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^■ 
 
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 HAND-BOOK FOR TRAVELLERS 
 
 THROUGH 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
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"'^i. ' ''^y^T^Sj^. 
 
 THE 
 
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 AMEEICAN aUIDE BOOK; 
 
 B K I ir e 
 
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 A HAND-BOOK 
 
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 FOR TOURISTS AND TRAVELLERS 
 
 THROUGH EVERY PART OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 EMBRACIire 
 
 FULL TABLES OP ROUTES AND DISTANCES FROM PLACE TO PLACE, 
 WITH CLEAR AND ACCURATE DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE 
 VARIOUS CITIES, TOWNS, AND NATURAL OR ARTI- 
 FICIAL CURIOSITIES OF DIFFERENT ROUTES. 
 
 THE WHOXB mBCBDBD WITH 
 
 SHORT DIRSCTIONS TO TRAVELLERS, REMARKS ON THE UNITED STATES, 
 THE MANNERS &c OF THE PEOPLE. TABLES OF FOREIGN 
 , COIN IN AMERICAN MONEY, ETC. FTC. 
 
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 IliLUSTRATED WITH VIEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES, AND MAPS OF THE 
 STATES AND THE VARIOUS ROUTES. 
 
 
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 PARTI. 
 
 NOBTHEBN JEKD EASTERN STATES AND CANADA. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 GEORGE S. APPLETON, 148 CHESTNUT STREET. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. APPLETON & CO., 200 BROADWAY. 
 
 1846. 
 
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 ENTEBED, ACCOBDIMO to act of OOMOBBSS, in tub year 1846, BY 
 
 W. p. HAZARD, IN THE clerk's office of thb distbict court or 
 the eastebn distbict of pennsyltania. 
 
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 PREFACE. ^ 
 
 
 The obvious want of a good Guide Book that travellers 
 might have in their hand as a companion for their tour, has 
 led the writer to produce the present work. 
 
 The Guide Books hitherto published consist for the most 
 part of merely tables of routes and distances, or such short 
 and imperfect sketches of places as to be of very little use 
 to the intelligent traveller who wishes to know something of 
 the scenes through which he is travelling. The waiter has 
 endeavoured to confine himself to matter-of-fact descriptions 
 of what ought to be feen, and is calculated to interest the 
 tourist at each place. The style adopted is as simple and 
 condensed as possible, avoiding florid descriptions and exag< 
 gerated superlatives ; often availing himself of the descrip- 
 tions of others, where they appeared good and correct and 
 agreed with his own experience and that of his travelled 
 friends. — ^ - ^ ' . - n . »f. . 
 
 The subject of this volume, and the o'vpose for which it 
 is written, admit of little novelty, most of he information it 
 contains being necessarily derived from a great number of 
 books, modified by actual observation. Much pains have 
 been taken to acquire the most recent information from the 
 best authorities and every source, and to bring it down to 
 the time of publication. Many of the routes also, have 
 never before been laid down in any Guide Book published in 
 this country, and much Other matter has never appeared in 
 book form. The volume is complete in itself, and is intended 
 to preclude the necessity of resorting to any other Guide 
 Book, the principal objects of interest and the large cities being 
 
 A 2 V 
 
# 
 
 TI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 very fully and accurately described, so as to preclude the 
 necessity of using local guides. 
 
 Comprehensiveness with brevity being essential qualities 
 for a work of this kind, all extraneous matter has been 
 omitted, and it is hoped the work will be found to consist 
 of all that is likely to be useful or interesting to travellers. 
 The various Routes are arranged under the head of each prin- 
 cipal city, with a general table of the main routes in the 
 commencement. The plan and arrangement of the matter 
 is essentially different from that of any previous guide, and 
 it is hoped it will meet the wants of the travelling public. 
 New York, the metropolis of the United States, has been 
 taken as the starting point, as from there routes diverge in 
 every direction. Part 1st will therefore contain a guide for 
 all North, East, and directly West of N. York city. Fart 2d 
 will contain all South and West of the same. 
 
 In short, accuracy, conciseness, and a just discrimination 
 of the importance of the several objects described, being the 
 qualifications most valued in a Guide Book, it has been the 
 aim of the Editor to devote his most anxious attention to the 
 attainment of these requisites, and it is believed the present 
 work will be found to contain a larger amount of well 
 digested information than has ever been presented in any 
 volume of such convenient size. 
 
 s.ci -411^1 
 
 ^■^^■ 
 
 
 ■<^'y . 
 
 
SKELETONS OF THE MAIN ROUTES. * 
 
 t 
 
 Mllei. Houri. 
 
 New York to Boston via Stonington and Provi- 
 dence 224 ... 144 
 
 New York to Boston via Norwich and Wor- 
 cester 237 ... 15 
 
 New York to Boston via New Haven, Hartford, 
 
 and Springfield, Mass 238 . , . 13i 
 
 New York to Albany by S. B. via Hudson r. . . 145 ... 10 
 
 New York to Albany via Bridgeport and West 
 
 Stockbridgo 196 ... 14 
 
 New York to Albany via S. B. to Piermont, 
 
 thence by R. R. and stage 166 ... 28 
 
 New York to Albany via stage E. side of the 
 
 Hudson 154 ... 28 
 
 New York to Buffalo via Albany, Schenectady, 
 
 Syracuse, Utica, and Rochester 471 . . .34 
 
 New York to Dunkirk via N. York and Erie 
 
 R. R 475 
 
 New York tc Montreal via Albany, and Lake 
 
 Champlain 250 ... 36 
 
 Albany to Buffalo by R. R 326 ... 24 
 
 Albany to Buffalo via Erie canal 364 ... 96 
 
 Albany to Montreal via Lake Champlain 250 ... 36 
 
 Albany to Niagara Falls via Buffalo 348 ... 25 
 
 Albany to Boston via Springfield and Worces- 
 ter 200.. .12 
 
 VII 
 
 /■■■ 
 
\ '• 
 
 yUI SKELETONS OP THE MAIN ROUTES. 
 
 Milfli. noun. 
 
 Boston to New York 237 ... 15 
 
 Boston to Portland by R. R 105 .. . 51 
 
 Boston to Bangor by R. R. and stage via Port- ^ * 
 
 land 234.! .25i 
 
 Boston to Bangor by steamboat 245. . . 18 
 
 Boston to Quebec via Portland, Augusta, and 
 
 Norridgewock 405 y 
 
 Boston to Montreal by R. R. to Concord and by 
 
 stage and S. B. via Burlington 317 
 
 Boston to Albany by R. R 200 ... 12 
 
 Boston to Buffalo via Albany by R. R 525 ... 36 
 
 Buffalo to Kingston, Canada, via Niagara Falls v . > 
 
 and Lewiston 222 ... 24 
 
 Buffalo to Montreal via Lake Ontario and St. 
 
 Lawrence river 434 ... 48 
 
 Buffalo to Detroit by steamboat 263. . .30 
 
 Buffalo to Chicago via the great lakes 1047 ... 72 
 
 Buffalo to Chicago via Detroit, thence by R. R. 
 
 and stage 640. . .60 
 
 •^■. -» 
 
DIRECTIONS TO THE TRAVELLER. 
 
 The points of the compaps are often marked simply by the 
 letters N. S. E. W. 
 
 R. (right) L. (left) are generally applied to the banks of a 
 river, and are on your respective hands when approaching a 
 place. 
 
 m. for mile. 
 Pop. for population, 
 p. for page. • i 
 r. for river. 
 
 fi. R. for Railroad. 
 S. B. for Steamboat. 
 H. for House or Hotel. 
 
 V.,v> .f. 
 
 'W 
 
 '*•. 
 
 I i 
 
 The names of Hotels or Inns are generally added to the 
 description of each place ; the best Hotels, unless ;'^cially 
 mentioned, as far as they can be determined are placed first. 
 
 Instead of designating a town merely by the vague words 
 '•'large" or "small," the amount of population according to 
 the census of 1840, (unless the date is mentioned) is almost 
 invariably stated, as presenting a more exact scale of the 
 importance and size of the place. 
 
 In giving a list of routes from any particular place, if the 
 route is described more fully in another part of the work a 
 reference is made to the page or pages where it is so de- 
 scribed. 
 
 If the traveller wishes to find the description of any par- 
 ticular place, a reference to the Index will direct him to the 
 proper page. 
 
 Caution to English Travellers. — By a recent Act of 
 Parliament the introduction into England of American or 
 other foreign printed editions of the works of British Authors, 
 in which the copy right subsists, is totally prohibited. Travel- 
 lers who are often tempted by the cheapness of the Ameri- 
 can books, will therefore bear in mind that even a single 
 copy is contraband, and is liable to seizure at the English 
 Custom-house. 
 
 .*, 
 
 IX 
 
 I 
 
* 
 
 RAILROAD S S TEAMBOATS. 
 
 .'•>».( 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 The United States are traversed by these iron roads in 
 every direction ; they are generally well laid on a level sur- 
 face, with comfortable cars, and form a delightful mode of 
 travelling, going at the rate of 20 or 30 miles an hour. ^ 
 
 In 1835 there were but 984 miles of railroad <M)mplete in 
 the United States; there are now, 1846, 4,752 miles of 
 finished roads ; thus showing that there have been construct- 
 ed since 1835, 3768 miles. The average cost of this is 
 $20,000 per mile, and consequently the capital invested is 
 $75,360,000, or an average of seven and a half million dollars 
 per annum . At present, however, it is quite remarkable that 
 the income of the finished roads nearly equals the annual ex- 
 penditure in capital ; so that in point of fact the extension of 
 railroads is now in a great degree paid for by the goods trans- 
 ported on the existing roads ; and at the same time the cost 
 of transportation is less than before. 
 
 Scarcely any of the railroads heretofore undertaken in the 
 U. States have been devised with any view to a general and 
 systematic plan of operations, yet there are now various lines 
 of road so arranged as to be easily connected, and form seven 
 great chains of gigantic magnitude. In a few years these 
 connecting links will be constructed and there will be formed 
 two gigantic lines of continuous railroad from Bangor, Me., 
 to Cincinnati, Ohio ; the one by way of Buffalo 1000 miles in 
 extent, the other by way of the grand central route through 
 the principal cities, 1100 miles in extent. 
 
 „ , ■' ' ■• -y > .. -f - ~ . . 
 
 I ' STEAMBOATS. 
 
 ' The use of steam is now universal throughout the United 
 States, where in fact its application to useful purposes was 
 first made. Almost all the rivers and the larger lakes, with 
 
■"-'ws:^-' 
 
 STEAMBOAT S — H O T E L S. 
 
 XI 
 
 which thia country is blessed, are traversed by numerous 
 steamboats, some of them being nearly 350 ft. long, furnished 
 in such a style and with conveniences so numerous as to be 
 floating palaces. They are generally a very safe and plea- 
 sant mode of travelling affording excellent views of the coun- 
 try; on some of the southern and westem waters as the 
 Ohio, Mississippi, and others, they are liable to be 'snagged,' 
 as the running against the trunk of a tree that has fallen into 
 the river, is termed ; these snags if they have become sta- 
 tionary, generally stave in the bottom, and it is then neces- 
 sary to run the boat ashore, but it frequently founders in 
 doing BO. The fare h f^enerally very low, as there are usually 
 opposition lines which reduce the rates of fare. In the body 
 of the work, the rates are not always given, as the frequent 
 changes would soon render the statements useless. 
 
 HOTELS AND INNS. ;?> 
 
 These are given in detail under descriptions of different 
 places ] in the larger cities and capitals they are generally 
 splendid, but often in small towns they will be found indif- 
 ferent. On the whole they are not inferior to any in the 
 world. The largest hotels are always supplied with polite 
 and efficient waiters, excellent cooks, and almost every con- 
 venience. The beds and furniture are perfect, the means 
 of ablution are clean and neat, many of the houses now 
 having warm and cold baths, the tables are supplied with 
 all the delicacies of the season and the choicest wines, and 
 generally if the travel' ;ir sojourns any length of time he can 
 be as comfortable as at home. The Americans are such a 
 travelling, constantly moving people, being probably tempted 
 thereto by their splendid lines of railroads, steamboats, and 
 other conveniences for travelling, that it becomes necessary 
 not only that there should be numerous houses for entertain- 
 ment, but that they should be well kept to receive patronage. 
 
 4 
 
 T:' 
 
 f 
 

 « 
 
 ZII 
 
 EATING HOUSE S — A M E R I C A N MONEY. 
 
 
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 The usual price of board is from $1 to $2.50 per day; 
 although at all the firstrate hotels the charge is usually $2 
 per day. The fees to the servants are optional, only a few 
 of the houses having adopted the convenient plan of charg- 
 ing it in the bill. The principal newspapers of the various 
 parts of the country are to be found in the reading rooms. 
 The hotels have wagons for the conveyance of passenger's 
 baggage, free of charge, from the depots. ; , : r • - 
 
 ;v 
 
 <■"' EATING HOUSES, CONFECTIONARIES, ETC. 
 
 The number and extent of some of these establishments is 
 very great. At some of the Eating Houses meals of plain ex- 
 cellent food can be had for 25 cents. At the best Confec- 
 tionaries, coffee, tea, or chocolate, ice creams, jellies, cooling 
 drinks, and other delicacies, are to be obtained at all hours 
 and of most excellent quality. 
 
 t.i 
 
 i' 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Foreigners and even Americans in travelling from one part 
 of the country to another will find a great variety in the cur- 
 rency in use. If the traveller wishes to carry sums of any 
 amount it is always better to pay a broker the current rate 
 of exchange and obtain his drafts upon different cities, as it 
 not only is a perfectly safe but easy method of carrying large 
 amounts. It is as cheap in the end to pay the rate of ex- 
 change, as in travelling from one state to another frequently 
 th3 bank-notes are at a discount and below par, you are 
 therefore obliged to pay this discount to pass your money, 
 as well as to run the risk of taking counterfeit money, as it 
 is impossible to be acquainted sufficiently with the notes of 
 every bank, aa to detect a spurious note. 
 
 The paper currency consists of notes of almost every even 
 denomination from a one dollar note to a thousand dollars. 
 
FiKEIGN COINS IN AMERICAN MONEY. XIII 
 
 The metal currency is manufactured by the U. S. mint and 
 branches. To the traveller from abroad the following table 
 will be useful : 
 
 An Eagle (of gold) is equal to 10 dollars. '■ • ' 
 
 A Half « « « « 5 « - ^ •' 
 
 A Quarter « « " 2i " ' ' 
 
 A Dollar (of silver) " " 10 dimes or 100 cents. 
 
 A Half ''■ " " " 5 " 50 
 
 A dime " " " 10 cents. 
 
 <( 
 
 There are also quarters of a dollar or 25 cts., half dimes or 
 5 cts. The cent is of copper. 
 
 Spanish or Mexican coins of the value of 12i cts. and 6i 
 cts. are extensively in circulation, though not so much so as 
 formerly. In Boston and the New England States the 12i ct. 
 piece is called a nine-pence, and the 6i ct. piece a four-pence ; 
 in New York, they are called a shilling, and a six-pence; in 
 Pennsylvania and one or two other states, a levy and a fip; 
 in Louisiana and other southern states, a bit, and a picayune ; 
 where also they pass for the same as ten-cent and five-cent 
 pieces. 
 
 I. 
 
 .*■■ 
 
 FOREIGN COINS IN AMERICAN CURRENCY. 
 
 English Gumea $5.00 
 
 ,, " Sovereign 4.84 
 
 " 7 shilling piece . 1.69 
 " Silver £ 4.65 
 
 French Louis d'or.... 4.80 
 
 " Napoleon 3.82 
 
 " Crown 1.06 
 
 " 5 franc piece.. 94 
 
 Ducats 2.25 
 
 Doubloons, Spanish. . . 16.00 
 
 " Patriot 15.50 
 
 Ten Guilder pieces. . . 3.90 
 
 FiveThalers 3.90 
 
 Thaler 65 
 
 Fredericks d'or 3.90 
 
 German Crowns 1.04 
 
 Head Pistareen 18 
 
 Old Pistareens 16 
 
 Spanish and Mexican dollars same as American. 
 
 B 
 
•mmi^Kr'm 
 
 i I 
 
 m 
 
 I* 
 
 XIV CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 h A. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 ■1 f 
 
 // 
 
 In travelling over so large a space of country as is em- 
 braced within the boundaries of the United States, it is im- 
 possible not to observe striking differences in the scenery, 
 the habits, manners, and general appearance of the different 
 portions. Almost every variety of climate is experienced ; 
 in Maine, and other extreme northern portions the cold is 
 extreme, while going farther south the climate of the Middle 
 States is varied and pleasant, and still farther South the cli- 
 mate and productions evidence a nearer approach to the 
 equator ; the local appearance of the country is also in keep- 
 ing with the temperature. In travelling over so great an 
 extent of country affording a field of study and observation 
 almost inexhaustible, every variety of taste, whether in pur- 
 suit of health, instruction or amusement, cannot fail to be 
 gratified. Almost every portion is full of associations, espe- 
 cially in the N. and £. States, either connected with the 
 early history, the border wars, or the great revolutionary 
 struggle for freedom. The history of the republic is not a 
 mere record of political party, or the contendings of rival 
 factions ; it is the record of an era in which modern civiliza- 
 tion received a right direction and developed itself in a glo- 
 rious manner. 
 
 The physical characters of the country are not less inte- 
 resting than its historical associations. Its resources have 
 hitherto been very imperfectly appreciated, and are now be- 
 ginning to be fully developed and to receive that attention 
 which they deserve. By English travellers generally, no 
 people or country have been so little understood, or so much 
 misrepresented. A traveller arriving here, and who hurries 
 through the country, neither stopping to explore the objects 
 which present themselves on the road, nor turning aside into 
 
 f* 
 
 i^tHL^A-^. ^ A. 
 
w\ 
 
 S C E N E R Y — G E N E R A I. VIE W. 
 
 XV 
 
 less beaten tracts, can have formed no iilea of the true cha- 
 racter of the people, or their institutions. It is only by seek- 
 ing them in their own homes, that he will be able to appre- 
 ciate the educated and courteous character of the ' upper ten 
 thousand,' the intelligence of the middle classes, or the 
 merits of the lower classes. 
 
 SCENERY. 
 
 The scenery of the United States possesses a romance 
 and charm peculiar to itself. Whatever may be the beau- 
 ties of particular districts traversed by the principal roads, 
 the finest characters of American scenery must be sought, 
 like the people, beyond the beaten track. The fertility of 
 the country, the rugged and picturesque mountains, the ro- 
 mantic beauty of the streams and waterfalls, the wide spread- 
 ing prairie, and the magnificent lakes, have each an interest 
 of a different character, which the traveller will not be long 
 in appreciating as they deserve. 
 
 travellers' general view of the united states. 
 
 To mention any particular feature as being general through- 
 out the country, would be impossible, as the whole appear- 
 ance is so varied ; but the traveller will be struck by the 
 enterprise and spirit of activity displayed by the people, and 
 their rapid progress in the arts and sciences. To point out 
 the most interesting points in the scenery, would exceed our 
 limits, and the tourist is referred to the following pages, 
 from which he can lay down for himself the plan of a tour, 
 embracing as many points as his time or inclination will 
 permit. 
 
 The traveller will meet with none of those perfect speci- 
 mens of architecture, remains and ruins of celebrated cas- 
 tles or abbeys, and other similar objects which form the main 
 
 i 
 
 *& 
 
m: 
 
 XVI 
 
 T R A V E L L E R S' GENERAL VIEW. 
 
 points of ioterest in a foreign tour ; the comparatively new 
 settlement of the country forbids it. A much better spirit 
 and a more proper appreciation of architecture than formerly, 
 is now springing up. 
 
 The finest cities are Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Bal- 
 timore, Washington, Richmond, Cincinnati, New Orleans, 
 New Haven, and Charleston, all more or less distinguished 
 for commerce, manufactures, and fine edifices ; the suburbs 
 are generally interesting and often beautiful. The cities and 
 larger towns are usually laid out with broad and regular 
 streets well paved and lighted, the houses mostly of brick 
 with marble fronts in a neat and often elegant style. 
 
 In the large cities there are many charitable, benevolent, 
 scientific, literary, and other institutions ; the public libraries 
 and reading rooms are scattered over the country in every 
 city, town or village. 
 
 To those who wish to look deeper into the institutions, 
 manners, &c. of the United States, such books as the follow- 
 ing should be obtained, and not the ephemeral and preju- 
 diced sketches of hasty tours made by English writers. The 
 ' America and Americans' of Von Raumer is liberal and un- 
 prejudiced ; Dr. Lyell's ' Travels in North America' is very 
 candid, and valuable to the geologist ; 'Democracy in Ame- 
 rica' by De Tocqueville is valuable for its political view of 
 the country; almost every State also, has had its local his- 
 torian. 
 
 
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 ;•-»• * 
 
 A GENERAL VIEW 
 
 OP 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 As oar work is intended to be a Practical Hand Book 
 FOR THE Traveller, its design and limits will allow only 
 a short sketch of the United States to be given. ; . ,.. 
 
 ITS GENERAL OUTLINE AND ASPECT. 
 
 The United States, constituting the most celebrated repub- 
 lic in the world, and ranking high amongst the greatest na- 
 tions, extends through twenty-nine degrees, from 25° to 54^ 
 N. latitude, and through fifty-eight degrees, from 67° to 
 125° W. longitude, containing about 2,300,000 square miles. 
 Its greatest length is 3000 m. and its greatest breadth 
 1700 m., with a frontier length of about 10,000 m., of 
 which 3600 m. are sea coast, and 1200 m. lake coast. It 
 is bounded, north, by British and Russian America; east, 
 by New Brunswick and the Atlantic ; south, by the gulf of 
 Mexico and Mexico j and, west, by the Pacific ocean. 
 
 It is traversed by two great ranges of Mountains, dividing 
 the country into three natural sections. The Appalachian 
 or Alleghany range is more remarkable for its length than 
 height, its mean elevation being between 2000 and 3000 ft. 
 It consists of five or six parallel chains, rising from the 
 2 b2 17 
 
*' 
 
 18 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 vast table-]and, occupying the western part of the Atlantic 
 states, and the eastern part of the adjoining states of the 
 Mississippi valley, lying between the sources of the princi- 
 pal rivers of Alabama and Mississippi, and the great lakes 
 and St. Lawrence river. The most remarkable of these are 
 the White m&untains and the Blue ridge, a chain 1200 m. in 
 length; the Kittalinny or Blue mountain 800m. in length; 
 and the Alleghany ridge. The loftiest summits are Mount 
 Washington, G428 ft. above the sea ; and the Black mountainj 
 in North Carolina, 6476 ft. high. The other great range is 
 the Rocky mountains, a prolongation of the great Mexican 
 Cordilleras, but imperfectly known to us. Their average 
 height is about 8000 ft. above the sea, some of the peaks be- 
 ing 10,000 or 12,000 ft. high. The great valley lying between 
 these two ranges, and watered by the Mississippi and Mis- 
 souri rivers, is destined, at no very remote day, to be an ex- 
 ceedingly wealthy and populous tract, on account of its fer- 
 tility, and the navigability of its waters. 
 
 The Rivers of the United States form a most important 
 feature. The rivers east of the Alleghany mountains flow 
 into the Atlantic, the principal of which are the — 
 
 Penobscot Miles 250 Potomac 500 
 
 Kennebec 200 James 500 
 
 Roanoke 400 
 
 Cape Fear 350 
 
 Androscoggin 170 
 
 Saco 160 
 
 Merrimac 200 
 
 Connecticut 410 
 
 Hudson 324 
 
 Delaware 300 
 
 Susquehanna 450 
 
 Pedee 450 
 
 Santee 450 
 
 Savannah 500 
 
 Altamaha 400 
 
 St. Johns 300 
 
 The following rivers flow into the gulf of Mexico : — 
 
 Appalachicola 500 Tombigbee 450 
 
 Alabama 600 Mississippi 3000 
 
VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 m 
 
 '" The following are tributarieis of the Mississippi : — 
 
 Red 1500 
 
 Arkansas 2>50 
 
 White 1200 
 
 Missouri before its junc- 
 tion 3180 
 
 Kansas 1100 
 
 Platte 1600 
 
 Osage 500 
 
 Yellowstone 1 100 
 
 Ohio 1350 
 
 Illinois 500 
 
 Des Moines 800 
 
 Tennessee 900 
 
 Cumberland 600 
 
 Wabash 500 
 
 St. Francis 300 
 
 The following are west of the Rocky mountains : — ' '' 
 
 Columbia 1500 Lewis' 900 
 
 Multnomah 900 Clark's 600 
 
 The two largest Lakes that lie wholly in the United Slates, 
 are Michigan, 330 m. long, and 60 rn. broad; and Cham- 
 plain, 120 m. long, and 15 m. broad. The great lakes 
 Superior, 380 by 130; Huron, 240 by 150; Erie 240 by 60; 
 and Ontario, 190 by 55 m., are one half in the United States, 
 the boundary line passing through them. 
 
