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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 F ^Mi ^ .-^ t^ W-- :Ff «f^ 5 6 3.'^C /• GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. ' ALFRED E. C. SELWYN, F.R.S, F.a.S, Director. REPORT ON CANADIAN GRAPHITE, WITH Special Reference to its Employment as a Refractory Material. BY CHRISTIAJNT HOFFMANN. MONTREAL : Fpom ilm Report« of the, Oeotogical Swveyofpke Dominion nf (Janada fvr 1876.77. mmm^mimt^ in .vr.- ■> e-. ' ^ It r < GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, F.R.S., F.a.S., Director. REPORT ON CANADIAN GRAPHITE, WITH Special Reference to its EmploymeDt as a Refractory Material. BY CHRISTIAN HOFFMANN. MONTREAL : From the Reports of the Oe.ologlcal Sunfy of the Dominion of Canada for 1876-77. •■ifllAViqfli^ I 7 3 ■■!^ oft' 1 "■ i TABLE OF CONTENTS. \\ PAOI onject of tfib investigation 1 Brik' Ol'tunk of some op thh Methods Emit-oyed in the Investigation 1-4 1 . DtjU'imination of the Specific Gravity l 2. Dcterniination of the Volatile matter 2 3. Determination of the Ash 2 4. Preparation of the Ash for analysis 2 6. Determination of the Relative Combustibility of the graphite 2 A. The Apparatus 2 B. Preparation of the graphite 3 C. Manner of conducting the experiments 3 Canadian Graphite 4-16 Disseminated Graphite 4-7 Analyses of '• Disseminated Graphite " from Buckingham 4 M<'thod employed foi the separation of the Graphite from the " Disseminated Graphite." 7 Dressed Graphite 7-12 Analyses of " Dressed Graphite* " prei>area at the works of the Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company 7 Analyses of " Dressed Graphite " prepared at the works of the Canada Plumbago Company ( Montreal Plumbago Mining Company) 10 On the further purification of the foregoing "Dressed Graphites" 10 Vein Graphite 1 2-lC Analyses of Vein Graphite from Buckingham 12 Analyses of Vein Graphite from Grenville 14 Cevlon Graphite lG-18 Analyses of Vein Graphite from Ceylon 16 United States Graphite 18-19 Analyses of Vein Graphite from Ticonderoga 18 Table I. — Showing the Composition of Canadian, Ceylon and United States Graphite 19 Table II. — Showing the relative Combustibility of Canadian and United States Graphite as compared with that of Ceylon 21 Relative value of Canadian Graphite as compared with that of Ceylon for the ■^:. -^ manufacture of Black-lead Crucibles 22 On the Felspar found associated with the Vein Graphith or Buokinqgau 23-24 Analyses of Orthoclase from Buckingham 23 T CHEMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THl GEOLOGY OF CANADA, BY OHEISTIAN HOFFMANN, A.'^DRBSSED TO ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, Esq., P.R.S., P.G.JS., DIRBOTOB OF THB GBOLOaiOAL SURVEY OF OASADA. ON CANADIAN GRAPH ITE. Sir, — I have tho honour of herewith submitting to you the results of object of the an investigation into Canadian graphite, undertaken with tho object of " ' ° determining, as far as possible, oxjjorimentally the relative value of Canadian graphite, as compared witli that from Ceylon, for the manufac- ture of black-lead crucibles. The first four analyses here given appeared in my last report; as, however, they are intimately connected with some contained in the present one, it has been thought desirable to incorporate them in this latter. Brief Outline of some op the Methods Employed in the Prosecution of this Investigation. :lf 1. Determination of the Specific Gravity. — Sufficient water having hben Methods introduced into the specific gravity bottle to thoroughly immerse the f^the^'^ specimen of graphite therein contained, the whole was placed under the ''i'«»*'8**'o*»' receiver of an air-pump, and exhaustion gradually proceeded with. The pumping was repeated at intervals, and until bubbles ceased to escape on further exhaustion. The bottle was then removed, and the necessary adjustments having been made, weighed j after '.vliich, a portion of (he T 2 aBOLOQIOAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Mothoda cmployod in the inveatigation. water having boon withdrawn, it was again placed under the receiver of the air-pumj), etc. etc. 2. Determination of the Volatile Matter. — ThiH was effected at a full rod-heat, with careful oxcluHion of atmospheric air. 3. Determination of the Ash. — The incineration of the graphite was effected in a platinum boat, inserted in a platinum tube; the latter being heated in a gas combustion furnace ; a gentle current of pure, dry oxygen gas being passed through the tube during the operation. 4. Preparation of the Ash for analysis. — This was conducted in the same manner as in the preceding determination, with the exception that a much larger boat was employed, and the platinum tube was replaced by one of porcelain. 