c^^^ p^^^ .^ :ev;c-;aiaoc3:9v::atanBS3aEEi&'CBirjeaas^'3£KZ3s ;TrT'T*jrtn"r7~ u '-L'j3- Hi C A T T L E QUARANTINE SYSTEM •r P AN ADA. \. (^ U E H E C . riUNTRP AT THE " M()K\IN-(i (niRONICLR " OFFICE. > traffic. An idea of the growth of the trade may be gleaned from their official returns, which show the number of cattle and sheep exported to Europe during the past six years from Cana- dian ports : — Date. Cattle. Sheep. 1877 6,940 9,504 1878 18,655 41,225 1879 25,009 80,332 1880 50,905 318,143 1881 45,535 62,401 1882 35,738 75,905 The indicalioiis arc to the efrect~thatthol)usinoss''(lone in 1883 will present quite as good a showing as is revealed in the figures published herewith. All this is eminently satis- factory, for it opens up anew branch of industry in the Do- minion which is well-worth cultivating and extending. The cattle-trade of Canada has ceased to be a mere ex- periment. It has grown to ])e one of the great businesses of the country, and hundreds of thousands of dollars have been invested in it by shrewd and practical men "Within the last two years the value of our exports, of live stock alone, has not been less than three millions and a half of dollars an- nually, while the total value of the cattle shipped to England, from this side, some six years ago, barely exceeded the insig- nificant sum of $36,000. The ensuing pages tell their own story, and reveal, at a glance, the object of this pamphlet, which is to show what Canada has done for the encouragement of this vast indus- try, and what she is accomplishing, under the express direction of the Minister of Agriculture, to meet the re- quirements of the hour. A carefully executed plan of the Quarantine establishment at Point Levis accompanies the letter-press. AVe present also, to our readers, a very good likeness of the Hon. John Henry Pope, Minister of Agri- culture, to whom the country owes so much for his fore- sight and energy in furthering .he vast interests of thi^ important industry, and whose zeal and skill have made his Department one of the best administered offices in the Dominion. Several excellent plates of animals, represent- ing many choice breeds, (and for the use of which we are indebted to the Hon. James Young, of Ontario,) also appear, with descriptive letter-press. In its proper place will be found, a history of the Quarantine Station at Point Levis, the report of Dr. McEachran, Chief Inspector of stock, for 1882, and a most valuable and voluminous paper by Dr. Couture, on the diseases of cattle, the necessity for a rig-id Quarantine, &e., &(•. We believe that this pamphlet will supply a want which is felt in the community, for it shows what the Grovernmont of Canada are disposed to do, in order to keep the cattle of the country pure and healthy, and free from all contagious diseases. To the Hon. Mr. Pop;-, in this respect, belongs a very g-reat amount of credit. He had no sooner assumed the duties of his portfolio in 1878, than he set himself vigorously to a task, which, at that time, must have seemed very extensive in magnitude. Before that date the cattle trade was in its infancy, and some idea of its con- dition may be learned from the fact, that during the last year of the Hon. Mr. MacKenzie's administration, there were but eight days quarantine allowed, and no cattle quaran- tined to speak of Neither were there any buildings or accommodation of any sort. On coming into his office Mr. Pope at once took steps to increase Ihe quarantine facilities of the country. He promptly despatched an olhcer of his Department to the New England States, with instructions to enquire in Lo the reports then in circulation, concerning the diseased state of many American animals. Dr. Mc- Eachran's report fully verified the truth of these rumours. American cattle were forthwith prohibited, and as Mr. Pope had represented to the British Government that no disease existed in Canada, and that the Dominion had pro- hibited United States cattle from entering this country. 6 Canada was immediately relieved from the scheduling pro- cess, as applied to the: United States. Canada aluo madi^ it imperative, that nil cattle coming from Great Britain had to be quarantined for ninety days, — that b(>ing the time which the host authorities allowed for the development of the disease in such animals as might have been attacked by it, Mr. Pope al^fo separated the grounds into dillercMit enclosures, so that every animal could be s(>parated from the rest of the ln'rd, if found to be diseased. Buildings were erected on each separate enclosure. This prompt ac- tion so satislied the British Grovernment, that ever shice then, Canada has had free access to the English markets, both at the sea ports and inland stations, while all schedul- ed countries are compelled to kill their cattle at the port of landing, which makes a dilference to the shipper of £2 stg., in favour of the Canadian cattle. The Dominion Govern- ment did not stop here. They also looked into the question of the carriage of the animals by railway to the shipping ports. It was represented that Canada was losing the carry- ing trade. After much correspondence and negotiation, the Minister got the British Government to allow cattle going on the cars from "West to East, from a western state to an American eastern port, to pass through Canada, upon cer- tain conditions. One of these was that there should always be a man on the train to see the stock passed through with- out coming in contact with other cattle. Another provided for an inspection at the port of entry into Canada, a third ordered that cars set apart for that trade should not carry Canadian cattle, and a fourth provided that when the cars had passed east out of Canada, loaded with United States cattle such cars should not come back io Canada, until they were thoroughly cleansed, and that none of the droppings should he put oil" of the cars in Canada. The cattle were ordered to bo putoffoflhe train at Lynn, where the Eastcrii Company made a switch, and ran the cattle into an enclosure through a gate to be closed when the cattle were in, and an outer and inner fence made around the enclosure, so that they conld not come in contact with Canadian cattle. Many complaints were afterwards made that American cattle could not be brought in for breeding fnirposes. After considerable correspondence with the Imperial authorities, that government permitted one quarantine of 90 days at Sarnia, to facilitate the bringing in of Ameri'-an cattle for breeding, without placing United States cattle in the list of scheduling countries. To-day, the whole arrangement is most satisfactory to both the English and Canadian Govern- ments and people, as evidenced by the increased importation, as well as the largely increased exportation by the St. Lawrence exporters who complained that they could not and did not, for years, ship from Canadian ports. They have since abandoned the plan of shix)j)ing by way of the New England ports, and embraced th3 facilities afforded by the St. Lawrence route. Every square inch of space that could be procured by this route, has been filled with Canadian cattle this season, which proved bej'^ond the shadow of a doubt, that the business of cattle-raising in Canada is capable of unlimited extension, and is yet to be one of our most important export trades. 8 Statement showing' the qnanlity and value of Horned Cattle, exported from the Ports of Moi.troal, Quebec and Halifax, during the last five years, commencing with fiscal year ending 1HT8-9, to and including the fiscal year i883. YEARS. MONTREAL. QUEBEC. HALIFAX. Fiscal year ending 1879... 17,616 1,402,796 2,716 142,124 22 L260 a u (1 1880 ... 27,474 2,008,166 4,313 17f),8,'34 913 79,. 566 U U (I 1881 ... 3.3,(50,") 2,281,482 11,761 .■);!6, 02G '',408 239,62,5 l< li (< 1882... 30,243 1,988,31,") 7,38.") 358,l.n2 3,296 321,590 (( II II 1883 ... 33,946 2,903,130 1,,')93 133,775 1,064 102,407 Totals for five years 142,914 10,.583,889 27,768 1,316,961 7,703 744,508 RECAI'ITULATIOX. Montreal for five yearg Quebec " " " Halifax " " '• Grand Total 142,914 27,768 7,703 10,,')83,889 1,346,961 744,008 12,075,358 CL'8T0M8 DEPAnT-MEXr, Ottawa, 22nd August, 1883. CATTLE QUAEMTIIE IN CANADA, ■ 1 The history of Cattle Quarantine' in Canada dates from 18Y5, the action of the Dominion authorities in this con- nection being incited by the terrible outbreak that year^in England of plouro-pneumonia and the foot-and-mouth disease. Hon. j\[r. MacKenzie's Crovernment was at the time in office, and Hon. C. A. R Telletier, C.M.a, Minister of Agriculture. In that year an act was passed by the Canadian Parliament prohibiting the importation of cattle from Great Britain. Despite th(^ stringent terms of this in-ohibition, Mr. Whitfield, a rich AYest India merchant, who has an extensive stock farm at Rougemont, Province of Quebec, undertook to import some 30 thoroug-hbred cattle from Liverpool, trusting to the plea of improving Canadian live stock to have an exci^ption malaced at th(5 temporary disposal of the Provincial (lovern- ment, as a model farm, upwards of half a million dol]ars worth of carefully selected and imported live stock. The attention of the authorities at Ottawa ^va8 maiidy called to this important matter by Dr.'McEachran. It was a great drawback to Canadian cattle raisers and breeders to be prohibited from importing live stock from Europe, and tlie result of their representations on^this score, aided by Dr. Mo Eachran, led to the establishment of the first quarantine sta- 10 , tion ill Canada in 1876. The sito was" admirably chosen in the interior of the Governmont fort at South Quebec, and tliree sheds proved snllicient for all practical purposes until 1879, when others had to bo erected without the fort, until now some fifty acres of land inside and outside the fortiiica- tions are occupied by the station, and the number of sheds has been increased to eighteen, aifording accommodation to about 700 head of cattle at one time. For the iirst three or four years the quarantine was exceedingly ineflicient, the Agricultural Department, di'spite the strong remon- strances of the veterinary authorities, limiting the duration of quarantine to eiglit days. This wa:j changed in 187!) to ninety days. On the establishment of the quarantine at South Que- bec, Dr. McEachran, of Montreal, was named Dominion Inspector, and tlio late j\Ir. Waddell, of Quebec, local assistant. On the death of the latter gentleman. Dr. Cou- ture, of this/ity, the present occupant of the position, was ai^pointed his successor. No better choice could have been made, for the doctor is an enthusiast in this branch of his profession and unceasing in his attention to the quarantine. The lollowing statement will illustrate the rajiid growth of the importation of live stock from lilurope, via Quebec, from the establishment of the quarantine in 1870 up to the lu'esent time : — Cattle. Sheep. Tigs. Total. 1870 109 305 17 431 1877 124 38 162 1878 45 113 17 175 1879 114 309 6 489 1880 396 400 ... 796 1881 701 1100 40 1841 .1882 1209 1124 22 2355 1883 1867 003 41 2511 11 It is surprising how large a proportion of the cattle arriving here are destined for the United States. Hon. M. II. Cochrane, Mr. Gibb, Uv. 0. J. Brydges, the Cochrane llanche Company, Mr. Whitfield and other Canadians have imported an immense number of cattle by this route, while the importations for the Western States, quarantined here since the erection of the station, have been as follows :— "W. M. Lowman and Smith, Illinois, 8 cattle. C. C. Parks, Wakegan, 111., 50 sheep, 2 pigs. C. F. Mattocks, Portland, Maine, 4 sheep. George Findlay, Chicago, 111., (\ cattle. G. W. Jones, I'ortland, Maine, 1 ^heep, 2 pigs. C. W. Cuthbertson, Chicago, III, 1:1 cattle. Jos. Scott, Texas, 20 cattle. James Cotton, Chicago, 111., 34 sheep. O. Moulton, Patavia, N.Y., 4 cattle. G. Allan, Chicago, 111., 18 cattle, 07 sheep." Morgan and Cotton, Chicago, 111., 09 shee]>. C. W. Cuihbertson, Chicago, 111., 31 cattle. G. Stroudebaker, Southbend, Ind., 4 cattle. A. Seaberry, New Bedford, Mass., 11 cattle. W. Constable, Will County, III, 2 (>attle. P. Ilersher, Maskatine, Iowa, 82 cattle. T. A. Simpson, Pleasant Hill, Miss., 46 cattle. Earl and Stuart, Lafayette, Ind., G5 cattle. John Ellis, Paramont, Miss., 50 sheep. 12 iHHi. Sinij-^soii and Cud^ell, Pleasant Hill, Miss., 189 cattle. G. Findlay & Co., Chicago, III, 20 cattle. Cotton and Carter, Chicago, 111., 164 sheep. C. W. Cuthbortson, Chicago, 111., 3 cattle. H. "W. Gove, "Washington, 111., 1 shoep. G. C. Brown, Anrora, 111., 62 cattle. Powell & Bros., Springborough, Penn., 3 sheex>. 1HH2: A. B. Matthe\Y, Kansas City, 5 1 cattle. Simpson and Cndgell, Pleasant Hill, Mi.ss., 101 cattle. Galbraith & Bros., Jonesville, Wis., 6 cattle. Findlay and Anderson, Lake Forrest, 111., GY cattle. John Ivogers, Abbington, 111., 14 cattle. W. H. Steel, Filden, Texas, 3 cattle. P. Davie, Montray, Wis., 28 cattle. K. Craig, Chicago, 111., 10 catlle. P. McMorran, Chicago, 1)1., 62 sheep. W. F. Loakie, Storington, 111., {j6 sheep. H. W. Gove, AYashington, 111., 23 sheep. Earl and Stnart, Lafayette, Ind., 5 cattle. AV. Leigh, AVill County, 111., 5 cattle. It is estimated that of the cattle imported for States "West of Ohio, fully 75 per cent is brought by way of Quebec. The American system of Quarantine is at present little better than no system at all. Thei3 are no Government stations, and collectors of customs at various ports have the right to detain cattle for a period of 90 days, ordering them to quarantine somewhere in the neighborjiood. The importer is thus to a certain sense at the mercy of those among.st whom he is quarantined. One gentleman states that it cost him in 1881 $30 per head to quarantine his cattle for ninety days at Baltimore. n Messrs. Simpson and Cudgoll find tliat at Quebec it cost them last year, fodder being high, .$10 to quarantine cattle per head lor ninety days, and in 1881 $15 per head. Not only is Quebec the cheapest port for this trade, but importers have a shorter route and avoid the infected districts of the United States, east of the Alleghanies. m So much attention has been attracted in the United States to the Levis Quarantine, by the large proportion of imported cattle for the States which passes through it, that in the month of August, 1882, it was visited by the members of the American Treasury Cattle Commission. This Commis- sion was appointed by the United States Government, in 1881, to establish and maintain a proper system of cattle quarantine for live stock imported from Europe, under the supervision of the Treasury Board at ^Vashington, which controls all matters connected with the imports and exports of the country. Part of the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill of 1881, passed l)y Congress, grants $50,000 for the establishment of cattle qujirantine stations under the direc- tion of the Commission. The members of the Commission are Professor James Law, of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, a Scottish Amer- ican veterinary surgeon of considerable prominence in his profession ; Dr. B. F. Thayer, of Boston, an old and well- known authority on veterinary matters, and Mr. J. IL Saun- ders, editor of the Breeders," Gazelle of Chicago, a splendid connoisseur of live stock, a)id Secretary to the Commission. Dr. McEachran accompanied the Commissioners from Montreal and a full description of the visit was published in the columns of the Quebec Morning Chronicle at the time. The visiting genllemen were much pleased with the result of their visit and appeared to take the greatest interest in all that came under their notice, they took copious notes of the various details of the quarantine arrangements, and spoke 14 of assimilating lliem io a great extent, in tho work which they have been specially commissioned to perform. It is their intention to erect cattle quarantine stations at dillerent Atlantic ports, — i^robably at New York, Boston, Baltimore and Philadelphia. Mr. >>annders, Secretary of the Com- mission, expressed the opinion, however, that American importers are not likely to be induced by the change to import cattle at those ports instead of Quebec, for they have now got used to the latter route and learned to like it. lie paid a high tribute to the Grand Trunk Railway, saying that the railway is in great favor with cattle men, having done much to cultivate the tralhc via Quebec, by giving fast through cuttle trains to Chicago, and every other possible accommodation. DESCRIPTION OF THE QUAHINTINE STATION. As already stated the present station covers some 50 acres of land all represented ui)on the plan. The Groverrnent own nearly 100 acres more surrounding the station, all of whicli may be utiHzed should it ever be found necessary. The sheds art; so constructed that each is surrounded by two to three acres of land. Cattle arriving by one steamship are not allowed to mingle with cattle arriving })y another vessel. The better to observe this precaution, a space of 10 to 14 feet is fenced off butweeu the grounds occupied by ditferent shipments, in order that there may be no possibility of contact. The sheds are of various sizes, as will be observed by the plan. They contain single rows of stalls, each stall being eight f^^et wide, allowing four feet for each of its two- occupants. The sheds are about 10 feet wide, 16 feet high in front, and eight behind. Everything is scrupulously clean both in the sheds and in the yards, where all droppings are immediately removed. No charge is made to importers for quarantining their cattle. In some instances, when only a few head are ira- u B E R A T U M . Pago 15.— Litter is not provided by the Govfi-nmeat as stated in error; but by the owners or at their expense. The buildings and f.nK^es so far erected upon iliis qua- rantine have cost from ii;20,000 to $25,000. The fences are all moveable. The annual cost of maintenance is about $8,000. " The double row of zig-zag Unes in the centre of the pUii represents the fort itself. The following was the Annual Report of D. McEachran, M. R.C.Y.S., the Chief Inspector of titock, for the year 1882, addressed to the Hon. Minister of Agriculture. Montreal, SGth December, 1882. Sm,— T beg to submit the following Eeport of Inspection and Quarantine of Live Stock imported from European ports and subjected to quarantine at Quebec and Halifax, during the year ending Blst December current. As will be seen by the amended schedule, there has been a very large increase in the numbers of animals imported, as compared with past years, and while the numbers im- ported to the Dominion show a satisfactory increase, indi- cating the improvements which are going on in cattle breeding, the popularity of the St. Lawrence route, and of the quarantines at Canadian ports with American impor- ters, is demonstrated by the large number of animals des- tined for the United States which have been quarantined at Quebec : — 15 ported at a tirao, not sulliciont in number to employ a spe- cial guardian, ihe Governnien' len even care for the cattle and feed them, the food alone ueing charged for. Ordinarily, however, pioprietors provide both food