 The principal Bays are the Chesapeake, Delaware, Massa- 
 chusetts and Penobscot. 
 
 The principal Capes are Ann, Cod, May, Henlopen, Charles, 
 Henry, Hatteras, Lookout, Fear, Florida, and Sable. 
 
 The principal Harbours are Portland, Portsmouth, Boston, 
 Newport, New London, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
 Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans. 
 
 Its population was, in — 
 
 1790 3,929,328 
 
 1800 5,309,758 
 
 1810 7,239,903 
 
 1820 9,638,166 
 
 1830 12,856,165 
 
 1840 17,062,666 
 
 of the latter of which, 2,487,1 13 w^ere slaves. Allowing the 
 same rate of increase, one third in every ten years as it has 
 hitherto been, the population in 1850, will be 22,760,000. 
 . The territory of the United Stales is divided into twenty 
 
 /, 
 
 ^'■. 
 
20 
 
 VIEW OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 eight States and three Territories, each of which has a 
 separate government ; and the District of Columbia, which is 
 under the immediate jurisdiction of the United States' Con- 
 gress. The following is a list of the states, with their popu- 
 lation, in 1840. 
 
 Nor them J or Eastern. 
 
 Maine 501,793 
 
 New-Hampshire . 284,574 
 
 Vermont 291,948 
 
 Massachusetts .. 737,699 
 
 Rhode Island 108,830 
 
 Connecticut 309,978 
 
 Middle. 
 
 New- York 2,428,921 
 
 New Jersey 373,306 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 1,724,033 
 
 Delaware 78,085 
 
 Maryland 469,232 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Virginia 1,239,797 
 
 North Carolina. . . . 753,419 
 
 South Carolina 594,398 
 
 Georgia 691,392 
 
 Florida 64,477 
 
 Mississippi . 375,651 
 
 Louisiana 352,411 
 
 : ■'■■ Western. 
 
 Ohio 1,519,467 
 
 Kentucky 779,828 
 
 Tennessee 829,210 
 
 Michigan 212,267 
 
 Indiana 685,866 
 
 Illinois 476,183 
 
 Missouri 383,702 
 
 Arkansas 97,574 
 
 Texas, (about) . . . 200,000 
 
 ■'< ' . 
 
 Territories. . 
 
 District of Colum- 
 bia 43,712 
 
 Wisconsin 30,945 
 
 Iowa.. 43,112 
 
 Alabama 590,756 
 
 Washington, on the Potomac, in the District of Colum- 
 bia, is the capital and seat of government of the United States, 
 haying become such in 1800. 
 
 -■i .1 
 
 POLITICAL CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The political constitution of the United States forms the 
 most prominent and fundamental particular in their national 
 
 i\ 
 
^ 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 fl 
 
 [ 
 
 arrangements, and for more than half a century it has fulfil- 
 led the essential purposes of a government, and been found 
 compatible with the most rapid progress in population and 
 wealth which any nation ever experienced. The constitu- 
 tion was, in fact, composed by a body of men of distinguished 
 ability, who had fully experienced, and anxiously sought to 
 guard againut, the evils to which its peculiar form is liable. 
 The government, as established by the constitution adopted 
 in 1789, is in form a federal representative democracy. The 
 whole country is subject to the national or general govern- 
 ment, consisting of three branches, the executive, legislative, 
 and judicial. 
 
 The Executive power is vested in the President, who holds 
 his oflice for the term of four years ; he is chosen by the 
 electors from the different states, who are mostly elected by 
 the people ; each state electing as many electors as they 
 have members in Congress. A majority of the electors' 
 votes is necessary for a choice ; if there be no choice, then 
 the House of Representatives elect one of the three candi- 
 dates having the most votes ; in this last balloting each state 
 having one vote. The Vice President is chosen in the same 
 manner, and for the same term ; but if there be no choice 
 by the electors, the Senate then chooses one of the two per- 
 sons having the highest number of votes. No person can be 
 President or Vice President, except a native-born citizen, of 
 the age of at least thirty-five years, and who has been four- 
 teen years a resident within the United States. 
 
 The President is Commander-in-chief of the army and 
 navy, and of the militia when in actual service of the United 
 States. With the advice and consent of two-thirds of the 
 Senate, he makes treaties, appoints embassadors, judges of 
 the Supreme Court, and directly or indirectly, appoints to all 
 the offices of the national government ; he possesses a quali- 
 fied veto upon the bills presented to him in Congress ; but if he 
 
22 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 # 
 
 disapproves any bill, it nevertheless becomes a law if paraer.l 
 by a vote of two-thirds in each house. He receives em- 
 bassadors and other public ministers, takes care that tha 
 laws be faithfully executed, and commissions all the officers 
 in the United States. The Vice President is president of the 
 Senate ; and in case of the death, resignation, or removal of 
 the President, the powers and duties of that officer devolve 
 on him. 
 
 The Legislative power is vested in a Congress, consisting 
 of a Senate, and a House of Representatives. The Senator? 
 are chosen by the legislatures of the several states, for the 
 term of six years; there are two from each state, and it is 
 required that they sliall be at least thirty-five years of ag;, and 
 have been citizens of the United States for nine years. The 
 Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments. 
 
 The Representatives are chosen for two years by the peo- 
 ple of each state, and must be at least twenty-five years ofi 
 age : and have been citizens of the United States for seven 
 years. Representatives pv<i apportioned among the states, 
 according to their respf^ctive population. .^ 
 
 Congress must assemble at least once in every year ; it 
 has power to lay and collect taxes, duties, &c. ; to declare 
 war ; to grant patent and copy rights ; to borrow money ; to 
 regulate commerce; raise armies and navies; and to make 
 all laws necessary to carry into execution the powers vested 
 by the constitution in the government of the United States. 
 
 The Judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, consist- 
 ing at present of nine judgos, appointed by Ih' »'r'>iident, 
 with the consent of the senate; thirty-thre- di'^riC? jourts, 
 and seven circuit courts. 
 
 The principal executive officers are, the secretaries of 
 sta!o, of the treasury, of war, and of the navy, the postmas- 
 tnr (Boii al, aind the attorney general. They are removeable 
 ai rha ivill o.i the I resident, and with the Vice President, 
 
VIEW OF THE U KITED STATES. 
 
 23 
 
 it 
 
 of 
 
 ent, 
 
 form Ihe cabinet . The S' ^etary of State con<luct8 the iiea;*. 
 tiations with foreign powers, and twrresponds with the pubUc 
 ministers of the United States abroad, art) with those of 
 foreign states near the United States The Secretary of the 
 Treasury superintends the fiscal concerns of the government ; 
 ho is required to report to Congress, annually, th<^ state of the 
 finances ; and recommends such measures as h« thinks pro- 
 per for improving the condition of the revenue. 
 
 The revenue and taxation of the United States have been 
 moderate, in proportion to the wealth and extent of the re- 
 public. In 1783, the public debt was $42,000,000, and in 
 1793, it had increased to $80,352,000; in 1813, it was re- 
 duced to $45,000,000; in 1816, in consequer e of the war 
 with England, it increased to $127,334,933 ; b'lt, m the suc- 
 ceeding twenty years, it was wholly extinguished, about 
 212 millions having been paid for principal and ii terest ; thus 
 clearly showing the financial abilities of free insiitutions. 
 
 The revenue for the United States is derived chiefly from 
 customs, and the sale of public lands ; the government having 
 found it but seldom necessary to resort to direct taxation. 
 The public lands have been recently a great source of reve- 
 nue. The government now possesses 100,000,000 of acres 
 surveyed and unsold, and much more which is rot sur- 
 veyed. The revenue for the year 1845, amounted to 
 $29,769,134; and the expenditure to $29,968,206. 
 
 Til the War Department belong the direction and govern- 
 ment of the army, the erection of fortifications, the exe ution 
 of topographical surveys, and the direction of Indian a.fairs. 
 Economy and political jealousy have combined to keep down 
 the numbers of the army exceedingly low ; the principal re- 
 liance of the country for defence, is on the militia of the 
 several states, amounting in 1845, to 1,759,810 men, althoogh 
 thi(« vast body is extremely deficient in discipline. The re- 
 gular army consists at present of 712 commissioned officers, 
 
34 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 8 regiments of infantry, 4 of artillery, 2 of dragoons, and 260 
 cadets, in all 9012 men. The expenditures for the army were, 
 in 1844, $8,231,317. 
 
 The Navy of the United States is the most efficient for its 
 size of any in the world. It consists of 10 ships of the line, 
 15 frigates, 23 sloops of war, 8 brigs, 8 schooners, 9 steam- 
 ships, and 4 store-ships. In 1845, there were 9 commodores, 
 68 captains, 96 commanders, 327 lieutenants, 69 surgeons, 64 
 pursers, 23 chaplains, 159 passed midshipmen, 314 midship- 
 men, 31 masters, 22 professors of mathematics. There are 
 navy yards at Portsmouth, Boston, New York or Brooklyn, 
 Philadelphia, Washington, Norfolk, and Pensacola ; there are 
 also dry-docks at Charlestown, Brooklyn, and Norfolk. The 
 expenditure for the navy for 1844 was, $6,496,991. 
 
 In 1844, there were 14,103 post-offices in the United 
 States; the total expenditures for the year were $4,297,867 ; 
 the gross amount of the revenue was $4,237,285. The 
 postage, by a recent law, has been reduced to the following 
 rates: — .;!>;.. .<."fj.,„K'- ■'.,.; ^u.v.> :-■< i.ff!'A^[.^..-^. «.y ,'■. 
 
 For a letter weighing not more than half an ounce, under 
 300 miles, 5 cents, over 300 miles, 10 cents. For any addi- 
 tional weight, the charge is in proportion. 
 
 On newspapers, within 30 miles from whence they are 
 sent, /ree; all over that distance, li cents each. 
 
 Since this law has been in operation, the revenue of the 
 post-office has very materially decreased. 
 
 The Mint of the United States was established at Phila- 
 delphia in 1793 ; and in 1838, branches were established at 
 Charlotte, N. C, at Dahlonega, Ga., and at New Orleans, all 
 subject to the control of the director of the mint at Philadel- 
 phia. The coinage is executed by machines propelled by 
 steam-power. The amount coined in 1845, was $5,668,595 ; 
 whole amount since the commencement, was 293,299,905 
 pieces; value, $110,177,761. .... 
 
w 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 25 
 
 Each of the twenty-eight states of the great American 
 confederacy has its local government, separate from the na- 
 tional government except so much as is fixed by the consti- 
 tution. They all are, in fact, representative democracies, 
 having an elective executive and legislature, chosen by the 
 body of the people for a short term of service. The chief 
 executive officer is styled the governor, and the legislative 
 houses, styled general assembly, general court, or legislature, 
 consists of a Senate, and House of Representatives. Suffrage 
 is virtually universal ; blacks are, however, not permitted to 
 vote. The state governments manage the local and domestic 
 affairs of the confederacy ; organi/e, discipline, and command 
 the militia; charter banking and other institutions; and in 
 general do whatever is necessary for social order and the 
 public tranquillity. A small revenue is raised in each state, 
 adequate to the expenditure of the government, by direct 
 taxes, or excise and license duties. 
 
 PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 d^ti.' 
 
 are 
 
 the 
 
 lila- 
 dat 
 ,all 
 del- 
 
 595; 
 905 
 
 The United States have already made an astonishing pro- 
 gress in industry and wealth, but the present is insignificant 
 in comparison with the future greatness to which their vast 
 and unparalleled resources must carry them. They are 
 chiefly an agricultural people, to which they are led by the 
 extent of their territory and the fertility of the soil. According 
 to the census of 1840, poultry was raised to the value of 
 $9,344,410. There were produced 84,833,272 bushels of 
 wheat ; 7,291,743 of buckwheat ; 377,531,875 of Indian corn ; 
 18,645,567 of rye; 123,071,341 of oats; 108,298,060 of pota- 
 toes; 35,802,114 pounds of wool; 95,251 tons of hemp and 
 flax; 124,734 gallons of wine. The products of the dairy 
 were valued at $33,787,008; of the orchard at $7,256,904; 
 of lumber at $12,943,507^ 
 
 C 
 
 •nJ'.'-.'T rvv 
 
 ..iJr 
 
26 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ^' 
 
 ! 
 
 The great staple, Cotton, is raised in the southern and some 
 few of the western states. It was first sown about 1787, and 
 exported in small quantities in 1790. The produce in 1840, 
 amounted to 790,479,275 pounds ; in 1845, to 2,394,503 bales ; 
 the exports in 1845, were to the amount of $51,739,643. 
 
 Tobacco, an indigenous American plant, is extensively cul- 
 tivated in Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, and other 
 states. The American is decidedly superior to that of most 
 other countries. There were produced in 1840, 219,163,319 
 pounds; and in 1844, there were exported $8,397,255 worth. 
 
 Sugar, is raised with much success in Louisiana, where 
 there are several varieties reared. In 1840, it amounted to 
 155j 100,809 pounds; in 1844, the exports amounted to 
 $12,363. 
 
 Rice, was first cultivated in South Carolina, in 1694, since 
 when its culture has very extensively increased ; in 1840, it 
 amounted to 80,841,422 pounds, and in 1845, the exports 
 amounted in value to $2,160,456. The whole exports of 
 domestic produce from the United States, in 1845, was 
 $99,299,776. 
 
 - The MANUFACTURES of the United States, though not equal 
 to its agriculture or commerce, and of recent origin, are ra- 
 pidly acquiring an immense importance. A great amount 
 of capita] is. now invested in cott(Hi and iron manufactures, 
 glass, coal, &c., and new improvements by the aid of steam 
 are constantly being made to the machinery, by which goods 
 can now be made cheap enough almost to compete with any 
 part of the world. The census of 1840, gives some valuable 
 satistics in relation to manufactures. There were 1240 cot- 
 ton factories, with 2,284.631 spindles, which produced goods 
 to the amount of $:46.350,453 ; in 1844, there were exported 
 cotton goods to the amount of $2,898,780; of wollen manu- 
 factures, goods were produced lo the amount of $20,696,999, 
 principally of wool from our own sheep, of which there were 
 
VIEW OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 27 
 
 19,311,374. Extensive manufactories of paper of every 
 kind, leather in all its branches, straw bonnets, carriages and 
 wagons, various kinds of machinery, &c., &c., employ vast 
 numbers of operatives, the details of which our limits will 
 not permit of. 
 
 The United States are richly supplied with valuable 
 MINERALS 3 although the mines are very profitable, they are 
 not yet worked to an extent worthy of their great import- 
 ance. Gold, iron find lead, are extensively diffused ; coal 
 aud salt exist in abundance ; and valuable building mate- 
 rials, as marble, freestone and granite, are very plentiful. 
 
 Gold has been procured chiefly from North Carolina, Vir- 
 ginia, and Georgia, and mostly from wat^hings ; but various 
 companies are now successfully engaged in scientific mining. 
 
 Iron, the most useful of metals, is abundantly distributed 
 throughout the country, and forms one of the great staples, 
 employing in its manufacture many thousand operatives; 
 Pennsylvania atone employing about 400,000 persons, di- 
 rectly in the business. The following statistics for 1845, 
 will show the amount of trade carried on in the United 
 States. There are 540 blast furnaces, yielding 486,000 tons 
 pig iron, per annum ; 950 bloomeries, forges, rolling and 
 slitting mills, and yielding 291,600 tons of bar, hoops, &c. 
 Blooms, 30,000 tons ; castings, machinery, stove plates, &c., 
 121,500 tons; which at their present market value, would 
 amount to $33,940,500. The quantity imported was 92,257 
 tons, worth $41,734,610. 
 
 In 1846, there were in Pennsylvania alone, 34 anthracite 
 furnaces, all of which are in blast except 7. Those in blast 
 are capable of turning out 1300 tons of iron per week, or 
 67,600 tons per annum. Those erecting, and preparing to 
 be put in blast, can produce 500 tons per week, or 26,000 
 tons per annum — making the product of the whole 1800 tons 
 per week, or 93,600 tons per annum. The quantity of coal 
 
28 
 
 VIEW OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ' 
 
 f 
 
 required to smelt a ton of iron, upon the average, is 2^ tons, 
 which \pould make a weekly consumption of 45,000 tons 
 of coal, amounting to 234,000 tons per annum, in these 
 works, merely to run the ore into pig metal. 
 
 The Lead mines of the United States are extremely pro- 
 ductive, and are now beginning to be worked in a proper man- 
 ner. The principal mines are situated in Missouri, between 
 the Gasconade and the Mississippi, and in Wisconsin Terri- 
 tory and Illinois, between the Wisconsin and Mississippi 
 rivers. The product of the Missouri mines in 1840, was 
 5,295,455 pounds; of the Illinois mines, 8,755,000 pounds; 
 and of the Wisconsin mines, 15,129,350 pounds. 
 
 Salt is chiefly made from the brine springs, which are 
 bountifully distributed, particularly in the great Western 
 Valley. * ■>>«' 
 
 .M Coal, one of the most abundant minerals in the United 
 States, is now becoming much more used than formerly. It 
 is found of two kinds, the anthracite and bituminous. The 
 former is found and largely mined in Pennsylvania, in three 
 distinct beds, two of which lie between the Lehigh and Sus- 
 quehanna, and the head-waters of the Schuylkill and the 
 North Bmnch of the Susquehanna ; the third is on l^oth sides 
 of the Lackawanna, and of the North Branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna. An exceedingly interesting trip to view the ope- 
 rations of mining, can be made to Pottsville, occupying only 
 a few days. In 1845, there were sent to market from the 
 different regions, 2,021,674 tons, the Schuylkill region fur- 
 nishing more than one half. Since the trade commenced in 
 1820 up to the beginning of 1846, the supply from all sources 
 amounted to 13,467,302 tons; the Schuylkill region furnish- 
 ing 7,392,744 tons. The population of this country has kept 
 pace with this prosperity ; in five years the increase has been 
 fifty per cent ; the coal trade has nearly doubled. 
 The COMMERCE of the United States has increased with 
 
'im 
 
 W" 
 
 VIEWOF THE UNITED STATES. 29 
 
 rapid strides, and they have already become the second 
 commercial power in the world. Every part of the world is 
 visited by American merchants, and they are every where 
 known as the most enterprising and intelligent set of busi- 
 ness men. The exports consist chiefly of agriculture, pro- 
 duce, naval stores, lumber, &c. American manufactures 
 are now exported in larger quantities, and meet with a 
 readier market than formerly. The shipping by which the 
 trade of the country is carried on, is chiefly American, ship- 
 building forming an extensive branch of national industry. 
 The shipping interest has been protected by discriminating 
 duties on foreign tonnage, and by the entire exclusion of 
 foreign vessels from the coasting trade. The whole amount 
 of the shipping in 1845, was 2,426, 1 13 tons. A large amount 
 of shipping is employed in the whale, cod, and mackerel 
 fisheries, producing about $15,000,000 annually. There 
 were built in 1845, 1038 vessels, with a total tonnage of 
 146,018. 
 
 The following is a table of the imports and exports of the 
 United States, during the year 1845. 
 
 The aggregate imports of foreign merchandise for the year, 
 were as follows : — 
 
 Free of duty, $22,147,840 ' . ■ 
 
 Paying duty, 95,106,724 ^ 
 
 $ 1 1 7,254,564 
 
 Of which were re-exported : 
 
 Free of duty, $10, 175,099 
 
 Paying duty, 5,171,731 ' 
 
 $15,346,830 
 
 The exports for the year were : 
 
 Domestic produce, &c., .. $99,299,776 
 
 Foreign, as above, 15,346,830 
 
 $114,046,606 
 
 c2 
 
 1^ 
 
'«??■ 
 
 30 V I E W OF T HE UNIT E D ST ATE S. 
 
 » The following table will show the value of the principal 
 articles of export : — 
 
 Cotton, $51,739,643 *' 
 
 Tobacco Leaf, 7,469,819 
 
 Rice, 2,160,456 
 
 Flour, 5,398,593 ^~ 
 
 Pork, hogs lard, &c., 2,991,284 ^ 
 
 Beef, cattle, hides, &c., 1,926,809 
 
 Butter and cheese, 878,865 
 
 Skins and fnis, 1,248,355 
 
 Fish, 1,012,007 
 
 Wool and manufactures of 3,099,455 
 
 Manufactures, 10,329,701 
 
 Specie and bullion, 8,606,495 
 
 TONNAGE. 
 
 Cleared. Entered. 
 
 American vessels, tons, ..2,053,977 2,035,486 
 Foreign vessels, 930,275 910,563 
 
 2,984,252 2,946,049 
 
 The great works for internal improvement, form an 
 important feature in the United States. The natural interior 
 water communications have already been alluded to; no 
 part of the world presents such an extensive river commerce. 
 Steam vessels were first introduced in America ; and steam- 
 boats, some of them nearly 400 ft. long, may be found on 
 all the rivers, &c. Individuals and states have not been 
 slow in improving the great natural advantages, and the 
 result is a grand chain of interior communications, connect- 
 ing the most distant points of the country with each other, 
 and affording cheap and speedy means of communication ; 
 •which, if it may have impoverished individuals, and have 
 burthened some states with heavy debts, has still been of 
 
-'"^'■ 
 
 *. r. 
 
 :%- 
 
 VIEWOPTHEUNITEDSTATES. 31 
 
 immense advantage to the country at large. The banking 
 system of the country is now in a sound state, business is 
 prosperous, and numerous internal improvements which 
 have been left in an unfinished state, are now being carried 
 through. 
 
 There were in 1845, 104 Railroads in the United States, 
 measuring in the aggregate, 4,624 miles, and built at a cost 
 of over 130 millions of dollars. The following is a list of the 
 roads which have cost over two millions, viz : 
 
 '\.\^.iw^ .' ../ ^'^.. Miles. Cost. 
 Boston and Worcester, 44 . , . $2,914,078 
 
 - Western (Mass.) 117. . . .6,186,202 
 
 Stonington, 48 2,600,000 
 
 Camden and Amboy, 60 
 
 N. Brunswick Branch. 28 > 3,200,000 ' 
 
 Trenton do., 8 ) 
 
 New Jersey, 34 2,000,000 
 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore, 93 4,400,000 
 
 - Baltimore and Ohio, 188 ... . 7,623.600 " 
 
 ^ South Carolina, 136 ) ^ ^„, ,,« 
 
 ' > 5,671,452 
 
 Columbia Branch, 60 ^ ' 
 
 Central, Ga., 190. .. .2,581,723 
 
 / Eastern, 54. .. .2,388,631 
 
 Norwich and Worcester, 66 2,170,366 
 
 ** Utica and Schenectady, 78 2,168,165 
 
 " Columbia, Pa., 82. . . .4,204,969 
 
 Reading, 94. . . .9,457,670 
 
 Baltimore and Susquehanna,. .... 58, . . .3,000,000 
 
 Georgia, *. . . . 172. . . .3,000,000 
 
 In New Jersey there are seven railroads, running in the 
 whole 191 miles, and their aggregate cost was $6,600,000. 
 
 The whole length of Canal navigation is about four thou- 
 sand miles, all of which have mostly been executed in the 
 last twenty-five years. These great works have already 
 
IP, VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 given fresh life to manufactures, internal trade, and agricul- 
 ture, and developed the mining industry of the country. 
 
 Many of the states are intersected by extensive lines of 
 turnpike roads; and many very fine bridges are constructed 
 across the principal streams. The great National road from 
 Cumberland across the AUeghanies, through Wheeling, 
 Columbus, Indianapolis, and Yandalia, to St. Louis, is a 
 splendid piece of road. j . . • 
 
 -,:- ^. RELIGION AND EDUCATION. 
 
 The establishment of Religion by law is forbidden by the 
 constitution of the United States, but every person who does 
 not interrupt the peace of society is protected in the free ex- 
 ercise of his religion. The voluntary principle, has been 
 found to be more efficient than any legal enactment for the 
 support of religious institutions ; and the Americans are sen- 
 sible of the fact, that the stability and existence of a free 
 government depends upon the prosperity of religious institu- 
 tions, and their moral influence upon the principles and habits 
 of the people. Dr. Baird, in his '' Religion in America," has 
 estimated that there is annually raiised $5,500,000 for the 
 support of the evangelical ministry, and that there is one 
 preacher to every 800 souls. There, were in 1845, about 
 30,000 churches of all denominations, 32,543 ministers and 
 3,384,744 communicants; of which the Methodists were 
 the most numerous^ and next the Baptists, Presbyterians, 
 and then Episcopalians. The number of benevolent, chari- 
 table, educational, religious, and other humane societies, is 
 nowhere greater than in this country. 
 