5. Determination of the Relative Combustibility of the Graphites. — The methods employed for determining this depended upon the difference in loss sustained by the specimen under trial as compared with that of the specimen of Ceylon graphite employed as the standard, when ignited under precisely identical conditions. In the selection of the various graphites it was sought to bi'ing them •nto the nearest possible accordance as regarded the percentage of ash, for which reason the purest obtainable specimens were in all cases chosen. The percentage of ash in the graphites employed in .hese experiments was determined after ignition, and the necessary correc- tions were made for the same in calculating the results. The samples were all ignited previous to use, in order to expel volatile matter, thereby insuring that loss from this source should not be attributed to loss by carbon. The graphite was, in all instances, reduced to the same state of mechanical division. Eqval weights of the standard, and the sample under trial, were, in all cases, taken, and due care was observed that the two presented equal surfaces, whether employed in the form of a powder or compressed to that of a cylinder. Although the . temperature, as also the strength of the current of oxygen, was very uniformly maintained throughout the course of the experiments, still, no dependence was placed upon this, for which reason the sample under trial was invariably accompanied by a specimen of the graphite employed as the standard. A. The Apparatus. — This consisted of a platinum boat, divided longi- tudinally into two equal compartments by a strip of platinum foii soldered up the centre. The contour of the boat coincided exactly with that of the interior of the porcelain tube in which it was placed, so that ^ uniform and tolerably close contact of the sides and bottom of the T 'V NOTES BY OHEISTIAN HOFFMANN. 3 boat with tho tube was ensured. The porcelain tube was heated in a gas combustion furnace. B. Preparation of the Graphite. — All tho samples of graphite were reduced to the same degree of fineness. In order to ensure tho greatest practicable uniformity in this respect, they were sized by being placed first upon a sieve of sixty holes to the linear inch, that which passed through being afterwards placed upon a sieve of sixty-six holes to the linear inch, tho portion romuining on the latter constituting the material employed in tho following experiments. C. Manner of Conducting the Experiments. — Method I. The graphite was in the form of powder; all the samples were strongly ignited previous to their employment. Having taken the weight of tho plati- num boat, a portion of tho graphite employed as the standard was introduced into the left compartment and the boat weighed, after which an equal quantity of the graphite under trial was weighed off into the right compartment. Tho samples having been carefully adjusted so as to present, as near as possible, equal surfaces, the boat was introduced into tho strongly-headed porcelain tube, through which a gentle cuiTont of ])uro, dry oxygen gas was ::)w pasHod. At tho expiration of such time as sufficed for the burning off of about half of eiiher of the specimens, the boat was withdrawn and weighed. This weight, sub- stracted from the weight of tho boat prior to insertion, gave the total loss. The residual graphite in the right compartment having been carefully removed, the weight of the boat was again noted ; this weight subtracted from the weight of the boat, after inserting the graphite in tho loft compartment, gave tho loss upon the sample therein contained, which loss, subtracted from the total loss, gave, by difference, the loss sustained by the sample contained in tho right compartment. In making the control ex|)eriment, tho position of the samples was revei-sed ; that is to say, the graphite employed as the standard was, on this occasion, introduced into the right compartment, whilst the graphite under trial now occupied tho left. By this arrangement, also, the loss by diffeienco fell alternately upon the specimen employed as standard, and the one under trial. Method II. The graphite was in the form of c>linders. The various samples having been strongly ignited, were compressed in a steel mould into a compact cylindrical form. In preparing the cylinders it was sought to employ, as near as possible, the same pressure in all cases. As, however, there was a possibility of a slight variation occurring in this respect, the further precaution was taken of weighing out i".&\ Methodg employed in the Inveatifcation. Analysis of " Disseminated graphite " from Buckingham. 4 GEOLOaiOAL SURVEY OF CANADA. quantities of tho various graphifos, and compressing them into cylinders of_ equal length. The cylinders, wliich weighed, as near as possible, two grammes each, were twenty-six millimetres in length and seven millimetres in diameter. They had a beautifully smooth glassy surface, a.nd were perfectly firm. The experiment was conducted in a precisely similar manner to that described under method 1. A cylinder of the p^nnd^rd graphite invariably accompanied a cylinder of the specimen b Jer trial, being laid abreast of each other — one in either compartment. Canadian Graphite — Disseminated Graphite. 