and attendance. Litter is provided by Government, and is either straw or sawdust, as may be desired. There is an admii'able system of ventilation in m'I the sheds, both summer and w' vter. The buildings and fences so far erected upon this qua- rantine have cost from i$20,000 to ,^25,000. The fences are all movea1)le. The annual cost of maintenance is about $8,000. The double row of zig-zag lines in the centre of the plan represents the fort itself. The following was the Annual Report of D. McEachran, M. E.C.V.S., the Chief Inspector of Stock, for the year 1882, addressed to the Hon. Minister of Agriculture. ■■o' MoNTiiEAL, oOth December, 1882. Sir, — I beg to submit the following Report of Inspection and Quarantine of Live Stock imported from European ports and subjected to quarantine at Quebec and Halifax, during the year ending ;^)lst December current. As will be seen by the amended schedule, there has been a very large increase in the numbers of animals imported, as compared with past years, and while the numbers im- ported to the Dominion show a satisfactory increase, indi- cating the improvements which are going on in cattle breeding, the jiopularity of the St. Lawrence route, and of the quarantines at Canadian ports with American impor- ters, is demonstrated by the large number of animals des- tined for the United States which have been quarantined at Quebec : — IB. IMPORTATIONS FOR THREE YEAR8. Ciittlo, iSheop. Swine. 1880 419 ()]3 12 1881 751 1,179 63 1882 1,21;") 1,124 22 Thore were for Canada and the United States as follows :- Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Canada 574 998 - 22 United States GiO 126 IMPORTATIONS TO EACH PROYIXOE. Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Ontario 287 ' 878 19 Quebec 244 117 3 N. W. Territories. 23 Manitoba 12 ... * Nova Scotia 8 8 New Brunswick. 1 SUMMARY OF BREEDS. CATTLE. -73 m C S c5 tn S ♦J U4 9 a 5 o g y. m 60 K -d ■3 IS 0^ a) "3 o t» rn O o m w CL, O 0| M c« < i-s w ^ Canad.a 90 31 323 56 7 10 19 5 17 16 574 United States 14 142 268 166 ... ... 50 640 17 s n E K p . 13 a t3 is ii 'Sj t: "6 ^ 3 ^ -«-» •1-1 01 "o a 'H (A a, ■^3 ^ •-H rti if o ^ a 2 O g c3 a> t/1 ^ a o M l-H ^ f? ►J CJ ^ H Canada 145 512 ■Xi lit 110 12 17 50 91 998 1 '^iitf i>i1 ^ht f f>u 84 2'j 20 120 1 s ^^M N E . 15crksliii'e. Siiflblkrf. Total. {!.tlljl(l:l 18 4 22 CATTLE. The value of such large importations of pure-bred cattle, and the improvement which they must produce in our stock, is didicult to estimate; but the enterprise of our im- porters is shown by the fact that no less than 823 Polled Ang-us or Aberdeen cattle, costing, at a low average, $400 each, have enriched our Canadian herds, and will do much towards raising the quality of our beef and supplying bulls for the great cattle ranches of the North- West. It is worthy of remark here that the herds of Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Compton ; Mr. R. H. Pope, Cookshire, and Mr. G-eo. Whittield, Rougemont, contain some of the best ani- mals living of this now justly-famed breed. I beg to report that all of these cattle were subjected to a quarantine of ninety days from the date of sailing from a European port, and that no disease of a contagious nature was found to exist amongst them. 2 18 TluTC wore 1)oru' ill the quaraiitiiK; no less than iil'ly cal* ves — of which tliicHi were b(irii dead — and one dii;d subse- quently of dianhcjea. Three doatlis occurrod on shipboard, in port, or had to be killed alter being landed. Five deaths ocrurredin the quarantine from the following' causes : Inllaniniation of the bowels 2 Perctonit is 1 Parturition I Fracture of the spine, by falling 1 Total 5 SHEEP. The importation of slnn'p has increased this year, as ccmi- pared with the last, by forty-eight, there being almost a thousand ])nre bred sheep, many of th(>m prize winners in Britain, which will do much towards improving our al- ready line flocks. In tliis In-anch Ontario takes the lead both in importation and in exportation. SWINE. The importation of swine shows a decrease of thirty-one, indicating that hog raising in Canada is not progressing. POINT LEVIS QUARANTINE. I have much ph'asure in reporting that the quarantine buildings and grounds may now be considered completed. Owing to the hite arrival (November 91h,) of 14G cattle last year it was found necessary to line and lill in with saw- dust a sufficient number of the buildings to keep them in during the three winter months of their quarantine, and the late arrival of no k»ss than 514 head this year necessi- tated similar preparation of all the other buildings, so that 19 now tlio sheds are completiid and iidniiraljly adapted for both summer and vvintiir use, aflurdiiig the best possible accommodation for nearly TOO head of cattle. I ben- to report also that two of th(,' largi^st and best iields which, sprini^ and fall, wen; useless from th(^ lodg-ement of water, hav^e been drained, and will allbrdus increased aeeom- modation lor the larg-e numbers which I am informed will be imported and under<^o quarantine here next summer. I b.'g- also to report that on the 30th of August last, I accompanied the United States Treasury Cattle Commis- sion, consisting- of Mr. J. II. »Sanders, Chirag-o; Profes.sor James Law, Ithica, N. Y., and Dr. Thayer, Newton, Mass., to the quarantaine, they having been commissioned by the United States Government to visit and enquire into our system, with a view to adopt a similar system at American ports ; and I am glad to be able to report that, though not perfect, yet none of them had ever visited one more so, and expressed themselves highly pleased with what they saw, and returned to organize quarantines at Tortland, Boston, New York and Baltimore, on nearly similar principles. I am liappy to bo able to report that on a recent visit to Chicago, whore I met most of the Western importers, the very highest compliments were paid to tho Canadian quarantines, and nearly all of them expressed a hope that no restrictions would be placed on our quarantines that would prevent them importing by the St. Lawrence route, on Canadian steamers, which are so admirably adapted for safety and comfort of stock at sea, and through a country where no disease existed, and where the cost of quarantine w^as less than what it has hitherto cost at United States ports, averag- ing from i^lO to $ 1 5 per head, and where they were properly looked after. They also spoke in the highest terms of the facilities afforded by the Grrand Trunk Kailvvay for shipping West. 20 I beg to recommend, therefore, that no change be made in existing regulations, which would tend in any way to lessen the avantages offered to American importers to use our quarantines, with the arrangement and mani^gement of w^hicli they are at present so well satisfied. The extra cost is trifling comx^ared with advantages, direct and indirect, to our steamships and railways. ROUTINE OF QUARANTINE. No change has been made in the general routine of qua- rantine, all neat cattle are detained for a period of ninety days from the date of embarkation. Sheep and swine are allowed to proceed to their destination, if, on inspection, they are found free from disease. I beg to report that the dvities of the quarantine con- tinue to be conducted most satisfactorily by Mr. J. A. Cou- ture, V.S., assisted by Mr. William Welsh and the men under them ; in both, tlie Department has well informed, pains- . taking officers, who do their duty to the entire satisfaction of those most directly interested, the importers. Owing to the large number still in the quarantine, it is necessary to keep it open during nearly the whole winter. I have much pleasure in reporting tha* the Inspectors have received the most hearty co-operation in carrying out the Orders in Council from the agents of the steamships as well as from the owners and attendants of the cattle. The only difficulty we had to contend with was in the inspection of sheep. Being aware of the existence of scab in some of the counties adjoining Montreal, we endeavour- ed to prevent any sheep, from infected places, being ex- ported or mixed with sheep for export, and for nearly the whole season we succeeded. Unfortunately the last two shipments, as we afterwards discovered, contained sheep 21 fvom infected districts, but having no means of recognizing them and the disease not being apparent, they were allow- ed to be shipped and were slaughtered at Liverpool for scab. In this, however, no blame can he attached to the Port Inspectors, as in the early stages of the disease it is difficult to detect it except by very close examination, and they were deceived by the sheep being represented as coming from healthy districts. I beg to suggest that either, all places known to be in- fectedbe so declared and quarantined until the disease is era- dicated, or else that shippers be obliged to give correct infor- mation as to where they came from, under a severe penalty for misinforming on that point. In conclusion, I beg to report that the duties of port in- spection were most faithfully and satisfactorily conducted at Montreal by Mr. M. C. Baker, V.S., and at Quebec by Mr. J. A. Couture, V.S., the latter, assisted by Mr. Wm. Welsh, also conducted the Point Levis quarantine in a very satis- factory manner. I beg also to acknowledge the valuable information re- ceived^'from time to time from the office of the Government Agent at Liverpool, Mr. John Dyke, whose watchful interest in the live stock trade of Canada at that port is frequently and favoural^ly commented upon by both im- porters and exporters. Respectfully submitting the above report, I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient Servant, D. McEACIIRAN, Inspector-in- Ch ief. Hon. J. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. 22 Ifjox • ci : • • • • o : i ^ ::::: ^ '::':::: i : CI ro •S9AV3 •Funiy 1 -;-!—!! CI CI S so :^^ i i : ; ;- : i : i : ; i : : i 1 M i .2 •SOAia •SIUT5JJ o l-H o I— 1 m 'o CI r- Cl -t t— 1— 15 !| 1-. <— < in O" i-^-!-!- ;^' ;:: i i i :: i :::;": : > 1 a; u To a -moi —* ! I I I !--!-■-!-! 44---;-;-r-r W 1 Ci ^ ■S3A\[iI Sim?}! 00 : : : : ci : : : ; h1 — r : : i ; i ; i : : i : : : ; i : CM GO ■I'Uox : : 00 . . o : : : : o : : • • : • 00 •S3Aia : : ; *■" ; ; ; ; ^H ; • ■ 1- • ; • • p-3 ►^ •SlUIIJI :: fo :::; CI :::::::: : O ft 2 3 [/J o u •lw;ox • Tf 00 O • • • Ol • lO 10 ■ !M IX! Cj C O CI 1— • n ^ :oT)i ; CI p-t .CI ... © 't 1 '6 o "l^^ox rH • • ■ CI ~^ : : : t~ r-i I : : o ^ : : : 00 O ■£>■*; 00 ;■ n lO i-( -^ r-i : >-i : : e. Its latent period is eight days or less. The animal dies from the third to the tenth day after the appearance of the lirst symptoms. In favourable cases the convalescence is long and may last for weeks. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. {Ezema Contagiosa.) " This is a Very contagious and infectious febrile disease, '• associated w^ith a vesicular eruption in the mouth be- " tween the pedal digits and around tlie coronets. " Its period of incubation is from one to four days. Blis- *' ters varying in size from that of a six-pence to that of a *' half a crown, on the tongue, inside of the lips, roof of " mouth, and SOI otimes on the udder between the digits " and around the corr et and heels *' In a short time the epithelium and cutaneous structures " enclosing the vesicles are separated from the vascuL'^' " structures and are thrown off in more or less rounded 25 " patches, leaving raw smlaces, which are, however, " speedily recovered by epithelium. In some cases there is " entire separation of the hoofs from the feet." (Williams.) Foot-and-mouth disease is actually prevailing in England, and it is not at all impossible that there should be some cases imported into this country. " It was imported into " America in 1871, from England to Montreal, with two " Shorthorn cows. These had sutl'ered during the Ocean " voyage and were apparently convalescent on aiTival, " so that no apprehension was entertained. From them, " however, the affection spread over a great part of Canada, •' crossed into New York, Buflalo and Ogdensburg, and " entering the line of American traffic, spread among others " in the counties of Oneida, Ilorkimer, Meadison, Kenssel- " laer, Columbia, Duchess, Putnam and AVest Chester, in " New York and widely in Connecticut, Massachusetts and " New Hampshire. All this ha])poned in a month or two " and the dairy farmers of these counties, seized with a " panic, held meetings to debate what should be done and " called upon the State Governments to take measures to " check the disease. The question was discussed by the " State Boards of Agriculture, State Agricultural vSocicties " and agricultural papers, and representatives of dilFerent •' States convened at Albany, N. Y., to consider the matter. " This great invasion fortunately occurred in the autumn, " and was killed out during the prolonged seclusion in the " stables and yards during the succeeding winter " A renewed invasion, therefore, would beg^et as much " consternation to-day as did the one just referred to. " The next invasion of ; ^ot-and-mouth disease in America " was two years ago, in connection with an importation •' into New York of a herd of Channel Island cattle on the " steamship " France." This herd was found to be diseased *' on their arrival, and were rigidly secluded until all 26 " clanger was past. The S. S. " France " was subjected to a " process of cleansing and disinfection, and was immediately " loaded Avith fat cattle for the English market. This cargo, " on its arrival, was found to be suffering from foot-and- " mouth disease, unquestionably contracted from the ship " infected by the Jersey cattle imported by w^ay of England. " The third invasion occurred in May last, when the S. S. " " Nesmore " discharged at Baltimore a herd of Channel " Island cattle, sufiering from foot-and-mouth disease. " Through the negligence of the j)erson then acting as " inspector at Baltimore, these w^ere shipped into Pennsyl- " vania, where they were closely quarantined by the State " authorities and no harm seems to have accrued. "The S.S. "Nesmore," however, after a cleansing and " w^ashing with a solution of quicklime and carbolic acid " w^as loaded wdth fat cattle for the return voyage to " England. These cattle on their arrival in England were " found to be suffering from foot-r.,nd-mouth disease and " became the occasion of a resolution passed by the English " Parliament stopping the importation into England of " cattle coming from all countries known to have foot-and- " mouth disease." — {Breeders' Gazelle.) About the same time a despatch was received by the Dominion Minister of Agriculture from the High Commis- sioner in England, saying that a cargo of Canadian cattle brought in England were found to be affected with foot-and- mouth disease and ordered to be slaughtered at once. 'O' After enquiry it was found how^ever that these Canadian cattle had contracted the disease in the Stock yards from English cattle suffering from it. Sheep are subject to foot-and-mouth disease and must therefore be kept in quarantine for a few days. 27 CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. Onco contagious Pleuro-Pncumonia has been introdnced into a country it might be said that it cannot be eradicat- ed. Fortunately, we are free from its ravages. Let us hope we wnll always bo so. It exists in Great Britain since 1842 ; in Holland and Belgium since about 1840, and it w^as imported in the United States in 1843 and 1850 by cattle coming from Holland and England. All the Eastern States are now infected by this disease. It is spreading slowly"but surely, and if stringent measures are not taken, both by the Central and the States Governments, it is bound to reach the greatest stock raising country of the w^orld, the Western States, and then the damages will be incalculable. Just a few days ago the Government of Great Britain has ordered that all cattle coming from foreign countries, except Canada, Sweden and Norway, should be slaughtered within eight days after, being landed. These three countries owe that immunity to the fact that they are free from Pleuro- pneumonia. " Pleuro-Pneumonia is an insidious, exudative disease " due to a specific poison, special to cattle, and having its " local manifestation in the lungs and pleura." (Walley). The latent period is from forty to ninety days. The disease was imported from England to Australia by bulls which were three months on the voyage, and which showed symptoms of Pleuro-Pneumonia only after they were landed. ' After it has actually developed it runs its course in from four to eight weeks. The visible symptoms are shiverings, appetite and secre- tion of milk diminished, " sometimes the animal knuckles 28 " over at one hind I'etlock, usually the right one ; occasional " coughing ; although there is diminution of appetite the " animal t^eems fuller than its fellows which are healthy and " eating vigorously." (Williams). The temperature, which in health is from 09/50 to 101, rises to from 103 to 106. The bowels are costive at first. Discharge from the eyes and nostrils • when lying down the animal throws the weight on the sternum thus expand- ing the chest and affording relief. Ivespiration becomes painful and accompanied by a grunt at each expiration. The animal looses flesh — diarrhtea sets in and carries away the patient. Fifty per cent of the animals thus affected die, and those which recover are convalescent for from four to six months. Medical treatment is not advisable ; in the first stages of the disease, the animals should bo sold to butchers, for the the meat is still good. SC.A.B. Besides foot-and-mouth disease, scab is also a disease of the sheep which necessitates its being kept in quarantine, but as it would be detected at once, they are quarantined only a few days. The same may be said of Fr)o^ Ko/, which would be de- tected at once. rigs must be kept also in quarantine for a few days to prevent their importing and spreading the disease called Boff Cholera, This Hog Cholera, which exists in poimanonce in the "Western States, is sometimes very destructive. It is a con- tagious disease, of a typhoid character, due to a speciiic; jwisoii, and having its local maniljstation on the intestinal glands and the skin. It is at once detected by the presence on the skin of pur- ple spots covering nearly all the body, also by the attitude of the sick animal when lying down. He tries to bury himself in the straw and lies on his abdomen. It has made frequent appearances in this country and has made many victims even in this district. In 1878 a pair of pigs were imported to Quebec from an Ontario district in- fested with Hog Cholera, The imported pigs communicated the disease to the others and the owner lost 150 head. In the same year, a gentleman from Montreal imported from England two pigs, a boar and a sow. They were given in charge of the cook of S. 8., who was to feed them and attend to them. They wore put into a water-clost^t and kept there, with closed door, during the whole sea voy- age. The S. S. being reported from Father Point as having tNvo pigs on board, the quarantine officer went aboard at her arrival at Quebec and enquired for the pigs ; nobody could tell where they were, in fact nobody seemed to know their presence on board. At last the Quarantine officer met the cook and made his enquiry — Oh ! they are here, said the cook, pointing to a water-closet, which the Quarantine officer went to open to go in. But immediately he stepped back nearly suffocated by the smell emanating from that small place where these two big i^igs had been confined for 14 or 15 days, almost buried with manure, vegetables in i^utrefaction, putrefied meat, etc., etc. At last the pigs were landed and brought to the cjuarantine, where one of them was disco-vered to suffer from Hog- Cholera, from which he died. so Kiiough has beoii said of tli«3se contag-ious diseases to con* vince the public that a rigid syst'in orquaruntiiie is neces- sary, for, if imported cattle were allowed to proceed throug-h the country without being quarantined, our cattle would sooner or later be infected with either foot-and-mouth disease or rieuro-Pneumonia. Th(^ direct lossi-s bv death and sickness would l)e immense, a-ul the indirect losses in- flicted to our cattle trade, which is increasing every day, would amount to a very large; sum. G-reat Britain would at once order our live stock to ])e slaughtered as those coming from infected countries ; this measure would cause serious disadvantages to the trade, besides diminishing the; value of our meat. We have then a great interest in keeping up that system of quarantine. Speaking of Pleuro-Pnounionia I said that the disease had been imported into Australia by bulls sent from England. These animals had made a voyage of ninety days, and the disease had developed only after they were landed, but not before they had travelled through the country for hundreds of miles. These l)ulls, when landed, seemed healthy, and were allowed for many days to co-habit and to have in- tercourse with the native cattle. They had been visited by a large number of people, which afterwards were probably the means of propagating the disease. One day the bulls showed signs of sickness, and it was discovered that they were suifering from contagious Pleuro-Pneurnonia. It was then too late to take precautionary measures, as all the cattle which had come into contact with them had been infected, those had communicated the infection to others, and so on until it was discovered that the country which had been free from the disease, until a few weeks, was largely infected now. 31 AVhat makes this disease so dangerous is ils insidious form. Tile animal infected may seem perfectly well for weeks and be allowed to mix with other catth! which become infected. These not showing" any signs of disease are con- sidered as sound and heallhy, th(;y mix with others to whom they communicate the disease and so on until it is discovered that thousands of animals are snlferiiig IVom rieuro-l'neu- monia. I suppose that eight or ten head of cattle are taking the disease in England, a few days ]>efore they are put on board one of the Dominion or Allan Line steamers, and sent to Canada. They are consigned to a party in Montreal who is proud to show his new cattle, which are good ones, to all his friends. These cattle are put to grass with the others, they are shown to Exhibitions, where they come in contact with cattle coming from every part of the country. Finally they are sold to a party in Ontario who owns a large herd of thoroughbred animals. They are kept a few days with the herd and all at once some of them show signs of uneasiness... By and by the sickness increases and it is discovered that they are sulfering from that dreadful disease Pleuro-Pneu- monia. Just think how many victims those few cattle would have made, and when could the ravages be stopped. It is at once evident that, to be effective, a quarantine for cattle must be long enough to give ample time to the latent peiiod of that disease to be developed in actual sickness, i. e. ninety days. BEE IP GJ^rnmLTE^. THE SirORTHOrvN OR DURHAM. Of all the improved breeds of cattle the Durham is the oldest, and was for a long time considered the best. It is, in fact, an excellent beef pioducing breed, equal to any 8 34 othtr if the produotion of beef alone is concerned, and whose forms and countenance are never probably to be surpassed. The history of the Durham breed of cattle is interesting and may be related in a few words. More than a century ago, a farmer named Waistell, who was endeavoring to improve the native breed of cattle of his neighbourhood, (he was living on the shores of the river Tees), happened to meet a bull-calf which drew at once his attention for the neatness, elegance and compactness of its forms. He went to see the owner and enquired what price he would take for this animal. Forty dollars was all that was asked for, but this sum, small as it seems, was then exceeding the ordinary value of such a young brast, because the Durham breed had not yet acquired that fame which it got later on. Waistt'U could not make up his mind to pay such a sum, and went away without making any bargain. On reaching home he met one of the two brothers Collins, (Robert), wlio were living near by, and who, like himself, were trying to improve the native breed of cattle. "Waistell, laying much conli- dence in the sound, practical judgment of that breeder, whose name began already to spread as a stork breeder, induced him to come back to see that young bull and to tell him what he thought of him. llobcrt Collins examined the bull-calf with the utmost attention, did not say much, but could not help showing enough his admiration of him as to decide his companion to buy him. The next day AV'aistell came early to the owner's house and bought the calf. Just as he was going to leave he saw llobert Collins who was also coming, (too late however,) to purchase the young bull calf, and who returned home in the company of Waistell. On the way he was clever enough to buy i'rom Waistell half of the ownership of the bull-calf This was in 1777. 35 Four years later, Charles Collins, brother of Robert, bought this bull, which was none else than the renowned Hubback, one of the fathers of the improved Durham breed. Hubback's principal points were the width and depth of his chest, very small bones and a remarkable mellowness of the skin, all characteristics of great fattening qualities. Hubbark's fattening iendencn' was such that his owner had much trouble to keep him in such a condition of fat that he could be used for breeding. These exaggeratefl, but precious qualities he had inherited from his dam, a remarkabh^ cow, well known of all the breeders and owned by Mr. Snow- don, of Hurtworth. in the County of Durham. Mr. Snow- don was then Sir James Penny man's tenant, from Avhom he had bought Hifhhack'a mother, known under ihe name of WiJton'ii coin. Sir James Pennyman had bought ihis cova' from Sir W. Saint-Qucntiii, who was then the owner of the best animals of the Durham breed. It is fhe opinion of those who have made a study of the history of (he Durham breed thai its origin dates from much farther ba<'k and thai the brothers Collins did not start their herd with common <-ows. Collins founded his herd with two then well known rows Old Favourite and her daughter YoHn^^ Strawbcrri/. These two cows were bred to Hubback and the ollsprings were the heads of the most illustrious families of the Durham breed. The Durham breed was eJiisting before the Collins but it was they who made it known to the whole world by means of their private and public sales. Amongst the most renowned families of Durham the most rccherch^e has always been the Duchess family which has been for a while wholly into the hands of Bates and after- wards into those of Lord Ducie. 86 It was ill 1808 lliat Bates pureliased from Collins the Duchess coiv. The membois of the Duchci^s family were almost perfection of forms, except a lack of majesty in the cSuntenance and physiognomy, Bates began to look for a bull, post;essing these qualities, which he could breed to his Duchesses. After a while he learnt that a farmer named Stej^henson owned one goming directly from the cow rrincess raised by Robert Collins. This cow, which was exceedingly fine, had been bought in 1813 from Collins by Sir Hejiry TemiDCst, for the sum of $G,000. "When Sir Henry Tempest died, the numerous pro- geny of Princess was sold except however one cow called Angelina grand daughter of Princess, and daughter of Anna Bulcyn, herself a daughter of Princess. In a next sale Stephenson bought a daugther of Angelina and it is this great grand daughter of Princess that gave birth to the famous bull Belvedere. Bates heard of this bud Belvedere and went to Stephenson's to look at him. Stephenson being absent and having lock- ed Belvedere's stable before leaving, Bates could only see him by the kce-hole ; imperfect as his examination was, it was enough to convince him that he was worthy of an alliance with his great Dnrhcsses. He waited for Stephenson's return and bought the bull. The iirst ofTspring of Belvedere with a Duchess was the cele- brated bull Duke m^'^- I 40 The Bow Park Co. owns ono of the Rfty pure bred Bates cows of the w^orld along with many other very valuable animals. Mr. Davidson imports specially his stock from Scotland's best herd, the Cruikshanks, who is the modern Bates. Mr. Gibson's stock consists, I believe, of Barrinfrton, one of the most fancy fomilios of Shorthorns existing, so that the Durham breed is well represented in our country by these and other herds. » THE HEREFORD. The Hereford cattle have since a long time been favorites in England as beef cattle. At certain time of the year, as in the fall, they fetch on the market a higher price than the Durhams. They are considered l)y the London butchers to give better grass-fed meat than all the other breeds. They were at first bred for the purpose of making oxen, but they were improved little by little until about the year 1840 they were considered good beef cattle. In 1846 the Hereford herd book was started by Mr. Eaton, of Eaton Hall, Here- ford, Eng. The first importation of Here fords into America was made by Mr. Henry Clay, in 1817, and were sent out to Ken- tucky. In 1840 Mr. W. H. Sothom, of Chicago, Illinois, imported a good number. The cattle w^ere three months on their sea voyage, and a very rough one it was, part of the stock died, but the owner did not loose courage, and a little later on he made a new importation. I believe it was in 1847 that Mr. T. L. Miller, Boecher, 111., made his first importation of Herefords, he has been aincG their staunchest friend, and is regarded with Mr. Sothom, by Hereford breeders, as the two parties who have done (ho most for the breed. They have spared neither time nor money to bring it under favorable light before the public. Gradual- 41 ly tho breed grew into public favor, the number of breeders and importers increased. In 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, fully one-half of all the cattle imported by the St. Lawrence route have been Herefords. I believe that Mr. Stone, of Guelph, is the first "who im- ported some of this breed into this country, he is now the ow'ner of the largest and best herd in Canada. About thirty years ago IVIr. Killam, a farmer of the Eastern Town- ships, imported a Hereford bull. This must have been the first importation into this province. At first the Hereford men had to struggle hard against many prejudices and preconceived ideas. The Shorthorns had been for such along time considered as the only good beef cattle that it was a didicult task to have the breeders and farmers generally, to acknowledge the good qualities of the Herefords as beef producing animals. Some would object to their long horns, some to their color, some others to the general appearance. But when such men as T. L. Miller, Earl and Stuart, M. C. Cuthbertson and others mean something, they. mean it for good, and they must triumph. The Hereford men formed themselves into an association and laid down their plans for the battle. They l)egan to import the best specimens they could find in England and to show them in all the fairs of the United States, the public began to think that the Hereford cattle were not so bad alter all. When they could meet the Shorthorn men in a fair trial at a Stock Show, they would somelimes beat them ; at last the great breeders, the ranch owners were induced to make a few jmrchases, and now the Herefords are as popular as any other breed of beef cattle. The Southern ranchmen prefer them to the Shorthorns ; they say they stand hot weather much better than the latter. They are scattered in almost every State of the United States, but the State of Hlinois is the main centre of Hereford breeders. 44 At the last Chicago Fat Stock Show the sweepstake was taken by a steer of that breed as giving the best marbled meat. In this country the principal herds are owned by Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Mr. Dawes, oi'Lachine, P. Q. ; Mr. Stone, of Guelph, 0. ; C. C. Bridges, Shanty Bay, O. ; Geo. With- held, Rougemont, Q. ; and a few others whose nani(^s I forget. In the United States, M. C. Cuthbertson, Newman, Douglas Co., 111. ; Earl and Stuart, Lafayette, Indiana ; T. L. Miller and Geo. Leigh, Beecher, III. ; C. AV. Cook, Odebott, Iowa; Burleigh and Bodwell, Holywell, Me. have been the principal importers these last years. The Herefords, compared with the Shorthorns, are some- what lower in the legs, the skin is thicker, the horns are longer. Their color is uniform, the body being red and the head and lower part of the legs white, with a white stripe on the neck back half way from the withers to the loins, another white stripe covering lower part of the neck, the chest and the belly. The deeper is the red color, the better they are liked. They are quiet, hardy cattle, which will thrive as w^ell in extremely hot as very cold cli- mates. They are good feeders and give, when killed, a well marbled meat, which is much liked by the butchers. POLLED ABERDEEN-ANGUS. As the name indicates, this breed of cattle originated in Scotland, Aberdeenshire County. They are splendid look- ing cattle, all black, no horns, with a fine, sleek and glossy coat of hair, low in the legs, large and almost square body, small limbs and head and tail well set on, short Hank, etc., having the characteristic points of beef breeds to the highest degree. They are lower than the Shorthorns and broader K 4o than the Iloreforcls at the hips and thighs. Until about 1880 there was none in this country, at least in this pro- vince, and in the United fStates there were but a few animals. They had been kept almost entirely in Scotland, where they have been bred with the greatest care for a considerable time. The best animals of this breed have been at one time all in the herd of Mr. McCombie, of Scotland. In 1880 Mr. Geo. "VVithfield imported a very good lot of these cattle, among others, Judge, a bull raised by Sir George Mc- pherson Grant, of Ballindollock, Scotland, and exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1878, and two or three heifers of the best blood and style. I am sure that these few cattle did more to advance the cause of P. Angus than all the newspaper advertising. During their quarantine time the breeders had ample time to examine them and to compare them Avitli either their Ilerefords or their Shorthorns They were startled to find them equal, if not superior, to any other cattle. It seems queer enough that the stock breed- ers did not find out before that the good beef qualities of the P. Angus. In the fall of the same year, the Honorable J. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion of Canada, im- ported a bull and three heifers. These being choice animals were much looked at, and much admired by the breeders, who must then confess that the Polled Angm arc good beef «attle and thiit they can ])e bought with profit. Mr. Simpson, ofGudgeliaud Simpson, Independence, Mo. happened to bo at the Quaraiiliue at the time, with some fifty head of Herefords. He was so delighted with the shape and general appearance of the rolled Angus, that he made up his mind, should he iiniiort again, to try them. In fact the next year he impoited some sixty head, which were taken on his farm of Pleasant Hill, Mo. The black cattle were quite a novelty in that country, and when Mr. Simpson o '_) 48 landed them at St. Louis, the news spread in the city that a man had arrived there with some nit^ger cattle, which was accepted by many as a hoax. In 1882, the Honorable Mr. Pope nuale a I'rc^h importa- tion of the best cattle that could bo bouo'ht in Scotland, which were sent on his farm at Cookshire, Q. The bull Viscount is the best animal ever imported, and is still kept on the farm at the head of the herd. Among tho females, two were remarkably fine, namely : Charmer tlio 2nd and Siceetheart the 4tli. The herd comprised one bull and ele- ven females, and a better bunch of r<>lled Aligns cannot be found in America. In that year, importations were made by the following: Hon. J. H. Pope, Cookshire, Quebec, Canada. Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Compton, " " Geo. Withheld, Kougemont, " " Agricultural College, Guelph, Out., " Findlay and Anderson. Lake Forrest, 111. The Cochrane's Ranch Co., C. N. W. T. Andrew Allan, Montreal, Canada. Etc., Etc., Elc. They have been sent into the Stat*' ol" Missouri and into the Canadian North-West Territories, and have been found to thrive just as well in warm as in « old climates. In the Canadian N. W. Territories on the Co* hrane s Ranch, they have been doing admirably well. During the winter of 1881-1882 they were kept with botli Short- horns and llerefords In the spring the Polled Angus were in splendid condition ; the llerefords were in pretty good shape, but the Shorthorns were not showing to be Javored with such a hardy constitution, for they seemed io have suffered a good deal from cold weather. 49 The rush for the Polled Aiiii-us those last two or three years has advanced their i^rices coiisidora]>ly, and they are actually soiling at publi(^ sales for an average of four to six hundred dollars. Thoy !^tand so high iu public favor that the breeders who have means are bound to have them at almost any price. This state of things has had another consequonoe, it has been to bring their fellows, I may say, into evidence, i. e. the aALLOAVAY CATTLE. The Galloways were kept in the dark until two years ago, wIkmi the Tolled Angus began to throw on them part of their glory. Being of the same (^olor, no horns, and having (the good specimens) quite the same shape, they began then to be looked at. Agaiii the prices asked for by the breeders of Polled Angus becoming very high, the buyers thought that the Galloways miglit be given a trial The result w^as that a few of them w^ore imported in 1882. They happened to bt^ good ones, who compared favorably Avith tlieir fellows the P. Angus, and their chances of being- brought into evidence grew better. Though looking considerably like the P. Angus, they are coarst^r, Ihe head, logs and tails are bigger, their coat of hair is long and shaggy ; they are a little more leggy, but the better a Galloway is, the more it resembles the Polled Angus. They are as hardy as can be, and will do well in northern ranches. The first importation of Galloway in this cago ; Gal- 4 62 braitli, Chicago ; etc,, etc. The largest importation ever made is by Hon. M. 11. Cochrane, Compton, who had 100 heads in quarantine in the course of this summer. In the month of May last, Mr. Cochrane was making a sale of Polled Angus at Kansas Cit / ; the animals sold at high prices. There were a few heads ot Galloways who were sold at the same time, and which brought nearly as high figures as the P. Angus. Mr. Cochrane seeing that the G-alloway's time had arrived at last, ordered at once his last importation. In a few years it is evident'that both black breeds will stand on the same level in the estimation of the stock raisers. THE SUSSEX, AND THE DEVONS. Sussex. — "The red horned breed of Sussex is one of the " old breeds of English Cattle. The characteristics of the *' breed, however, have been considerably modified within "comparatively recent times. Formerly they were largely '* used for work ; the oxen were fattened after years of labor at " the yoke. Within the last twenty years, or there about, there " has been much improvement and the breed has gained in " general favor in a marked degree. They have been carc^fully " breed, and are now more uniform than formerly and have " been well shown both at the regular shows and the fat stock " shows, having been especially fortunate at the latter. In *' general characteristic the Sussex may be well described by " calling it a large, strong, robust, slightly coarse Devon. •' Lacking a little in the grace and beauty of the Devons, the " Sussex present the important advantages of full average •' size and unusually early development. They rank among " the first in weights and ripeness of yearling steers. Their "meat is of good equality. They are counted more than 53 *' usually hardy and are claimed to thrive well on poor pas- " turage. "With some exception the cows, are not superior " milkers, largely, perhaps because little attention has been " given to this point. "We do not recall any breed as yet prac- " tically unknown in our country which would seem to have " stronger claims to favor. Their red color is popular. They " have excellent forms for beef. They mature early and hava " good size, and so far as tested they may be counted hardy " The Sussex is one of the twelve different breeds of cattle " uiwn the model farm of Mr. "U^ithfield, Rougemont, Q." {Breeders^ Gazette.) "We do not think they can be found any where else in this country. The Devons, as may be inferred by what is said above are mu«"h the same class of cattle as the Sussex. Theyare smaller, finer in shape, smoother than the Sussex. As the latter thoy were formerly used for work, but they have been much improved for the last twenty years and present now all the characteristics of beef cattle. Mr. "Withheld is the only breeder who imported the Devons in this province. "What class of cattle should we raise in this province, either the milk or beef cattle ? That is a question worth studying, and which I will try to answer in as few words as possible. First and foremost, to raise beef cattle in this province with profit we shall have to change our mode of farmino* from beginning to end. "We shall have to make luxuriant pastures of our miserable ones. We shall hav^e to feed our live stock during the winter with hav and rain instead of 56 straw, as we are doing now. We shall, have to become con- versant with the principles of farming', and we ignore them, and we are routlneem. All these important and necessary changes must take some time, and before they arc made it would not pay, every one will agree with mc, to raise beef cattle. I make exception for the Eastern Townships, where tlic pastures are good, the farmers well up to th^r business and the farming well done. But, could we make these radical changes instantaneous- ly, should we be justified to raise beef instead of milk cattle ? I believe not. For a given quantity of food suih- cient to produce 100 its. of meat, live weight, we will get 64 ifes. of butter, or 175 ibs. of cheese, thus : 100 ibs. of meat at 5c $ 5 00 64 fts. of butter at 23c 14 72 175 its. of cheese at lie 19 25 These facts have been demonstrated last year in the United States and Ontario, and will convince at once the reader that it is our interest to raise the milk cattle. THE AYRSHIKE. This breed of cattle has been and is si ill very popular in this country. Pure breds are to be found at numerous farms, among others, Hon. Mr. Cochrane, Mr. (libb, Comp- ton ; Mr. Brown, Petite Cote, Montreal ; Hon. L. Beaubien, Montreal ; Quebec Seminary's farm of Meezerai and St. Joachim ; Mr. Withheld, llougemont ; Mr. Rodden, Plantag- enet, etc., etc., etc. Grades can be seen at almost every farm of the district of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Eastern Townships, and numerous ones of the district of Quebec. 57 In Ontario they are spread all over the province. They are small, neat, fine cattle, red and v^'hite in color ; their flow of milk is abundant and specially adapted for mak- ivg cheese. They are good feeders and seem to have given general satisfaction until lately. But now that the Jerseys and Holsteins are becoming bettor known, the Ayr- shires will very likel\' go down in the estimation of dairy- men. In his last report, Professor Brown, of the Ontario Agri- cultural College, says that the Ayrshiros do not suit the Province of Ontario, and as this gentleman has the reputa- tion of being the best authority on the matter, the fai-mers will very likely follow his advice, which is not to put too much confidence in them. I believe that compared wiih the other milk cattle they are inferior to either the Jerseys or Holsteins. Indeed, which are the best jiaying milk cattle? Evidently those whicli will give the most butter, or cheese, or milk for the same quantity of food. And, as the Ayrshires eat as much as either the Jersey or Holstein, and give a lessor cjuantity of milk than the latter and a lesser quantity of butter than the former, they are bound to come after both as milk cattle. As for cheese producing, it is a well known fact that they are inferior to the Holsteins. Unless some huge efforts are made by the Ayrshiremen, I am afraid this breed of cattle will grow out of fashion, at least in certain distri(*ts. It appears to me all their efforts should be directed to show the general farmers what the breed can do, either in butter, cheese or milk produce. They should resort to butter, or cheese, or milk tests, and when they can be shown to give as fine results as either the Jer- seys or Holsteins, they will have done for them more than all the advertising of the world. On the one hand let us look at what the Jersey and 1 lolsteinmen have been doing of late, and on the other at what the Ayrshire men have not done. 60 The Jersey men have bred their cows with the object of producing great butter makers. The Ilolstoin men have been striving to increase their records of milk. Publii; and private tests have been resorted to ; wonderful records of butter and inilk have been made ; these records have been published in every agiicultural paper, while the Ayrshire men stand quiet, Ihinking calmly of the already nnide re- putation of their breed of cattle and probably reading ac- counts of these wonderful tests of butter and milk of their great rivals and believing, I suppose, that these reports are going to popularize the Ayrshires. The Ayrshire breeders remain quiet, they will not move for any consideration. The Jersey, Guernsey and Holstein breeders are work- ing systematically, judiciously ; they advertise largely both in the newspapers and by their butter and milk tests. Which is going to come foremost ? Let the reader answer ! THE JERSEY. Time and space do not allow me to do ample justice to this wonderful butter making breed of cattle, I only can devote a few lines to them whilst I should have to w^rite a volume to trace their history, which would be very interesting to all dairy men, and to enumerate their qualities and com- pare the different families relative to their value as butter producers. From time immemorial the Jersey Island farmers have bred a race of cattle renowned for its milking qualities. So anxious w^ere they to keep it pure, that since three hundred years, the importation of foreign cattle has been strictly prohibited. The Island being small, its population compa- ratively dense, the farmers had to do their utmost to make 61 the laud and the cattlo yield the maximum of produce. Honco, their elforis to improve their rows a.s butter producers. At first the little Jersey cow was bought by ihe wojilthy people, as an object of curiosity only on account of her deer- like form. By and by practical men b(\gan to breed the J<'rseys, which w^ere found to g-ive large quantities of a rich milk, making the best gill-edge butter. Later on the Chan- nel Island cattle were exported into America and almost every country of Europe. They were giving satisfaction to all parties, but the true Jersey of to-day was not discovered yet. 8he was considered a good family (^ow, it was about all. It was due to the Americans that she was ever known to be sucli an extraordinary little cow, and to show the Jersey Island farmers that they did not know the qualities of their own cattle. Some years ago the Jersey breeders in the United States and Canada began to rate the value of their cows according to the number of ])ounds of butter given in a week. Fourteen pounds in one week was thon considered the maximum of butter yield. The combined eirorts of all the principal breeders tended to reach as near that figure as possible by a careful process of selection and in breedmsr. It was not long before the cow Jersey Belle, of Sciluale gave twenty-one pounds, Eiirotas came on soon after with a record of twenty-two pounds, I think. This year Mr. V. E. Fuller's grand cow Blarij Ann of St. Lamberts, 9,770, which has been officially tested for three consecutive months, has acquired for the Jersey breed a still stronger position than it had ever before attained in the eyes of all interested in butter production. 62 This prodigious cow stands now at the head of all Jersey- cows in a 93 days tost with an official record (made nnder the auspices of the Canadian Jersey Breeders Association), of 24lb. 13 ounces in 7 days, and for 3^ days of same week 13ib. 24 ounces, being' at the rate of 2C)ib. 8 ounce in Y days. This week's record is far eclipsed 1)y hor test of lOOib. 12| ounces in 31 consecutive days, and 1021b. for the 2nd 31 days. 1021b. 10 J ounces for the 3rd 31 days, making a total of 3 llib. 13 ounces of butter for 93 consecutive days an average of 3ib. 8| ounces a day. These facts alone speak more fiivorably of the Jersey breed of cattle as butter producers than all that could be written. They also demou'strate the necessity of careful selection in bro(^ding. For I need not say that this pheno- menal result in butter producing was only obtained l)y the in and in breeding of the best butter producers. The Jers(^y cow is small with exceedingly lim; limljs and tail. The head is remarkably nice ; the forehead is broad, the eyes are large, the horns are small and generally turned inwards. She looks as gentle as can be. The Jerseys are very quiet, are fond of caresses, they are good feeders and thrive very well in this country. I do not know why they are not more numerous in tliis province. Instead of crossing our Canadian cows with Durham bulls in hope of increasing the production of bei^f v ithout decreasing the production of milk, had we iraprovet' them with the Jerseys our country would be belter off than it is. The principal breeders of Jerseys in this country are first and foremost, Mr. V. E. Fuller, of Hamilton, Ont., who owns the best herd of America, if not the whole world. Mr. Geo. "Withfield, Ilougemont. Q.; Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Compton, Q. ; Mr. Browning, Longue Pointe, Montreal ; Mr. Romeo II. Stephens, St. Lamberts, who is the owner of one of the best herds in the Dominion, etc., etc. 68 HOLSTEIN OB DUTCH FRIESIAN CATTLE. The Ilolstein or Dutch Friesian Cattle, though unknown in this country, require more than a passing- notice, for I sincerely believe that they are bound, with the Jerseys, to revolutionize the dairy world. In the United States they begin to be known and are well appreciated. Their native country, the Netherlands, consists mostly of low, marshy land, much of it reclaimed from the sea and protected from innundation by dykes and drained by a system of ditches and canals, which are relieved of their sur- plus water by innunerable wind-mills and steam-pumps. Very little of the country is suitable for profitable tillage, but the rich soil, constant supply of wattr and humid at- mosphere insures a luxuriant growth of nutritious grass, particularly fitting the country for grazing and dairy pur- poses, and to this the bulk of the country is devoted, and the production of milk, butter, (;heese and beef is simply immense. The long course of judicious and systematic breeding has resulted in fixing a combination of qualities in these cattle unequalled by any other breed, viz : large size, hardy constitution, <}arly maturity ; an annual yield of milk rich in all the essentials for the general dairy ; strength of blood that transmits their characteristics to their grade offspring with unerring certainty. They are now, and have been for a long while, a very popular dairy breed in Europe. What has been said of the Jerseys may be applied to the Holstein, i. e. that their qualities were not generally known, even in the Netherlands, before the Americans took hold of them and began to test their relative merits. >H BB a o W c o o o TS h— 1 V >H h-^ •♦-» t^i , • to Cj n r3 ^ t* -V be CI tn ^ u 6 s" a ^'^ 7J /-N tr -o t—l o o ^.^ ►J- »— 1 h— 1 c w o l-H JS ca r; C5 >^ ^. -k^ f-** r; •3 (^ (IJ ^ M a s-^ ^ ^ o ' o rs ^ a ^ a h- fr Tt z*. C- 41 (-- 0^ H ? & 7. a 1— 1 o c Alihoug'h they have been imported into the United States from time to time since 1(5 2o, it is only within thirty years that any decided steps have been taken to bring them to public notice. The late Mr. W. Vf. Chenery may bo considered the pioneer in this matter, for it was his various importations and active efforts that resulted in forming the Association of Ilolstein Breeders and issuing a herd book. Since 188") the progress made by Holsteins in puV>li(.' favor, in different parts of the United States, has been very rapid ; they have been tested from Maine to California ; North, in Montena and Oregon, and in the South, and from all points come the reports of unqualined satisfaction. Holsteins are distinguished for intelligence and docility of disposition. The bulls rarely become ill-tempered ; while the cows are social, loving to congregate close together, and •are often seen drinking quietly from the same tub. No other breed grouped in the yard or grazing in the herds upon the pastures w^ill attract such universal attention. They are invariably a clear and distinct black and lohite in color, of uniform shai^c, size and general appearance, which comh)in- ed with their symnn^try and glossy coats, render them very attractive and beautifnl. Large, without boijig coarse, pre-eminently adapted io the dairy, they are a splendid race of cattle for the general pur- pose of husbandry, which includes milk, cheese, butter and beef producing. As milk and cheese producers they stand '* unrivalled ; " as a butter breed they are the only worthy rivals of the Jerseys. In their native country they have long been noted for their immense yield of milk. The ordinary yield of cows in Holland, on pasture alone is from 2.5 to 30 quarts per day, for a long period, and we have frequent reports of much higher yield. In the Beemster, one of the best district, whole 67 dairies are reported as averaging 17 to 18 quarts per day for 6 to 9 months. A few years ago the Holstein breeders in the United States began to test, (oj/kialli/), their milk qualities and the public was startled to learn the results. Daily yields of from 20 to 30 quarts were common, and some would give as much as 35 quarts. But the most extraordinary performance has been made by two cows of Mr. B. B. Lord, Sinclairville, N. Y. His cow Trui/je, No. 370, N. II. B. No. 20f3, has a record of 42i quarts of milk in a single day, 1200 quarts in 30 days. His cow Je7ine B 2nd has a milk record of 43|- quarts of milk in a day and 1298} quarts^^in 30 days in the month of March of this year on dry feed only. This is one of the most^wonderful cows of the breed, beiuQ- largo, straight and handsome. These two records are the best ever made, and will con- tribute largely to increase the popularity of the Holstein as a milk breed. Though the Ilolsteins were unanimously recognized as the best milk and cheese producers, their qualities as butter I)roducers was contested, and seemed to come, for that pur- pose even after the Ayrshires. Lately, however, Holstein breeders began to test their cattle as butter producers, and they had reason to congra- tulate themselves upon the results. The best cow in America as^butter producer is a Jersey, {Manj Ann of St. Lamberts), but the second best is a Holstein, Mercedes, (723 H. H. B), property of Thomas B. Wales, jnr., which made in 30^days, from the 13th of May to the 11th of June, both days inclusive, 99 lbs 6| ounces of butter. 68 The cow Zivarte (No. 2024 H. H. B,.) property of Mr. B. B. Lord, has a butter record of 88 J ibs in two weeks, and 500 ibs of biiltor in 250 consecutive days, fed on pasture alone. Ilolsteins are now beginning to be appreciated as butter producers, and will no doubt prove to be fserious rivals to the Jerseys ; and if the breed is improved by a careful selection of the best butter producing animals, I have not the slightest doubt but the Ilolsteins will, at no distant date, be the most profitable cattle, both as milk, and butter pro- ducers. This breed of cuttle would be well adapted to this country, and if our native breed of cattle is to be got rid off by crossing, we should choose between the Jersey and the Holstc'in. As I said above, these cattle are not known in this country. It is only this year that Mr. Cook has bought some 10 or 12 head to bring on his farm, at Aultsville, Ont. These cattle he bought from Mr. B. B. Lord, one of the best and most extensive breeders of Holsteins in the United States, who had in quarantine some GO [head of the most magnificent animals that can be seen. Holsteins are of very large size some weighing, when lean, from 17 to 1900 lbs, and for veal calves they stand withovit equals. I have had good opporttinities to compare them with those of other breeds and I can say with con- naissance de cause that they arc superior to all others. Ilolstein men jn'etend them to make ooodv'beef and are going to exhibit at the next Chicago Fat-Stock^Show. Time will tell how they compare with the Shorthorns and Here- fords in the beef producing qualities. FARMERS ROAD 1 \ iT'irf!, t>o oo o