-kalil mil-Ill l>liai' .... Uiiiik-saalt-iiall ... tc! Ilk -sill ki'liil-a-kchil (iiial laiil). llll -Ilk H ii(iiiallai'il (ihii-st-k'k Ill'-lllll -Wll.i lia-ii:alr hall -a-liMii litiiii -anil. nliiiii-sliiiii kakl- k'.slu:i '. sit.s-kwai' (small kinds). sliil.-lah-liiiii. .sliiiii-llk fliii.i-wiii I.ia-\\a sa-al -Id ja.i 1 1- Immi s'l liaal t nil. liiilr-iitl (skwaa- <• li !■ (■ t Nil ; kwoi'-lai -D-siil. ... Iii.s-ilalul' k\\ ll-llli sill. skwi rsli. skvvals-lali' skwiis hliwaat kwaals- rrtsli i wli at 1 h jdiir iiaiiii' .') pak'li. rli-kwiiii'. ^*ki«'h-f'(' liiikwclr-iicli Is'kcli-ih' lalir-sclini iiio-liwaiiir clii'-kwr-clicc'-iik . Iii-cliarir hwiisli I'll kcll -IK'll. k«ul-h-aaiitl kwiits-hwaaz Ishwnb'-iikw kwasir knasli Hht-kalHi''. clikwiiii'. llll- kv.ai. kwiil-lr-aaiill kwnl-clil -Ml Is' kwai'li kli'Hli-i'li-liMhkr nk' wall iialz ... Iiii/-/.oim>' tr-Iu'li'-iikw l.rll sti-'ll. kaiklitili .. kwclr kwiisli la iiH'li-iiill i Ir-tolilh '*irt-' illililll 27s II i 1 ' I i 1 3.f -i H t'OMI'.VK.VriVH l,\N(ir.\(ii:, Ai illiiiiii V, .Silling; Old |(i. :<:ilis|i( hii. tiliif-t/t (iilllm. 11. Knlli'i'spchii ( Kalispclrn). />)■. Km. /■'. Tutniir. I'.'. S'l liit-ziii or Coiir d'.Mrnr. Ittr. a. ilciiiiiinui. ilul .(lo|.;;llt lit. Sclish proprr or I'lallii^ads. lici; (j. Mingariiii. i.s-i .ot {Mikh-po-liot'; stii/sli- lia'-liiks ( worn)- skn-kwi -milt ; i.s- HilN (lll'W). hdst . Voiili); 1 .■^kukiii mil K^l irio khl.-.t tshist .s\\ i-noiU'tf^-niish .. di-i -di-it khwi r-khwill ta-kliokU /.art kwclt Hail t.ii'-ya IliinilNDiiir I'kI.v Alive ^cst (^ood>: ^fhiis (lii'aMlilnh. ii'lo (liad) : clicsiiN, (dit'orincd). ^{iilniiilt (is alive).. tli'l (is dead) zait {"iiM.) rs-hw il-hu ill l>,.,i(l u'l-itr cliitM-iit-lai'-lii liliis-Uwili' kn-ya-ii a-iio-\vc- tsaii-it 1' . tzult kooi-ay aiiimi tzilll'dl/ Cold I Inin-i'iis koi' e 'I'lidii IIo \Vi( /..'-n.'l Ishi-li -i>ot ko-pe-li'-pot ZH-nc'-lii-lisIi ZH-/.i ; li'ii-hwi' hlc-hlo' znilz ...... kau-iii-la' ii'|ii-lt'ps'-t«ml Iclu:ii-iii -illNli shai' I'liet-lii' kaeiiipilu Vo nipilcpstciiip ziii'-i!z yti Th.y This That All pas-si-a Iiwai -il sii-wat' ta^ -li-kol (not far); li-koi'dai). I'll-hwa ls|iu->:lU' lial ip' a'-i-a' a'-H Ida .. cssia' Kiii'it; tliKai'^iUMt' (of persons). Hitut Many, ijiinh Who Nciir (iiol lar) I'o-diiy Yratciilay To-moirow \V» t.'ihi-tshi'-ti' klnva-khc'-nl att-pa'-la-ki'l la'-kho /ehi'cllet iut?H(ia SlMSZell iie'^alin. . ..... ho No la-a' hit .... t a Olio iiki'i (iiianini.ile) ; t'hinaks(aiuinatt^). csel (iiiaMiiiiate) ; cbesel (animate). elie/i's (inanimate); elielieiehle.s laiii- niate). Two (iM-sli:itr . ....... is-.sail iliaii-thlais alil luiii ; clmli'-rlniiii I iMmn-llKl-kwMi:! ! kwiuis-tcli ! la-al'-wi i .lii'-.l'^ll Ial-li>'-wa I l ■ tiit-lii -wiip ill) -ap \iM-sa -a i M-h -yr-woli! la-flr j • ti'Mi'li ; ta-lali -la..| ko-l.^-lali iniikw; lo iiiiikw .1 ali-wiikw' lllrll-hi'll -UM.< vi.scj.iH I 111 yli I..kat;!i 1 wal-iiiiki'H'. .. slir-waat liclik-llfh'; icbw krli-ki-1'l; kc-kaliw (far). j ('■'"■)• \vni-lii'.''-Ni;-k I..'- I tcliai'l-tclioo'l -cha yiHiku'. (■')• ya-ka-iiiai-iiiiDrlis ' iial'-wliasli k'yai-iiimclm 1 k!p-sliili -kisli-k'l .. wais.liii ! k'w-slu'hw' aili'-ki> ; liDo-ahz s'ln-ina'-ii ' pal-la kl-nosf' all -iio-wabh «H-iii.)OHo' ' ka'.-laaHli n'yaiit-»-n'.vaiit ... I'li-rh-liit ; ti-ili'li- J.'.ali-la dai). 1 Icl.a-wai-yi-l I Ihiili-kw t6\v-aat tM-ta -a-I'lis; tualikw kiii'li twl-aa-kall \ shi^^liJiili-Nli'ilill ■■ wai-iMiNH k\vai-i»li-iili aa-a (•) (;iil-ll DW-wa hwttli' . tul-ul-Ha. .. p('li-l>ah'-ii 1-. Kiiw .ililhK kniii kiiiii. wrllilih.s. liailH O"'" )• ai. kiilh. p'kalm, kulli. hal.'h'. kai. salil' liiiii. kwali kwuH. an >i;-«aa-lili.i .Hh('li'-»hah klchw; liilhliw . ilialit-lai in-Nali'-la. kl.hw. \\ i F Pli 2s(i (.'O.Ml'AlIATIVi; I,.\.miihm;, Al I llolltl N , '" '''■'''■'l"l"i II. Uiillrr^ii.-hn IJ. .s'.liil-/,iior ' l:i. S,-lish i,r..i..T ''^■'li-P'-lim. (•..•iir.l-.Mriic. ' (,i- Flathr.i.ls. I'oiir I'ivc i I Six ., Ki-hl ... Niiir .... Irii KliMri .. I'hc-Ivc Tui'iilv riiirlv Til sfc. ■|'i. love To Kill IIHIM . Iclli-I (ll'l la Kail..., si.'^'-|IHl Ii.'ia iiiiiii Iiaii-iiiil' IIIIIIIN . I Mir llllllilliil . , . I llir I lliillsalill .. To rat Toiliiiili To mil In ilaiur I'll siii^; Slcp TllspiMU 11 pilU al liii-liii iil-la-sall l/r.l laluin liinjiil Iiai-aiiiiiiii . llall'IMinl .. iiliiiii I alii'-iniiii klia -klia-iiiit ii-]M'nl,-|i , rii/iU sKall .slii .... rlii(U-xkwi- -iiiiii-sjiii li. (•li»k-Niii-k\viiii-imi - rli«k-.s'l-krl -^lli riH(k-.-.kiil-kual-li - ell »k-y iiksii-ats' liiiiii. I'liiik-lii'iKi-iiiaiili'li r li II ]i \ II k .--11 11 1 t.sHIII. iiiiM (iiiiinliiiiitii): cliiiniHcins (aiii- IlllltC.) t«'likst j zil liimi: i mat !•) ; •li/i'-l/il(aiiiniati') \y ii^liik.sl lackaii (iiianiiii.iti^); I'lilarkail (aiil- liuilc). Iso'-nikNliiiii hi >|irl I iiiaiiinialf); |irl la II I - niati' ) lirliiiii-iii (j nil II i . Iiialr); rlilii'lii'iiaiii (aiiliiiati '). Uaiiiif (inaiiiiniilf). I cliKaiinl laiiihiali'} . .; iipi'ii (iiiaiiiiiiati') : ! fli'iiiii'ii (aiiiiiialr). i 11 ■|i('ii-iil-iu. -kwii. ..; niii'ii-c'-iikiii man.); I j i'iriiiiiMii/rliiiiak> (aiiiiiiair). ; u-pi'ii-ril-i.i-scl l'lpl■ll-l■^(■M•l (iiiaii.): cli'iipi'ii (■/ riirhM I (aiiiiiiali'). I's-.srr (i-prii I tcLs-i'ipni (iiiaiii- I mall); I'lir,! iipcn (uiiiiiialc), t.-solu-lllr -li)-piMI .. j cjlrl-iipril (illail.)' I cli'ilu/ oiiuu (aiii- niali'i. ii'kii-kaiii ; klii'-zii- /H-li-SlH. a-ii -pcii-tis-str-kcii l.slii-/.i-lili'ii (.slil-ziik.s t.sliiii-zi'-Uwi-iiciii .. t.slli-t.^kwi: -ill-zill .. iHlii-nkwi'-iii'-iiiiNli . I.slii-zi -t*llH-lllisll .. (.•ilii rl.s-kwa'-kwa- liiin. f shin z^'wi-l i iiiclifcii ( I lia\ ■■ srcii lliIl■l^lla-lll^llsl^ iii;;aiiii'iili-Ii .. ii'sp<)lM-iii.... iikaki'iii (jilf rally iiin' lii'ail). iipriicli.^lkaii Iiics'i/iii IIir.sMi>li llirMiiaiiii tiicMkniiiiri] ■rni ... Illcsllkilllrl liu.-iil.sclii - ... tiRvskiilkdiltl 1 ^1 ''I tl \ •_si \ t>( Ai:ri,Ai;ii:.s. I'll mil y. 1 I. Ill llhiiila. I'l. I.llinvat. Iliih'-tvllill . Iw'f'liw j oliirl -ki.>!jt Iiii'li'liolill Ul.ih kiuii'iixl jivk't'liiiiiiir irliiiot-lali-Ua I II. Tail. ha aht srl . ' i: Ku 1 Kl,-.. I>. Kii«.ilil.sU I I t tilitrtjt '.'./l/'i. I tillllilf titl'lt^. Im-Hiii Iiiili-ikli -HJii. »l» r li I » II h; t II I Kili a' --ai fsUt'lll-MIS. I Hull liiuu Ilia \ hii'li lull ai iMlllkwS kflitl-iiiiw pal-iipi -s'l't I InU-.ial .-a ki-csli-ina -o kliiiiii|i,il -aiciil .. luo'li t.s-ki'l l.iakt j knni iiiiip i 1 1 (h'c a I 1 isli- I kiiMi -iiiii|i wU'-pal- luu o. la. ill pi>r-:ill nall- klt>-ah --.U-rUt aw-iiiiisi'-slcokt kMin-iiiii|i \vii' iiii iii>-\va.sli. la-all p.l all imI kii'-tclill-Ha ah i>''! kiis-tr-Kaa- Irh. iIi-iHi-ua'^li kiliiili>-l iN'Kwauli kat-U'a.--li kililipsli..; klu'li-\> lull ^ll'_vall Imi -I'lit'-Hal kl kalil Mir<. till li liniii . hall I* \VM. t»-killakl -t'lci'kl aallps kaclila kU'r-kliiiin' iiai'li'liiiiini' Ililll rllil klllllphll. . laa(-M>-»ats shkali iili-kw.iil'-ka liii-nii'iioliool' biMit -.'^inii imi>-)aliiir-tlk ... rlil -lillii (■lii'('-tS'> l..\M.r.\(ii;, |n. KjIi-|..Ii„. 1 1 . KiiII,, ..|,.1iii j |-J. S. hil/ ' l\.ili-|» liii). Ciiiir il'AN lie. '\' iniii;ii\, r;.,>r7' i,iI'I,h. n,. ll,„. i: l,.lm„ l:,r. i;. M,,i,/,iriiii. To Hit 'I'll Hlaiiil 'I'<'K To conic lll«li-Hlill('-h|lilNll .;. rli«k-lii -sliiKli r;;r Cihhs. aiiil'li tliin'li oh^ Ullill iitl.licli' .... icli-kiiiii kH'liiitn iii.'iU'li Khliii'li'-lcli^ihk . . liiat'l-liuli iiMiM:iHli-K;iall If,. liUl. fi'iiiiv/i (iihlm. lliil'llilll rlli'l .... Mrli lii'lll M'l ... Ill slll.l.l llllt 17. Km IIUHtkll-^ !-. Kii«.il.l.-U. I%».kli-tln-rlinti' Uwu-iIihIi' viirli Ik-Ii I;i... . . i»-ij'>i>'i ••■ niilH-la. iiiaa-liiK kiitl ill mil lil-ilu'l... saisilir! •'ll liali nhitli I'll 'iiiiili. t till li':il f rnoNAiiv or tin: mskwamj. I. msk\vai.i.i-i:n«;i-isii. Ilv (;m>i: III:-. M M. A. A' ;i Uwiil. till liilliiis vf (I Jhli in it: i\li ilk, riiiiji (im|i.). All li:il!st.s't, 'lire, imikt a jinxnil i>j'\\U)\>.\. A 111'!, :i iiicl, //■. All sliils. ijli-f, mult II ]>iif.i III !■/ iitu\)-). .\' ('hi, 11 ■■ill 11 1: All /ill !(' lii, iih hi, iiUs, liiiiiii. A Uiis' kii|i, riincrt. Inn. Hn- rlijlil. A kc•l^\^, li'liil lii^ tiilliitiiy Akli liwiiil' /.id. " >' "/' . '"'• A' kwi h;;' kwi (diiii.j, /'// " l-dli ■ luli. Ai, III. ((/. ///. A' iiil, " liiii'xi: Al' ii sliik. It tiitlolsr. AI ch.ui'. ii-hilhif. Alkli, iitliill'li, hiinij. i-imii' iiii'nl;. Alkli liiid, '/<»/f« siniiiii. Ai>li, ([iliir.) ii'hi^li, I'liillur or intixin. .\\\'U kliw, uniiiK. I'lrsh wiitrr miissils. Al to' di. (dim.) ;d U>' di di, tlnx , r. dc'- iid.-. .\ ' k, iiiixtiil or < iMliiiij, Usui IIS llir nrl'H III III- mill III Itiirr. .\ said'-liii. III kiiiiir, umli rstiiHil, .\s a' will, ii.Hlsii' vvul. hiiiiijrij. .\s liiiis' Indt, tlif liixt nil imtriiiil 1 1 liixl. As lull, iiiijiil, roi/usnl. A.s liidl.>iis, sliiliiniuiji. .\s liiill, a.> llU'tl, _/■////, xillisffil. .\s lict Id. I'S IllCt lill, Sli/I. .\> lii Villi', •liiih. .\> i-liiil>. ///' III! iislniiil hiililiii) loilijr. As ('he llUiil.'. //(( liii'is III ilixjiisi). .Vni'Iii lil^h, iiiiin'liiiij. Iii:il, iiHi- .\> cln ' uk wil, iliilif. .\s iliilsli, stiiililtil irilli hnixs iinils. .\-- ihiili li.i. III I'liiiii iri.iiil I', III irn'ir. (,>il. irnil I'll. .\-. ihiill liii, /" liin , liiiiil. .\s dcMiu'. iis dilkliw'. ill, irilhiil. .\-~h i!:i!->. /ViVmi/ (si»(ll.inil /■> <( nnni) A-> In ' liiil.--li. riirlii liiiiieil. .\s ln' 1 .' /■"/(■ .' /("/'■ lllllrll ' .\s 111 ' liilfiiil, IIS lit ' hi lit ', /"• .•7/'i(/(.\ j:> iiixi hi. As hi ' kwuh, IIS hill.-.', tiiiii'l, ii/,i:i>l. f £.4. 1 t 'I- 2^i\ As lifp'. sliijiiit. Ah lilulil lull, iisklaki kii, sjioltnl [of (in uniiiiiil). A'sh\i\, ii'shiiil, ii/iitiul {.•ijiiiiLiiiii t(i(i iiian). As l;i)l<\v, (/ sliiiiiliiiti Irif. As Im' MIS, ilvli l)ii' Mi-^, xlininu) f'niij. As Im, a siiil. As Im cliii' ills, hsi(l. A' sIiikI (liklil, I' I jtliuinta. As Imdsks', shiju'il. As Imkw, nii.iiili iloini. As Im Ic' ;i kunl! (lull, h> pull tin lip ii.s. As is'-ta, so, iia'ii' .'//•(((/. As kii t'lia' ^'o jiats, idili tlir hair parted hi- hi nil. Asklic.s', starinii, to stnrr. Ask liii-slic'-a j^uiis, "hiitchct/iurd'\.shiirp- J'aird. Askiik'li, hjinii on tin hack, right side up. As kiill) (iiiraniiiH: iiiiwitaiii). As ku-lo' sum, stirp. As kuad zii, i/cllitir c/- lii/ht ijrccn. As kuad zis, ri.iril. .Vs-k\vai'-i, iri trd, irithi'ird. A s- k wil I' )i w us, irossirixe. As kwt'tsli, .scratchid. As k\v('iik\v,ask\vt''yukIi,('()(7>((/<7/.',y//rj- nanf. Asla'j,'\vitsa, naked. As lakh, hjilit. As 1(1, (( hide. Asliikh, split. Aslol cliid, to hear. .\s lo'kuulcli, lialil. As lukw, slakw, ini. As Ink wadiib {or dOp), niiidd)/. As liitsli', /'«// (as a hrtllr, .u;.), Asiiial'kd, nii'nstniatioii. As nals', /ViVnf/ (.spriihinii to a iroman). As pc' a-kail', briftli. As[)i.' aki'ii, a dead or old mossy lire. •JS^ As i>('!', hii'inL iliicl. As pi t!<'Il' sill), irilh tin hand raixid In tli hind. As pud, Ihr nmtnof jdoiits. ii hvn]t nf nittli. As |ni' kwiili, (il'iirr lidi initir [nf land). As pukwiu;. iiiiniil liniddl. Aspa' 111, ilidnti'. As sit'siilli. clolliid. dr(ssid. As sliiij)', (//•/((/ ((i.v./is/(, iK:t'.). As slials. 'iriixj (imp.)- As slu'kw', as slii'uUw, shdUnir. As' slii (iiifaiiiii;,' (l(Mil)tt'iil). As ta'lii'il, ,/'»)•/•('/ or hiiii-ii. As-takli' lia ^;v.-il, liiiiii/ on the hilli/ (<>/ i>ir- j suns (iiilii). As-tak-!iul, ilidpiinl {as the liaiids). Asta'Uo. thirst)/. Asl'lilai' Ills, siiidillis {in ii mtin). Asm k\va'-nnit, stiiiiid. Ast-kla'kos, blind, Aslla'liiit, /') nnilcrslmid. Astlakliw. tiakliw. Inri/i-, ijvuirinij lara' cliid, ma' chill, the testieles. I>ad, iiiaii,,/iif/i(r. I>a' ko, ma' ko, snoir. l)a'k\v:)li, iiia'kwditi, lops, (( nieeoon. r.iikw, ((//. Ilokw-di'tl', all of them. r>o 'kwi chad, i rcryahere. IJd kwi sa'it', both, lliidsli, a lie, it is n lie. Iliil kilt shed, /(( return, eome back. lint lils, to pail. ('. <'lia, (/ hole in thr yrotnid, < 'ha' ad, ochad'. to die. <'lia'clili;;'-uiis.(li.i'cliiikw, o [I' shore, keep oj): t ^^' 2S,S :fe 1 ■ I : '■ I' h hiii/'i\ «'lial liiis, (( riiumt hviltl, liat Jhillriicil. C;iiail ili, .shdis. Clia' wa-tuli, clia' liuiit, to cut. tn chop. riic bad. (lie Ita' (lats, thr hnir (inil haw llioni. Clu' lilsli, asclic' lilsli. /icl: Cliiisli la' liwats, ///,• irihl jiia. ("Ili wakli', the salmon trout. Cliii' lid, to iiHiiir. ('III. I la, .s"idiu|-la, /(((/•( .s- «/ thr ma/il,: Choi lilts, chooldllts, thr iiiaiilf. Chot.sli ot-liit.s, a place where map'es i/roir. Cliii' till), a Jlea. Chilli' hush, brother- <;r sister i;i lair {to n iroiiian). Chiili-o' ha, hroail leans ol'treis. Cliilii'-wiish, a iril'e. Clink clnilv ur.'s, Anv/r hra 't. CI. ..kh laid', to spli;. Cliii lalts, to lenil or oe.\ .ic. (Jhiil piittiid, /() //()/■( {«,■ irith a ijiinlet). Cllll'sild, a star. i). Da' dato, tomornnr. Da'hii, dilklnv, /».s7 noir. Dai, (lai ai', di c', onli/, hut, e.rrept. Da If' tc, another, otlar, (lifferent. Daiit'-.si, the hoilij. Di''-a-di', ill '-di dc', thtre, elosr hi/. Di- a Ic'-cliiip, hei/onil. Dc !),i(l, iiiiiiiaii, small, a ehilil. Di'had (la. dc he' ha-da, an iii/anf, son. Dc hcds, heijonil. Dckliw, do-iikli, in, iriihin. Del, kcl, kill fiii('aiiiii}r not •■-■^•ortiii!!' I'j. DcI},Mva, theii. Di a' hats, hei/oiul. Di' (lal'.okh, turnips. Didi, -'.'n). Dii^kussod, to liool; or fasten {as u -■ ,;. DiiK we, thou, ijnu (siiij,'. '. Dii ir.vcl, /^l()r/./»V. Diik .' k"!; -aiil, i , iripe the nose. Dti ■ '.ikhw'. >. , rt'hqi hraih. Dm I'lio, as .;;t: i;l:: , one. Dzaa'c'iij, tli' rijht hand. tl' L>SO (1 Di'.i' ;i ;;\Mil, III »■"'■'.■ ("A' " o'liilli). l)/.;i' (lis. //(« ^r//(. 1>/.;| llii' Ic nwilt, In till' riiilil. 1>Z;|' k;l-;:\\ il, In Ivun. |)z.l'.' ^'«it, Ihr lariir hnniiirlr. I)/.;i! kiis. /(» /)/(•» «(■<■(■ III /'"/. I)/„i' shid. i|illll.) (1/a sIlM slild, Ihrf'iol. ' .1 |)/./.M'Mi!'.T/i' Im.'lill .I/.'' iHi. lir.U lomiio.,. I 'l- (iwii' iliikw , (( //ii>';i. (iwn Ic' iil>« , "VI '•(.«. (icil, ;:nll. UWUtl, nj'nr Inlnmiiiiij tn. (iiikli liai!. ;;iikli Ih'iI, niistnniii {as -i Imir), iinticil, Innnf. (iiikkdt sul (lilh; ('•. ti ■4ilk\ In ni>iii. Ciiik sliiil>. npi ii (imp.). (iiil. K" "1 liiiiMiiiii;,' imkiiitwii!. I)/.i» kwusli iiil>, till- liili . D/.o'lak, « ilhliijr. D/.nl cliii, minx, surf. l)/il(l (liik-lcil f.l. //(( ci-niili- xtiik or inil.ir. Dziikli' l/ut, tn iiinrc. iiinb mnni. D/.ilkii liwilils, oil Zlikliw, /() null (iis siinir). ("1 W.ll . II III). CwiU rlltl f \i\\.i\ Ki) ; irhn I'.ii- ijnu f (ivvisli ills, /(»s7(7 lininl. II isi tlnnul. ("■Willi, ;:iltl, ni'll, <;/'()»■ hcliw'iiiiij In. dwiil' cliiii, Uinl; fni\ mik ;iiiip.). (iwutl .-.li:!!. / iiii.ss {it iiiiul.). 1; liali z! iliM, II liiacli. !■; li:isii. In iciilL. I',' liii iiasli, nil flint. I','-li;l(s. f' units, iiriiiiililiihi. !'.' Iiili, 1' pip. f' iniiii. In ciijiiilnli . i.'-iiil;i, (I _/(.>/( Ill if, nixn iim if tin cnll.ililln liiill,\ .\o (lllllll. V, (■', (■ »'kii', //(.s. If. Ivliuiilkiilt. rliuiil l.uali, " '"','/ nr luirlinr. I''.k'kt', ik'ki (a parlu'l.' of iiicicasc). | \].\ nUw', In/ ami hjl. 1;' k will, «•' kwi'.l, In iripr. ilail dull, s'liad dull, xummer. K' la cliid, to iiidl Ihr Imir. Had,-. Iia' liiids, a .', Ihr mil nr iiniiit if aiiii till ml. I"/- si all, nil i.iiirissinii if Jlnlti rii ; •'.'/'■'> chiif". i:s kfi'a liu. ski'l, till mil' nnnii. Hskli kos' liiiii. iniiiiins.s fir Ihittiiiiiiij Hi' II. 1 Ic', ha iikli'. aliri. Imtil, Iia li'kw', (( Kiiiinii. '•:. ini'i'-lili. as Im'I' hr, .'.ift,l>liiilili. liinhir. Hal ;^w,i' ; .|il. .-//'■, ■"In ivltn. Ivs pak, (I l>iiii.t irltli ritrailnlf in skill. Map a-lifd, llir nraUn)i. f'slilkli' a liil. ilark nf I if iiini.;i, tlic .slnnr vriih. lie' ;i Kcil, lit >i(r(iUh llif lioiil. I If a' .--li 11(1, ///(';(/, I/'"' {III/ luif mint Uxtiuilhir). lie' hid, ti) SI nilili. Ill d'dii ,\ a, ii'i'i r. Ilfd 111, a lied la, iiiflKijis [imiiJijiiuj ilisJii- Hii). Ilckli'ka'bats siikli ]ial.^', sjnial Ihniul. lick liul)', iin did: ilokli pal' .vultsli, (( /((/•//(■ (//,v/i or iilatc. lU'kw, /((/•//('. II(' K\v<'tl,"cfy/. lie' kvvctsd jil' /.,i, II ii'l lilmiLi't. lie kwcl'-liilsli, nilliiiinil. llcliw j;\vil(l(', It iiiiilr. lli'ku s"li(i'-,\ all, iliiir {ill iiiiir). Ill'' jail, lalit, .s(( (imp.). Ili's-ko, lliiiiiL'.s (ii.snl III/ iciiiiiiin to niiiit). Wfls, law. Ilt'lsil, for xliitme. lli''-\vil, lu''\vH la, Ihijoiu (imp ), ;yo <*/(, (as with 11 xlory). Ilc-iik' iiMa, (» kill' la, Id tlunil; mir. Ili'|iaiklill', li'piii'it'^1 (hiijini culur, tinija. Ilitot-sa, lilinl:, iliuk blur iir k k'liap, tlir hill, iiu llic hip. Ilukwaikliu', iniht him-. Ill) kwiUs, jiilliiir or lii)ht ijrrni. Ill) kwuts, frifihti-ncil. a/raiil. Ilt)k\vt.''lisli, smui;r,J'i«j. 1 Icil, iiiliri: III.' la, lioo'la, 111)' lu.s, 111) liiklil', if, pir- hdjis. Ili)t, llud, _/(■/•('. Hot hot, .S7;(7//i (iiin).). llotl, thr liirf/rr (Iniliiliiim shrlh. II()-ti/l'si)liiini, /(( .shiHit {irith ijini or liiiir). ilotsli, roiii/h icatir. IIi)'-j il, to hccoiiii', to iiroir lihr. no-M)kli, lio-.vnkliw', .slop, jininh (imp.). Ilo-vfit, (/() (imp.). Iiu, liwii, a .siifiix di'iiDtiiig lucalit.v. Ilflbdil' ild, the iriiiiih. I Ill-Ill)' sill. () po' Slid, /() throir, to nmt, 1 1 II clia' iiwopud, (/ irhip. III! I'lii' a klld, //(( liiriir siit-miissrl. IIii rliil pi'' t,Mviid, (( iiinisrri ir. lliiddi- KVV(';:'sali', ii " ilittii-lioi/^\ lliid di'-liii. liud ili'kliu', //(, ivilhin. Iliulili'Id. (,)ii. /;.;•. lliul'-di), //((■ huinphticLi'l suhiioii, S. proli ii,s. Hud »|if'il, tlirtla:)!- of (t lioii.sr. IIiil lo-a'st'd, lull \v;i' si'd, it hid or Iml- pliire ill a Inilr}!'. lliil to iiiiil.s', liuiil li iii:ils|i, (I iimi. 1 1 111 (ii-l)()-lit zii, II irliilr lililiil.i't. I ill II lie', IIo(l(l( ', 1 1 Willi lie', (I iinitliiiloiilnil cliiinifli r. Iliip liiiii. till' iiniiinil ijnijii; {'iilnr of iiiiiisr liiiii). lliisli k()s, lii/lit liliii' cliith or JlinDiiI. Iliiskui (liik'-kf (incaiiiiitr iiiikiiowti). Hiitcli, till' irill, irii', if. Hwats'l lia', till' insiilc of tin: tliiijli. II wall, (( pilloir. Hwc', no. Hwi' ako, mnc-ijrass. Hwc i! kwus'-suh, to liniuj niu's srf. Hwc'clii-dOp, to jiloiigli. Hwc' kil-Hii, to rii'i itijninst inn/ our. Hwc'kwa-di, thnmhr ; also tlir Tlnniilir Biril, irhiKsr iriiii/x irrntc tin' xoiiiul. riwc'-kwi biikli' liwa' clii, tlir Liiiu'Lli's. Hwc' k\vi-c'ii!c, ///(' I'lihy'-uri'Iiiii; s'litiHo. H w'l laiiwild, thirnrtx of It niiior. Hwc' lad i. till' rhnhx. Hwiiikli' kwi ckw', kwicKw'. it siiil.ii\s "/)((/)« ■', (I tliimhU . H wit: liwii iiickliw, it hdhi/ hoiisi . Hwotskiis, xliinjip iiiti'l. Hvvuli laid, tliroir, put (imp.). llwild /iiks, liwild.sks, shttrp poiiiti'it. Hwiil, to, irith. 11 will liw III kol; sliid, to mill'' o fool of oiu'n srij. H w Ills, .sliiirp I'llijiil. Hwidtiiiialsli, liiil t(i nifils, it ijiin. Hwutsli, tlir srii. Ihvul tiini, (( irliitr tinni. Hwiiiiiic'. Sec " Hiimic'". H wilt liw ulli, loiLvr {Its It ilrrss). H wilt I, to hri'itl:, to srjKirntr. Srr iilso '•('oiiii'", " /•;((/■', I'ltrt II. II wilt I'.'Islit, to liri'iil: (lis II slirl,), 1 1 w nil iiiailiiii, ^1 iiistrntr. Ilwiil scil-tid t(i p(.| t"d. tiiLi' ill sitil (imp.). II wilt sosatclii, tlir pitliii of tlir loiinl. Hw lit Ml tell, 'lir jiosti riors. I. I h.lsll, to sinll upon II iriiilKIII lit uiijhl. Ikli clic-^wa'siili, /(( titUr it iril'r. Ikli Imp' a-Kwa, t'liiip-a f,'wa'-,siid, to fold up (IIS It hliliihrt). Ikli-o' .viis, as ho' yiis, to sliiiiiini r,stiiiiiiiii'r- inij. Iklipc'-liis, II lliiltiiiiil licad. Ik' ki, ck kc, a particle of increase. II chiikli', hiilfiin iiiiinitili/). II Iiwatl, (I pitrt of luiijtliinij. II liikli, half (in liiii/tli]. Isdat, asdal, midiiiiihl. Isli' i lia, an iiitci jcetioii dciiotiii;; con- tent. Issa', an interjection of iinpal Icnce. Is' slii, riyi//, {i\{\. hrsidi's, toiirtlirr iritli). Is slii lie', vrnj, a stroiifj assescralioii. I.stut lilkli', Inxt niijht. It In^r wilts, tlir iiiiildli' {of li ii;i'li). It sa' li irittiili, toti'il ours ilniimn. i ! .'li. L'lrj .1. • I;iil ."-lull, (( mil, III! I . .loll id, (/((/(■ iif (t (lull, llii thiijli. .lukli. iniiiiil. .Ill/,' Wii, Zii;;' \\,t, Ji ii/lil.-i, nunisli IS. K. K I. )iiiiiiii (llii' |iliiiiil .•^i'^ii). K.i' 1):U, II ijirl mil l/rliniirnl ul jinhi iti/. Kill) IIimI. Ill IiiIiI. i\;i iliii' \ II, llir liiiii 1/ tililnl iiit, liiiitiniiil. K.iil' liM, llir iiliililli. K;ul /:iUli', kiiil /iiUli', nilniih. \\A;i\\,\V\i\\, Jlii-i. ivi ll.ll 1,1 llll. Ii/llll, lllillll/ lillKs. K.I hill -Willi' [ill. U'kul ;,'\viiii llll, till' cast, tlir niiiiilii/ oil tlir >^ilii'.s iiiitil in lliculst. K;i liDS, k;l 111)' sill. II I hill. K:li ll.', II I'liill. K:iiUli«. sliiiikli, ijiiiiiil. till- iiiliiiiir. nii sliiil III. K.ll uUll U« :l, llir mil;. K iIJi' |iii. Um ]>"' lints, Inr.i I )nil.-< iiiul Iniyh. Kii' kaiii, xnlt. Kikliw, kiikii hwilts, iiiili iiiijili iiml tilt. K,i' ii'l rili. Ihr hit liiliiit. K;i' lull, kii'-iiis. //((■ ijli: Kal siiiil. tlir I. ft foot. kills, till- silii jtiiiri r runt. K.I 111, i' III, //((■ sin-xiiiiit. Kii >!•'. iinclr on litliif .M'.'r irliilc the jiiiiiiit is tiriiiij. Kills a" j;' Wilts, npinru. Kail' its, (( liinirliliiiil;. Kaiikli, till, till ii-iiii-. K.I will), /> hiiirl lu: II irol/iir lUnj. Kr' a kiilkli, lirrriiiii-ror. Kc' iliai, iifoiiiiilmoxs. Ki' kai' \itks, triilliiiij Urn J'nr lisliiiif/. Kckli-liii, kaikliw, iiiliiinl, iii>-st"iiiin. Krk li I'Isk, (( iimni' .similnr to Imrki ij or hnmlii. Kr' ki> wilts, till- iirilsitho)iprr. Kil, kill, ^iil (iiicaiiiiiK iiiikiiowii), K'' lal), kf' loliit, (( i-iinoi- [gv\w\'w). Kelt, till- sl:\iiil,i-iihliii(ji\ Ivc pDtl. (( stniif iiinrtiir or iiutnti. Ki'S, tlir hiijliist or I'liiir jioiiit in ilirr. Ki'tlic cliaili', ijroiinil iiiiir, vnijiini) ir'r- i/nrn. Kctsli, ili'iir in price. Kciik 111 sliid, to holihlc or Jitter {ns t (iiii|t.), Klal) l)i \ iikli, leeiiniil. Kla'lrl, tn Innil. cnnie to Ininl. Kial-fjwiis, iiiiitni. Klal'lck .sliul), to jint out the tonijur. Klap, to hiile, Cliche inn/thinij. Kla-pi)k, of ti moon. Klat'sii|ipud, (( liHclde, belt. Klatcli, thelielly. Klaiit. klo wilt, nrir, fresh, Kk'h' 1)11(1, tsiili'-hcd, (( .spoon. KIo-1)cm1s, on one siile. Klc' cli'iii, (( iviiisel. Kl(>-cliil'-k('(liili, to cut the hair. if! -".•: KlfilaU, .//•/(('/((/ liiif. \\U (l;l|t. liillHiiil liiii.k. KIcil r ell, (f l:i niiiililiioililt'. Klf-ditl. linl. KIcd' ;i\vil(l. IJisl till, ci roji): KIc jitflii, sliiiij) uliiiil. KIckli (i:if:liiili^' iliikliitwn). \\ I'Uua.' Iu>ii, Id ciitch lilt [ii.s ((/I (( !!«i>ii Ivlcklivv , ;is McUliu, lliicr. j \\\f Uuiiil. <(// iniii /mil liiiiil:. . \\\i-:' ;^vviil •^\\l\\. II i'liil-. ItiioL.s ami ril'S. I Kli'lUli, ^| f"i'/i iiaiilt, j Ivli'l' l;i ;,'\nil), hriiiii Jill \iiii|i.). I\li'lls, III liiiiul III. Ill I'li. j l\lclll llWf' 1.1, llllil. Kli'p: Klip, /.'i' I'.i' I'lit^. li'K'ilii, iiiiil'i'- KIctI pikvv, (( intiiiiiirs ilri.s.i {iinnlirii). Klftiiil. Ill jiiiiL [us iritli II iiiii). Ivii' 111,' w ml, (( liiililiiil hiiiil: (';/' irn'nl). Kli' .\ III (iiKMiiiliji' iiiiUimuii). 1\1 lie' lil>ll, stnilil, stilild iiji (Imp.). I\l li'ls. kl IidI .-^iils. rniiilirnii mill rim. I\l li will .--III >. slinili iif rrriiirnii limlJi' lirrri/. Kl* livvMi', III'' iriiihr siihiiuii^ S. niiirn. Klikwa' 111.--, Ill simii (im u iluul .s:iil, Innih iiifl). Kli|i'pU(l, the ciiihislii.s. Ivlip, tlip. iNVv '• Ivli'p". Klit U-'ii liilliiks, kill' a In! Inks, Imni.i. Krkil litl, II Liliiiil.s slirl,-, II stirl; fur iliiiijiiuj liiiitu, (t'l'. I\l kwap siili-tiil), clil kwiip siili, to iluil.r, slninijlr. Klo, tlo, kill, till, prclix (li-niitiiij; ilif tiilii'c. Kidli. tluli, iimiil, lii/lil, irill. Kl:iU as i^' ta, it in i/iioil, l/oml Sit. Kiiili u t.i', //"// /•■ lii/lil. KIdh ol) klol), iioiiil iiiititnil. Klol) kat silal)!, Uml; nut, tiikv ran:. Klo ImiIi, to hunt. Kill' liic'il, iiiitnivs, falliiuj Ktiii-K. Klo' liwiil. inniujli. Kiokliklokli, ojisti'i-M. Kill ku all, the aiiii. Kill kwt'ls bill, Ihr uLin i>/ a l/tilii ur liilnr. Kiiip, siiiirisr. Kin' sill, a iiiiiiiliii'iii r, (I liiiul iiir a ijnii. Kliits ali'kvx', III tir Kill \\ il alp', /" ijalhi]). Kl" pal', till liiimi^ oil li'ml.ils. Kill, till. Sii '• Kin". Kink iiil. klukli kii. Iiiinl III- utiiiiiii, mil Uiitlli . Kink sliiil, liniir, an mlil .v/d'' <■'■ slm l.iini. K liil ilnkliw', iiiiiiiiili. Kllll-., kllll' si'l, kllllls, .s7i-/) tilniiiilur iiiiiii<)l (imp.). KInp, /( hid Kliitl Ir di-' K al, .M/'/s. Kii, null i\ liiil, //((■ iiiihlr. Ko li.il' il, I'll " " . Ivnii.ll' sliiil. ko 111,11 --liin. II iiiiiiliiiir. Kllll liuiil l.i' li.i'l, ku liukh uiil slinl. III!' vlliiiir. Ku li\\.i' (111, ku liuai' ill', till mills. K.U kal (■' k« II, I- ijiiiliili'ii '■ Ku las'-taii, lliisiirii ■ In rni. , Ku lalsli', to liil.i miiall lisli irilli a inhi: Kllll cliiils, mliiiliia iiiiimviii. \ Ku iiiati' kcil, (( ilnii's liiiir liliiiii.il. Kuu'ilak. (<,>ll ) III ijiri II liiisl. Ivu' pri la, //(( niillisli. Kut, (/ Hint II/ Jliit inxlii.s. Kills a ilits, III A/.s.s. K"pii' sinl, III iliilliii llii Ill-nil. K's-.si" (1, a jiiiijiiiiai'. K'.siik lal k'scl' rlii, nails II/ /iiiiji'rs iiml tms. 1^11 ila' (liiilns kn ila') i iiiimiiiii;,' iml kiiiiw II I. Kilk'li, ililir hiiilliii- (hi/ a man). Kill, kcl, ^;iil (iiii'aiiiii;; niikiiuwii). Kn hilar' liii, liraxs. Kiilkli, sniiiiiiii nil: Kalla' k,l lilil, //'* sill lis III' ri nslariaiis. Kill la' li;,'" 111, '" "" ''./■'• Kill lull', liail. iriil.iil. riiimis. Kill sill, III iiiiik irilli hill stiiniH. i\iilts !•' Iiii, ijil n)i (imp.). Klip In.sli, (( ulinnj sliiil, a limilnl xlui. '.i. ■A ^li t ! L".)-} K w ;iil, II iHiisiinitii. Ivwiul lllll--ll, In lill.i hurl: (<( inisoil). K«;i lie' a k wals, nil/iiiiiroinl^ iiaiiitlus. K u ail'li, (( iiK usiiiii . Ivwa'lsn lat' liii. u hniss l.itil,. Ivwa' Kwilcli, /( hiiikill; ; iiIsd tin roiixlrllit- Hon 1,'i.sa Miijiir. Kuai'hii, <( l(tiiiliiii/iiil I'm- fish. Kwai i Im)( li, cdjiw (ixhnrc (iiii|i.). I'wuai' ikhl, to Kcnil (iiii! an an irnniil. Kw ai' liillsli, hurl,- hii.sl.rl.t ur sinhs. l\\\aU \va stai iiiiiilili,f(.'((//H/u((.v nicv o/jiiy- mils. K\\al, niKilail. Ivwa I, tdiiir, \\\\:i' lill'li. /(//(■//, i/iiiii. Kwa' li IIS, kwal' .vii-!, mi nilzi: Iv walls, hiiil (iiii|i.). Ivwas' lid lir /.a, (( (jDiil's iriiiil lilihi! li. Kwashil. Ill aiinit. Ivwas'ill sliid, ///(■ jitiiiiirli. Kualld, ^) lliroir lUiwn, tliniir diCai/. Kua' Inn. skwa' (ml, a niousc. ivuaii SI' Ills, //(( liipiii. Kuc' ad, /(( ulnmt, rail to iiiti/ our. I\\vc' a kwc', lirnil.i. Kwi ' ( lijd, In x/)/// iqii 11^ to liinst. \\n I'd, /(()((• miiiii/ .' Kucd. kucdl, //((■ /;((((■(/. J<\vi'd i fjwiis, III icr<:>itli: Kvvc-kwa dc'ii kwiits, the aspv:i, Kwc'dcwats, llic tnir rn.sh. Kui'' kwi ic, //((■ ,vA■((^• {Jhlt). Km' kwiia, /('(c. Kwf'kwtilli, ijra.ss, lurhs. Ivwi' Id' lilsli, (( liiislctt. I\wi'l|p, roots of trees. Kwc liikhr li, roiiic (tshorc. Kwid dii-hai'd clit'd, kwiui diib-ha'ioli. //« liitnilk' of (iiii/l'iiiiii. Kwid dat shiids, sIkiI.i lioiuh |iiii|i ), Kwifkw, liwi iikli' - kwi - ckw'. a soiior's '•/)((//)(", (( tliimhli: \\\\\\ la' di. the (VI*-. Kwisli kuishk.s, mi mrl. K«i .Mikli', kwijo'k, llu- lulli/. ! Kwnut-did, Lillnl. ' Kwo tail sil, tilt sliiniron. Ivwcil' Ic rliid, In iiiiiiirli, titroic IClltir on, , Kwil d.l he' dills, the iloij/riioil, eorini.s. \ Kwiid (lull l)a' luli, kwid do l)ai'ii chid, the hmuUe of' mii/lhiii;i. Kwild/.ab, lieheiis, luos.ses, il'f, I'Cwiil, coolccil, iloiie. Kwid la' clii, the stiir fish. Ivwiil oi'-sid, .siilirn. Ivwill - lll.^'ti -o, the oiiliihmi, tltiileicUhi/.s Oreiionn. Kwid'lnts, ereri/nen hiiehlelterrij. Kwiisis'-las, //( litis leoji, thus. Kwiissatid', tliv initiic of a horse. \,. L.ilil, laliid'llc', he lali, sie! si e 1,1 (in. p.) Lal> Im) had, n rest, or iniisteoiil. La liais' !a. (^>ii. to eome or ijo irithoiil pur- La lial, sla hal, the (jmiie «/' hmiil, iimiie of' llish:>. La-li(id, to stiili. ImU. hueh, hehiinl (for coinpomids si'c I'ail I II.) ' r alter or ehmifje. La-k'l, lain (sec M).fm: \i\\ Ic' osil, to alter in nppenrmwc. Laliid' Iiii, iruit (iiii|).). Lap jicld', to drive dnininls. Lc lied' elm, ashed' elm, ichat is the mat- ter icith ijou .' Lchc' lelliis, //((■ inorniiifi star. l.ckh' iiii, Ilk ho, short (in ilinieusion), Lc'-kiidja, tofi,sh with a rahc. Ld, III, laid," lain, /((>•. Lclc' yi-was, the eonstellation Orion. Lclsliiidst, the hoivsinan if a eanoe, Li'l' tsiil, Iil'-t.sii(, morefarther, heoff(\ti)[).), Lct-iisbuUbw', the antumn. n Lit. l.'l, la lit. la Id,. /•.). l.ilkwi, i( iriiiiiliii ili.sli III- iilitlr l.iil, a particU' (Ifimliiijt (liit'ctiiiii. l,itltl/i' liii, Ix/iirc, go iiiforr. I,itl lak. litl f' lak, //(«•'., 'j" Urhind. lat'lfl <;\viil, <( littk iniji ".//'. liitl ti (hi;;'\vitsli, routi'l the i>:iilillf. 1,0' f^VVIlS. (/ Clipf III' I'lotlk. Ld'-liill. old (ol |Tt'rson.s>. Lot ill, '" ,'/'■""" l(tr, (I i/iiutli, yoitnij mini. laikli, thr rilis. laikli' sliid, (I torili of (■(tiidlr. laik wai, (i ili.sh of stiiiio or inirhny. laik kwat lad, to ihirc (uiiiikiIs. 1,11k wuil, tiike/oo'l (mi|'.). I. Ill Ic', la-li'', dijjrrnit, o/lur, (iinilluf. I,\il wa'sfd. 1ml loa' sfd, a hid, Ixd pUui- in (( lodijr, M. Ma' fliiii, l>,i' a'liatl, rt sea otter. N.it la' lull, sunsrt. N'clia Imkli, Olid, IKK tiinr. N'llii liii da'), to ironn the iiostn iom. Net' iliil, /'.' ilintdliiim, '• iromiium ". N'^jwiit chid, to ihiise. So kucd. on i)i>» (irrior hrod. No k«i liiakld. l»o k\\i biill,//i('iV/.(ij;ir inimc for till iiiiniipolsnpirnotuio'.lninii. N'>la' Ickvv. to tub II H-ii'r. 0. () ad /.I kad, to turn oniitliinij round or orir. () ,iid' liil, o cd liii, to Jiiid. O-akli ho, to dill cliinii, to 1 loni. at a bud, o a' la bud, to die (iiM-d ol pc- soiis only). atld, o iilld, to nit. {) l).ii>' hub, o liais ho bil, to nien>,truate the JirsI time. lial bil, to ini.r, to mistake one for anolhi r. be' adh, to toLe o irifi. ( ) bud chub, to lie. Obiil .sliiis, to lint diorn, laij doirn. O-clia' a chatl, /" /'/«'.'/. omu.ye one's .>ielf. ()-cli,ili. 11 cliali, to dii . < )-clliid, to hidr. ( ) chad dub. to tn ni'de. ( ) elia' liuiid Md, to irhi/i. Oclia' |>ab. .sfH//', // (•< siiiir. Oclio'ba, as chub ba, to enrrij. ( > cliokvv, /') ent. (Jchil;j hull, the fionorrhieii. 1 link' wiib, lo sink in, he mind. ()cliut-i>lii (iiieaiiiii},' iiiikuowu). da' at sid, to ijirr a nainr. Odab, to Older, lommnud. C)i\ liii kwakw, to abort hij riidenee. Od liil! kil (latsh, to eot e.nremenl. Od hut' zo sub, to idiii k nut thr hilir. Oilhwc' cliil'-, to siratrh thi fiiei . (iod kub, it is had leeathrr. L'itC) ^' I I ;': i I f\ i 1 H Mi- Oilil;; \\.i'ImI>, ^/c iiiiihlh <>/ li ikjIIi^ hull' II III). Odilj,' wil.^li, (I (l:i' ;;\Ml>li. t/ir iiiiilillt nj iriillh. (> ilii;; «l|s, In jiKt iiili) {im iiiln H Imirl/. <) link cIim' l.i ;ili, Id /'iiIIdic *(• iliiivii, < )(l /.iikliw, /ii nil It. Oil /,,(' kwiil, /i) ifiiirn-, roil,-, ••Inlir'', { ((I /.;il lali, hi Insr Ihi iril'li liliiiulir in aiiiirli. miller II miHtiikr, • ) 1 /I'd /!, til rnnrrirr, ( ) il/i',' lull, /(, .v( (■/,■, IdiiI: for. ( M /(■' Ilk ii>l, () isc' a kiul, /<( «(/;//(. (>.| /.II' hcil, cl /.I)' l)iit. III hlik. < ) d/ii' livviii, ^) i-iiiiiil. < >il /.Ilk' kiid, /(( //■/((/ iK.v /( laiil'r 1)11 II stiiiif), <) !■' .1 kuiid dii|i, In rliilil lip, xirii'ii. (» (•' l)a-.|i, Id inill:. ( ) (•' lll'l. III Clipillllli . < > cd' liii, () aid' liii. III liniL ()(' llil, oc'-liiil, III siiiiH siiiiii Ihiiui. <» I'd i ;,'Uill, as vX I ;;wiit, /(■//((/ /.\ it .' iilin! is Sllill .' Of' kii. // in iliiiiiiiij up [iif Iht h-viilhn-). ( ) (■/ ;4U lit, / 1 sill/. O i-l i ku 111, til (■ ipiihilr. () (•' liil. Ill .slii'p. (>;4iiai, III iiiislriiiii. luilii. O^iiik, o L;iik kiili, III iipcit {iix u iliiiir), In rliiir lip. ()-,i;i,'-siil, II, till, rrliilr. () ^'\\a'.', Id iiiisiI. ( > UUa','. Ill i.rpliliil, tinvh, aliiiH' llitic. < > ^ua' lalt, to i/iipr iir j/nirii. < ) i;\\('' ^ui, In iissi iiilili: ( ) ^\\( ' lid. In inicnrrr. <> j^uii' hull, In hnrk (nn n ilnij). () ;,MViiil' del, In nit, kH up. «) fiwiil lair, to .sIriLr, inniinl, hill. <) hall. In surprisr, attiiil; unmriins. <> hall, u ha' hall, In Hrri>,(o cry k.v an aiii- null. < • had.ikh'. In ir.uiu. ( > had (hid. In pu*lt. < ) had/,' III liid. In pii:i ii\ inlh a Uri r. < > liai nil. In liiuijh, () iia' kill liil>, /'* iciml. () iial, (> li.t' lad, tn inihrniili r, irrilr, ilc. O li.i'siil), () Invii' sill), In .>inir:r. () hall, In liirr, lih'r, winh, ininl. () he:!, \vi» lll'l, ('•////, irliiil is Ihr innltir.' ( ) hi' iM-iic; m1, tn prill II I t I lir niu/rij. () h(^' hud dull, //((■ spriiiij. <) lirt-sil, to he uni/ri/, In hi- ushii. il, () ln'lsil n-i. In siilh, In hlush. ( > Iii ctl, /') riiri':h. <) Intli, o huiili, to ijii. () ll .'lull silt. In t'litl, limp ilniCil, III limp. Insi: Olmd, 1) liwash, In liuni. () hut h.it, Inxpi'iil;. lull;. ■Oho' kill. iilM'kuiit. In prick lis irilli a pill. Oliii' villi. 1) liw o' Mil). Ill liiirlcr, ( > ho' viikh. In linish . < ) lio'-\ III, In ill. () hud a iikliw'. I) liri'iiiiir irnriit. Ohlld d('\lnv. In cnnr iitsiilc. () hulls, /( bite. <)hul liisli, to III- jcnlnus. I ()' iiwi), ()-li\Viikli\v, hwilll huiill. rhrrkrrnl. (J liwuU .shild, In brink tin luj. !.h •JUT ( Miu III ^, lit iliiiit. <) hunt >i(l. III Idl.r ii(f'{"x (I hilt). n liu iit> Kll lull, til iiiill til pliirs, «) liuiil (lilt, ti) tiiir. () jills, til uri itliiir. () jil 11, til tir iiliiil. jiliflsnl, inoilil. () ka'diili, o kii' (lull, til stiiil. O kail , lit irilhii irommi. () ka' y:«iii, oka' ),'\Mit tult, i>k lu' ywud, to liiliiiilc, sill I r III. () k.i' liiul, to I'jii II till niiiiilli. <) ka' kah. d I la' tiali. In tn^tr ••/ siill. <> ka'lialail, /" Inni.r nr linmhiuj. Okall', '" ruin [it niins). < )ka|i o, til iiiilln r nuts. <) kali, 1) kiikiil, ti> iiinil^in. O-ka' \va likw. to iln ir. t) ki'akail. In Imhl. () ki' hijiwii, /() ijit nil or iiilii {lis II Imrsi nr ciiiiix ). Okc'lalal liii. /" ijn iiiinnl {ii.i rniiinl n liiiii.'-i ). ( ) Ui'l, skt'l, (ill' llii> iii'W II II II III. 1 1 II.). O kl'llU lit .^lli(l, In IiiiIiIiIl iI lliiiwr. Ok lie' n\vinl,liiii. ijn (iMi|i.). Oklitiisiiid, ((((■/// (imp.). Okll kus, till ihitnil. ()kl' up. kc-\ lip.lllli, In tiil.ic. () kl.i'-kwiii !iil >i, In-h. O-klatfli, /o ' I i-.ii.'.li, imt nut [its ii mil- dU). Oklu'eiiid. kwail ilal.>ll, to tilki lull I. ii ijijt. () kwa'^walt, .^»((7, ;/i)iii/ to iilt. () kwai' i, tn/ailv nr irill (as/lmnrs). (> kWilll), (I kwillll, to rnilst nil II .i(liiL < ) k\\all.>*, />> />iii/. < ) kw a^ll, (I liiiil, /(( liiini. n kwa' tal^li, In iisiriiil [II iiininitiiiii}. Okw.ill, (ikuiill, tn llirnir II nil ji, I III III II, linin\ sjiill. () kwal' .-111 cliud. In SI ml nil il iiiissiiili. () kwi' 1 1.1 ;i\wl, In III I ilnini. () kwc chid, In sl.iii nil iininiiil. () kwcl', () Uwil, tn jiirl.. iis Inrriis. l)-k\\»'tl, (I kwrllkli, (iiicaiiiiiu' iml ascn tallied). (> k\\ i dal'Clii, )i kw id ilat sliild. In Inhr tin liiitiil, sliithr liiinils. () kwiid dc' liiul, tn tliiinl; oni: Ok wild dud, to tiiLc, to intrh, In iinllnr. (► kwillll. (I kualii. In must on n sliil,-, O kw 111 ku III, Id sin III. i) kwiitl. In llnnir iiiriiij, niijilil, jiniir, sjiill. ( > k Willi. /() miss It iniuL. O kw III' Mill. Ill sliili., lis on ii't', ( > ku UN chid. I^>il. / .niiit. O 1,1' Int. In HI . In sllliir. O la' had hii. /" rimllirt. O l.i' hcl. ,1 la' liil liikh. /.. iliiini. ( ) la lial, ii-la lial lull. / 1.1 1, till' (lit tiiil rush. Olc'auil. /" /"■ iiiliii, nr sinniilh (nf the iriltrr]. ( ) Icl shid. In rnir. (» lilkli liwnd, In strihr ivlth II irnllinn, sliih. ( ) 111' 1, In ijn in II nliini: ( ) III; Ua' Ick" , tn sirnllnir. < > iikll, /<< ijn. O 11' pil, till liiji. ( ) (>' sil, In din . Oiil liii.^, II i-iiniii (M.ikali patlcni). O pai' ak, a rarpnilir, irnrl.ir in iroiiil. O pa' 111, to ririrr, mini: In ii/'r injnin. O pall lid, /(,•./■*(/. O p.id slad, /i< stw. i; i ( ^i ! r L'StS |ii < ) |)( ' l,l|l, /(( / (,S( , ((.V //(( ,''■>/(. <) |ii Mo' Ml 1 1, III riiinli. () |i">' 11 Irkw, III lilinr { |iii' I'd, III lilii." {iridi Ihr hiiiilli). i) |)()' Mill, III! Iiii' s,:!. Ii, tliniir an ii .ftich. «^•^■., vidl i). 1 ) |iii, III liinih irliiil, < ) |iuil ililil, III hitri/. < ) jpiiUw, lo iliif: II ilk ilii- slrmiii. < > piikh liwiili, lo 'itiiim. <> |iiil Iiii' t>iit, In Imil. <> sn' liMil ,-liiil, III .siriii))' {US ivilli a Liii/i }. < ) Nil' li\\;i, III iiiinalc (if u iiniii}. O Mili' Iiii, d miK' liwii. liilli/. <) .Nc'
  • --liiikliu', /(* sirtll. IIS II hniinf. (> sliiik ml. III lif iiji, < )>liiii hiKli, ^, linn' ihj/ [n.s lnj ililiiiii/ nj till' ll'lr). ()-sn'liiiil, II I'liiil, In siiii'il. () siiKli liiill Uucil, In .sliiirr. () siil|i.tMil, In irliirl (UK iriilcr). ( ) tilt;'-t;l;;wil, Ini/rl ml Iniiiii/lliiiiii (iis ii Inii). Ola' j,M\il, Iiii ta' -w ii, /« (/< 7 limni, ilisviml. <) til' liuot. In liillll. < ) liikli'. In full, ilnip ilnirn. <) takli' Iiii ;^\vil, in cniii, ciiiirl. «) l.i' :;im1, '') trluni, In piiy liiul:, i/in- a n- linii /in SI III. (> tilt -Mill. /,. Insli hiiil. < »l iIu'mi \M-1. /„ iiiiiliili: ( ) li' M-klls, ■:iir/. O-tc'cllil), wii tc'-cliili, In Kiiiiii. (>tl''tCtlll), /.( /((///((■. Olc'liii, /() .■^imi (sliiiihiiiij n/ ptn/ili). (>t lilnii-wiitl, o-klnjiwiitl, In livn,i inrsnii or Ihiiiij liitniliniiHlli/. Otliir-iic kwiti. In nnlir, riit::iiiiinil. (It-liii -pud' (hill. In hivomi iiiiulili/. () Ihil' kwiih, to /',' i.mijiitt, spill/. I <> lia' llWliil Mllh. In ililliii, In pniiiiil uiU, sliihs. <) tialsh', () lllll>', In pill ilirilij. In pill nil {lis II hill), Othi'thili, () ka' kah, /-. tuslr of .suit. Olla'wil, In nut. Oljii'.kwilts, In plisli. ()ll.)l riiiih, In ml irilil/mrl. < Ml-tal), lo ilraini. <) llllkw, 1) klllk' WimI, /.. limp n> rliip oil'. <) lliil'cliil, (> kliil' cliil, /„ iirriii. () Ii.' kiih, () lo will, In spil. O lot sil, oIoImmI, to sliniil -it!i ijiin m- limr to hil II niiirt;, ( H saklnv', In I'mlr (us m < >l '■all-iiii. In liiiiiiiiin-, In /, ,,,/. () l>al lull, (« iMil tiih, In i/iiiiihlr, hrt. Oisc' a kiid, oi' /('ilk 11(1, In iiiiijli. Ot sc' p(» III, III iriiih: ( ) Isc' iik'h, lo siiiiii :r(,is liirriis In tin hnu,!). Ots ;flll' Ic, In he lint of iruilll (.spiiihiiiij iif liirsoiis). (> Isi if'kuid, III piiicli. tsla' If'kw, to irin at phnj. Otsiikliw', III ipi out, Iwrniur riiiiiiinislinl las a lii/lit io-jin), to put out, ritnii/nisli. Olsiiltiil), o tsal' lull. In (jamlili: 01 sii^' Slid, to ili-irr nails. Ol-siii hill), In Irickli- (as nakr Jivin the rorl.s). OI thits. II J,- not, a liiiii/li'. Otllotsol, to llr^ In l,,inl. Otul) sid. In liraiil. O lii'-dii };ualts, In Imtil a ijun. Oliid'/cl, to III- ilmrn. Otllk kill), In net irllil/mii. 0.tiiN'-v;jil, ,1 tut No.slii'd, In sh-ll.-r. Otils' sill. In III- cnlil. Olii'.,s|ia shiikw. In nnhrolihr irilh ImnU. Oliit'sosliid, o Ills sid, /() strlki-. Olut-uhid, In mil (as a hall). Ol/.iikhw'. (Iziikh hwalts, to mill (as snow). Oiilld', ..al>l(l', In cat. Ovai' lis, In liiaLi; irnrh; In he linsi/. O-.yt'l'-Miiii, wiyf.t'siiiii. In till, narrate. 0->(/bil, lo die (oin.Jineil in animals). 2W V Pad a IumI, |pa lab, jmiI lie !, icl.i ii, i m: I'ail sti'il, piit^' (li'il, II iiiidlr. I*ai,.\,;iiiiihr tiiiishi, inirlliliss. I'at sill) iit.s, (( sliiil ii/dnsKid skins, I'l' cliiil)', llic irilil i(il, I'cklil, nulls ii/jiri . I'l'' liikw, (( siiriiii/ III' inilir. r«' liil \i\\:u\, liiiiumis I'luiijl iiriiiiiiiii on Inm. I'('l»'a c'lii, a lint. I'd' Id ki, tlw spiini/. I'l ila' lik«, III i>hinl III- snir. I'ickl, iilumhiiijii. I'i kals, piikats, mlli a irmul fur sini'Liiiij sLins. 1*1 (I iiips' pisli, (( lillir III' i.illiiis, I'lp kol /III I, (( Kiiliiiiiinuli )•. I'isll pish (i;il;illslii, (( rut. I'd ai', a jliiiiniU i\ l'«)i'-cliii (i(lii)iii.), lure, i/int ; ciniif Uin'. I'dk, po'kwiits, fnl Jliiirvfinij rniriiiit n.iil Imsli. I'ul ki', SjHiiiish muss. I'lip sa lia' liat. lloiits ni' a m I ar si inc. I'o' tuil, (( silil. rolsdcil, pad sled, (; nirdlc. I 'lids, III CDiih iinilin/riiiniil. I'llp'|i k('-,\ t'Is. Ilic iliiijiruiiil, riirniis. I'lil lu'il, pad a lied, »■/(('/(. ()•((•. Sa-filsliid, ///(' tins. Sad'diili, sininiicr. Sad' x.iip. lull, liniij. Ma'lia pill, sii|)liiili, till' niil.lc, Haikli. the iiniirir. Sakli' lid, rliniis, iniis.sils, df Sakliii, suk'wii, lnjli/. Sa'dvO, W;!/ W('^/l(.'/'(.Spdkcll ll.\ lllltll SCXI'S). Sakli-liiiiii. (( iliiiirr. SaUliliiiiii all Iiii, S'c|iii liaiH, till iliiiidiliiin. S'clidtli, thr liillilii'l. S'clidl la, the liiiiis 11/ ilii iiiiijilr. '< S'('liulil:"d, .s'cIk'U' it, the linik nf tins (;;ciifric;. S'cliii lalts, III linil, liiiirnir. S'lliiilkli, II Jirst horn vhihl. . S'cliuiii slia' VII (liid, tl:r /III' hum: I .S'da'. sdas, da. ila-. d nnini: I Sc ai' i pld,.//(A7i lailir miiUil. m^ t '. «? uOU ill ' If: M if ;M ; .Si'i:li;i' clhis, (( 1/011111) ijii I, H(!-;,'\\c>' tiillf, skwf.s' tiill;, ^i' lic' \ii, Hill ijid ltd iiiiithcr. Sc.'-hllillils. //((■ ((/(/(■ /;/■(( l.iii/r, Sc-l;i' hiiil, side fiiiK n/' liillihiil, ilc. •Sc Icil ;;\viis, tlif Itirtisl or fliinl. Sc Iclls, sil els, //,( /iirilinid. SclKs, skill) IP al'li. //((' iiij:idis. Sc' liiivs, c' liiUs, //((■ ( /((/ ()/■ jiiiiiil ll/' mill- III in;/. Scsku ml, llii .•:iiiiirlii I I'll. Scild, ^:i;|il, Miild. /(i(»/. Scl_s:il sliiil, III tint. Sct.s No, li'jlil, ciiirni, line, Sc' hill, III .siiii[lli: Sc wilts', (( liriili/r iif iiiijs. Sc' \ lip, ((/( (iiiniii. S'^ilk kll, ildijUijIil. Sjuwis (ml), M'-jiwcs' mill, /' trees. Sh kwdk wii.s, ,( hi II I)' or still) inuii;. Shla'iid, sia'hd. dai/. S'hii' (l.i Ic, a Jire jilfiee. S'lu/di, the loadjish ; also the I'leiades. Sluiil'-za, //(( niaiji/ot of the hloirjl;/. S'lui' lioliip, II spieiis o/'smilii.r. Slid iiiiii', .shodab', a '^ niedieiiic"-man, a eon/iiri r. I Sho iia'-naiii, shiiKi'dah, " mediei^ie", eon- H'liopat.s, sediiefirn,is. Shop, tlie siphon of a shell Jish. Shiiwll, the aploiloii'ia liporina. Shiili c'd, (/ seine or m t. S'liiicliuU'kii, tVhub-krddi, elondi/. S'liiid.sli, .s"t siidsli, nettles. Sliiuhi.t, the lioir of a eanoe, S'liud .sha' bid. hat .slia' to-hid, a footprint, Sliiiifu'il, (( )(),(//, dooriraji. Shiik'h. t/:e shy, ahore, over. . 'i- iri* noi SliilK' lios. iqi hill. Sliiilili liiiiii, wind. Slink'-.sllid, //" iiialq). Siiiilvh sliiiliats, llir IrHliuin. Sliiilv ml, lift ujt (imp.). SImUiis sc', ))/// iiiii-lc (Itji nuirriiujt). SliiiMi' sliiikli liinl, slit' hliii liiid, (( mini' or nit. iS'luilsliiitsiil, Id »;i'?irs7(iH-/. S'liiil ;is', aiii, " iiriintrul nici of .siqx rnn'iirnl In i mis. SliwaJN', hilt or cui). S'liwc'wi, /() i/i t. Sliwiii 11 kw', //((' liind-sniiil, hili.t ; iiIsdii pur tiri'.liir dniion. Sliw iikli u, (( .s7/(/(' of nirks I'roni ii niimntinn. Shw ulliik, II foul. Si III)', siaii.', (/ ihiif. Sj-iiU'-okll, to .srold. Si-lilt, liiiskit inirk i.iltli: Siidi liv\i ai-Mis. <^>ii. n tool, Sikh Iiwd'-viimi, /or sale. Si I.i had, iir'iinnii piOfdv. Si l,i'-lo bid, /.'('• slioiihlrr. Slkai-.vnsid, thr inidi ndu. Si m1 till, l'ill.sli, to drum {us iit diitiiis. il-c). Ska, I lilir hrolhi r or sistrr. Ska'-da, a thief. Skiid'h, wkai'-kikai, thr kinnns-rat ; (jniviiys. ykad-zo, skudzo, thr hair. Skad yii. tin piio sifiiinil ; sriiirrj. Skai \ii, (' mrjisr, iiliost. Skai'wa, skai wa' diits, thr o.lnitns urn iirsi lirrri/ luid rinr. Skaikli kail^liw. /»'in;i ki i, ihr III ir nioon. .■^kT'lH iv'sc' ilii. II liuin r riiui. Ski la jilt, il him oflrr dnilh if hi r innthir. Sklakli lioddp, pUiuts or In rhs (^iciiciic). Sklakh hcl, slakh lid, niijht. Skia' ka d.sli, dirt'.j. Skia' III', sla' dc, inii. Skii' li« Ills, (( sjircir.s iif stiliiiiDl. >'i\ni' \, mollin- (siiiilicii u( l)\ liiitli sexes). Sko' k\v;i, (I ilriiil: iir iliaiKiht of an>/lliiii( liii, an (iiiinolii inns ti'iiii, I'r. Iii>niin . Skiik' e ki'iai, still; liki'ili, foiist, irnoilcil ronnlri/. Skiik ke' ill, (( rniilli: Skiik-nk', (•/(/(/• Iniitlirr (sjidkeii lo by a woiii.iii). Skiilli, (7 ntlns. Skill lllt>ll. rlitlli Jish. Skwa' kwc iiisli, inilrr/oirl (tieiieric). Skwal' liip, ii-liis. Skwa'sc lints, u .vm//; Skuii'-siili, ///(' ,s/.//( of nn iinininl irilh tlir hair iiu. Skwa'-talsli, a nnnintaiii, Skwatcli, llif (litij jish. Skua' tun, kwa' lijil, mnUKV. Skwaiil, sUwa' Willi, a sjnrii's u/ .inlinnn. Sk\v('},'\vnl, a niul of the liilr ntsli. Skwe' a kuiil, (( iriili r hiirkil. Skv\ekli\v, till ririinininx jii'itIi, Skwe' k\vilf;li, tlir .sni nicliin, nliinn.-i. Skwf' kuiil li, i/riiss. Skue'-lilslit, ijunpiiwilir. Skwei'-lub, (( jLtlii^pinr. Skwe' o-liwe' ()-k(i-l)ai, a liltir of pups. SkwC'is, a iciilotr or ifiilainr. Skwostall), si>-ti;\ve,sttilli. inrtli, soil, .suiiil. .Skwetsks, n point ofUiml. Skwdlaf'-lail, hirrii'.s nr fruit (;;eiieri('). Skwiul tie', hnir of piihis. Skwiiklilt, till- tail of It fsh. S"k\viil, mis kwiil' hull, hot or inirni {if a mom). Skwiilliiits, irilil irlinj. SUwiisli-iili, (skwiisliiiiii, clouds, fog. .Skwiis p'tl, hrook or npickliil trout. SJiWiit, the iinahoij clani, Vnin.s (sp. /). 81a' ^;\viits, insiili- hark of tlniJK. Slii'-;;\vi(l, tin' unilir mat or slirrt ot' a hnl. 81a-lial', la-lial, thv ijanHs of haml ami the il-isk.i. Slakh' licl, sklakli' liel, iiiiihl. Slakats. slal Iiikli, riiphirri/ ami Imslt. Slakw, as liiku, aslukwddp, int. Sla'-iie, skla' tie, a iconiiiii, the female of mi ij animal. Slat la'lie, rreniufj. Sle tlal'sliitl, st kwal sliitl, I'lvheaillmniljor earrijinij loailn. Slef It) a' tli, sklii^jwa'tli, ear-penilant.s. srr .s'ltliil), to breathe. Slo-kwaliii, the mora; a prineipal nii/lho- hiijiial litinij .so call til. Sl()-tlalkslii(l, sliit-lalk-sliitl, the hiij toe. Sliilv a liiitsliitl, //((' heel. Siiia' tlel, a hill. Siiia-liit-siii, rilatire of a ileeea.seil irife. Siiia'-iiasli, tohaeeo, .SiiKi kwiil, (( ijirl irho iloi.s not )ni ii.slnmte. Snie'lali, im''ta la. a i/aine phiijnl leilh hearcru' teeth for iliee. Siniiblie', the game of rimis ami arroirs. Siiiiikka, tlie lielhj, the Itoihj of a shdl fn, ^) jxnit. Si) l.ilili, so liikli, till' xiiiiillir sl:i.v of ilniln limn sliills. Sowiklil, s'l s(i' >\itl. jiiiili 11(1(1. Hpfik bus, (I raiind liiml, not cmnprr.isrd. Spc'-oknts, >•(>()/ iif stujittdriii. jhitit'oi s. Spisli, /(\7( .vcr(/(.s'. S|)impt, '/ cdlicii slilrt. Spo'kwal), (( hill. Sjiops, spiip sil, tlic irhi'll:. Spiik'h, boils. Siml liwtis, (I liiiirl ni-iilc of hum. Spii >iiit('li, //((' liUtddvr. Siuits, ivvrvmcnt. Stab, i/7((//. Sla-licuks, slab u)rlidst: KliiU, tilk, inland, the interior. Htii'latl. iic])lii d' or niivr, ronsin "I'l iilii r xi.r. S'tc-h'thwa'Iiip./'uvx/. inioihd counlrij. Stc' ak'il, the Kd-dinit li Lli'icrrii. Sif'-a kwiisli, sin d, ivood or stiel.s. StitkL-'-.vti, afodl. Sl'kta'liats (iiR'aiiiii;; not kiniwii). S't kbt la ai' kiiiii. still lal kiim, heilles, lini/s, il('. S'ikol skill, //((■ hoofKifii )inddrn]ud. St kwa'bals, fUwa'bats, Itiijli tide. St \- van', tht id mas root irhen rnn-. Stkv\al'sliiil,slc ilat sliiil,(//('/ir(i(/ hand f,.r cdrriiinij lodds StU'-k<'l-kub, snidll "trie" Idrds (;,'(lii'l it'K Sl'bip, ileej). Slo'bc 111. //((' north or ihnrii striitni irind. Stiilisli. sill' biisli, li KV^'i'. Ido'ul. S;i,' liikw, (( )■/(•( / . Still lakl, the land hrece. SIdI liii' ilnp, the i/irhd lineua rine. Stii' Id liiisli, (( mini ehild. r>'ls i.'la-;;ub, darl:, niifLI. ^'tsa' sns, ts,i' tsiits, (/ liiin\ S't-sa' Ir, s'l saltcli, tin hunt. S't sa'-pals, sa' puts, llie irillnir. S't si/will, sii wiklil, the jindendd. ■Stub sjiiil ill ', tiiUslir illlil, hrdlddl. .Slii'.t tabl, d urizzli) hear. Sliiii ;,'\vu'lns, the eijes (pliir.). Siii;;\vak\\', the south or iiiistredni n-ind. St Ilk- will), (( .s/((7i', a iidrdineiisure, n-innL Stiikli ojt"'ill, a iiortdije. Stilklc-k()b,/iyc(.s7 eonntnj. fUiik liiiiii, trii s (Liciii'iii'). S'm-killa' clii. //(' jtdlni if tiie hand. Sliil abed', the tail if ii bearer or uiiiskrdt. Still ris, niiii:i: Indidii corn. Sliil |i llkll, medieine, lihi/sie. Still IcilJ, the lidek. Stills lilts, (jriiril. Siid-tli Ik' bada, ddni/hler. Siifjii jjvvaltiin, d broom. Sll (,'Wll(lst liil, the roof of d house. Sukli, a piflix (Iciiiitin;^ tin' Use oi' pnipiisn of aii.vtliiii;;> or the iii.striiiiiiiil Willi wliicli it is iloiii'. r ; •( i >\ f !*« ^ t 1 I i i?4 I , :!( 14 SiiMi li;i' Kill, Ihr rroKS ImmUi nf Ihc l.iinins SiiIJi' :i ;f\vml ilc, (( nail, a iliiiir. Siikli hill, jiiii iif fiiiiril, irrilinij mdUrhiJs. Siikli lie :i' lilt ciii. Ill'- Jhiijirx rollii-lii-i h/, Siilili'liilll kuiil, (( ifiziif. SiiMi' liwii, urine. Siilili Uii' kuii, (( iiij). SiiMi Icisli, II sine. SiiIJi piits. Ilirtiul. SiiMi sliii' lie liiii, slirriiiis. Siikli siiil (lull. Ihc i/rlliiir inisj). Sniv'-liw, siiiodlli, Jliit, Icrd. Silk liw' (lu|i. hri I riiiitilrt/. Siikliw'l .s'liiill' ii" iiiiUii;i;:e). Suiii; wil, hind nr xlroiiij [not hrittlr). Suili'il li, (( lirilir liilshrl. Swiikii (iiieiiiiiiij; iidI iiscertiiiiied). Swiilekhw till, Ihr riirlh or irorlil, Ihr ijroiniil. II pliirr. Swiiuwii, Ihr ronijtir. Swe'-iikwiiii, Ihr iiinniiol. Swe'j sui'' hilts, sues 1)11(1 uts. Ihr " Ornjon griipr" luul Im.sh, hrrbrri.s. Swet le, //(( iiioitntiliil-ijoiil, itiilorrnix. S«i 1 le il ke(l. (/ hliiiihrt o/" iioiiIn' irool. Sw'liiikt, (>/'/, irorii mil (nf Ihini/x), Swdp, II liiiirrlrl oj' lirilss irirr. Sun' Mil), prirr, II liiiri/iiiii^ Swiikke'-iik, II I'roij. .Swiis, timt.ir. finirii. Swns ke'lii-i, ii .siriiii/. Suns link kos, //(f roiiiprrss for Ihr rhilil\'< hriiil in Ihr rriiillr. T. Tii'-hets, tii'liid, hiiir,l'nr. Til helld', (( riipr. 'riihiilsii, Ihr jirlloir-iloi I:. Tu' ^iwiit. tii'kuiit, tir-tii-j,'U'iit, iiiioii. Til' lliis, .iloiclii. Tii'-hiits, tiikh'liiits, loir {not lorul). Til' kii, liikiids, xiilhiJ-hrrrij and hush, i/iinl- Ihrriii. Tiikol), //((' niinir nl' Mniinl li'iiinirr. Trdc, sti'lk, Ihr inlrrior, inliind. Til kiidt, tii-liikl, loiriirds Ihr .'ihorr Til'liikw, Ihr shonldrr. Tillts, thi llrsh offish. Tiis sill), Ills sill), irlnirr, cold irnithrr. Tiitl, '( piiinlid spi iir-hiiid. Tilt le'ile-;,'u list, Ihr rorhrod. Tat leuks', Ihr '• ridjish''. Tii-tsiilt'sukh, (( rnttlr. Til Ink' t lis, iniihr for Ihr .shorr, Inp in (imp.). Tiinli'si, a dor. Tiiii' il, titu-itl, to'-witl, (( nnirr, a hilrh. Ihr frinnlr of mn/ nninuil. Til// l)il. lo piiji. 'rdiiib khkh, s'hii (hilbUii, riondij. T'cli Uii' Uiil, II loiidliiiskrt. Te (iii('iiiiiii.L;' iiiikiiown). Te' (U'K^viid (loltsli. Il liviiidHixlil. Te'lle lliip, Ihr fill nloun. Tt'gWil' (llU'illlili;;' llMceitiiiii). Ti-'-hats, (( xhrnh imrd for Ira, tea. Te'lietsli. (j)n. lo ii.sk for. Te'lakw, a xprrir.s of stlrairbrrrij. Te-liikhlii, il li lilkhhi, pnsrntlii, during the (/((//. Telii'wil, ll.i' uil, lo rini. Ti'l'he, ti'1-lictsli, lei h'ye, prrsrnlli/. Tolil), ste'-lil), ste' liiii, c .vo»r/, Te' sid, ti''-sud, te'siiin, Ihr slini/ of iin in- .\rrt, an iirroir, ii Inillrt. i ' ;',( I. . 'l\ s hikh' lij, Inilaii. '!'«' t;iill|i. ii A/irciV.s' 1)/ (dIIus. 'I'c-lcts, //(( /•( ins. 'I'cti III' li;l(l (lull, III sinlrli iDii'.s Kill'. Ti'tsli, tidsli. //(( siitiic.t iif'dii iniiiiKil. '1"1iiiI)m' liiil, lo turn hik's hiuk. T'liinl ilnksliid, to h/iid {ns a lioir). T'liuii iiy:\vii' Slid, Ikli liii|i' a ;,'\va. In feor, jiirree, xtiih. Tsi'ikw tsakw, tsa'-;;\viit, to irash elothes. T,s;'il, toiiil .•itools, l'iinil ka' (le, Ihi pietoral fns of a fish. 'I'silsk'k sub, to make faces hij raising the nose, Tisils latsks'. a Jire-nhoiitir pi lid. Tsiiic'-ako-dop, to serateh ui:h the nnils, clan: T'siiiiil ki'Mi, ///(' mink. Tso' bed, the larijer hones of a Jish, Th(ili-ts(ib, the barnacle. Tso'djiid, the rije-broirs. Tsub-a-ta'-de, the bail of a kettle. w 'illl >'] ;)(ic. Tsdli I'd), l.lcli bud. (f .v/miiK. 'I'kikI {iiiciiiiiii}; iiiikiuiwin. 'rHiKl.sll, //(' iitlllr. 'I'.viiUliw, 1 I >iilJi\v, (.ifiniiiiishxl (lis a ciin- ,llr). T.siik liwiil, Ini.i (^ii'iifiic). TsiiK k^ils, t--iiU Illl, Inic, il in tnic. 'I'miKIi \Mitl, (Ik IiIiii- I hli iI» ri ji, sdiiihiifKS (illlililriisls. 'I'suU'li \v, t.siiU'-w I (lull, Jliit. Tsukw, llir II It IIS. 'I'siik w'sh, //(( flic or Illl ilirr, rttriis iiinii- ill lisls. Tsiil liti'h, IIk IhuI:. 'I'siim (siimiiilis, till niliiiilhiiir. 'I'siistud, (( niiil {for hoiinh). T.sntldlsli, III rumlilr in lliv IhIIij iiitli niiul. T.sutl diitl, to /'iiiiil, swoon. Tswiiil, tswu' il.its, till' irilil ihrriimiil Irir. 'I'll (iiiiMniiij,' iniUiiiiwii). 'I'll cliiil |iiul, to ticisi, liorv lis icitli a ijiinlit. 'I'lid (iiii'Miiiii;; uiikiiowii). 'I'lKl' lie', roo's of till- hrtilcr fi rii . 'I'll illl ;;w;ilts,tiikli-dl!j;-Wllsli, to loiiil ii ijiin. 'I'ud /.(• UiiUliw, lir iloirn (iiiiii.). 'I'lilJi liiid, liniil (imp ). I'likli liiikli lia' liats, to .'.ii/i onr (i/.v onr n Tiikli' islia' li.i, loir tiili: Tiikli'liwitsli, sliiitiiklilnvitsli, a hoir xlriiii/. 'l'iik'-U('t«'-kiils, //(( rim mniilr, lurr vircin- iiiiliiin. Tiik kod, Tkiit sid-diilt, to shut [iis a iloiir, .It.). 'I'lik-kiili, III ncl icililfoirl. 'I'uk \vc' liit,(i.v('()<>/< [for liailinij acanoi',A'c.). Tiikwt't' Ills, nilfirril. T\i\,froiii. Tti lak', /»(((•/;, lnhiiul. Till ka' pad, to slup. Tiil'lii, II fitini. 'I'll piislik'sliid, slriiUilitiHfil {as a boir). Tiis, (■()/(/. Tu.s-ii'-}i(i, lll■sak,o^/ {of tliiiiijs), if old. Tfis-bi^'-bi dsili, our irlio trlls tilm, little lies. Tiishiid^li. (' liiir. 'I'li-sliii' KWi'l*, to striiii) III nils. 'I'lts-ka'da, (( thiif. 'I'lis-ko' kwiil, to ciiiiiil III/ fiilliiiiiis. Tils kiid-diili, '( striniiint. Til stt ' aknl' lakwid, , (ill. til sliiii. Tiitl, tiit'hl, tiit'-lo, il Is trur, it is the truth, eirliiiiilij. Tiit-la'-licl. iin ellipse. Tiilikaii, (( iiunrter full. Tulsa' ;;\V(i-lilsli, In iriish ilishes. Till sa' nuus-siili, to irnsh tin fiier. 'I'litstiih, stall diip, }iroiii rlif, (jooils. thiiiijs. Tutu su-vvf'cliil), to Hi iliiini iiinl inirni otu's hiiik. Twrdsli'-tuli. to j)iekfeulher,i I Tu( 'kolisli, I" ihiui. Twill, to. I'w ill-kill sills, to hiss, Twiil'tt', hither, to this pliiec. Twul to'-di, thither, that leiiij. Tzil, tzin-il, he, she. Tziili kOt, ///'■ liriiin. U. U-clifib, Di'liat), /() ilic. T'iwus-.sc'a kat, the aiiroru horalis. Uk, iiks, Ilk ktik, kuu ka', some. See "ylA"", I'kho, k'kliliu, short {in dimension). I'ksi)' hus, siimll biisketa. Ul, al, at, to. lll-bi- .vukli, to leu re a tliimj hij mistake. I'^.s-dc' fikli. in. Usf,'i'-k\vaklil', pantinij. fs-yiiik, open, ele(, liriiiij (imp.). I'l liUlil' IvWll. to jhh iritli (( IiiidI;. I'll ts'liiii'. ^» I'liiil {0 .'/"«)• I't ^atsk'. III .simir III- piinr I'l' sa, at' sa, /. Ut-M'l' sis, til hv oxlri]) (im thrjhot, (tv.). Uts tiikli'lnvOli, lo .strike ir'tit a xlic.l:. Utsiit'-sa,//'/)i.7c. \Va kft a liiili, ixact incaiiiii;; imcfrlaiii ; it relates to tlie new inooii. Wekli juisli, (I iiillltsiMhc, \\r\, l-oltill. AVi' US so, (/ cnncil of vhiUlrcn. \Vi at la lekw, In fish irilh ■ dipiirt. Wiyel'suiii, o-.vel' smii, U. till, niolc. W'o ai' il>, a ilrexwil Nkin. Woitii' liali, /() irccp. to cry as an (iiiimal. Wo kap', wiikkiili', a ho.r, chest, trunk. Wok'smii, Hiihtniiiij. Wo kitd liiib iikli, okail dill), lo court, maki love to, lie with a woman. Wii'clielia let'kwii, to fri). Wakknlt', wo kaii', ti ho.v, chcxt, tniiik. Will lot 111. (( j/outh, young man. Wfitclio'-kOtsid, to cut. W lit l.i' ^u n>li 111, III Imrlir. Wilt le clial' r k«il, III I III with .ncissiow. Wllsakli' liiiiii, til iliiiii I . j Wii te' cliil), o ti ' fliil). Ill .iwim. Wiitl 1m k ' iiu iiii, '" ^'v^. Y. Vai' ciii, (I lull or slur;/. Vai' It hub. III sliiiiili-r. Yai' ilo Ills, ///(• honcji.suikl)' Yakli'hwiid, (( ijunjUnt. Yal'sliid, u'l' sliid, eii, jiiinlitloiins ul skill or cloth. .Sii •• Yal slijil". Ye latsks, II .\i.r shooter iiistol. Yes sa'w i, the nlili r. Yil iiie'liu, the saliuou dance. Yokw, thi' siiliiion irhen erhniisliil hy sjiiiiru '".'/■ Yiikli, ,viikli' lia, (luii. Yukli liwud, (( stone arrow hiiiil, n iiuujliiil. v.. ;uslerii, I! »; I* m, (' |i (' 1 1.1 v 'i J I - 1 1 * ^ S *^ '■"' ^ DICTIONARY OF TIIK MSKWAIJ.I II. KNdl-IHII— NISIvWAI.M. II}' (•■'.IIIIIIK (ililllS, M. 1). O Aborr, slmk'li, slii slmk ; on the tap <>/, slii kii' Imts. 1»ki!1vaiivi;s, 7. c, sliiik si ;il)' (literally llif •' Almre ('hiif").thc diloiilol iiiniii nf (!od ; sliiikli, the .shi/, Iminn; .s'lMiklilimii, iriml ; sliuk-iuJ (imp.), lift up ; sliiik liOs, (tsrciidiiKjy up hill : o slmkliw, to .u-cll (d.v (( hniinc 01 boil) : sliiiklisliii li;its, a viiuic of Ihi Irilliiini ; .slmk sliiil, ///<■ i list' p. Abuse, ilnlili, riilinilc, mil names to, o kii'-'^wal, o ka' };u ul-liili, "k lu'' |;\mii1. Aeioss /(.v .' ulriiuii), ili ci, dit-l uwiti. A'he i^of iron), kvva'li us, kwal' yiis ; (0/ stone), siLs'-elliul. A/'i-did, iisliiits', as lie'-kwiilt. Afternoon, Ida jiuk', sliitlo-kwatl. At/iiin, iiia|Mii'. Aged {of persona), lo'-liiti, sklc'lxil, skill If' tiot ; iin old innn or ironinn, skiil Ic' liol stOlisli ■ or sklii'iic. Alike, like, asi.s'la. Set' " .SV>". Alire, hale', lia likli'. All, ererji, (f. r., hokwi, bokw, hchkwii ; all (fllicm, bnkw dell. .'?»Ho«^(liieraiiy 'i./f./Wr), liwe' lalil';((/»n(.v/ ileasli"- chid-' a said' elm'' twiil' diiu'wc''. Yon ((lirai/s ijo, ska'keil ok la. Amuse one's self. See " I'laif. Animals. See '"Mammals", " Iiirds'\ " Fislt", i^c. /Uff/, ((/.so, .viikli, ,vfikh'-l)a, i.s'slii. /'((«(/■ lyoH', at' sa' yukli' . 1 dii;,' • f-'. An;■(, .w*), Anijrji, to lie, o-liet sil. [Are] ifon^ ani/y;;' irith' me' .' o-lict sil- cliii liii' Iwul' at .sa*. /' ((Hi an(jnf iritli' i/on', d lict'-sil--eliid' liwiil' diit;'\ve' (liimi ti lied, lela/. -Iiat is the matter, and si-lus, t lie forehead). 1)KU1VAT1V1;s, imI liet sil 11s, to snil:, to tdnsh, 1/. i. :il(i iMi Aiiollirr, iilliii-, la Ii'. III! Ic', //<>' tn' nnotlirr' pliin*, oiJi lin(' liwiil kiil'^ l,i If" HWa Ickliw I'll'. .1 «((//(/•»• j/(M(7i-j liiiiyiiiiifi', liiMf'k wus- mi liot Iml. .Sec '• IHfjir- riil'\ "/■'((»•". Amis (till), Isiikw. Anti {filriillji till liiinr iikh liwiid ; tlir fi nllirriii;/, shut sitsa liili. As. Hcc ".S'n''. Asrriiil, III, () kwa' t:itsh. / iiscrinl, nAiw.i' tatslichid. I'roiii skwil' latsh, ri iiiiniiilitiii. Aslnimril, la lir, i) lict sil. / am nsliininil nf nijisilf (in iiici riiiiciit ), nlii'ha hct shiil (sci' iliiniiiiitivcs). Sec ",S7/((/H( ". it is (|istiiif'iii->lif 77»tc, il Ui' di. Wlinr is it if al chatl kwi- sas ? A I ^/le /(ou/ie, ill slii a' lal. Al n ifilit. n\-k\ sit-slakh'-licl. llarr iioii ain/ sal- mull.' ao' kwi s'chcdad Im a! (In;; we ? On ^/ir ^/n'/v/ /Mi/, alslc'hwalldat. I'ndtr thchiiusr. klij, al a'lal. Atniosplinic jihrndnirnii : — ll'//i'/, sliiiklihiirn. r/n/n/.v, skwiisliinii. liain, skal, okall) tSnoir, ha' ko, ina' ko. lliiil, kli'in liwc'la. A niiiilinir, ko hat shid. Mrtrors.fall- intj slurs, klo' lii rd, o Invf't III. .1// ccliiisr, tiilla'licl. 'J lit aururo harrnlis, w^ wiis-sc'a kat. Sec the ahoxc icspcctivoly. AiniLr, as-kiilkli. Tu luraLin. o kati, o kiiklil. W'ahc ar i/rt up. it is lUiiiUijIit, kiiils-i''- hii, o lakli liil Ink. An'l, kwish-kwishks. A.ir, ko-hiit it ; pliir.. kiiiu ko-hat'-it. A.tr handle, skiihiit-iid-iilli. 'I I"'- /•V(/(.V/(()H,S(, Iiwiii liwilmokliw'. Sec '• (7n7(/(.s7i ". .1 //(»//, hchila. Had: (the), sc'-lichid, tsul litsh; hachsiilis, Iiw lit siitch. Hark, liarh-irards, hrliind. lak, tiilak, lilllak. Ilaid //((i/.-, tiikli hod tn lak. /' tniH (jfcru'lifi, s'lliiili liid, s'cln ' hit: mihiih hitiK nl tliKJd, >ti' kwiil); inmili' liiltl, of tlilijil, slil-;^u Ills, s'cliilli Im (I, wliicli ;iImi iiii'.iiis. and linili' [Mil ifllltnlv , llu" iliiicr liiiik I'l'ilic lir; it is li> tlu'ni liUniril to l>iili lickhw, tla llirmit i;/' tin miIiiioii, I'sti ( iiicil tile cLii'i't'st |iiiit. liiiin lluir siiiiilar coliii-. liiirk. Id ((IS II ilitij). (> iiwo' liiili. lUirlif, liiiii, sill, liiiili , inliiiiiiir. Id, oliwti' \ iiIi, ii Im' \iili, aC si ;.'\vns, ai' ;,'\Mis, « iil la'- };\viisli 1(1. / //•(((/(. .1 liwo', viiWfliid : A/ //(((/r.v, n liu' miUi Im. 1 iinin In hiii/, I irill or irit,h In liuij, la-la i'yiilt'cli id. \\ In ii ilid i/nit Inii/ \it\ t tliiul' kwi- latK'Mt,i'j{w'.sli' f (/. ('., irltvir' Unit' yniir' hiinjtiiu'j.' Ilmr iiiinh ijou iisk /or tlint f tlinic viinli lluil iinii /»•(((/<■.') iislini' kwi tilts Hia'fiw'sli. Thnt in iin/ (/nir, liwr la ticks i«(i'-viil>, .1 trinh\ swo' \ill), sla' j.'wnsli. /•'«(»' .s(i/(, sikli li«n'-,;iiiii. 'I'luic is im di-liiiclKiii I'llwi ill liiiuii;; and st-liiii;,', tlu> idea liiiii^ an i-xclian;.;)'. Uiishil, kwcld'litsli ; loiidhaHkil, Iili' \\a' win ; ii 'liit-hml; hnslitnf smU, k\vaili>ltsli ; tir'njliitslit, tc'ilt'nu lid ddllsli ; Imsl.ii LillU, si alt ; iniin hiiskil, swai' a li (IV. o sa' liwa, /" iitiinili'}; Innjv Imski Is /nr stnriini, liiil lai ,\ lit sid ; smiiU Iki.sI.i Is /nr mlils (tnd ends, ukso' lins. Tin Jhinns nii n Imslnt, kl pat'. 'I'lrii/s nr nmls fm Imt^Li I irmh, t sail"! I. lidthi; ^<, (I tc' ti- tnli. Sec •'Wiisit". I'liji, Iniiliiir, t liu III kali'. l!i,ln. The place til' llic vcili to Iw is supplic' .' Is hv lirrrf at- >*et .so ? Ill' is /(Dv, at' silts ()»■ itsiid-sha'. Furmnhi' inji' Iniii inis' \'iiils is the aiijectiNc pie ceded by the si^'ii of the past tense, "to". Beach, e brdi'-/,i (hii. Heads, k\se'a-k\ve' (an adopted word), klo a'hiiliiks klitlc'-a-linl Inks. Tlir iaiiji f hinds, chnkehiik-wels. To sttimj In mis, In slia'-},'\veh, diishakliw'. Bear. Sec " Mammals'''. /A'rtCf/, kweil, k'wedt. .1 razor, sii.ih-hiill-kwcd. To slian, o snkhhiitl kvMil. I'roin snkli, a pai'tieh) sigtiil'.vin}^ use oi' purpose, u iintl oi ohwiitl, In sijinnilr, and kwOd. I'.eat. See ".S7;'(7,t". Bearer, See '• .l/^(w»i/' lln ndar lluij-i). Be/ore, d/.e'-hu, dzi' Im, litl d/.e' hii. 'it ; H I I n Sill '<\i •M'2 llrl,i„>l, hik, til l.llv. litl Ink. Hilli/, khitrli, NiiiiiU' Im, kwi Vilkli ; ciiriiuli nl, inrijitniil, as kwc Vilkli. :is kwclikw. Itihnuiiiiii to. Sec " (tj"\ Hiliiir, iiiiiirr, Imiiiilli, muibii, klcp, klip, (l('|i, tlip, s'tlllp, kic pil' It.its ; ti idflit , klilp; /( //(//, kliip. /!tlt, huvldt, kliit Hii|i'piiil. lUnd, III (lis II liiiir), I'liiiil iliik'sliid. Ilniiiilli. Sec, *• llrloir", lit rriin, fruit (generic), Nkvvii-lat-lad. Jlirr;/ liiiiriiifi xlinihs, lirrriis, \,c. l-'riiit, skwo laClail (^^I'licMic). Cm nhrrrii plant, oiriiriiiTiis, kl Inil-.silt.s; tlir hiirji, kl Imls. skliil liull.s. IliisliirniilKiri/itirifl hlirl.li- hirri/ (ipi. riliiinnnii). stikliliwi'' li.ils ; ih- litrri/, slikli liwch', slikli liwim'. /.'/( ; jlirni hiirLiihirri/, kl liwiitsiits ; Ixiri/, kwiil lilts. Sinimii liiirl.lihn-rii, nif a l^'\\. iSiiiiirhiirii, scskuiui, < inn.ii hirriihiisli , \Hii\in'-hi\ts ; birri/, tsa-kali'. li'iiljliurniiiii ciiiriiiit (rilirs siniiiuiiiiiiiii), pokwiits; Inrfji, pok. hrirlKirii. ii\\\u\\H'' h\\\\\^; /mil, iiWMi] Ix'kliw. /i'((.s/i//( *■*•)/, ell il k«' lia'.s; fruit, cliil ko'lia. Siilmuiihtrrii i i''il' l:is tan. l-:iilir (scarlet lirrrv), sdnihiinis jtulnnx, tsali tats ; fruit, Isaht. Klili /• (blue luTiics), s.iiiuiiilruni.s, Isiikli-wild. liiitrlirrrii (liiuiccru iurnlurrutii), tsc liwal. Itniimi uriiju, hoUij lidinl Imrbcrrij (livrliiris iiijuifolium), swc'liats. swcs liiidiits ; tin: hirri/, swc'; II Kiuiillir .v/vriV.v, s wi' simhiits ; hirri/. swi'shiih. Sulliil (Ts'iindO, niiullliiriii sliul /o«, la'-kads; //(f /(crn/, ta'-ka. Arhutus iini »r.s/, skai'wa-diifs : ^/(c /v'/-*i/, sliai' \va. Hrl, to (also lithvr to win or lime, to (lumhlr), o t.sal'-tiili, o tsiil'-tiih (Iroiii tiic saiiir Kiot as {> snip tsiil. to irhirl. tVoiii tlic rotary iiiolioii of tlic ;;aiiil)liiif;- disks), otsla'lfkw (lidiii tlic iia )rilic -aiiici)r"/((ni(/", la-lial'). sla-liTil. / bit, ot-siil cliid. J' hitrc H-iin' II /;'. Jlij/ouil, dc' a Ic'cliiip. dc beds. Jtinis (iriitrr furl, ariii'vic), skwa-kwc-liisli ; ("■ Iriv hirils"). stIc kcl' kiib ; (//r/.v, oos'; fnilltrrs, stokw ; u-iuiis, tsc'-tsal, tsits ill ; the malliuil, lial lint :/;/(/((»/(, limiio' ; seireelioirl, .s'klal-Ick w, slallakw; innr, ka'-ka ; riiren, skwaiikli : //(/W( /( niiilr. .s'lill'-bi-chal; hliir jtii/. .skai-kai ; icriu, s'clic'-clilll ; redhuidul irimiljiick' r, kill katsli ; .siiuiljiijiir, willuilkli ; tiittlir, kco' ya. Ilite, III, o-liiills; hittiu, liiitld. Itiil he bite [.'/"«]/ oliiill siil ,' to nuck, to mis, int. Jlliiir, to (irllli till III iiitli), » \>i>'<>i\ : [ |iii' ; to (li'i/l, II |iiiUv\ ; ^l /)/(•;(• iliiiiii Ins .K.ii \ii. I'lii Is iif tlif liiiihi : — Uiiul, N'liai ,Vlls ; /'i))> /(((((/, sc Icll.s, si Iris; i iii/ro, lill kti Uiil ; /x/i /, nl thr Amii/, Mllkw a' ywa-inilsli ; .s/.i///, sliail' illsli ; Imiiii, t/iiltkri; linir, sUail/i>: 'm i , >al/iis; ci/i Imiiin, Isii' liiiil ; ( //( , k,i' ills, |»a Inli; iinhroirM, lititMli-kla Ins ; i(/', III Ilk s'li ; iiiixliils, as III'- 1" ; mis, kwil la' tli ; cAi a' ill. liwt' la' /('/i, sli'kai', Mil sid ; tixWir /I'yi, skir pai' ,\iit Mil ; liDKjuv, kla' lap, klal hip ; In lli, il/i' ilis; < kin (."aiiu' as iiiitlcr lip) ; jiiir houv, s'rliiiiii- hiia'-,vu('lii: huI>-, kai iikli' kwa, as jaiksli' ; rill si, SI' li •(!';,' Wlis; lii'iiist (;/' iri.iiiiili. skill in'; nijifih . skllli n' ;il' ll. si'lks ; .sliinihli r, ta' lakw, si la' 111 liiil ; \liiii;lilir hlmli . ska' Ick siul ; Imil.. si ' la rliiil, Isiil lilili, sliil li'dr ; jiiiuli I iiirs, li\\ iilsiih'li ; iiiiiis, isiikw ; hillji, klatrli, kw I \ii'k, k\M ,\ nkli', siiiiik' iva ; liliiilihr, s'liii |iii ; iiilniils, kail /.tkli' ; iinril, lihtl' jiwa : / pak ; Imir i>l' fiiilns. skvNiid iV'\ li-fiti.i, lia' rli'il. ma' iliiii ; Kriuliiiii, siis liwa' ad ; litiiil. sl'salti'li, si sa'li'; iini.st, sal'lcj,'^ IIS ; /(('/(.v, liiikk'liap'; iinii (lio ;{«'liclal «iiid ! ; (//lo/r, kii Imkli' w nl sliid, l!'l>li\viilla'-liad; Imrir nnii [irrlsl], clia'lrsli; lininl (Jiinurs), s'lia' lat rlii ; tiiilit liiiiiil. d/a-a'i'lii ; /( // liaii'l, ka' lil rlii ; /lalm, U\\ lit su'-sal i-lii, .s"tii kii la' rlii ; lliuiiili, slii-kla! tia'clii, sliitlallsatrlii ; lilllr Jiinjir, stc'sii lialk sat flii ; /i(Wik [inllni- ((•(7//), .snkli Ilea' lat rlii ; LhiiiLIik, Iivm-' k\v<- Inikli liua cIii ; naih <;/' ritliir Jiiifiiix iir Idck, kii li\\:i' rlii, kii liwaiclii, k'snk t;ili k'srt flii ; Im imils, kuakli .sliiid ; Inj, (ii(» Ki'iii'i id \Miril); //(/»///, sa' lap ; (h.s/(/( ii/'/Zi/i/A. Iiwat' .s'llia ; A«(c /kim. Iiwai ,\ n la ka'liitsid; (•((//' ii/' /if/, an trks ; niilJi, ku Kali slijd. ko link'; sliid ; /im/. < /.i//»^ /im/, d/.asliid ; lil'l fmil, klalsliid ; I'ltt. dza sli'd sliid ; iiishii, sluiksliid : *i7< , sfkul sliid ; Af ( 7, sliikii' lint sliid : /((..■, sjial sliid ; li'uj tut. sliil laik shid. sin llalk slild ; nhix, ti'Irls; /*/()(»/, to' li;^"ni. sti. li;,'\Miil ; /mHrv, s'lilan'-\ n ; a/./», liiid /ad mil ; mi//»", k\\ 111 III sill ; ijcn-iiKiil, spnis; mini, siikli li\\a. .^rr tlir almxc irspirtiM'l.v. /.'(i(7, /(». (I kwalls, (I pill linlsiit (ipi. riuin u pu a likw, ^i hlmii. Jluil' koiiu' imliiloetr', kwalts' iiks- "pen kilts'. liinii , s'lilan' \ II ; lisli-hnins, s'liaklis. Hiirilrr. iilijr nf (iiii/lliiiuj, r'-la li;id, lltlf'-la-liad. Sim- ^•I'lliji". Iliitv, III, (dinl p'l-t'd, tii<:liid|ind (cliclp'liii. u iiiinlil). .Set' *' Tirixt'\ lliirviiir, li 11(1, s'l'.hn-lalts. / hnninv, <'liii-laltsi'liiil. Jliilll. Sl'l! " IliilliJ fuith ■'. jUisiim {of iroiiKUi), mill., sknli-o; Ihi nijijili, sknlin al' li : In .sinl,, niicldv, lii.l-(k.', luli-slicdiid. / hraiiL o \\\h- liraidil (of lirass a-in). s\V(»;i; [of luaih], si)k\vi''-clii. j!raiulii.s of a Ire,:, .Vcliasl. iScc "/Vcc". Jlras::, kti-lii lal' liii ; brass naitril, corcml iritli „ails [as ,1 trunk or ijunslovlq, as cliitsl. (s.'c ''HiiUoiis"); brass hlllr, K wails-al;it lill. /.'/■«(((/, ,sa pii HI (a liiiiiducd woid IV. 'IVmiik, Isa'iio-lil). JirmI;, to (as a stui), also In sriiarair, iliriil,: n liwiitl; hrol.rn. Ir.viil Ici.slit ; lo hrtal. the ley, ohwutl-sliiKl; chc-hr,;!, liu ml hunt 1 ; ,, ,,a,l of aivjthhuj, illiwuti; loose, hwiit-liwiilli ; /,( hrcnk iriiid, o pit ; hrol:,,, (as a horse}. liai'\il. lirmthr, to, .sl't-.s"! ,). lirlwj forth. .,., o hiMlal), iii-daU. l)i;i;iVAHVK.s .IcLik! da. df !.iid-da.,n, i,it\nit, a son ; Slid di lie l.ada, (( danyhtir ; slird di l.iid d.i, mil child ; mi mad. hi bad. // liltir one ; l.a'haad, offsprinu; lu'li'-da, a doll; lici.'-o kwcd. to dandli : as also man, l.ad', father; (h'-liail, i/onr father. Set- to breathe, srt-o'l-dah. Stillborn (i. c, dead), as- ii'-tal)iid, las-.vo'-l)il (tli(. word used lor aiiiiiials). To produce abortion (by rolliii;,^ over a loj,'), oilliii kwakw. liritlle, as pu' akail, kc' .va'. Jiroad, as-pf'l'. Jlroom, su-ku kwalt'-liii, sii-f:;ii ;;«'alt lui. Ilrothir. See "Ii'datioiiships". Jlnehet, skod, skwc'-a-kwod (Iron, siikli, nse or imrposc, liwc'-wi, to (;ct, ko, water), tlufiato. Hvv ''Mammals". Ilnlbt, arroir, Ic'siid. Ilnrn, to, o-hr.d (hot, ]un\,Jire]. I shall bnrn. klolio'-cliia (sc' ''Fire"), o-kwasb. />i(»-^, /(), o piid-diid. Src under "rooA". puds. Unsj/, to be (to be at irori:). o-yai-fis. 8fe " \Vorl.'\ lint. Sec "O/)///". Jlntton.'i, sVhit.s-slieilo' (a small bulbous rooi, IV,,,,, a faiicii-d ivscmblanco to which the iiaiiu' was taki'ii. and Ironi uliicli also a.s-chitsh, covered with brass nail.t), Itnij, to. Sec "liarter". /'>!/ and by. 8i'o iiii! : '-rre^cnllir'. 315 ('it»-/i, <) (il'liiis; iioi-llirrn fviHiK', .slc'-watl; t:Itoi 1 1 hoskI or hunlcn iiiiioc, khii. To ijo in a avioi\ o' lull. To ijit into n nnioc. okc'ki ;,'« ll. Sfi' •■ t ml ; piidillr. \\oh\. ('(till', rliiiik (worn like a )ion('lio). Id' jiwiis. ('((ipcntcr, irofkir in irond, o -pai'-ak. ('anil, to. okti tii (transitivi' loiiii ol' vcrlt. (i iikli, to (jo). ('((/ci/ (iiiip.).ukli' tii >liiil. ToLr unit ninii. kwmldud «'>kiitii. u iliu' lia, as-cliuli-Ua. / riinn. It's clii Im' chid, / ciinil on till' shoiililiT, m\\\< kwci' ^a iliid. Carrij ijonr bttir. ah' aii kals "lial. Cilfitriiliil. Iiwiill iiia'-iliili : I'miii o liwiill. to sijuu-iiti\ Citt (adopted trom ICii^ilisli ). |iis|i pish ; litti r o/ l,iltrns, pi' o pips (lisli. Ciilili, tiil;f, to, <) iiwiid' liild. ('/(/(•// on (lis i\ liool; or thorn), kic kvval' lilsh ; citlrh sin /'oirl in n ml, o-tiik kiib, otloi I'lio!) (IVoui o tlols, (/ l,not, knottnl, ami o holt, to ijo). "s.'e"F/,s7(". ('irtiiinlii. tnilii. tall, tiitl, (iiC lo. Sec '■'■Trni". Cliiiir, .suit, siikh-a tiwiid-dc (iVoin sukli, iisi: a-id ^uiid (h'i, /" sit, //. r.). Chiiiujc, iilti'r. to. laic' il 111) (IVdiii lu-lc', iliffinnt, «/. c). Voii Imrr nltirul in apiiiarann; 111 la Ic'u sil elm (from sil-cls, forihiiut). Von hiirr ihiinijnl i/onr miml, la Ic' il ukliw' tii 1- liiitcli' tc' dii^i'wc'' (literally, iliiniiiiil' ijonr' lirnrt' litis* i/o"'). To hr i'Ihukji'iI or trans/onniil, hit ve-lo. See "'/'o Inionn ". Vluim; -sirk, linik/in; ij. r., ii';;\viit-cliid. (7h(.v/c, as-pa'-lil ; h»c/(«.s7<', ashwiil kii. Sec "/'i)((/('.s7( ''. ('hint, to, clic-.Midsli. Clivrkiiril, o-liwutl liwiitl ; lioiii o liuiit!, to luriilc or svpnroli: (Jheik.s, hwc' laili, sluito-ha' di. Sec "IJnr". Chi'.st, lior. See "/>(».(■". VVic /. aiioii, chip ofl'y to, okliik' Wild, u lliikw, clia 'liwiit. Si To inf. Vlean, to, oliwiits, t'we' kollsli. To vlnui u)!. mrrii (iiriii/ ilirl, .s/cny*, o e' a kwiid-dop. Cliiir ont. hr off, off irith jioii, lil-tsfit, Id tsiu (imp. adv., rnim lil, \v\, fur). Vkar up, to (ii,s thv innthrr), (innkkiih (iVom o ;^iik, to oprn, ii. r.), o-e' Uii. // (.■< rlmr- inij lip overheail, o ek liii ti sliiik'li. (limit. See ^'"Axiinil". Cloth, Jhuinrl, ml, lie' kuell ; hliirk, tliirk hlnr or ijrii n, iliirhioloriil, liilt lots; lii/ht hhir, liil^li oks. Clothiil, iln.ssiil, asset'smn. w \ . 1 i f ■! ^ 1 lILi^ t i ? ^ is' 'I 4 <. Ij? •fi i (Jltimls, skwii>.Iiiilt. >k\Mis|i uin. ('Ininlii, .s'liii I'lialt till ; r<-li;ili-krikli .'Xisk".); h'kut lull (Siitili.) Chill, ka ho' sin ; (i Imidiil slirk he mill. (I Ills sib. Ciilil (adj.), as-klukli liwil. Mi/ Unci; is aitil, as klOkh'- wil ki M'-laciilii'- cisiuii in till! (listiiU'tioii ot' colors lii'\oiiil whiti', black or daik, anil red. Ciiiniiiiiiiil, iiriirr, In, ot-liii ilc'-kwid ; In ijifi mi unlirfiir iiin/lliiini, In i/iri: one aiujlhiiiij to ihi, o dab. ('(i;/«, /(',((//■//•(■, /fir//, at-la, lit la, o-!. hli i il.i' lill.l: /„ /,„,/. ,, Kvv;iilv'. n |,iil liii' isill (.|ll, lioili u |mi .1 li'Uw, /(, hloir) : linked limit r ;iri>iiii,l, |iinls (o pml iliid, hihiifii) ;. ti> roast mi a */■,■/,.() |,v\:.ll>, , (ikwiiliii; ((/( Ik,/ stniiis itiiil n>ni;liitlati(,ii, ko-kiil-c'kwii (IVoiii oc'-li kwiif). Cnrpxv, .skiii-.vu. Till' uord iilso sijiiiilics a ^'lavc or any iil.icc ul ilf|i((sit lor ilu drail. Voqiuhiit, pniiiiiiitl, as-kwc'iikw, as-liwi' .Mikli (Irtmi kwi \iikli. tin hrllii). ('oiiilli, as-liwc'-kiis, ii.s-(o'-k()-lu'il(lMh. Coini/, kwii.sli-ii, Iiat shid; / count, lial sKl-sliitk Sec •' J/oir wrni.i/ " aii.l " .Niimr/ ((/.■<". Ciiurt, mitkr lore In, lie intli, o-kail ilal), n-kiiddiili, \v• T„ sliul"' a!id " I'lir nioiilh'. Cover (of (I hn.r nr hittli'}, ,Kti' ktuiii. Cniii/, a(5 dzi-^nva'-tnli. Cr'i'p, rniirl, to. o-takh'-lia "^Mvil. Crinilial, kwal. Cnifis {xiijii 11/ tilt), klii liat-sul). O0.V.V ic/.vc, as-k\vtil-j;\viis (lioiii kwal, rniokcil). Cry, iri'ij), aim to cri/ us an animal, o-Iiab, o-lia'-liali, wolia' lial), W'hii iln iinn rrii ,' o lied' tat-sa- wo lia'-lial>' i (irhif ijoitr' cnf.) Tn rri/ nut icilli jiniii, Isc' nkad. /'« Imirl {ax a irnl/nf (In,/), kawol). Sc»' " Wail". Why do you cry, rhitff o lud I'liukli Mali otat-sa wo lia'liah .' ('/(/, U>, o-fliokw, wut-cho' ko' sid, o-hwot'-skd-tiit, o liwcts ko kult, o kli' cliid, o kli^tn. Toiul the hair, kUt' cliil-kcdid). Ttt rut ti,r Iniiidx, o liwctsli at chi, lYoui s'lia hit clii, hand. O/io:" | /J cm< [w//] toK/", tiUsldOtslial clii' asli (d ha' ^..' 'l\, ml uith xris sor.i, wntdi'-chal c'-kwii. Sec " .sVck/cA". 1>. Bandli', to, hilb-o-kwed. .See ^H'liHd''. i>fni«', silkh'-liiiin ; tn dam- u-sakh Iiiini ; a place usfd J'cr . ,1 mask used at dances, stet kwa' imis. Th> salmiin dance (on itxfirxt arriral), ■ine' Im. Dark, the, klakh", sklakh ; tlark, as bistid, ,sr,s-a'-la->;oli ; dark cninrx, hi lot sa {black). See " .V(V//(/ ''. i>«(Crt, ^», ola' hel. o lakli' hilliikh. Ht'CLir/W, /^«//, sla' liel. shlahel ( IVoni lakh, //////i, la' fjwiit ; aflcninon, kla-|M)k, .shit lo-kwatl ; cnnimj, slat la'lie; xinisil, nal laliiii ; nii/hl, klakli, sklaUli, sklakli-hel; miduiijht, i.sdat, as-dat. See under "Future .mV//i", *^ To day", '> /'/rfl- ently". Dead. See " To die ". Deaf, astikwa'-dr (Cioiii k\villa'-di, tlivnir). To he deaf, mil In underxlami, as li kwa'dil. Don't you underxtaitd t as-ti-kwa' div chii '. I dnii'l uudirxinnd, as tikvva'-( 111(111. Sec " .Mi/tlioliiiiij". Ihiji. .siniLin, st'lilp. lilip, tlip, vVf. Sir "/'« (liffcrfiHi'\ liiitrii' ii- ka' i;;r', ;,'u 111 ' tc' tela! Ic-' (spcakiiiji of a lilacki^iid), tict' ^^Anollier", -Fcir". Tuiiltif, la It' it III) ; liil If' kwiis, in a dilj'rriat irnij, (see ■' Thits"). nitj, lo, II rlial), clia ill! ( IVoiii rlia, ii hull)] In illij i-hniin, o ;ikli' lio ( IVdiii t-akli ho, .s/ir// _//.s7/); ((/( .' main/ innnni itrc diijijinii [ruolx), at clii ihs' clii ilii' ! ka'-kwi shi (If n chrih; diij (lilt (i-s (I I-IIIIIII-), f.i sil-iiii. JJiminiiliris : — m«», sl()l)sli, sto'Io iiiish ; yW/Acc, ilclniil: cliilil, ilc-hail' da ; lliir, tii>- budsh ; iiiir who tilln lilllr liis, tfis-hf'-biulsh ; Itiirf.r, stiakc'.vii ;/'il ; iil.vi llii- iiitcrJiTlinii in mirriniint, as he' hi he' ; /ooZ/.v/j, as-liw ul Ink ; cliiiili.sli, as-liuc'-h\viliik ; tlirrr, al- to di : (( /.///(■ iniii 'ij)'. al lo-di (Ii ; nl liaiiil, di-di, ih'-a-dc ; lii/ nnil hi/, lia'-akw ; //ccv- i'ntl;i. a kwi ha kwi ; pri-'unllii, kla'-lad (dim., kla-hid-kli.) .Set; also uiidci '•/>(h/" anil "Cal", •'■ llmj", for jdiiral iliminuliviH. lUntcil, nnlcliiil, as-tiitl-kwa' had. Dirlij, skia' ka-dish, asclic'-iik-wil. IHxiasis : — snialli)o.t (also the fciiialt' di'inoii wlio i(>pn'scnts it), sco-tiini' ; .si/phili.s {in a man), ast'lilai' iits; {in a inmiiin), astsau'c; hiihucs, as-hiitl-hal' ; ijunurylma, ()chiii;'-hiil) ; rnnniimjition, as-lo'-kwibiid' diil) ; hires, as-ehc-hwfil)' ; a faint, tsatl'- dtitl ; rirlii/u, .sul-siili)'-tub (sci' " 'V'o ic/nV/"); boils, si)iik'li ; _/i7Tr anil ai/iie, ais- (•Iiid-l)a'-d(')b ; eoiiiih, as-liwc'-kii.s, astoka-ha'-dt'ib; to hare Ihi heaiiache, uhuthitsh ; to Ineal; the arm, o Iiw lit la' had ; lo hrenU the liij, o-hw iill-sliiid (sec '' lireah"); eut or .\eral(hiil, ij. r., ashwt'l'; lo .seraleh the face, o-liwc'chiis ; to nerateh the hanils, (1 li\\ct:'-.sat-('hi (sec " Jlaml"); ehapiieil hands, ii.s-tak-hul ; icarts, as-(Mlk. .■Most of the above words have the adjeelive pielix as, and ])robably si^jiiify harinij sm\\ a disease. See '■• Sii'l;'\ Dish, jil, lie (of stone), tiikwai; {of irood), Ulkwi • a hirfje dish, hrikb-pai-yiiltsli (bekw, larije). />/(•(, to, o-o' sil. See •■ i'lirihead". IHride, lo. See " Ureal:". Doij {the ei.inmon kind), ko'-b.ii. ko'-iiiai, sko'-bai (pliir. skokobai) ; the lind sheared for itsjleeee, ske'-ha (Nisk,), ska'-ha (Ska-;!!); bitch, lo'-witl; <( littir of pnps, AiWi'.- o kwe' okobai ; doii lii.e, shis'-ko-bai. Doll, bebda. See '^I'hild". Jhinhlc. to. See "Fo/f/". r*|i Ihiiril siniilii. iilMi li;iil. Ii> w.Jll li.iil'. hniun. Id, 11 kill ki l;il i liit; /i> till kih's iSniims. il sa'li liil I iili slicil, lioiii oi'inl, /.■ sliiji, //. r. See ^H'lnijinliiii". J>r(iis,IiiiiI,i Is") : — lull, lup, sliwiiis iilian ; x/m'/V, slill |ilit,lMl s'lli-iils, s|)iiip|it : i>iiiil(iliii)iis III' shin iir cliitli, _\cl-l;i'-liil slnd. >rl .iiii tscii; nkiii liij ,Vi»//.s-, liatsii lii (l;ik : n juiir 1/ Itiiijiiiiix, ."limx, or nturLiiiiiy. y\ f^\nt\ ; mir Inj nr/niil 0/ Kuuu', kliik>liiil; iiiinrat^inx, vul-sliid ; hallur .s7((i(.v, rkw;il) .^lii.l ; n il(tl ; unit 111 iillc, klakhwiid; //(/7'(/(/, siikli |ials : iinrn. nuU, siilii ; s]iiiiil Ihriuil, liikli ka' Itals siikh |ial,--'; iiiiix, cliils-cliid-Osli-hiKl : IukiI.k mol iins, klci' l»\\ id ^.wiil : Inillinis, .s'cliits sir do' ; hiilloii lioli', as-lo' ; tliimhli-, liwc' liw kw i tkw ; hruii his, >\\(>|(, so kwat ilii ; JUKjcrriiiiis, s'ki'ls-k'.sc'-clii, sliischiik sil clii ; KirrhKjy. <riiil: (mill liiiiiiil or jiiin), sku'-kwa ; /i> ihiiil: {ns nun miil liorsis\, u kn' kua; (us iUuih anil other unimuls Unit /(//*), tl kaiil\li. / ihinh sunir irulir, o kn' kwad chid ak l.i a ki)'. Ihibin'l ilrink, liwi'icvi skii' kwa. \Vr inr tliirsli/, kn kwai lill siiid. Sec ko, icatir, and derivatives. I>riri; to (us u nuil), ul-stissiid (110111 Has iiid, u tiuil); to ilriir iiiiiinuls, Ink kwal lad, la|i-)ield. Itrop, lit ilmi), (i>si\ III, o-liu' but sal. / linri lost \siiiiii lliiniil, to lui' bill sliid. Proini, to, oil tab. Jhnin, to ((IS III (lunirs, unil in ('oiiJHriiiij, i/umlilini/, \e,), si 11' I id soltsli. Drnnkin, as-Iiwul kii. See '■^Fooli.tli ". J>ry, to, o-slia'-bad; ilricil {us Jisti), iis-.slM|>; to Itiin; ilnj [us Inj ihhiiuj of Ihr liili), o-sliiil'-liikli ; (( piidiik or pool lliul ilrii.s up, astsiijt. Dull (us on ii.i), as-kliids'-liii-laVs. 10. /•-'('/■, kwilla'de; vliiihs, liwe'-la-de j asklil' liol, to liiiir ; a.s-ti-kwil-de, iliul', i/.r.; as'-lo lull de', tliirarliiilis for rini/s. dr. f I'loiii a^' lo, u hoh) ; .slit lo a' di, ast-liif; wa'- di, sklii;;\va'di, furrini/s ; so-liikliti sliij; wu'-di, ptn'luiils 0/ ili nliiliinn sliills i>-it- lukli, iliiiluliinii) ; II innlv, liekw Hwildc'. Earth, Ihi, swa tekliw'-leii (sec *■ I'liirc"); lurth or soil, n";;\\ istiilli, se jjwe.s' tiilb, .skwes-tall) (see '• .Va/ii/"). J'lisl, Ihi'. ka-liol ;.;u nil' liii, k'koi ;4\viiii' liii. It i>: the coiiiitiv on the Mill's mad in llm east. See '• Wiml". Eul,lo, oatld, o-iitld, se'lld. / ci/, o-iitid' cliid, at I do'-cliid. Von (siiij;.) <7(/, atldo' elm. Dill you' (pliir.) (((/-' lu.st iiii/ht' .^ o-ntid' 'sl'el' ,1 pii- to tiakli' .' / irill ml, klo ill liit- eliid. I'nsiiill!/' \in\ irill cut' sonu-> rriihs\ lei hetsli' kletia' had' a ke' lie.s' kwii'. Voinr, tut. ;\i la'ln^atl. I'lill, suli.\liiil,ns \y,i[\. l'iioil,>\\\\ii. I hiiri iloiir, :[•■ batlelnd. 1^-7 i>: ill n m ' X Tln'lc i^ :i cIdsc \('|Ii:iI ;illiliil,\ lict v\ t'cn tins uord .Jliil ;i1 l;i. lit li. In i\-Un\'kn-i\.\\f'U. I'.lili, In, (I liwa' ilatsli. /vV7/'», iia' ;,'\va lift. Hrlljisr, nil, hit la' lirl (III. Ilir /idsl siilil, sla' licl, (/'(//). Kili/i, hdiilir 11/ iiiii/lliliii/, III! hiiii'.iiii IIS llir hiinlrr 11/ Ilir (y(/7/(, c'-la-liail ; llif iiliji' nf n />■);//(,.'<(■' la litiils. 'I'lu' riMit is (ilniim.-ls Ilii' .same « illi c'-liiks. c'-la-liiis, //kwvk/. Si la' liail, //■* niih jiiis 0/ Jliil lisli. EHmir, kn liiikli' uiit sliiil, knli liwiil la liail. Kliijii, In, lie iikw la ;;\viil. I'.mbriiiiUr. In, with llirnul, iinllln. \.{\. wlicMcf /(( in-ilr, lial, olia'liid; I irrilr, ((lifil- cliiil ; liiirr j/iiii liri'ii -riliiiii :' liarr i/ini iirilhn f to-lia' lail-ii(,'liii liii / IJinhroiilinil, Klilfliiil, Jiijiinil, aslii'ls; ii hiiiil; or lillir-iniliii!i,s'\i{i\s,s'\\:\\; iniliiiji niiitniiils, .siikli-liiils (siikli. ]iarli"l<' ilciiiitiiij^ iiM' uv iiistriinniit). '/'" (iiibroiilcr irilli Imuh, til' slia slink u . /^'iH/j/i/. as liwat sal) ; In 1 nij ti) [svv ^•J'oiir'''). I'hcIiixiiI, irilliiii. asdiiku. r.iiil or lioiiil (as ii/iislirl, or /.((//i 1. c'-hiks. sc' Inks, »'-1a-liiis. Sec cih/i'. f}ii. si'lks, llii' lliliplis. J.'iiniiiili. kliil iliikliw (sec ",S7(»/)"), klo-liwiil. You liarr emniijli, klo-hAul'-Uo-cliukli. Wliiii lii'liiiil liij'oiiil, iiai (sloji). r.nlirilii. liiil ; nitirih/ irliili\ l)ul-li(ik\M'k\v. l-Jntriiils. kad /.akli. Erfiiuiil, slat la' lit' ; llti' I'iriiinfi star, kla-liai'-lal-lfis. I'rcni, \h>' k\\\ (nil); cri rjiirlnrc, lio'kwi-clifNl, lirli kwii oliad, liiikwi lOl-oliad (iririt I'lir irlii rr). See •• Wlirn". I'ljf, ka loll', kiiliis; (pliir.) tiits-Otls-j,'\va'i,.s, .stiid-<;\va'-lris. JJi/i- hulls, liiitslikla'liis (miiiil or hnnl of tliv ijii') ; ii/i'-lids, q. r., at slifiska'-lus; siiuiiil-innl, as-kiitcli-a'- lus, as liuk-clia' his: oiii-ii/iil. tull-ka' liis: .skhAv /i-cvrf/, aikliwl-ka'-lfis; irilli jiroliilh vrinit ci/i V, tiislikwa'-liis, as liusliii-kwa' Ins ; Ilir Irilliinii, in kaloh a swa-ti'kliw t'li (the iiirlli's iiji); lo iriiili,!/. r., slicd-ka' Ins. 'I'lic woid I'oi' c.M' is olti'ii used for llic \»liolc tiK'i', as III Miiglisli risaiii: F.jli liislii s, klip pud. I\i/i'liils, at-sliiis ka'-liis ; Ilir uiijier lid. skalolkuud lnisli kwaloUkwad ; iimlir lid, Imtl jial (il kwiid ; ot sc' pa lil, to sliiil tliv ii/rs, to iriiil,- ; o tsc' ])nlslii(l, / ,'.7((// nn/ Cjlis ; as tsi'' jio lil, as Isc'iml, iritli riosi'd (i/rs. Not a il('ii\ativt', as-liiit sc'duis, tritli hal/rhisid or lanijuisliinij n/is. Kirliitiiiji', to, ai'-;;\vns, at-si uwiis, \viit-ta'-j;\vusli-iil. Sec ''/!artrr^\ I-J.rrrtnirnt, .spiils. I'.ililaiii, liarli, show how to ilo inijithinij, o-^wal. J'.vtiiiijiiish, init out, to {as n cainllr), oklatcli ; to become e.rtiiuiiiishfil, to ijo nut. In fade (as colors), o-tsiikliw, otsfikliw. Ils-tiikli-a-lin, the darlc of (he moon (i. c, gone out). It is aliiidsl nut, liwc'la lil ii\\n\ I't-siikliw, 321 F. Face, llic, sat y.ris. 7V, „i,ilc r,ru), as liii I.' a kwall iliill ; {hi/ raiKiiijI tin nnsr), tsits k'k sill). ^' Ihilrh, I DirnI", asl. Im slu' a k»'1s. Spnilnl Dual (iix a iiiilmhl /«))>•,). til Uwi.k WHS ((k.iii Ik, kuk'h, ichll,). h'nl farnl, tii kwi't liis (li.mi li.'kwcll, rul). Willi Ihr /,ir, i>,ii„l,'l. s-|iii I.' Ilk WHS. -Ihufia,,,!", Iliv, til t"liluk a wai jus, llif name of ti /,iI,uI,>iih hiiiiij. l„tl/,lo^, h,il/ mnihin. F(i(U; to {lis rolttrn). Sec " /v'.(7//i///n',s7y ". /'(((/(', irill, to {aHjliiiriT>i), o kwai' i ; /mhil, as kwai' i. Faint, mroon, tsiitl diitl. Fall, to {ax the tiilr), slifitrii. Fall, ilrop iloini, o-lio' Imtsiit, o lakli ; o lakli lia -wil, to rnri,; o la' nwil. to q,! ihin, ; o-tiiKta-gwil, to pit on to (prolialily to crairl on). Fur, I.M, lil, lalOl', lalil'; not far, Invc' la lil'. {Mon\/artliir ,.f, 1,1' Im.I, lil (mH (imp. a.lv.), la Ic', ntkn; ilifnrnt; liwc-' la Iclsli, noon, q. c, lit hi ^nvitl (exact iiicaii- iiiK imknowii). See the partick's la, Ic. Fast, ijiii''!:, aikh (imp. adv.). Fat {o/animals), sohw-tiid. ,1 fo.l man, miik'liw. Fathir. Hvo ^'■IiilationsJu'iis". Fathom, a (used in m.Msiiriiif,'strinf,'sol- wampum oi heads), t'hu dad chu (dii! die, ,w); Jii-e fathoms, u\:h:i'Uikhhl (/. (■.,(/ haml); tm fathoms, sa le al' ak hid (sa' Ic. //n/, ). v., tiro hands), tiis.p<«' j.adats (pa' diits, tin) ; /„///•,( fathom lid ka la' had. From one shoiililir to tip of ippositi' nniivrs, tn-dl gwi' di kwiis (sc led -whs, the rhisi). In practift", it is the measure from tip to tip of the liu-ers, the arms Ix'tiif; extended. Feed, ;/in to cat, kla'-dap. Feel, to, opatl tid. J fnl, o-iiatl-tidshid. Female (of animals), tauiti, .shine. Feminine prejiv and sexual irords :-s pielixed or interpolated is (.(vasi(uially found clearly as a feminine hIhu ; but so lai^e a portion of the words in the la'n-uaKe eommeneo with thi.s- letter that there is some dillioulty in deterniinin« its oeeur- rence in that .sense. The following may, however, lie cited as examples of its use: 7 lore my aife, liatllfi chid, tsiill ehug wn.sh, where t.si ill is the possessive pronoun, fcminin.', in place of te-itl. ,Slir is well disposed toward yon. k'sils twul diiK-we. Where is your wife f chad ki sad ehuK-wush T It is also reco;;nizahle in .soine of the words deuotin- relationship, ^c: ■ h i 11 t-'f a I B- 1 * !4 HiiM y22 rnr, xihhim, lavckwiid. h"i(jiinit, siiiilliil. Ht'c ^^ Hinhfolder", File, II, slijls led. /•V/ir/, /», cil'liii, oiiiil'liM. I Jinil, () ctl liiic'liid. / cant Ji ml II, li\V( ' kits-iiidliii- W'lidf iliil !;ini liiiil .' sl;il» k'iiis I'M liwii f Whirc did i/oii find llw mnn t cliiid kills, nil' bwii ki .s|ii!isli .' Lmd; ninl iinxnitUj jiiui irill find, ;;wiit-('liiil daicliii klo-cd-liwii. This vcili iuid II as aid' liu. to kiwir, ii|>[K'ar to Lave some couiinoii root not now iiit('lli;;ili]c. Fimicin, s'lia lat-flii. Sec " ll(tnd'\ Finisli, to, () lio' iukli. / Imra dour calintj, o-lio'-yo tits-iitld. Ilurf i/ou done iranhiiKj? lio'-ytik)! o-katstsakliw-tsakw f Slop yov, lioyukh klrkli. .S7«/», ijuit that, lio yiikliw, (viT.v itiiju'rativcly) is-sa' lio \iikliw (issa', an iiitcijcftioii). Set' *' To do", o lioyiit. i''j>(', liiid, iiot ; u-\hh], to liuni ; klo ho' cliid, I nlioH liurii ; s'lioda U', '/ ./((r^j/dfr; thid- i\nh, Kummer ; o he' hud-dub [n litllf irxnn), sprini]. To Imomv HvirHi, o-hud-dc'- ukhw. Sec •' \V(trm". Firsl, fiitrmost. Sff "/>V/()»r'', i'Wi (I hero is no f;('n(Mic nainc) : — cod, ko' pi'lla ; rockcoil, (sobastosoinns), tat Ic'dc- {iwu.st ; rcdjish, tat R'wks ; Jloundcr, poai'; solt; st-hii'-hiitsh ; hidibui, s'chot'h ; large cottim, tp-»ai'-up; toadjish (borichtliys), ho'-di, .s'ho'-di ; riripdrouH perch (an t'inltr.voloroidi, skwckhw; slinijeon, kwo-tait'-sit; dogfish, skwattdi ; hImIc, kwi;'- kwi il ; calorrliijnchiiK, sko' lua; snult, shfd ziis; ^•oiiliihan '' (thak'icbth.vs), (Chinook) kwidlus-ti-o; Khitcjish (corogonus), bidotl; herring, stol; suclicr (fresh icater), Kkiiin ; midht ( fntihn-atrr), st'-ai-i-i>id ; .v((/»i«h, schi'-ib'ul-hu (};enfric (or the finor spci^ic^), sat'suni (tiio t'kwin' iiat of the C'obiinbiii Uivor, saluio ([uinnat), sko'- bwuts ySln-iikh, saltno (luinnat), ti; watlin, skwanl (Shu-.vha' ins), kl-hsvai, Ic-kai {dog, saltno caTiis), hiuldo (hvnip-hncled nalmon, sabno jiroteus); the e.rhansted or "*/«■/! r" sdliiion, ,\ok\v, except the skwaul, wliieb is calh'd st/ekops; nalmon- trout, ehi-wakh'; hrouk trout, skwus ji'tl. Parts of il lish : — the fesh, talts; hack of the head, st'sh'-sbap; snout, skub- kup; tnuDcle under prcopereulum, sliu-tu ina'de (cheeks); gills, s'iiai-ai ; scales, M]»ish ; s])ots, askhil'h ; tin' shoulders and fore part, s'cbil los'; middle section, so-di- gwa'-bals; /((/' .vfvYioH, s'ciiit -.'-ad ; bones (>')7*,s), s'hakhs; larger liones, {so'-\nnl; fdl- inon roe, knlkb ; herring roe, ke'-a-kulkii (dim.) ; roc of small fish, sb'da'; throat, t'sbekliw tsuli-bekhw' (see " Hark"); /)(7/)/. sats-koti ; j'eetoral fins, tsilka'-do; ren- tral and .v/n, okh-kus ; sea- snail, ka' nia' ni; land snail (helix; also a demon of that name), sb\voi-nk\v; whelk, spfip-sil, spops ; ?/((rH«(7<', tsob-tsob ; a /rtr^/f.s^x'CiVs, dzal-gwa ; siphonofa sheU-fi^h, sliOp ; lietljl, smuk-ba. Crustaeeans: — edible crab, bes'kwu, besk' bu; «/oHC-cra&, ba-wCl'-sa ; hermit- 32;] vrnh, liaiiwilo'; s,nihr rrah, ts;i |Mn' iii-a ; pntini, siiikli, Ito'liits; shll of crah, killlii' k;il.iil; (/(f/r,.).."*!,' i,l (//(/;///); uMoni i mil a,,-,',; sc> \mt («i>n,>i); ,;>,■ of rnih. liii kwiil Irtsli'. • ■ w , KcllilHKlcillls:— ,y7/i«»,, (Sfil (•>;;.'). .sUwc' kwilsli ; sriitill,, (filkcillcliili), InVf kwic' Ilk; ufarjinh, kwiil la'clii {Jiniiirs). Fixli, catrh Jisli, to (with a ««■//((•), slu'lt-.-ilb' ; {with ,rl), \vi at la hkvv ; ( wi/l, „ spn,,), tsa'-ka«l»' (SCO ",SV)m»--",; {u-illi „ /,„„/,), ut likhl k« i; (iriil, a ml,,), 1.' kii;sriiics, mt.i, sinxhOiV, Nliiikli' shnkli l.ii.l, .li<' .>lia Imi.1 (In. a. sluik'li, h;/) ; akli hwiiil zud; n huidiini nit, ]i\\i\\' Im ; il.uitsto o m .\u>\^ sa l)a' liat ; lishnui linr, kic «liilt, skai kad zii ; trolliiiii llm; kc kai .voks ; hlailihr ilmil hi n liiii', yliiip n' tlioiii .s'liii 1>II, « hliiililir) ; Jhh liooU {iriioilni), s'clia' (!c (Ni.sk.), liai ukli' (Siioli.), iron Jishho.U, klt''kwii(l; halibut lioiu\\ klt'iik wiitl, klailap ; /(,v/(i»i//7»i/c, cliisli' ai ; //.vA (//(/, ,stcl kwnl) ; lishnimn; .skwOt liilt; Jishiriir, stcka' Ukw, v-iUiil ; Ihi lofliris, ii'ii kwiil • Jish rhih,\i.\\u>H; />«(7, bal-bul It'. ' /7((/, tMik'liw, t.«iiik' \vi (Itih. Fliittin thrhiml, to, k'po ."^ikI ; /Ae toM(/)mM, r'skh-kri.Vtmii. rioiirr, .so kaisiiii, Tlii.s i.s .sonu'tiriios fiivoii as a iiarni' lo >;iils. /■'/)/, to, (1 .'•ak'-liii, o-.sak'-wii. Foam of thrma, sUo'-Hiib. Foil, .skwii.sli-iiiii, sle'-iik-wil. Fold, plait, plniliil, as-hup' ; to/olrl, kal.tlcd, t'liup-a guii'.siid ; to ihiihka hiaiihit, ikli- liiip a-^Mva' .sa lit' za. Follow, piiriiiir, to, (liik-cliala ak. Food, sathl, siitld. Soo " L'at'\ Fool, .sliwul-liik; foolish, dnink; vnrliasti; a.s liwnl' kii. 77/.«,sr' lonimon jwoplt^ mah' Jooh^ [o/them;iilirs], liwul hwul-kok .sliid' kwi' .si'la InKl'. / knoic that i/oii talk likr u,lool, as-):s-ta' sliwiil-luk^ liot-hol'-islm* a-said-tii'-cliid'' {ns'/ool' :-tlalk'-.sliid, ultit lalk sliiil, hiij tor; kliik'- sbid, one foot of a xlioe or utockini/, lame of one foot ; t'kwab'-Hbid, leather kUoch or hoots (i'tom stukwiib, wood); .val' .sliid, yt'l'shid, « imir of moccasins, Irijiiiniis, shoes, or stoekimjH ; ycl-la'-bit wliid, piintnhmns of skin or ehith ; o bwiitl sliiid, to hnak the leij ; sti-thi'liisliid, with the foot usieq} ; kcukut sliid, to hnlihlr or fitter a horse ; s'k-kol-sbid, hoofs ; on foot, o'-ba-Hbab (t'rniii c'liaHli, to walk). Foot-print, bfit-sha'to-bid, s'biid .sba'-bid. For (intended for), liiiddcld, twiil ; for my wife, twiil .sed vbiiK-wu.sb. iVt'/tf«(/, silel.s, sc'li!lt.s. Dkuivativks, obi't-sil, to he anijry, to he ashamed; <,(lln;t- sil-tta, to sulk; to hUish ; liot-sil, for shame ; lab;'-o-sil, to alter in appmranec ; and lierliaps akso oo'sil, to dire (ijo head foremost). Forest, wooded country, .stuk-ekom, Ht'cb't-bwa'-lup, .stuk-ti-kOp (liom Htuk-hiisn, a tree; stiik-wiib, sti-kOp, wood). Foryet, to, iiia'li, o-ba'li. I forget, o-ba-li-cbid. J* si! r iu :524 rmhril, hntiiihid {us a rlnr or roait), as (•' :ik'li ; irilli mdiiy rliiinnch inj'orkii {an thcthlla of II linr), lis (■ Ilk .sc' Ilk. I'liniiirlii, unit, w' '^^k lia' p>, lia' ;iW(>, a.sli' In lia'K". <'>'-tii liii'-;;<>, »\sli' i'-ii'-j,'(i. l\tt- iinih/' mi/ (lliin)' liiiir^ intu' |'"".'/|. tii lint suds' li- nkml /o' iisli In li;i ;;o*. O/irr' f irnil', cstliii ;,'()' .slillsd nv. .1 uliHr {indird hiiij ikjh). Villi lull III niijlil, lia' K"o tiitla lifl. See "./«,s7 nnir", " Old". Ill tiivs'' •■xainiilcs, tlir iiarticlt' t', to, tii, sijiiiil.vin;,' [past time, is loiind with it.s vai'iou.s tuphoiiii! iiiodili«atioiiH, mid in tiit«, stiit, aud stfits, it is couibiiicd with atHa, /. Sic ^' I'nst". Tlin analogy bttwtcii a'-fj", lia' K", ""'l lia akw' will bo iiotici'd under •' I'lisi'iilly", iUl ina is the K<''iii'« <>' t'orliine. Soo " Myllinloiiy ". Finiiiciithi, miiin/ limis, oj'lin, kaliat lahu (Iroin ka, the plural si<,'n, many, and tla' hu, or at la'-hi si;;iii(yiii;i rrprlilion). See ^'Xiiini lal odrerhH'\ Fnsli (not smoked or (hied), kluiit (the same as iiiic), Frislut in- J\ Olid of a rircr. See "To rise'\ Friind (speakiiij,' of him), a'-sliid, a'-shiid ; my friind (addressiiif,' him), sM-da' shid ; also speakin;; to a man, ash-dals; to a wiuiian, asnals. A-shud and ash-dais can- not be used to women without insult. The j)lacinta, a'-shnddiklil (llie cltiUrn I'llinil). I'liillili'nid, iifiuld, ho'-kwiits. Friniii; us-snl'-sa; jvinyvd, as ;jwilia'liad. /•V(.s7.-, lo {lis a doy), sakli hwiib. See "/>rj)i('c". Fniy, swuk Ue' iik (Nisk.); wak w;ik"li (Sky.); by onoina topdMa, tsOl-swa'-ja (Snoh.); also the name of the nioon'.s wife (th(! spots on the moon). y'VoHi, till. From ichcrc, irlicnir 1' tid-cluid f From that way, thvnci', iid e.s-ta'. From Olymi/ia, tiil al chis S'l k'cuak (/;o»i at that ttlympia). J came from I'lirt Townsind, till ad KA' TAi slits latl. From whire did yoii [get it\ .' tiil chad-chu f Fni il. See " lierrics ". Fry, to, wuchc'-hatelkwu. Seo ^^Cook'\ Full, .siilisjiid, as batl. I iim done ratiny, a.s-lnitl-ehid, as-metlchid. See ">S*i/V". Full {lis a htttli; dr.), as-lutsh; lull/ full, till hluk-gwus; qunrlcr full, tiitl-kap. Funyus (a species used for red paint), hut-lat' sid (Nisk. and Snoli.), ibd;-do'-kw (Sky.). Furred, hairy, as-ta-bed. Future siyu, the, kl, kla, klo, and tao convertibles tl, tla, tlo. This particle, as the prefix to a verb, indicates the future tense, and, like the l)ast sign t, to, tu, is variou.sly modified in eoiubinatiou with the verb aud pronoun ; for example, o-liot-hot, to simil- ; klo-ho'-liot, I irill speak ; o-yai-fis, ^o irork ; klai- ai yiis chid, iviitlai-ai'-yfis, he irill icork ; o-ta'-.sud, to return ; tlo-ta'sud-chid, / irill return; o-okli, to go. Da'-da-to'-chidb^ tlo'-okh^ or da'-dato' ke tints'^ ^ okh-lio\ to- morrow^ P wilP go*. The letters /,• and / before / are not only convertible, but often transposed and sometimes dropped, while the vowels have no i)Ositive value. The letter /, there- fore, remains as the ultimate root of the particle. In combination, it seems to signify also nrurrenee and jnriodieity. The obvious derivatives from this particle are numerous, and there are other .somow hat conjectural, but still probable ones. iilT) Till' most iK.titcalili' is tlio vcrli ;il' la or ill' la ; in ils intraiisilivc sense nicaniii^' to ii»iir ; ill tilt' transitive, /(> /'»i/u/; ami tlie iimdilied loriii, o tliiil eliil, ^> was i:i}uvtiil ; the one who was to come; his mission bein;; tlio destrnetioii of the primeval demons who persenited iiiaii at his lirst appeal alien on earth. O. (lollop, to, klowil alps'. (liiinis :—llic ijamc o/^^ liaiiil" mill that iilin/nl iritli ilisks /»(//(, la hal', sla hal ; to jihiii, o la-hal', o-laha'liib; ofiliir iiiwli oflxonrs' ttitli, me' ta la, s'liie' la li ; tlif liinlust or/our point of Ihc itivc, kes ; tlir ijnmc of riiiijs mtil arrows. Hmubbe'; of liiiitily or liocki'n, kek-li Olsk. See " To hrt^'. dope, iiiiicn, to, o-^wa' lali. (lathn; piik, to (us hirriis), o kwil', o kwel ; to ijotlur mils, beb kod, o kap' o ikapii po, li'izdnuts). (Juivk, hi us ijo unit pirh Inrriin, hai iik' lo, o kwel' shid. ihoiiriipliiral nanus :—llir ra'rtli, rotinlrii, \i:, swa tekhw I'li (see "/'/«(r"i; o mount "(///(, skwa'lutsh; snoupvak, sk.'ls; liiU, kluj), spo' kwab, mna'del ; duU of rorks from a >hoh/i^((h, shwukhw ; point o/^ /o/h/, sUwetsks; point hrlinni tin forks of a ririr, skoal ko' ; island, sti ehi' ; >r(.s7 country, skuk e kimi, sliikte kob; Iml eountri/, suk-hw'.doi>; ?»•«(.'•«>, mauloir, ba'-kwob, ma' k worn; Inmt aborc fnslut, aspuivwub; tide lands, o-sluit-lnkh ; marsh, sVhe' a kwil ; sandy ground, se ^wns tulb; beach, e-bab-ziehu ; the sea, hwulteh ; tidr, dzo kwush diib; boy vr Imrbor, e-hwulkwab; lake, tsa'lal, tsa'Iiitl; nrrc, .stoliikw ; mouth of a ri'm-, e'lol sid ; irans, ^'wale'ukw ; surf, dzOl-ehu, o te' a kns; the cast, kahol ^wuii liu; the ircsl, atl'had 01 gwun-hu; thehori^on, e' la had; the interior, inland, takt, tiitakt, kaikhw, .skaikhw. See the above respectively. (kt, to, o hwe'wi, s'hwe'-wi, ^Yherc did yon yd [it\ i chad kats hwe-wi ? liil chad chii ? literally, from irhere you f (hwe'wi bcinf? mi'k«'' la ti^\\l ; III yil up mi niiylliiiiy (ii.s a taMt- or lalli'ii iKc, l)iii Mill (III a lii|;li |>la(H'), i>tai;ta jjwil. (Ill ii/i, nil iiji, III (wlit'ii I.nIiik tlow.i), o ((wiiil'dcl. liiiiilil, cliriii lili. Sec " I'll lion", " In lirint". fill I {II ijiniiiii iliilil), flia' rlia.s hla'-iif ; (/i7//( iniinini), si t'lia'cliaN (si, I'fiii. piclix) ; « ijirl lull ijiiiiiiij III l.iiiiir a mini, ka'liai ; iiiiv jiml aiiirnl oi iiiihiilij. o liais' liui>, ii liais' lio- liil; our iriwili-iH nut mi iislriiitif (|i<'ilia|iH wlio lias I'aiii'il at (lie usual a^c), i^iiiokwiij. (iirr, III {itiisiiluli li/, IIS II pi I mill], aii' >liil,s, all liiilt.s' I'st. (livi iiir sniiir }iiiinlir, all sliitH llUs hUwr' lll.sll. Ill llu' MlIK- (if llllltll (l|- /((//( /(), KIcllN. llllllll IIIV HIVIV IwllllllVH, UU'Ih iiliM HiK'' <• Kill.-. Ill till' si'WM- III III iiiij, aim, ill la. (liri iin , iiliiixc, Homr u'lilir, all III' sliitl.H sKti iiK' ii Kii. (Ski), an i'\prf:-sioii iimiI in seeking llic (iinxl will of a |it rsdii.; 1 1 iff mc smiif irnlir (a wiiiiiaii .sin-akiii^; tii a wdiiiaii ), ,\all sliiils s\\ ,i ka kn liUin (adilrt'Hst'il in a man), yatl-Nliitls dotit' ak' a ko, Idim (a iiiaii In a \Miiiiaii), ,\all shiils lint' .si ak' a kn. (I)(i !«' ami dnl si, ciiiiivalciit lo " Ynv linn ", niiisl li)< aililn's.sfd, tile lii'.st lit a man, llio laltiT to a \Miiiiaii only.) To ijirr In ml, lo fml, kla'-dai* ; lo ijirv n J'nisI, kn' ndak ; In ijirr Imik, set- " liiturn "'. (Ilail, lilnlHiil, lo /^r, n jii il, liall. / mil ijluil i/oii hiirc I'omv [ijliiil^ wi/ hiinV ijou Itiitc iiiiiif*), njii il' lid' liut.'^li' ata latsla' cliil'. (ihii {llllllll- III' link sl;iiis}, iiial. (Iniiir, III (UK II nit or a Iniirn}, (^lin' tid. till, lo, n nkll, (ilinlt, nllWnl). J' ijii^ n I'lt^ silid', n Ink- sllid'. n InUll' kwnkli' elm' ? | You] ilhliinn' ijir, ska'kcd nl' la' ••had' kadM'' nkh'f Hoir' ilo i/oh' //.»'.' stahali' kal.s' tiklr' / (/>«) .i/ok' «/.,- \iii a] (•(iiiiir' ' k«'-lrdr' kat.s' nkli' ! Arr you goinij noon T Iiwe' la U'lsli' lio-to'-kw' ? {iiol^ lull'' \iioii\ ijo'). Ill ifois, In nkll. |.l'''] i/'"i'' (plin-) !l<>iiiil>s in some of the iireviniis examples are enmpniiiid and separated, as in go prrsiutlij ; dai is an adverbial particle; clin, tlio copulative prunniin, you (sin^.) transferred to it from tlie fnllowiii'; veil>; klo, tlio si;,'n nl the fiitnie tense; nkli, the verli ; tel-h'.vr, a eniitraetinn of the adverb a-ti- lakh he, today, used in tlie sense of /)»v'.v(»^/(/, in titc coufsr of the diiy. On (iiiiii. of o linb), n'hwa, oliwiikliw. J go, o-hwo'-but sliid. / icunt to i/o, tiisohwab- eliid, tik-ewab, to go on homchiicl; ride. Tr "o in a canoe, o'lutl. Thrci [they] go in a ranof, la'-nlutl. To go up hill, iiHccnd, nkwa'tiitsli (skwa'-tMsh, a hill or itimint- uin). To IJO nmnd (ok round a house), o ke'ta kit Lu. 'fo go toirard the uiiler, Ari'l ynu' (sing.) ijninij'f n7(('»v ' lire ymi' gniiuj'f ■}'J :i27 O kwcfl. V'o (/<> <»|/(IH iliniji, airiiff irilli J/nM. (/n mt ^i. illl il kIhiii), lif' wil, lii-'-wil I;i. S<'c "CiiiiliiiHi". do out, lif' wil til .sIihI iMkliw. To ijo oul, tiiii(>M iiii|uTiitivclv, as kl«tl» kat si lalM, look out ((/(III*/ iiou sir); klitlt cliitl Of' ml, Irt itir sl'ip. (looil loii; liti i (pnilialily IVom ukli Int. to j/d, anil iisi-d in sense of i a slll^;U' jM-rsoii, if a man, liti i a sliiil ^a s1ihI,./Vkh»0- ''• several |ieim>iis, Inn kle- ,\ul la In'st, apparently //«" (jo irillioiit ciitisc, (hiiKs, k«e' kwnl li, liwe'kwi, ka >,'wnlli\v ; l». (Inili/iil. .See "77i(U(/,.s". tinin, jilnir of ilrpusit /or the diwl, skaiyii. (linn, serious, aial-asli, uiyi yasli (used also as a nitknaine). tlrnisi, ijnir;/, swns; Inlloir, xukliw (ml. linen (imleor liil liiil' /o snii, to idmk out the hair. Tirisied or hraidid hair, toll slii dlfd. See " To braid ". liushy haired, },'wislie' Ins. h'ed haired, h'k kwcl-lntsli (lie' kwetl nd). Curly haired, as he' Inilsli. With the hair parted behind, ii>^knv\in' fhittrr ; Mikli In ' .1 III clii, llii liiiiiir» nillirtinli/ ; ki> I1M.4 (In. ko k w .11 1 In, k'M)k t.il k'ncl' <-lil, /A» 11(1 1 /» ; Ui-\ii, tin xlii n Iff' III, .'" foAr f/c liiinil ; kwiil la' ilii. till ht'iijijih ; tMt.H liitskH. It liirnhootir ; \ c latNk.s. « nix nhimtir. iKuii il/i- l.il ( lii, »!/ ; sliis cliiik Nitclii, s'kftMk'wtclii. (« jUujrrriiuj ; 80 k«at clii, .1 hiiiiilil III' liiiiih. Sec also iiiinicraii anil iiiiiiiiTal ;:(1vciI>n, d/c l.»t(lii, «i.r ; I'kat (111, rifilit; Ka lal (III, lirnilii (-ale .-'lia' lal clii, /idi hiinil); ami s(» (Ui to hiiin k « al ilii, Il liiiiuli I 'I. Iliinil, Ihi- ijttiHi III (played vvilli siiiail ivoudi'ii di.-.kH uliicli ate nillcd (in a mat', l,i )i:ii. sla lial. Si'c •' liiiims", •• In hil". 1 1 II II I Hi iil'aniilliiiiii, //i> . kM lid dull lia'IdU (llitlii 11 k wild' dud. ^< f'l/.' , k w ai diiliaio ilicii ; liiiiiiilr 11/ It kuiji, cli.tlN' a li"d ; iin n n liiiinlli, >l.nli iit ml u! li lliiiiil iini'H Kilf, III, liwc' a kwiih' siil>. Ilitiitiujui , to, imI /,(•' liwult. //(!>•(/, ulriiiiii (not liiittlc), >-\\Ai^ \vd, kiuk' liii. /In I, i'(/i, --liwais; Nisk.),sli('' ukw (11(1111 Nlnik"li,(i/»i(C< ,Sk.\ '), n iriiiinni'- lnil.ynl Ic a k« ml. Iliiiil, III. II ta' li\M>l ; hiiiil (ilil|i. N tilkli Imd; liilitl hml;, tilkii imd tii lak'. //iii(. III, like the veil) to hi , is wanting,'. Its place a8 a posM'ssiM' vcib i,s .siipplicii ii.\ ilie Kamo iidjc(?liv('s, a oli uiid at-siits, words dcnotiii},' prvnence or 1 itHlinvr, i\\ liy till' ('(iiiticctiiiii. Iliti'i' 1)1111 itnij siilwi-n .' a' lld. / /(((('(' 11 (Jiiiiy ,\a' shed hwiil ti nialsli. //', ^hl, alisoliite, t/.il, t/.in il. These arc never used as nominatives to a veili, and in tact seldom III any mode i'.\i'(?|:' in tlie p(».s8('.ssivi' ; as, lii> /n/oc, gwiil t/.il slia ke'- yu. I'or the most part, tlu; verb in the third person, both Mnjruliir and plural, stands aloiic, and, as elsewherti show n, this per.son in 'h • p-eseut tens" is the siiii plest liiiin ill which it occurs. Slid ilitl is, howcvi^r, ►."'iiettnie.s einployt'd as a nominative; as, //c /icrnfi, suddill as kla' hot ; /«• w pronoun bciii;; here diiplic.iied I'or Ki'i'ater ccrtainl.v. There seems to be no copiilatnc in thi; third per.son, unless it be slii, wliicli octnir.s in the toUowin^' caKcs . Ill till [il) lioiiKf, ulshi a'lal : llutt mini thnv (he) iz/M*/*, oywal hlii ai m-, le ill siiibsh ; I liiilr (/, ochadshis chid, w here it is iiiler|iolated. This, however, may be a demonstrative pronuiiii. Slia, slial appear generally to (bllow the verb, Ihoiiflli not as copulatives; (.(/., l>o i/oii knoir (him) that man? n-sci'd liii ;liu slial te il stobsh T I kiKiir /(i/», a said' hii (hid sha'. //( ix /civ, atsud s ,1'. Ill the same iiiaiiner, il (*/. r.) is expressed by sas and sa liwas, Mi/ Inisliaml in (jooil uatinrti, kl("»b ("tbkh'ib sliul ta (led s'chestliu. Here shul ta did is cniiipound(>d of nlial, he f ta, a particle, signifying that the one spoken of is present, and dc' a t\o,Jiiiif thirc, ■,\s (KIOSK the toom. With these last appear to come hal ai il hal gwa ; 1: ,l hrod, ikli jh-' Iiih. S4M< " l!,t>lp, ]i(tilii,>/'\ Tlnu' iiH' a r«'« inslniu-t-M in nhikIi the S. IjmIi «.,n| kt ;i, l,..l, k«;illi, i.s ^llll iiiMiiuil III «HiiiiiHi.-.iliiiii. 1 licw an- iiidhiI.v pii>|MT iihuick of I liii'ts iM |H-i»*on.s of jfiMxl .l(s«n«nt. us I'ut' kt" nam. I^kkli' k<> iiam. llaC t«> a In*' iiiiiii, \;'., the iiH'iiiiiiins ofwiiicli an- Inst to tlic wcartTM. Ili.if >.( lln> (•.•lcltrati';c to ili,> Sclisli, "//,,!,/ irithout „ skull." Ollitr wunlt* in tho NisUwullj pi.-wi^ iiiy ihf di 'liiliation arc: liii ko kt d. tlu itoirn »/ llu hrml ; lir' a ki'd, to M-ro'rl, tin hnul . a- ;-■ a kill. i>; ptrliap« al.no fsniul ki ii, !<• dal' sliiil. JIiiu; III, as kla' hot idiint kwil l.i' dc, llu ,,ii i. as l,,l «liid ; / /(,,i). as kla' !.oi ilnd; thou liairtnl, as kla' l)oi ilin ; /„• Imtis. as kla 1 ol. sud dltl' an kla' iu.l ; irr h,v>. ^U'^ In-tl aakia' l;ot : )/*• lour, jn\] ja poas kla' hot ; iliiii lii,tr,nH kla' liot '(11 n\\,\\ 'Ilits word i« one ofMnt'ial i-lsfw Inn' lii, diomd, in wliicli lhc\t'il) is conii^alrd lioin an ad jrctivc form. Jlfdrl, till', Nl'saltcli, si'.sa' It' (ill llif nin.sc of irill, iri.ili, opinion. lll^|^oKllion, \r., tUi- heart litiiiK' the xvnl of the iniiiil', hiilsh : «. (/., hiilsli ka' liis. Ilirn/, hull ^h,oit or mind of the cyt); shill hat cliuh, /o millf up oni's mnol. Wlint ,lo i/mi think t irliiit M i/o)ir iriult f as heil' j,'\vud' VmV hiiteh'f (literall\, /d.ici ii ho' i/ou,-' Im.rt'). h tliitt yinir opinion .' do i/ou think no/ (.vo' yutir' hrnrl'f) hh is' ta' kati' Itiilslrf My opinion is such {of mi- hiar'' ko*), jjntl' at-sa' liiitsii' as is' ta*. Jliiit, to, to put utauis on tin tir<' to hnit I'or cookinn. tin! its, sluts idls. Jlmry, kh' ah. Iliili, to, ofliad. / hidr it, o ciiad sins ejiid. 1 1, re the pKiiioiiii shis (it) is iiilerpol.iltil l)elw»•.y('),<•kr>' Ilk lit Hiiidr front o ke' a kail'. /->//-.///, ■iiit|.|/..i' .-.hiil loot). //()?/, iiolo'kuks; /l7^T «//*/;/«, kokokshii. (Frentli, m7i<(»i.i lloir, as lo'; // hoi, in Ihr t/round, eha. I)i;in\ AJ I VIOS, elia ad, /" dly ; ochatl, /« hidr f nc}iiiU, iicUaU, to difi foots ; Ui^e. at.s, hid'.'in, thr hiddni or minxtriiul lodi/r ; ehal kt), a Will. Hee" When'". Jlook, iiilch on, to i(r, Mik kolcliiil. It is noticralilf that in tixt laiinuitj^t'H ol' jj'viTiil wt'nlfiii trilH's, aiiioii^; which ih<- horw is ut' ifci-iit ini|H)rla- iMiri. :hi- iiilii|it<- /( /i/dci"), s'kwiil, mis kuni' liilii, ols^'iil le ; (^'M tn jiirsousj, Hen " H'drw". See "/'('re". IliiWir, hiilijr, a' lal ; r(H>J\ sii >,'\Mid>l im ; /;/((»A-,v. s'ha' la> ; htimis, a>hnlatlalt; ilonr. iruy (tlie same as road), sliii;,' \\'ll ; jiit iiliar. s'ho'da le, (Iroiii \iin\, tin ] ; Jlixtr, hiil- leldoped ; II scat in tin Uidij:', swalekhw t'n ; lifl ijhitr, liilloa'sed; it minxinmi I'kI'Ji; us chats (see "i/ii/t'") ; ii siriathouHi', s'hiUets (Nisk.S wokh-tud (Seoh.)- Iliimihitlil fiirnituic (see ^' HiisLits", "■liliiiihts", i^p.): — />(>.r, rhcst, wukkuh, wiik-k'kiih, wo kap .1 tniiih irith hruss niiils, as oliitshsMo wnkk'hiil). Dilt;/ hi>.<\ t<- hold Irijirs, hnd de {{We;; sa le', />«rf/, siins, sa' siis. Hoirl <)/■ hunt, spill kwns, />(\// or plate {of stoiii'), ink wai ; {of irood), Ml kwi. ,1 tarye ilish, hiUIi pur .Miitsh (liekw, tunji). A nip, lni kwe'akod, siikli ko' kwa (see ko, iratrr). ,'^ioop, tiik we' lai. 7'wi kittli; tin iron, kankli. Urass latlli; kwadsalat- hn (kii la' hii, brass). Vast iron pot, thi't laholtsh (I'roni ehellu, ii statu ■. Stone iiiiirliir (ir inrlatr, kepotl. Spoons, q. r., tsnli lied, klelihnd ; ((;/" iroo*/), t'koboltsh ; (honr, ha'li'kh«. Crailli, s'hal tails, skiik ke' ill. s'hal ted ell. .1 .sm/^, siikh a- tiwild de, //('/(•, vtali, lloir ill) i/oii ijo > stall all kats okh ? See '^Wlutt", a-hed. See under " Stril.r". Ili'irl, to (as a inilf III iloi)), kiXW'iU. See''r/-^". Iloii- iiiaini. kw<'d, kwi'-did, kwe' ilitl. Ilmr mnaii ilmis 'njn .' ii. r., htur »w»u yenttniaffs f) kwediildat? Jloir many ilaiis to ronii ' kwet shia' he .' Iloir manifiioUars? kwed- els ? lloiv many nil II f kwe' ,lill slolisli. See ''TiHoir'. lloir much, ashed, Jloiv mmh a ijavil .' ashed' kwi' dutch-o' .stnk \vuli< f (hou- much^ th(* oni" yaril*). Hon- mmh insist I paii .» a.shed kwad hnteh piz liiidids' did. See ''J'ai)^\ Takr as mmhan i/on iiant (i. <•., iioir mmh yon want), kwinl diid as he' kwats hatl. Ihij), to, oko'-hnd. Ilnnvh hark, kan' its ; humh harliil, as kau'itsh. This word is repeated mi iinaiita- tioii il'an.v tale is told li,v da.\ li;,'lit, lest the lienrers should liecoine ,• lliiniir/i, a^i-so' wnl, as i ' wnl. llnnt, to {an-.„als), klo hob. .1 hnntir, soohde (apiiareiitlv Ironi o lioU, to ijo). Iturl or iioKHilril, jfwiil alt. Sw "AVr/Av ". :\:\\ t, 1 i,|M'rM(inil iirotmiiii, ;iliMoliil«t, i»! ■«,>, ui .s:i, ft ni. / .mr/' i,lhi^*-< v""', ar xii' >iitvl>' t\ llllj^' »••'. (Ni>IK..—Tlu' hull. Ill ;tl\Mk,\s putt UlllDM'lf lilNt.l -Wy III/' Wr-I o/MHKim' |mJ h()\ pull' at' Mil' liiitcU' as is' la'. [Arr] if»m' «»N;»rv' wtth' mr' f .1 lii'( kiImIiii liii Iwul' lit S41* ? /' mmlr jMi*'; iMi/xW; ', ti-' al sa' <>]> klo .-iiU' < lii.T. (Copulative prclK.: -In I In- nitiiplt' Iixtii. tin' al>iui» arc ii''\ri u.srtl ,im uujniiia tiv»-H to ii veili, liiit in lOiuliiUrttlitii wiih tin- pasi >n luiui. |i.iitii !cv (lii\ ai>' m> I'liiploytHl, iHul aic tlicii to Im' i'on«i p.iMt, t«'ls, tct su, tils, tuts, siats, .siil?(, slut, sluts. / ittmr, l« t m liwiitl. / hair oj'ttn .nijiiii() titH iitlil. With tlir lutuif p„ni< li, tliitH. kliits, / i-ltttll ijii to uioinnc,t]ii' , III- kliils nIJi Im. (Imlcpoinltnt nomiiiatiM-.i — K-ts, kii.-, kiK^s, k«i''s. TiicHi' loruis pncfde vorlw or words iiscil as sinh. Imt nist'i lMii.in»> copiiiativos. Tins .Hccia to lM^ coiiipoiinils of the tlciiioiisli alive prouoiiiis (liaviuf,' tla' loiccof tin- il. liini.' .ulicliM, ki aiiil kw i, with at' s.i, nl sa, or t'l sa. I imt't tiinl i/ij, hwi- kilt aiti' Im 11. / ilmi'l /,H(>/r, hwc' kits ii.saiii hii. W'litrf nhult I liiili\it^r al chad kiilt. rliftd /.il ? I iii\ (,tr llu' most coinnion foi m in which the pronoun is used. / x/r, sla l.i hit' shid. / muL, o \ai' us <;hid. / rtfitni, o ta'shitsi chud. Yrstinhiy I nniif lim, todatldot ."-hidsi oTIilet clii twill tc'. L'tsi nil/ill I Huiil, dc, ash tii si, it la' hel sliul hit hoi li,)ls hid. It is Hoinelimcs dupiieated, //' / //-), ho !a' iliid klo nkh chid. It in.iv als.i lie um d iuv,u8iifively alter the iniperu'lve, Trodi m<,o jjvva' la chid. In si\i i.il ortlu'alM)ve examples it will lie .seen thai where the verb is precediil liv an aiherh or other part of speech din-ctl.v relating; to it, the pronoun is releried hack |o the killer. 7cf, a« iV'ic/f, skakhw, ska' ko. See " Mij/tr". Iille, 1(1:1/, uiiirHliiiii. as che'lit.sli, elie' litsh. //, lio la', ainel,a liel. 1/ I rjo, a-hel chid klo-okh : ho la' 1 hiil k!t>..l.h. .See a!.->o '■/'./• h dekliw, as de'iikh, iisilitkhw'^ hud de' liii, hud dekliw'. ]\<- (III irilhin the /(Oi^r, andiikw' chil ki ;i'lnl. Come insi'lr, iil lat ii hud ilckliw' o hud dekhw chii (iniper.itive adverb). To put into um irnlir into it IxiKiii). o (111}; WHS. Iixlciil, rriij, is shi kh' chad ; m(i;i!)ot of liloirjlii, »bo!;»', iil'li'M used in roiiiI)iii.ilii)ii, us iiii>i kai' liwii, ^t.ilv la' iiiiili, i ill lit ml. In short; fiiirnrdx thiKlmrc nrliiii mi tin injfcr}, tatuU fiis (fnmi tak, inluiiil;. It is also llif \v(ti(l ((f <'itriiiiiiU)(l, '• kcfji ill ", ■' iiiakt' for tlii» Mliorc". /'■"/(. (1 /,«(/■<•, aK tlir iriiH, sirnkw; no kwcil, nn arroir linul n/ irmi. I4i. Hti (!lii'; (iliin.) sti' tii i:lii. ll, Ha^t. Hii liwilH TliiN ill li'iist appears lo bi- tlic un-amng ol the mini.-, (.;;., /■. thm- niiiifliinij f {any it), a-o' kwi hu liwas. W htre in it f al ihad kwi sasf See also iiiidi-r " Jfi ". lutirirrlittnti. I'or (■(iiivfiiifncc' sakf, tin- order i.s rcvfiscd, a> llit-v an- iiutriinslatalili-. Ad di da'! nlii.t! expressivi' of ^irief or deprecation. It in tlie wailing ,V woiiieii), denotes Vexation, for uliitini' .' ulnp tlml .' A sasii c l.'lio jo' 1 lias the saiiieiiieiinin^', Itiit is employed only liy men. A'llie'-lii lie' I as lic'lia eliii !/(»r ^Aawo i/itiil used in merriment. I!' si iik ! just m, n>ii inlL Ivssi 1 lie'si I exjiressive of satisf.iction. K' si ah ! e V si ikl» ! from es si and si alt, chiif, a term of (lattery used liy women towards those whom they wish to propitiate, or sometimes in mockery. As a verW, it means to ilafler or coax. It is a common salutation to a person of Hole on ap|»roaehin},' a lodj.'e. K' ya' ! an exclamation in play, as when one pulls .Miotiiei's ear. lla-wo'I a salutation on arrival, llankh! Imrri/! hurrii up! Ill ye' I exjiressive of amusemeut, derision, or di.slielief. Ilel'sil! /(//• siKinir.' uttered with dilVerent de^jrees of eiirnestnej^s or anfjer. Isli' i ha I another word exprcssin;; .satisfaction or assent, ((■ci/ uril. Is.sa'! i sakli I impaiienlly eallinR the attention of one not listeniiif;, or eiiforein;,' a command : as, i.ssakh ! lio yiikliw ! utoji thitl ! Stall! irhal! Wo'h ! used in reply to is.sa', uliat ilo ifnu irniit .* or indieales that one does not hear. To the same diss of words lielonj; " HihxI hi/f"' aim " /7((i/i/..v ", r/, i: A curious form is the convertiiij; a noun into an inteijection; as, stuk ke' wi vvii! oh .' hiaio; iii;ploiiii;;l,\ . .1. ■ hiihiii.s, as-hiill ; lit hr /culoiis, o hut Insli. Si-e •' Sirh ". ■Idiiil, hiiuji\ yuk kod. ,//(.s/ HKir, da' Iiii, daklnv. / hiirr juxt nun,, il.i' liu rliiil " rnxintly". K. iliit ehi. See da under Kamns, a bnlh which forms a prim .pal i-.rticle of food [M/iiill'i m ?(.'(/. ^M. This is a '•. Tar- pon" word derived from the Todvwat or Nootka, ( liainas. .tirni, and is in niiiver- sal u.se tliron{.'hout Ore;,'on aiuJ Washinjifon Tnri'ory. Tinliit Aviwr/.v, ohad /.ut- liid; llw knmii.s sliif for iliiiiihni tin reo/, kl ka' lid ; ///* ni>:iiltitiiiUi- i>f mtmi; s»kh- ha' kia. :v.v.\ Keith (of bi$htwurk), M aM ; (<>/ lin\ kiiiik'i ; {,/ hf>u*), kwmlK.i Inl' lui, *.h< •• /fr.i»» " ; {i>/,a»t iron), tli«M' lu lioltuli, i. >., itonr Ininhl ; lh> ,v.,r, M.' Ui.l Mil; thr /«(/.. t-«(il. 11 tu'«l('. Kirk, ti>. ikI 7...' liu.l, ihI zu biU- /w7/. /(»;•/. »„w)|(/. W/iA», ^M Till- iikmI." oI killiiin i» pMuTiilly hihm-iI1i'«1. S.m- T- Khot't, Ktah, flrikf, \f. Ki»>i, /'I, ittitiknt sitis, kolH ii (lils. A'(i/r pan, liwiii vn, lii kii' lot siil. Kittrl, tit. 111! al lml>, liil ii' l.i hub. Knife, Riiukw (i. c, inm); <»itl <>/ Lnil'i, w ' lllk^^ (.«./>; «/«;*!, ne' la liuilH ; handU., k«ii 'nAr), i-IiuIh i» iM-tl ; joint or himjt vukkod; nhmlh, .siio .Id kw ill' li ; «..ry kninkimi on thr /«•«(/. rliiklik.'kh'tiili. Knot, tamjU, ..ttlols; to knot, •'.. .t>l,«\ H.-tsol; ,. (i.ils Tli..!.. fo r.itrti s,n ho, I ,n »,tH ; kl.its a' It'kw', to tic. Know, knmr Iwir, nnl, ,,. v., .. a sai.l' liii. /' know' j/.-i •/'<«', a hiii.I huC nIiI.!' tvviii' tin ;,'«•<>*. / lni'C knoirn^ t/ou' iilinnj» \ a onut tiiiii*. .sk..s' iiis a Kiiil' tu' t-^lt .< a' j,'w..' .» i/oM kttoir that man f a said tin ilm shul U» ii stnhs'li f / A /!..»■ him, ii..saitl'-liu ••hill sliu'. / don't know, liwv' kits n siii.l' Ini. /><- i/"" "«»/>f, c.r/Kr/ 'i/, iVr. /Vw/.k, /(f «» (f (jrvat eatir, tiitl' a Haiil-liii-' kwi^ «uti(l« (indtiil', h> inoir*' liiH\l>»>d*) Kuuvklcn, hwe'kwiliukliliwa'ohi. Lake, tmi'liil, twi'lfit! (Nisk.), l»a' .-lio (Siioli.). /^Mif, aH-lnvullap, I. c, /(roAnt (Inmi oliwntl, ^. /i/vyiii, k'uk ^l.it. H.-c " l^'ool". Limd, to {to ,omi- to land), kill' k-I. SfC. " Nhon". l.iniiiHitfje. Hce " To siimk'^. Lap, the. o-lil'. Lap, to [OH a do(j doix initcr), trUiiuUli, I'.oin Ula' liiis IIk lonipii, k.., initrt: /.arf/c. lu'kw, ask la ktiw ; lnr(j» rcnnd, mukk'nal lin. lMtdiorla<'>\ to Uua child in t'le crndlf or the thinirls i-, n couoc), to tic, liiikh hud. I /««//, liuk-liOd-shid. f h,in tod »/* the vat, k\va.i liiikli slii.l lii pisli iiisli. Sec " r« ^ Lait: lurdii. to he, o-MJicb : »/"» arc laU , i)!ar., o slioh cliil Inp; very late at nojUl. l,a gwo tnt-lii'licl, (. e., tonij mjo niijht. Latety. Hee " JuHt note ". Laaijh, umile, ohai'-nl). L(i:!i, as-clii' litsli. Si'f •• Tdhr, '' UnwilUnfi'". Lean {notj'af), as-klo' il, klo' « il. Sec •• fold ". Leaninij, dza'-ka-fjwil, tViHii od zakliW, to hloir down. Lmre,lo, a permn. or thin|(. I, ilk, tn, kla' kwai Ickw, frniii klal In|>, tin Iniiijiii-, I, if, tn, 1) tiiiil rhuli ; « liiir, t HH ImiiIsIi ; oiu: irho IdU Jilin nr Utile lien, tils )>*< ItiKlsh ; it's n /ii, liiiilsli. It inciiliM al-<(> 'I /i(«i.r ; '■• fuihji." I.ii iloini, /(), II tnil /,(•! ; lif dinrn liiiip.i, tml /c liiMiw': him;! <>n tin h'lUi iiswl of |M>«i|>l ''>iiil\ Kwut'-diitl' dai'' elm' klo fd' liwii'. I,oiik out! take vai- ! kloli kiit-si lalit igood i/oii mr), Iroin o la' bit, to ser. I.DokitiiigUiss, s'liu lalluis, from ola'bit, tosr.. LooHO (as a dicfs), Invut liwulli' (trmii o hniitl, to break, q. r.). T>> louf^ri'., iintif, ini/nsten, Kiikli lied', (■r()m .; ;i"k'. to i>ihii. l.osi, to (at idiiy), o slii''{;\vi tub, otsaltul). 1 /d.sr, otsul chid. Koc ■ tkt, to", in lov or drop aniitliinij, n hi)' h\itii\\t. HWDrop", I hare lost [«0)Hi7/(i»f/J, o liwil lull sliid. J.ouil, a kck'w: to talk nlniul, o hot-hot a kdi'w. 7.()i7', like, to. o hatl, / lure mi/ husband, t'.*liatl teitl s'oho.st-hii. T lore my ic'/e, hatl- til ohid tsi itl din^'-wiish. Do i/im like mr.' hritl-to'liali cliuhii ? Sw also "U'm7»". J.nrer (of either sex), skiids. l.otr (not loud), takli lials. Speak '"ir, takh-hals kats hOtdiOt. M. Maice, fndian eoni, stiil tls. The word has 8ouu' associatiou with bcadg. Hanimals. Soc "i/( (vti ", "Mule". There is no gciu'rul niiinc tor quadrupeds. liuXValo, also eattle, kvvist; ealf, so'lfw; elk (terms i-anadensis), fsuk'w'sh ; the biiek, niai'- I'ts, kwiij^' wits'i ; (/(>(■, ch'lt-se' ; c«//, aoMus ; iit {ii plnn run iiki). ^wct'lc; /nw;, |mi In' kiiks ; ijrii:!^ It'ii, Ktill) l.iltl, scli.it klilli; /f/» ; i>tniiu-in>l/ t\r riif/olc, i«ki»'- iiin ; hianr, fti kiiklnx, sti ka' Iid iNi>k.\ «liikli liwii (Skajjit;, skmi iiilili (Snoh); muMkriil, skixl ilikliw, ^kll(l ilrl \i\ is Ih)' hnirvr'H tjnuiuiir htolhrr); uniollrr, nil- liati; Idii'Iottii; skatl (Nisk.;. sKiii ki\ll (Ska;.'it); miriA, iVmnl km iNisk.^, Ih-h fliiib ^Ska}^it); irM/.«/, kic' ciriii ( Ni>.k. I, sella' t limn iSka>;ill; sl,iiid, skiil> Iti \ ii ; couijar, Hwaii'-wa ; inhl mt, |»c clnili ; (/hhkaNc nit, |ii-
  • /' III! tiniiniU); niiiniint iiiri tiniii/s jUirin iilt in), hWi' a- kwiiii ; l,tniiiix titt {iifomiji-), skad'li thiif ) ; hniiy tiiilid rut yiinilniiin \ ki> tlai' \ tl ; piur- xijiiirrfl {sciiirus}, Kkail/.ii ; iiroHiiil miiiirrrl (tamiim), H\i\\:\t/\ ; uliriir moir {iirii), |ifl-kiit chi ; moHHi\ kwa' Inn, skw a' tiid ; Imi. ]tul a Im.I' : hliiihlcr, siis liwa I, spii^altcli, >'liu' |ai ; /i/ii/hi A, kuas nl sliM ; lirrr, s'cli.*' l : hoiir, h'Idan' vn ; ril>s, Ink'h ; siiuim, fidsli, N-ImIi : Hmh (<>'' nmmiilH (tnil hirtliu Ik;' yets; /at, soliw' tiiil ; nifniilK, kad /akli'. Makr, to, o yai'iis. S*-.- •■/>(»'", " WnrL". Man (rir), tttohsli, sto liiisli, (plur.) slo o' li'sli, ,s!ii Im'h'.sli, (dim.) st. luj.; \vnl>, will lot Ml. Set" ' Mnnkiiul". MaiiLinil, a hkih, (7. r., rir), stnlisli, ito' li .-"li ; >roiii:iii, !(. r., skla lit'. >Ja'df; ;i(' rliiHH, Hka'ka }»\vntl ; rnmmon peo/ilr, si' laliatl : nlorr, *i»*> diik ; utrnHnrrH (<;' ollirr triltcH), laic' alsil-t(l' inn ; irliitr men, livviii'. iiini ; atft^ fHr^ioim of tiUtrr nrjr, sUli'- Ixit, skill Ic'-ltKt ; tniin or iromnii, lo' h'ltl sIoU^li or 4«»«f dnl>; htrmophroditr, kli'U- oOl); a poslhumiiuH child. lint'-!ii t.MviilIi'' ^wail .ir i!i , iii'iiini m/in i/roirn »»f», Ihh- will)! /w/y, i'lia' clias, c^lia' I'liesli ; ;/()/, cliu dias nI.i iic, si idiu' cliaM («»•«• *itrl"); iMj'uHt, do bad-da (.sco ^^ Child"); iktldnti, •t'a.-^so; HrsI horn chilfl, iCi-huVh; find, shwiilliik: hunchliark, kan'itsli; tkivf, ska' pai uk; hiintrr,>^>\> i\r. Sec iiiidt r "/'i .;//(", "I'liut" ^'UrliltiKHHllipx ". ,l/((«i/, miuli, ka, kad, kat. Mniji prrscnii, k;U atsil tcl' mn ; /W(Uii/ lliings, kit cs liih'. You talk »HH(7/,kat ','.id sa li«it liOt .\"i mmiji, li\v»> la ka' ; not nr;/ »M"iiy, livsr' la- ka' ka; man;/ timrK, ofirn, ka hit' la liii ; mldom liwc lakad (at' laliu luin;,' under- stood). Ka is also used as rlie pliir.il jtreli\ ; as, k;i sla' de, iromrn. The letter k a|>|»»'ars to tie tlie iillini.ite ladieal. not only !^ ill i-rn, i •••. lint HnmotiniCS I|Ih vitniii tliinijH. I am liirtliiT (lis|HiM'il to tliiiik lliat ko, irri/rr, with all its ilriivativcs, takrs 111 oii^lii III till- Haiiii' liiiiiiaiiii'iilal nlra. Marry, tnkr a irifr, In, h'mIh' U-kw (hIh'iio, irowrtH), olm rliii;;wiisli. / iri^h In warrii, ikiiclii' Jjwa' suit rliid ffrolll clill;; wiisll. fl irifr). To l (.niiia' lot sid, liintlirr'.i iriilnir). .ViirHh, mramp, H'clif'ukwil; vinmliy. hiici/, as j»ul In' liid. Miisk (iist'tl lit ilaiiccs, \y.), strt kwa' mils. Muni, >^M' "('oniii'". Milt [of tint runlirH), kol ; {<>/ roiiiiil riiKliis). skwi-' tjwiit. Tlir unilir mat of a hul, sla' Hwid (I'rom sla nwiils, thv innir hark of llic thuja) ; nthrr hark mots, i-Wt lak', v. dial' ; itiat iiiiillr, klaku' titl ; Hcriiper for umiuitliiiuj uinln, liinl tla'lu siil (Nink.)) liMii'li<'s to a coiidilioii which has tt-i'iuiiiati.'d ; as, ka' bai is ii i/iil irho Ims not ci iclud hir inrioil, mid ho' bil Nihilities iissntion ; the mi nxlriial loilijr, as chats {hiihhn). Mirrii, sat sc kill) (also iist-d as a nickuaiut'). In Sk.vwhainish, ashusiiikub, the tail of an animiil, expresses the same idea as in I'lii^ilisli icaijiiish. MisHiiiie, kwad'h ; to sni'l irilli a iiiissiiiir, okwatsid chnd. Milals : — iron, siinkw ; brass, kii la'iathu ; tin, kaiikh ; golil, lie' kwitl (rtd); silrer, hok ok ihiUar {white dollar). Midille (of Uniith), itluy;\vuts, ok-se' gwu'i, u-diij; wa'-bats ; {if width), oda-fjwitsh, o-diiR witsh ; around the middle, litl o iliiy-witsh ; the middle section of a Jish, so-di- j;wa'-biit8. J/i7A' {same as Itreast], skub o'. Mind. See " //(Y(»r'. Mine, fjutl al'sa {of or Montjini/ to me). Miss, to {a mark), o kwutl ; / miss, {jwntl shid (etpiivaleut to " throir aicaj/", q. r.) Mistake, lilunder in spceeh, lose the lemj. to, oil zat' lab ; / am mistaken, Od /at' lab tliid. Hee " [ijnoraiit ''. Mi.r, to ; also to mintakeonefor another, o-b,il-bal ; mi.rcd, as bal'. Moeeasins, yal' sbid. Money. The r'lirreiii'v of the North Pacifie consisted of a sju'eies of " wainpuiii ", known in the Tsiiiiik .lar^ioii as hai'kwa, made of strings of dentalium-sliells a fathom in length, or as mueh as would reach from tip of the fingers of one hand to those of the other. iS7i(7/.v (of all si:es), net'ehu ; of standard si:e, or less thanfortij to the fathom, hotl ; smaller sizes, solakh, solukli ; coined money, da'-la (Kng.). .1.1 ( .U(K.H, sill l,«.iliii ; nnr »««.», sK,.f, o 1,,.'. «a l.cl' a liiil>. ch Kit a hit ; Ml, W .lo Ii.i|i, ska ka laU' iio ; ininr, Isa, tilti«-ii' liis lui ; i/iii out, iJ-liHOuinhiil). Tlif .si;,'iiitlfali«iii 111 III!' Kili.r ttiMiN u.is iml i'\i'laiin«l. .S««'",l/# lliiili iifi ". Miirnhiir, kliiji. St (• " Siaiiixi ". Mmttir III/ xtiinc, /or inniiiilinn snds, n "ii htli), ir i,,:\. Miilhtr. Si'c " /i'<7(i/iiiMx/ii/(/*". Miiuiit, to ins a liinxi ), ii kr' la «« il ; / iiii'iiiit mi/ hin:i( , km la ;,■« il sliiil liw ill si , a kr' \ ii. Mnitittnin, svva' tiitsli, siio kvMili, sin.i drl : n nintr jmih, >k«'l.-« ; n Ai//, klnii; ^) iiActHf/, II kua' tat.sji. Miivth, kad' Ini ; ^i (./(oi rA< wnuth, ' lot siil, Tliis won! iiiViiM fioiiii' iiiiiiiii.^ siHiiilaiiniis ; as kad a.x, as xliown, iiii-aiiH o/uh tip- }i lioiii llnii |irii:liai rimloiiiiatinii, and tlicir liahits sii;,'i;i'sti d till' iiaini' winch has lliiis (ihiaini d lor Ihiii'. I'm thri, llm piacliii' of i'oiirtslii|i ainoiit; voiui),' Indians is lor thr lo\i i' to lir with Ins kwitI lioart, skiids, hi/ stmlth, wIiimii'i- o kad d.ih, n Knd didi, wo kiid diili nkh, tfi courl or moke III !•<' to; tii skiiil iliih, (;*/»(/»/;*(/ ; and dr' htl skiid uiili, li ^jwil-li. Miiih. Si'f " Miiiiif ". Muililji. icit, as lukw, as Ink wa diih ; to lirroinr iiiiiddi/. In ti'wk' o hil, Ins Ir' o hil, ol liii- imil dull. Mnir, livkw-gwil-dc' (lif-kw kvvil la di, hiiinns). .1/1/, ^ntl at sa {luloniiiiui to mn, tid, sli. shed, (t'l'rii.) snl ; mi/ horni,o\\{\ at sa sti a ki-' \n ; 1 think .\o [SO wi/ /if(ii7), as is' la tid linlrli ; I iim ijhul [ijUul my hunt), o]H\\ lid liiitcli ; »i///riVHf/, .shida' slitid ; »»// /kx/sc, shed a' i.d ; (»///((/(, scd ihii;;\Mi>li. Sli ajipears to lu> tlio luclix in adilrcs'.iii;,' or spiakin;; of niali' rrlat ivi's ; s, wlmli is the fcininiMi' prcli.x also, in spcakiii;,' of or to tcinali's, c, (■oiidision as to tin' idi'iilily and olliri's ol thr jiriiicipal pt'rsiiiiaj;fs rci-oj^ni/fd hy thr dilTi'iiiil trihcs, thoiij;li tho svslmi is siih- stanlially till' .saiiio with all. Tho most ini)ioiiant. ainoii^' llir N'iskwallics is 8h» kwalin, thr Moon, who, in conrorinity w itii 1 Inii ideas and liahits, is the i Idci hiollicr and .siipi'iior ol' Klo' kwatl, ^/(c .S'»», hot li having hren hoinol a uoniaii without llio inti'rvi'iition of a tatluT. The relation to these of Dokwihatl, tlieSka^;it luiil Skyhwainisli deity (so to speak) is nneertain. Ily some he was lepiesenied to me as the ehief of all, lioldin;,' the same rank wjili the Ika'nani of the 'I'sinnks, Amotekeii of the Flatheads, and Time'hn of the ."^pokaiis. liy others he was eiiii lonndedwith IIwiiii iie'. 8I0 kwalin is the Spaka' ni of the I'lat heads, e.«-epf Miaf fhe\, like some other trihes. thon^^dit the siin .iiid moon to he the same, or at least n il tH j,Mvc tliiMii til.' Miitin" n.imi'. Ilwiiii lit', llmi iir'. en \],. Ihf S|.il' WH |i iif llii' ri.illHMils (^/i, iDiiirii iri,l> ,, :i]i,\ ii,-^ llii' Sun' ,111 (/c.it|i' MihiiiIjiiik, ilir ii.imic o; S|.ll.\;ij in iiM f.iiliili.ir ti) 111!' Nl-k«:illic.s ;iii(l Siiimii, |i. (he SU.iuit.s ami Sk\u|iii iiiisli, ikH Ihfir own nmnrs loi lliit fliiiniitcr. ainl rvfii iiiinf ;.'<'ii\. Slit- r.inkiil im'M in |h)mit tn lluiiiiiif. Ii.v "liiiiiislii" was ili-Htnn I'll. Tin' \ aiimis ili'inmis w jiu iicnplnl ilir luiini'val 'mmIiI ail' ralliil .S'liiii am (Nisk.), Si a \i' Imli (.SUa^'it). Tlii' Ni.skwalli naiiic ainwars to liivi' till' N.iMH' orijiiii as Hi ali, i>r s> ii:u, rhiif. Tlii'.v cnrrcsimnil to liii' T'siiiiik, rli|i tilikuin. Ill' " ///Ai^ fiiiipU", i. v.. iiriintiiiij niiiiil.inil. Alliolic llinii air Sliwiii iilvW (//((• sniiili. till' 'I'.it 111 iili'a III till' Klik.itats, ii iiiiinntic oi/riss ; .M'.s jii;; v\a ar 'Awii \\i\,/ri(ililn or iiinnxli rx ; tlii' K" ak \va staiiiiiukli, a imv <•/ piijmiiH ykillid in lishiiifi ; Kr III' Miiii'«li iir ki' lii'->aniisli, iiiniif Inniliis of Ihr jiminildiiis, mil nuinrr- iiiis iitlii'is. Ti Mill Ilia is till' s|iiiit wliii ihi'miIis iivit };(iiii1 tint ii tie ui lurk nl'any kinil (Skc lal i Inil). T.sc' at kn arc a rai r sJipimscil still to i\i^t. Iiaiintin^' lisliin;.'- ^'Kinmls ami ran yin;,' nil' s.iIiikih .mil .\oiiii^' ^;irls at iii^lit. N. .Wdilii {iif JiiKjiis mill tins), k.-iik tal'kV'i'-clii, kii-kwa' clii. i\ails (fin- liiiitnh), t>ns liid. Si'f '• lln)iiiiiir'\ Xitkiil, as la' ;c\vit sa. A'liHir, s'lla'. sM.is, H7(((^ is i/oin- naniif ^wM kwatsMa'? W'lnil is liis name? f;uat kwi s'llas,' lit iiiniK, Id niri a iKimc, ii da' at siii. A(ii'(7, lilal' fjwa. A'rur, cliiclit. Ciiiiir iinir (imp. ailv.). cliicht elm. A'ko///, liwr'-Ialil, /. r., not fit r \ fnnn |. A'ci'A, tlii\ kai nlvii' kwa, asjailsli ; Ihruiil, ^kap-.■^lll). A'l cA/dcc, Jail .sliil). Aivilli; init>,' lilt, iiailsti'il, tola-la' iniil. Mnl luulli; klakw tiil. Tu .sor, ti pat sti'il. Thtiitil, ij. v., sukli-jiiit.s (for Ihv iitnlli). Xiiilh, III, ail /, •' iikii 1, (list'' a kml. A'( I. Si'c " ('((/(■/(", " rishiiiij ■', " Knot ", A( (■(/•. hi'il (In \i\. Iiwi' put lieil. A"(ir, klani, kin' wiit. M:llil, klakli, sklakh, sl.ikh lid sklakli lifl ; ilarh; sklakli; nrniii.:/, .slatla'lic; miil- niijiit, asilat, isilat; ((/ /(/(//(/. iil ki ^.il slakiriii-l; /«.s/ liiiiht, to tlakli'; In.st nifiht at miiliiiijht, istiit-lakli' isli-tlat'; /-MUf/A^ a'tisaikli'-licl. Tomotrow niijhl, tla ilato of sliikli'lii'l. Vnii lull- lit niiiht,\\.i' iiwo talla' ln-l {lomj since niijht). Sot' iiimIit " "■(//■' lor iclatioiis of VkjIiI and (/((//,■. A'(», )i.i', liwi-'. ('(iMi'Di'Mis, Iiwi' kwJNtah, /i(-^//(H(/ (IVoin kwi, (7, and stfil), a Ihinii); liwi'- kwij:;wat, liwo'-kwikwiul, ho one, nohoih/ (litiin }jwiit, kwad, ;r/i(») ; liwt' lacliad, Hoirhiir (fnnn chad, irliiri); liwc' la-iii, d/i/m.sV, not fur \ from] ; hwt''-la-lr'l,sli, .sviixi (Iriini III, li I, ^ii ; liHc li I1.1I.W, „,,t l«nn mtlil (rroiii h.il.w. I,;i nml hy) . hwr |.i k.i , (Ki/ miiiiy : li«c la U.mI. h.i^ oi'tni imrii ka, tmiiiv;: Uwv l.i', Ho(hiM>i ^froiii la, rA««', iiiiik s'li, milk' MJiiil ; ^/i/ huh K Uii tin- rinw oriMvirH/, as Im nl In' nkM ilViiiii asln, fi /i<>/« ). Iliiok iiiixfil, i\n liti clia' liiM ; hniij nimiil, liaiU kiis ; piuj M<»Jlr(^ iin kalk (fmni as In', n Aufi ). 7",i nip, f/ic oox.. .luU i- k'k siiil. Yfiii iniir till' Hiixr iiniiuiii tit, as lm .sIhIim k's clmkli. Xotrhiil, iliiiliil, as lull kwa' had, Sittliinii, fur iwthinij (in llic si-iisc tn iiiiii. III- (/(I iritliiii't inir pour. I'al lall chid la li.ii.s'ta, / ntmv fur luithiiitj, /mm iinn nninsilij, nr out of iilhniHH. 8f<' '' (inoil hi/c". Thill liorxi- ix nut i icmlini'd In Anicrica arc nuidifk'd accmdin;,' In the li {.Shea's I.int;iiistics, No. 111. sa.Nsof the nnnibc^s, "The.v are duplex, one set relating,' to lhiii;;s, the other to persons", and k'^cs the diyits aecordinj;l>. It is thcrel(jre inobable tli.it, as the two lan;,'iia;;cs aie ol one slock, thi' same niuiibcr e.\i,sts here, but it is noticeable that the sel iclaliii;,' to pei.sons ;,Mven by him cor- responds to that n.sed by thi' Niskwallies lor money, whereas in Ihe Niskwalli (lie simple cardinal seems to be applied to men. It is a remnrkable circumstance that the ailjective si;;n an is often ]irelixcd lo these numbers, show iny; an instiiKrtisc, alllion;;li doubtless an iincoiiscions, idea of their place anion;,' Ihe parts of speech. The .system of eiiiiineration was evidently iinin.iry, and has },'ra'lnally a.ssumed u more decimal form, the tendency to contraction and eliaii{;eH Irtun other ciiiiHeH obliterating,' the deiivalioiis of the .second from the (irsi live di^jits. The ori^'iual root in the name of /ui/yrc, s'liu' lat-chi, still leinaiiis in the words lor xi.r, lujlit, ticint^ \ \ 6^ n. -^- ^^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14S80 ( 716) 873-4S03 ■1. ^:« iV I I ! : :M() Hini|ili' ciriliiKilH. 3, as klikliw, kirkhw, 4, lIH'llOS, lllW, 0. 7, 9, 10, tHil' lilts, &/!■' la'ilii, |.-iiks, I'kii'clii, JlWIll, CiiriliiinlH or vnlnn. klfliwOltH. llllS fits. tNlilt>cltS. t1/.!al('ll rlts. t'silU M'llM. I'kil' rlii cits. llWIll (Its. Jill' tints (HkiiHit, obtained as applicalilc to (-(uinliM;; men, lint tli*' piclix til is ciTl.tiiilx not ahva\s pn'st>i'vr(l, and ilofs not lii'loii^ to tins sort of classillfation. Si'i- ninUr "I'uMt sii/n". It ic(|iiir»'s farther ••xaniinat ion to decide npoi: the radical character of Iho tcniiination : I /«'((>(, tiidad clio ; J mc/i, tii sa' le ; /((»»(•". OJ'trn, ka, kads (miniji timrs liciiijj understood). / liiirr ojtrn Inrn to Olywiiia, kad tels- okli tiid SiK' (HAS. .l/((H.i/ timrs, ka lial' la liii. Olil {oj' nil II), lo' lull ; {oj'iniiiniils), til .-ak (alilir. o'tiis a' lin); {oj' things, iih riot liihfj, irorn), as liwoUli w'l, swlinkt. See '• ll'in/i nut", (If oUI, nlil /i'/kix, Ins aj/o. See "/■'<»•- Mlf (7//". (hi, i/yiiiM (ill the sense of d/mi'i ), sliishuU'h, shika'duits; as to position, ill, al; on tin' monntiiin, nl shi sk«a' tatsh; (»»» onr siilr, kle I.eds. See "Siili". As to time, al; (1(1 thi thini iloji, al sl(' liwati dat. Sec ^'OnJ'oot," ''(hi hnrsihnrl, ", (tiir. See ".S'nmiriils". JKk :;4i Oiu's ml/, s\i\{\. Til intiusc oik'h ml/, «liill li.i' li.ul. 7'.- maU iiji om's »»;/n/, sliiil ha- cliiil). (hur {iiiii- liiiii ,. ii'clia' Imlili. (hiir on « time. Sfc '•/■'(■chk i7,,/". (fiiljly Init, iJiijil. i(,s« »////. <>liiii, III, (1 nuk, (ink kill' hidtliilt; pik MiitlH (imp.). "/'<" ; as ^iik, iis };iik, (>/»«» (adj.); o-Kiik kiili, /i< (/(((»• uit [IIS till iniilhii); s"t;nk kil, iliiiiliijlil ; as cnk ki'l, (.((/ia/iiii//, lirifilit ; unkli lull, ^^ undv, unHlrinij ((in it hitir), lnom ii iis c iIiiuk. Set- mnlcr "Miiittli". (Iliiiiioit. St'f "//»((»7". (tiila; iiiinmiiiiil, otlalt, nt Im «U'' kuitl. Olhii: Svv '■'IHfirnit". nut, DUt iloofs, oiitxiili, sliallu'kliw, slial hi ' iikli. (i« «m/, In' wil In slial lnMiw. 7'« ;/<» nut, o sllrd-zul. (hititt o/ a rivir, e' lot-«itl. Onrlliiir, to, i;i); liidi ti, f/(( onli (piip (li.v onomii). I'nutuloims, \i' lamtNiMi, >i'llii'-ltit sliod. I'lipti-, initiuij , ij. r. (Ilnnrt'd or sjk dt'd, sco "Nmliroiihr"). I'liit o/tniiithinii, il liwiill, li'oni (i Ir.vntl. to In-ml; or siimnilc, J'axl xiiin, r, to, 111. Tin- idea ol past, wln-iln-r in coriiHrlion wilii tin' vcitt, adviili, or otiiiT words, is convc.vt'd l>.v (liiN picllx, wliicli, liowcvcr, wln'ii n)nil>iin'd witii pro- nouns, iindfr^joi's various ino(lili<'aIions, sncli as tuts, stuts, &c. O-.vai iin, /» irorl; ; tuyai-us, hf trorkid ; o la' liit. /<» (i(rr ,• ta '.-la la Itil sliid. / viif .• o oUli, / sndix iiiish, variously inodilit'd into in'sli, liisli,or hsh ; i-x., Swiil cliaiish, piopli: liriiiij on the m-it xhorv, Iroin hwnltsh. thv m» ; Stak ta inish, Skiii liwa' iiii>.li (loin- iiioniy writti'ii .Skywaniish). /xo/)^ lii-lmj inlaiul, lioin lak or stak and skaikli, inliuiil; Slo' Ink hwa iiiish (usually spelt Sliliuwainish), linrinoiili; rrinn «to' Inkw, itrini- (these last arc names of tribes liviii;; back Innn I'np'l Sound); Sa ma' inish. Ha-ha' bish, propir iivhuj Ifj huHtimj, rroin Sa' me na (Ska«it), so ol.de (Ni^|<-)i (( hunlii; an appellation j{iveii with some vari-Uion to hands in dillcrent localities. It is apparently also the mcaiiiiiK "i Swa'dabsli, the Niskwalli name lor the Klikatuts and Yakama.s. 'I'lic terminal ion bdon^'s |o a very coiisiih iihlc iiiiinber ol otliiT VribcM, the Mignilicalioii ol whose names cannot be traced, m are inciily i 1 r m f 'i :M2 Ideal. Tliis is tin- li, Sl%()'|ia' riiisli, vS'c. ] iiiii (roiiiiiionl.v callol Klallain), Niik- ^ak (Nook salik), Nils kop, Nu so' liiiisli, Niikli liiiiiiiii (Liiiiiini). ^Sl'l' '■/'/«(<.'<", I'lrliiips, lifil la. a iirtl la (itnplviiii; iloiilif or disliclicf) ; as ♦' it mail //c", lio'la, ho o'-la, lid' ins, ho liikht ; pirhiiiis he is miiiiii;i, ho Ills kiiila' «)-kliit('li'il iikliw ; pniKijis [ irill iji>, ho liiklit klo okli. Si'c '• //'". I'rtliioiil (the fiin;;til ilirss ori;;iiiall_v worn liy woiiicii), s'lhinl /ub, klc'tl pikw, yd a- wakli. Tiiis last woiil is prohalily a coi'iiipiion ol, or iiiloptcd from, the 'I'siniik word kal a kwa'li, (((/((I //*()/., Iiom whiih the pellii'oal was ;;eiiei ally made, and which ;(ave it its name in that laiii^iiai^e as well as in tli«' ".lar;;on". I'ick, to {/(iithrrs), t\\ lilsh tiili ; f pick (« hiril), twalsh ehid ; to pick iqi trilh tviujs or slickii, IIS II foiil, link kcil. link ke' ml. See " <»<(//(t'»". I'iriTr, run iinythimj into oni , to, sliii liid. I'in, tootliiiiik, eliits-eliid e.sli Imd. I'lnrli, to, otsi-Ii'-kw id. /'//»(• {/or sni'ikinij), pakw ; n lori/f pipi, pa'-kwiils. Vistol. See"6'«»'. J'itrli, ijiiiii, risin, kwa' lill'li. /7«(c, (I, swa tekliw I'll. Tile word lia.s a very extended sisnilieation. It moans llio earth, or world, the ;;i()iind, any |>ariieiilar spot, the siteof a lioii.se or villap', alsit the proper place of an individual in the lod};e. Many names of places and their inhaliitants present the teriniiiations hii, liwii, niiiikh, iS:''., deiiolinu loviilitii, as, for instaiice. .^-akli' liiimalt'-hii, the i>ltir< ol' tlaniinii, from ^akh''llllIll, a iliiiur; .Siio- kwal niiyiikh (commonly wiiit.-n .Siioi|iialiiiii^ or Siio .)4.> Ktlildt' plants:— l/fnV, sdili'Is; ll,< hinins, st'kwaii (Nisk.), sUlol (Siioli); ((»-niir /i((((/ (.v(i.'/i/'((»-t'((), sjM'' oKots, tilt' iiaiiu- also ;;ivi'ii In tlic |MHalti; inld ltili)> (liliuin), diu'lfkw ; tiijir lilji (I.. Voiimlnm), tsa' };\vit>li ; irild i;iin>t, slia' u^ik ; llic ciiltinitnl ainiit, y;iil liwiil tiiiii, slia' naU. i>r irUitr man's nnrot ; ^/»/i//t.v, di' ila liokli; jiilUiiriUuk, lalHtl sa; in. Mcnlin>»ilium /W/ci^mh ), skliiflk (inivxiurtornnt); .vdmi/r, kik«l/,..' liap; ilianinr i (spirwii), kats a' n«als, ((^/.-<^(^»7/); yirlxi hiiciio.ii (//"i>Hm/-t(V, so calliMl in ("aMnniia, Mot'lioilnp, tr' lials (us.-.l lor ti-a), wlii. li lallfMiami-alsd isyivcii torommoii tea. <'lii clic' iiits, n .•/ Ihf ratih} ; coliiiiihinr, tsiim tsnni ns ; irilil lira, fliilsli la'- liwats; /m/)//i, kwaii' sf uts; skunk inltlmijv {sijmi>li>iiiriius kam.srlialriciis), kOW ; (ji m niiiiii, Imtsliiil.s at.s' ; lununxmkU; .vai do nts (yi' do, a xiriiiii) : xornl, Io'-ImHs; ./(•(.-.s*, skwt'a kwnl 11 (Nisk.), sa' li>vil (Sky.) ; " nairyrasn ", liw. ' a kt' ; Jia.r, ka nwal'liw ; ,i(jni>^s i,s,(l forstirinii main, i^wus-.-oli; snhjr, s'lio' pats; .sail stim k/skIiji; .s'hrks; trljirass, kla'-liads; raltail rush (/.(/;,/(«), olal ; luli ruah, kw.' kwals; hraki/ini, cliii'lfsliirs (IVom clia'losli, liaml) ; wooil/irn, s'ln'«las' ; xmall xaml diuixihim, ls<- ha' led; liijncouiifuHfti (Krowiiit; o" tivcs), pi- l-.l-kwad ; toml slooh, tsal; limirorl, Ho'-yup a fiwuk kf' uk (Nisk.), wnkunk alks (Sky.), litfially, thr f mil's ajirou ; lirl, cnul tnosscs, k\vnd-/,al»; Spanish mosn, \h>\\h' {'Sink.), sM<.'kwa liisli (Sky.); //»(.((/«/- moss, kofliai: uround pine {Ijirnpixlinm), kct In- cliaili. J'lau, to {to amusr lines self), o clia' a cliall, o lia had sliid. / amusr mjisvlf, urn jWdi/i/i//, shitMia had sliid. I'liasv (some form of sniudicatioii), o slia' liit.s. I'Icasc to till nu; mun, o-shu'-bilH .vet- sum tolish. riiuljl, viiouijh, (/. r., ka. i'ioufjh. to, liwt' chi (lop. J'liiik out, to {nx the hair), o hut' zo sul> (iroiii sknd yo, hair). J'hiiiihaiio {useil for pa'.iii), pi ckhl. I'oint of laud, promontorn, cape, skwctsks (Nisk.) ; s.-lu'lks (Sky.). Oui in tin- forks oj a ririr, skoal' ko. Point of a knife, wcdli; .Ir., sf' Inks. J'ointid, hwndsks. Poki, to (as thrjiir), o klt';'tad. Si-c "'/'o prick". I'ortaiii; a, stnkh o jjwitl. Sliikli apparently is a raft or other (drntnictinn in a river. J'otatocH, Hp«''-o kots (llio. root oi' saiiiltaria). Pound, to (as srids or roots in a mortar), to'i)nd, tse' akw. To pound irilh slicks, drum, otla'hwnddnli. To pound r.,- hammer, olsall hn. Pour, nnptij, spill, to, o kwntl. / pour out, o kwutl eliiti di". iil^^o o kwull). /'()((/, to, ho liai nl sid. (See ''Lijis"). I'ouikr. Sec "Gun". IH- m m ;;44 Pniirit , miifUiir, 111,1' kwri'i, lia' I;«uiii. .1 smiiU }triiirii\ Imli-ii-kob. I'nfiniiiil, lis (l/i ' (l/i III ', lis kw( ' iiUw. Sci- "'('iii-jiidt iit"^. I'rvKciit, v.rhlitiij. al siiis, :il mkIs. a n'.i. I'or tin- use of tlicsn worils, sec " Tn /«', " To liarr'\ I'nsdillji, lila' l.iil filiiii., kla lail kli). 'J lie wunl is iiii(loiilito (iiiiii tlic fuliuc particle, kia, kill, (/. r.; jinxiiilli/, I irill ijit, kla'liul da' cliiil klo' nkli. l)i;ifiv.vrivi:s, kla- latsa' la kliiUl'liii, la liiil-lin (iisfd in tin- snisc (pf unit a littlr, nftir a irliili); liid'. Iiii chad III! (ail jdiciiiiatir c\|ir»-ssiiiii sci'iiiintrl.N ci|iiivaii'iit to irlnil is iitmr liKrii/f) (i|ii. also khils, kliil set, xlnii ; kliil set iik seelisli, Ktap lailkiiiii); liaakw, la liakw, kla' kwii, a kalav (liiiii., a' kwi lia' kwi). ]n a lilllv icliilf I will i/o, da chid klo okli liiiiikw. (lire me, anil prrxfiithi I irill >'(7Hrn, alressin;; (li.stnnrr. 'J'lie panicle d.i, dai, rarely oceiirs, exeejit as associated with some fiitiiro luivcili, but its exact value has not been asceriaiiied. It usually, if not always, preci'des the veiii, and serves as a support to the traiisleir«'d pronoun. Its coiiii- lerparl and derivaii\ e is found in dakliw', da' liti, Jmx^ wnr, q. v., and it forms tlio root of the word da' da to, t" iiiorrnir, aim derivatives. I'riir. See ''Unrti r". J'liil.-, Ill {us iritli If pill), oklel' lid, o ho' kot. I prick, oho'kwut-sid'-cbid. Also to Itiil.r llic Jiir. I'ri^i; III (irilli II li n 1), o had ziit bid. I'ropi rii/, ijoiuls, dc. See "77i(;/;/.v". Proml, \i>\iU. I'liililli (II piKil thill ilriis up), as tsiip'. J'liiliinlii, till, sowikhl', stso' will. J'lill, tit (w- on a ropi), tukhhod. Tn pull thv. hair, e la'-chid. To pnll to pirim, o hunts kii tub. I'linijiiit, spill/, otlal' kwiib. I'lirpusi, list: ; also the iustruiiienl w ith which aii.\tliiny is done is expressed by the par- tide, siikli, sikli. Sikhhwo' Mini, for snlr, from oh\vo'.\iil>, lo Imrlcr, si II, dr.; sukhhutl kwed, (( riKiir, from hwiitl, /'* sipiinitr, and kwed, llic Iniinl ; siikh a-fiwud-de, ri ,s(((/, from gwnddel, lo .\(7, sukhlia' kia, 7/(e vrnlvhhnndlv of a kamns stick; su {.mi },'Wi"ilt-hu, i( broom, perhaps from k« athl, to throw mniij ; sukh ko'kwa, a 1 up, Ironi o ko'liwa, to ilriiik ; sukliwt sail' liu, n hniiiiui r, Irom ot salt liii, to pound ; siikhlelsh, 11 sow ; 8ukli pats, thrciiil, from pad sted, « lueillc ; a liel kwi .sukh j?wul-lalt-8id i with what dill he strike yon i fixiin o ;^w I'llal, to strike. ' f ill ^ ■■i :Mr> Purr, lit, liwal i (fit (tlic sniiif as snon), \'\ut diniii (iiiiitliiiiii, o lliils'. / pitt (iinii/, o lliihl' shid. 7'" put nn (us n lint), o tialsli'. / jiiit «>(i, o Hals' I'hid, o Ulals'chid. To put into (.i.s watif into tt Imsiii) o-dii;,' uus, iVoni asdiikw, in, irithin. To put or tliior tiiiiilltinij iislmn, liwiiU hud In laUl, iVoin o liwiil' laid, to tlnoir, ip r. To put ainnj a irifr, iil. To put tloini, o Ian' sliiis. To pnt tli< hnnii H/» ((/.s /(» ^/ir /i(<((/). as pi tif't sill). To put out the tonijut, on (.rprisxiini of iliniri; klal Irk-Miiub, IVuiii klalltip, the tonijnt. (JufHcli, til tlifoir initrr on, kvvotli'' chid. (,»»/(•/.•, alkh, atlallh (iin|>. of iitla, to conn), !iai iiU' lo. (Juivtr, to. Sec to " /i'(»(7.". It. Ilaiii, sk.il. // ruins, o kalh, skulU. h'ainlioir, ko Ital' shid, lioiiia' chin, I'loin ko. jrd^r (Nisk.). skwaksiini (Snob.). liii/t, or olistrnition in n rinr, Hi'c " I'ortiiin'' . Itiittiv, to ax pMih'H in a bo.v, or by iralkintj on tliew), ta tsult-mtkii (i|ii. aL-o ii rultli). h'liir, lifts. /,'(■(('/, to, o la' bit .s'hal {litiTully, to srr a paper) ; Iw is rmilinij, as la' bit ki s'lial. 7i'en/, ((C/«rt/, tsf'ds ku. A riul or aclual ilitr (not a ilonon in the form of on(^),\^•^•^H kii skf' jjwiits. Ikivollrrt, to, o la'badliu. IM, lie'-kwtJtI. livldtionships :—f(tlhn- (spokoii of by both sexes), man, bad; »m/ fntlur, sha' ba ; i/iiur father, tic biid ; mothir, sko'i (by both si-xcs); »/// mothir, .sa' ko ; iiramlfnthir or great unele, t.-sa' i)a; grandmother or (jreat aunt, kc' ya ; mil ijranitmiilher, sc k<''-.\a; *()/!, (7//M,d'lK'ba-da; (/((i/jf/i/ kat/.titl. liiliirii. Id (fiiini- lull I.). Iiiil'-Uiit sIumI, ri'iiiii hfl'-kwn, /«i(7.'. To tjirr or jinn Inn I,-, i» la' hiul. /' ;/"''' "I nliiin', II ta' sliit si- i-jiinl'. iliri' [ntv aiiil\ prrMnlUj' J ' irill niviii* (i>>- iMii/ liiiil,], aii.sliit.s' (lai- cliiil' klota'.sliiil'HiiP. h'iriri', ciiiiir III lifi iitjiiin, to, o pa' lil. ICiih; III {iin hiiiitilxu-k), lik u-wali, from sti a ki^'yii, a Itarst; anil oliwoh. Id tjn. Hfo >' ll ka' K'wiil, clia' lull. Ymi itn miikiiiij fun \S'('((//), Hli\Ml's«' lulls. iSV«/(/, ^^ M ill)' (> Uu, li'oiii si ;il>, (//(V/' (lilt'ially to '*/"<, lir' liid. To xinitvli llir hnul, lie' a Kid (M'c "//((((/'■). Ti> Kinilili ///( /ii((, (111 liwc' rims. To srnitiit tin Im mis, oUwtlsW al clii (.s'liii' lill flii, llii haiiil). Svidlclinl, a« liwrlsli. To lult iiijniiisl iinylliiini, liwr' kil.sn. Srt- " r'»r'. Hai, tin; liwiillsli ; wiu'iicc swul clialisli, pcoph lifiiifi lii/ thv mit, aiitl pniltahly aisii liwiil turn, a wliilv man, (tx comlmjfrom thf hcii, iScnwitnU, IninirilM thv hco, o(I' uliore, cliakliw ; hip off, flia clmkliw, clia cim;; wiis. Thf xcn hncr, stol flialikw. Scaxonn, thi:—:i»inij, pet' lo ki t> he' Imil tluli, n litllv inicw, (tliii-. ol' liail iliili) ; "'"'i- »«(T, liadtliih, s'iiail diil», icavm, \u»\\ Imd, Jin ; autumn, U>l iw liiikliw, pad IoIiin; iriiilii;n iiwiis'dis-siili, tas siili, t'r \i\h,voIi- olituini'il. 'rih- nlii)v<> show the iiumt rc^Miliir f'lirni ill wliicli ilir viili i'\i>l.s, Imt in iirMial h|m'«-(-Ii it varies ^ll':ltl,v by cliHion, ivc, ilH will lie seen liy the cxaiiiiilfs. Wlnit ili> jinu srv .' .stall Kails la' liit ? Who (III !)iiii Mil.' iiWiW k'ti l.i' ImiI t'liii .' n//(/i iliil i/oii sir [hiiii].' |iiit tall Ki lafHiiN- la' liit f l.ixik mil (imp,), kloli Ual si iaiit. Tiikc ijhhI cnir of iiii/ Iioiihi; UUiU kals- as la' lilt slifil a lal. iSikIh 11/ jiliiiils, ^i■., Miitl tr tl( ' wilt. iSrik, lit, (I (l/.«'i liiK, uwiit fliiil (iiiip.). Sen " Look for". Siiiir, nvl. Sec iiiiiIit '• Finiiiiiji". iSihl.nii, kw«' liwiiil; li\v»' la ka I, nol many \liitii>i\. Sill. Sci- " lliiiiif ■'. iSiiiil, III [on II niiKKOiii), o Uwat Hid (Iroin kwad'li, « miHuaijc), kwai' iklil ; to sinU onv »h a pimp, kwc a kwai ikiil. (SVir, III, o pat slat! (IVoiii pailstnl, n tunJIr, 7, r.). Sijuiil inirilM. Hcf niiilcr '• Fiwininc pri'Ju". A7i(((/«(r, tsal liitl (Nisk.); siti-fiwtui (Sky.); n prnumlmi, inukkwo'Kwado. It is llic Hhiiiliiir III llii' Hiiul as tsal lii«)< ". Shoot, to (a-ith ; {of birds), <> liwr' ImmmI, i. c, ^> ivhi.sllr; sinijini) in Ike Jirc, gilt tti'-ud ; sU-' lim, (Oi incantulion to Inimj sitinsH irith iromcn. Sink in, Iw mind, to, ovhwkwwh, Sishr. Set- " lidntionsliips". (fit, nil up, ti>, nwud'-dt'l. Cmnv' {t/ou'') and itif' \lierc\, nt'-la' cluilio' nwiid dcl^ n nrnt, siiUli lia j,'wud-dc (siikli, uiv or purponc) ; o-Kwiid-dfl sdiid, / >iil up, i. <■., to a sitlin;/ poiilurc. Skin, hud z.id iiiit (the hmnan skin); .skwa'-Htiin, the skin of an animal icilh the hair on ; woai'ult ((. e., irorked), a drensedakin ; to nkin an animal, o kwc'cliid. Skull, sliau-utsli. .S'Ai/, sliuk'li. Ht'c".Ww/r". Slander, to, d jai li liiilt (/<> tell talcs of one) ; the spcakii ill of you (|»liir.),o-yiii'-lihnb-cliil- lup (lioMi yai' I'M), a tali). Slap, to, ttilka' i)ad. iSVd/v, stodiik, (pliir.) sto' to diik. Sleep, to, y-un. Dkuivativks, asp'lfit, n.s(>'tut.sli,«/<'«7».i/, asleep; liwal e'tfif, to snore, to purr; okal kilali-tfit, to dream ; itsa litiit tut, to till one's dreams ; ski- lal it fid, the power deri red from dreams, maiiiv. We iriU ship, klo c'lul cliill dobctl. Let me sle^p (ijood I sleep), klobcliid o e'tiit. Sleere, a'-olii. Ht-*' " JIand ". Slide, to [11.1 on iee), o kwut-siil), Ok sa'-;?\vil. Sloirly, ta'liaH (st'o " Loic", not hud), ta' liats, takh'lials. Small, mi iiiiiri, mi nuid (sec " Child '), clia' clia.s. Smell, to [ijood or bad), tt-c' liul, osd' liod. / smel' \iiomethinij\, oshobtiul Hliid. Smoke, foil, ste'iik-vvil, stc' akwukli, ho-kwc'-lilsli. Smooth [Jlitl, lirel), siik'iiw. Snake, bet suts, bat-suts ; rattL'-snakc, wf-kli-itusli. Snap, to {as a dead stick hreakinij), klokwa'-iilscliid. Snore, to, hwal-i-' tut. Si'c " Sleep". Snoic, ma' ko, l)a'ko. Hoc " U'ote*'", ko. Snoic-shoe, Liulwbadbid. Snugie, to, sc'tud. So, as, asis'-ta. / think so too (so' my'' heart^), as-is'-ta' tid^ liutchl I dimH think so, hwe ki sa 80 ta lid hutch (an idiomatic, piirasc), probably lor kwiisista. It ix not flood so {in that way), hwc-latlob awis'-ta; it i.s sometimes abbreviated to asta'. .V(»/ so, hwc asta'. Thus, in this way, kwus is'taa; the teruiiiiatiou la is iirobably the deuioiistrativo particlo (see "27u»"). Soap, lints go Slid. :)'){) s?r. tSWf. Sn- " Siiitj". •vViKd, liwc' la lil, liuc' l.i Irish. Air i/dii ijnimj kodii ,' liwc'laU'lHli lio tokw f at i lakh In- kitH okli ! Hi'o " I'liHiHihi ". Soiil or Mpiiil, Nul h'. Hoc " Slimhic". Sinir, o cha' |)ali. tSoulh, Set' " Winil". SimrlcH, Ckwa' hitsh. *S;»(((A-, liilk, III, (t hot iiof. What .-.'<» ;/<»« miyf stall' kats' liot-liol^! {irhal' i/ok' ^l//.^). / trill tall; iiijain, kh» ho' !io' ma pot. ,Siiiir, skwct lull ; /(.s7i //(V/, stct kwiilt ; //njHr/cr/ sjiiiir for hirils, tst' akwiits ; iniinkd niMiir hniil, t.itl ; lo spmr or piirce, tNU'-kail, iitsatsk. Hrt' ".S7 fonr stars wliicli form tho animal arc followed by three Indians and a, dofj. The I'lciadcs, s'lio'«lai, represent toad-tiah. The llyades, hudda'-lu-aid, a scraper for smoothing mats. The Morning Star is le-he'-lCllfia (dayliijht has come). The J-Jrcnimj Star, klahailal-liis (hrilight has come). These two are respectively the younger bnither.s of the sun and moon. Falling stars, meteors, klo'-hi ftl, o-hwel' lil. They indicate the death of sonio chief. If the meteor leaves a train, it is a female. :;.M Stiirr, Id, i|sK lie-*. Tin ilnr slitiid ill l»ii \\\\i' III. Ill, ^Kr' ^WIItH il«i|> lic< U \M l»i« l«X\r lliil I. SliiliuHnrii (iiH II I'lmml III anilmr}, iiHliik.'*. Sliiil, III, , lloiii K.iil'll, oUiiil'li, ska' tilt, II lliii/. I nliiil, o kii' ilihl I'liiil. / Hi i< r hIiiiI, \i\\i' kitH ,1 Miiil liii k\u Hk.t' till (lili'i'all.N, / iloit't Ininr lite Ihu/, i, r,, hoir til III nur). Sliiim, It |>iil. ' ' \ lilt. Sliij), ;i> 1,11 III nil. Slip oirr, III oa orrr n /»»/), tiikli-liiikli l>a' liiiti*. .Sink. . I" H ..«/". Siirki), iilibtrni uiH i>i''h), iih klf' ilk, uh tli-'uk. Kliji', sii|i. iS7iH.(/ . t^'v " Sniiir. Stilihi 11, I iHhriiiili 11), s'hal. Sloiii; nirk, i'Ik'II.i; xliniii, rlirlcli thi ; ijrunl, rlii cliilrlillii ; »i intl irmi pnl, cliM lit IioImIi ; Ihi irhilf IHliblm oil (I lirilrh, k'llii' ktl Ik-IIs (Iioiii Ihi kuk'li, irliili). Sloiiii. Ill, ilziik l,rl'. Ship! ii(i' licl! Ihi III' III! 'i'liis woi'il ni'i'IIIs (iiiI,\ |o Ik- iisciI in llir iiii|M>ratm>. Il In tlM> cotiitiiiiii cMlainaliiiii wliiii itiir in tt'iiHJiiK, or niino.viiiK li.v rniivcrMatinii. Slop liilkiiiii mill fill to hliip, Ihi' 111' III ('till til. Slop {iliiuij or i)iiinii\ kliils, kliill-i. Slop inilLiiiij, kliii' si't Ilk SI' cIi.hIi'. Ship liil.liini, kliil siil nk .\ up siil (sn' " I'lisnillji", kliil iliikliw, nioiijli). .S7(i/( Hull, Ihitl's iHiiiiijIi (irlitii mii is lulpul In Ininl), liai, liaikli. Slrniiililni, In [ns ii Inul Imir), til |tiisli k'sliiil. SIniiiiili: III, IJ kwap sail tiili, SIrihli iiiii'n .«(//', Ill, ti' Ii la liail iliili. Sliiki; inniiiil, In (also In kill), n kwuI lal. / sltiki , ii jjw iil lall' shiil. I'ltii shikc (i^\\\\i.), () t;wiil lals' cliii. Ilf HlriUiH,^) \i\\u\\,\\'{n. A iiniii siniik wc,i»kwiiI lal' liih us ilii-il JIK shi lint' dill stiilisli (liti'ial iiii-aiiiii;; mil aM'i'Kainiil). Willi nlml iliil In' nliil.r jiuii/ a III, I k\M siikli ;j\Mil lal't^iils (Ihti' the lili-ial iiicamnn can lianllv lie k'^''"; alu'«lsiuiiili»'s liiiir,iuirhiil tnanHir,ii\u\ Niikli,lli»'|iir(lx tollii* vi rli, iiislriiiiiciilalit.v). Lksii' IIAI irlll sliikr j/mi, kid ;:\\ ill lal lllli rliilkli as slii I,i:sil II AI. Tn ulriki ililli n in(fy»"»i, o liikli' liuiiil ; irillt n x/iVA, ills tiikli liwuli (liniii sink \miI», <( sliik); inlh the hunti, (I tilt .so' .slmil, ii-tiiN' sjil. / sliikr, o tUK tslii' cliitl. Slrhiij, riinl, itiinlliiiiil In lir »■/'///, link slir ilcil' ; a /loir /.7r('/i(/, liikli' liwil.sli ; In xhiiiii a hoir, tut Invrlslil' ; In Hliiinj liiiiil.s, til .slia' ;,'wrl), ilil sliakliw'. Si-c " linpi". Ship niivs self, In, kla' {{witsali. ,S7;-i/«(/, as lifp; (irilli /<*•<>(«/ a7»//)c.v), askiilkli hulk aKliiil' liulclls' ; (iri7/i niiinnr niitfi), as-liiiilsks. Stmii:! ('ikr irnii), klukli-ko; (ax a man), as-Iiwtil liikli' liwu. (^i. wlii'tluT from sliwul- Ink, (t fiKtl. Suck, In (an a child), o kiib'-o, from kUiiIi-o, hreaal or milk, a!la, to come. Sci' ^^Fulun pa flick". m Hi hr ii' ill f ';■•'! i;:!i yiir/itn llir i>liiin\ d/nl iliii, <» Ic' aUiis. Hcc " ll'di'f.s". Siliju-ix); tn [In (itlili h ItlKlirann), <» liiili. tSiriilliiir, III, II mi k.i' It-kw. ^■*^(«^ /», o liwulkwul. J'nsciitlii ynii tlmi mat irill Mr(«/, liwc la lil' «'liil lii|)-' <> kwul- kwiil' ;:wiil la' |mi' klckliw'' sto to' hsli'" [not ftir* \iijl'\ ijair sirrol' you* thfiv' nun''). Sim p, to ills ilirtt. Of' a U^miiI tlop. Siriit {lit xmill or liixti), okwa' j,'\valt. I'^imilirdrt or mistnux, skiuls. Si'c ^'■('ourt". Sirtll, It) {iix a //»•»((.«), (I. sliiikliw (sliiik'li, (//«■(•»); irith lln licUij sinillcn from ."ithncKg, ii.slihn sliwi' tjnnt. Sirim, to, oti' I'liil*, wii te' cliili. iSirinij, a (for aniuxrmnit), swiiskc' Ifis, yi'tlo, from jai ilo-ut.s, Ihc hoHtysuchlc rinc, so ii.svil accuidiiig to one ul' tlit'ir lak'.s. T. I'likr, riilili, lo. o kwiidthiil. Tdlc your letter, kwiiddiul tat^'lial. Tli a joiiriicv), lidikwiid. To taUc oin'x hand, o kwi dat'Clii (st-i- ''■Ildint"). I'd pick or yathir (ox hcrrics), o kwuildiid. The haudlr of a knijV, dr., kxviid-diililia'lul). To tnkr o()' (as a hut), o-liwiitsid ; to takr out [ax Ihr car- or noxt-riiKjx), idim ; (imp.), liwut-Ntid. To take care of, set' ''.See", "■Catch". Talc, xtory. yai' iin ; wliciice, o-jai-liliul), to speak ill of one. Talk. Si'i' ••>/»< ikli-t-litsh ; tattooed, as-tU'tl; / tattoo, a.st-li'tlshid ; tattooed in lines, as- luiilsk (striped). Teach, instruct, xhoir how, to, o-j;\val. Hhoie me how, o-gWill-la'-ehidH. Tear, to \as cloth), se'-kwid, ohwut tub; torn, as-hwut. Tteth, d/.a' ilis. Tell, nlate, ojit'sum, o <;u' sid. Tell mc tomorrow )i(V//(/, dai'-cliu' klo-,VPtsum' da' dato* Ot' (a'-ti) slat' lahil" (hy and by^ yon^ Kill telP tomorrow* at'' niyhf). The verb is here a fiitui-e imperative. Tell me (ijood^ yon'^ till'), klob'-ehu'^ wi-yetsiim^ tolisli (!) Tit till tales if one, o yaili-hub (from yai'-em, n tale). To tell one's dreams, see "/)»•<■<«»< ", "N/ityy "'. Tcstcx, the, ba' eh'd or ma'>li' i l>:i. Ilf' ;i slind is :i I'titiiponiiil ol v or v fMi. j/r.v, and a' sliiiil,y'; (■(;«/. Tins last word i-aiiiiot 1h' use*! to a woman wjllioul iiisall. litis ko is ill like iiianiicr foiiiuMl fittiii o okli ami sk»t, a wonl (U'liotiiij,' (»r IxsiuMk iiij; ;;()()(1 will, ami ptMliaps coinii'i'tfil wilh sko' i, wollicr. Isli i l»a is an inlcijii- tioii ilcnotinji satislactioii. It is tlr.iwK-d out in a couxinjj; oiwliiiiiiii: lone. Id ihind; o kwiiddc' hud. / thnnkcil Pat kt''iiain, o kwml dc liiid sliid twnl I'al ki' nam (literally. Id liiiii). tioui o kwiid diid, to tnhr. Sec "'/'<(/.( ". ••SluiLf IkiihIk". Thai. Set' '•Tills''. Then: to di. al to-di {ol tluni. UlMlM TlVi:.>!, al to'ili ; ;;\vill is a sntlix dcnoliii},' dircK-licn : \in\\. Ilini ; and al, ((/. 77i(i/ (alisolnlf), d. i-s-tali, sta lu'wks. Tin' woid appears to have its root in stall f irluil * as is akso tlu' case with thcTsimik ik' ta. Halt's lalt, mann Ihinijs. Ihv.- kwi st.ilt, then is nulhinij. The ulliiiialc it)tit ol' boili is pos.sjltly in ta, Ihis or Ihiil. Set' "'This". Think of, to, to make np ohi's mind, sliitl liat-chiib. Thirst!/, astiik o (ko, initt,}. I mn thirslij, asta' ktil-sliitl. 77iis', that, the, ti, ti", ta, til, te ill, tit-l, &c., la, If, ki, kwi. TlifM' does not seem to be any niarkeil ditleieiice in Mie tlenitiiiNlralive pailieles in ivfiaitl to distanci'. where it is not remote, Ii ami te In-in;,' usetl indiseriniinately. liotll have the value of the tlelinile ailiele, wliieli it seems itlle. hel'.- at least, to distinmiish from a jiroiioun. Te' at'sa- ()p kli>' sub' c'lid*, / CDmli mij^etf, i. e., this^ me' /' eninlr. Al' la twnl te', eDme here or lo this. T.. tiati dal' shids- til hliitehi' twiil'te'', /' eiimi ' hi re i/<»' //iiV) yesta-daif. At'sa' yilkb- ti' dnj-'we, /' and' {the') i/diiK To hal suds' li» Hkiidzo'asli to ha'-(io*,/(i»-i/ie»7;/' n,^- ith<~) l>air'ivn.s' j/'i»»/). .Vbshils' Ii iln;,' we.' do yon (lire \it\.* llutl ti ka ka, resnnldiiuj the rroir. Telakh-hi, 'o //<(!/. Aliliikh hi, "(»«'' <(i-//(i I/. Tell hw .:• Iiiin tl'liul sinil' sitl, ^/k/^ white mii.i liiiilerstiiiids. Tdi <• wab telle la all, t'tae herDmn, «.m hursebaek (tie alilirev. ol tietle, tlim. ol lo' di, there). Ate'etl, noic {at thin, lime m.'dirstoo*!). Kill liib' tl-el sfia ke'yii, that is n rieions horse. Asaid hu elm sha! te il st..bsh f f/«» .1/"" knoie \him\ that inun .» T's hall le- itl Hchest-hu, / lore my [this) husbiind. Natl tu-ehid Isi-ill (fein.) ehiiK'WUsh, / Idic L'3 .! it- m II U viy {thin) irif'e. () f;\vnl'-slii' al ' tc' (<• itl'' slohsli', tliiit man h niisifliiiti {niisrl.s' Ik- tit'' thin* Hint'' man'). Kill f:\viit sti a Ut' vii toitl ? irhosr horm' is Hint? (IIh- \ii1iu> of tlif iillix ill is not asccilaiiicil). Ilclali'. atsfits- lil' sapo III', »((r, / liavf koiih Inrad (xii', iinsiilt' tliis-' hniid*). O ci! i ;.«\viit I'ta' .' ilms In (Hii.i mir) iniihrsliiii" ; kuii^ is la. in this irnij. La anil It' liavo llic same iiii-aniii};, lint aro Kciii-rally, if not al\va,\s. copulaiiM-. Ilwe la ll as 1-,'ta, il is not ijiuni so. Ilwf' la' tloh' al' ilii;; wr'' f il<> ijim not lil.i that f (ill)!' Ihiil' ijoiiil' /()' i/oir'}. Ilwf la {4iitl at sa. that is not iiiliif. Ii\\c l.i IcKli, somi ; li\v»''la'U'lsliJ kits' oklr' (»«(*<' it- Uinif J* ijifi). llwc-la 111, mt (it) for. Hue la iliad, nil (tlw) iihin: Ihvc la liakw. not lonij sititr. Ihvi' laka', not mnni/. Ivwu tclaf ((iwat, Ic, l.i), irhii Lnons.' (of iinsons). Clia di'la ! (cliail, df, la), irho kiwirs ,' (of thinijs). It is also the rool ul" '■/((»■", lil, li-l. la lil, la U-l. and its dciivatixcs, "(/;//;»•• vnt'\ la Ic. 111! I<-', da Ir' It', and to iiltir or rhaniji\ la-lr'it nli. 'I'lir pai'ticlcs ki and kwi appear to lie used also, hut in a nnicli iiiori> iiidclinili' uianncr, i: ;;., da da to ki tints Okli lio, In-iiiotniir irc irill ijo. In tln-sr, ki appears to re:'er lo the word to-iniinitir. As klo' Invil ki m'' la cliid, inn liiul; is colil. Cliad kals aid III! ki siolisli ? wlirniliil i/ini /ind the mnn f Ihve" ki^ sa so" ta* tid'' liiitcli*, / iloii'l Ihinii so {not' llii' so' this^ niij' niinil''). As la'liil ki s'lial, hr is niniinii (srrs thi irfitinij). A-- diiliw ' eliil' Ki' a' iai', iri' \in'i\ in' Ihi ' honst*. St;ili ki sMa-« .' irhnt \is\ its nil III I' .' (iwat kwi sMiis ? irltiit is his nnniv.' (irho thv nitnii) (lui:' kwi- s'das' III jjwa' .' irlint nii thiir niiinis .' (irho' tin' niiini' Ihiir'}. Kwi si'la-liad, Ihosr voninion pioiih. Aliliad liwi sas .' iihiirls it.' (iit iihiir thill it). Ao'kw i (a olc- kwi) saliwas? is tlicrr iinythiinj f (is thv it\. II w( ' kw i ■^lall, nothinij. Ilwe kwi- irliiid, noirhm. II we' k\\ i-^^^iil. '"' '""'• Cliad kwi lals sta' ;.'w'sli ; nhirc iliil i/ou hnji it f (nliiri' thnl i/oii tiiiilv.') Kakwi sla'-cle ni-liali, »(((».// (Ihosr) iroinm iliij. As-lieil' kwi- diit-clio' stnk-wub* ; how miirh' the' ma' ynnl* f Chad kwi sliiij;wil twill It sa la-di ? whin' \is\ thr wnij t> Tr SA i.A ni f Thnnil, lio «'lli', siikli piits. Si-c "AVrr/Zr". IVn/i, suit, snld. See ''I'lrist, to'\ Miit- lliniiil ofioiirsiiiniss, jiwus-.-oli. .Vyxxi/ ///»((«/, lieUlika' l)ats siikli pats (liek\v,/((r*/t'). ThilhiT, twiillo' (li. ,1 litlli' that waij, twiil to di di (dim.). tSeo "Thcn''\ Thou. See '• Yon" (sin;;.). Thni, klekliw, ns klekliw'. See ".Vi//Htr«/.s'\ Thnmt, skap suit. Thmw, to (as a stone, slirk. or riutii), o po' snd. Iiii l»i' sid. J throir, o po' siid chid. To throw iiniiji, throw iloini, o liwnh lind; liwiih Inid tn-takli, throw \it\ iishon: Throw out till' inilir (lis from ii vnm i ),\\W \wi\ hwiilko (see '-Su ^,", ''fill"). To throw nwiiij, iniiili/, spill, q. r., o-kwall, u kwiitl (see 'Mi.ss"). Thiiiiilir, liw(' kwa-di'. This is also the name of the "Tliiinder liiid", the llappin;,' of whose wili;;s piodnees the sound. Thus, in this Willi, kwiis is-tas, lioiu as-is'-ta, so, ij. r.; n wiiinnu is/ornwil in this wiii/, kw ns- is tas sla' lie diklil sa kwiis is-tas; in it iliff'irint icny, Inl le'-kwii.s. Tivkli; /<>, o ki' lip, ke ynp-tnli' ; / will licklr i/dii, klo kwi iip'-si-ehid ; stop tickling, klull'- sid ok-\nii'>id; ^iV/.V/.v/i, as-ki'-np. n ' m 355 Tide, ,h.)-Uunsli tub; th>od til..i. rr..in op.' Iiip. to ,i*r: ]u. o hwa' .latsli '(// /nils] (NisU.), .sliiitrii iSnnl..!; I.xjl, ti; loir tolr, tulili slia' l>o. O sliiii'liikli, to Itarc thii, iis hy i-hlnmi of III, tiih: Tir. to, klolsalrkw'. kU-'.liil (s Iiop,"); to fi, ,1 A/)../, ot llolsot: » hiol or Ian;, h: ottlols. See -Knot". Tuihl iox « l>,/o,;; In Tokh shi ill .1/.' hn. / lum oil,ii „,ul lo l'ui,ollii,i .' ••lia.l k\M >lin« \V|| twnl I'll ,val' Ini. .' do to onotlwr plac; okh hot IivmiI kill hi h-' wwaH'khw in'. J tli,' ,lo;i. Nm- ''Pi;s,iillir\ , ,11.' To,i,tli,r, klal has. IMh to,„th,r or olih, klal 1ms' as.l^' la-' ho' kwi' sa' I.- {to,rlli,r lo- ' ,iir /,m'). l(lo loo, klal .sliid l.as o' Inxoh. llnr Ihr ropnlativr pn.nonn, slu.l. is thrown harkaiKl interpolate.] between Hie two syllables ..I the a.lv..|l.. Toinorroir. .la'.la t.., IVou. .la, .lai (.see "/'mT/ir/.v") ; iiokwutlda't.., appai.-nlly Hon. klokwatl, //r'««», ami the same pan i.-U'. It is ..Hen iis.mI ii,t.T.'liiinK..ably w.lh to-.latl-.lat, y,'sl,r,Uii,, altlumt;h the m.'anin}; of .su'li is .Usiily .■iionul. .I.'lm.'.l ; Mil it w.-nl.l s....m that the i.hsi of ti.e In.lian is ratli.T thai of .listamv ..I tun.' than its past .n' fntnre relali..n, ami in the use of all w..nls ivlalin^ to it a Mnular .•on nisi..n exists. F..r ,l,iys sulm,imnl to ll„- w<.n 1 ' W.»-/',.i/ . Hn- wonl is often iise.l in Hie Spanish sense ofmaiuim, ,iftrr ,( irhil,: T,yngm; kla'lap, klal Inp; kla' kwa-lf'kw, to Vwk ; klaM.'k slinb, /.- pnt out tl„; tomjuc ; 'llkankh, lo lop, i. ,:, lick initcr. Toniylit, a li .slakh hel, the same as to-ilnii. Little di.stinetion is ma.b' Ix'tween Ih.! two, as see "Ihiy" ami ".Vir/Ar'. Torch or ctnill,', l.ikh slind, (roni lakh, liylit. Ii>-in,j a liylit, lal ' s Inkh shn.l. 7'oni, as hwut, from o hwnl tnb, ^> ^,n-. Tortoise, al' a sink. The word lias probably b.-en b..irowe.l lioiii their neiKhbors, tli« Klikatats. _, . , , i- Towar,ls See'To". T,>wnr,ls the .s/,..»r, In takt', In kn.ll', Iron, lak, ,»/,(/»/. h,>l> <« shore, put in, tatnk' Ins (imi..). When on land, th.' wor.ls signify to„;,r,ls tl„- mte- rior. See "riii-r,\'k litiil dc', skii' puts ; arliiitiis uinuvnii, kolt. i-liuls; irliilc (,fil,\ v\\;\'{U\ts; ai-orni*, tiiiuls, clials; tililrr. vcs-sa'ui ; roltoiiiroml- kwa (If'akwuls; iisiicn, kwi'' kwa , cliont lilts (cIkiIsIi ot Ints, « jilmr iriwrc iiuiiikx jiroir): rinv iimiile {iirvr rircinnliim), tnk'ke-tt' kii!s; doijimotl omits), kwii •'•'<; Ii(i:< I, ka'-poats; the nut, kakii po; aralia, (•hi cha' chi'l \vj. I'nr/n of Ims: — n >tiimp, siil la' ;;« up ; Imrl (yclicl ici, s'rhulifil, schcli-it ; liniltn. Iiraiichrx, s\h;i-<{ ; mtlxiitv Itiirk of Ihiijii, si)'k\viilt; iiisiih hor/,- of tliii jo, s\;i' H«uts; roots, kwclp (Nisk.;, stakh w shid (Sk\.); Irons (nnrrn/r or in-iiiilor). slikiil (•hi chil ; (/(/•«(((/), chuliii iia; linns of tin m(»y*/c, s'cliol la ; irood or xtkks, >i\'[ii\\>, sluk op, sluk-wul) ; iiilcli or risin, ijxtn, kwa'Iitl. Tn iiihir, to (iritli J'inr lo- roll, to, scl' .sil sliid. True, triilii, \s\\\i hii. It is true [in aiisAvcr to tlic asscitiiui hudsli, /7 /.v o //c), tiit'hl, tut 111. riiiit is triir. tliiit's II I'mt, tsits ku, l.-i'dskii [in nssml]. I till ijoii thv truth. tsuk ktids liDliiol at sa .yct'siuii. Till iiir titr true story, .Vftsiiiu akas-kap. Turn, to [to turn nsiih), klclkh ; to turn iiniitliinij round or nnr, o ad /.a kad; to turn the I'liir iiinin, kitkli he ^uiid, skokwi ij;\vul ; to turn oni's sil/{iis in licil), d'/.al-kos; to turn one's Imvh, t'liii ha' hid. Tirist, to {lis II niril], to roll on tin: hnir {ns in miikini) jiiirn\, tuchiil [tud (Nis(].), sull) (Sk>.); / tiiist, tU'Chid'pud'Cliid ; tiristnl, ikli liwu cliulp, axcliulp ; //<(/•)(, sidp; n i/inilit, cliclp liii ; /(( horr, chill p'tt'd, tiichlll pud ; to iilinj iit thr ifinniof ilisls. irhidi an mlliil, olsul tiih, o tsal tiih; « ijunscnii; hu chil pc' fiwiid. (^u. ta tsaltsukh. (( niltlr. U. Cin'liiistr, as liwul iui (foolish). Cnionr, to, n jiWc'lid. I'nilir, lirniiitli, klip, klcp, klipa'hiits; nnikr the house, klip ul thi a'-lai. Sec "'hip". i'nilirMtiinil, to, askia' hf>t, as tia' hot, s'hiil shfUsid (sct3 "7'r> i'Hoir", oasdidhu). Do j/oii unili rstiinil . aslla' liotcliii ! f umlirstunil ichiit ijou sin/. as-kla'-liOt chid » tat' sa hot' iiot. Do i/ou uiulirstiiiiil that 1\ lihiitnt ,' askIa' hot clifikh' hwu ak'il tOh'-sliud dud Swa'-dahsh ? (literally, "Tiristalhninil Klil,iitat'\ 'the Klikatafs, called liy the .Sound tiihcs Hwa'daltsh, wear the hair braided into a knot in rroul). I'hiil irhitc mini unilirstiunls, te' ti hwiil'tuh d'hul shut' sid. JIi unilirstnnils (llii» peis(Ui heiiifj- lueseiit), t'-wulshut sid ta'; (of one ahseiit), dclsliid del shid d'hiil- shiil' sid. Spill I,- so IIS to be i(H(/f>^.s7(»>(/, hot hot ilk w t\\ ill shut sid. Xot to uniler- stiinil, see ••Ihnf". L'nstrinii, to (as ii bow), ;iukh lied. See "Open". Untie, iliceutannle, lousin, to, u'/)fn", "Tie". \ ■ Hi ri .yjUn 357 I'm. illhiii, hizii. i{. ('., ;(s flu-' lilsli. U"<' lUm't iraiit 'o ;i. Iji hill, (tsciitdiiiii, sillily' liM-i, iVoiii .shiik'li. iihiirf. I'/lM't, t,i. (> ;;\\;ll, I'lini Ir (liiirii. iisliiikw'. I\^::tn-nii, KflJi liii. Uaikliw. Sec •'/»(/< c/or ". Ih. St'i' >■ U'* ". I line, siikli liwa ; In iiiiiwli{\{ ;i iiiaii), o sa' Inva ; (it a woman), "••'iis. Wiiil (imp.), laliKl' liw. klidd liu. klalats a'ta. Sec ".S7„/,", ''I'nsni1l>i'\ 1V'<(//.', /<), of'ltasli ; xtii)) irnlLiiiii. klid set uk si clisli {slai) siniic i/oii irnlh); ini /i>i>t, ii'-h.i l)asli. Wamjiinii. Src "I/ohc//". \V(inl,ti>. Sot' "ir;,s/("'. War clith, ka ho'-siii. .1 hmdiil xlirf, m uluiujxkol. kiip liisli. WarriDf, I'kwnl Ic' H^^'i'f- Tlu'if is no distiiiclivc class. ]V morroir I iiill (frt.s7/,ho Uwiitl-dal chid kliilsa' k\v tsiikw. 7V) waMh f/(x/i»«,tiit sa-;;\vo'litsli. TomiHh thv fair, tilts a'tjwiis sill). / irash my face, tuts .sa'f,'\vo-sud chid. To iraxh Ihr Ixuly, bathe, o tc-titiilt. To icaxk the liair, .shi its kc'-dub Water, ko. Dkuivatives, sko' kwa, anji lii/iiid or jnicr ; o ko'-kwa, /» (/>m//. ; ti'kaiikh, Id hip, I/, r. ; asta'ko, Ihlfxti/ ; ska'ko, iee ; nia' ko, iia' ko, xiioie ; ko iiia'chiii, r( rainboir ; sukhko'kwa, a riip ; chai-ko, ((((•«//, Irom cha, k /«(/<■; tiis al ko, a c^M xpring ; sko-alko, a point in IheJhrkH of a rirei: I'crhap.s, al.so, ho kok'ii, a-hile, and its compounds, kaiikli, tin, and smrd ko, menslnialiiiii, from |iiirili(;atioii hy water. The last is mcicly a surmise. Sec ''Maiiji ". J\' doil ktil). It is hml iniitlicr today, o doil kiili at i sl.tkh' hoi. Wrip. Sff ''('rii", " ir((i7". Will {or iiliirc diifj out for icatrr), chrilki), I'loiii clia, n lioh-, a), to, ki>, inilrr. W'iKt, all liail o! ;,Mviiii' Im, at lilaii i>l j,'\viiii liii. It is (Ii'sci'iIm'iI as tlir coiiiiliv on tlm Mill's iciail at tilt' west. .Scr '' W ind". W'll {lis thr ijroinid iiftir niiii), asliikw, as liik\v-«lop, slaklnv ; irit iriiml urit Jin), as Ink IkiiI. U lull, stall. It is a|>|ilic(l to lliiii^rs only. When iicrsons an- rcl'ciicd to. j;\v,it, irlio, is nsfd instcail. W'liul is ils nnmr t slal) ki sMas ? Whiil is his imiiirf ;;\vat kwi sMas .' W lull do i/iiii siiji .' irliiil i,inir spii ill .' ,stiil> k.its hoi hot ? (s:ai> lifii- ii'lcr riii;; to liol hot, NyirrcA). Wlml do i/mi iniiil .' iiliol ijour iiill ? slali kals hatl ? W'hiit is lliiit :' stal)-ota' .' slab'ta' T (sci- "77i/(tf/.s"). What is llicimiltrr irilli i/nii f hi h<*(l elm f as hi'il elm, o lic'chn (siiij;.)? o hi-'fliillnp (|iliir.) ? Iroiii aslicd, o-IkmI. Iioir, irlii/. .\|i|taii'ii(l\ Iroin this r,-ot also coiih-s o ctl-i ;.'\viil, as i-d i-;;\viit. icliiil * irluit IS it f irliiil is siiid f Set" "7V) siiji". W'liiii, |iiil tail, put hod, pad a hr-d. Winn do i/oii t/i) T piit-tali okli' elm klookli'? (lit t'l-ally, icIkii y/o i/ou irill ijo). Wlirn did you svr him .' ptit-tali' ki tats -aslalii' ? Whnv, clnid ; hwf' wiitl (also to simj us liirds). Whitr, ho kiik'h. Whitv mun. liwiil tuni .' tpi. I'roiii hwiilsh, thr sm. St-c irhilr •'Jllutikrt"; ''(Inn". M7(«, ;jwiit. 117(() (!/•(' ,V"i( i* (ill answer to a hail), H^vfii chu ;{wat-ko ? (sinj-.) ; jrwai- cliil liiji ? (pliir,). Who, who suid HO ? kif^wat f iVo ohc, liwt ' kwi i;\vat. To whom t al {jwat If Whosr horsr is thutf kfil ;;\vat s!iakc'-,vii ic'-itl ? Wim do yon srrt fiwal k'o la' liui chii ? Who knows f (of a person), kwa'-tela f (t)t ii i>hn'e). cha-de- la If Whut (»•//(>] is his numrf j^wat ki s'tlas? U7/I/, o hcii, vvo-htid. Why iirr yon unijry f wo liCtl kats hii hct-sil ? Why arr you cry inij? [why your vryf) o-hud tat sa wo liai'nl) ? Thti root is the saiiie as that of asiied, how. See iiiiiler " What". WiJ'v, ehiift-wnsh. Will, wish. See ''lfrurf\ '•'!'■ wish". Wilt, withrr, to {us Jlowcrs), o kwai'i ; wilted, askwai'i. Win, to {ut jduy). See '■'Bel". To brat (us a horse in a race), ots-la'lekw. Wind, shiikh htiiM (from shukh, aborr). The north or down-strrum wind, sto'-he-lo. The .louth or wind that blows up a rircr, stH};\vak"w. 77(c ca.st iriud or hindbrcnc, stOl- takt (tnl./Vrtm, tak, inland). Thr west wind or sea brre:r, stolchflkhw ((rom tfil, and chakhw. sraward). itu ^^ 35V) Wiiiil, to (lis lia' Kul I ill). Willi:, t«, lit s«' i«i lil (Sir ''Eiiiliih"); slifil ka Ins (si'o ••A'l/.x"). \\ili>\to, f'-Kwiil, ('kufd. I'Uwf'kwiix.'^iili. To iripc tin iiosr, duk-c k'k snd ((i,.iii iimk sM. Ill)' iiosf). A loinl, liii k\va>' Mili. WiJi. irinit, to,u\yM\. I (ri.v/i, liiUl cliiil. /;.. //..»((,(«/ i'..'iH I'l' '''i''' l^'''' •'/'■"'•'<'")■ ^YIllll ilo i/oii iriiiit .•* (SIT " ir/(/(/"). U;//(, twill. With II l:iiifi\ twill sM.ikw. Tlic iiisliil iil willi wlii
  • itiib' irilli ii stirl:, tils tiikli liwdli. .1 yitril, ;/ii>dstiik, .-.tiik-liwnli. l\'((»//(. lull) da' ad. Woih; miiLi, to, u ,vai' us. / irorl, u ,vai' iiscliid. Tlioi, iroiLisI, o yai' us elm. II' irorlf. oyui'-us (no iirtiiKUin). IV* iroiL. o yai nscliitl. Yi nciL; ^'ul la' po «yai' us (no pmiioun). / nill iroik, kiai ai' iisrliid. 'I'lom nill irorL, klai ai' lis elm. //' "(7/ (/(-//., k»ilai ai lis. Will ijoii irorl: >. kl.i \ai' us same riiiit, Willi till" past paiticio "to"' pri'lixfil ; tlic second is lioiii tlic adveilt aslifo, (leiiotiii;; also past time, and Udili, lii/lit. As lieietolore reiiiaiked. under the word lit moiniir, tliere is little piactieal distinction in eoinnion speech hetwcen the two, except Ity the connection, and so ol an equal iinnilier of days ]iast oi' to come ; the, to us oli\ ions, incaninjj: of the word: liein;; lost si^jlit of. />*(// /«7'»;c i/c.v/< »•«»• flaj/K of/o or /(* come, bOs-at!dat. Fire ^ .s'/i, «/ »/..», oyaililinl.-.'liilliii.. Your (.s.n«.), ka.l. kwa.!, kwat. ta.l. tats tai-sa. lM.i.mun..ul,J..,.|.v... .s,..l. /»..../..» tl»nk HO r (ix thnt uonr opinion f) a. is-ta ka.l 1mi1.'!i If Wlierv is your iritf t Hia.! Ui sa.l H.u-wmMi! When did i/ou Unr, ,/..»» ici/rf (irhrn' i/our' road' tlW your' ,nl,''T) driii' kud' «liu"-w'tF k'Vsa.P clmtiwusli'^ ? // ir mu,h mi/,s/ / /»(// T (how much your Willi payf) aslifMl kwa.l Imtch nu/, bud i.ls .li.lt (s.-.. -I'ayl. 7'«A< "s mmh „h mm lihr, kwiid diid as lu'' kwals l.atl. What is your nam,f ««a< k«atsMa'f J..» /,«.rr/».m/('''*'" 'K%r-^'i'% %i;;:^mii!, '/'/'ossA course, "f^ s^ 1 ';:■;;;,>'.■ , ■ •. !'"■ , . •II:, .illltllii ;:i'r5#:>'-%iJ^''^'#^'''^ i''l',i>'"i»'.'\V>!i!'i'iVi'i''.Si 'i||<\m>"ii,' ' I I'll l.'iU I .1. 1-1. -j-4. LX.J- L r-t- X-j 'IV I A N C i/^SHni)Hu|Hirhiiui I 'ruiiiif'ii I. ^jtA ^ f* . 1 ■ I -t-O— Irto* I. I - r-T— f -jr jTjj-j ^ I J I. \i:< 1711 \2if lU." \ N A/ .,.' Aikji "ft" ' !{#' Andrtuix.ll '""'. '* Rnf^ottlofT I D I'miiak iia:i3-£-r3- I7,'.* I ■ ■ I I t^T'-rt—r f I I i I I i . 1 f ' ' I ■ < t I. I I I I I ■ I !■ ■ I ♦ i;a: I -TO" /'AG -MU"^ A-^ ^ iti:i'AiiiMi:.vr (u- 'iiii'; ixi iitKH.' 1 h (.1 (M.II.M-M|i.\l. AM) (,Ki)|(l(,l( .\| -,1 IIVKV (ir Tin: IIO( li^ Mill \|. MS i;i.i.|((\ .IW.I'invi I I.. |\ ( M ili.l MAI' SIIOWINd 'nil. DISTIIIIUTIOX oi' iiii; I i;ii!i-;s oi' ALAS l\ A AM) AD.IOIMXO ri;i«M!iroi!^' ( ()lll|>ll('il Irniii llu' l.llcsl jiiillionlifs I'.v W II I), ill I' S ( (..,sl Survey lf.7r>. ftu>(/ri//'f//tff/ tlitlil tni>lii/iit It/' ti> \(ivitltht'l' iiir'l Ihl'lln i{ii'illi,/illli,ll I', ^1(1, /.-.III llll-^ niil/i llu tiilll/'illl l.\ /iiiiiii/'ii//i- iiii/i/i//' .I.wi.'.i Ihiuil.yiiii hiiii.-i/l iiml .il/irr.-. .111.1 /.■liic n/'i'il ,■/ lu/il t ll'li'iniiuiiil I S /,'•/• /ji,/ ^.fitf ".•lV|l>vtu..i'. m '^iiti ,11111* =%, ^- "•il ;:';%^. U ? r, AJ. 'y b h / WlrY O"-' HC IC^" .t;; A».f(. IV m ! ' a<» ".. ,.„. '"'U,, "'ik^, •V '»'... ^.^•w,;: i'ii>->" "*^'".ti.v l^''liir,l„*ri. I uiiii-l) iiiih.iiis itw iliMiiiil Irilii' .\lfiil> Till hill. s III, iiitiniliJ III iMiiiifiiish till .i/i/mKHMiiiii luini oxfi- nliuh t/f irtrni/ /ii/>r,i hmni Ml niiilhiil . Si'iiir (llhix iilii>.\r iiiium im-iIiII' llil\< n, I hffii lliiis nuiikiil iiliil ,il.\,> sunii I'llii ; A'ii.i < IiiiIm III". Aiidiii .1 T liiilti'lK |rhiinHV»u"ln.li„ns , JII'imI., or Kvtiiil.... ihHia/t hill ,11, ii,r ihr.M l/i, i, ,1 „ll,,iil.s inHinniiliim i>»-*":^. ...ha^'' ^\ M'".', XYOAHS- ^ ^^ 1>S* ^; — \ r\.J. I i'l 146' »-^ ' ._ I -.A. l>Kr'.\KrMKNT .>K THK INTKl^vli M-l S.C.CduViipliiral iuui rT."<>lii}Jii-;il Survey of Uif Hih-Un- M J.\\'PnWf-:i,I. in Charge. MAP SHOU'IXC. TllK niSTHIlUTTlOX OV rilK INDIAN TUITJES OF WASHIXl /r( )X TKIUUTOIIV roriifiileil fri'in llic latest AiillH^rities 1(1 lUiieiviiti" n paper liv the Uil e C.pu Oibbs by WHDali I' S Coast Survey 1B76 Nfi Us ^^11 iTI' l ) - ■.' I>1\IM()NS T.iliali S.I .\i-,|»».illi Sel i.l: TlilllKS , 1 \ VIII.IKS Sriisl, rsiiiiii> /^' '::: %^- ... '■^t>c J- •■ fM:' ..■ . <# ■ ■\,v\«'r '"■ .1. Is*'. ■^''^;.^' huU^tn fif,^rr\ i/I rhtKsf rrliltllitt l\ fit Ojfll- phl'Tlrll\ t'ormcily r^'ix thri r rf.srri ,ili M |,' /r..s rir,t fin- rrliiirn:d nijli Ihr ofyicicil n:<''liinai \i.ii'iil\ nrtril't iif I'liliiuis cuf reiixoccd, Thr tli.-ilrihii.iion shown i.- ihat •\:srf// f/if' / ''!&^\i o.rr oaf.'u- .-'^d on ,iii)ri\ •'.ilini! I'_':' .vwilh Sri vlil.:ilal S;ili;i|illli .Null., (Iuill;i|i