1. Disseminated Graphite. Prom the twenty-eighth lot of the sixth range of Buckingham. Tho property of the Montreal Plumbago iVIining Company. An exceedingly important deposit. The specimen examined was regarded as a fair average of one of the largest and most extensively worked beds of disse^minated graphito in this whole section. The bed averages eight feet, and runs across the wi ole of this lot and into lot twenty-seven in the seventh range, (the property of the Buckingham Mining Company), — authority, Mr. H. G. Vonnor. The graphite, which occurs in scales,issoclosely and evenly distributed thrpugh the rock as almost entirely to mask its nature. The mineral QCJitains some calcite ; the presence of a small quantity of pyrrhotite or magnetic pyrites, wp,s also established. The powdered rock is attacked by hydroQhloric acid; this acid, with the aid of he.t, dissolved out ]'7-539 per cent. ; the solution was found to contain : • Silica very small quantity . Alumina very large " Iron rather large "^^ Manganese small " The rock contains : Lime large quantity. Magnesia small " \ Cobalt trace. Alkalies not sought for. Graphite •••••, 2T • 518 Rock ma.tter, soluble in hydrochloric acJ4 17 • 639 Epck matter, insoluble in hydrochloric acid 54 • 899 Hygroscopic water o • 044 100-000 •NOT'«B BY CHRISTIAN HOFFMANN. vJv-'. 2. Disseminated Graphite. From the twenty-second lot of the sixth range of Buckingham. The, {^}^'^P^ ^. property of the Buckingham Mining Company. Several important beds g^Py^^j^' ''""* of disseminated graphite occur towards the front of this lot. They have as yet only been uncovere^d. T,he speciipen ex.xmined wiis considered a fair average of one of the most import{vnt beds. — Authority, Mr. H. G. Vennor. ■ '• / < > ■ The graphite, which occurs in scales, is evenly distributed through the rock ; the latter was very much decomposed, and coloured brownish- yellow to reddish-brown from the presence of ferric hydrate. The rock contained no calcite; a small quantity of pyrrhotite was, however, shown to be present. Hydrochloric acid, with the aid of heat, dissolved out from the powdered rock 19-467 per cent. ; the solution was found to cor\tain : Silica very sniall quantity . Alumina lai'ge " Iron " " Manganese small " The rock contains : Lime large quantity. Magnesia... " " Cobalt trace. Alkalies not sought for. Graphke 22-385 Rock matter, soluble in hydrochloric acid 19 • 467 Rock matter, insoluble in hydrochloric acid 56 • 408 Hygroscopic water 1 • 740 100-000 (■! 3. Disseminated Graphite. From the twentieth lot of the eighth range of Buckingham. The property of tl^e Dominion of Canada Plnmbago Company. From a large bod. of, disseminated graphite, probably of considerably,, epctenc. The specimen examined was considered a fair average. — Authority, Mr» H.G. Vennor. *^ The graphite is pretty evenly disseminated in scales throughout the rock. The latter contains some calcite, as also small quantities of pyrrhotite. T^he powdered mineral is freely attacked by hydi-ochloric acid, which, with the aid of heat, dissolved out 21-285 per cent.j the solution wftB fpwnd to contain : T 6 GBOLOaiOAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Analyses f f *' Disseminated graphite" from Buckingham, Silica very small quantity . Alumina very large " Iron large " Manganese small " Lime large quantity. Magnesia moderate quantity. Cobalt trace, Alkalies not sought for. The rock contains : Graphite 23-798 Rock matter, soluble in hydrochloric acid 21 ■ 285 Rock matter, insoluble in hydrochloric acid 53' 741 Hygroscopic water 1 • 176 100-000 4. Disseminated Graphite. From the twenty-third lot of the sixth range of Buckingham. The property of the Buckingham Mining Company. This depofiit has been traced through into the seventh range. It would appear to be a bed whose position is conformable to the sti-atification of the beds of disseminated graphite, and connecting with the true fissure veins which cross these beds. The rock consists of quartz and a feldspar, and is traversed by more or less disconnected lenticular layers of a twisted, fibrous graphite. These layers, which vary greatly in thickness, may, perhaps, justly be regarded as interstratified veins. As yet the ground has only been uncovered, but it is considered probable that the rockfc for a transverse measurement of some fifteen to twenty feet would yield largely. The specimen examined was considered a pretty fair average. — Authority, Mr, H. G. Vennor. The rock contained no calcite ; the presence of a small quantity of pyrrhotiie was, however, established The powdered mineral was very little acted upon by hydrochloric acid ; this acid, by the aid of heat, dissolved out only 2-475 per cent, ; the solution was found to contain : Silica trace. Alumina small quantity. Iron " " Manganese very small quantity. Lime small quantity. Magnesia " " Cobalt trace. Alkalies not sought for. The rock contains : Graphite 30-516 Rock matter, soluble in hydrochloric acid 2-476 Rock matter, insoluble in hydrochloric acid 66-874 Hygroscopic water 0-136 M 100-000 I NOTES BT CHBISTIAN fiOFFMANN. 