 The subject of Education has excited much attention in all 
 the states, most of ^hich have applied certain lands or an- 
 nual amon«^ts for ihe maintenance of public schools, where 
 any one can enjoy the benefits gratuitously. The most pro- 
 
 I V 
 
 J ^,.. 
 
 t'^ 
 
:'*^ 
 
 >^,'J15J^:^' TjR 
 
 ^ 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 33 
 
 ",*■ 
 
 tninent in the cause of education are the New England 
 states, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, &c. 
 Some of the collegiate institutions are of very ancient date ; 
 Cambridge college, now Harvard university, was founded in 
 1638 ; Yale college at New Haven, in 1700 ; college of New 
 Jersey at Princeton, in 1746j Brown university. Providence, 
 in 1764 J Dartmouth college, at Hanover, N. H., in 1769; 
 university of North Carolina, in 1789; Bowdoin college at 
 Brunswick, Me., in 1794. In 1845, there were 108 colleges, 
 29 medical colleges and schools; 34 theological schools; 
 10 law schools; and about 50,000 common and primary 
 schools. "'■'' 
 
 The largest Libraries in the United States, are Harvard 
 university, containing 68,500 vols. ; Philadelphia library, 
 50,000; Boston AtheneBum, nearly 35,000; Yale college, 
 34,500 ; Georgetown college, 25,000 ; Bowdoin college, 24,- 
 860 ; New York society library, 25,000 ; library of Congress, 
 nearly 25,000 ; Brown university, 20,000, &c. 
 
 In no other country does the mass of the population read 
 so much, and are the books furnished at so cheap a rate. 
 Many American names occupy places in the literary world, 
 and many more bid fair to stand prominent. Numerous 
 monthly and quarterly journals are liberally supported, and 
 the best English periodicals are republished ; in addition 
 to which, there are 1555 newspapers and periodicals pub- 
 lished in the United States, while there are but 1899 in all 
 the world besides ! 
 
 Many institutions for the promotion of the Fine Arts, are in 
 successful operation ; the names of Copley, West, Stuart, 
 Newton, AUston, and Leslie, adorn the annals of American 
 art. 
 
 The Banking Institutions of the United States, are joint 
 stock companies, incorporated by the respective states with 
 fixed capitals ; their bills form the principal circulating me- 
 3 
 
34 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 (lium of the country. There were in J 845, 707 banks, with 
 an aggregate capital of $206,045,969 ; 
 
 Loanii, $288,617,131 Circulation, $89,608,711 
 
 Specie, 44,241,242 Deposits, 88,020,646 
 
 S 
 
 # 
 
 ^ 
 
 « 
 
 ^ HISTORY. 
 
 The United States were first colonised in 1607, by the 
 English settling in Virginia. All the colonies were a portion 
 of the British empire, and the settlers were continually en- 
 gaged in wars with the Indian tribes, and afterwards with 
 the mother country against the French. Between 167C and 
 1680, Nathaniel Bacon, and many colonists of Virgiria^ re- 
 belled and ^urnt Jamestown. The cause of the revolt was 
 the laying of duties by Parliament on the products of foreign 
 colonies imported into Virginia. The navigation act, which 
 imposed restrictions on foreign ships coming to the American 
 colonies, also created much discontent. These were the first 
 acts that led to the American principle of -' i. ) taxation with- 
 out representation ;" and the principle of union began to be 
 developed. An anti-stamp act Congress was held in New 
 York, in 1765. The colonists resolving to use no goods of 
 British manufacture, the stamp act was repealed by Parlia- 
 ment. In 1770, a crowd of people in Boston threw stones at 
 the military, who fired and killed three persons, an event 
 which added much to the now growing excitement. In 1773, 
 the tea tax was agitated in Boston and all the colonies, 
 and Lord North reduced the duty from one shilling, to three 
 pence per pound. The objection still existed, as it was not 
 the amount, but the principle of being taxed by the home 
 Parliament, without being represented therein. A large 
 party of men disguised as Indians, boarded the ships lying at 
 the Boston wharf, and threw the tea into the harbour. Par- 
 liament struck Boston from the list of ports; the breach 
 
; "■ ^^i*j;p52 
 
 ■^ 
 # 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATE I. 
 
 35 
 
 widened — " passive obedience" being the maxim of Parlia- 
 ment ; and " Freedom, and no taxation without representa- 
 tion," that of the colonists. General Gage was sent from 
 England with a large force to overawe Boston. The colonists 
 elected a Congress, with John Hancock as president ; this 
 body memorialised the home government, but in vain, though 
 supported by Lord Chatham, Burke, and others. Patrick 
 Henry kindled the flame of National Independence in Vir- 
 ginia. In April, 1775, General Gage sent to seize some 
 military stores at Concord. The militia refused to give them 
 up, were fired upon and several killed, at Lexington. After 
 destroying the stores, the troops retired to Boston, but many 
 were killed on the road by the militia, from behind walls, 
 fences, &c. The people were now thoroughly aroused, and 
 the cry every where was, " Independence or Death." On 
 the 10th of May, Congress assembled at Philadelphia, and 
 fortunately for the destinies of the country elected General 
 George Wai^hington, Commander-in-chief of the American 
 forces. The Commander-in-chief joined the camp at Cam- 
 bridge, on the 2d of July ; and it was to this truly great man, 
 together with the wisdom and firmness of Congress, the 
 bravery of the people, and the assistance of the French, that 
 America owes her independence. 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1776, Congress, at Philadelphia, de- 
 clared, in a document a model for style, that the United 
 States of America were " Free, sovereign, and independent." 
 But, although the Americans through their representatives, 
 had declared themselves a free people, it was not until they 
 had fought a series of battles, distinguished for the indomi- 
 table bravery and courage shown, that they really possessed 
 that right. 
 
 Provisional articles of peace, acknowledging the indepen- 
 dence of the United States, were signed in Paris, November 
 30th, 1782, by Adams, Franklin, and Jay, on the part of the 
 
^ J). 
 
 36 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 United States : and Mr. Fitzherbert and Mr. Oswald on the 
 part of Great Britain. The definitive treaty was signed Sep- 
 tember 30lh, 1783. 
 
 The government which continued under the articles of 
 confederation until 1788, was found to be unequal to the 
 wants of the people, and inefficient in power. In May, 1787, 
 delegates from the several states assembled at Philadelphia ; 
 and, after a debate of four months, adopted the present con- 
 stitution, provided that the ratification of nine states could 
 be had. It was warmly debated by the state conventions, 
 but finally adopted by all. Great demonstrations of joy were 
 made upon the accession of each state. The constitution 
 was finally ratified by Congress, July 14tli, 1788. The elec- 
 tors met in February, 1789, and unanimously chose Gkorge 
 Washington President, and John Adams Vice-President. 
 Many foreigners have supposed that before this country 
 shall have have attained its population of 100 millions, 
 that it would be divided into several separate nations ; but 
 after seventy years' trial of the constitution and forms of 
 government, it is constantly gaining strength, and striking 
 deeper into the sentiments of the people. 
 
 General Washington, died at Mount Vernon, December 
 14th, 1799, of an inflammation of the throat, aged 68 years. 
 The nation every where mourned for him as for a father, 
 and his memory will be revered for ever by his country- 
 men. - - yf . 
 
 In 1803, Lousiana was purchased of the French for Sl5,- 
 000,000; and in 1821, Florida was ceded to the United States 
 by Spain, in compensation for spoliations on American com- 
 merce, for $5,000,000. 
 
 In 1801 and "2, the Pacha of Tripoli demanded tribute for 
 American ships, to secure them from piracy. This was re- 
 fused; the American consuls were dismissed, and several 
 United Stales ships taken. War was deelared, which lasted 
 
 *;vk. 
 
t^"'^ 
 
 
 VIEW OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 37 
 
 if 
 
 ■00 
 
 until 1805, the Tripolitans suffering severe defeats. A treaty 
 wusthen made, the United States paying $60,000 ransom for 
 American prisoners. 
 
 In 1806 and '7 Napoleon passed the Berlin and Milan de- 
 crees, the effect of which was to prevent the United States 
 from trading with Great Britain. The British government, 
 in return, passed orders to prevent the United States from 
 trading with France and her allies. Thus American vessels 
 were searched, and confiscated by the navies of both coun- 
 tries. In 1807, the United States frigate Chesapeake, Com- 
 modore Barron, refusing to permit a search, was fired into 
 by the British ship Leopard, Admiral Berkeley, and four men 
 were surrendered, for which Commodore Barron was tried, 
 and suspended for five years. An embargo was issued in all 
 the American ports against British ships, but taken off in 
 1809, and a non-intercour.se act with France and England 
 passed in its Ptead. In 1808 the African slave-trade was 
 abolished. In 18 1 1, the Indian nations under Tecumseh and 
 his brother, "the Prophet," made war upon the United 
 States. They were defeated with great slaughter, by Gen. 
 Harrison, at Tippecanoe. In 1811, an action took place be- 
 the United States ship President, and the Little Belt, a British 
 vessel; the latter was much damaged. Napoleon revoked 
 the decrees and the United States repealed the non-inter- 
 course act. ' ' 
 
 On the 4th of June, 1812, war was declared with Great 
 Britain by the American Congress, by a vote in the House of 
 Representatives of 79 to 49 ; and in the Senate by a vote of 
 19 to 13. This war continued with various success, but 
 most advantageously for America, until peace was concluded 
 at Ghent, December 24lh, 1814. 
 
 In 1815, the Algerines having demanded tribute for the 
 privilege of trading in the Mediterranean, and seized several 
 American vessels, Commodore Decatur was despatched with 
 
 D 
 
Vi 
 
 54 
 
 88 
 
 VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 i K. 
 
 lu 
 
 an expedition against them. He captured an Algerine frigate 
 of 44 guns, a brig of war, procured the freedom of the Ameri- 
 cans, and silenced their demands. In 1816, a national bank 
 was established, with a capital of -$35,000,000. In 1818, 
 the Seminole and Creek Indians made war on the United 
 States, but were defeated by General Jackson. In 1832, a 
 bill for the recharter of the Bank of the United States passed 
 Congress, and was vetoed by President Jackson ; there not 
 being a two-thirds majority, it was lost. In 1833, a tariff 
 law, agreed upon by all parties, with protecting duties on 
 imports, was passed. In 1832, the Indians again, broke out, 
 under Black Hawk, but were soon defeated. In 1835, in 
 consequence of the refusal of the Seminole Indians to leave 
 Florida and emigrate to the west, a war was commenced 
 against them ; they were defeated, and at the present time, 
 1846, nearly all have emigrated. 
 
 In May 1837, the United States Bank and others suspended 
 specie payments, thus deranging monetary affairs. In 1837, 
 some Canadians and Americans crossed the lines to assist in 
 overturning the British government, they were captured, and 
 some were executed and others transported. A body of per- 
 sons having collected on Navy Island, who were about to as- 
 sist in the insurrectionary movement, a party of British 
 crossed over in the night, and set fire to their steamboat, by 
 which one or two citizens' lives were lost. A man by the 
 name of M'Leod was arrested in New York, as having as- 
 sisted in the burning, and was tried in the New York court. 
 But Great Britain having taken the responsibility upon itself, 
 demanded his restoration, which was refused. After much 
 diplomatic correspondence, the affair was amicably settled 
 by the acquittal of M'Leod. In 1842, a treaty was signed, 
 settling the N. E. Boundary, and providing for the reciprocal 
 giving up of fugitives, &c. A new and high tariff, this year 
 went into operation. In 1844, the Hon. Caleb Cushing nego- 
 
VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 39 
 
 tiated a treaty of commerce with China, by which import- 
 ant advantages were gained. In 1845, Congress passed re- 
 solutions annexing Texas to the United States, which were 
 ratified by the Texan Congress, and it now forms the 28th 
 state ; the various officers for its government have been ap- 
 pointed. In May 1846, war was declared against Mexico, 
 and large bodies of troops were sent to that country. Gen. 
 Z. P. Taylor, who commanded, distinguished himself in sev- 
 eral severe battles, and was made Major-general. '■% 
 
 CIVIL AND SOCIAL STATE. " * ' 
 
 The United States if they continue to increase in the pre- 
 sent ratio will in the course of a century have a population 
 of 160,000,000, and still being only half as populous as Bri- 
 tain or France will leave ample scope for further increase. 
 If they continue united they will then become the greatest 
 nation in the world, and the most powerful of the states of 
 Europe would rank as secondary to them. 
 
 The population exclusive of the aboriginal race, consists 
 of three classes ; whites, free coloured persons, and slaves ; 
 the comparative number of each in 1840, when the popula- 
 tion was 17,068,666, was; whites 14,189,108, free coloured 
 386,245, slaves 2,487,213. Of the white population, although 
 part of the body is collected from various nations of Europe, 
 have all a strong national feeling; emigrants soon lose their 
 national peculiarities and character, by intermarriages and a 
 common education, and embrace the cause of their adopted 
 country with almost as much warmth and zeal, as the natives 
 of the soil. 
 
 The black population, including not only the negroes but 
 the mulatto breeds, form rather more than one sixth of the 
 whole population of the country. In some states the free 
 blacks are admitted to political privileges, but the number 
 
■m^' 
 
 ¥■ 
 
 40 
 
 VIEW OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of such is but few ; in some, their testimony is not admitted 
 against a white man, and they are subject to several other 
 civil disabilities. Slavery has been abolished in the Eastern 
 states and has never been permitted in the Noithwestem 
 states. By a law of the U. S. government passed in 1808, 
 the importation of slaves into the country was prohibited, and 
 it is believed that the number since clandestinely introduced 
 has been very small. Of the 28 states now forming the re- 
 public slavery exists hi only about 13, principally in the 
 southern and some few of the middle and western states. To 
 the foreigner who comes imbued with some of the ideas of 
 the bad treatment which this part of the population are said 
 to suffer, he will be agreeably surprised to find a far different 
 state of the case ; the blacks generally ^vorking cheerfully, 
 are well taken care of, and enjoying many privileges ; in fact 
 the majority of them if asked the question, would prefer 
 their present condition. 
 
 The Americans have lost none of the eminently humane 
 traits of their English ancestors, to which the numerous be- 
 nevolent, charitable, educational, moral, and religious socie- 
 ties in the United States, bear ample testimony. 
 
 The United States which, comparatively, were but a few 
 years since thinly populated and partially cultivated, are now 
 well settled and in a high state of cultivation, with numerous 
 splendid cities and towns, connected with each other by the 
 most extensive internal means of communication in the world. 
 The Americans have built up a social system pre-eminently 
 calculated to promote the happiness and moral improvement 
 of mankind ; the cheapness and efficiency of their govern- 
 ment, the universality of education, the omnipresence of the 
 periodical press, the high feeling of self respect which exists 
 in the very humblest classes, and the boundless enterprise 
 which pervades the whole society, will always combine to 
 keep their country in the first rank. 
 
 '. 
 
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H 
 
 H 
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 Ui 
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NEW YOKK. 
 
 H 
 
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 Cm 
 
 14 
 M 
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 5? 
 
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 Tins, the principal city of the State of New York, is in 
 population, wealth, and commerce, the largest city in the 
 United States. It has fine harbours, a central position, great 
 natural facilities for inland communication, and other ad- 
 vantages which will always enable it to maintain its prece- 
 dence. It is 86 m. N. E. from Philadelphia, 210 m. S. 
 W. Boston, 225 m. N. E. Washington, 670 m. N. E. Charles- 
 ton, 146 m. S. of Albany, 372 m. S. of Montreal, 1370 m. N. 
 of New Orleans, and is in 40° 42' 40" N. lat., and 74° 1' 8" 
 W. long, from Greenwich, and 3° 0' 16" E. long, from Wash- 
 ington. V ' . •'- ^;\ %» . .' . 1/. 
 
 The city is situated on the southern extremity of Man- 
 hattan Island, at the confluence of the Hudson or North, and 
 East rivers. The city and county of New York have the 
 same limits, comprising the whole of Manhattan island, 
 which is 13i m. in length, and 2 m. in its greatest breadth, 
 containing about 14,000 acres. It is connected with the 
 main land on the N. side by 3 bridges, Harlem, Macomb's, 
 and King's, crossing the Harlem river; with Long Island by 
 4 ferries to Brooklyn, and 3 to Williamsburg; with New 
 Jersey by 2 ferries to Jersey City, and 3 to Hoboken ; there 
 are also 2 ferries to Staten Island, and 1 to Hellgate. 
 
 New York has two harbours, the inner of which, 25 m. in 
 circumference, is spacious and safe, extending 8 m. from the 
 narrows to the city, and farther up the North and East 
 rivers, bringing the largest vessels to its wharves. The 
 outer harbour extends from the narrows to Sandy Hook, 
 18 m. from the city. Each harbour is strongly defended by 
 several forts, which together with this excellence, and other 
 41 D 2 
 
 
42 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 great natural advantages have combined to render it not 
 only the metropolis of the United States, but the second 
 commercial city on the globe. 
 
 That part of the city which is built, extends over 3 m. 
 on each river, and the compact part has a circumference 
 of over 9 m. Most of the streets are very crooked, and 
 some, which were very narrow, have been widened at 
 great expense. The modern built or N. portion laid out by 
 Gov. Morris, De Witt Clinton, and others, exhibits a very 
 regular and beautiful appearance. ',; ' ; 
 
 Broadway, the principal street, is 80 ft. wide, and runs 
 perfectly straight through the centre of the city for 2i m., 
 commencing at the Battery at the S. end. It is well built, 
 with many fine dwellings, and the largest retail stores. It 
 is the great promenade of the city for the gay and fashion- 
 able. The Bowery is about two-thirds the length of Broad- 
 wa)?, running parallel with it, and is much wider. Pearl st.j 
 between Broadway and the East river, is in a crescent form, 
 over a mile long, and is the principal seat of the wholesale 
 dry-goods, and hardware business, which has also extended 
 into Cedar, Pine, and other near streets. Front, Water, and 
 Soiith sts., between Pearl and the East river, are occupied 
 chiefly by wholesale grocers, commission and shipping mer- 
 chants, &c. Wall s^ which commences at Broadway opposite 
 to Trinity church, extends to the East river, and is occupied 
 chiefly by banks, insurance, newspaper, and brokers' offices. 
 Chatham st. is the great thoroughfare .connecting the Bowery 
 with Broadway and Nassau st. £05^ Broadway, Henry, Madi- 
 son and Monroe sts., are in the N. £. part of the city, and 
 are beautifully built. Canal st., a wide street., half a mile 
 N. of the City Hall, crosses Broadway at right angles, and 
 is the centre of a great retail business. Greenwich and 
 Hudson sts. are both beautiful and wide streets, running 
 parallel with the Hudson river, the whole extent of the city. 
 
 
 '^ 
 
PUBLIC SQUARES. 
 
 43 
 
 n 
 
 )U 
 
 Tho principal shipping business is transacted on the East 
 river front, although there are many wharves on the North 
 river. Vessels arrive from and depart to most of the com- 
 mercial nations of the globe. The line of steamships to 
 Liverpool, consists of the Great Western, and the mammoth 
 Great Britain. There are also packet lines of ships of the 
 largest class, with elegant accommodations, which sail for 
 Liverpool every five days, for London every ten days, for 
 Havre every eight days ; and other lines for the various ports 
 in the United States. 
 
 The city has several handsome squares, among which 
 are ; the BcUtery, a superb promenade ground in the form of 
 a crescent at the S. end containing eleven acres. It is 
 handsomely laid out, at an expense of $150,000, and affords 
 a fine view of the bay and harbour, with the islands and for- 
 tifications, and the surrounding shores. In the hottest part 
 of summer, the air here is delightfully cooled by the ocean 
 breezes. Castle Garden connected with it by a bridge, is 
 capable of holding ten thousand persons. 
 
 The Bowling Green, is a small enclosure at the S. end 
 of Broadway, so called from having been used as a bowling 
 alley by the British, during the Revolution. It is now orna- 
 mented by a handsome fountain. 
 
 The Park is a triangular area of about ten acres, on Broad- 
 way, in the centre of the S. portion of the city. It contains 
 the City Hall, and other public buildings, and is handsomely 
 laid out. The fountain, supplied by the Croton, is the largest 
 in the city, and is so arranged that various sets of jets can 
 be played at different times ; the water when thrown up in 
 a single body, ascends to the height of about 70 ft., falling 
 into the basin 100 ft. in diameter. 
 
 St. John's Park, or Hudson Square, in the W, part of the city, 
 belongs to Trinity church, and is the most beautiful in the city. 
 It has a fountain, and numerous beds of handsome flowers. 
 
 M 
 
 ''^■vV- 
 
44 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 Washington Square, in the upper part of the city, between 
 4th St. and Waverley place, is also a beautiful spot, sur- 
 rounded by handsome dwellings; on one side are the Uni- 
 versity, and a splendid church. 
 
 Union Place is an oval square, on Broadway above 14th 
 St., and contains a handsome fountain. The other public 
 squares are Tompkins, Madison, Hamilton, Bellevue, and 
 Stuyvesant squares. . > - 
 
 THE CITY HALL, 
 
 Formerly considered one of the finest buildings in the 
 United States, stands in the middle of the Park, and consists 
 of a main building with wings, ornamented with columns 
 and pilasters of the Ionic, Corinthian, and composite orders. 
 The front and ends are of white marble, and the rear of 
 brown freestone. It is 216 ft. long by 105 ft. wide, com- 
 pleted in 1812, at a cost of $538,734. Over the centre is a 
 fine cupola, containing the town clock, and in the rear is a 
 smaller one containing the alarm bell, weighing 6,910 lbs., 
 with a tongue 6 ft. long ; it is probably the largest bell in 
 the United States. There are four entrances to the building. 
 It contains the Governor's room, in which there are some 
 very fine portraits ; the Council's hall, embellished by fine 
 portraits, and containing the chair used by Washington, 
 when President of the first Congress j and the Civil court, 
 Mayor's, Aldermen's rooms, and other public offices. Ac- 
 cess to the roof or any of the rooms is readily obtained, by 
 applying at the keeper's door ; it is well worth a visit. 
 
 The Hdl of Records is to the E. of the City Hall. 
 
 \ 
 
 THE HALL OF JUSTICE, 
 
 Vulgarly called " the Tombs," occupies the lot of ground 
 between Centre and Elm, and Leonard and Franklin sts. It 
 
 
\ ". 
 
 
 % 
 
I 
 
 \l 
 
EXCHANGE AND CUSTOM HOUSE. 
 
 4S 
 
 is built of light granite, in the massive Egyptian style, and 
 finished in 1838. It is 253 ft. long by 200 ft. wide, occu- 
 pying the four sides of a hollow square, with a centre buikU 
 ing in the area. The criminal courts hold their sessions here. 
 Visiters are admitted to the male or female prisons, between 
 10 A. M. and 2 P. M. 
 
 THE merchants' EXCHANGE, 
 
 Erected on the site of the former one, which was destroyed 
 in the great fire of 1835, is the largest and most costly edifice 
 in the city. It occupies the space of ground between Wall, 
 William, Exchange, and Hanover streets. It is fire-proof, 
 built in the most substantial form of dark blue Quincy granite, 
 and is 200 ft. long, 171 to 144 ft. wide, 77 ft. high to the top 
 of the cornice, and 121 ft. to the top of the dome. The 
 front on Wall street has a recessed portico of 18 massive 
 and beautifully wrought Ionic columns, 38 ft. high, and 4 ft. 
 4 in. in diameter, each formed from a solid block of granite, 
 weighing 45 tons, said to be next to the largest in the world, 
 and costing $3,000 each. The exchange room or rotunda, a 
 magnificent apartment, in the centre of the building, is 100 ft. 
 in diameter, surmounted with a dome of solid masonry 80 ft. 
 in diameter, supported in part by 8 Corinthian columns of 
 Italian marble, 41 ft. high, and lighted by a skylight 25 ft. 
 in diameter. The whole cost of the building and ground 
 was $1,800,000. The Chamber of Commerce and Board of 
 Brokers meet here, and there is also an extensive reading 
 room. 
 
 \\- 
 
 THE CUSTOM HOUSE, 
 
 At the corner of Wall and Nassau streets, is a splendid build- 
 ing, modelled after and nearly of the same size as the Par- 
 thenon at Athens. It is built entirely of marble, perfectly 
 
40 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 fire-proof, and occupies the site of the old Federal Hall, in 
 which General Washin;:fton was inaugurated in 1789. It is 
 200 ft. long, 90 wide, and 80 ft. in height ; has two fronts, tho 
 S. on Wall street, the N. on Pine street, each having a 
 portico of 8 Doric colnmns, 32 ft. high 3 on each side are 
 13 pilasters in keeping with the porticoes. The business hall 
 is a splendid circular room in the centre of the building, 80 
 ft. in diameter, with a dome, supported by 16 beautiful Co- 
 rinthian columns, 30 ft. in height. The ceilings of the apart- 
 ments are arched, and richly ornamented with stucco ; tho 
 roof is entirely of marble. The building is two stories high 
 above the basement, and was finished in 1841, at a cost of 
 $950,000, and including the ground, $1,175,000. The num- 
 ber of officers employed is 354, of whom nearly two hundred 
 are inspectors. The business hours are from 10 A. M. to 
 3 P.M. 
 
 THE POST-OFFICE, 
 
 Is now located fh what was formerly the Middle Dutch 
 Church, situated in Nassau st., between Cedar and Liberty 
 ets. The building, which is over 150 years old, has under- 
 gone many changes since its erection, having been used by 
 the British during the revolutionary war, as a riding school, 
 a prison, and a hospital, and now for its present purpose. Its 
 internal arrangements are very convenient ; the postmaster 
 is able to see from his room all that transpires in the building. 
 The ofRce hours are from 8 A. M. to 7 P. M. ; and, on Sun- 
 days, from 9 to 10 A. M. and from 12i to 1^ P. M. 
 
 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 » 
 
 , The City University, fronting Washington Square, be- 
 tween Washington Place and Waverley Place, is a noble 
 edifice in the English collegiate style, finished in 1836. It 
 
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 H 
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i 
 
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 ■* 
 
 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 '41^ 
 
 is built of white marble, with a centre building with wings, 
 flanked by towers, one rising on each of the four corners of 
 the edifice. It is 180 ft. long and 100 ft. wide, and has a 
 commanding appearance, especially when seen from the 
 square opposite- The institution was founded in 1831, and 
 has a president and 1 1 professors ', there is attached to it, 
 a medical department and a grammar school, the whole 
 containing over 700 students, a valuable library, and philo- 
 sophical apparatus. The chapel open for worship on Sun- 
 days is a most beautiful one of the kind. 
 
 The Columbia College is the oldest and best endowed in 
 the city. It is situated on a beautiful square between Cha- 
 pel, Church, and Murray sts. ; is 200 ft. long and 50 ft. wide, 
 with wings at each end. It has a president and 10 profes- 
 sors, 1107 alumni, 100 students, and 15,000 volumes in its li- 
 braries, with a museum, philosophical and chemical apparatus. 
 
 The General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal 
 Church, corner of 9th avenue and 20th street, consists of two 
 handsome stone buildings. It was founded in 1819, has 5 
 professors, 75 students, and a library of nearly ip,000 vols. 
 The Board of Trustees consist of all the bishops, and one 
 trustee from each diocese in the United States. 
 
 The New York Theological Seminary, near the Univer- 
 sity, was organized in 1836, has 6 professors, 104 students, 
 and a library of over 16,000 vols. 
 
 The Public School Society, incorporated in 1805, has 18 
 schools with their departments, and 50 primary schools, con- 
 taining over 20,000 scholars. There are also numerous pub- 
 lic district schools. The Rutgers Female Institute in Maiden 
 St., has nearly 500 scholars. The Mechanics^ School, in Crosby 
 St., has 550 scholars. The Prot. Episcopal School, is also a 
 flourishing institution. . w^: ' ,- * » r^ ^^^- 
 
 The New York Society Library, the oldest literary as- 
 sociation, was founded in 1754. It has a beautiful building 
 
TTr^ 
 
 48 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 I -' 
 
 of brown freestone, in the Ionic style, erected at an expense 
 of $120,000. It fronts on Broadway at the corner of Leonard ' 
 St., and contains over 40,000 vols., to which large additions 
 are annually made. Strangers are admitted whtn introduced 
 by a member, and books are loaned on leaving a deposit. In 
 addition to the library and reading rooms, there are rooms 
 for study and reference, for conversation, and for lectures. 
 
 The Mercantile Library Association, in Clinton Hall, in 
 Beekman, corner of Nassau st., possesses a library of 23,000 
 vols., a reading room, lecture room, and a cabinet of minerals. 
 
 The New York Historical Society, formed in 1804, is 
 located in the University, and possesses a library of 12,000 
 vols., and a collection of coins and minerals. 
 
 Clinton Hall Association, was founded in 1830, for the 
 promotion of literature, science, and the arts, and possesses 
 a large hall in Beekman, corner of Nassau st. 
 
 The Lyceum of Natural History have a room in the Uni- 
 versity Medical School ; it is composed of scientific men, and 
 possesses a large library, cabinet of minerals, shells, plants, 
 and other specimens in natural history. 
 
 The Apprentices' Library, in Crosby St., contains 12.000 
 vols., read by 1800 apprentices. 
 
 The American Institute, for the encouragement of Ame- 
 rican industry, has a library of 5000 vols., situated in the 
 building in the rear of the City Hall. It holds annual exhibi- 
 tions of specimensof American ingenuity and industry, which 
 are very interesting. . 
 
 The other miscellaneous institutions are the Law Institute 
 in the City Hall, with a library of 3500 vols. ; the Apollo 
 Association of fine arts j the Sacred Music Society ; the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce ; the Board of Trade. &c., &c. 
 
 The rooms of the Am£rican Art Union, 322 Broadway, 
 near Pearl st. ; the rooms of the National Academy of Design^ 
 Broadway, corner of Leonard St., which has also annual ex- 
 
'^ 
 
 M. 
 
 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 hibitions during April, May, and June j the New York Gal- 
 lery of Fine Arts, in the Rotunda in the Park, &c., are well 
 worth visiting. 
 
 The Arsenal, in Centre St., next to the city prison, occu- 
 pies the whole square, and generally contains about 50,000 
 stand of arras beautifully arranged, cannon, ammunition, and 
 interesting trophies taken from the English. 
 
 BENEVOLENT AND MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS. ' 
 
 The New York Hospital, in Broadway, between Duane 
 and Anthony sts., has three large buildings, capable of ac- 
 commodating 300 patients, and was founded in 1771. It 
 has a branch institution for the insane, near the Blooming- 
 dale road, about 7 m. from the city; this consists of a main 
 building 210 ft. long, and 60 ft. wide, and two smaller build- 
 ings. It is beautifully situated on elevated ground, hand- 
 somely laid out. 
 
 The Institution for the Deaf and Du.\ib, situated on 
 50th St., near 4th avenue, has a building 110 ft. long, and 
 60 ft. wide, and accommodates 160 patients; it has a prin- 
 cipal and 8 professors. 
 
 The Institution for the Blind, on 9th avenue, near 
 33d street, is an imposing structure of granite in the Gothic 
 style, and generally contains about 60 pupils. ' *'- 
 
 The Orphan Asylum, situated at Bloomingdale, near 
 80th St., about 5 m. from the city, is beautifully situated, over- 
 looking the Hudson. It is a handsome building of stone, in 
 imitation of yellow marble. 
 
 The University Medical School, in Broadway above 
 Bleecker St., has a splendid granite edifice, with a recessed 
 portico of 4 columns, and contains lecture rooms, a library, 
 and a valuable museum. 
 
 The College of Physicians and Surgeons, in Crosby st. 
 4 £ 
 
NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 i " 'i 
 
 ••■'VsK - 
 
 near Spring st. was founded in 1807, has 8 professors, a li- 
 brary of over 1000 vols., and an anatomical museum. 
 
 The State Hospital of New York, chartered in 1839, have 
 lately erected a iuitable buildii x on the lot of ground be- 
 tWf'^Ti 5th and 6th avenues, and 42d and 43d sts. 
 
 .. iiere are two Dispensaries in the chy. On Staten Island 
 are, the Marine Hospital under the direction of the Health 
 Commissioners, the Seamen's Retreat, also a state institution, — 
 and, the Sailors^ Snug Harbour, on the N. side of the island, 
 founded by the late Capt. Randall. The U. S. Naval Hospi- 
 tal is at Brooklyn, near the Navy Yard. At Bellevue on tho 
 East r. are several public buildings, as the the New Alms- 
 house and Hospital, — the House of Refuge for juvenile delin- 
 quents ; and, a Penitentiary for female convicts. An Asylum 
 for the Insane Poor has been recently erected on Blackwell's 
 island, where there is also a prison for male convicts. 
 
 Besides the above there are numerous other charitable and 
 benevolent institutions, as also numerous religious associa- 
 tions. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 .::?j-M 
 
 ■.--:.:^^- I EM. 
 
 There are 217 Churches In New York, many of which pos- 
 sess splendid edifices. The most magnificent is — 
 
 Trinity Church, Episcopal, one of the finest buildings in 
 the city, and most complete Ecclesiastical Gothic structure 
 in the U. States. It is situated on Broadway, at the head of 
 Wall St., built of a light brown freestone, beautifully orna- 
 mented. It was commenced in 1841, finished, and conse- 
 crated on Ascension day 1846, and is 192 ft. long, 84 ft. wide, 
 with a beautiful stone spire 264 ft. I h, containing a chime 
 of bells and a large clock, and forming one of the most pro- 
 minent objectt? as the traveller approaches the city. The 
 organ is the largest ever built in this country. Rev. Dr. 
 Wainwright, rector. h 
 
 vll 
 
■i# 
 
 TRINITY CHURCU 
 
^- 1 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 M 
 
 St. Paul's Chapel, Ep., on Broadway, between Fulton 
 and Vesey sts., is 151 by 73 ft., with a spire 203 ft. high. 
 It was erected in 1765, the steeple in 1794, and is a venera- 
 ble looking building of dark gray stone. There is a largo 
 figure of St. Paul in the front, and also monuments to Gen. 
 Montgomery who fell at Quebec, and to Emmett the Irish 
 orator. 
 
 St. Mark's Church, Ep.j on Stuyvcsant St., E. of the 
 Bowery, of dark gray stone, was built in 1799, and a steeple 
 added in 1826. Rev. Dr. Anthon. 
 
 St. George's Church, Ep., corner of Beekman and Cliff 
 sts. is of brown stone, erected in 1752. Rev. Dr. Tyng. 
 
 St. John's Chapel, Ep. on Varick st. opposite St. John's 
 square, was erected in 1810, at a cost of $200,000. It is a 
 beautiful edifice of brown sandstone, in the Corinthian style, 
 132 ft. by 80 ft., with an admirably proportioned steeple, 
 215 ft. high. 
 
 St. Thomas' Church, corner Broadway and Houston sts., 
 is a stately building, in the Gothic style, 62 ft. wide by 1 13 ft. 
 deep. It was finished in 1826, and has two octagon towers 
 80 ft. high, one at each front corner. 
 
 Grace Church, Ep., on Broadway above lOlh st., is of 
 white marble, in the form of a cross, and is one of the most 
 splendid buildings in the city. It is in the Gothic style, with 
 stained glass windows, and was erected in 1845. at a cost of 
 $145,000. 
 
 The Dutch Reformed Church, on Washington square, is 
 a beautiful Gothic edifice of dark-coloured granite, erected 
 in 1840. 
 
 The French Church, Ep., corner of Franklin and Church 
 sts. ; the First Baptist Church, corner of Broome and Eliza- 
 beth sts. ; St. Patrick's Cathedral, R. Catholic, corner of Prince 
 and Mott sts. ; First Presbyterian Church, 5th avenue, be- 
 tween 11th and 12th sts.; Dutch Reformed Church, on La- 
 
52 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 fayette Place; First Unitarian Church, Broadway between 
 Spring and Prince sts. ; Presbyterian Church, University 
 Place; and others, are splendid churches, for which New 
 York is celebrated, and deserve a particular notice, and the 
 visit of the stranger. 
 
 There are 25 Banks in New York, with an aggregate capi- 
 tal of about $30,000,000, many of them having splendid edi- 
 fices. Several Marine Insurance companies with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $3,500,000 ; 22 Fire Insurance companies with 
 a capital of $6,360,000 ; and 4 Savings Banks. . 
 I There are 15 Markets, well supplied by the surrounding 
 country. 
 
 The city is lighted with gas suppUed by the N. Y. Gas 
 Light company, situated at the corner of Canal and Cen- 
 tre sts., who have laid down 30 m. of iron pipes. 
 
 m 
 
 CROTON WATER WORKS. 
 
 The city is supplied with water brought from the Croton 
 river by the most extensive works of the kind ever erect- 
 ed, costing over $12,000,000. They were commenced in 
 1837, and finished in 1842. The Croton r. is dammed 
 6 m. from its mouth on the Hudson ; the dam is 250 ft. long, 
 70 ft. wide at the bottom, 7 ft. at the top, and 40 ft. high, 
 built of stone and cement. It creates a pond 5 m. long, 
 covering a surface of 400 acres, and elevates the water 
 40 ft. From the dam the aqueduct proceeds, sometimes 
 tunnelling through solid rocks and crossing valleys by em- 
 bankments, through the valley of the Hudson 33 m. until it 
 reaches Harlaem r. It is built of stone, brick, and cement, 
 arched over and under, 6 ft. 3 in. wide at bottom, 7 ft. 8 in. 
 at the top of the side walls which are 8 ft. 5 in. high, has 
 a descent of 13^ in. per mile, and will discharge 60,000,000 
 gallons in 24 hours. It crosses Harlaem river on a magnifi- 
 
PLACES OP AMUSEMENT. 
 
 58 
 
 cent bridge, 1450 ft. long, with 14 piers, 114 ft. above 
 tidewater at the top, and costing nearly $1,000,000. The 
 receiving reservoir is at 86th St., 38 m. from the Croton dam, 
 covers 35 acres, and contains 150,000,000 gallons. The 
 water is conveyed to the distributing reservoir on Murray's 
 Hill in 40th St., by iron pipes ; it covers 4 acres, is 43 ft. high 
 above the street, and holds 20,000,000 gallons. Thence the 
 water is distributed by about 150 m. of pipe, principally from 
 6 to 12 in. in diameter. The introduction of this water has 
 been of vast use, and lessened the rates of insurance 40 cts. 
 on the dollar. 
 
 The government of the city is in the hands of a mayor and 
 common councils. The city is divided into 17 wards, each 
 of which elects an alderman, an assistant alderman, two 
 assesors, one collector, and two constables. Pop. in 1800, 
 60,489 ; in 1840, 312,710; present pop. about 400,000. Value 
 of real and personal estate in 1846, $239,938,317. 
 
 PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. 
 
 Park Theatre, opposite the Park, best and most fashion- 
 able ; Bowery Thcaire, Bowery near Chatham st., mediocre ; 
 MitchelVs Olympic, Broadway below Grand st., very popu- 
 lar; Niblo^s Garden, Broadway corner of Prince St., very 
 popular and fashionable; Chatham Theatre, Chatham near 
 Roosevelt St., lowcomedy; Palmo's Opera /Zbusg, Chambers 
 St. opposite the Paik, now converted into a theatre; the 
 American Museum, Broadway near the Park, containing 
 over half a million curiosities, well worth visiting; Castle 
 Garden, open day and evening, and commanding a splendid 
 view of the harbour, its islands, and other scenery; Vaux- 
 hall Garden, 408 Bowery; Neio York Museum, Broadway 
 opposite the City Hall, contains an extensive and interesting 
 
 collection of curiosities, and portraits. 
 
 r *> 
 
<•» V^" 
 
 NEW V O l» K, C I T V. 
 
 HOTELS. 
 
 1 t 
 
 These though numerous, are at times insufficient for the 
 accommodation of the travelling public. The followhig are 
 the principal ones. 
 
 Astor House^ Broadway between Barclay and Vesey sta., 
 of granite, 6 stories high. * t; ''■' «9<t v' 
 
 -American //o/c?, Broadway corner of Blarclay St. ■ 
 
 Athenceum Hotel, 347 " " Leonard st. 
 
 Atlantic Hotel, 5 " near the Battery. 
 
 Bmery Hotel, No. 8 Battery Place. 
 
 Carlton House, Broadway corner of Leonard st. 
 
 City Hotel, " between Cedar and Thames sts. 
 
 Clinton Hotel, Beekman corner of Nassau st. 
 
 Croton Hotel, (temperance) 142, Broadway. 
 
 Dunning's Hotel, Cortland corner of Washington st. 
 
 Eagle Hotel, 61 B\'osid\\a.y. , .,, : i 
 
 Franklin House, " corner of Pey st. 
 
 Globe Hotel, 66 " 
 
 HowariVs Hotel, " corner of Maiden Lane. 
 
 Lovejoy^s Hotel, Park-Row, corner of Beekman st. 
 
 Mansion House, 39 Broadway. 
 
 Merchants Hotel, Cortlandt near Greenwich st. 
 
 Northern Hotel, " corner of West st. ' ' 
 
 Pacific Hotel, 162 Greenwich. Bt. . +: 
 
 Pearl Street House, 88 Pearl st. , . - 
 
 Rathhurn's Neio Hotel, Broadway. 
 
 United States Hotel, Fulton, between Pearl and Master sts. 
 
 Washington Hotel, Broadway, corner of Reade st. 
 
 JTaveWi/ i/oMse, 56 Broadway. , 
 
 Western Hotel, 9 Cortlandt st. near Broadway. ' 
 
 Tammany Hall, Nassau, comer of Frankfort st.. and seve- 
 ral other public houses, hire out rooms without meals, on the 
 European plan. - ; i/ . • .'- . ' > 
 
y 
 
 PLACES IN THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ' BROOKLYN. 
 
 This city is situated at the W. end of Long Island, oppo- 
 site the S. portion of tiie city of New York, from which it is 
 separated by the East r., about three fourths of a mile wide, 
 and is reached by steam ferry boats, which leave from the 
 foot of Fulton St., Catharine st., Walnut st., and Whitehall, 
 every few minutes. It is the second place in population in 
 the state, and the seventh in the United States ; it has and 
 still continues to increase in an unexampled manner; in 1810, 
 the populal/on was 4402; in 1820, 7175; in 1830, 15,396; in 
 1840, 36,233; and at present, is about 60,000. This extra- 
 ordinary increase is owing to its facilities for communication 
 with New York, inducing many persons to prefer Brooklyn 
 for residence to the upper part of New York. 
 
 The ground on which Brooklyn is built is higher than that 
 of its sister city, the air is purer, and it commands a beau- 
 tiful prospect of the ba)'^ and the surrounding shores. The 
 city is regularly laid out, with streets generally straight 
 crossing each other at right angles, mostly paved and lighted, 
 and ornamented with trees. The houses are well built, 
 many of them splendid buildings, especially those erected 
 within a few years. 
 
 The Public Building:, are neat and commodious, though 
 not of striking appearance. The foundation of a City Hall 
 to cost over half a million of dollars, was laid some years, 
 but its position was unfavourable, and the work has never 
 progressed beyond the basement. The city authorities oc- 
 cupy a building formerly the Apprentices' Library building. 
 The Lyceumj on Washington st., is a fine building of granite, 
 
 55 
 
 m 
 
11 
 
 M 
 
 VICINITY OF NEW V O R K. 
 
 I * 
 
 with a spacious lecture room. The City Library has a roacU 
 ing room, and a library of over 3000 vols. The Hamilton 
 Literary Association, a flourishing institution, has an annual 
 course of lectures. The Jail, in the E. part of the city, is a 
 castellated gothic building of freestone. The Orphan Asylum 
 is a very useful association, and has a spacious edifice sur- 
 rounded by extensive grounds, in the £. part of the city. 
 
 There are nearly 40 Churches in Brooklyn, some of them 
 splendid edifices. Three Banks, with an aggregate capital 
 of 81,000,000; and 3 lasurance Companies. 
 
 The most interesting objects are, the U. S. Navy Yard on 
 Wallabout Bay, contains two large ship-houses for the con- 
 struction of vessels, workhouses, officers' houses, &c. The 
 Naval Lyceum, connected with the Yard, is a literary institu- 
 tion, formed in 1833, by officers connected with the post, and 
 possesses a library and museum. The Naval Hospital, about 
 half a m. E. of the Navy Yard, is a fine building, on elevated 
 ground, and surrounded with 33 acres, well cultivated. 
 
 Greenwood Cemetery, containing 185 acres of beautifully 
 ornamented grounds, in the S. part of the city, is a delightful 
 spot. It contains many beautiful monuments, shaded walks, 
 and a neat chapel, the whole surrounded by an ornamental 
 railing. 
 
 The Atlantic Dock Company, with a capital of 1,000,000 
 dollars, have constructed extensive piers with large store- 
 houses, forming a basin of 42 acres, of a depth sufficient to 
 accommodate the largest vessels. The harbour of Brooklyn 
 is extensive, and capable of being made more so, by an in- 
 crease of its wharves, where vessels of the largest class load 
 and unload. Its commerce and manufactures are also con- 
 siderable. 
 
 Brooklyn was incorporated as a village in 1816, and as a 
 city in 1834. It is governed by a mayor and 18 aldermen — 
 two from each of the 9 wards, elected by the people. 
 
B R O O K L Y N — H A R L A E M, ETC. 
 
 57 
 
 Brooklyn was the scene of many stirring events during the 
 Revolutionary war. It was occupied by the American army 
 before the battle of Flatbush, which occurred Aug. 27, 1776, 
 and there are now to be seen the ruins of the American for- 
 tiiif.itions, of which Fort Greene is the most interesting- 
 After the fatal battle of Flatbush, in which more than 3000 
 Americans were taken or killed, while the British loss was 
 only about 400, the Americans crossed the river to New 
 York, and left Long Island in possession of the British. At 
 the Wallabout, near the Navy Yard, were moored the prison 
 nhips, where the American p'-isoners were confined ; and 
 11,500, after sufTering all thui human mture could bear, 
 from scanty and unwholesome provisions, impure water, a 
 pestilential atmosphere, and a v mt of nnedical attenrknco, 
 yielded up their lives to British cruelty. They 'He slightly 
 buried on the bank, and the sand having wa -);t a away and 
 exposed their bones, thev were collec'-^d in 1808, an de- 
 posited in 13 cofHns inscribed with tht na. nes of the onginal 
 13 states, and placed in a vault beneath a suitable building 
 erected for the purpose, in Jackson st. near the Navy Yard. 
 It is a square edifice, surmounted with the American eagle, 
 and surrounded by a neat fence. The ceremonies at which 
 15,000 persons were present, were very imposing. 
 
 The Forts on the islands in the harbour form an interest- 
 ing sight for visiters, who reach them by row-boats from 
 Castle Garden bridge. 
 
 The Harlaem railroad, incorporated in 1831, extends 27m. 
 from the City Hall to White Plains, passing through York- 
 ville and Harlaem, and a tunnel excavated in the solid rock 
 for one fourth of a xnile. 
 
 Numerous excursions are made by steamboats to the towns 
 on the Hudson ; to Weehawken, Hoboken, Harsimus, and 
 
58 
 
 VICINITY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 I 
 
 Ik 
 
 Jersey City, on the W. side of the Hudson, on the Jersey 
 shore opposite to New York. 
 
 Newark, Elizabethtown, Rahway, New Brunswick, 
 Passaic Falls, Elizabethfort, and Perth Amboy, are all 
 towns in New Jersey, mostly reached by railroads from Jer- 
 sey City. 
 ^ New Brighton, the Quarantine ground, and Tompkins- 
 ville, are very beautiful places on Staten Island, for which 
 steamboats leave the lower part of the city every hour. 
 
 Long Island has many pleasant places for resort. Flush- 
 ing 9 m., containing the Linnean Botanic Garden ', Jamaica 
 12 m., and Jamaica Bay, excellent sport for wild fowl; Rock- 
 away Beach 22 m., a celebrated watering place, with splendid 
 hotels, and delightful sea bathing; Flatbush 5 m., delight- 
 fully situated ; Coney Island, a bathing place of great resort ; 
 East New York and Union Race Course, where the races are 
 held ; Hempstead 24 m., a delightful place for residence ; 
 Fort Hamilton B.i the ''Narrows," mid Bath-House a.t Gravea- 
 end Bay, favourite bathing places ; Glen-Cove, Oyster Bay, 
 and Cold Springs, are on the N. side ; New-Rochelle and 
 Williamsburg, are all pleasant places for summer resort. 
 
 The above places on Long Island, are reached either by 
 cars and stages leaving Brooklyn, or by steamboats from New 
 York. 
 
 Various places on the island of New York, above the city, 
 as West Farms, Eastchester, Mamaroneck, Rye and Port- 
 chester on the Sound, are reached by stages from Williams' 
 Bridge, on the line of the Harlaem railroad. m..^ 
 
 Schooley's Mountain, 58 m. from New York, is reached 
 by steamboat to Elizabethport 12 m., to Somerville by r. r. 
 26 m., thence by stage 20 m. It is a delightful and fashion- 
 able summer resort, on account of its high situation com- 
 manding an extensive prospect, and its mineral springs, 
 fielmont Hall, at an elevation of 2,000 ft., is a capital house. 
 
WATERING PLACE S P ASSAIC PALLS 59 
 
 Long Branch, 30 m. S. of New York, on the E. shore of 
 New Jersey, facing the Atlantic ocean; and Cape May, 
 further down the coast, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, are 
 thronged every summer by the votaries of fashion, and 
 those fond of sea bathing. 
 
 The Ocean HousSj Shr^v/sburyj Red Banks) and Tinton FallSf 
 near Sandy Hookj are favourite place shearer Now York, and 
 reached by steamboats which leave from near Futton mar« 
 ket on the East river, daily. 
 
 The Passaic Falls, reached by R. R. from Jersey City, 
 are 17 m. from New York, near the manufacturing village 
 of Paterson, N. J. The Passaic here descends in the whole, 
 60 or 70 ft. It descends with great swiftness over a steep 
 slope and then falls 30 or 40 ft. into a narrow, romantic 
 cavern, from whence it is diverted at nearly right angles 
 from its previous course by a lofty wall of perpendicular 
 rock, and after a short distance empties into a broad, dark 
 pool which is walled in by huge perpendicular cliffs 80 or 
 90 ft. high. From thence it makes another short turn and 
 flows in nearly the same direction as above the falls, through 
 a fertile and beautiful valley, forming a striking contrast to 
 the picturesque and romantic scenes above. The amount of 
 water taken from the river for manufacturing purposes within 
 a few years, has much lessened the beauty of the fiUls. 
 
 >-v^«?.-;..i*-; 
 
 8^;'^/ 
 
 ^'itflh:-:-^- 
 
 »? 
 
 A .;€ 
 
 ^*'. 
 
 f 
 

 V. ,.ji^i.f 
 
 y - ■ « 
 
 ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. 
 
 TO ALBANY AND TROY. 
 
 I. By Steamboats on the Hudson r., which leave morning 
 and evening from foot of Barclay and foot of Cortlandt st., 
 and evening only, from Pier 14 N. R., between Liberty and 
 Cortlandt sts. ; from Pier 18 N. R., foot of Cortlandt st., and 
 from Pier 24 N. R., west, between Barclay and Robinson 
 streets. See p. 65. ai^ ;,•.,.■•-*• ' - ' • 
 
 II. By Steamboat and R. R. rotUe, via Housatonic R. R., 
 196 m. — 14 hours to Albany. 
 
 Passengers take the steamboat, which leaves the foot of 
 Market st. E. R., to Bridgeport, Ct., 60 m. 
 
 By R. R. to Massachusetts State Line, 74 m. 
 
 By do. to West Stockbridge, 24 m. 
 ■ By do. to Albany, 38 m. ■ ■ ' 
 
 ; By do. to Troy, 6 m. ^ ^- « 
 
 ■*«.«: ir-. . 
 
 WINTER ARRANGEMENTS. 
 
 III. During the close of navigatif n, passengers take the 
 steamboat from Pier 14 N. R., foot of Liberty st., through 
 Long Island Sound to New Haven, thence by R. R. to. Hart- 
 ford and Springfield, as on p. 193, and from Springfield over 
 the Western R. R. to Albany and Troy, as on p. 246. During 
 this season, this is the pleasantest and most expeditious 
 route. 
 
 IV. By Stage on the E. side of Hudson r. via King's, 
 Bridge, * ! m. Yonkers 17, Dobb's Ferry 22, Tarrytown 28, 
 Sing Sing 34, Cortlandtown 38, Peekskill 45, Philipsburg 54, 
 Fishkill 64, Wappinger's creek 71, Poughkeepsie 78, Hyde 
 Park 84, Staatsburg 88, Rhinebeck 94, Red Hook 100, Cler- 
 
 60 
 
 iiim. 
 
ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. 
 
 61 
 
 mont 108, Livingston 112, Hudson 120, Stockport 126, Sluy- 
 vesant Falls 130, Kinderhook 133, Schodack Centre 142, 
 Greenbush 149, Albany 150, Troy 156. 
 
 Most of the above places are described on pp. 65 to 78. 
 
 V. By Steamboat to Piermont 24 m. thence by Erie R. R. 
 to Ramapo 44 m. Monroe works 52 m. Turner's Depot 57 m j 
 thence by stage on the W. side of the Hudson^ via New- 
 burgh 74 m. Milton 86, Esopus 99, Rondout 107, Kingston 
 109, Saugerties 121, Maiden 124, Catskill 133, Athens 139, 
 Coxsackie 147, New BaUiraore 153, Coeymans 155, Albany 
 167. See pp. 65 to 78. 
 
 TO BOSTON. 
 
 There are four great routes to this city. " - 
 
 I. Steamboat and R. Road route via New Haven and Spring- 
 field, 238 m. through in 13 i hours. See p. 193. 
 
 Passengers take the steannboat starting every morning from 
 Peck slip, on the East r. to New Haven, 78 m., time 5 h. 
 Then by R. R. to Hartford 36 m., time 2 h. 
 To Spiingfield by do. 26 m., time U h. 
 To Worcester by do. 54 ra., time 2| h. 
 To Boston by do. 44 m., time 24 h. 
 
 II. R. Road and Steamboat line, via Long Island, 238 m., 
 time lOi h., the quickest and most picturesque route. See 
 p. 202. 
 
 By the South Ferry to Brooklyn, 1 m. 
 * By the Long Island R. R. to Greenport, 96 m. 
 
 By Steamboat to Allyn's Point, 32 m. 
 By R. R. to Norwich, 7 m. 
 By do. to Worcester, 59 m. 
 By do. to Boston, 44 m. 
 
 III. By Steamboat and R. R. via Stonington, and ProvU 
 dfence, 214 m., 134 h. See p. 203. - - '■ 
 
62 
 
 ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. 
 
 By Steamboat from the foot of Battery Place to 
 
 Stonington, 125 m. 9i h. - . 
 
 By R. R. to Providence, 47 m. 2 h. 
 By do. to Boston, 42 m. 2 h. 
 
 IV. By Steamboat and R. R. via Norwich, Ct., 238 m., 
 13i h. See p. 202. 
 
 By St amboat from Pier No. 1, North r. via New 
 . . London to Ally n's Point, 128 m., 9 h. 
 
 By Iv. P to Norwich, 7 m. ^ 
 By do. to Worcester, 59 m. > 4i h. 
 By do. to Boston, 44 m. ) 
 
 V. By Steamboat and R. R. via Providence. 
 Passengers take the steamboats, which are of the first 
 
 class, furnished with private state rooms and life-boats, from 
 Pier No. 1, North r. foot of Battery Place, at 5 P. M., Sundays 
 excepted, and arrive early the next morning. See p. 204. 
 
 TO NEWARK, ELIZABETHTOWN, RAHWAY, AND NEW 
 
 BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Steamboats leave the foot of Barclay st. several times 
 during the day for Jersey City, from whence the cars are 
 
 taken for the above places. 
 
 / - . , ■ " -. "■'■' 
 
 TO PATERSON. 17 M. 
 
 By Steamboat from foot of Cortland st. to Jersey City, 
 where the cars start for the above place. 
 
 TO MORRISTOWN, N. J. 
 
 To Newark as above, from whence the cars leave for Mor- 
 ristown at 10 A.M. and 4 P. M. 
 
 TO ELIZABETHTOWN AND SOMERVILLE. 38 M. 
 
 To Elizabethtown as above, or by the steamboats which 
 
ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. 
 
 63 
 
 leave the foot of Battery Place daily, for New Brighton, Port 
 Richmond, and Elizabethport. From whence the cars leave 
 for Somerville, 26 m. 
 
 TO HARLAEM AND WHITE PLAINS. 
 
 The cars leave the City Hall, at almost every hour of the 
 day, for White Plains, 26 m., through in 1 h. 45 m., Fare 
 50ct3. • . ' ^ ,"■•> 
 
 For Harlaem, 8 m. run every 6 minutes. Fare 12i cts. 
 From White Plains stages run to Danbury, Ct., 41m. via 
 Bedford 16 m. 
 
 TO MiDDLETowN, Orange Co. 77 m. 
 
 Passengers take the steamboat which leaves the foot of 
 Duane st. daily, Sundays excepted, at 8 A. M. and 3 P. M. 
 to Piermont 24 m. time 1 h. 45 m. From Piermont the 
 cars on the N. York and Erie R. R. run to Middletown via 
 Goshen, in 3 h. 45 m. Total distance, 77 m., Fare $1,75, 
 time 5i hours. 
 
 TO DUNKIRK. 438 M. 
 
 By Steamboat and R. R. to Middletown, as above, thence by 
 stage to Bloomingburg 88 m., Wurtsboro' 91, Monticello 103, 
 Ploasant Mount 146, New Milford 167, Binghamton 190, 
 Owego 211, Athens, Pa., 232, Chemung 237, Elmira 250, 
 Corning 266, Bath 286, Howard 298, Angelica 329, Ellicotts- 
 ville 327, Waterboro' 398, Jamestown 4GS, Holdenviile 427, 
 Fredonia 435, Dunkirk 438. 
 
 TO BARCELONA. 437 M. 
 
 To Jamestown 408 m. as above, thence through Harmony 
 416, Magnolia 423, MaysviHe 429, Westfield 435, Barcelona 
 437. 
 
> 
 
 S ' 
 
 •■ ^■ 
 
 64 ROUTESPROMNEWYORir. 
 
 TO ROCHESTER, via Owego, GeneseOy fkc. 
 
 To Bath 236 m. as above, Kennedysv llle 290, Conlsocto^^ 302, 
 Dansville 31^5, Sparta 319, Groveland 3£i, Genesee o :6, 
 Avon lj44, Rush 352, Henrietta 357, Rfciiester ;6 ! 
 
 TO ITHACA, Tia Paler SOU, n. j., Mdford, Pa., and 
 Hones uale. 210 m. 
 
 By Steamboat tn Jersey Oily 1 m., 'hence by U. R. to 
 Patereon 17, and by stage to Poinptori 23, New F ndlaiid 35, 
 Stockholm 39, Hrimburg 48, Deckerlown 53, Liberty viile 56, 
 MilArd. Pa. ILK Darlingsville 82, Tafton 92, Honesdale 105, 
 V'ayiniirt 114, Carbondale 120, Dundaff 128, Lenox 136, 
 BiO )klyn 145. Montrose 152, Foreal Lake 158, Friendsville 
 164, Warrenham 172, Owego, N. Y. 181, thence by R. R. to 
 Ithaca 210. ^^.a,-. az.w 't^ffi ^ .\-" ' ^--„ 
 
 TO GENEVA, Via Piermout, Owego, and Ithaca. 
 
 To Owego as above, 21 1 m., thence by R. R. to Candor 221, 
 Wilseyville 226, Ithaca 240, and by steamboat to Ludlowville 
 247, Frog Point 252, Sheldrake Point 262, Aurora. 270, Spring- 
 port 276, Cayuga Bridge 282, then by R. R. to Seneca Fallfi 
 287, Waterloo 291, Geneva 298. (Seep. 120.) If you pre- 
 fer the stage to the steamboat, the former can be taken at 
 Ithaca direct to Geneva, 290 m. by this route. 
 
 f ' 
 
MAP OF THE HUDSON RIVER, 
 
 As far a* Navigable With the distancea trom New York. 
 
 i\ 
 
 1 
 
HUDSON RI VE R. 
 
 
 TO ALBANY AND TROY. 150 M. 
 
 During the season of navigation on the Hudson, which 
 lasts from the beginning of spring to the commencement of 
 ■winter, passengers will find numerous splendid and commo- 
 dious steamboats plying between New York and the various 
 places on the river, which leave morning and evening. The 
 usual time to Albany and Troy, including stoppages, is about 
 10 or 12 hours. Although the accommodations in the night 
 boats are excellent, still we would advise travellers to start 
 in the morning line, as they will then have an opportunity 
 of enjoying some of the most beautiful river scenery in the 
 world, the Hudson being the Rhine of the United States. 
 
 As the boat leaves the wharf and gets into the middle of 
 the stream, the passenger will find ample scope for observa- 
 tion and admiration. The view southwardly embraces the 
 Harbour studded with Governor's, Bediow'e, and Ellis' Islands, 
 with glimpses of Lonp Tbland, Staten Island, iho Narrows and 
 N. York bay in the distance; on the W. the jerccy shore 
 and its towns and coitages; and on the E. the city with its 
 forest of shipping, iXa wharves, and the numerous spires 
 towering above the mass of buildings. 
 
 Hoboken, on the W. side, is a charming spot, where the 
 citizens in the heat of summer, spend many a pleasant af- 
 ternoon. 
 
 Weehavjken, on the W. 4 m. from N. Y. is a beautifully 
 wooded clilT, with bold, rocky bluffs, on the '•summit of which 
 are a hotel and handsome villa. On the margin of the river 
 is the ppot where Alex. Hamilton fell in his duel with Aaron 
 Burr, in 1804. Here commence the Pdisades, and extend 
 about 20 m. to Tappan. '^- 
 
 Bloomingdale, on the E. 5 m. from N. Y. contains a few 
 scattered hciases, and stan i'ng conspicuous amongst them 
 5 f 2 
 
 I 
 
 :^><V 
 
•i"F* 
 
 GO 
 
 NEW YORK TO ALBANY' 
 
 the Orphan Asylum, a beautiful building surrounded by culti- 
 tivated grounds. About 2 miles farther, is the Lunatic asylum. 
 
 BuWs F>rry, < a the W. 6 m. from N. Y. connected with 
 the city 'oy a lerry, and is a place of considerable resort. 
 
 Manhuttanville, on the £. 8 m. from N. Y. contains about 
 50o inhabitants. About U m. £. toward East r. is the vil- 
 lige of Harlaem. 
 
 Fort Washington, on the E. .'' .n. from N. Y., is 238 ft. above 
 the river. This place was captured by the British and Hes- 
 sians in 1776, after the capture of the city, and the garrison 
 of 2600 men, were either killed or confined in the prison ships 
 at Wallabout bay, near Brooklyn. To the E. of the fort is 
 White Plains, where the sanguinary battle was fought. 
 
 Fort LeCj on the W., nearly opposite, is 300 ft. above the 
 river; it was surrendered shortly after Fort Washington. A 
 ferry boat plies between the village and New York. >. ;t 
 
 The Palisades, whicli commence north of Weehawken, 
 he;e rise almost perpendicularly from the wat*^" They con- 
 sist of a range of columnar rock, fron#50 to 500 ft. in height, 
 and for nearly the whole of the 20 m. to Piermont, form a ma- 
 jestic wall of solid rock, diversified only by an occasional fish- 
 ing cottage at their base, or wood slides down their sides. 
 The channel of the river being near their base, they are seen 
 to great advantag.^ from the deck. 
 
 On the E. side, 13 m. fiom N. Y., is Spuyten DeviVs Creek, 
 at the end of New York Island, and connecting with Har- 
 laem r. on the E. On the N. bank is Fort Independence, in 
 Westchester county. 
 
 The shore on the E. slue is here varied by hill and dale, 
 with beautifully situated country residences scattered here 
 and there, overlookin the river. Back of the valleys, near 
 the shore, the country "^es m rocky hills and becomes more 
 precipitous the farther you ai vance through Westchester co. 
 and is in fact the commencement of the Fishkill mountains 
 
P 1 K R M O N T — T A R R Y T O W N. 
 
 which connect with the Taughannic and Greon mountains 
 in Vermont. 
 
 , Phillipsburg or Yonkers on the E. side 16 m. from N. Y. is 
 a small but neat village, connected with N. Y. by the daily- 
 line of steamboats that run to Sing-Sing, and Peekskill. 
 
 Hastings, 20 m. from N. V. and Dobb's Ferry 22 m. are 
 small scattered villages. Nearly opposite the latter, is the 
 slate line between New York and New Jersey, and from 
 which point both sides of the Hudson are in N. York state. 
 Opposite Dobb's Ferry, the Palisades terminate abruptly in 
 u hill 549 ft. high, which together with the Pier running for 
 a mile into Tappan sea, has given the name to 
 
 PiEUMONT, or Tappan' s Landintf, 24 m. from N. York. This 
 is a considerable town containing over 1,000 inhabitants, 
 and is the terminus of the N. York and Erie R. R. which runs 
 out to the end of the pier. The line as laid out extends from 
 Piermont to Dunkirk on Lake Erie, 446 m., but is finished 
 only as far as Middletown 53 m. Two or three miles VV. of 
 the town is the old town of Tappan the head quarters of 
 Washington for a time, and the place where Major Andre 
 was executed Oct. 2nd, 1780. His grave is still shown, al- 
 though his remains were conveyed to England some years 
 ago by order of the British government. 
 
 At Piermont the Hudson expands to a width of from 2 to 
 5 m. in width, forming Tappan Bay, extending about 10 m. 
 as far as Teller'' s pt. Here the scenery or^ either shore is ex- 
 tremely picturesque and beautiful. 
 
 Irving, on the E. side 26 m. from N Y. is a scattered set- 
 tlement, near which is the beautiful country seat of Wash- 
 ington Irving. ■ *r ,,.;■ ::-:,.. - ; >.,,;;;' •;.; i . i^ , ft „v c;^^ ' 
 
 Tarrytown, on the E. side, 27 m. from N. Y. is beautifully 
 situated, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. It is famous 
 as being the spot where Andre wa8 captured by three mili- 
 tia men, on his return from his inteiYiew with the traitor Ar- 
 
 f 
 
68 
 
 N E ^V YORK TO ALBANY. 
 
 I i 
 
 • / 
 
 nolil at West Point. Near Tarrylown is the Irving Institute, 
 a venerable Refornnecl Dutch Church erected in the 17th cen- 
 tury, and "Sleepy Hollow" the scene of Washington Irving's 
 tale of that name in the Sketch fiook. 
 
 Nyack, on the W. side, 28 m. from N. Y. is a thriving place 
 and pleasantly situated. 
 
 Sing Sing, on the E. side, 33 m. from N. Y. is well situated 
 partly in a ravine and partly on a hill rising gradually to the 
 height of 200 ft. It was incorporated in 1803, and contains 
 4 churches and about 2500 inhabitants. The most prominent 
 object is the Mt. Pleasant State Prison, constructed of rough 
 dressed marble, quarried and erected by the prisoners. It 
 consists of a main building 480 ft. long by 44 ft. wide, 5 sto- 
 ries high, containing 1000 cells, and fronting on the bay. In 
 front and rear are various workshops, with the keeper's 
 house, a chapel, kitchen, hospital, storehouses, and a sepa- 
 rate building for female convicts. The 130 acres belonging 
 to the prison, contain vast quarries of marble, which are 
 worked by the prisoners. There is also a silver and a copper 
 mine. The Croton aqueduct bridge across Sing-Sing creek is 
 built in the best manner. 
 
 On the opposite side of the bay is Slaughter's Landing, to 
 the west of which is Rockland Lake, from whence large 
 quantities of ice are annually sent to New York. At the base 
 of Verdreitjes Hook 668 ft. high is the spot where Andre 
 landed. •;.;3'<t: c - • ■ 3-.>^ ''i::- ^^'r" U' ,.i«)f v'i.v- V ^ ■ 
 
 Tellerh Paint, projects into the river more than a mile, 
 immediately above the confluence of the Croton r. with the 
 Hudson, and at the entrance of Haverstraw bay, another ex- 
 pansion of the Hudson of 2 or 3 m. in width and 6 m. long. 
 
 Haverstraw or Warren, is on the W. side, 36 m. from N. Y. 
 in the rear of which are some very high hills, and near which 
 is Smitii'd House, where Andre was concealed. 
 
 Grassy Point is a steamboat landing 2 m. above. 
 
 /A. 
 
CALDWELL'S L A \ I) I N G — V E E K S K I L L. 
 
 60 
 
 Stoney Point on the W. side, 39 m. from N. Y. is celebra* 
 ted in the history of the Revolution. There is now a light- 
 house where the old fortification stood. Verplanck^s Point 
 on the other side, is an e.\-colIent landing, and in connection 
 with Stoney Pt. was the first important positions north of the 
 city of N.York, which the Americans attempted to defend 
 against the passage of the British down the river, which is 
 here only half a mile in width. During the winter the river 
 is navigable to these points ; after passing which the river 
 becomes contracted, with high and picturesque mountains 
 on either side forming prominent objects in the beautiful 
 scenery. 
 
 Gtbralter or CaldweWs Landing, on the W. side, 42 m. 
 from N. York, and 101 m. from Albany, is the first place at 
 which the large class of steamboats stop. Dunderberg Mt. 
 rises almost abruptly from the river in the rear of the land- 
 ing. The landing is at the south entrance of the '' High- 
 lands," and is connected by a steam ferry with 
 
 Peekskill, on the opposite side, a thriving village, incor- 
 porated in 1837, and containing about 2,000 inhabitants, 7 
 churches, and 6 public houses. During the Revolutionary- 
 war, in 1777, it was the head quarters of Genl. Putnam, who 
 here hung two spies on an oak tree, still standing on Oak Hill. 
 
 Passengers can here take stages to Ridgefield, Conn, via 
 Somers and North Salem ; to Carmel village, via Red Mills 
 and Mahopack ; and in the hottest part of summer twice a 
 day to Mahopack lake, a beautiful sheet of water, about a 
 mile in diameter, and one of the resources of the Croton r. 
 The accommodations are good, and the fishing excellent. 
 
 At the mouth of the Peekskill creek is Fort Independence 
 near which is a public house delightfully situated, and 
 having good accommodations for a summer retreat. 
 
 The river now takes a sudden turn to the west for about 
 a mile, denominated ' the Horse Race,^ and winds round the 
 
r 
 
 »■ 
 
 
 70 
 
 NEW YORK TO ALBANY. 
 
 base of Anthony's Nose 1128 ft. in height, one of the peaks 
 of the Highlands, which are the grandest and next to the 
 Palisade.s, the most remarkable feature of the Hudson scene- 
 ry. They are about 16 m. in width and extend on both sides 
 the Hudson, for about 20 m. The river now enters classic 
 ground, as many of the points are celebrated in American 
 history. 
 
 The sites of Forts Clinton and Montgomery are on the W. 
 side of the r. from whence chevaux-de-frise.boom and chains, 
 were stretched across to the base of Anthony's Nose, in 
 1777. The forts were garrisoned by 600 men, and on the 
 6th of Oct. 1777, were attacked by the British 3,000 strong, 
 under Sir Henry Clinton, and captured during the night, 
 there not being a sufficient number to man the lines. 
 
 Sugar Loaf, is a lofty summit on the E. side, at the base 
 of which is the house where the traitor Arnold lived. About 
 half a mile beyond, on the W. side, are the Buttermilk 
 Falls, 49 m. from N. Y. About a mile farther, Kosciusko's 
 garden and monument are distinctly seen. 
 
 West Point, 52 m. from N. Y., is romantically situated 
 on the W. side. It was one of the most impregnable posts 
 during the revolutionary war, and derives its present im- 
 portance from the U. S. military academy located here. It 
 was this post that Arnold had agreed to place in the enemy's 
 hands, having at the time the command of it ; but his trea- 
 son was discovered by the capture of Andre at Tarrytown, 
 and he himself escaped from Robinson's House, on the E. 
 side where he had his head quarters. In 1794, a Military 
 School was commenced, at the recommendation of Gen). 
 Washington, in a building which was burnt two years after, 
 and the school suspended until 1802, when it was re-esta- 
 blished by Congress. There is now, a stone building in 
 Gothic style, 150 ft. long by 60 ft. wide, with three towers; 
 it contains the library room, which is ornamented by paint- 
 
 II 
 
 -_- j . ^^-> At'.t:..itd^ ,. 
 
WEST POINT. 
 
 %m 
 
 Is trea- 
 
 rtown, 
 
 Ithe E. 
 
 filitary 
 
 Genl. 
 
 after, 
 j-esta- 
 [ing in 
 pwers ; 
 
 paint- 
 
 m 
 
 ings and designs, and has nearly 15,000 vols. ; the philoso- 
 phical room with a fine apparatus ; and the astronomical 
 part, which has very complete instruments and an observa- 
 tory covered by a dome in the central tower weighing 4 
 tons. The chapel is 50 ft. in front by 70 ft. deep. The 
 academy is a fine stone building 275 ft. long by 75 ft. wide, 
 3 stories high, and contains a riding hall, recitation rooms, 
 various offices, an engineering room furnished with beautiful 
 models of fortification and civil engineering, as well as of 
 architecture, &c., two spacious galleries for painting and 
 sculpture, and a chemical laboratory. The Hospital is a 
 stone edifice near the bank of the river, commanding a fine 
 prospect and admirably fitted up. In the military laboratory 
 are workshops and various kinds of ordnance, some of revo- 
 lutionary memory, amongst which are the remains of the 
 immense chain which was stretched across the river in 1777. 
 There are also two large stone barracks occupied by 250 
 cadets, the number authorized by law; a mess-hall, two 
 cavalry stables, several workshops and store-rooms, 17 
 dwellings, occupied by the officers of the institution, a 
 magazine, a laboratory, soldiers' barracks, a store, and about 
 25 dwellings occupied by families connected with the mili- 
 tary sciiool, and about 900 inhabitants. 
 
 There is a fine Hotel for the accommodation of visiters, 
 and the traveller will be well repaid for spending a day here, 
 especially in the summer season. On landing, every one 
 who arrives is requested by a soldier to enter his name, and 
 on leaving the same is done ; thus the commander knows of 
 all arrivals and departures. The surrounding places of note 
 are extremely interesting. The cadets have erected a monu- 
 ment to Kosciusko, the Polish general, at an expense of 
 $5,000 ; Kosciusko's garden is a wild and romantic spot ; in 
 the back ground and elevated on a hiass of rocks 596 ft. in 
 height, is the site of Fort Putnam, from whence a beautiful 
 
t--- '■'^: 
 
 ?, 
 
 
 >i 
 
 72 
 
 NEW YORK TO ALBANY. 
 
 view of the country can be had j Fort Clinton is situated at 
 the extreme eastern point of this military position, 160 ft. 
 above tide water; there are also numerous other fortified 
 points built under the direction of Kosciusko, as engineer. 
 
 There are now connected with West Point academy 34 
 officers and professors, a company of artillery and a detach- 
 ment of dragoons, besides the cadets, who generally remain 
 for four years, in which time they are qualified to become 
 subaltern officers of the army. 
 
 West Point Iron foundry is on the E. side a mile north, op- 
 posite to which is Crowds Nest 1418 ft. in height, and Butler 
 Hill 1529 ft. in height. 
 
 Cold Spring, on the E. side, 54 m. from N. Y. is a thriving 
 manufacturing village. Immediately above are Bull Hill 
 1486 ft. in height. Breakneck Hill 1187 ft. and which has 
 the curious rocky projection called 'Anthony's face,' and 
 Beacon Hill or Grand Sachem 1685 ft. being the loftiest peak 
 of the Highlands. At the base of these clifTs are extensive 
 quarries, and near the shore is Polopel's Island, a large mass 
 of rock. Here the river expands to the width of a mile for 
 5 or 6 m . which is called Newburgh Bay, and for the whole 
 length presents a delightful prospect. 
 
 New Cornwall 57 m. and New Windsor 59 m. from N. Y. 
 are small villages on the W. side, the latter being the birth- 
 place of the distinguished De Witt Clinton. 
 
 Newburgh, on the W. side, 61m. from N. Y. is well situ- 
 ated, and is seen to great advantage from the water, as the 
 ground rises rapidly from the river to the height of 300 ft. 
 The town was incorporated in 1800 and now contains nearly 
 a thousand dwellirgs and a population of 8933 ; also a court- 
 house, a jail, 10 churches, an Associate Reformed Theologi- 
 cal seminary, 3 banks, numerous stores and manufactories, 
 2 public libraries, 14 taverns, and several good seminaries. 
 From its situation it commands an extensive intercourse with 
 
ated at 
 160 ft. 
 ortificd 
 aeer. 
 3my 34 
 ietach- 
 remain 
 become 
 
 )rth, op- 
 l Butler 
 
 thriving 
 ull Hill 
 dch has 
 ce,' and 
 est peak 
 xtensive 
 ge mass 
 mile for 
 le whole 
 
 tn N.Y. 
 le birth- 
 ell situ- 
 as the 
 jf 300 ft. 
 IS nearly 
 a court- 
 'heologi- 
 actories, 
 ntiinaries. 
 arse with 
 
 N E W B U R G — P OUGHKEEPSIE. f§ 
 
 the fertile country to the west, and is also connected with 
 New York by four steamboats and several sloops and freight 
 barges; a steam ferry connects it with Fishkili on the oppo- 
 site side, and large quantities of lumber, live stock, coal, 
 manufactures, &c. are transported to different ports. The 
 Hudson and Delaware R. R. to connect the two rivers and 
 join the N. Y. and Erie R. R. has been graded. The old 
 stone house in which Gen. Washington had his head-quarters 
 is still standing, and here the araiy was disbanded June 23rd 
 1783. The famous "Newburg Letters" attempting to excite 
 mutiny in the army were dated at this place. ' - 
 
 A line of stages runs to Binghamton 122 m. where it con- 
 nects with lines running north and south, and with a continu- 
 ous line west to Barcelona on Lake Erie 357 m. passing 
 through Owego, Elmira, Bath, Angelica, Ellicotville, and 
 Mayville. 
 
 Fishkili Landing, 64 m. New Hamburg 67 m. Barnegat 
 70 m. from N. Y. on the E. side ; and Hampton 68 m. Marl- 
 horougk 70 m. and Milton Landing 72 rn. from N. Y. on the 
 W. side, are small but thriving villages situated in a beauti- 
 ful and fertile country containing also some handsome coun- 
 try residences. »?; . 
 
 PouGHKEEPsiE, ou the E. side 74 m. from N.Y. and 71 m. 
 from Albany may be considered nearly equi-distant between 
 the two cities. The village is one of the handsomest and 
 most flourishing in the siate. The main part is but little 
 seen from the river being on a plain elevated 200 ft. It is 
 handsomely laid out and well paved, and supplied with wa- 
 ter from the vicinity brought into a reservoir and distributed 
 through the streets. It contains about 1300 houses, hand- 
 somely and compacTy built, 10,000 inhabitants, a courthouse, 
 a jail, 3 banks, a lyceum, 14 churches, several hotels, nu- 
 me»ous schools, and a number of mechanical and manufao- 
 turin establishments. Two companies are engaged in the 
 
 G 
 
 
■.ijiJ>. ii >'i i fii. il»i M i i i ) i »«»ii ' 
 
 74 
 
 NEW YORK TO ALBANY. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 ! m 
 
 whale trade, and one in the silk business ; there is also an 
 extensive pin manufactory, and two large breweries. It ia 
 connected with New York, and various places on the river 
 by several steamboats, sloops, and freight barges. In the 
 N. E. part of the town on College Hill is the Poughkeepsie 
 Collegiate School, a splendid ediiice 115 ft. long, built after 
 the model of the Parthenon, and forming a prominent object 
 in the scenery on approaching from the river. 
 • After leaving Poughkeepsie the river bends to the W. 
 called Crum Elbow, and then passes through a delightful 
 country studded with beautiful country seats and the villages 
 of Hyde Park Landing 80 m. and Staatsburg Landing 85 m. 
 from N. York, on the W. side ; and Nevj Paltz Landing and 
 Pellham 84 m. from N. Y. on the E. side. The most striking 
 country seats on the E. side are those of the late Dr. Hosack, 
 now Mr.'Langdon's, Gen. M.Lewis, and Wm, Emmet; on 
 the W. side, those of Dr. Gedney, Mr. Russell, and R. L. Pell. 
 
 Rondout, on the W. side, 90 m. from N. Y. is situF.ted at 
 the mouth of Rondout creek. It is quite a business place 
 and contains about 1,500 inhabitants. The Delaware and 
 Hudson canal 108 m. in length, extends in connection with a 
 railroad of 16 m. to the Pennsylvania coal mines, from Eddy- 
 ville, 2 m. above Rondout. Kingston Light house on the 
 river was built by the U. S. government. 
 
 Kingston Landing, on the W. side 91m. from N. Y. takes 
 its name from the village of Kingston, situated 3 m. W. of 
 the landing, to which stages are constantly running. Stages 
 leave Kingston 3 times a week for Delhi, and for Ellenville. 
 
 Rhinebeck Landing, on the E. side, 90 m. from N. Y. was 
 early settled by families from the Rhine. It is surrounded 
 with beautiful country seats, 
 
 Thfi Catskill Mountains, 12 or 15 miles W. of the river now 
 become conspicuous. In clear weather the Catskill Moun- 
 tain House, 3000 ft. above the Hudson, is distinctly visible. 
 
TARRY TOWN — CAT SKILL. 
 
 The noble and varied prospect and the clear cool air to be 
 enjoyed at this house renders it a delightful summer retreat. 
 ■ Tarrytown, or Lower Red Hooh^ 97 ra. and Tivoli or Up- 
 per Red Hook Landing, 100 m. from N. Y. on the W. side 
 are delightfully situated amidst numerous country resi- 
 dences. 
 
 Glasgow on the W. side is a small villagCj 2 m. N. of 
 which is 
 
 Saugcrties or Ulster, on the W. side, 101 m. from N. Y., a 
 large village containing about 2,000 inhabitants, and situated 
 on the Esopus near its entrance into the Hudson. It contains 
 a number of manufactories driven by the vast water-power 
 derived from a waterfall in the Esopus. Jhe village is con- 
 nected by stages with 
 
 Bristol or Maiden, 2 m. above Saugerties, and where steam- 
 boats land their passengers. 
 
 Germanioton, 105 m. and East Camp 107 m. on the E. side 
 and West Camp opposite, are small toAvns, settled by the 
 Dutch. 
 
 Catskill, on the W. side, 111m. from N. Y. situated on 
 both sides of Catskiil creek, is a pleasant village, containing 
 53.39 inhabitants, a courthouse, jail, 2 banking hoases, 5 
 churchep, numerous mechanical and manufacturing esta- 
 blishments, and several public houses. It is connected with 
 N. York and other places by steamboats and barges. The 
 Catskill and Canajoharie R. R. is finished as far as Livingston- 
 ville. A steam ferry connects the village with Oak Hillj 
 nearly opposite. 
 
 About 12 m. S. W. of Catskill is Pine Orchard, a fashion- 
 able summer resort. The Mountain House, a spacious hotel 
 140 ft. long and 24 ft. wide, 4 stories high, is on the eastern 
 verge of a table rock of about 6 acres in extent, and within 
 a few feet of the verge of a precipice of perpendicular rock 
 100 feet deep. It is elevated 2212 ft. above the level of the 
 
 ^l 
 
m 
 
 76 
 
 NEW YORK TO ALBANY. 
 
 I * 
 
 Hudson, which gives to the atmosphere a most delightful 
 coolness. On the S. is a gradually rising elevation, and on 
 the W. peaks 3800 ft. in height ; from the piazza of the house, 
 to the eastward, is presented one of the noblest and most 
 picturesque views in the country, embracing the Hudson for 
 60 ra. dotted with vessels, and numerous farms, and villages 
 between the Green Mountains of Vermont on the north, and 
 the Highlands in the south. Stages leave the landing daily, 
 and after an uninteresting ride of 9 m. arrive at the foot of 
 the mountain and commence the ra^ifged ascent over a good 
 but circuitous road of 3 m.; frequently after ascending the 
 mountain you behold the valley drenched with rain, while 
 the sky is clear above you. Two miles W of Pine orchard 
 are the Kaaterskill Falls formed by the outlets of two ponds 
 united and falling over a perpendicular rock 180 ft. and an- 
 other of 80 ft. in height, and emptying through a deep chasm 
 into the plain below. 
 
 Lines of stages leave Catskill daily for Delhi; two tri- 
 weekly for Ithaca, and Spraker^s Basin, the latter uniting with 
 the Erie Canal and western railroads ; one semi- weekly to 
 Prattsville, via Hunter and Lexington ; and one twice daily 
 via Athens to 
 
 Hudson, on the E. side, 116 m. from N. Y. and 29 m. from 
 Albany. The city is situated on a plain, 60 ft. above the 
 level of the river, is regularly laid out, and is a place of much 
 trade and importance, containing a population of 5672. From 
 the promenade on the river, the principal street, extends 
 S. E. more than a mile, with a gentle ascent to Prospect 
 Hill, near 200 ft., with a s»riOOthly rounded surface, and com- 
 manding an excellent view of the city, the river, the village 
 of Athens opposite, and the Catskill mountains in the dis- 
 tance. The courthouse; a splendid building of marble and 
 blue limestone, stands on a square in the S. part of the city, 
 is 116 ft. long, and consists of a main building surmounted 
 
H U D S O N C O E V M A N S. 
 
 ft 
 
 5 
 3f 
 
 with a ilome 40 ft, high, and two wings, entered through an 
 Ionic portico. The '.lity was chartered in 1785, and now 
 contains 8 churches, several academies, a Franklin Library 
 Association, a lunatic asylum, 2 banks, 2 public markets, 
 and 5 hotels. The city is supplied with pure water con- 
 ducted through pipes from a spring 2 m. distant. There are 
 7 or 8 whaleships owned here, 4 steamboats, and other vessels. 
 The Hudson and Berkshire R. R. extends 34 ra. to West Stock- 
 bridge, Mass.j connecting with the railroad to Albany on the 
 N. and Boston on the E., and during the close of navigation 
 with Bridgeport, Conn., on the S. 
 
 A steam ferry boat crosses the river to Athens, between 
 which and Lunenburg is the small rocky island upon which 
 the steamboat Swallow was wrecked on the night of April 
 7th, 1845, on her passage down the river. - - » - jK; ': 
 
 Four-mile-Point, on the W. side, 120 m. from N. Y. is a 
 prominent hill on which stands a light-house, and is at the 
 head of ship navigation on the Hudson. On the opposite 
 side Kinderhook creek enters the Hudson, on the north bank 
 of which is the celebrated Manual Labour School. 
 
 Coxaclde, on tiie W. side, 124 m. from N. Y., is a conve- 
 nient steamboat landing, containing 4 public houses, a ship- 
 yard and dry dock, 3 churches, of which the Dutch Reformed 
 and Baptist form prominent objects, and numerous brick 
 yards. ' ' • 
 
 Stuyvesant, on the E. side, 128 m. and Kinderhook Landing 
 129 m. are .small business places; about 3 m. to the E. of 
 the latter, is the birthplace and residence of Ex. President 
 Van Buren. 
 
 New Baltimore, and Coeymans, on the \V. side, are small 
 villages rising from the river and seen to advantage. Be- 
 tween them lies Barren Island, which was fortified by the 
 Patroon of Rensiselaerwyck, in 1644. ^ '^ = -■ '^ ^»-r ^ ' \ 
 
 Coeymans being the last stopping place on the route, we 
 
 g2 
 
78 
 
 NEW YORK TO ALBANV. 
 
 pasB by ihe villages of Schodack 133 m, Castleton 136 m. on 
 ihe E. side, and Van Wees Point 138 m. on the W., situated 
 in a delightful country, studded with handsome country 
 seats: and also pass numerous islands and the overslaugh 
 bar. As we approach Albany we notice Greenbush on the 
 opposite side, with the Engine house, Freight house, and 
 Hotel of the Boston R. R. standing prominently forth ; and 
 directly opposite the city itself rising upon the hill with 
 its numerous domes, and spires, conspicuous amongst 
 which are those of the Capitol, Exchange, City Hall, State 
 Hall, &c. . #v , 
 
 r-„ 
 
 ALBANY. 
 
 .1^ 
 
 Albany city, the capital of New York, is on the W. side 
 of the Hudson r. 145 m. N. of N. York, by the river. Pop. 
 in 1810, 9,356, 1840, 33,721. The city rises almost abruptly 
 from the river, in the space of a mile to 220 ft. Its streets 
 are many of them narrow, ahhough tho.se laid out within a 
 few years are more regular, and spacious ; the principal ones 
 are Market, Pearl and State sts. ; the tvio former run parallel 
 whh the river, and the latter is from 150 to 170 ft. wide, 
 extending from the Cn pitol to the Hudson, nearly E. and W. 
 
 The principal public buildings are : 
 
 The Capitol, at the head of State st. occupied by the Legis- 
 lature and State Courts, is 1 15 ft. long, 90 wide, and cost 
 $120,000. It fronts on a handsome square formed by the 
 Capitol and Academy parks, which are enclosed with iron 
 railings and beautifully laid out. The City Hall, a splendid 
 marble edi-fice, with a gilded dome ; and the State Hall, also 
 of white miirble, containing the public offices, are both on 
 the E. side of the square. On the N. side is the Albany 
 Academy, a fine edifice of freestone. The Merchant's Ex- 
 change, built of granite, at the foot of St&te st. contains the 
 
•Uk, 
 
 '"W"^ 
 
 ALBANY, N. V. 
 
 79 
 
 P. office, stores, &c. Jn Eagle st. S. of luc square is the 
 Countv 'l.'1 and Medical College, the latter posseesing a very 
 valuable museum. There are also the Poor House, in the 
 S. W. part of the cityj the Albany Orphan Asylum, the St. 
 John's Orphan Asylum, and other benevolent, and religious 
 institutions. Albany r.lso contains 11 public squares, 3 mar- 
 kets, 10 public school L/ialdings, and a State arjenal. There 
 are 8 banks with an aggregate capital of $2,751,000, and 
 four insurance ccrrjpanies, with a total capital of $700,000. 
 
 The city contains 30 churches, of which the Baptist church, 
 near the academy, is d very elegant building. 
 
 There are two ferries crossing the Hu ison ; numerous 
 steam and tow-boats ply between the city md N. York, be- 
 sides many sloops plying on the river. By the Erie Canal 
 and a continuous line of railroads, Albany is connected with 
 Buffalo, and the trade of the V/est ; by the Champlain Canal 
 with the North ; ana by a chain of railroads with the East. 
 A railroad also extend- to Saratoga. There are also 18 lines 
 of stages to different places. A spacious, basin is constructed 
 on the margin of the river, for the reception of c'anal boats 
 and the protection of sloops from the ice. The pier is 1| m. 
 long, by 80 ft., wide, and spacious stores have been erected 
 upon it. . ' .• 
 
tr 
 
 tr .. ►« ROUTES FROM ALBANY. » w.m ■ 
 
 TO BALLSTON SPA AND SARATOGA SPRINGS, 37 M. 
 
 I. By the Mohawk and Hadaon R. R. to Schenectady 16 m. 
 > " '' Saratoga and Schenectady R. R. to Ballstou 
 Spa, 14 m. 
 " " Saratoga and Schenectady R. R. to Saratoga 
 Springs, 7 m. See p. 83. ^ . . , _^ 
 
 JI. To Troy, 6 m. from thence on the Schenectady and 
 Troy R. R. to Schenectady 20 m. then as in No. 1. — 21 m. 
 
 III. To Troy 6 m. from thence on the Rensselaer and 
 Saratoga R. R. via JSIechanicsville to Ballston Spa, 30 ni. 
 then by R. R. to Saratoga, 7 m. 
 
 Of the above routes neither has the advantage of the other, 
 thf* liine and expense being nearly the same. Travellers 
 gOMig by the route through Schenectady, can vary the scenery 
 by returning on the Rensselaer R. R. being part of the way 
 in sight of the beautiful scenery of the Hudson ; and vice 
 versa. . ,^^ . . . 
 
 TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 
 
 • 
 
 I. By Railroad to Saratoga Springs, thence by stage to 
 Glen's Falls or v'a Sandy Hill to Whitehall. See p. 83. 
 
 Passengers by diverging to Glen's Falls, thence to Cald- 
 well, where the steamboat is taken to the foot of Lake 
 George, thence by stage to Ticonderoga, will enjoy by far 
 the most romantic and interesting route. During the winter 
 the stage route continues from Glenn's Falls via Plattsburg 
 and Rouse's point to La Prairie. 
 
 n. From Albany by canal packet boat to Whitehall ; or 
 from Troy by R. R. to Mechanicsville, thence by boat to 
 Whitehall. See p. 95. 
 80 
 
 ■ -.I 
 
ROUTES FROM ALBANY. 
 
 m 
 
 This route is the most expeditious and pleasant as regards 
 comfort, and passes through interesting and beautiful scenery. 
 
 HI. By Statje via Troy, the road being on the E. side of 
 the Hudson, to VVhitehi.'.!. 
 
 From Whitehall ^ v "^^u amboat to St. John's 157 m., from 
 thence by R. R. t( irie 15 m., thence by steamboat 
 
 to Montreal 9 m. 
 
 IV. By R. R. ail at, via Buffalo, Niagara Falls, 
 
 Lake OntariOj the St. i-.awit.ice, &c. See p. 105. ^rr 
 
 .» 
 
 ,^ TO BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS. See p. 105. 
 
 By R. R. from Albany or Troy to Schenectady ; thence by 
 the great line of railroad connecting the Hudson with Lake 
 Erie, via Utica, Syracuse, Canandaigua, Rochester, and Ba- 
 tavia to Buffalo 325 m. From Buffalo to Niagara Falls, by 
 R. R. 22 m. 
 
 TO BUFFALO, by Canal, 363 m. 
 
 The great New York and Erie Canal, from Albany to 
 Buffalo affords a cheap and comfortable means of con- 
 veyance. 
 
 TO BOSTON. 
 
 By R. R. via Greenbush, Pittsfield, Springfield and Wor- 
 cester. For a description of this route, reverse that on 
 p. 246 to 248. 
 
 • TO BENNINGTON, VT. ' 
 
 By Stage to Troy 6 m., Lansingburg 10, Raymertown 19, 
 Pittstown 23, Hoosick 30, Bennington 38. 
 
 TO WHITEHALL. 
 
 By Stage to Watervliet 5 m.. Troy 6, Lansingburg 10, 
 6 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
>5p J'. 
 
m 
 
 ROUTES FROM ALBANY. 
 
 Waterford 12, Mechanicaville 21, Stillwater 24, Bemus' 
 Heights 28, Schuylersville 37, Northumberland 41, Port 
 Miller 44, Fort Edward 52, Sandy Hill 66, Kingsbury 61, Fort 
 Ann 65, Comstock's landing 79, Whitehall 77. See p. 94. 
 
 ''" TO SYRACUSE, 125 M. 
 
 Via Sharon Springs, Cherry Valley , and Morrisville, 
 
 By Stage to Guilderland 9 m., Dunnsville 15, Dranesburg 
 19, Esperance 25, Sloansville 29, Carlisle 35, Sharon 39, 
 Sharon Springs 42, (See p. 107.) Leesville 45, Cherry Valley 
 61, Springfield 57, Warren 60, Richfield Springs 64, Winfield 
 68, Bridgewater 73, Madison 89, Morrisville 96, Nelson 103, 
 Oran 113, Fayetteville 117, De Witt 120, Syracuse 125. . 
 
 TO BiNGHAMTON, by Stage, via Schoharie, i33 m. . 
 
 TO LAKE GEORGE. 62 M. 
 
 By R. R. to Saratoga Springs ; thence by stage via Glenn's 
 Falls. 
 
 TO HANCOCK, MASS. 31 M. 
 
 By R.R. to Troy, 6 m. ; thence by stage 25 m. " ~i 
 
 TO BURLINGTON, VT. 151 M. 
 
 By R. R. to Troy; thence by stage via Lansingburg, Jack- 
 son, Castleton, and Middlebury. 
 
SCHENECTADY BALLSTON SPA. 
 
 83 
 
 ^ TO THE SPRINGS. 
 
 Travellers by the way of Albany take the Mohawk and 
 Hudson R. R. in a direct line to Schenectady, passing through 
 a barren district, though elevated and commanding an agree- 
 able view. By the way of Troy the railroad passes near the 
 Mohawk r. through a varied scenery, 20 m. to 
 
 Schenectady, an ancient town situated on the S. bank of 
 the Mohawk at the commencement of the valley of that 
 name. The city is laid out with regularity, and presents 
 many of the marks of its Dutch founders. It was settled 
 in 1620, and chartered as a city in 1798 ; in 1690, it was 
 attacked during the night by Indians, and many of the in- 
 habitants massacred. It now contains a courthouse, jail, a 
 market, a lyceum, 2 banks, an insurance company, 9 churches, 
 various manufactories, and 6784 inhabitants. The hotels 
 are well kept. Union College, is built on an eminence, in the 
 eastern part of the city, is surrounded by 250 acres hand- 
 somely laid out, and commands a fine view of the city and 
 the Mohawk valley. It was founded in 1795, !:nd has a 
 president and 10 professors, a library of 13,000 vols., and an 
 excellent philosophical and other apparatus. The b jildings 
 consist of two four story buildings 200 ft. long, 2 chapels, 
 4 halls, dormitories, &c. 
 
 The Saratoga R. R. crosses the Mohawk r. and Erie Canalj 
 by a substantial bridge between 8 and 900 ft. long, and ex- 
 tends in a northerly direction passing along the banks of the 
 Ballston Lake and enters the eastem part of 
 
 Ballston Spa, an old and celebrated watering place, 31 
 m. from Albany, containing about 1500 inhabitants, a court- 
 house, 4 churches, a bank, and 6 hotels of which the Sans 
 Souci is an old established house delightfully situated. Its 
 mineral waters, formerly very celebrated, have lost some of 
 
 # 
 
saam 
 
 84 
 
 ALBANY TO SARATOGA. 
 
 
 their properties and are greatly inferior to those of Saratoga. 
 The oldest and most esteemed fountain, is " the public 
 well," in the W. part of the village, issuing from a bed of 
 blue clay and gravel ; the other springs possess the same 
 medicinal properties. 
 
 Saratoga Springs, 7 m. farther, and 38 m. from Albany, 
 are the most celebrated in the U. States, and one of the 
 most celebrated in the world. The village is pleasantly 
 situated on a plain, partly surrounded by a grove of pine 
 trees. The principal part is built on Broadway, the main 
 street, 140 ft. wide. It was incorporated in 1816, and con< 
 tains about 2500 inhabitants, 6 churches, 2 public libraries 
 and reading rooms, and various mechanical workshops. 
 There are about 75 hotels and boarding houses, many of 
 them fitted up in a magnificent style. The price of board 
 per week is from $10 to $12, and from $1.50 to $2 per day 
 at the best houses ; at private boarding houses in the village 
 the price varies from $4 to $12. The United States Hotel, is 
 centrally located near the r. r. depot and all the princioal 
 springs, and has accommodations for 400 guests. Ccy^, i 
 Hdly and Union Hall, situated near the Congress spring in 
 the S. part of the village are popular and excellent establish- 
 ments. The American Hotel, Columbian Hotel, Montgomery 
 Hall, and Adelphi Hotel, are well fumishee^ and afford ex- 
 cellent accommodations both in summer and winter. There 
 are several extensive bathing houses near the springs, where 
 cold, warm, and shower baths can be obtained. 
 
 The Mineral Springs which .form the chief cause of attrac- 
 tion, are situated on the margin of a vale, bordering the vil- 
 lage on the E. The springs differ slightly in their properties. 
 There are now within half a mile 10 or 12 fountains flowing 
 to the surface, of which the most important are. Congress 
 spring, Washington spring, Putnam's spring. Pavilion springs, 
 Todme spring, Hamilton spring, and the Flat Rock and High 
 

 SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 85 
 
 Rock springs, and about a mile E. of the village a cluster of 
 springs named the " Ten Springs" of which the Union spring 
 near the Mansion House, is the most celebrated. :< rt ( v 
 
 Congress spring, much more resorted to than any other, 
 and of which more is sent away, is in the S. part of the vil- 
 lage. In the spring of 1842, this fountain was cleansed and 
 renovated by putting down a new curb, extending down to 
 the rock from which the water issues, which increased its 
 gaseous and saline qualities, and restored it to its original 
 strength. In a gallon or 231 cubic inches of the watei 
 of this spring, are about 300 cubic inches of gaseous con- 
 tents. -' '"'*V_;"; -.».■ iTV:- ,?. U.;-'i^.,ii ;<-'.;■/ . -V, ■:«5^. 
 
 Washington spring, situated in a S. W. direction from Con- 
 gress spring, is sparkling and aciduous, with a temperature 
 of 50 degrees ; a gallon contains 439 grains of solid contents, 
 and 269 cubic inches of gaseous contents. 
 
 Putnam's Congress spring, near the U. S. Hotel, has a tem- 
 perature of 51^. A gallon contains 361 grains of solid, and 
 348 cubic in. of gaseous contents. 
 
 Pavilioi^ fountain, is brought from an orifice in a rock 
 40 ft. under ground, and tubed at a great expense. It con-* 
 tains more carbonic acid, and next to the Congress is more 
 resorted to, than any other. The quantity of gas which it 
 evolves is double its volume of water, and myriads of glo- 
 bules are thrown by it nearly a foot from its surface. It is 
 very lively and sparkling, and much of it is bottled. One 
 gallon contains 361 grains of solid, and 488 cubic in. of 
 gaseous contents. 
 
 Iodine spring, a new fountain, located a few rods N. of the 
 High Rock spring, has a less quantity of iron than any other, 
 and is valuable to that class of invalids to whom iron is in- 
 jurious. One gallon contains 294i gmins of solid, and 334 
 cubic in. of gaseous contents. * ' = ;* .*.. 
 
 Union spring, one of the celebrated "Ten springs," con- 
 
 H 
 
99 ALBANY TO SARATOGA. 
 
 tains in a gallon of its water 393 grains of solid, and 318 cu- 
 bic in. of gaseous contents. i 
 
 At what period these springs were discovered is not pre- 
 cisely known. In 1773 the first accommodations for inva- 
 lids were commenced near the High Rock spring ; Congress 
 spring was discovered in 1792. So beneficial have the wa- 
 ters proved to be, that upwards of 35,000 persons generally 
 ▼isit the springs during the summer season, and when the 
 houses are full there are at one time 3000 persons. The 
 visiters are from all parts of the union, and frequently from 
 foreign countries. The arrivals are sometimes 1500 in the 
 course of a week, and during the month of August, the larger 
 houses which are open only during the season, are filled to 
 overflowing. Some of the smaller houses remain open dur-^ 
 ing the year, principally for invalids. 
 
 The waters are useful in many cases of disease, but even 
 those who are merely recruiting for the season, derive very 
 beneficial effects from drinking of them. The quantity usu- 
 ally taken is about three pints before breakfast, and although 
 most of the springs are private property, no charge^ is made, 
 except what is voluntarily given to those in waiting. Large 
 quantities of the water are bottled and sold in the various 
 cities; it strengthens the appetite and invigorates the sys- 
 tem. Those seriously affected with disease will of course 
 take the advice of their physician as to the proper use of the 
 waters. To those who desire the waters to operate as a ca- 
 thartic, it is recommended to rise early, and take two tum- 
 blers, and after a walk or easy exercise, another tumbler 
 may be taken. Most persons will find this sufficient ; but 
 if it does not prove so, more may be drank, but never at one 
 time should more than from 4 to 6 pints be taken. In using 
 the waters daily not more than from 4 to 8 glasses should 
 be drank. When the water lies heavy on the stomach, 
 causing unpleasant sensation, its use shoi^d be <gUip6PQtiou^> 
 
 >\ 
 
VlClNlTt OP THE SPRINGS. 
 
 87 
 
 ■■ With regard to bathing, the same degree of caution should 
 be used in its use. Bathing has always been highly recom- 
 mended by physicians, and the mineral baths of Saratoga 
 possess unusually invigorating qualities. Many cutaneous 
 diseases have been eradicated by the use of the sulphurous 
 vrater, and severe cases of rheumatism have been cured by 
 bathing in it when it was heated. The best time for bathing 
 is an hour before dinner, after the morning meal is digested ; 
 and next to this^ is the morning before breakfast. 
 
 Barhyt^s Fish-pond 2 m. E. of the village affords most ex- 
 cellent sport for the angler ; the trout are very fine. 
 ' Saratoga Lake, a beautiful sheet of water 9 m. long, and 
 2 m. wide, is 4 m. S. £. of Saratoga springs and 8 m. £. of 
 Ballston Spa. It forms a favourite resort for parties of plea- 
 sure staying at the springs, as well as for the angler and the 
 sportsman, as the lake abounds with excellent pike, perch, 
 and other fish, and the shores with game. 
 
 Another favourite trip for travellers is to Bemua^ Heights., 
 the ground of two famous revolutionary battles, and where 
 Burgoyne surrendered himself and the army under his com- 
 mand to the American forces commanded by Genl. Gates, on 
 Oct. 17th, 1777. Gen. Burgoyne's army was probably the 
 most disciplined and best equipped of any that were brought 
 into the field during the revolutionary struggle. It was the 
 General's intention to force his way from Canada, up the 
 river ^Sorel, through Lake Champlain and George, and the 
 river Hudson, and join General Clinton at New York. The 
 Americans though driven before him, cut down trees, de- 
 Btroyed bridges, and impeded his progress so much, that at 
 times it occupied a whole day to advance a mile. Burgoyne 
 had with his army a number of Indians who ravaged the 
 country in the most horrible manner ] this so excited the 
 people, that an army of 13,000 men was collected under 
 Genl. Gates to oppose him. By the middle of September 
 
,.g»B 
 
 88 
 
 ALBANY TO SARATOGA. 
 
 li 
 
 the Americans were within 3 miles of the British, on the 
 Hudson. The latter were now severely pressed for provi- 
 sions, which had to be brought across the country from Lake 
 George, and marched on towards Albany. The Americans 
 met them on the 19th at Stillwater; when the first battle was 
 fought. It occurred accidentally rather than by design, origi- 
 nating in a skirmish between two advanced parties in a 
 cleared field surrounded by the primitive forest, and known 
 as Freeman's farm. About noon a small party of the Ame- 
 ricans falling m with the picket-guard stationed in a house 
 in this clearing, attacked and drove them from it and in pur- 
 suing them, came upon the main body of the enemy, by 
 whom part where captured. Shortly after, the fighting was 
 renewed and became general about 3 o'clock ; it raged with 
 great slaughter until night, when the Americans retired to 
 their camp a little to the south. The victory was doubtful; 
 the British lost between 500 and 600, nearly double the loss 
 of the Americans, and the relative circumstances of the two 
 armies rendered it doubly severe. Genl. Burgoyne now 
 pitched his camp on the Saratoga plains about 3 m. above 
 the village, within cannon shot of the American lines. r* 
 Genl. Clinton was at this time attempting to force a pas- 
 sage up the Hudson, from New York, to reinforce Burgoyne. 
 Hot skirmishes now took place every day between the two 
 armies at Saratoga. Sept. 23rd a cannonade was kept up for 
 three hours, and the field was strewn with the killed. 
 - The decisive battle of Oct. 7th was fought on nearly the 
 same ground as the former. It commenced by Genl. Bur- 
 goyne ordering 1500 men with ten pieces of cannon to force 
 the left wing of the American array, with a view of covering 
 a foraging party in that direction. The Americans though 
 destitute of artillery, promptly gave battle, and the whole 
 British line was driven back by a tremendous charge. The 
 battle commenced in the middle of the afternoon, and after 
 
'-Tm:^' 
 
 VICINITY OF THE SPRINGS. 
 
 89 
 
 a sanguinary contest the discomHture and retreat of the 
 British became general, and nothing but night coming on, 
 saved them from almost entire destmction. During the 
 night the British forsook their camp, and commenced their 
 retreat, but owing to the heavy rains and bad state of the 
 roads, did not reach their final position, until Oct. IGth. They 
 then took their station upon the high grounds on the N. side 
 of FishkiU creek overlooking the meadows bordering the 
 Hudson. Gen. Gates immediately followed, and posted his 
 army so advantageously as to completely command the po- 
 sition of the British. In this hopeless situation, surrounded 
 by a superior force and nearly destitute of provisions, Genl. 
 Burgoyne accepted the terms of capitulation, which Genl. 
 Gates the more readily offered as the arrival of Genl. Clinton 
 with reinforcemoats for the British was shortly expected. 
 The articles of capitulation -were executed on the 16th, and 
 the surrender took place next day at Fort Hardy, on the S. 
 bank of the FishkiU creek, near where now is situated the 
 village of Schuylerville. The captured army consisted of 
 nearly 10,000 men including Indians j and 40 cannon, 7000 
 muskets, and a vast quantity of tent', and cartridges. 
 
 In the last battle Gen. Frazer, a British officer of higl. ..< -jrit 
 was killed. His remains were buried within a redoubt on 
 the top of a hill about a mile and a half £. of the battle 
 ground. ' ^ y,; ^ «. , 
 
 The victory gained was probably the most important during 
 the whole war, as it restored the hopes of the Americans, 
 and induced the French to lend their assistance. 
 
 Another pleasant trip is by stage to Lake George, 27 m. 
 abounding in fine scenery. 
 
 Niskayuna, the Shaker settlement is on the Mohawk river, 
 16 m. distant. 
 
 Travellers proceeding from the Springs to Niagara Falls 
 
 direct, will take the Rail road to Schenectady, and from 
 
 h2 
 
90 
 
 SARATOGA TO CANADA. 
 
 thence by R. R. or canal packet to Buffalo ; or stop at Syra- 
 cuse, and take the canal packet boat to Oswego, from thence 
 by steamboat across Lake Ontario to Lewiston, and from 
 thence by R. R. to Niagara Falls. 
 
 TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 
 
 .,,„>, 
 
 I 
 
 Travellers going further north, take the stage to Glen's 
 Falls and Caldwell, or to Whitehall, via Sandy Hill, or Dun- 
 barn's Basin on the Champlain Canal. 
 
 Glen's Falls, is an interesting manufacturing village on the 
 N. side of the Hudson, Incorporated in 1839. It contains about 
 1500 inhabitants, 3 churches, numerous saw mills, and four 
 taverns at one of which the stage stops for passengers to dine ; 
 the fare is excellent. On both sides of the Hudson extensive 
 quarries of excellent black marble are worked ; from which also 
 superior lime is made. The river is crossed by a substantial 
 bridge nearly 600 ft. long, resting in the middle on an island 
 of marble. From the bridge an excellent view of ^he river 
 and the falls can be had. The falls are formed by the Hud- 
 son flowing in one sheet over a precipice 63 ft. in height, 
 and at the base are divided by the rocks into three channels. 
 A long cave in one of the rocks extends from one channel to 
 the other. A navigable feeder, connecting with the Hudson 
 2 m. above, passes through the place, and unites with the 
 Champlain Canal, E. of Sandy Hill. ' - ' 
 
 From Glen's Falls to Lake George, 9 m., the road affords 
 a variety of mountain and forest scanery, connected with 
 events in the revolutionary and French wars. Five and a half 
 miles from the falls, on the right hand side of the road, is the 
 rock near which Col. Williams was massacred by the Indians. 
 Haifa mile further is the "Bloody Pond," into which nearly 
 1000 English and French, who were killed in 1775, during 
 the French wars, were thrown. 
 
■ —~^r ■mtiiimi - 
 
 LAKE GEORGE. 
 
 91 
 
 Cddwellf 3 m. farther, 62 m. N. of Albany, is pleasantly 
 situated on the S. W. end of Lake George, and contains 693 
 inhabitants, a courthouse, jail, one church, and four inns, of 
 the latter of which, the Lake House, is an excellent hotel, 
 with good accommodations for fishing parties, or parties of 
 pleasure. To the E. of the village is a range of hills, from 
 the highest of which, Prospect Hill, a view of the site of old 
 Fort William Henry, the ruins of Fort George and Fort Gage, 
 and the surrounding scenery, may be had. 
 
 Wo here take the steamboat, for 36 m. up 
 
 Lake George, or Iloricon, or Lake Sacrament, as called 
 by the French, on account of the purity of its waters, which 
 they were accustomed to use in their churches for holy 
 water ; it is 36 m. long, and from 2 to 3 m. wide, elevated 
 243 ft. above the tide water of the Hudson. The scenery 
 on the shores is remarkably wild and beautiful; its high and 
 picturesque hills rising, in some instances, to mountain 
 height. The water is uncommonly clear and transparent, 
 the bottom, which is of yellowish sand, being visible at a 
 depth of 30 or 40 ft. The lake is dotted with over 300 
 islands, some of them being barren rocks rising majestically 
 from the water, while others are large and well cultivated. 
 The finest salmon-trout, weighing from 10 to 20 pounds, 
 silver trout, brook trout, piks, perch, and other freshwater 
 fish of the finest quality abound. Probably no other lake in 
 the world surpasses Lake George in beauty of scenery. Its 
 repeating echo also is very fine. 
 
 Fort William Henryj near the S. shore, is still visible from 
 the ruins of the walls and outworks. In 1757 the fort 
 was garrisoned by 3000 men, under Col. Monroe; the 
 French, under the Marquis de Montcalm, made three unsuc- 
 cessful attacks upon it ; the fourth time, his army being in- 
 creased to 10,000 men, the English were obliged to capitu- 
 late. The treaty was shamefully violated by the Indiana 
 
 '4 
 
SARATOGA TO CANADA. 
 
 attached to the French army, who massacred the whole gar- 
 rison, with the exception of a few who escaped to Fort Ed- 
 ward. The fort was razed by Montcalm, and never after- 
 wards rebuilt. From this point Gen. Abercrombie, with 
 15,000 men, embarked, in 1768, to attack Fort Ticonderoga. 
 The remains of Fori George are visible about 80 rods farther 
 south. •' ' •^' ..' 1 . .1 Ts 
 
 Diamond island, near Caldwell, is celebrated for its quartz 
 crystals, in shape and beauty like diamonds. Twelve-mile 
 island, so called from being that distance from Caldwell, in 
 the middle of the lake, contains 20 acres, and is elevated 30 
 or 40 ft. Tongue Mountain, with West Bay on its W. side, 
 is about a m. farther. Blcuk Mountain, 2200 ft. in height, 
 is 5 m. farther on the £. side ; opposite to which is Haif' 
 way island. Sabbath-day point, 24 m. from Caldwe)l, is a 
 projection on the W. side, where the English landed during 
 the French war, and were all killed by the Indians. Ro^ers^ 
 slide, 33 m. is a rock 200 ft. high, with an angle of 25 de- 
 grees, by sliding down which Col. Rogers escaped from the 
 Indians during the French war. Anthony's Nose, is a high 
 rock nearly opposite, so called from its singular shape. 
 
 The steamboat lands its pa.ssengers near the village of 
 Ticonderoga, from whence stages run to the steamboat land- 
 ing on Lake Champlain, near Fort Ticonderoga ; where steam 
 passage boats on their route from Whitehall to St. Johns, 
 touch daily during the season of navigation. 
 
 The village of Ticonderoga, is a thriving place containing 
 2169 inhabitants, 2 churches, and numerous mills. The 
 outlet of the lake here has a descent of 30 ft. About 2 m. 
 W. of the town are the upper falls, a beautiful sheet of water. 
 A ferry crosses the lake to Shoreland, Vt. 
 
 Mount Defiance, on the S. side of the outlet of Lake George, 
 is a bold promontory, about 750 ft. above the lake, and over- 
 looks ^nd commands Fort Ticonderoga. On this point Gen. 
 
FORT TICONDIROGA. 
 
 93 
 
 Burgoyne, in 1777, planted several pieces of artillery and 
 dislodged the Americans from the fort, which before was 
 thought impregnable. From this point an extensive view is 
 obtained of Lake Champlain and the surrounding country ; 
 the ascent on the western side is easy. 
 
 Fort TiconderogOj now in ruins, was originally constructed 
 by the French in 1756. It is on the W. side of Lake Cham- 
 plain, 24 m. from Whitehall. At the time of its construction 
 it was considered almost impregnable ; it stands on a little 
 peninsula 70 ft. above the lake, surrounded by water on 
 three sides and was defended on the fourth by strong breast 
 works. Parts of the walls are still standing ; the magazine 
 under ground is nearly entire. It is 35 ft. long, 15 ft. wide, 
 and 8 ft. high, constructed of stone, arched. A subterranean 
 passage, 20 or 30 rods in length, leads to the lake.. Through 
 this passage. Col. Ethan Allen, of the American army, enter- 
 ed and surprised the garrison in 1775. Surprising the com- 
 mandant in his bed, he asked him to surrender ; to whom ? 
 was asked ; ^' why, to Jehovah and the Continental Congress, 
 to be sure," was Allen's laconic reply. | 
 
 In 1758, the Fort whilst in possession of the French, was 
 attacked by Gen. Abercrombie, who was repulsed with a loss 
 of 2000 men. On the approach of Gen. Amherst, in 1 59, 
 it was evacuated by the French, as was also Crown Ifoint. 
 It was retained by the British until its capture by Col. Allen 
 in 1775. It was again captured by the British under Gen. 
 Burgoyne, in 1777, who erected a battery on Mt. Defiance, 
 which commands the fort. It remained in their hands until 
 the close of the war j since then it has been suffered to go to 
 decay, and is now annually visited by great numbers of tra- 
 vellers. The Hotel near the fort is delightfully situated, and 
 has excellent accommodntions. 
 
 Travellers going to Montreal and Qmhec^ can either take 
 the steamboat through Lake Champlain to St. Johnh^ thence 
 
 ...jf^si^j 
 
94 
 
 SARATOGA TO CAITADA. 
 
 by railroad to Montreal, see description on p. 96 ; or, return by 
 way of Saratoga Springs, thence by railroad to Niagara Falls, 
 from thence, up Lake Ontari6 and the St. Lawrence to Mon- 
 treal, &c. ; or, they can go one way and return by the other 
 and enjoy both routes, though to continue on is preferable. 
 
 FROM SARATOGA SPRINGS TO WHITEHALL. , > 
 
 By stage from the springs to 
 
 Sandy Hill, 19 m. situated on very elevated ground on the 
 E. bank of the Hudson, immediately above Baker's Falls, a 
 perpendicular fall of 50 ft. which in addition to a fall of 12 ft. 
 above, affords great water power. The streets are laid out 
 in the form of a triangle, with a common of that shape in 
 the centre of the village. It contains a courthouse, jail, 3 
 churches, and about 1000 inhabitants. A navigable feeder 
 of the Champlain canal 1 m. distant, passes through the 
 place. The Saratoga and Washington H. R. when completed, 
 will run through from Saratoga to Whitehall, 40 m. 
 
 A daily line of stages run from Saratoga to Danhem's Ba- 
 sin, 2 m. £. on the Champlain canal, connecting with canal 
 packets to Whitehall. 
 
 Fort Ann, 10 m. N. forms one of the chain of fortified 
 points between Lake Champlain and the Hudson r. 
 
 Whitehall, 40 m. from Saratoga, 72 m. N. of Albany, is 
 finely situated for commerce by the lake and canal, but in a 
 low and unpleasant situation. It was incorporated in 1820, 
 and now contains 2 churches, one banking house, 4 hotels, 
 and 3813 inhabitants. Numerous sloops, steamboats, and 
 canal boats, are connected with the trade of the town. Two 
 daily lines of canal packets leave for Troy and Albany, and 
 two daily lines of stages, one passing on each side of the 
 river. Two daily lines of stages ^un to Saratoga springs, in 
 the summer months ; a daily line runs to Rutland, Vt. in- 
 tersecting stage lines running to Boston, &c. ; and during the 
 
ALBANT TO CANADA. 
 
 95 
 
 IS 
 
 close of navigation, a daily line runs to Burlington and Mon- 
 treal. A line of excellent steamboats, run during the season 
 of navigation to St. John's, Canad^ stopping at intermediate 
 places on Lake Champlain. * ^ 
 
 For continuation of this route see p. 96. 
 
 SHARON SPllINGS, N. Y. 
 
 t 
 
 These Springs, described on p. 107, are by* many preferred 
 to those of Saratoga. Passengers leave Albany in the morn- 
 ing for Canajoharie, and arrive at the Springs in time for 
 dinner. The Pavilion is a splrndid house. 
 
 FROM ALBANY OB TROY TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC ; 
 
 ^s^>- 
 
 by R. R, and canal packets. 
 
 ' Passengers by this the most comfortable and expeditious, 
 route take the canal packet at Albany, and continue through 
 to Whitehall ; or they go by stage or steamboat to Troy, and 
 thence by canal or stage route to Whitehall. Fare $4.62. 
 
 By canal route after leaving Albany we pass through West 
 TroTfj and Cohoes Falls. At the latter place the Mohawk r. 
 partly confined between lofty barriers of rock, has a perpen- 
 dicular fall of 40 ft. and including the descent above, of 70 ft., 
 presenting a sublime and grand scene. The Troy and Sche- 
 nectady R. R. passes through the place. Here also the Erie 
 canal joins the Champlain canal, having in the space of three 
 quarters of a mile 17 locks, and presenting a busy aspect. 
 
 Waterford^ on the N. side of the Mohawk at its junction 
 with the Hudson, is a thriving place, and contains 4 churches, 
 a bank, and 1824 inhabitants. It is connected with Lansing- 
 burgh by a bridge 800 ft. long, across the Hudson, which 
 cost $70,000. The Troy, and Saratoga R.R. passes through 
 the town. Mechanicsville, 8 m. farther, is a small manu- 
 facturing village. 
 
 Hi 
 
w- 
 
 &6. 
 
 LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 Stillwater^ 4 m. farther, is an old and quiet settlement, in- 
 corporated in 1816. In the N. part of the town is situated 
 Bemus' Heights where Gen. Burgoyne was defeated by the 
 American aTvn!f under Gen. Gates in 1777. See p. 87. 
 
 SchuylervilUj 14 m. farther, Fort Miller ^ 4 m. and Foi't 
 Edward 5 m. aref interesting localities on the route before 
 reaching Sandy Hill, 5 m. For continuation of the route to 
 Whitehall, see p. 94. 
 
 From Whitehall, we take the steamboat up Lake Cham- 
 plain to St. Johri*s. ' ^:* ''":"''' 
 
 Lake Champlain, lying between New York and Vermont, 
 is 140 m. long from N. to S. varying in breadth from half a 
 m. to 14 m. The lake for 20 m. from Whitehall to the S. 
 part of Orwell, Vt. has the appearance of a river averaging 
 about half a mile in breadth. To the N. of this it gradually 
 pxpands to a width of 3 m., still increasing fiorthward, until 
 above Burlington it increases to 14 m., its widest part. Its 
 outlet is Sorel or Richelieu r. 60 m. long, which enters the St. 
 Lawrence, 45 m. below Montreal. It is navigable for large 
 vessels 24 m. to St. John's, below which the navigation is 
 interrupted by the Chambly rapids. The lake abounds with 
 salmon, salmon trout, sturgeon, and other excellent fish} it 
 is generally frozen ever in the winter and is passable on the 
 ice. The excellent accommodations of the steamboats, the 
 picturesque scenery on the shores of the lake crowned by 
 lofty mountains, and the interesting localities celebrated in 
 the former and late wars, render this excursion delightful. 
 Near the centre of the lake, the large expanse of water, bor- 
 dered by the most picturesque scenery, with the Green Moun- 
 tains on the E. and the high peaks of the Adirondack group 
 on the W., form grand and romantic features of lake scenery. 
 Numerous rivers flow into the lake, many of them having 
 falls of great beauty. It is dotted with numerous islands, the 
 largest of which. Grand island, is divided into two parts, N. 
 
 iL 
 
LAKE CHAMPLAIN CROWN POINT. 
 
 97 
 
 "K. 
 
 and S. Hero. The lake is connected with the Hudson on the 
 S. by the Charaplain canal, and with the St. Lawrence on the 
 N. by the Charably canal. 
 
 Fort TiconderogOj (described on p. 93,) is the first landing 
 place. On the opposite or £. side of the lake, are the remains 
 oi Fort Independence. , -.,-:.. 
 
 Shoreham, 2 m. from Ticonderoga, Bridport, 9 m. and 
 Chimney point 6 m. further are all landing places on the £. 
 shore. . - -^ 
 
 Crown Point, on the W. side, 18 ni. N. of Ticonderoga, 
 is a peninsula of solid rock, covered with a thin layer of earth. 
 The fortress which has rendered this point so interesting, 
 though formerly one of the strongest in No. America, is now 
 dilapidated, and in ruins. It was built by the French in 
 1731, and called Fort St. Frederick. It was abandoned by 
 them in 1759, on the approach of the British under Gen. Am- 
 herst, and retained by them until May 10th, 1775, when it 
 was captured by the Americans under Seth Warner, on the 
 same day that Ticonderoga was surprised by Col. Allen. In 
 1776 it again fell into the, hands of the British, who retained 
 it until the capture of Burgoyne, in 1777, It is situated 47 ft. 
 above the level of the lake ; its form and dimensions can still 
 be traced. It was of an irregular pentagon shape, with ram- 
 parts strongly riveted with solid masonry, and a double row 
 of stone barracks, with a drawbridge, and a covered way 
 leading to the lake. The whole was surrounded by a ditch, 
 blasted out of the solid rock, and cost about two millions 
 sterling. The surrounding scenery is beautiful. The village 
 oi Crown Point is a small place, with one church. 
 
 Port Henry on the W. contains some valuable iron mines 
 •worked by the Port Henry Iron company. 
 
 Westport, 54 m. N. of Whitehall, is a thriving place con- 
 taining several mills and forges, and connected with the E. 
 ghore by a ferry. : > . ;-.: ^ ; . ; %;, 
 
 7 I 
 
 K, 
 
popilPj 
 
 .* 
 
 ALBANY TO CANADA. 
 
 Fort Cassin, 61m. from Whitehall, on the E. side of the 
 lake, is situated near the mouth of the Otto r., which is navi- 
 gable 5 m. to Vergennes. -. , 
 
 Split Rock, nearly diagonally opposite, is one of the great- 
 est natural curiosities on the lake. It consists of a rocky 
 promontory projecting into the lake about 150 ft. and receives 
 its name from the end portion of it being detached from the 
 main rock ; of which it has evidently at one time formed a 
 portion, as the prominences of the one side correspond with 
 the cavities of ^he other. The detached part contains about 
 half an acre, covered with trees and separated from the 
 main rock by about 20 ft. ; through this fissure a line has 
 been let down to the depth of 500 ft. without reaching bottom. 
 
 Essex, on the W., 68 m. from Whitehall, is handsomely 
 situated, and extends for 3 m. It contains several churches, 
 a number of stores, and many good dwellings, surrounded 
 with gardens. It is connected by a ferry with Charlotte 
 Landing on the opposite side of the lake, which is here 3 or 
 4 m. in width. Mount Marcy, one of the peaks of the Adi- 
 rondack group, is seen rising to the height of 5,467 ft. 
 
 Burlington, Vt. on the E. side, 82 m. N. of Whitehall, 
 and 75 m. S. of St. John's, Canada, is a beautiful town, 
 the largest in the state, and the finest for its extent, in the 
 U. States. It is built upon a bay between two points of land ; 
 the shore in the S. part is low, but to the N. it becomes 
 elevated j from this bank a powerful battery once maintained 
 an action of half an hour, with a British naval force on the 
 lake. In the S. part the ground rises by a gradual ascent 
 for a mile until it attains an elevation of 281 ft. above the 
 level of the lake. The streets are regularly laid out, with a 
 public square near the centre, in which the courthouse is 
 built, and is surrounded with fine stores, and the principal 
 hotels. The dwellings are neat and handsome, with gardens 
 and shrubbery attached. The public buildings are spacious 
 
BURLINOTO N — P O R T KENT. 
 
 09 
 
 and elegant. The University of Vermont on the highest ele- 
 vation has four spacious edifices, a president and five pro- 
 J"es8ors, and a library of about 10,000 vols. ; it was founded 
 in 1791. 
 
 Burlington contains a courthouse, jail, 2 banks, 6 churches 
 some very handsome, an Episcopal institute, numerous stores 
 and factories, and a population of 427 L The harbour is the 
 best on the lake,' and is defended from the west winds by a 
 breakwater, to be 2000 ft. long, erected by the U.S. govern- 
 ment. The light house in the form of a truncated cone on Ju- 
 niper island was erected in 1826 ; it is 30 ft. high, 18 ft. in dia- 
 meter at the base, and 12 ft. at the top, and is kept lighted in 
 the night, during the season of navigation. The lake is here 
 10 m. broad, which is its widest part unobstructed by islands. 
 The commerce of Burlington, both by the lake, and with the 
 fertile back country is very extensive. 
 
 The view to be had from the cupola of the University is 
 beautiful and sublime. The lake with its bays, and islands, 
 and numerous vessels, — the village sloping gently from the 
 shore — the beautiful windings of the Winooski or Onion 
 river — the lofty Adirondack Mountains of New York, and 
 the elevated summits of the Green Mountauis in the rear of 
 the town, all meet the delighted vision in succession. 
 
 A steamboat crosses from here to Port Kentf 10 m. and to 
 Pia//s&Mrg 12 m. farther. '^ - 
 
 Port Kent is beautifully situated, commanding a beautiful 
 view of the lake and its scenery. About 4 m. to the W. of 
 Port Kent, is the village of Keeseville, situated on both sides 
 of the Sable r. which affords great water power. It contains 
 about 2000 inhabitants, 4 churches, a bank, and numerous 
 factories. At Birmingham^ about 2 m. below Keeseville the 
 Au Sable river falls over a precipice about 80 feet in height, 
 below which the river becomes narrower and again falls 
 ever a high precipice and enters a deep ravine of singular 
 
100 
 
 ALBANY TO CANADA. 
 
 r..,-'-- 
 ,-•- 
 
 and romantic beauty. The whole fall is about 150 ft., below 
 which the river has an average width of 50 ft. and flows for 
 about 2 m. between perpendicular walls of rock from 75 to 
 150 ft. in height. The whole forms scenery of the most pic- 
 turesque character, and is a natural curiosity well worth 
 "seeing. 
 
 Plattsburgh, on the W. side of the lake, 107 m. from 
 Whitehall, is the capital of Clinton co. It is situated on both 
 sides of the Saranac r. at the head of Cumberland Bay formed 
 by Cumberland head peninsula which extends nearly 3 m. 
 into the lake. The town was incorporated in 1815, and now 
 contains the county offices, a bank, an academy, a lyceum, \ . 
 4 churches, numerous mills and factories, and 5 taverns. 
 The Saranac has a succession of falls creating a great water 
 power. The surrounding country is rich in agricultural and 
 mineral resources. Plattsburg is an U. S. military post, and 
 the government have erected a breakwater for the protection 
 of the harbor, and extensive stone barracks. 
 
 Plattsburgh was rendered celebrated by the brilliant vic- 
 tory of McDonough and Macomb, over the naval and land 
 forces of the British, under Prevost and Downie, during the ' 
 last war. The battle was fought on Sunday Sept. 1 1th, 1814. 
 The naval engagement took place in front of the village. The 
 American naval forces were commanded by Commodore 
 McDonough, and consisted of 86 guns and 820 men; the 
 British naval force consisting of 95 guns and 1050 men was 
 commanded by Commodore Downie. The American vessels 
 were anchored in the ba} awaiting the arrival of the British 
 fleet, which appeared passing Cumberland Head at about 8 
 o'clock A. M. After a sharp engagement of about two hours, • 
 in the early part of which Com. Downie was killed, the 
 British fleet was captured. The American land forces under 
 Gen. Macomb consisted of 1500 regulars and 2500 militia, 
 opposed to 14,000 of the best land forces of the British undar 
 
 »■ 
 
PLATTSBUR G A L B U R G. 
 
 101 
 
 ar 
 
 Sir George Prevost. The first gun fired by the fleets, which 
 were in full view from the shore, was the signal for attack 
 on land. Sir Geo. Prevost furiously assaulted the defences 
 of the town, but was gallantly repelled by Macomb and his 
 4000 men mostly undisciplined, until the capture of the fleet, 
 when he was obliged to retire, with the loss of 2500 men, 
 besides considerable baggage and ammunition. 
 
 Com. Downie who fell in the engagement was a brave and 
 skilful officer. His remains and those of the other oflicers 
 who fell in the encounters on land and water, were interred 
 in the churchyard at Plattsburgh, without any permanent 
 memorial being erected at the time. A number of years 
 afterwards Mary Downie a sister-in-law of the commodore 
 erected a monument over his remains. In 1843 a public 
 meeting was held, and on the anniversary of the battle, mar- 
 ble monuments with appropriate inscriptions were erected 
 by the citizens at the several graves, amid appropriate cere- 
 monies. A ride over the battle fields, and a visit to McDo- 
 nough's farm, will prove pleasant occupations for the visiter 
 at Plattsburgh. 
 
 Between Crab or Hospital Island and Cumberland Head is 
 where the naval action was fought, ^^r vf ... ; 
 
 Grand Islcj formed of the islands North and South Hero 
 are under the jurisdiction of Vermont. ' ' : iS' , ri •■: 
 
 Chazy, 123 m. from Whitehall, is the next steamboat land- 
 ing on the W. side. 
 
 To the E. of this is Isle au Mott, 6 m. long and 2 m. wide. 
 It contains a valuable marble quarry, and a fertile soil. It 
 forms one of the townships of Vermont and contains a popu- 
 lation of 435. Farther E. is 
 
 Alburg, Vt. a point of land projecting S. into Lake Cham- 
 plain ; it is level, low and fertile. The town is on the E. 
 side ; a short distance N. are the Alburg Springs which have 
 proved efficacious for the cure of scrofula and other diseases. 
 
 i2 
 
 .Jif' 
 
# 
 
 102 
 
 ALBANY TO CANADA. 
 
 There are several stores and mills, and a pop. of 1344. N. E. 
 of this is a large body of water called 
 -f- ^ Missisqui Bay lying mostly in Canada N. of the 45th de- 
 gree of N. latitude. ^^ :v r-Kj; ^ .,^ Arvi: : ^ 
 
 Rouse's Pointy the last landing before entering the Canadian 
 ■waters, is 25 m. below St. John's and 132 m. from Whitehall, 
 on the W. side of the lake. The village contains a church 
 and about 125 inhabitants. A little N. of the village is 
 
 The Boundary Line between the U. States and Canada, 
 indicated on the E. by a long line of road cut through the 
 forest. Below the line is a strong fortress commenced by 
 the U. S. government in 1815, but by the decision of the 
 commissioners appointed by the treaty of Ghent, it was 
 found to be N. of the 45th degree of N. latitude, and the 
 works were abandoned by the United Slates. 
 
 By the Ashbnrton and Webster treaty, concluded at Wash- 
 ington in 1842, it was given up to the U. States. It is in the 
 form of a round tower built of stone, pierced for several tiers 
 of guns and has so far cost $400,000. It is in a very dilapi- 
 dated condition, and serves now only to point out the line of 
 division between the two countries, but in case of war it 
 w^ould be of vast importance, as it commands the navigable 
 channel of the lake, which here narrows to a mile in width. 
 
 After entering the Canadian waters, we pass Ash Island 
 4 m. N. of Rouse's Point, and here enter upon the Richelieu 
 or St. John^s River, the outlet of Lake Champlain, about half 
 a mile wide. The shore on both sides of the stream, for a 
 number of miles presents a low and flat surface, being almost 
 level with the water. Our next stopping place is at the 
 I Isle aux Noix, 12 m. N. of Rouse's Point. Here the British 
 
 have a strong fortification occupied by their troops, and com- 
 manding the channel of the river. A custom house officer 
 comes on board on the upward trip, and on the return the 
 permits are required to be shown. The baggage of the pas- 
 
 ifts^ 
 
ST. JOHN'S — LA PRAIRIE. 
 
 103 
 
 sengers is inspected before being removed on shore at St. 
 John's, and a duty levied on all articles not admitted free. 
 The troops under Generals Schuyler and Montgomery, in the 
 expedition against Canada in 1775, came down the lake on 
 rafts and landed at this island, from whence they proceeded 
 to St. John's. The other detachment, under Genl. Arnold 
 marched by land through Maine, then a wilderness, to 
 Quebec. '* ■•--"' ■•»' -t /i^.fj-.^fi^y 
 
 St. John's or Dorchester^ 157 m. from Whitehall, 23 m. 
 N. of the boundary line, and 24 m. S. of Montreal, is at the 
 head of steamboat navigation on the Richelieu river. It is 
 well situated on the W. side, and connected with St. Atha- 
 naise village by a bridge. It contains about 2000 inhabitants, 
 3 churches, a custom house and soldiers' barracks, and 10 
 hotels, of which Mann's, Morehouse's, and Mrs. Watson's 
 are considered the best. It is a place of considerable busi- 
 ness, though containing nothing in its appearance interesting 
 to a stranger. It was an important post during the French 
 and Revolutionary wars; in the latter it was taken after a 
 gallant defence, by Genl. Montgomery ; as was also Chambly. 
 
 The Chambly Canal, completed by the Provincial govern- 
 ment in 1843 at a cost of $400,000, extends 12 m. from St. 
 John's to Chambly, on the N. W. side of the Richelieu river. 
 It has a descent of 90 ft. in 10 m. through 9 locks 120 ft. long 
 and 24 ft. wide, with a lift of 10 ft. each. It forms an im- 
 portant link in the water communication from New York to 
 Quebec, affording navigation between Lake Champlain and 
 the St. Lawrence river., w. ;^ •-.==.;,. ■-•iis;.::^/'^-*!-?: } fi.: i^ .^ ■:>.' r.- >;. 
 
 From St. John's we lake the cars of the Champlain and 
 St. Lawrence R. R. over a level section of country for 16 m. 
 to La Prairie; usual fare $1,00, second class cars 50 cts. 
 
 As we approach the St. Lawrence the view of the river 
 and its scenery becomes truly grand and interesting. This 
 great river forms the outlet of the five great lakes or inland 
 
 
104 
 
 ALBANY TO CANADA. 
 
 seas of N. America, and after a course of 2000 m. flows into 
 the gulph of St. Lawrence, receiving the drainage of over 
 500,000 sq. m. With the middle of the lakes through which 
 it passes, it forms the boundary between the U. States and 
 Canada, until it intersects the 45^ of N. lat. If we consider 
 it, as it should be, in connexion with the chain of lakes of 
 which it is the outlet, it is one of the largest rivers in the 
 world, its entire course, from its source to its mouth, maybe 
 estimated at 2000 m. It receives different names in differ- 
 ent parts of its course. Between Lakes Superior and Huron, it 
 is called the St. Mary ; between Lakes Huron and Erie, the 
 St. Clair and Detroit ; between Lakes Erie and Ontario, the 
 Niagara; and from Ontario to Montreal, it is sometimes 
 called the Iroquois, though from Lake Ontario to its mouth it 
 is usually the St. Lawrence proper. Besides traversing Lakes 
 Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, the Lake St. Clair and 
 some similar sheets of water are mere enlargements of its 
 bed ; Lake Michigan is also included in its basin, which is 
 supposed by Darby to contain ^' more than the half of all the 
 freshwater on this planet." The river varies in breadth from 
 i a mile to 3 m. above Quebec ; but below Quebec it in- 
 creases in width rapidly, until about 350 m. from it, it is nearly 
 100 m. across. Its average fall is about 6 inches a mile, but 
 this is very unequally distributed on account of the many, 
 and in one instance stupendous, cataracts, mpids, &c. on its 
 route. It receives numerous tributaries, many of them large, 
 and is remarkable for its uniformity, and for the clearness of 
 its waters. It is a great commercial thoroughfare, its banks, 
 and those of its lower lakes, being studded with flourishing 
 cities and towns. It is navigable for ships of the line 400 m. 
 to Quebec, and for ships of 600 tons to Montreal 180 m. above. 
 There is a continued navigation for vessels of a medium bur- 
 den from the head of Lake Huron to Kingston on Lake On- 
 tario, and from Montreal to the mouth of the St. Lawrence. 
 
ALBANY TO BUFFALO. 
 
 105 
 
 The water communication between Kingston and Montreal 
 is effected chiefly by a chain of canals. Strong tides prevent 
 the St. Lawrence being covered with compact ice below 
 Quebec ; but the enormous masses driven in every direction 
 by the winds and currents render that portion unnavigable 
 for nearly half the year. The lakes are generally frozen 
 only to a number of miles from the shore, not sufRcient to 
 stop commercial intercourse. 
 
 From La Prairie we take the steamboat to Montreal 8 m. 
 Towards the W. are seen the Lachiue rapids, one of the 
 most dangerous on the river. As we approach Mojitreal the 
 city with its spreading mass of well built stores and dwell- 
 ings, — the spires of the churches, most conspicuous amongst 
 which is the grand French Cathedral — the shipping — and its 
 line of noble stone wharves, — favorably impress one's mind 
 of the city which he is appcoaching. 
 
 Oi^- For continuation of the route and description of Mon- 
 treal, see p. 169. 
 
 FROM ALBANY TO BUFFALO, NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. 
 
 By this route the traveller passes through a rich and fer- 
 tile country cultivated to a high degree, studded with nu- 
 merous large and beautiful towns, the intervening portions 
 thickly settled with a wealthy population ; and the whole 
 with its smiling fields, its handsome towns, and beautiful 
 scenery, presenting to the view one of the finest portions of 
 the United States. 
 Usual time from Albany to Schenectady, 1 h. fare 60. 
 Schenectady to Utica, 5 h. 30 m. fare 3.00. 
 Utica to Syracuse, 3 h. 30 m. fare 2.00. 
 Syracuse to Auburn. 2h. fare 1.00. 
 
 Auburn to Rochester, 6 h. fare 3.00. 
 
 2.50. 
 $12.00. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rochester to Buffalo, 5 h. 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 Total time from Albany to Buffalo, 24 h. fare 
 
100 
 
 TO BUFFALO) N I A G A R A, EtC. 
 
 By railroad from depot in Maiden Lane every morning and 
 evening, to Schenectady 16 m. from Albany, and 20 m. 
 from Troy — time 1 h. See p. 83. 
 
 From Schenectady besides the R. R., commodious Canal 
 Packet boats run to Utica, aflbrding a cheap and comfort- 
 able conveyance ; but the R. R. all the way through is more 
 preferable for speed and pleasant travelling ; the whole route 
 possesses much interest^ exhibiting a scenery unusually rich 
 and diversified. 
 
 * The cars on leaving Schenectady cross the Erie canal and 
 Mohawk r. by substantial bridges, then passing along the N. 
 side of the Mohawk. Hoffmanns 9 m. and Cranesville 3 m. 
 are small towns. 
 
 Amsterdam^ 4 ro. contains a bank, 4 churches, and about 
 1700 inhabitants. A creek passing through the village, falls 
 over a number of beautiful cascades, affording water power 
 for mills. The river is crossed by a substantial bridge con- 
 necting the village with Port Jackson on the opposite side. 
 Large quantities of line limestone aro annually quarried in 
 the vicinity. ' • ' 
 
 Stages leave Amsterdam daily for the Fish Housej on the 
 Sacondaga r. and other places on the N. About a mile from 
 Amsterdam on the S. side of the railroad, and a mile farther 
 on the N. side are two large stone mansions of the Johnson 
 family ^rlebrated in the early history and Indian wars of 
 this part of the country. 
 
 At Trihe^s Hill 5 m. the road passes round its b' s?, 
 through an extensive excavation of toc\ affording a fine rror, 
 pect of the Mohawk valley, the outlet of Schoharie i >3fk, 
 the dam and bridge across the same, and the Erie canal. 
 ) Fondoj 6 m. is a pleasant county seat, containing a hand- 
 some counnonse. Johnstown 4 m. N. is an old town settled 
 by Sir Wm, Job i^^n, and connected with Fonda by stages. 
 
 Spvaker's J* m , -,nd tu j Nosv. a short distance farther are 
 
i 
 
 SHARON SPRINO ^ — LITTLB FALLS. 107 
 
 the next points on the roa(* Here (ha passage becoi 
 contracted by bold and lofty mountains. 
 
 Pcdatine bridge 3 m. connects wiih 'he thriving viliagr* of 
 Canajoharie on the S. side of the river. The Erie canal 
 passes through the centre of the village. 
 
 SiiM'jN Springs, nearly 12 m. S. of Canajoharie is a de- 
 !.7Tlitinl Mimmer retreat. The springs of pure clear water 
 much resembling the White Sulphur springs of Virginia, are 
 ii.<,hly efRcacious in rheumatic, cutaneous, and dyspeptic 
 complaints and possess medicinal properties unsurpassed in 
 the United States. The rides amidst the romantic scenery, 
 visits to the caves and neighboring villages, together with 
 the splendid view from the Pavilion House, and the excelle it 
 fishing in Otsego lake, are the chief points of attraction, 
 besides the springs. Coopcrstown, near the outlet of the lake, 
 is most delightfully situated amidst beautiful scenery. 
 
 Fort Plain 3 m. is a flourishing little village on the S. side 
 of the Mohawk, from whence stages run daily to Cherry 
 Valley, Cooperstown, and Sharon Springs. Here the valley 
 again widens, aflfording a charming view of hill and dale, 
 until reaching the mountain scenery near Little Falls ; this 
 is by far the most interesting portion of the route. 
 
 Palatine Church 3 m. and St. Johnsville 3 m. are small 
 settlements. 
 
 East Canada creek, 3m. enters the Mohawk, and is crossed 
 by a substantial bridge. About 3 m. farther on the S. side 
 of the Mohawk is seen a brick house on elevated ground, 
 the former residence, and house in which Genl. Herkimer 
 died from a wound received in a skirmish in 1777. 
 
 Within 2 m. of Little Falls the passage of the river is con- 
 fined within very narrow limits between two lofty and pre- 
 cipitous mountains Large excavations and extensive em- 
 bankments have been made to form a passage for the rail- 
 road until H passes the precincts of the village. 
 
r 
 
 11 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 108 TO BUFFALO, NIAGARA, ETC. 
 
 LITTLE FALLS, 
 
 7 m. is romantically situated on both sides of the river, 
 -which has a descent of 42 ft. in three fourths of a mile 
 chiefly by two long rapids. The village derives its name 
 from a cataract in the vicinity, which being smaller than the 
 celebrated Cohoes, has thus received its title. A continu- 
 ation of the chain of the Catsberg mountains crosses the 
 river here, through a gap of which the river has apparently 
 worn a passage of confined breadth, though suflicient to 
 afford room for a large town besides the canal and railroad. 
 
 The village is situated at the termination of the ascent, 
 between the rushing waters of the Mohawk on the one side 
 and the rugged cliffs on the other. It contains 5 churches, 
 an extensive academy, a bank, 5 hotels and taverns, about 
 2500 inhabitants, and various mills and manufactories driven 
 by the extensive water power here gained. It owes its 
 present size to the facihties for trade afforded by the Mo- 
 hawk river and Erie canal, and is constantly increasing. 
 
 The bed of the river is composed of hard primitive gra- 
 nitic gneiss, above which on the mountain sides, are exten- 
 sive layers of sand stone and blue limestone. The Erie 
 canal on the S. side of the river winds its way for some dis- 
 tance along the side of a bold and lofty mountain, the chan- 
 nel resting on a wall nearly 30 ft. high, constructed at great 
 expense. