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S 'gm-uM .ont film*, an commandant par la Dr.mi«r. paga qui comporta una ampr.mta 5'irpl.ion o?dillu.tration et an t.rm.n.nt par S. darni*ra paga qui comporta una talla «mpraint*. iin dM .vmbola. .uiwant. apparaitra .ur la L.. c.™.. punch.., ••»'••"• •''.■,?•''."'•"■ •"• iilu.tr.nt la mathoda. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TBT CHART 'ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 21 ^ APPLIED INA^GE Ir '613 lost Wan street !"6) 4B2 - 0300 - Pt,on, ""^ !?I6) J88 - 5989 - Fa. DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICl Central Experimental Farm ottawa, canad. TOBACCO DIVISION TOBACCO SEED BE F. CHARLAN Chief of the Tobacco Division Bulletin No. 21 ,HilX Published by direction of the Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agrl C.RICri/Il RK ^M BEDS r of Agriculture, Ottawa, nt. t' i\ o ^ DOMINION DEPARTMKNT OF AGRICLLTl RI-: CeMKM KXPI HtMEMAL FaKM OIIWVA, < ANADA if '''f\ A i.'-i -^ J\ !> ■', ; HA* TOBACCO DIVISION. TOBACCO SEED BEDS BV F. CHARI.AN Chief of the 'Jolxtcio Division .lletin No. 21 Published by direction of the Hon. MARTIN BURF>.-LL, MInltter of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont 10026—2 " i\ Q 5 fl I ! c TABLE OF CONTENTS. IllllM.lu.tiiMl Tmm- ,,,■ I!. .1- (..) < i|" li '"'I- (I.) I|-;.lii, \.,A. 1 <'..1.1 I.., I.. .. -'. S. nil ii..i ),, ,|,. •:. Il-il.. .1 I '•» < ir. l?lli..!l>r- I! ' I I-. M. Tl..- s.,i! ..I ihr •>..,! |;,.| llu-ii -"il- Ili'.-ll lllllll < '..lMli..-t- K«ri ili/.iti-ii oi .Mi.iiM-. . . M^iuiin- < 'Iji-ihIimI tivtiiiziT-. . l.iMiiiil liiaiiMir 1 liii niaiiiiri K.-.'n.iMli.iri , ' th, M,,iil,l A |i"iM' ni.-tli'iil ... I-' I'.' Sliiltcr- III. Vcrtii-al -111 ItiT Siirhicr -hcllir- SliMw iiial- I' raiiii - II. iw t,. 11-1 Siirla.-i' .vh, li. A lia.l prarlii-c IV Si'i'd-nwili^' ,111.1 Mailiti-lialii-r ..I lla- li..i. (■|i..i. ( -..•! .\rtili.-ial i.',i nirii.ali..ii .'~'..u iiii;' I liii-Kllr-- ..|' -.'.liih^ (.'ar.' aii.l .\lali.it:i'liiiii I .i lli.- IJ.-.I- U'alrrilii; .Mi'iliL:' \V.,.lii,- .\l..liMi.ii.; , . , I liiiiiiiiii: , . . -N ur-iii^r lliirdi-niii^;- ...ff and a.i'liiii.ilizati..ii. r, I'AQE. ExtruL'tioii aiul chuii-e nf the SfCillings ^^ Date of Sowing 34 A.-oi.lont. 35 Smislniki's 35 Spindlln;; 35 Yillow plants 35 Mushrooms 35 Iiis.M.t Kii.ini.'^ 36 V. J)is('ii.--(s iif Ti'hacco Sccilliiijrs 38 (1) Daiiipiiis otf 38 (2) Root rot 38 l?a<-torii.l canker 39 rdosaic Disease 39 Preventive I'reatmeiits — Remedies 39 I'rodispiisiii^ causes 40 Remedies 40 Disint"c<'tion ..t tlic Moulds 42 Treatment Uv heat '*'- 1. ^ direct lire 42 2. atedpa„> 4:5 n. Ovens 4:! 4. Steam « Fiirmalin treatnient^ 4t C'"mparative Value lit' Steam 'I' reatmeiit and Kormaliu 'I'reatment 45 VT. Miikiuff of the Semi-hot Bod 40 Selection ulli'tiii X". -21 of tile -i-.-iiiiil Sfrir>, chtitlfd •• Tcpliac'cci Si'iil ]{((K " which has hicu prcpand hy tlie Cliict' ,,t tho Tdliacco ])ivi-ii)ii, "Nfr. F. T'liarhin. 'I'lic cvor-iuiTcasincr di'maiul !cr iiil'nniiatir.ii in .v.iinic'tinu with inhiir.-.. t;ro\viiiir aial hamlliiiLr is a fair imliiMliou of liio iKvilopiiwur ot' this liii-iia-- in Canada in n-i'cnt years. Whih' it wouhl liardiy he wi-.- to cxprct any viTy Lrnat iniTia-f in tlic ipiantitv of toiiai'i'o )iniiiiioiil liy our farniri-s in tiii- iirar futuro. lli.-ro is no reason why wo shouhl iiol make eaeli year. 1 have tile lionour to he, sir. Your oliedient servant, J. II. (;iiisi).\i,i:. nhiilor, Ihiniiiildn K.rj>' rini' iiinl Fitiiii- The Din'-t'ir. Duiniiiion K.N|.iTiiiii'!it:il F:irin.-. Ottawa. Sii;. — 1 liavr the iMiMMiir T.' -uliliiit inri-witli t"l' \'.ur a|ipr"\ a'l. I!ul!it;n N". Jl ontitlr,! -Toba.-ro S,.,>a F!.-,!-." 'I'ili- Imlirtill i- il|trl|,ir,| 1,, lak,' tla- |. !;;.■.■ , , l' lillli. lili N'... A 1 . • ■ l' I'li^ -li.- . ' f till- ToUafT'.r |»ivi-i..ii, wliii-li lia- lirrii i-.\ii,iu-'ril t'..r -■iiii iliii.-. Till- wiirk i-; 11 littli' iiiMri- dilailiil pi riiai'- than \v..u!(l -i-.iii ti In nr.v--.ir.v f -r jirartii-.i! Ti'\t-lH..ik. It will iiial'Ir ii- Ipiwrvrr, t" aii-W'i'. iihr'-Iy liy r. !'. rriiiLi' t" >liri-ial i-liaiitn-. ami in.'r.- -ati-l'ai-t..ril,\ flj:;ii .• lui,] I„- ili.m \,\ mcliviilual l.tti-r-. miiiiliiT ■■{ iiHjiiirics on the -iilijiTf. Till- liM-t -iiitaMi- iiH-lli'iil- f''i' .>nr i-llliiat;.' iMiiillrioii- ari- cli-iMi--iil at ' -ii^fli ami cimiiiaiTil. wln'ii "pii'Truiiity .i.-cur-. with tin' itntli'Ml- |'..!1..\m'(1 in t''ii'rii;n cotmtrii--. \v!iii-h I'lir rarni' r- an- a littli- t'"i i-ayir to ailupt In-t'iin- kiinwiiiL;' wlii'llirr tlifv an- -iiitaMo '>r not. ll i- 1m|iim1 that till- Imllrtiii, in wlil'-h tin u-i' -if IrrlnKiMl li fiii- li.i- in in rarr- fully aviiiili-il. may ho of -i-rvii-i- In tin- hfuinmi' a- wi-U a- t > tin i \|iii'ii lo'iil -r.ovrr. who may ho (li-ii-oii< nf rhioidatiiiir -mnr .-pofhil inoni. 1 iia\o the li'ininir tn ho. -ir. Voiir I'hiiliint -1 r\aiir. r. ( ii.\i:i..\N. Clii' I (li Ti.li.inii DiiUinii. IXTKODIXTIOX. It i- not llio object of this bulletin to irivr a complete account ut .ill the inothods UjciI in the [ir'nluction of tobacco seedling.s by tlic various tobacco growing countries. Only a brief refei-eni'e is made to tiie latter, and the author passes on at once to a full discussion (if tiie ineth'"l< which have been ;hown by an experience of six years to be thi> be~t aihiptii] to the i-ilniatic C(,MiditioMs of Canada. Id I. TYPES OF ni:i)s. Till' ^^•l•^l nt" toliacco i* .,ii,- .,f the siiMlli'st .-i-.'cl- known. It i^ always s..wn in a -pci-ial Itcl, aii(l till' yimuK jilant- an- luillcii uut to he phuit.'d in th.- fifhl. \vli,-n tlicy arc (if .-ufficifiit sizf to In- t-xtractel and handh'il withr.iit injury, and of -nth. 'lent stnnsth to penult of their easily takinp root under favourahh' e.mdition-. Various kinds of beds are u-cd for tlie sowinp of tohaeco. accordinir t.i the elimatii' eonditions of the country: tropieal. temperate and «-oh]. In Canada, the eliniati.' eonditions may he said to be eohl in tlie provinee ..f Qnrhc.« and temperate in the l>rovinees of Ontario and British Culumhia. Th.Ti' ar.' three type> of beds. rely ,v>iisist of a plot of .•rround prepared for the purpose. A spot is selected in a suitable pla<-e, cleared of all vcp.talion, and , mnured. Generally, thi-^ sjwt consists of virjrin bush soil, eover.d with a siirubby growth, in a well protected elearinf?. The soil should bo light, rich in hunms and of a rather are incorporated with the loose part of the soil. to a depth of about three inches. When any d.oibt is enfrtaincd as to the fertility of the soil, an application of manure should be made before burning (at lea-t two or three months before). The manure is worked in with a >pade or spread on top. Clienii,.al fertilizers may also be applie ii..-ihh', a- we.il- alTonl -helter to iii-eetJ anil |iara-ite~ et' all kiinl-. Snrfaee -heltei- are ii-eil t^ make the piMtiefion ceiiililete. They may Poii- -t (if lifrht eh.th (iiiu-lin. .'hee-, .-l.th). n\U,\ [.a [mi- -r L:ia/.e.l -a-h.-, a.-e..nliiiir to the riirour of tiie eliiiiate. Then' are al-i -evei-ai ,!a>-e- ■■( fraiiu' h.il- nliim l^ th.' iiieihoil i.f iiiakiii::. viz : — (1) CuUl lie,l. {■2) Si'iii-r..'! hed. (•■i) llet heu. i\) ('(,hl I" 'I.- <>li the -pMt whi.-il ha- hec ll -,leet. inches. The lirst iiietlind is the In-tter as it iiir-ures hotter draiunge. The earth in the hed may he fertili/.eheil on a cold soil, as is usuaUy done in some parts ,,f Canada, cannot t^encrate any he.it in cloudy weathir. Generally, it i^ exposed to the fro^f and. in any case, is -eldoiii w.irin enough to insure a regular growth of the .voumr plant-, and at lu-t. only during very short intervals. ('old heds may he -iicr"--f ully n-ed in tempi-rate rlim.ites. In the iirovince or' Queln-c, their n-e is attended hy a great many r:>k d') >'iiiii'liiil /<.(/.'.■. .V -emi-hot hed. like a cold hed, i- .•iicln-iil in ;i wooden frame, hut it differs from the latter in the fact that the layer of soil in which the -eed is to be sown, in.-tcad of lying directly upon the earth or hcing comiiosed of the latter (wlien the spot i< mercl.v worked over with a spade) i- separated from the e.-nth hy an insulating layer, capable of giving off a eertnin amount of heat. This layer is ffeiuTally made up of horse mannn- which starts fermenting as soon a^ the hetl i.-i made. I iii> la.\er of manure siionM iie ratlicr thin, only .'I to 4 inches, otherwise the temperature winild ri-e too high am! a hot hed would bo the result. 18 Plate II. — Gl.iz,-il s:isli — Asst-rnlilird traiiu-. 10026— 3J u ir. SoiiiititiU'-. iij I'Tilcr til iiv.'M :iu I'Xci-s ••( lii-nt. r.iiial part-, cf hor>r anil mu mnimrc arr inixril ti.ui'tln-r. 'I'lii- laTt( r lia- a r.'Knlatiim itTci't; thiTi' is rmt ~ii tmi.-l. licaf frivcti niT at aii.v tiiiif ami tlic h.al i- iiinrc la.-tliiL'. It i- aluav- aii|vi-:.lili' !.■ pi \\[ ■ lis.-r ■.! iiiainii'' .in a prrviiMi- t'omnlifinii ."> iir 4 iiii-lu- tliii-k, iijailr iif liraiii'lii'-. -trau-. .laf rhatT. toliai'i'o -talkr;, t'ti-., in nrdrr t.. inaiir liittcT 11-1- lit" tlic hrat irivrn ntF liv tiir inannir ami inipiiivi' draina^ri' ciiniliriiiii^, I!ut rvi II rhi-; layi-r nf inai:\ii'r nia\ In i1I-|m n-i'il uith. I'uriiiL' tlu' last fi-\v yrar-, this J>ivi-i..n lii> rxpiTiiiifiiiril with a i~iml .t' -i ini-lMt 1,1,1 whirh d-,,- away i!itlrrl\ with the n-i- lit' niaiuirc. 1 hi- iiiil i-,,n->t- i,f a layrr iif tnlia,',' -talix- ,,r ,',,rij-!aik- lirnily ]ia,-kr,l ami uii lovf'llcil. 'I'lii- i- iMviTiil with n thill layir nf -tvaw uhi,!, li'lii- llu^ iti, iil.l ami pr'Mi.l- it from workini; il'wn in tln' intrr-tiiT-. thiTcl.y i-au-iiii.-- tin- hcil t" rullap-i Ti', thtckno>s fif till' layi r nl' m.iiilil varii-s ffnm fotir to six im-hcs. 'I'lii' lattiT -\-lrni ha-, -,, far. uiv,'!! ili,' hi'-i r,'-ul - '.u In,' pr,.\in (^urit,,'. It i- -i,i'i-ially r,'-,,!nincmlrii l>y thi- I>ivi-i,,n. A ilrtail,-,l ,1. -i-ripti,,n ,it' it will i„ fouml t'lirthor i,n. C!) llolh'ih- !l,,tUi,^ ar, i-hi, lly n-. ,i l,y :;ar,li ii,r- :,ii,l h,,ri i,-ii!turi-l -. Th.A- ar,' I -piM-lally n-rt'iil whi-n it i- iji-iri'il t.. iiastni tiir i;-r,,ul!i ,|' \\\r -I'l-iliini:- ; thi \ ,l;ll, r li',,ni tin- -i mi li,,l 1,. ,1 >n ll,-' la,-; : ii.r a mu,-li ;iii,-k,-r '.,;. ,1- ,,t' li,,r-'- ma nun' i- u-ril. iit'ti'ii I'r.iui * til 1l' ini'lii-. (Hw manun- is viry -iM.m ii-.-,| in nnxtni-,' uit!, h,ir-e luantirp. I hcri' ari' a irrrat iiian.\ ,.liji ••ti'in- t,, thi- l,i-,l wli.n u-i il f.,r f,ii- pr ,ilmt irm .,f tiihaci'O srciiliriL'-. Ot' r,,ur-i-. tln-i- si'iillini;^ arr very rarly. hut as a ruh'. tliry ar, wiak, with a ti mlrni-y t-, i,rr',nir yrlhw. ami tlir il,\('l.,pini tit ,ii nni-hr,>,.m- am! ili-ca-i- (if all kimis i- ;;riatly i'ni',,iir.iL;iil. Hiithcl- -Imulil i,i' n-',i imly \vlii"i. ,,,\!n,j- i-i -p.'ia! • ir,-nm~la m-i'-, th- -,min'_' ha-: to hr ill lay, il initil a vrry lato ilat, in tin- -ra-,,M. hut i-v,ii in thi- I'a-c it i- l-in-fi'rahli- r,, u-,- a -i-mi li ,! l"' I an, I lia-t,:; lii- L:■l■..^^•l l, ,,t' ili,' - .ir.n^.- |,y -,..■. i •.■•■in-- with a M,luli"ii ,'f nitrati' of -oila -^oino time h, f..ri tran-p!anti;,Lr. ■; !"r • h' \ p, v th,insanil. a,-.',.rili',ii;- to thr -oa- to tlu' L!r"\vi'rs of tho mi,i;li'ioiirli',,iil wh"-o Ih'I- hail lui n a faiiuro. A ri-;:ular ina.rkit has ii,iw bt'iii i -tahii-h,il, -'ini' yrowi-r- ar, rrlyinir I xi-lu^ivi'ly iip,in cai'iloma-- for thr- >'TilIinir- i --ary fir thrir phintati'in an-l thi-: proilu'-tani of toh.ici'o Mi'illiufis for sale has boi'onir a rr,u:ular i]iilu-try with -om, irri'i-nliousp owners. fii liii.iliy >|n-akiiiS'. tlio cn.-truotiull ,,1 a fri'i-onhoii-t' i- t'.Xpi-nr-ivi'. ami tiio I'Xpi-mii- turo iiivolvcil is hardly justified when tho only olijri't is tho i)rodiii'tiiin of tnhai-i-'. si'odliiiKS. Grrciihousc soodliiitr« ma.v ho a littlo oarlior than tho socdlin}.'- irrown in a soiTii-hot bod, htit thoy aro oortainl.v not hottir ami thrv I'o-t inoro. 16 The result- i.f a .•iiiniuirativc fxiiiiim. iit at Ottawa in l'.tl4 on >,iiii-hot beds and Krocidi.ius.'.- wciv nithiT in favour »( th.' scinidiot licds. TIxtc wm a larjrf amount of rixdin^r off in tlic ;ir(iiilioiisc during the ni«lit, the cvaporatiun was more active during the day. it was ne.T>..ar.v to wat.r in. ire lrc|i]entl.v : in siiort, the seini-hof l.eds were at lea.-t ten day.s earlier than tlu' (.Teenlionse. It should he >aid, however, that the Kreenliouse in wliieii we were operatiiij; was of an ohsolcto tvpe. II(/wever, the eon- elusion from thi- .'Xperiinent. umh'r sueh eumlition^. i•^ that the -eini-hot !,ed-. well proteeted hy (jnod f-lazed sa-hes. is the best and nio-t eeonoinieal method of rai-iiiu tobaeeo Medlintrs. in jjood ti for transplant iiiir. and 'he-e -eedlin;;, are rooty. healthy and -troiifi. It may be -aid. however, that a greenhon-e whhh i- to I„. u-ed ex<4ii^ively for Uii- [iroduelioii of tobaeeo MedlinM:s does not re,|nire >o elaborate rt eon-truetion a-^ the er.linary nrr, nho,,-,, A tyi.e of ist nliou-e used ny the Walk, rville Company i, ..h.ovi in one of ilie ilhi-tr.it ioii- -f thi- bulletin (see plat.- IXl. Thi- i, a wooden -trin'tnr. rather ron^b. .'ov. red will. :novab!e -a-h,-s v.Jii,-h may be talen off when th.A- are n-. lonf,'er n.ve-ary. Oit. u. -ueb l!,,ii„., arc heated by mean- of or.linary stove.-. Then IS a pernianeiit -y-to,a of watia- pipe- for waterii.t'. 'ibe inuulil 1- treated by -teun and the -eed i- - 'un .,, a eold frame b,d. The-e, however, are expen-es wliieh are bey, Old the iiii an- of ihe average firower. It -honld .il-o be -lated that the f:reenhoiise may be ntili/ed for storing? seed plant- when -on,,, diili.ailiy i- experieueed in ripiMiing the^e plant- ( iate sea.-on. eold fall- with danger of ,,,rly frost-). Th.- best method is to di- out the seed plants with a spa.i.'. leaving a- inneh .arth adherinjr to the roots as po--ible and store them m tho greenhouse until the pods are ripe. However, tho -aine' advant.i-e may be seeured by buildiuf;. on some part of the fa.-ni, a y;reenlion-e frame, and in the fall, when the time has come to put the seed plaiits under slnlter, this fr.iin.' i- eovere.i with the iilazed sashes, which were tiseil over the -eed beds in the .spring. The real superiority of the ureenhon- over the semi-hot b.-d i- the savin- o| time e(Teet.-d by not bavin- to remove the sashes for airing or wateruin. Affam, there i- not .so mueh dani^-.r n-o^ni -nn-troke- in a greeidiouse if sulTieient eare i- -iv.n to aeration, while -un,-trokes are ahvay., likely to occur with the use of glazed sa-hcs esperially wiaii the -nn come- out suddeidy after a period of cloudy weather. TT. Till: son, oi nil' ..i;d ni;n. Tho most iniiiortiint imrt of the In d is. JnulitK -■ tli>' lav'T il in whii'h tlio M'fdliiiKs will tlirnw out tluir Mi.t* nml win r.' tli.'.v nui>t i\w\ t\><- f 1 ii.-.'i -siry f.ir a nipid irrowtli. It i- inii">'-t:uit th:it tli- -"il [»■ liu'lit. rii'h, will tiilrd. ami f\i'in|it fr .111 disease jfernis or iii-i.-t larv:i'. When tile .-ee,! i- -.,\vii ill llie ..|'iii. ..1' a -iiitalile -p.t, imt uiiieli elialiv'e is made in liie i'.iiii|iii-ili..ii iif tlie -uil lit' till' lied, A Im-h lai;.l i- -eleeted. -merally a vii-Wi - of jjreat fertility, eontalniiin a L' I Mi|i|ily ..t' liiiMiu-. of lii-'lit texture, ill a plaee -heltered fr..iii the wind hut wel. e.\|.M-ed t.i ill, -iin duriiiu- tile greater part > i' tia- day. It' the -p ■! -.1, .-i.d i- ,.f Miilieieiit i'ei'i 1 i 1 ty , .1 11 t i. • t will he nee, --;i ry 1-tnniakea hu-ii tire iivei- It a- already e\pl lined. Afte,- the r,,,i!- are reiii'ivid. the -.,il ;. ii;;i:!ly \v..rk.d .i\.r with a spade, .are hein},' taken t- nii\ the nni.iinini.' .i-lie- villi the hulk of the -.>il a- tie.nniL'hly a- pii--ihlo. After a ii.-d rakiiiL' t- eMiiipl, t.- the ].i-e|,aralion. the hed i-- ready t.. he -own. if there i> any dMiihi a- t.. the f. rtllity ■■{ the -p"'- i' -hniild he -iven a V'i>'"' inaniirin^r. The inainire i- -p-- id mi I'.p the pre.dlnir f.i". in a fair!> ihiek layi-r. '.r worked ii, \^:th a -iiade. alway- in the f.,11. W, 11 die,. nip.. -ed manure L'ivs the he-t reMilt<. Till hurninir i- ilme in 'he -prinir. aim .-t inimedlati.ly hef..r( the hed i-i prepared. .MMi..udi thi- -y-tein ha- 1 .iiu heen in u-.- and ..ften with L'ond results in southern Ontarh.. it eanmil he ree..ninu lahd .m .e .■..iinl "f the faet tli.it it 1- t.m ea-ily intln leed hy elii.ialie e,.n.liti..n-. Kven in Oiitari... the temperature i- -. !.l..ni warm en.,ni;i, in tho ,-iirini;- t-i alL.w the seedlinL'- ;;rewinir 'n tin -e h.d- t.. he ready at the heiiiniiinL'- of the tran-iilantiiiL; la-.iii. Biivi'i siiil.-i. — Tile tii..iild- tieueraily pr> f. rri.'.l are tli.i.-e fuimd in the hu-li and eoii.-i.-tiiiL; of ,1 mixture ..f -..il and de.-..m|>..-ed ..r;;,iiiie niatter: pieee.^ of hark. wood, dead leave-, whi.-h ae.-umulate nndei- the ine-. i'lu-e hii-h -oil-, as they are generally ealled, are •,{ a -p'.mie,.ii- ii.ituri'. lii;lit, of a d.,rl^ eoi..,ir. 'i'liey have a jjreat p.iwer of ah-orption loi- wal. r aiel ke. p it a 'fWj. I iiii . .■^. na- are ri.-li in linniii- out the huliUH iteiit i- Very variahli' .ind -■.nietime; ih .-. i\ iiiL'. "Bii-ii .-oil eontainiiit,' a lartre proportion of iiiidee..nip.i-eil \.-eialile ni.itt. r. -h.mld he 1....I. 'd upon with -ii-piei,.n. Siirh Soil- are heiter for i/r.. Willi,' mn-iiro.ni- than I'or rai-ini; t..ha -ed. i . i n,i;r.. Sometime- th.-e hii-ii -lil- are ^.i e..ar-e tli.it it i- im|j'.--ihle to hriiif^ theui to a sufficient diur-.' of tilth. In this ea-e. it i- dilli.ailt t.. hv.I properly the surface of the hed and a very irre^uiar .-tand ;- tin- re-ult. Furthernein . tiie eare of the hed ( hoeiu}r. thiniiiiii: . .lit ) i- \ ir > mn. !: h''.l. .• w la n i in- e.imp..nent element- of that part of the bed arc coarse and atjf^loiuerateJ. ].. (1,,, :,,„.,; !;,.,! :;!! tlie-e diiHenhiv- are removed hv hurniuL!:. 'When hii-li .-. il- are to he u.-ed jii-t as they are. it i- better to eh...i,-e those containing only a fair amount of organic matter, having a sufficient density and with such a texture that they may be easily reduced, thereby giving a very fine mould. 17 l^ Till-.' l.iish r-oiU. how. viT, huv.' a serious .l.jVction. Tluy iiiu.v ,t,.iii th.> unm <'( -oiii. .lUtiiMv. whi,-h arf tnin-iiiitt..! t.. tlir •^. ,h11,.,1,. :„i,1. m tini.'. f,, tli.- Ii-I.| <>.,.■ ..t' lii.M. .liM,,„w i-i Thlrhiiia B,u. ha-. raii-r,l .•uiiM.hTalil.' iiijurv in »oiiif tuha.v,, .•i-i.tr.-,, in thr riiif.-,l Stat.- uikI Canada. Wh.ii hn-h -niU have ii.it h.fn hiirn.'.l ov.T, it i, alni.-t in.li>i"n-ai.l. to ili-inl'.-.-i thcin th..iMn;;hi.\. .ith.r h.v t"..rin.illn or hy -t.ani. Dilrh mud.- Dxtrh mn.l is ^vruTnlly nunic up of a inixtiirr .1 ..m.l uiorr or 1.- *■■"•• ^"'^' "f •■' """Iat-1 -ill. to;,,.th,T ui.h thr |„,„|u,.t of ,;.,. ,l,.,.,„„|.,„ition of >o,| and f.'ra->c.s >:rouinf.' alon;,' thr ditcli...-. Thi- nnid H,.:y 1„. of vrry -nat f..rlili:>. a.v,,nli„- to ti,.. .piantity of plant f 1 carn.-d hy tho uat.T in tho ditrh. H,.al .•on.po,t. n,ay he obtain..! by nii.xinif toir.lh.r nil th.. d. tritn- thai i, n inov, d wh. n .-U.aninL- .1 dit.-li. To ,,.,.nr.- th.. h.-t r.^Mdts th.-r compo.-ts aftor h, in^. „„■, fnll.v tnixod. -ho„Id n .t \,r „-. d l.of,,r,. -.v.r.n ,non,|,! i,.,v, elap.«ed. Com/.ov/.v.-Thi* dr-i^nation in.dud- var.\inir nii.xtiin- of -,,il ;,,„1 orL-anir niatt.T. gfii.Tally .I.MomiWsfd or in the .'uuis.' of d.H-ompoMtion. Tho kind n.o-t fiv.in.ntly in.-t with !. a mixture of li^ht _,„il and d.>p,:.inpo-,d in.innr.. .hor-,- or .-uw ,nann,,i. Tl;i.- nii.xtnn i> ,,l,|ainr,l hy pilinir up thin lav.-r-. of earth an.l manure, ...ne .,n th.^ top „f th.- ,)ther. up to a h.'i-ht ..f >ix to ...y.-n f,...t. Wh,.n i; ;, 1,.-Ii,.v,.d that tho I, nnontatio,, whiol, i< ,;,ki,,^, ,,';„.,. ;„ ,1,;, |,„.,,, j^ over, or ahout .-..nipL.to. tl,.' h.ai. i- .ait with a -pa.I.. in vrti-al .li.vs. and thes,. >!!,•,.. are divi.l.Ml as niu.-h a- po-.ihl.. an.l mix..} over .^..v.ral tini.-- witii a -h..v.-l, until tli, inixtnr.' is uvll .li-int.-nrat.'.l and ahnosf honio^r, nous in t.xture. :vll tho ,.oar-.. partl.'hs ar.^ r.nuov.d h> -iftin- l.-,vini; a f.rtil.. ip ,nld. as fine a- desir.-.l. I!y iiaLin- n-.. of H„,. sie.\,.s, a vory tin.' n.onhl n.av h,- -.eun.,! whi.di is partn-nhirly ,l,.-ir.,hl,. f„r l..v,.lliny- th.- sn,-fa.-,. of th,- h.-d an.l tor oth.T n-,-, ,„ he rni'tition, d fnrtlier ..ii. With th, rn.,uh|s n.ado in s„,.h .■..nip-.-t-. there is ,„„ -,, „„i.-h da..L',-r of intro- du.-inj.' ,li.,.,.-, .,nn. into ,1„. 1„ d-. IIou.v.t. to avoid any ri-k. it i- aUo a.lvi-ah],. to disinf.et (ii, ni with foruialiii or hy stimn. Til,, .ht, I, mud whi.'h w-as menti,.ned in a im-.vdin- paragraph may also h,- „s,.,l for maki,.:. ,-,,n.f.,,sts. In this ..ase, tla- v;,r;,,us lav, r- .,f .Milh ,io n..t n.-.-d t,, h,. -o thi.-k. ^'''>' - ' '•,mip. ,ts t>-iy al.-o he nhfain.MJ i,v niixin- alni,,st i>inv -amis— in mo>t oa-.s v.-ry li-hi --,iU--with jjoo.l mix.-d manure (h,,r-.- ami .-ow manure), thorouir'ilv deeomiio-e.i. Th.. nam,- ,,f .vniposf may also be -iv,-,, to the -p..,.ial mixture whi-h has h,-,.,, used as mo,.,M .Inrinir th,- past six y..ar- at !h,. (Vntral F^xnerimental Farm, Ottawa. and which has invariably pilinf; up sli.-cs of sod f.^arth an.l sod) pbor* thtv,. to f'.ur in<-h..s thi.'k and cut in the s.nnie way as th.e snd which is -.1=^^ t^;,j. mali'i--- lawns. When this sod contains a sufRcient quantity of .•l.)ver roots, it makes a v.t> fertile mouM. As it decays rather slowly, it shoul.l !,.■ prepar.'.l a louf, tim,- in .I'var.T. at least two years. 1» Owiti;: t.i till' tniitiriiil rtii|'l.>yiMi. it iniiriit ho ^^uppo-ieii that thesf CMniiio^t- .••mf 'in a liirucr miinlMr ..t' Wfcd -.tiiln; such i* ii.)t the ca^r, hi>WfVfr. iH thi'.v iiri' '■■•tii|i;iralivil\ t'rrc from tin in. Aplpaniitl.v llii' •.iiil- wliiih an' in the ■•oinii.i-t t'. It ha- hi-fii -I'l-ii that tli'' Crtility of ili,. soil or "ni'iilil" put in the hi-il- is a, viTy important factor. When thi- -oil ciiir- i;-oiii :; v.. II pr.ji.i i-i i| iMnipo-t. it i- L'i iM-raliv -iitti.'ii-iitlv rii-li ami .-i-hJ' in miiilris imy iiuiiiiiri' or .itlirr fvell ileeoiupo-eil manure, '.vorkeil ill witli .1 -oaile. ••: iiy lirii n iiianiir.- -pre.el on i,.p t'hemic.il I'.-rlili/.iTs may also li< u-cd. ' luiiiii III /■ rliUzi IS.- -A i;reat iniinhir of mixtiir.- -ol,l iindrr tiie n.iine of " :.pici;ii fertilizers" and prepared for tin' (:ro\vin;_' of tohacco -ocdliniis. .ire f..\j!id in the traile ' ienerally spcakiiif^, tlie-e mixtures contain a l.iri;e prop.rtiou .,f ji'i-li, !ar too much I>ho-iihori<' acid and too little nitro^ren. It is ohviou.s that chemical fertili/er. — and even tiie - .-callcil j^iiano. — cannot h.- rt'lifd upon tn supply the' hed with tin- proportion of huniu- which it ahoiild contain. Thi.s huinus mu.-t culile from anotlicr -ourci . from .n, applicati-n of maiinre or >e);etahlo matter (bush soil). If, however, the main ohject of the >ecd lied is con-iijcred viz., production, ii, a limited time, of seedliii!.'s suitahle for traii-iilantintr.- it is ea-ily seen that the only element of whieh there should lie a slight exec-s i- uitroireii. provided that the -oil is fertile, that i- to -ay, contain- sufficient iiroportion- of pota-h. pho-pjoric acid and iiitroireii. It i- almost a wa^te of money to apply iilio-pii,.ric acid and pota-h on the heds: hetter li-e ttie-e on the tii'ld. Some of -e s]iecial fertlli/.ers, however, were n-ed -evcral times ii: ..c prep.ira tioii of our hed- a.ul. as a rule, tney uave sati-factoiy ri-iih-. The followiiiir method was ail 'ptid; When the hcd is ready to In- -ow-ii, tlic -incial clieniical fertili/i-r is -pri ad on top at the rate of one ounce per square foot. 'I'hi- ferlili/er is thoroughly mixed with tlie oiie-iiich layer of mould on the to|i of the hcd. Tl.' hcing done, another layer of good. line mould, at Ica-t half an incl. in tliicl,i,c--. ;- -pri ad on top and the tohai seed i- -own on this niould. If ari.v douhts are entert.iiiied a- to the fertility of tlu' mould, a certain ipiantity of chemii'iil fi-rtilizers — Iroin one to two ounces per .-quare foot — .-liould I.e mixed with it hefore tilling in the bed. In this way tlie chemical fertilizer will ho alisurhrd in a layer of iiiouhl iivc ur six Inches thick and will he in a sunicieiit state of dilution not to cause any injur,v. When nitrate of soda is used alone (a nitrogenous fertilizer eontaining nitrogen in a readil.v soluble torm), it may he .^pnad on top o7 the mould in the same manner l(>02«-4 20 ii^ tlio coinpl.'ti' fcrfilizor. Imt at tlio nito ..t' ..n.-t"nurth to oiir-lialt' ounrc per >,|ii.n-,' foot of bprl. A^ it is nitliiT (litfi.Milt to ^|ir.M.I cvi'iily sii.'li a lii;ht quantity of fcrtilizor, it is bfttor to mix it, at tir-t. witli yood mould, in tlir proportion of oiio-fonrth to one- half of nitrat.' ,,f soda, wlii.-h ulvf- a Mitticiint l.iilk to makp spreadinfr possibli Later, if it i< tlion},'lit that tlir fertiliziT u-cd in tin- way lia- not suffi.'iont ,i fion. it may l.i^ roinpli-ted l.y watcrinir with a diluted -olutioii of tiitrate of soda. Lii/iii,! )ii,iinu..- i.ifinid in.inuiv i- a very active f,rtilizer. It i- u-ed in -prink- liiif-'-i. The mould whirji it i- d.-ired to fertilize i~ tliorou-hly -oaked '.vltli liipiid manure, then left f.. it-ilf for -ouie tina- then \vorke known under the name of (Juanos. In some ea-e-. 1.1 11 manure ni ly ho applieil in the f.rm of a dlhite.l -ohition. This (pie-tion ■will h.' ill all \Mlli in iho rhaptir on -peei;d waferin(r<. i;i;ot;\i:i; vTio\ (.f Tilt: Moii.ns TV re-en, a-ation i- meant lh< op,'rati-n which .-on-i-t- of returning to the mould the jjlant l-od uhii-h ha- l.e.n taken away from it with the -ecdlin-- i;rown on the hod The variou- n.i tho,!,, that are u-ed for the fertilization ,,f mould- may ,d-o h, u>ed tor ilicir regeneration. It i- important to -tart a- -oon as tran-plantinK i- over and wliiai no n re seedling;- a' required. At thi- time, the -oil and mouhl from the variou- h, d- an' put toi;ctlier in a heap and treat. mI ju-f a- tlioucj, tlay w( re new. When it i- con-id,. red that the de.-iri'd result lias hc'iai ohiaiiu',1, the ref:ejna'ati-,| in.'uhl is put away, vnulia- slielter, if ji i--ihl,.. to be [irotei'ted from the rain. It is ver.\ un-af,' to u-e lUouhl which ha- alria,ly civ,ai a croji of S'-edliiii.'-, and this shouhl hi- ill. lie only wli, n it is impo--il,lr to -maire fr,'-li mould. However, the danger ma.\ he eliminat,',! hy a ,-ultahle treatment with formalin or witli steam, a- nientioned furl her i.m. .1 }mor mrUioil.-' \u coini' part nf tin' ,'onntry. -[lei'lally in Tintario, beds are oft,'ii made after the following' fashion: after settiiiL' up tin- frame on the selei'ted spot, a thick la.ver of niaiiiire is spread, the earth is spa, led until a jrood mixture, of sufficiently loose texturi' is obtained, then levelled with a rake ami I'overed with a thin layer of mouhl. Aa a matter of fact, thi- i- nothing el-,' hut an aiiplication of manure ma,ie just before sowing. 21 AVlarc this plut i> suwu jii:-t ;is it i-, a ;iriMt iiuiulirr of plant- imvita'ni.v cuiitract disca^i- -ucli as iimsair nr Miylit di^ca-i', .iwiiiir to tin'ii' pnci- cmhiih:; inlu 'Mrita<'t with undec'oiii|)osed bits of manure. Tlierc would not ln' so niiicli daiifjri- of ilivi-Iniiini.' di-ra-i- if tli<- iiiould was treated on the spot with sti-atn m- formalin. liut it is n-eless t.. cxpi-.-t poiKJ risiilts from siirl! a late applicati(jn of manure, beeauso the fl•rtilizil;^' elements ..f this manure have not time t.. lieef.iti'- mixed with the eearsc mould preiiand in this manner. .NLould should i'o as linmDiri neous in trMnrc a« po--ilil,. aii.l tiic' ,,iily wa\ t.. make it so is t" iii-i-pare it lonK before it i- re(iuircd. liKHi; — 4J iir. SHKI.TKKS. ']'< (■P--in'i> ri'f.'-ulnrity .-ukI rvmnc^s n{ "rrowtii. it :- iic"i>s^:iry to prottM-t tobacco -ccdliii;;-, in tiic lied-, troin the culil aiid the -inlilin varirtti^nis of Tciiipi'rattirc \ lii'inii- kind- of -lichi'i> may Ipi- u-cd: tlir\ :iiv dividiMl iiit'i two .■liicf classes: vcrti.'ai and -urt'acc jiMn of this slieltor is to rr"f''''t 'I'C ^ccdlin;.'.- from tin pnvaiiinj;- winds wliiidi. at the time wlieu tiie beds are made, j^eneraliy eau-e a con- -idei'alile liiwerini,' of tem|iei'atiire. \\ lien till' >eed is -own in forest clearings, natural shelter may be obtained in tia shape of belts of tree, of sntlii'ient tiiiekness to break tlio wind. However, thi- wind- break ;- ireneraily in-nl!ieieiit durinjr the early i)art of the sprintr. at lea-t -o bjnt: a- the trees are devoid cif leaves, and it is wise to complete it by palisades built up nn tlie more exp.i-id side- and i^f varyin- la'iirht acconlinfj; to the ''rface in need ,if protei- 'ioii. It lias lieen tii;nred fliat a palisade shelters from the wind an area eipial to three or toin- timi's iis lieiplit. In pla^'es when- the winds may eomi- from varioii- directions, -everal palisade- sh.iidil be Iniilt at varioii- angle-, without intervals through which the wind may blow. 'riu'se palisade- niay be I'.irmed by simple fa-ines, six to seven t'eet long, tirml.\ hcM by posts and tran-\er-al bar-. .\ better -h.'lter i- obtain d by mean- of board pali-ades. but the-e are cdmparativel.v expensive. I'hi' farm liuiKling- also ennstitute exi'ellent vertical iielters for the beds whieh are made in their neighhonrhood. However, care sliould be taken to I'stabli-li the bed- at a ,-utticienl di-lan.-e ir^ni the laiildings -,, that rain-water .ir water ri-nlting from the melting of the -now ami dropping- of the r- ■' may not cause any tli^.d- in the imnndiate \ ieinity ~ii the bed-. Siii-hii. sii,li,,:'<. Snrt'ae,. shelter- have ,-i double object: they prevent the cooling ""' "I' 'he bed and pr-ieet it fr.an ti.o sudden or too great variation- ..f temperatnre. I hey may In- maile ef many ditferent materials. Ii! tropical eouiitru -. the beds established in the open are simply covered by liglit branclie- laid abi.xc lli.' -own area. The-e branehe- inodeiMte the -irengtli of the ray- of ihi' sun and protect the bed from the birds and from the fowls. It is a primitive -y-tem. but i|uite ellii'lent. at ha-t s.. l,.ng a- the -eedlings are not very large. .\ light el,,tli shelter (mii-lin. cliee-e elMih") -imply stretclu'd ,,.. bars and held up by pickets, al-n lu-oticis the jieils from the rays ,,( the -tin more than from the .'oi,!. It i- more etiicient when -tretchi-d over tlie frana s as in this way it prevents, to a certain extent, iioeturnal cooling otL Thus, it protei-ts the bed- as well from tln' e..ld as from the excessive heat. The use of cloth shelters requires some preoautions. One of the most essential i- the following: when the tissue of the cloth is so tight as to present a certain iligree of resistance to rain watia-. -ulUciiMit -lope -houl 1 I,, eiven t.o the cl,,th so tliat the 23 water Iiia> fall jprmiiptls uut-iili- tin- I'rd. iu-tcad hI' pitlirriiiii' in the eeulrai |i.iit 'il tiie eloth. The lie»t mi thod is to make a driiilile .-lope by siijiiiortiiitr the f\u\\i Ky a «""deii l>:ir. plaecd at the central part of the bed, in a longitudinal direction. In this way. the ^llelter ha- the sliape of a tent with a double roof. If it i< also desired to prevent the attacks of insects, the eloth -hould be tixi <1 t" the frames by means of hooks. Instead of usiiisr h'loks, however, the cloth may be rolled on rather heavy poles and unrolled aci-ordin^ to the re(piirements. The weiiiht of these jioles i- ficneraily sufficient to in-nre close contac-t botwrcii tin- rl..th aii.l tlir frames. floth .-belters may be very n-rful in countries with temperate elliri:ite- and wic !■. sprinf.; rains are not too frequent or too eo])ious. They cannot be depended up'O; to ^'ivc sufficient jiroteetion from very inten-e eold or very heavy raisis. However, cloth may, to a ei-riaiu extent, be made waterproof by bcinir imprcf-'nari il with lin-eeil oil. Ijnl this opi ration, wliil-t it makes cloth impervious to raiji, takr- aw.iy, al ti:e -anie time, one of ihe main advantage- of the cloth shelter, that i-. il- permeability to the air. Oiled cjotii covers should be handled in the -amo manner as trlazed sasju's, a- tiny are almo-t a- w.i'erproof as tic latter. They pr..te-i ii;i- b, d very wril from cooiinir olT durinfr the ncjht; on the otlier band, the coat of oil whii'b in-nres their imprr- meabilily. rat' s the ilu-t; they very -mui lai^e a dark and iliriy -olnur an.l th,- ipiant'ty of li^'bt received by the bed is (lelic-i l,.i-,,iiii- ail inipnrtaiit itirn when tin' iM\rr>d -urfaci' i- fairly lar^ . TlK^ri'forc the -i/c r.f llic sa-hc- =h..iild he -nch fliat they may lie ci-ilv iiaiidl' d !■> oi)(> man. Fxprri.-ni'c ha- taiiirlit \i- that the haiidii-t -a-h i> "iic :'. feet \vi(]c by ," ffct loiiL'. It i- ra-iiy handled, of a eoiniiarativel.v li;:ht weiirht. and. •■vimr t.r it- small iize. ma.v he e..nstnietid with -iithei.-nt riu'iility. .\ tun lai'ire sash lia- a ti'iidi iii-\ to warp when iianrjlcil ofii^n and there i-^ a ;;reat ri-k '■( Ireakin^' the paie - if uia-- :ind iindninir the joints. A model of glazed sash reconimended is -hown on |ilate i. The frame jiart, incliidiiif;' thi' fr.iinr, enver- exactly tiftien feet -ipiar. ■ .'! I'.'it l).y 5 feet). 'I'lie pii - ,,f x'nrMJ ai'.- L.' iiiflir- and 1; in -In- tliiei<. Tiic iMiaicr- af'- mnrtl-ed or reinforced with inm scpiares. 'J'he two lari.'e >idcs of the frame are conic'cted liy a wooden latli, 2 inches by 1 inch, which increa-is the solidity. The extension on each .-idc of the frame makes it jm-sible to get an opening nf i' or 2J inche.s wide, simjdy liy sliding tln' sash. Tlii< upening is sufficient to obtain a light ventilation -which, withcuit unduly lowering;- the temperature of the bed, i> an cxeollent ]n-ei'auti"U against >un-trnkes. Slrair i)i'il.-<. — Straw inat> arc ^traw -iultcr.-, uiic to two inches thick, made of long -traw. as little brnken as iiossible. The straw may be laid anil fixed on liLiht frame-, but the ,st practical method is to bind it by mean.- of strings -o a.- to obtain a kind of iivt that ma.v be rolled or unrolled over the bed. The c'loscr the mws of strings, the stronger the mats are. There should be five rows of -trin^'s on a bed five feet wide. Mats make an ex.Mllei.* in-iilating inatcri.il. In s-imc c.iuntric-, they are laid directly over the tr.inie diirin;;' the night and during c.;'d day-; as -orin as the line weathe-r lias returneil they an' taken olf to let in the liulit and tlii.s avoid the "spindling"' o'' the -codlings. When the nini- are to be laid ijircctly ever the 1" ,1. they inii-t rdwnys be kept in good orde .'therwi-e bii- ef -Taw ilr-p .of ,hiri:!- th,. jiandl;'!- and - i dirty the bed-. Thi- dit'ect miy be remedied, however, by jihieinir a sheet of liaht canvas be'weeii the mat and the 1" ij. Of eeur-e the ebjiM-tien di-ajipears when the mat is laid ovi'r a glazed -a-h. /•'/■((m''.<.--Tlie tiiihtiie-- ef the frame i- an impeitant peint. Unle-- ti.i> frame is quite tight, the -iirfaee -helt.-r i- ef little n-. . lie matter h..-,v well built. The -ize of the Irani a:.il tii' -i/e •'■ .;,,. _ ,,1, ,,|.,. ,.e;;nlate,l by piM'ii.-al .■nii- sid.-ration-. The lr-nt;th may vary aeci.rdiim' to the -urface to no planted, and the i]i):U!tity of -ei'dlinu'- renoii-eil; it -lieiij.l n.ot bc ^o loni.'" as to canse a wt-*-' •■*' twi-. . ill wateriiiL'-. or the i;vner.i! w.rk of caring for the lied. The width should not. ns 'i ri.ATE ;V. — Assi-iiibl. i] fr.Mi!.. -h'.Winu- h.;i;ht '( b.niUin;: l! \TE V. — S.hmI IicmI Of L'oiiistfxk Sii:\iiis)i. sown ■ !h.- i:\:,- >,( 1: o/. nf 5, ,-.,j nt.,- i9n Eq..:,r." frnf. 26 rule, exceed live feet. Winn a plazed sa.-h is used, the wiilth of the bvd is regulated by the leiipth of this sa>h; in any other ea.-e, the width sliould be such as to permit of convenient access to all parts of the beds for watering and all other work such as hoeing, thinning and pulling off. The frame used on our exijcrimental stations is 15 feet long by 5 feet wide. This choice was regulated to a ciTtaiii extent by the size of the materials that are found in the trade. A bed of this size, if everything goes well, supplies a sutfieient ((uantity of seedlings for one acre of land. A very useful frame is >liiiwn in iilati.- II, 111 and IV. It is mado of boards 1] to IJ inches thick which are fixed together by means of hooks, when the beds are being prepared. As soon as transplanting is over, the frame may be unhooked and put uii necosary (inly when the young plants are up. Care should bi; taken however to see that the tcmpiTature does not ri^e too hiirh uiuler the glazcil sa>h»'s, (not above 80 degrees ]■".) and if necessary, the beds should be lightly aired. As soon as the sc'dliugs start to develop (when they are about to have four leaves') an endeavour shoidd be made to give as much air and as much light as possible, the llrst in order to keep the plants healthy, tlie hitter to prevent spindling. ■j'he main ob,iect of a surface shelter is to regulate the temperature of the bed. Thi' more pervious to light, the better the shelter is, and this is the reason why glazed sa-hcs or oiled cloths are spivially rccominiMHled in cohl districts, where shelters have to be kept a long time over the beds. In almost all tobacco districts of Eastern Cainnla, there is such a lowering of temperature dtiring the night, right up to the time of ••'•'"■•I -^ ' : ' ' ■•' ■'■'-•- 1- a:'A.-i,\r prcTcu!. 1 iic ueiis ~ii()ui(i fhcrclore lie -hcltercl chiring the night until transplantinir is over, and thi' glazcl sa«li cm-c red with eaiivas. 27 Oil till- utlicr li;iMil. in .Mii.v. til.' ^li.ltcr- >li..iil.l 1m- rai-cil duriii;.' lh.> il:i.v ns ..ti.-i. us imp~m1.1<., 1111(1 .-v.-ii (-..iiiiiirtrlv riiii..vi-il, s,_. ii- to trivt- the <(-c(lHiij;s a i:oii,l i-lian ,\ hardi'iiiiij; uti early. .1 bud /.> Lret caught in ilie iiiohe> ..i' the biirla).. it' the tl-swe i, l>„,-.e. ,,i- -trike llimi-lve- a-ain-t it. it' the ti-«ue is close,!, and fit-t stunted in tiieir ;,'r.iu ih. Generally the-e (-..ver-. and -pr.-ially il„ paper one.-, jrivi- ri-,- f ,i l.irtie .iiiantity of liioiilds which may e,,niplei.-ly infi-t the -oil. 28 IV. si:i i» s()wiN'<; AMI MAi.\Ti;xA.\(i; oi riir. hkd. t iimcf: (IF sF.KK. Till' cimintity i.( toliiic.'o -(I'll v..|iiir.Ml cv.ii fi.r :i larjie pliint^itioii is rc, small lliat tile ■;r..wiT who ,](:,- ih,t jiiiri-lia-r lln- Ih -t (luality i.f sd'd, rc^rardlr^s of tho prii'e, 1- ali-iilii|i-!v witlmut cxciisf. Ill tlir tir-t |ilac'(\ il.al niily uitli r.Ii;il,lc >oe(linrii. u-<' 'inly si't'd wliicli ha- ki'p! its niriiiiiiatiii-' pi.wri- ali.l iiial ol iilotliiiL'- pa]" i'. iii'i-ti!i till- -liii'U lij^htly. iiihI kii'|, in a \- i at a t'airly riM'iilar tcinperaturo (iii-ar a -Im\i-i. Th,- ritilit prop..rti..n ,.( lniiiiidity may i.e. kept liy a(lll■ll^' a fi'w drops of wanii ual'i- ir.'iii tiiii.- to tiiiir. 'Ili,- pi r.-i ntau' •'( i;oi'iiiinati"U may lie a-cfi'taiiicj at till' cml III -1 Veil 111- iiLilit day- ,.i- -.inn-: iiiic- i' i. day-, ai'cordiiii.' to the li'iiiporature and flic dipi'ii- I.f hiimidilx. Ky rountliiL'' tlir imiiil'ir of f;rrniiiiatcil si.cd-. 'I'ho scrd 111' t.iliarri. kii |i, it- xitalily a very lony timo (ton yoars or iiion-l. TIhtl is no olij.M'tiiiii thiivimv l., pm-.-lia-lnL'- a tniif or fivo xiar-" siiiiply of oi„,il youiii,' so.-d. 'i'hcrc T- I'Vi'ii an ad\Mnta,i:c in d..iim -o. as llio -ui-r(.--ivi" crops will have a certain dcj-Tcc of iiniliiriiiil.'. and may i" markotnl ai a iimrc profitMbic price. Ajfaili, if the STowcr is u i;.>od iili-crvir. lie may. Iiy watrliiii;:- hi- crop, improve his method of cultivation and cafe from year to year aceuriliiiir to the experience fiaiiied. The yiiiiiiL:! r tla- ^eed of ti.li,ie..o. the quicker it will terminate. This does not mean that fresh ?ecil ha.- a hifiiier vitality than Mcd fmir or tlvo years old, but it means that when two l,ed> are sown, one with si'cd from the previous year and the other with seed I'our or ti\e .\ears ohl, the former L'crniinates tir-t. AlillllCIAI, (M:!!MI\\TI0V. ■johaee.i Mcil may he miwii in its natural eniidilion (dry), or swollen or gennin- .otcd. 1 lie u-i of dry -eed i, reeoniiiieiided except in -|iicial cases, as it is more resistant, tliaii -erniinatcil nr -wnllen -eed. and imr -i, likdy to -utfer duriii;,' the first i'c-w days followinjr sowing;. Siiwiiifr with -uolli-n -eed. and. to a tiTcat.T extiiit. with the condition of the seed. I lie -eed may al-o 1,,. mixed with visitable nimilil. which has been patherod in the hollow part of a tree, and kept in a moderately damp }uuee a,s aliove. The tirtic t.-, =r>-,v IS when the ma.jority of the seed has hurst and when the white plantulo appears. In some pans of Canada, seeds are ■;-erniiiiated to an exafrcrerated extent before sowing'. This I: not a -rood j.ra.'tice. The seed showiiiir a small white speck or sliijhtly 29 -Wdllcii, i.(rniiiKit.- v.ry .niii-klv \\h,v. phi.'.-d ii, a - | l„,i. «lii|,t ,,v,t .'..■\ rl.|M-,l i;vrin< in.iy easily 1„. injured liy tho lijn.llliii.' ..(' iln' ^cr,| (hiriiii.' the \v..rk ..l' -...wiiiu'. r iirthoriiiorc, tin- soi>(i-< oonUiin only a liinitiil supjily i.!' (mn], aiul tlu-n- i- i|ani:i r .•!' .■xliaiistiii;.' thi- -iipiily liy i.vi r i;( i-niinati.in hit'.m- -.nviim'. Till- m.-f lav.iural.il' tiiupiTaturi' for tl.o ,Lrvruiinati..n i.l toUa -if.j i. aliini* ^o ilcjrriT- 1-'. Ai; nulravour >!ii.\iM l.i- maili' to havi' t!i.- I.i'ils at tlii- tiiii|.ir,i! urc ■ lurini;- thi- wrrali r iiart nf tli- ilay, i,ut not nnn-h aL^.v.- it. 'rii,. r...,lln- of! wlii.-l, o.'curs iluriiiL'- til.- niiiht !> .laiJirir..u> ..nly wii.-n tlio !■ inpi-ratin-i- y..i-.- il-mu n^ ar th.- fri'i-zins- point. sowim;. It i- ilitlii-uU t.. -^pn-ail t..lM.-,-.- - ! ..-r-y ,viniy ,,vi-r tin- l.i-il, ..n a.-.-.imt ..| ii- lini-ni-.--. It .-JDuM ilii-n Inn- 1.,- ini\.-,l witli ...ni,- in.rt inatt.-r -ii,-li a- w 1 a-ii.-, liurnt tlni- ^aml, Mark rartli. it,-., in tin pi-..p..rti..ii of ...m- part ..f -i-,-,| t a- hun.in-1 |Mil- .i| -anil. A ij.i.iil miclinni i- -i-tiinnla. a n.in-hyLirn-i-.iplr. i:.oi-ai.'-iri..ini-ratii.;r .>uli-lani-r, uhii-li -pn-ail- la-ily ami wlii.-h, liavini.;' almnt tin- .-anic ilcn-ity a- t..i.a.-,-.j #e<-.l, p.rmit-i of ..l.lainin- an lii.in..-.-ni-..u- ini.Muiv. It i^ ri-,-..niMii-nili-.l l,v -..nio autimrs l-i sow t..|,a i >i-,-,l with tin- i-ln-niioal t'l-rtilizn- u- ' t'.ir t'l-rtili/ini: tlu- h.-.l. We ilo n..t think thi- prarti.-i- :-houlil hi i-n..,,nrai:i-il. Ihi' mi.xturi' i> Miwn hy liaiui, lini;tlnvi-i- anil i-ro,--wI.-i-. or hy nn-aus of a pt-pp.-r holili-r, with lar-o ImJ.--;. Tin- i-..l,,nr ot' tin- inixtiiiT, hoin^' LTin-rally ilitTi-ront frnm that of the bi-il. uniy he useil as a Huiil.-. In any ease, growers ^li.,ul.| (-iiil(av..nr t-. ..htain a -tan.l ..f i-.|iial ilin-ity. not too clo-e, so that the .-i-.-illini:s may -f-.w nii.l.-r l'.m.iI i-onililh.n-, t'..rni the ni-.-i-s,ary root hair ami not heeonie spimlly. After sowiiiir, a lijiht i|uantit\ .-f vn-y tin. •n..ul.| (hia.-k eartlu i- ^jin-ail ..ver the top of tho bod. and the latter '':. i-o-ked -eiitly hy the- hatid ..r hy means ,,i a lijrlit hoard. The use of mould, however, is n.it indispi n.-ahle. TIllCKNTss; (if sllppiyi.. Care slmuld he taken n,.t t.. us,- t..o mui-h M-ed f..r the -ize of the hed. It has heen eU-arly sh..wii hy our experiment-, that the hest quantity of seed t., iise for all seed leafs tohaeeos is ahout om-sevi-ath ..I an .oinee per hundred sipiare feet of hed. This is of ..our.e f , u' -oi.d s.-e.l, liavius a f.'erininatinff power of ah..ut I'.j per eent, hut in any ease, no mere thati one-sixth of an oum-e of t..haeeu s.-ed .should he .-..wii ]ii-r hundred si|uare feet. The i.rop.irt: .n .-hould he the- same f..r all other types of tohaee,,. inehidiiitj- the While P.urli-y. An exe, ptien .-h..ul.l he nia.l,-. h,.wever. f.,r the varieties " .Nieetian , Rustiea". till- seeds of whiel, are mueh lar-er and inueh heavier than ih..s,. ,,)■ th,. :,'roup of varieties known under tho name of " Xicotiaiia tabai-um."' When a oertain uuiuher of hods are used, it is very sel,'„.m that all ..i them -im- equally good results and yield seedlimrs ready to ho tr.in-planted at the same date. Jt is advisahle to s.nv the hed> at intervals of a few days. ,.,r to s,,w th.-ni all at the >ame dato, but with dry. swolhn or Rorniinateil seed so that transplantin-r may he earrled on eunt:iiuuu:-:y uii.l .-o that pkuty of ^e. iiilufi> may he juid without any .ntei-ruptn.n. Tho crowor is tho best judfro in sm-h easi-s; ],,. has other means at his ili-jK.sal to hastoii or retard the i.r,,wth ,,f the - lllnirs in an averaw season if tho beds should have hi en sown a linh- t."i early ..r a. little ti-o late. 30 CVIIK AM) M \NAi:KN!KN r "K 1i HKHS. M'ttrriui/.-'Wiiicriun A\«»\>\ Ix- .Iniic with a k'r.-at il. nl of in...l.ratiMii. Tho bot. Wlnii tlii> >rrow.T jucl^-. - that tho time has c'oiiii' to wat.T th.' hf>ls, hi- >hoiihl do -o i-liirll,v during' tli«> liot li.iur- cf th.- day. kiipiiiir r\u' -ii-h<- npiii a- liltlt- a- iMi:.:.iliii'; lukcwarin waid- -hould 1m- ii->d ami aiiplitd li.v iii.aii-i of u \vat.riii;r ran, the ^i.oiit of whii-h i> pfrforat.d with v.tv -mall holes. I!.v so iloiim'. he will avoid uiicoviritisr the root^ of the > lliuj-'s; if, liowcvor. >onio lip rootiiif.' i> oii-.TVi-d. a little iiioiiM -lionld he -prrail in oi'.l.r to covi-r the root-. Later on. win ii ilu' -eedlinf:> hav.' 1m iiie -troiiyc r. whe., they are U-'iUji hanleiod off l,y rai>inK the -i-la- d'.iriii^r a part of the day and when the evaporation heeoine- nior.' aelive, a lart;er iinantity of wali-r may Im- applied to the hed. Hut in tin- ea-e. it is Letter to jtive several sprinkliiij:-, takliiu' eare, however, not to sprinkle U,o late at nifrht; hikewarni water should always he u-ed and no more water should ho applied at any time than i> -tri<'lly neee— ary to maintain the humidity of the heds. In this way los.-es of heat are avoided, while the seedlin!r^ are pruvi.led with all the water that they reipiire. .\.L'i.iii, if too laiye r, .|iiantity of water were .ipplied at any one time, it mijrht interferi' with the fermentin;: of the hiyer of manure -npportin- the mould ill a hot hed or in a Mini-hoi lu'd. .Vo/«.— '.'ure water only -h..uld h.- u-ed for watering, except in ^pe<'ial cases, mentioned further on. It should he -litihtly waiiU'd hy beiuff exposed to the s„n. or to some ether -irtiree rif lu-at. .l/n'ii,'/.- ISed- sli..uld !"■ aired a- nni.li a- po-ihle. and the sashes should ho raided whenever it is po-ihle lo ,1-. -o without exp .-iiiL' the heds to an undue amount of eooliiifr oti. Wlieii the heds are proteeted hy raih.r lo i-e e.niva-, an exehansre takes jdaee hetween the aliiio-piiere of tlie heds and the oiit-ide atmosphere whioh. to .1 e.-rtain extent, may 1m- ,-o,i-i(h-red a- a real veiitil.ition. Il-wever. it i- a ;;■ 1 plan to lift the (-anva- and mi.-over the -. (."iiii;- whenever the w.'ath.-r in fax -urahle. Tlu- tn-.re impc-rvi-ii- "he -uvfaee shelter i-. tlie -reater will he the aeration n-Miiiivd, .\ elo-e atm.-pi.ere in th.- h.-d i- v. ry injurious to the seedlini.'- ; it is important, tlaivlore. to keep the -lazc-d a-he- up. aliiiosi all the time, exe.-pt diiriiiii very cloudy wiathcr and. durintr the niiilit. Sena- of tlu- plale- in tin- hiilletiu -how how -.: -o.mI aer..tion may he ohtaiiied wh(-n ula/.ed -a-hes are used. ]!y rai-inir liditly the -a-li. - on the low. r part of the frame, a go.Mi teinperaMir.- is ohtaiiied and r-un-trokes are avoihown in plate Vl-h. This arrantrciiient is rpeoramended spei'ially during'- hot days, and when the sun is very strong. •r . • ^ "11 -K^.,.,. :.. ritli-ii- nl-l*l->; t- 1 -li't.i tti.^ .inuVi OMP wav or the i^ I.S a;S0 poSMl'lc. :t^ riluXMi Hi oii^t pj.l-»-, ei 1 :..t -1.- «!-.. other, to make sure that all part of the heds are nt the same temperature. Atraiu. durint; the hot hours of the day, it is always ih)ssible to cover the sashes with lisrht cloth, thus lariiely redueiufi- the (piaiitity of mat ah-^orhed. Pi.ATi: \l — Sr.il lor aei-iioii III) — Warm air escapitiR by thp opening at the upper part. I'i) — A (loulilf ilraft .'stnlplishi-d bv liftine the sashes both w; 32 n.v (..iiitriiiiiiK' till- ii-c of lUo siwlu's and tliat of tlip cl.ith, it U jHKriible, ti«>ur tln' itid of the jrrowinit pfriod, to keep thr bod at a lowir tcMiiperaturo than thf oiit-idi atniiwiihi-ro. In this way, growth is retardi'd iiistt';' i he'u\ti hii-tciu'd. Willi in;/. — Unleas the soil has b^eii steanip ' ^uiImt of other plants will appeiir nil ihi' hill. III! matter how carefully tlio huti . Iku been pn-purcd. It is no<'C«siir> therefore to weed the beds in order to free the yoiinii tobaecn seediiiit's and pive them :i ehiiiiee to (,'nnv unhindered. The weeding, whieh should be jireeedcd by a waterins; if necessary, is donr by iiund or with the point of a knife during the liot hours of the day. Car.' should U- taken not to lay bare the roots of the toba'-co spedllii(?s, and a liKhf ipiiuitity of mould shoiibl always bt .-pread after this work. Weedln;: should be d..ii( at proper intervals, until the tobacco seedlings cover the whole surface of the beiis and have beciinic stroiiir enough to i)revent any other plant from trrowintr in their miil-t However, then- is n method by which weodinR may be reduced to a minimuin When trla/id sa-lies are used, the bed is prepared fairly early anil heat»^, while kept moist at the .-aine time, until all the weed seeds tliat are in the mould have jrermin at( (1. When till' weeds are well up, they are destroyed by raking, flic bed is put affaiii in pr«ii>er coiulition and sown with tobacco. Moiililliiii.- 'I'hi^ oi>eration coii>i-ts of ■.preadin>r an even and thin layir "( very fine mould oil the whole surface of tlie bed after sowing', or after wateriujr. thinniii- or \veedinu^ -o as to cover the roots of the seedlings which may have been laid bare. Till' III nld wliicii is to be u-ed for this operation >hould be prepared in a aiornial, the remaining plants becuiiie gri en again, grew in regular manner and no disease appeared. Thinning, like weeding, should be preceded by a light watering, facilitating extraction, and followed by a sprinkling of vcf^ctable mould. The latter is iiarticulail> important. Xurxiiifj. — This operation is pra<'tised when the seedlings are too thick. Somc' ..f the strongest ones are removed and planted on another semi-hot bed or in good garden earth. By this means, a small number v>f excellent seedlings may be obtained and they may be reset with a part of the soil in which they were growing. However, this methtxl has the objection of necessitating a great deal of labour. The use of such M-edliugr, is II. .t ncoiiimi'ii.l.'il for tlir pioihiri^ou ,,f s,v(l, .-ikomiIIv in tlio ou-." of light variftifs. as it «.iul«i MMiii roiilt in a liif.inniil t.v|«', ii'i l.inirr.l, -o as to )i(M-uri- >tr.iii;; imil uniform stodlinK-i. Jl'inli ninn i,t} ami no lihuili-iiliou.- '\'\i'i- nii. riifion .•nn-i-i- •! jiri'imrinu" tii. y-'mui: phut fur tli. c.ndiii.m. in whi.-li it .ill 1... i.l.ir,.,! i„ tin- ti.1.1. A- ii h'':ht;iI nilr. tii.> ...i! ,,f tln^ tielil i- vrr> .litT.r.iit in .•..Mi|io-lt'..n from tli;it in flir IhiI, -,,, in onliT to cirni't tln> transition to a .■crtain ixti'tit, it i- r immi-ndc-d tn Iravc a- rnu.-ii a- [M^-ilil.. ,,f tlio mnnlil ailhcnii- fo tin' r.H.t.: .mi'.- -honld l.c <:\hu til. riforr lo avni.l ^liakinj: tli.- sccillinj;'^. Si-rillin^'< ar.' hanlmnl otf cliiitiy li,v (l.. dcorfa-cd. Ilardi'iiinf? otf is not so easy as is trcnerally -\ippo,...d. Por in-taiicT. if. in an cndravonr to n-ijur,- ih,. proportion ,,f Kuniidity, uatrrinjj- hteotra- in-Mllioi.nt, tlio trrowth of ih,. plant- will -uddinly roino to ;,n end and the -torn- .1 till- youoK' M'odlinu-, instead of n inaininir wliilo and tmd. r. will takr a ^'r.-cn .ol.iiir ami harden rapidly. Seedlin;;- of [h;, kin 1 will -tand droui:ht lutiir perhap- than tender -e, dliny-. Imt tliey will not prodn.-,- -,, niaiiy have-. Tho rem.ival of the shelter-. I -I ially wl..n a tir-t lot of -eedlini;- ha- already hei-n .xtraeted from t!i. heil-, may have tlie -ame re-iilt-. Wliile rednelui; waterin;:. iv.iporation ^1 Id he deerea-ed l.y -helterin;; the li,.,|- with liulit :iut!on- -lioul.l -tiow a tendenev t.. harden ,,r to -pindle. or to make an e\e(-iv,- ■j:v..\\\]'.. it would he l„.ti.r to have- them ixtra'ted at um-e and keep them in the manner indieated in tho following paratrraph. i:.\Ti; M rio\ \Nn i i.oici; m -nn: '-i tiii.iM.s. Stoeky .-.i-dlint;- witli a tend, r trn .n foliage, a white -t. ni ,ii,.l al.nhd.mt ro,.t hair are the he.-t for tran^^plantinu-. A eo,,d li.-iirht is from three to fonr ineli,... Yellow or spimlly seedlinjfs or those .-liowiiiij Rreen or yellow >treak- la symptom of disea-e> should be discarded. Before extraetlnir the jilants, the heds should be well watered -o as to ^ivoi.l hreakini,' the roots or distiirhiu}; the soil too miieh; care should he taken also n.,t to ^hake otf the earth adherini.' to the ro.its a- thi- earth will faeilitate the reeovery of th. seedlings when transplanted. The e.xtraeted seedlini;s are i.laeed 'o^ether loo-ely. in a slightly -hinting position. :n a basket or any other ve--el with a wide openiiif; and a that bottom, covered with a damp cloth and k'pt in a cool place, cellar or silo, until the' time when they are to h.- used. They may e kept lu tins condition tor a fairly Ions time, hut it is better to use them as soon as pussihle. in order to prevent wilting or yellowing. Upon no account should the -eedlings be watered afteT being pulled out, as they would rapidly decay. 34 Aftn- cxtiMrtiiifr. II K-od quantity nf inoiild -.IlhiM 1m' spread on the bed so iis to cover the root- of tlic rcnniiiintr plants wliirli have lii-cn slijrhtly raided. A n.u fXtraitioi! may lie nipdo a '"I'n- ('ays after tlie first one. Extractions shonlil not be made in to. 'ci-i ssioii. It is wise not to make more tlian two i \tractit>ns from any ■ i lo- nsplantiiitr. A third extraetion may be made a little later fer roi'ttin. ' r this um-k, it is better I" n-e s.'edlinfrs eomin^JT fn.ni a bed which has net i,. a called upon to supply too many i)lant-. Xo matter how c-Mri'fi:lIy the extraction is made, tlie roots of the reinainin;; seeii linss are always di-tnrhed. It has been observed on lUir jdantations that the number 'if diseased plant- 1- always in iirnpurtion to the lannber of resettinjrs, ^nd this (ibsi-i'\ -itinn was made in a s<'as..n when. owiuR to the insullie'ieney of our beds, the st>edlinf,'s came frcjiu a third and s.mietinies a fourth extraction. The best plan, therefore, is to make thin sowings, at various dates, so that all tin plants from one sowinjr may be ready at the same time, and to sow a sufFicient number of beds -,, ,|s to supply as ninny ami even more si-edliuns than are rei|uired for trans- lilantiufT. A bed one hundred !eet sipiare, may, with a fair de^'ree of success, casifv yield from eight to nine thousand seedlings. Sometimes, towards the end of the transplanting period, the grower may be coin pelled to use seedlings that are a little " spindly." Such seedlings should be set a little deeper than the others, so as !•. provoke the growth of adventitious roots, and restore to the plant, to some extent, the str.'ngth which it has lost during the last fi'w day- that it was c the bed. PATK OF sow INC. The dati.' of sowing varie- according to the date at which transplanting is to be done, and the length of time which is rciniireil by ihe s.edlings to take a sufficient development. Tn the provinei' of (Quebec, and when -i mi -hot b. I- are u-ed, il wonM lie useless to sow before the niiddle of .\pril. During the last few year-, our beds were scddom sown before the I'tUh of April, and the seedlings were alway- ready to be transplanted by the end of May. lleiiee, sei'dling- can be grown in le-s than f()rty-tive days. Of course an earlier stand would be obtained if I lie beds were sow'n sooner, but this is not an advantage as it is difficult, at the beginning, to maintain a favourable' temperature in the beds while keeping up sutlicient aeration. Tuder such conditions, the growth of the seedlings is very slow. It is jireferable to sow a little lati>r, when the outside tempi^rateri' is not so cob]. As soon as they are up. the seedlings grow ipiickly anil if they should be a little late ti)wards the end of the growing i)eriod, they may always be forced by means of glazed sashes, or by mor<- cfpioUs waterings, or. if neee-sary, by ih. use of solutioi^s of nitrate of soda or hen manure, which are mentioned further on. (ieni>rall.v speaking, in a normal season, the grower may, to a large extent, control the dat." af wliicli siedlinga •-citable for tr:>.!'.-;j!l:iii!i!!U' may be iibtained. He has very efficient means at his disposal: sashes and watering (With p\ire water or with water to which iilant food has been added), ho may therefore a<'celerate vegetation or retard it almost a- l.o di.'sircs. IIuw.Avr, it is soinrwliiit ..i.icr t.. pn-li tli.^ ;;ri.wlli ,.f tlio >,-, littlf liilc thnn to rctanl .-.■.diin-- tliat arc to,, .arlv. illiiiL'- lliat MI ACCIDENTS. Sunstrokes.- iinnMr„kc^ an- aKvnvs a ,,„.sii.|,. ,|a.,L-.T whru «-la/r,l ^a-i.,- are u-.j To avoid -tlu™, tho sa.l,..s shoui.l 1«^. raised sliuhtl.v ,l„rin^' tlie hours nf -unsiun,. or ■■ovc-red with li«ht caLvas cloth, n-du •;,,- the qnat.tity „f heat ...Miintr .n,o the he,l Whitewashi„K sashes with V'-u. -:•. ac-t the same res„l,. Even i„ this ease, It IS wise to h I rai^.d ,, 'II .I- the -nil 1- f,iirl\ Weil up. >-pin,ni„:i.- Spindilu- is una. .nial,;. ^ he , the Maud i- t,,o ihi^^l. The ,,.,iv '■•'•ot.nent is to tiiiu out well. r„fortunateI.v, when the stand is unih.rn,, -,,indlin.- i- ol.-erved oni.v whvn the jr,.,„vth is fairl.v well advancd. ami in thi-oa- i, i- ditlieni- to thin. Sidndliufr ina.v al-o he eansed l.y a laek ..( -unli^'ht. In thi- ea-e, rjie hed -h-..!.: I'o un,v,ver,.d durin- jo,,;;,.,. Interval-. I.i^ht eanva- el,,rh, with a h.os,. ,i,,„e. -h.ul.i 1- n-ed. in>t.e,id of h,.avy a!,d cnipar.atively thick el,,ih. and if the tcni|„.rarurc d...- !'■•' allow of till- -ul,-lifution. dazed -a-he- -ii,,u!d he n.,:\. adn.itlini. a niaximn f -iMilitiht while maintainliiL'- a niaxiinuin i.f heat. y.lfrnr ,,hn,ls. \ ^ I nianv c:,,-,., ,,,. ,,.,, ,il,|,, ,^,, ,|„, ,,.ii,,„.:„^ „,■ ,,„ plant-. , '■■"■'■^ "'' ' -'" •""' iii-iitlic, 1,1 ventilation arc the main .-an-c- .,,;d ,,]-.. ih..' on,- I'.i-i, -t I., rem, ,ly. '"'"■'■■''''■ -'"I'i"-- liav,. a t,i,dcn,-v to y,.ll„w when the -t.uni i- l,„, ;j,i,.h. |, tiii- ca-,.. ;'.iiiniii.;- .lut !- tla- r, iiii-dy. Somen,,,.-, Ill, y,.il,,ui,,u- ,,f th.. -,.,.,llil,c- i- ,,,,,-,.,1 i,y ,, 1,,.,|. ,,,■ |,;,,„, f,„„, ,1^ the mould, ami '!;,■ | !ant- n,,t only turn y,!l,.w, hut ihcy uiak,. a sl.,w ;;r,.wth. In ihi- ease fh,. hds sh.,i,l,l i„. u;,t,r,-,l with a (lilnt.'d >,,lnii.,n of' nitr.it,. iiiainnv. These -.,liit en- an pr.iKiivd and n-i ,1 as (".,ll.,w-: - -oila ,,r lien //./, Hi.unn: il.rmula .\. !,. Fi-lurl. In a harni ..f -..|'i wahr. put ll.iv,. l,n-l„ i- ■ •I' li,ii inannre. and I, t Ihi- mi\iiir,- iVrnient lor .alhiiii i, ,, ,|,,y-. '{'..k, ,,,,. part ,.!' ;1„ ini.Nture f,,r nine i,art- ,,1- \v,.t,r. Thi- o,,,. t,, t,ii ,-,,lnti,.n. u-,.,| ,„,,.■ a w,ek |-,,r uat.r iuir, siinuijat,- th,' Kr.'Wtli ami so,,,, rc-t.,r,- the li.ulthy ,.,,l,„ii- .,i the -, ,.,llin--. Mlrntr of ,sW,,.~Tl„. f,, 11. .win- f.,rninla wa- -n,ce-fnlly n-e.l l.y M,-, () (^Invali.T, on o„r station .,{ St. .1 : u,- IWi'liican. (), nirtcr ,„' .i'p.,uii,i ,,r ■ titrate „f soda is dis.s„lv, ,| in Iw, -,11.,,.- ,.|- water. This -.,|,i;i,,„ niav U- ,,-,.,1 f.,r watering' as soon ...t of heds. which re, r,-,„t. ,, n,.rm.,I watering. k 36 My.ihroums.—'lla' imi.lmx.in- Lrciuriilly ori-inat,' In thr nirtuur,- that i^ usod in the inakiiiff nf thi' hot lK..h Th.- l"-t way to iircvciit thoir appraraii.-o i- to --pr.M.l, on flic u -.on a> tluy a|.prar and hrfoi> thoy hpcoirio full prown, <'spooi:,lly h,.roro thcx d nipo-o in tlio h may havo to ho ahandonod o„ a.'oount of fho di-^'.rdcr-^ wlii.-h thoy fause. .\[n-lir..on,- an- not -. lik.ly to appoar wlion a f.inndati..n of tohacco =talk< or o,,rn-talk- wiiliout niannro lia- ho,n n-od. It i- advi-^ahh> howrwr, to .prinklo a litth' kilohon ^alt npon iho layr -f -iraw on whioli tlio nionhl i-^ to ho hiid. INSi:i r KNKMIKS. Ynun:; 'o.h^ -ordlini:- aiv ,.ihti airaoko.l l.y inMoN. parti. adarly in warm di-triot-. wlun tl.o 1" d- aiv noi nr .t.-otod hy frani-, o;- wh. n fl:o frame is poorly mad.' ai;.l not -nUi.-i. iitly tii:!it. 'ila y may al-o .-om.- fr.im ih.' m-uM it-.lf. whoro tluA ar. |)r.Mnt in th. -la-.' ..f lavva-. Tli.' ,v.diitio,i of th.' larva' i^ -roatly fa.-Ilitat.'.l hy tla' T.-inp. ratur.' ■■{ lli.- h.'.l. Sin::- ami -nail- an' n...'tnrnal .aioiuio-. A .i;-"'"l way U> -.-l ri.l ,,) ih. ni i- to |,la,'.- ..n th. h.d-. at .lu-k. pi.-.'.- .'f fn-h wilh.w hark <:.r sli.-os of .■airot, nn.l. r whi.'li lli.y ualN-r .Inrin- th.' ni-Iit. Karly in tho in'M-ninir. thoy may h. pi.'k.'.l fn.m nn.l.r th.' -h.lt.'r- an.l .h-t n.y.'.l. An..th.'r U'md plan is to put a littlo ,p,i.-k lim.' or kl!.-h.ii -ah ar.'nn.l tii.' h.'l; lli'lo I'ov- of hair ..r .'..tt.m aUo hinder th, ir mar.'h. In any oa-'. th.' -nri n.iin^i- of th.' hod mnr -1;. h.r. Ti..'.'- ..f .lamp hark ni,,y \„- pho-.'.l. nn.i.r whi.L ih.'y may ho f'Himl an.l do.itr.'y.. .1. Earthw..rm- ma> \«- hnn!.'.l an.l .l.'-l ro,\ . /i at -nn-.t ..r .lurimr tho niu'lit. wlu'i; th.'y .-om.^ on! of th.' h. .1. .-an' -ta.nhl h.- tak. n t ' avoi.l makin- any n..is.'; in full dayii^rht. a ^"o.l plan i- t.i -liak." th.' h..l- hy -trlkint; tli.' fram.'- .ir hy moans ..f .-ti.-k-, put undi'rmalh th- fram.-. Aiiolh.r v.'vy -..'..1 way l" ::.'t rl.l ..f .arthworm-^ N t ■ mix a ''ttlo -.i.'t u> iho t..]! l.iy.'r ..f in nd.l. Ii warm oonnlri.'- a -mall h.i'tlo .if tho alii-.' family fll.'a heotle"), sonietinio- oanso-; .'..n-idorahli' injury. 'I'hi-^ h.'.llo foars .lano.m.'-s an.! may ho kill.'d hy rip.ati .1 watorini;-. Spra.\imr will, ni.'itin.' -..Inth.n ha- i:iv. n .N.'.'lh'ot r.->i!t-: tin- -..nn- t,, h.' th.' h. -t li'.atni.nt. Tho following' ini\tiin' may al-.i h.' \i-od as a -pray: ■'; ..un.'i's llow.r .'f -nl|.hnr. I onn.'os .'..pp.'r sulphat.' lin.'ly .'ru-^lu'il. 11 iiound- air-.-lak.-.l limo, 1'?. ..nnce- Paris ;;r. on if..rmnla J. <'>. Smith an.l ( '. K. ]!la.'..w). .M..1.- an.l m.il.'-ori.'kot- -..motim.'- oan-.' .'..n-i.l.'rahlo injnry. F..rtanatoly the-.- pi'-ts aro .-.hi. .111 s.'iM; in Canada. Thon- i:- 11. it mn.'h danpT fr.jiu ni..l.'S wlioii tho hod frame is made sutlioiontly i:,::^:it. ila'y ina;. I'l- .■ail^nt •.•otl tirii'-, -" o.n--^ [i.oit . ju. i :.. ^ ...t. work, about n...in ..r at suusot. The inolo-.-rioki't may ho a-phyxiated hy lloodiiiji' th. tiinu. ! with wat-r. to whioh oni'-twentioth part of oil li;is h.-rn ad.loil. Coal tar ma.\ also h.' used: a -mall li.|U..r t:la- of it li.'intf p..nn'.l at th.' .ip.'uim: of ov.'fy lunn.'l. -i . .^J~-.L f^T ■"^PTiTCBBS "SBSSTT ■i>^i^"i^- --iaef^^r Pi.ATi: Vir— Sifil !».,■ aeration. ( P.i-io,] I'lATK \-|II S.M.I 1„.,1 ;| ■i:i(i.in iSli.Iijiu Mis.i.s I.. .Ill \\a\~ I K.Ti.l ..f.Miu.i.. us. .1 :,t ■liu tit. ;!s V. DISKASKS OF TOl'.ACCO SKKDI-IXCSl. A .-i-iiiitirir stmly of the dijouse <'f t^jlmc'-o phiuts would be uM ot i)lai.'t> in :i jiraotic'iil liiillctiii nt' this kiiui. Thi- .-nl>ji-i-r, \vhi<-h i.- ii'>t iis yet (•oiiii''ct(i.v chirhhiti-.l. is oiic which siiipiihl niorc pnipcrly W' ileiiU willi hy ii hotiini-t or a pathologist. It will ho sutHoii'iit t'or th. frrnuor to know tliat tho.-o ,'.i?oii,-os arc causoil !.> rlu iloveloijiiioiit of orpaiii-nis on the yniiii^r >toiiis nr the root.; of the tohaopo plants, 'rin-i- 'ir^atii-iiis, which holoiiir to an order of inferior c'ryjitcfiMiiis or mushr..'.in>, hardly \i-ihlc to the naked . \c. lind a ^uilahli' nicdiinn fcr their i^rowth in overli< atc'd l.cd«, kept t.i'i damp, insiitlicii'ntiy aired and where' tlie stand is too thick. For the sake of conviiiieni'e, th(>se diseases will he divided into twn g-roups : i 1 > tiir t ca-e, -..mc see. in a few hours tinx , en em ..r -ev. ra! ii.-irl- "f the l„d. ticnerally in the dauiiuv-t ii;irl-. and en tlio-e wiiere the st.md i- llie iliicke-l. The seedlings that are iufeet'-d wilr rapidly, they collap-e a- it wei n the tip ef ili,' l^ed. forming a matted mas-, ■llii- di>ease ha- lieeu called dampioi; loT. Tliree dilVc'i-eiit ei'^ani-ins. all three aitackiiii: the aerial pari- et' li.e pl.iiii- iiia.v he r. -peii-il.lc |,,r ihi- di-easc: I'ythium Del.arya- num. ."^cleiv.tiiil.i er Uliizneienia. Tiie iatler. Icn.vrv, r. att.-icks the re, it a'ui -lein ilidilfereiitly. Til' injury is spcciany \ i.-ihle at tli. Har ithe part of the plant hetwecMi ih" r.M.t and the >teui): the collar heconies dark, like brnuii cerk. and hard. As a vul.'. the reels (,>f the ati'ei-ted jilants have not as much hair a- have tlios'^ ef Hernial plant-. .\ careful examination cd' the surface of the Led will -h.iw a m't of wliite lilanieiits I mycelium') >urrounding the young stians />f the ilead sei'dlings. When the plants are already fairly ilevch.ped when the di-iar^e allpear^ tie y do net nec'c-sarily |)eri.-h. A >ort of caidd jilani- .-hould he discarded, and it will he hotter to give up the hed entirely if there is a iai'ge ]in.pertieii of diseased seedlings, as they would -iirely prevent the grower from securing anything like a full crop. (•2) llont }!i>l. — It is not always easy to ascertain the pre.sraieo of this disease, a- it gem-rally starts on thi- luulergroMnd parts of the plant. The destructive agent is gein'rally Thichnin Ihniifola. The presence of Rhizoetoiiia has sometimes heeu observed, lait the latter attacks more partiouh.rly the parts oi tiie plant above tiie ground. Tie disease is ealleil " Tobaeeo root rot." The see,.,, .gs which are attai'ked ^rrow very shnvly; this .slowness is sometime.* attributed to the lack of plant food in the iiKuild. to the lack of heat or to the insuffi- 39 vioucy of \MiWr. S,. 111. til,,.- ll:.. -tr|„ -l„,ws a tri„|, .,„•>■ to li;,r,|.-i, ,,i.,l tl,,. folia-,. l)ccomM dark. When xh\^ s.vini.toiu i> ol,-,.|-vr,l, a> iii.licatr.l |,y (i. I'. Clititoii, tlio SfeJliiigs ;! ultl at on...' be tak..ii ..nt and tin ir rn,,N ..aivlnliy examin.-d : ihi, ..xamiiia- ti.)ii will -how tho real cau.-io of tli.. troiil>! •. In the ea~,- of ilainpiiit; ,it!. it often happi.!,-. thai the -....dliiit;-. dio upon the hed : with tlie tol)a<.eo root rot, the iiifeetion may not he oh^'rvcl on the 1„.,U if it is not very .>ever. . an. I it is earri.il with tli.. ..■.■.Ilinus on the tiel.i. when- it .lo,- eon-i.lerahle .ianiage for M.v.-ral y.'ar.s in su.?e..>-ion. As ;i niatt.T ..f faet tl,.- iiife,.|io,i hy Th'i.l.n-hi Hmu-Jii renders the land iinsuitahh- for th.. pr.,titai.ie -.n.wint' of loh; , f,,,- ;, nuinlier of years. In the nior.- frequent .-ases (ireneral infeetion „r infeetion loea!'-.'.! \~, a part of the bed) the se,.,llinKs that w.re thonjrht t.. lie iiomial are f.niiid t.. hav.. i.ra.-tieally no roots. ]n the majority of ..as.s, tii.- main r.)0t is destr.v.e.l as well as th.' se...,n.lary r.jots, only the a.lventitious roots an' l.-ft, which have dov. !oped in th.- inim...liate noifrhbourhood of the collar, nn.hr th.. pressing rc'iuirenu'iits of the plain, aii.l hav.. helped the latter to live. Inst.a.l of roots, one .sees dark stubs, last remain., of th.' roots th.it have been destroyed. It seems almost unne.'.ssary to dwH on the necessity of di-serTilinK- su.-h ......dlinKs as well as all the seedlings coming from the infected seed bo.l. Sometimes, a m.iro careful examination is necessary, iho -.oot system is not entirely destroyed, but a roq.I part of the root hair has disapp-vired. Som. -times the latt.>r subsist but the extn-mity of th.' youiiLr root- apjiiars t.) be burnt. This is a milil form of Th'wlavia Jinsirohi, p.-rhaps th.. iii.i-t .i.iiitrt.rous of ail. a-, b.-iim unnoticed, it is often carri.-.l from th.' b.'.l to tlio iilaiitation. Such seedlings, transplant.'.l in a h.'althv an.l f.rtil.. -oil. v:'] ^'ive a rrop but tli..y will inevitably ruin the s..il by spr..ading th.. g.rms of th.. .li^.aM. an.l making it unsii ■ able for the protitable pr.xlu.'tion of toba...... for yi-ars t.. .-onie. Btictcriiil Ca/iA'cr.— Some inv.-tigators claim to hav.; f.nind a soft bact.'rial (;anker on the young seeiiling>. This ..anker, whi..h oft. .11 ai>p..ars .,n th.. Kurop..an tobac.'.) fields (G. Delacroix) jiropagate-. tiiroufjh lb.' V..-M.1- an.l .U'vi'Lips jiart i.-ularly on the stem, at th.> axi> of tlw leaves and on the leaves, at the p.)int of int<'r-,-..lioii of tl,.. rib-. It app.'ai-s in the -hape .>f .lark an.l s.)ft spots of a livi.l hue. which, on .Iryiiig out. form a r.-al iilcr. It has ii.'v..r Ih...,, obs..rv...l as y..t in Cana.la. M.i be niailc of the mo.^aie .lisease whi.'h. up [■> the present, ha- been thought to be cau-...l by a pundy physiobigi|.al .lisorder. On the seed beds, it appear- in th.> shape of light str.'aks or light sw..llings on tho green part- of the plant, (ien.'rally the roots of atf....ted plants ar.. p.,.>rly .leveloped. Susp...'t...l se...ilings sli.)ubl be discarded, lietti.r give up the entire bed if possible. l-UKVKNTIVK TltK\TMKNTS- III. -MIIKS. How can the grower prevent or che.-k .liseases which threaten to destroy the crop at the very Ix.ginning of the growth : As regards the m<\saic disease, it is v.-ry .lifficult, in the present state of our knowledge of the subject, to r.'..,imm.Mi.l a effici.'iit treatment. This disease is supposed to be eauM..l by trnubl.. ..f nutriti.ui. ari-ing out of sudden variations in the 40 eoiiilil ii'ii- .■! ::!■.. will. 'I'.. ;iv..iil tin -i- \ .iriat i.Mi- i- tliriTi'.ii'c tli'- I'lr-t I'un-i.li'iMi ii'ii. liiit llii- i> .1 ilitlii'iiit iiiattrr a~ it i- aiiM"-t iinpn-sililc. in the iniij.iritv ..f cM-r-. t.i kot'p till- luiiniiiitv, till' ti'ni|iir:ituri- iirul tin- aeration ,,t' ilir ImmI aUvav- a- iTijiilar a- they slimiM 111'. ()iit;iili' aliii"-|iliirii' \ arial imi-- will aKva.\- I'.M'i't a I'nii-iijiTalili- inllurpoe, wliii'li, in iiio-t ca-i'-. will ilrciilr tin- final ri-iiil-. It iini-t ii'it lip i'or;r'itli-n that till' iii.i-aii- ili-i'a-r .ii-rm'^ oiilv viry I'l-i-a-ii'iialiy .ni llir -i-nl lidl-, anil that ii may. acriiriiiliL'' . I till' -ra-iir. In- the hi^iiral rMii-ii|UiMh-i' nl thr inia-llf. > tiiat ^ll('uill liaVf linri taki II 1.. |iri Mill tin- ni"ri' t'rii|Uiiit ami ni"ri' -. i-i.iii- ili-i'a-i'~ nn'iitioni'il in ihi- chaptrr. I'n tli.si'lj.-iii'i (.ii'Mv. |''.,r ;ill i.iih'i- IM-I-. it mas In- -tati il, in a j;rni'ral way. liiat till' main i-aii-i - laV'HirinLi llir appi aram-i' "\ ili-ra-r- mi tin- hid- iivr tin- I'uliiiu inu ; I'xci--- I'l' ni'ii-tun. lai-k nl' air anil liuh;. tmi hiLiii ti niin'iMi urr Imi thirk a ^laml, infi-i't inn iif till' ninulil-. 'i'lii' ui rill- ■>( ln'i-ii [)ul m liic iinl ni' lih,\ ni;.,\ I'l' ai-i-iili II I a Kv iiitr-ilnri'il ilnrinu' lln' iiil'i'nl nf iirnwth. 'i'li, y avi- always vi r\ ilaiiiii i'"ii- nut lln- ilainam- i a\i-iil i- mm-ii lai'iiii' ulnn. tliry liuil laviiur- al.'in ci'mlil ion- inv tin :i- i|i'\ i|M|iinin! ami wliiii tin' ymnii;- |ilant-. "U the dthir hainl. liiniliivd liy nn l'a\ Mural'li- i-nniliti.in-. ran niily 'ilVir a ininiinuni "l' rr-istain-i-. A'l //'■.//. ,-. 'I hi- i- -|.i'i-ially till' i-a-f a- ri i;aril- tl;r ili.-ca-i- imi-l itiitiiif,' thr «riinii (k'>i>;i;atril umlrr ihr nainr ..f " ilani|iini; i.jT". \'rr\ nt'iiii thr ili-ra-r may 1r- chrckril hy (Irrrrasini;- uatrrin:;. li\ ^jivin:;- mrn'r arralinn ainl hy thinning;. 'I'ho conditions thus rrralril ..r nin-i nnla\ riiraM ' (■•]• tin ;:iM\vln nt' ilir mvnlium ami thr injury may hr mmpli li l> rllrrkril, 'I'lir frlliiw in;;- mixtuir \\,v u^r a- .1 >|>ra> i- rrr.'innu'ii Jr J hy .■'^mith ami Blarow : ;'. oiim'es flo\vi-rs of -ul|ihiir. 4 iiuiici'S fopiirr snlnhatr tlm ly rru-hnl. 1 t- piiiimls air-siakrd liinr. Or a sohition ot' rornuiliii of -"'11111. Good nsuhs havr hrru iihtaim-d hy Mr. ('In-valirr m Farnhani, T.Q.. with a soh'.tiou of lormal'ii, ^ inn. It i- viry jirrhahlr tliat a -nlrtion of '-inn cnul I ho n^rd sii l\ !y. The mrtln (1 is as i'onow-: as sorii a- dainiiinu- off i> nh-rrvnl m a Jiart nt' thr hid. cat, with scissors, all the srcdlin^is that ari' mi thi- part, takiii"- in. at thr same tiirn-, one or two iiiclirs all aruuml. on tlu' hralthy parts ,,1 thr hrd. On thi- rlrar spot spread the Smith Blacow mixtiirr hy means of a very tine sirvr rr ajijily a ;;ond (pniiitit.v ot forimiliu solution (-nm). It is nrres-ary to rut a little niorr than the affei-ted part. .^1 as to 1k' quite sure of removing' nil diseased parts. In any i-asc, the seedliiiK^ would not survive the iippliratimi of thr fnriiialin snliilion or <>( thr di-infirt iny: mi.xturc. Such treatment can only be applied when t'le attark i- romparatively liurht. limited to certain spot-, and when the hed is arcidently invaded. When the whole of the mould is infeeted, the treatment is useless as the extirpation of llie disease would involve tiie iiraetieal (U'struetion of tiie seediiiijis. i'iir miiy rrmeoy 111 Ihi- rasr is u preventive one: the disinfection of the .soil. In any ease, thin seeding is an ahstdute m^'c-sity and too much importan annot he laid on thi.^ point. Too thick a stand of set'dl n;;-s may hy ir-rlf cause -i-rious ri.ATE IX, — Hf.' thiekne.-^ of the stand, the excess nf humidity is i>erhaps thi' next cause. As a matter of fact, damping oti is m'lierally observed cm tiie parts of the lieil where dripping occurs (under glazed sashes) er in ,su<'li parts wliere evaporation is tiie least active, near the frames. Therefore, the sashes must be ix-rfeetly tij;ht and they sh>.ii!d be given a sufficient slope so that rain water or wati!r which has condensed mi tho inside surface of the plass may easily run off. Waterintr should be moderate-. Tobncco Hoot rut. — As will be seen, the treatment of a bed that has l»een attacki-d by damping off is, to a certain e.xtent, practicable, but with tobacco rout rot, the only remedy seoms t(j be the control of aeration and of watering. Even then,, however, injury can only be slightly retluced, and, in any ease, it would be extremely unwise to use seedlings coming out of a bed attacked by root rot. On the bed wliere the top layer consists of a sandy soil, having easy access to air and >() de}frees F. may he ohtaiiieil hut never more. To avoid the exi'e>,ive heatinc of the parts in direet eontaet with the in.n it i^ advi^^ahh^ to >nr the -,,il e .ntiniialiy with a shovel. In this way, all the parts of the -.jil m,iy he -ulmiitted to the refpiired fmixratnre. The piocess lasts from three- of n pipi-, .piic iiidi m ilinliii-lir, liliii'kcil iit till- c nil aiul pi-rfiir;iti.l with -immII li.'lr- nrnr the cinl. .ui a li'iiy:th ■•( iih'Uir li U> -2 f.Tt. Wh.ii thi- hill i- (•..\.r.il with tlii.~ Imx. the -tiMiii. wliii-ii i- iiilrcMlurci.1 iiinlcr :i j>ri — 111-.- .if Mill to \:>n poiiiid-. -pn a ..Utaiiii'il hy kii-piti« th.' lio\ on tho hill for at l.a-t half an iiuur and kripintr np at the -ante time, a pn— nrr !■( a! lia-t -ixty pound-. I'll.' -t.'ain li'.atin.'tit may ho applied after the he.l has heeti made ready (<■: -..wine, anil till' -.wiim (lone a- -oon a- the teinperatiire ..f the -oil ha- heeoiiie n.irnial ai;ain. At lii'-t. -team i- inti'odiiee.l j^radiially hy -lowly oprn;n;r the >iilve. in order t.. avoi.l rai-inu the hox. uhi.-h mi^ht iir if -team were introdufed too freely. '111.' -i/.' .if tlii- iron hox '.ari.- a.-.-or.linu t" tiiat of the hed-. and I'or e .nvenience in handlini.'. If h.avy -heet iron i- vi-. d. a hox .". I'eet wi.le hy > to M feet loiitr \v<.iil.l h.' .|n)le h.a\\ eiiouuh. F.ir h..!- ."i I'e.t wide hy 1.". f.-.-t loiiy. a h..x .'. feet hy n f. . t i- ailvi-..l. 'I'll!- ho\ . .■over the h.'d in tw.i appli.-ati.m-. I'll.' Ii nL;tli ..f the trialni. lit .1. [..aMi- upon ilir n.ilur.- of ih.. ,.,il i.. 1..- ili-iu f.-.-t.. I all. I th. pn --iir.- .il.l.i iie .1. It lli. -.il i- p,irti.-ul irly .■■.liipa.-t. th.- t r.atiii.-iit -h.iiM hi-l ah.iUt an h.iir: it -li.>iil.l al--. la-t an h-.iir if ;!ii pre--^iire -hmihl dr..p rapi.lly t- .".It poini.l-. Ill ..ri|.-r to ..htain i^o...! r.-ull-, ''..■ -oil -li"iil.| 1..- tri-ateo wh.-n il - ii i;o,,d .-on.li'ioii |o 1.,- -.riMi. thai i- to -ay -nl .liv m..i-t, hut mil I-'-, .lamp, .in.l -iilli.-ieiitiy friahl. . Wh.-n -t.-. lining;, tin- -t.am li..x -li-.uhl he -i-t a- .-h.-.- a- |io--i!ile t'l the fram.- of th.- h. .1 -.1 a- t-i a\"i.l h-avin;: an un'r..il.d -trip. 'Ih.- liaiidh- f..r .-arryiiiL' tile 1....X -h-.iild -ti.-k ..wt a- litlh- a- p.i--ihl.- -.. a- to |n-rmit •■( .-1..-.- .-..iila.-t helweeii the frana- airl the h'.x. Fi.riihiliii I ,■■ ,ifiii. tiL ()f all th.- .-h. ini.-al pi-..dn<-t- llial h.iv.- hi-eii u-ed with a view t.. ile-tr..y injiiri'iii- ors:ani-iii-. tin- only on. whi.-h ha- -.. far «iveii -ati-l'aetor> !•( -lilt- i- formalin. 'ill.- forinaliii tr.atineiit may he appli(-d iii the fall on t i.- -oils ..f tho varioii- hed-. ..r in the -priii.^;'. on the hed, afti-r the hitt. r lia- heen madi- ready fur .sowinir. The tii-t 111. th...l -.tfer- the advaiitaLn' t' at v.-ry -troiis -.ilurimi- may he n-.-d ami -ev(-ral treatiiK-iit- uivi-n in -iiece-.-ion a^ om> ha^ jih-nty of time t.j {^et rid of an exees- ..f f.irmalin. Tin- -..il i- w..rU.-.l ..v.-r with a -hov.-l t.i fai ilitate the e-ea\i.- of fuuies wliieh mi^ht hinder Lrerininatioii. With the -ei-oiul metlmd, tile liiuidJ i.s treated on th.' sjiDt and there is h-s danirer of n-iiife.-tion. lioth metiiods have ln-.-ii trie. I on uur stations and tiie .-ei-.nid is eoii-idert-d to he the lu-tter. Jliioli time has been given to the study of the disinfiH-tion of the moulds by James .Tiiliiis.iii, Wii^e.insiii: G. P. t'linton, Connecticut; A. D. Selby. Ohio; and \V. \V. Gilbert ; tliey ponelude that the use of lormalin iu sidutions of i-iin does not ntfer sufiieient iiuarantee and .1. .Johnson ree.iinmends the use of a ]m solution. As far as w'e are eoneerned. we havt- always ..btained pnod results with a solution eomposed of formalin 'ii.. I. lit |i|'Ml,;il,ly th,' 111.. 111. 1- liiit WiTr -111. mitt, ., I 1-1 till • •,llllli-llt W.-r.- II. .t 1.:hIIv !til''-'i'l III ■!..iilittiil iM-.-. uiui • -|ii .iMlls uiiih Ini-h ...il- ;irr ii-.,|, il i- l...ttir l.i rliipl.py :l -iillltif.ii of ' >.. 'I'll"' iiirth."! i- a- t'liii.iw-: Oiii. L'liil.iii .if ••..mil ii-.-ijl f..rm.iliii i tn ;..-r .•. nt ) i- mixnl willi tifty ;.'.ill..|i^ nf watrv. 'Ilii- -..11111.11, I- -|,r, .,.| ..11 til.' 1„ ,1 at ti,.- r.ii,- ..f ;il..,iu half ,i :;al|..li \>< i- -.piaf.- f....l .,f 1„,1. 'I III- 1" -t \\A\ i- 1.1 |ii-. i.iiii- tiir .|iiaiilitv . ! -.Iiitii.ii III --ary f..r tlir triatmi-n! "I' '111' 1" 'I -'.|iir tiiiii I., i..r. til,- a|i|ilii.ati..ii i- iii,ii|. . Th.- -,.liili,.ii i- aiipli. .1 in •^iilliriiiil i|iiaiili'y t.i ^aliiia'i- ijii- l\\ ■ -ix iti.-h. ..f -,.il. ihi n thf -.il i- .•-.Vi-rnl uith a '■!.itii chii-iii;.' at l.-a-i t\\ . ni \ - f..iir li..iir-. W'hni th- 1., ,i ;i|,|..ar- i.. In- ilraiiinl. tli.- '■' -' "I' ihr -.ilii'i .11 i- ..;,|.!ii.l aii.l ill,- l,.-.l i- L.-pi .-.nir.,! ijurin- ,ui.>tlirr twiiily- f..iir li..iir-^. I .\l 'i|- L;i\ iiii.' liiiir !-f 111, 1 mil. - i.f til.- t,.riii.iliii i-. a.-t. tin- 1.. .1 i- air.-.l. i'..|-iiialiii fuiih - .■\,ii..-ial.- iM|.l.lly if li,,- !., .1 i- L, p! ;,t a -utti'-ii-iit tiiii|i.-rat iin- liv iiiraii- .>f irla'i .1 -a-lii'-, I 111-.,. ..:i-.|m - an- laul ;ti -nrli ;, «a,\ a- t.i rn at,- a i-urfi'tit ..f air uliii'li liriM - nut tin- film.- ..f l'-.ni!:iliii a- tin y .-. -m,- ..iit ,,f tin- -,,11. S..1111- ,.f ..iir ImiIs liavi- It. I! -,.>vii f..iir .lav- .lit, !■ tl„- ill. I ;i;,|ili.-;ii:,,i; ,,f f-ivnialili .,i!i,l if a .It lay ..f I'i^'lit (lay. 1. ynii;. M.-niiiii,|i l-.n i- n.-t ntanl,-,! '•• .t\'\ :i|i|ir,-..ialtli' i-Nt.-nt. ( . imi'm;\ii\ i: \ m I I, nr . 1 1 v\i iiii \ 1 mi \ i wn 1 hum m in 11:1 \mi \ i. Ill .-III- ..|iiiii..ii. i.-.;ii triatm. n:- .,r,- .-.liial ami Liiv,- r.-iil'. i-.|ual'.v .ati^f.i.'t.iry 'ivhi-ii V.I 11 .-i|iiilii'il. On farm, wlirrr a i;i miMt-.f .'.in Lr liail, tia- -ti-am t ri-atiii,-nt i- t-i i,.- |ir,-fi'rri i|. I. Ill a- :^vniiiiiali..ii i- v. r\ -l,.\v in tin- ...ii- iii.it hav.- In-.-ii -ti-ai 1. a. ki-\] as tin' .ji-..\\th iif till- .,-,-,|linM. ;it ;j,-.i. i!m- -,iil. -il .iilil III- ir,-:ii,.,l -1 l-inir titiu- lirf.ir.-liaml. jirrl'.-r.ilily in tlir fail. ,iii.l .iir.-,| l.y l.iiii:; liii':!,-il ..v.-r with a -li..v.-! r a raki-. If II. I L-i-iii i-at,.r i. availalil.-. f,.ni:,i'iii ma,\ 1..- u-i-.l at 'i-a.t tift,-i-ii .lay- i>. ''-if.' tlic ilat,' aiil'ii ' ■ ■! I'.il- ...wliii;. Til,- ...Intl.. 11 .li-. 1.1.1 liav.- a -t rctiLTtli ..f ':„. an. I -li.iiiM 1.,- appllr. 111- r.itc ..f ..11.- lialf t:al!..ii p.-r -,|iiar.- (■• -t ,.f linl. l''..!' tin- .., iiii-li.it li,-il uhl.-ii lia. lio-ii ili-..-ri!.i i| 'n .-iii..tlii-r .-hai.ti-r. tin' titu' 111..11I.I wliii-h i- |.iit ..11 i,-p ,.f till' li.-.l mii-t 1..- tr,at,-,l -, parati-ly. I|..\v,-vrr ihi. i. ina a vi-ry ..,-ri..ii. .-..mpli.-ati.iii. Tin- I'.i.t ,if till- iipiiMii.n i. al..'Ul tin- -am,' in Imth ra-,'-. almut ;?! |ht ijiinilri'il .qllari' lilt of lii-il. 'I'lii. i. i-,-rtaiiil.v 11. .i jir.iliiliit iv.-. ami i-v,-i. with m-w m.iuli|.. \\hii-h arc .iijip.i.iil I.I 111- rli-aii. it i- .afi-r t., apply thi- pii-M-nt ivr trratiiunt. Till' rliicf ailvaiitaiic .,f -ti'alii trraliii.|it i- that it kilU imt mily tin- urfiiis nf fllllni llllt nil tlu' W<',-il >,',-tl. that lUa.V i,,- i-nlltaillril ill till- ..nil. Wi-rilinir ill-ill^ uo loiiptT iiO(f!-t^:iry. 11 ..nvii;^- of fr,ini !f4 u< f*,", jn r liiimlrid .(piarc fc-ct of lied i- realizi'd. With the ionnaliii inatiiuut the |ir,i|iorti.iu .if wii-il- i. riilunii. Imt w,-ri|iiii: is still iioccssiiry. It ha- lii-,-ii .li.iwii. in a .| ial i-lia|ili'i'. Imw tin-; ..pi-ration iiia.v In- l'i-ilur,-ii to 11 liiilllllllilu. Xoff. — Tin' inniilil- that liav,- Ihtii ti'c-,iti-;l .liouhl In- liamlhil with tin' frri'ali'^t prcrautiijii .-io iw to avoid ri'iuf, rtlon. Two .'at- nu'iit ami the ollifr for tlu' 111. .aid. 'hat liav,- linai disinfected. 4ii VI. MAKINi; OF IIIK SKMMlol' I'.KD. Ill till' |irtT'iiliii}r .•liai)ti'r«. (In- ini Jim.], ,,(" |,r.M|i|.'liiir |..l,arf.i -cnllinK-i have boon imllcatid in a K'"*'<"'>1 way. Till' iiU'tliDil of niiikiiiif ii scuiili.if ImmI witliMiit niiiimri' will now bo ilcsoriln'il in di'tuil. This kind oi \,M is 'iM'cially r iiiini-ii.li.l liy th.' Tohai'co Division. Srlri-Hiin i,f Ihr s/iof. \ slidtcroil -jiot nii fairly lilu'li ^.'r..iin(l ca-y to drain and pxj)Os<'d to fho <"Utli. i'i solci'tcd. If in'i'i'^^ary, it -liould iio rnrl.^cd with pali-iades, 6 to 7 fi'ot liii;l;. in ~ii.'h a way -o a- t.. hrcak tin- wind, with.iiit cutting,' nfT tin rays of thr> sun. 7V('n(7i.— On thi* .-imt, a trcnuii alMHit :>\ f.ct widf, >> inches deep and 1« fi'ut Ion-? is du>r. I'oitnJ'ifidii ((/ .s7'i//,s-.- 'i'lii- tn-n.'h i' tilled uitli t..h„,To stalks or i'oni^t..'ks well packcil, laid (■ro--way-. an.l in a layer a< o\. n a- po^-iM. . -o that the -iirfaee nf the bed may remain uniform if this foundation of >talk- slfuld -i-ttlo under the wei}.'ht of the soil. Sr(lin;i »f Ihr //,/(/o-,— Oji tliis f..\indati.'!i ..f paeki'd -teiiis. the pnrtali'e frame illustrated on plate III is set up and hook,..! witli th,' hooks well strotdied so as to he ns ricid as i)Os>ihh'. tlien a bed of straw is laid, on wiih-li the mnuld will he put. Tl'o frame is banked with the s,dl taken out of the tr. nch and eovered with dazed sashes. Ifrntiii(j ( llir ^, J.-'Two or thrr, days of m- 1 -un-hine. , ven suppo>inir that tlie out-ide teinpera'ure i- very low, arc -iitHi-ient I., tiiaw ..ut .,r heat the lay •' stalks or straw laid in the treneh. At this point, tlif ni'iuld whieli ha~ been pr.-| ,red th,- previous fall and carefully kept under -helter i- 1 liil t,, a ,1, pth of about five Im-hes, the sashes iir, pla,':'ii an,l the be,l is left ,'\po-i-,l to th,- -un. To prevent the ci.ilint:' oti of the li,,l diirin^r t!i<' nisrht. the sashe- shotihl be covered with cloth or blanki-t-. The latter are reniov,,! a* the 'un reappears. nisiiifi-rlion of the hionhl.—A solution is pn'par. .1 .•on'ainiiiir 1 irallon ot formalin an,l ,".0 gallon- of water or exactly 1 frail, ni of f,,rmalin and 40 pdlons nf wator. As soon as the solution is ready, it is applied to the bod at the rate of half a pallon per square foot. The apiilieatioii is etoppe.l as soon as the soil is saturated, then the surface of the bed ' < e,)vered with cloth or strong paper to prevent too rapid an evaporation ,if the formalin. After about twenty-four hours this ghclter is removed and a second application of formalin is made, until the wh de quantity of solution prepared for the bed has b,-.-n entirely used. The solution of formalin should be kept in clo*;ed vessels. Airinn -iiry, the top of thi' \ iMrri.d to so ,,r "•". ilctrni-i F., tho evaporation of foritialin tak»M plaw very quickly an.l may ix! over in two or throe days. If there is no hurry, Imwever, it is better to put otf .sovvin(f until a week after the la-;t application of forinaliii. F'-rHlizal'KjH. \\'hi\i the formalin treatment has Wen applieil ami lifter the mould has been raked, thi' ch(>inieal fertilizer may be spniiul. After carefully levelliufr the top of tlw beil, the special chemical fiTtili/er c.r the mixture (if nitrate of soda and vepetaUle inouhl i-* spread by hand or liy meaiH of a sieve, iit the rate of 1 ounce per sre foot. It is ineorimrat.il by the rake to a depth of ;il...nt an inch, aiiil a layer .f mould, also disinf(>et> , is spri^ail to a hei;;ht of one- half to one inch. Tht> sashc-; are replaced and the b.-d is ready to be snwn as -nop. as the ^iiiell of formalin has cinpletely di-apt)eared. Xtitr. — To nbtain ;r'iod rc-uUs from the us,- of chemical fertilizer, ..lie sleoild strictly adhere to the ftdlowinpr rules: (1) Never apidy more chemical fertilizers than is recommended (see pa^re I'.t); ij) Mi.\ the chi-mical fertilizers thorou^rhly with the top layer of mould to a depth of about one inch; C!) Apply at the legist half an inch of mould after the fertilizer is put in. If the mould is very fertile, better put otio inch. Efflorescences may oeeur but the.y are xldom daiifrerou-. They ar>> caused by the evaporation oi' the solutions of the chcml.'al fertilizers at the top of the- bed. They may be removed by local wateriiitr-. wa-liinir the excess of mineral matt<>r down to a depili where it no loiiiri-r cau-e- harm. It is oidy when (•xce--ive quantities of chemical fertilizers are tised that ( iHore-c, nces may cau-e injury oti account of their can-tie action and burn the vounir seedlings. A^ will be seen, the pn'paralion i,f tlie -emi-li'it tied, iiiclndiiisr the disinfection of the mould, requires some time, .\bout cijiht days are necessary for the treatment wth formalin and another eijiht days for the settiiifr of the frame and the heatiufr of the lied of stalks and the mould. Thi- work should he started at the bcirinnin^r of .\pril. At Ottawa, we {renerally >tart fr..ii! the lih to ih.. flrh of April and the be.is are ready to be M.iwii oil thi' L'l^th. Ill any case, there is no dansre over before tliR date of sowing; oti the, contrary, tlic more time elap.-es b.'tween the first plaein? of the <:lazed sashes on the frame and the ih\if of sowincr, the warmer the bed will be. ^V,iy/»,'/.— Sowiiijr is doii< with dry -red from the 20th to the 2."th of April, at tlie rate of 't t<{ an ounce ot secil ])er hiindri'.l sqtiare feet. T'lie sei'd is mixed witih tine saihl just a little ilaniji and which ha- bt>eii sterilized by heat. Tho (luantity of sand to bo u-sed is about two luindred or three hundred times the bidk of the seed. The seed may be sown with a pepper holder or by hand. Both methods give results e(|uaii\ -atisfai-tory. When a pepper iioider is used, less sanil is required than when the seed is sown by haml, but care should be taken to keep the mixtviro continually •stirred, as sand and seed have a tendency to separate from each other, owing to the diiferenee in weifrht. The moidd on the fop of th(> bi-d shoidd be slightly damp. 4« After -..uiii;;, llir Miii:ii-i' i- !ij;litl.\ |.,mU.'(1 1,,v iiniiu- nf a -mall l.,,ar(l liltnl wilii a haiull.', '1 he -a>lir- are |iut In |ilae.- an. I .ovi'm! .Iiiriii;; llic ilay with clice-e eUilh (,r Iiiu-!iii ainl (lurili;;- llie iiiLiliI uilli a lu .r> i- .-lolli ..r I. lank. t. Waleriiiir Ainu\,\ !„■ v.t.v in..,|i!'atc .;: lirM. A ihi rin.uii.tcr is plaiv.l uihIit llii' >a-li. .-. 'I he -a-lii ~ -liniild l,c 1 ., ,1 a- - i a- llir irinin ratun- f^.)c» ali.jvf sr, ,l,.:.rni- i-. The M'lill'i,^- aiT up li-.uii (lulit t.. iiii ,|a.v> alt'T thi' A.ili- ..t -..uiiiM. acci.i-,|iiij;- in the MM-.,)ii. For ihf i-an- of th. !„-,| afhT lu'm ii.-ri..,!. tl|.. r.M |.-r 1> n-f.rro.l to llic rei-,)niiiii'ialalii.ii- niailr in lli. pn .■.■ilinn' .iiaplrr-. Pl.ATK X - -'5iiKl!l S|i,,i;ll Kr. . nil, .„:■. iU. Ill) IMilvi,],. 30 APPENDIX. COMPAKATIVE TEMPERATURES OF HOT BEDS, SEMI-HOT BEDS AND GREENHOUSES. An experiment was made in 1914 to ascertain the comparative value of the semi- hot bed that has just been described. The outside and inside temperatures, maximum and minimum, were recorded on three different beds: a hot bed, a semi-hot bed without manure and a cold bod in a heated greenhouse. The following observations will be noted. The differences between the maxima temperatures in the hot bod and semi-hot bed are very light. It may be concluded that the layer of manure which is placed under the hot bed is not of very great use. As a matter of fact, in order to avoid the risk of disease, one must, before sowing the hot bed, ■wait until the manure has practically cca>(d to ferment. The heat given up by the manure has been used chiefly f/ir thawing out the soil and it has been seen that this thawing out may be obtained without any cost, simply by using glazed sashes over till! bed. Again, the differences between the minimum temperatures are also insignificant. This is a proof that the foundation of tobacco stalks on which the mould is laid is sufficiently insulating and (luite as useful as a bed of niainirc which lias almost ceased to I'einiont. It will be n.oted that a sudden lowering of temperature geuevally occurs during the night under the sashes. However, after a certain minimum point, which evidently varies witli the outside temperature, is reached, it seems that the bed does not cool off any more or in any case that it cools off very slowly, opposing a gieater resistance to the cold, as the difference ))etween the minimum temperature under the beds and the minimum temperature outside increases. It is obvious that in this case the boat .supplied comes fn>m the foundation and from the mould itself as well as from the layer of hot air stored under the latter. An important point is that the siini-hot bed without manure does not suffer any more from the cold than a hot bed. The spring of 1914 was moderate. It will be note,!, however, that the great differenee observed in the cohlest nights between tlie inside minimum temperatures and frost temperatures ;.'aves a good margin of safety; this margin has never been less than 20 degrees F. On the other hand, the bed in the greenhouse is the one that has been exposed to the lowest temperatures. The six-inch layer of soil on which the seed was sown was placed directly on a foundation of boards, perforated with many small holes in order to permit of sufficient drainage. With the heating apparatus, it was easy to keep the temperature of the greenhouse sufficiently warm during the day but the body of the bed, under the inlluencc of watering and evaporation, must always have been at a lower temperature tlian the temperature indicated by the thermometers in the greenhouse. On a clear lu^rhl, m.Irr tl,.- lutlu.-i,.., „i raaiati,,,,. tlu' -r.-.-niwusu. aUhou^'h the panes had been white«a,>d. inulor innvablo sa>he.«. covered with el,„h. It would hav, i,,..,, ne.e.sary t,. a-tivato the fire Ix-twocti muhiipht and the early h,.nr. o! the ,M..rni„^- ,„ the trreenhn,,.., l,„t thi< wonhl have required a elose watc'l, that ..,,,,1,1 l.e .ll-.i„„-,.,l with >vl,e„ h..* h.,!- ..r - ini-hnf heH< iire n.-ed. RK^ORt. of Mi.xiinuii, .,,,,1 Mm,, mum T.'iui..-r.,t iir- S, r,l i',o.|- r'\|„.nm.-ulai Farm (litl4). Hot V.I. St'iiiMii>i lir.l «,th..iit in.'inuri' Witli s iiianun* With it'itili/.iM Wiiliuiit fiTtilizrl . • •iil-hlp ti>ici|)i'ni 191-1. Mav ! so <> ! 69 27 , 78 ■ 28 92 ■' 29 i ,58 .;■ 30 ; 90 May 1 S2 ■' 2 j 75 ■' 3 1 82 •' * ; 80 ■' 5 ! 79 ■• S3 " 7t) ■• s , 8;j ■■ 9 ; HT, •• 10 I SO ■• II i 78 •• 12 82 ■• 13 S5 ■ H 82 ■• 15 7() ■' 1« S2 ■' 1" 8.'! •• 18 ! 84 ■' 19 , 89 ■' 20 I 88 • 21 1 94 ■• 22 ! 93 • 23 80 • 24 90 ■■ 25 90 •' 26 i 92 ■ 27 gr, ■■ 28 KH) " 29 9S " 30 ' -Kl •• 31 : 91 ■ luilL- 1 on 2 M) •■ 3 7(i ■' 4 S'' " 5 :;:i Mill lit oO .50 55 55 58 t« 59 02 5() 'Al ■)4 55 54 5B 59 Itl Ii2 till 70 113 70 ii;i iiii 50 ijO lid .V) 4!l 5 VI .54 .■|4 mi 5:i .59 .VI 51 Vl lUI tl 41. 511 ■ts .VI l!l I.I 51 I'l SI SI iiO Sll S5 'HI M 91 sti 92 S9 74 sil Ml 91 9(1 s7 IK) 51 i:i 42 12 47 51 Mill, .■ts ?■"( ->■ S.'i ■U , s K ^.'i 51 !M) 43 77 47 S*i 40 ■SM 45 Ml 4(1 tis ;l.5 t'7 4S 70 :iii 7" .55 • i7 .11 < 2 oS s."> :;9 ^!t 4S ^9 ."i.S ,i_. 711 19 45 79 17 51 Sll 'i:l :;s 711 1.2 9:1 ."iS 5s so .1. ■i4 sll 4s IS S5 47 v. 91 17 5:i 90 IS 411 7:i ;ts 5;i 7.' I 4s •i:i 15 '- 17 11