7 The followinff is a brief outline of the method hitherto employed in Mode of ° . 7 . extracting the the separation of the graphite from the material in which it is dissem- sfraphita inated. It is the one which was adopted at the Lochaber Plumbago "^'*jj'^™i,"*'*^ Company's works, and more recently, at the Canada Plumbago Com- pany's works. The little information that could be obtained on this subject differs but in few particulars from the description of the process given by Sir W. E. Logan.* It will be seen that the dressing is based entirely upon mechanical principles. The works include a stamping mill, round buddies, slime pits, etc., etc. The crude ore is stamped fine in water and then put through the buddies, by which the graphite and the rock matter associated with it are separated from one another according to their specific gravities. The former, being the lighest, gradually reaches the outer ring ; while the latter, being heavier, remains in the centre. The graphite is, subse- ^ quently, charged inco a revei'beratory furnace and ultimately passed through the bolter; the gauze of which is of various degrees of finp^ess, according to the size required in each special grade. Canadian GrRAPHiTE — Dressed Graphite. The following 'jp ren examples of " dressed graphite " were received from the works of che Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company for the special purpo: Carbon 99-675 ••;''''''5" • Ash 0-147 • .-!,^ ^jiiji,- • Volatile matter. , 0178 ^r ": ^ ;• 100-000 ' ' • -'^f*>;' Colour of the ash, light ieddish-b)-own. " ' ' • -^ iv iM,;,/.,:.?;f ' * ' * ' •' COMPOSITION OP ASH PKK CENT. ' i:^; , Silica 66-080 i^, . i.„-.,. {- Alumina , 11-120 ' ' \ Sesquioxide Oi iron 13-270 /;■' . gesquioxide of manganese 0-352 JCMv^v Lime 6-800 Magnesia 6-739 Potash 2197 Soda 2-82.7 Protoxide of copper 0-660 Protoxide of nickel 0-483 Protosesquioxide of cobalt 0-326 100-854 If NOTES BY CHRISTIAN HOPFi»'\y:J. 13 I of vein g Ah oxpluimtory of the prosonco of nickol and cobalt in tho uhIi of this ^^f^tnm raphito, it may bo moiitionod that tho pyrito from voiiis in tho "uo'''"«h»»- Laurontian rocks has boon found, by Dr. T. S. Hunt, to occasionally contain cobalt and nickol, sometimes in largo proportions; in the present instance, howovor, it is more pi-obable that their prosonco may be referred to pyrrhotito, also, a nickeliferous and cobaltiforous mineral, and which has boon shown to be present in tho beds of disseminated graphite (analyses 1, 2, 3 and -i) occurring in the same locality. With reference to tho presence of copper, Mr. H. G. Vonnor informs mo that ho has, in more than one instance, observed small scales and grains of chalcopyrito in the quartzo-feldspathic gangue of tho veins of graphite. 16. Vein Graphite, var., Columnar. From tho twcnty-sovonth lot of tho sixth range of Buckingham. This specimen is stated to have occurred towards tho centre of tho vein : it had a lenticular shape and contained a core of corresponding form, consisting of orthoclaso and calcite, with very small quantities of quartz ; the composition of tho feldspar will be found given under analysis twenty-fivo. Structure of tho graphite, compact, columnar ; tho columnar structure is usually erect, and at right angles to the surface upon which it occurs ; in some instances, however, it is curved, as though from pressure. Tho graphite breaks readily in the direction of the structure into more or less angular aggregates, each aggregate being made up of thin, narrow foli89 of very uniform width. The length of tho columns varied in different specimens from about one and a-half to eight contimeti'os. In this specimen the foreign mineral matter was very evenly distributed through the structure of, and as a film upon tho graphite, so that on incinoratiuu the residual ash formed a tolerably perfect cast of the fragment? employed. Colour of untarnished folias, dark steel-grey. Lustre metal- lic. Specific gravity 2-2679 (containing 1'780 por cent, ash.) Heated in the closed tube gave off a little water, but not more than sufficient to form a film. ^ The material employed for analysis was cai'ofully selected ; its com- position was found to bo as follows : — Carbon. 97'626 Ash 1-780 Volatile matter 0-694 100 000 :y Ur-A ll AnalTiM of yeln 'mphl>« froti Lickint^ham. gi»phl>« from Duel Analyses of vein Kraphite from GrenTille. 14 OEOLOUIOAL HUIIVEY OP CANADA. Colour ol the nsh, liglit yollowish-grey ; a portion placed upon moist lurmoric paper niaiiifeHted a stroiijyj alkaline i-oaction. A portion of the foreign mineral matter in thin graphite consisted of calcito ; it may, therefore, be inferred, considering the small amount of water indicated on heating in the closed tube, that tho " volatile matter " consisted largely of carbonic acid. COMPOSITION OF ASH PKR OaNT. Silica 45-729 Alumina 10-824 SeHfuiioxidc of iron 1 - 230 Semiuioxidc of manganese • 467 Lime 34 • 744 Magnesia 0-952 Potabli 0-522 Soda 5-403 99-871 17. Vein Graj^hite, var. Foliated. Prom tho north-half of the third lot of the second range of tho Augmentation of Grenville, An exposure here was at one time mined to a small extent. At the opening of the excavation it showed a thickness of about ten inches, but the pure graphite was found to form a lenticular mass, which appeared to be separated from other masses of the same character by intervals, in which the graphite became intermixed with the limestone. The foregoing from information supplied by Mr. Charles Eobb. The specimen weighed about eight kilogrammes, and was one of great purity. The exposed faces of lamina) had become tarnished with a reddish-biown coloui-ed film; but, apart from this, and the contents of an occasional small fissure, it apparently contained very little foreign matter. '' ■'-■;■■■■■■ ' \- .■■■■■' Structure massive, dense, made up of broad and thick laminro, closely interlocking each other at diverging angles, thus presenting a radiated arrangement, the sides of tho vein forming the basal line. Colour, dark steel-grey. Lustre metallic. Specific gravity 2-2'7l4 (containing 0-076 per cent, ash.) Heated in the closed tube this graphite gave off a little water, but not more than sufficient to form a mere film. The material employed for analysis was carefully selected, and contained no visible foreign matter. Its composition was found to be as follows: — NOTES BY OIIRISTIAN HOFFMANN. Carbon 90'815 Ash 0076 Volatile mattvr 0109 15 ■ - 100000 Colour of tho ash, light roddish-brown. ^ COMPOSITION or A8H PBR CBNT. Silicft 65080 Alumina 8 500 Sesquioxido of iron 18-310 SoHquioxide of manganese 0-309 Lime 7-700 Magnosia 2018 Potash 4-779 Soda 2-969 Protoxide of copper 1-160 Oxides of nickel and cobalt 0120 100945 AnalvBofl of vein Srapnlte troin ranvltle. With regiird to tho presence of copper, nickel and cobalt in the aah of this graphite, see in this connection remarks made under analysis 15. K 18. Vein Graphite, var. Columnar. From lot one of the sixth range of the Augmentation of Grenville. Structure massive, dense, mtide up of stout, narrow laminte, interlocking each other at such an angle as to present an almost columnar ai)pearance. In parts, viz., those in closest proximity to the vein rock, this structure was 80 fine as to appear coarsely fibrous, Colour, dark steel-grey. Lustre metallic. Specific gravity 2-2659 (containing 0'135 per cent, ash.) Heated in the closed tube this graphite gave off a little water, but only suflicient to form a filmy deposition. This was a very pu'-e specimen of graphite and contained no readily perceptible foreign matter. An analysis showed it to contain : — Carbon 99-757 Ash - 135 Volatile matter - 108 100-000 Colour of the ash, light reddish-brown. 10 aiOLOOICAL HUHVEY OP CANADA. AnalvMS of v«ln graphite rrom rviiviUe. Analyses of vein gnphiUi from Ceylon. 00MPO8ITION or ASH FIR OBNT- Kilica 60-800 ' , Aluniinn 10-040 ScHqiiioxidc of Iron 16- 731 ■ Besquioxido of niangniioHu - P69 Limu 4-400 MagiieHitt 3-877 Potash 1026 Soda 1-049 - Protoxide of copper 1 • 940 Protoxide of nickel trace. ProtoBcsquioxido of cobalt - 299 ^ ■ 101-020 With regard to tlio proHonco of copper, nickel and cobalt in the nwh of this graphiio, sou in this connection remarks made under analysis 16. The samples of Ceylon and Ticondoroga graj)hite, the analyses of which hero follow, wore employed for comparison with the preceding specimens of Canadian graphite, with regai-d to relative combustibility. For the four samples of the first named, I have much j)lensuro in acknowledging my obligation to the Messrs. Morgan Brothers, of London, England, the extensive manufacturers of black-lead crucibles. Ceyeon Graphite — Vein Graphite. 19. Vein Graphite, var. Columnar. -* From Coy Ion, ^ _, - ,, ;. ... , _,_'..•■ :^^ ■ ,. , Structure massive, dense, made up of minute laminro, aiTangod in such wise as to ])resont a finely fibrous or columnar aspect. Colour dark steel-grey. Lustre of freshly fractured surface sub-metallic, that of worn surfaces bright metallic. Tough. Fracture hackly. When fractured across the structure, a fine granular surface is presented, dull, and blackish-grey in colour. Specific gravity 22671 (containing 050* per cent, ash.) Heated in the closed tube gave off a little water, but only sufficient to form a film. This gi-aphite was remarkably free from foreign mineral matter. The following are the results of the analysis of a fair avei-age of a specimen weighing three hundred and eighty-five grammes. Carbon 99-792 Ash 0050 Volatile matter 0158 100-000 Colour of the ash, very light yoL ■wish-bi'own. •* NOTES BY CHRISTIAN HOFFMANN. 17 , . 20. Vein Graphite, var. Foliated. From Coylon. AnalvjMol vein •^ graiililtu from Structure muwaivo, donso, mixdo up of thick closely interlocking Coyion. laminn). Colour dark stool-grey. Lustre motallic. Specific gravity 2-2664 (containing 0213 per cent, ish.) Iloatod in the dosed tube gave off a little water, hut only si fficient to form a film. The viwibly present foreign matter in this graphite occurred as an occasional filmy deposit on the face of laminro. The material employed for analysis was carefully selected. The analysis gave, Carbon 99-679 Ash 0213 Volatile matter 0108 100000 Colour of the ash, light reddish-brown. 21. Vein Graphite, var. Columnar. From Ceylon. t ' Structure massive, compact, columnar. Colour dark steel-grey. Lustre metallic. Specific gravity 2-2546 (containing 0-283 per cent, ash.) Heated in the closed tube gave off water sufficient to form a boady deposition : the vapour changed the colour of moistened blue litmus paper to rod. The foreign mineral matter was very evenly distributed through the structure of this graphite, the composition of which was found to bo as follows : — '•'''**' Carbon 98-817 *'" ' ■ . Ash 0-283 "^v' •^ ' Volatile matter 0-900 ■! i, ''''"'"'- .\ '■'■'■'': V"-' ' ■' " ^ '" '■■ '" ~- 100-000 "■■■,.■';„- Colour of the ash, brownish-red : a portion placed on moist turmeric paper manifested an alkaline reaction. V' ' ■. The foreign matter contained in this graphite consisted in part of calcite, as a consequence, the "volatile matter "was composed in part of carbonic acid. 22. Vein Graphite, var. Foliated. Fi'om Ceylon. Structure lamellar, the laminae being of considerable size. Colour dark-steel grey. Lustre metallic. Specific gravity 2 2484 (containing 0-415 per cent, ash.) Heated in the closed tube gave off a little water, but only sufficient to form a film. At a first glance this appeared to be 18 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. p^t'h^to from^'" ^ ^^^y P"^'® specimen of graphite, but on rniBing the folim it was found Ceylon. ^q contain, here and there, thin plates of foreign mineral matter. Its comjjosition was found to be as follows : — Carbon 99 • 284 Ash 0-415 Volatile matter • 301 Analyses of vein Kraphite from Ticonderoga, 100-000 Colour of the ash, light-grey United States Graphite — Vein GRAPHrtE. 23. Vein Graphite, var. Foliated. From Ticonderoga, State of New York. Structuie massive, dense, lamellar. Colour dai-k steel-grey. Lustre metallic. Specific gravity 2'2599 (containing 2"153 per cent. ash). Heated in the closed tube gave off a little water, but not more than sufficient to form a Him. The material employed for analysis was care- fully selected ; its compcsition was found to be as follows : — Carbon 96 656 Ash 2- 153 Volatile matter 1191 100-000 Colour of the ash, ash-grey ; a portion placed upon moist turmeric paper manifested an alkaline reaction. The foreign mineral matter contained in this graphite consisted in part of calcite; it may, therefore be inferred, considering the small amount of water indicated on heating in the closed tube, that the " volatile matter " consisted mainly of carbonic acid. " ' 24. Vein Graphite, var. Foliated. " ' * From Ticonderoga, State of New York. Structure massive, compact, made up of narrow laminie, interlocking each other at such an angle as to present an almost columnar appear- ance. Colour dark steel-grey. Lustre metallic. Specific gravity 2-2647 (containing I'tGO per cent, ash.) Heated in the closed tube gave oflf water sufficient to form a beady deposition. The material employed for analysis was carefully selected ; its com- position was found to be as follows : — NOTES BY CHRISTIAN HOFFMANN. Carbon ." 97-422 Ash 1-760 Volatile matter 0-818 19 100-000 Colour of the ash, brownish-red ; a portion placed upon moist turmeric paper manifested an alkaline reaction. The foreign mineral matter contained in this graphite consisted in part of calcite. In the first of the two following tables the results of the foregoing xaWe showing analyses of vein graphites are given in a tabulai' form. The composition «T^hiteg.™" of the ash of the Canadian q^raphites 15, 16, 17 and 18, has, however, been omitted ; for this information the readers attention is directed to the respective analyses of these graphites. In Table II. are embodied the results of the experiments on the relative combustibility of the graphites. Table I. — Showing the CoMPOsniON of Canadian, Ceylon and Unitlo States Graphite ti Locality. Specific Gravity. Per Cent. B Volatile matter. Carbon. Ash. 15 Canada, Bd-^kingham. Vein grapiiiir, var. Foliated. . . . 2-2689 0-178 99 675 0-147 16 Canada, BncKiNGHAM. Vein graphite, var. Columnar . . 2-2679 0-594 9' -626 1-780 17 Canada, Grknville. Vein graphite, var. Foliated. . . . 2-2714 0-109 99-815 0-076 18 Canada, Grbnville. Vein graphite, var. Columnar . . 2-2659 0-108 99-757 0-135 19 Ceylon. Vein graphite, var. Columnar . . . 2-2671 0-158 99-792 0-050 20 Cetlon. Vein graphite, var. Foliated. . . . 2-2664 108 99-679 0-213 21 Ceylon. Vein graphite, var. Columnar . . 2-2546 C-900 98-817 0-283 22 Ceylon. Vein graphite, var. Foliated. . . . 2-2484 0-301 99-284 0-415 33 U. S., Tioonderoga, N. Y. Vein graphite, var. Foliated. . . . 2-2599 1-191 96-656 2 153 24 U. S., Tioonderoga, N. Y. Vein graphite, var. Foliated. . . . 2-2647 0-818 97-422 1-760 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Remarks on the foregoing Table — Tho numbers in the column preceding that of the locality, correspond with those of the analyses of the various graphites : under these will be found a description of the graphite, and, in some instances, the composition of its ash. Of Canadian vein graphites the foliated variefj' possesses the greatest freedom from foreign mineral matter, and is not unfrequently of very great purity : the specimen of which 17 is an analysis may be taken in illustratiou of this. In selecting the material for analysis, a trifling quantity of foreign mineral matter was separated; the amount, however, was 80 small that even had it not been excluded, it is questionable if the percentage of ash would have been thereby raised a tenth of a per cent., and this is inferred from the fact that a specimen taken from the same piece, and without any discrimination, gave only 0-098 per cent. ash. Analysis 15 will serve to show the purity not unfrequently attainable by a simple rough hand dressing. By rejection of such portions as contained the more prominent impurities, the ash in this sample was reduced to 0*195 per cent., whilst in the j'^et more carefully selectecl portion employed for analysis, it amounted to only 0-14'7 per cent. The true columnar variety is rarely so pure as the foliated ; its structure being generally more or less permeated by earthy impui-ties. The specimen of which 16 is an analysis, and which was chosen from one of many as being apparently the purest, contained, as will be seen, even after having been very carefully selected, l-TS per cent. ash. Of the Ceylon graphites, 19 and 21 may be said to represent the composition of fair averages of the respective samples as received ; whereas in the case of 20 and 22, although still very pure specimens, some slight discrimination was exercised in the selection of the material employed for analysis. The specimens of Ticonderoga graphite both contained a good deal of foreign mineral matter, and the material employed in these experiments, and of which 23 and 24 are analysfc, was very carefully selected. iXi' 'ly: ri'kfy-i\ ^f-.,,.'|^ \.>. ■.■:.■.'■.'/ /■ ,''".:'''-VV; ■•■ -,.;*■'-' NOTES BY CHRISTIAN HOFFMANN. 21 Table II. — Showino the Relative Combustibility op Canadian and United States Table showing ^ ^ « relative Graphite as Compared with that of Ceylon. combustibility of tp^phiU). h Relative Combustibility. M Locality. tz; Method I. Method II. Mean. 20 Ceylon. Vein graphite, var. Foliated 1-00 1-00 1-00 21 Ceylon Vein graphite, var. Columnar 1-02 1-00 1-01 22 Ceylon. Vein graphite, var. Foliated 0-98 1-01 0-99 19 Ceylon. Vein graphite, var Columnar 1-25 1-25 1-25 1 Canada, Buckinohah. Disseminated — Scaly 1-02 1-02 3 Canada, Buckingham. Disseminated — Scaly . 1-01 1-02 1-01 16 Canada, Bucexngham. Vein graphite, var. Filiated 0-99 101 1-00 16 Canada, Buckingham. Vein graphite, var. Columnar 1-00 1-02 1-01 17 Canada, Grenville. Vein graphite, var. Foliated l-OI 1-03 1-02 18 Canada, Grenville. Vein graphite, var. Columnar M2 1-12 1-12 23 U. S., TiCONDEROGA, N. Y. Vein graphite, var. Foliated 1-02 1-00 1-01 24 U. S., TiCONDEROGA, N. Y. Vein graphite, var. Foliated 1-01 1-00 1-00 ■ Remarks on the foregoing Table — The manner in which these experi- ments were conducted has been described at the commencement of this report, under " methods" at 5. The numbers in the column preceding that of the locality, and which agree with those in the corresponding column of Table I., accoi-d with thofcie of the analyses of the various graphites. Nos. 1 and 3 which do not there appeal", here refer to the analyses of the " Disseminated graphite" from which the " dressed graph- ites," analysoa 14 and 11, were prepared, jjortions of which latter vrer? 22 QEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Relative vaXae of (Canadian graphite as compared witli that of Ceylon for the manufacture of black-lead crucibles. specially purified for these experiments, in order to bring them into some accordance with the other graphites, as regarded percentage of ash. In selecting the standard, the choice lay between 20 and 22, for the reason however, that the latter was undei'Htood to bo the most expensive, it was concluded that it would be scarcely likely to meet with such an extensive application in the manufticturo of crucibles as the former, to which, in consequence, the preference was given. The figures given under method I. and II. are in both instances the mean of two closely concordant determinations ; they represent the amounts of graphite burnt off as compared with l-OOof that of the graphite employed as standard (Ceylon 20) when ignited under precisely identical conditions. In appearance the Ceylon graphites were, with one exception, undistin- guishable from the Canadian, the exception being 19, the structure of which entirely differed from, that of any of the Canadian specimens, the only one of the latter at all approaching it in this respect being 18, and this only in parts, the remainder of the structure being much coarser. As will be seen, these two specimens were the most combustible of the Ceylon and Canadian graphites. A specimen of Canadian graphite from Grenviile, and closely resembling the Cejdon variety 22 in appearance, was unfortunately omitted from the experiments. There appeared to be some, if indeed it may not be said, a close connection between the combustibility of the graphite, and its resistance to mechanical division (pulverisation) ; those most difficult to pulverise being the least combustible. From these experiments it will be seen that in respect to incombusti- bility the Canadian graphite may claim perfect equality with that of Ceylon ; and that consequently — apart from any consideration of the proportion and nature of the associated foreign matter — it is in no wise inferior to the latter as a material for the manufacture of crucibles. Prepared according to the present process, the " dressed graphite" (analyses 5 to 14 inc.,) obtained from the beds of the disseminated mineral (analj'ses 1 and 3) is apt to contain more or less carbonate of lime and oxide of iron ; it has however been pointed out, experimentally, (analyses 12 and 14,) how readily these admit of removal by a very simple and inexpensive chemical treatment, leaving the graphite with a very small amount of ash, and that of a nature in no wise prejudicial to its application for the purpose here under consideration. That the graphite from this source, 'in itself compares favourably with that of Ceylon, wiU|be seen from the above table, 1 and 3. NOTES BY CHRISTIAN HOFFMANN. 23 25. Orthoclase. From the twenty-seventh lot of the sixth range of Biickinghan\. orthlSfa^frmn Tlie mode of occurronco of this felspar has been referred to undoi* BuekmKham. analysis 16. It was intimately associated with caloito and small quantities of an almost colourless ti-anslucent quartz. Hardness 6. Specific gravity 2'5364. Colour white. Lustre vitreous. Translucent. Two distinct cleavage planes meeting at the angle 90°. Fracture uneven. Before the blowpipe in fine splinters it fuses (at about 5) on the edges to a semi-transparent vesicular glass. The material employ od for analysis was very carefully selected ; after drying at 100° C. its composition was found to be as follows: — Silica 64'140 Alumina 18-620 Sesquioxide of iron 0-374 Protoxide of manganese trace Lime 0-740 Magnesia 0065 Potasli 14-868 Soda 1-766 Loss by ignition 0-406 Oxygen ratio of R O : R, O3 : S i 0, = 1 100-979 2-73 : 10-63. 26. Orthoclase. From the twenty-second lot of the seventh range of Buckingham. It is the principal gangue of the greater number of the true veins of graphite in the Townships of Buckingham and Templeton. Authority, Mr. H. G. Vennor. The felspar was associated with a v^ery small quantity of colourless translucent quartz. Hardness slightly above 6. Specific gravity 2-5796. Colour pearl- grey. Lustre vitreous. Sub-transparent. Two distinct cleavage planes meeting at the angle 90°. Fracture uneven. Before the blowi^ipe in fine splinters it fuses (at about 5) on the edges to a semi-transparent vesicular glass. The material employed for analysis was carefully selected; after di-ying at 100° C, it was found to contain : — fjw:^: Analyses of orthociaso from Buckiii)fhain. 24 QBOLOGICAL 8U?vVEY OF CANADA. Silica 63-690 Potash 12-752 Soda 3-106 27. Orthoclase. This felspar is the predominatinsf constit ;ent of the granitoid quai'tzo- felspathic rock occurring in connection with ^ho vein of graphite on the twenty- seventh lot of the sixth range of Buckii gham. The rock is composed of orthoclase, small quantities of colourless, translucent quartz and dark olive-green pyroxene, with a little clove- brown, subtranslucent spheno and an occasional crystal of pale wine-red, subtranslucent zircon. This feldspar has a hardness a little above 6. Specific gravity 2-5780. Colour pale violet-grey. Lustre vitreous. Subtransparent. Two dis- tinct cleavage planes meeting at the angle 90°. Fracture uneven. Before the blowpipe in fine splinters it fuses (at about 5) on the edges to a semi-transparent vesicular glae;8. Carefully selected material dried at 100° C, gave :— Silica 63-460 Alumina 18 • 780 Sesquioxide of iron • 394 Protoxide of manganese trace. Lime 1 • 280 Magnesia 0-216 Potash 13-923 Soda 2-173 Loss by ignition • 466 Oxygen ratio of E : E, O, : Si O, _ 1 100-692 2-62 : 10-02. • ,».ic ■f.K! \--^Ky:.jC'--i''- ,\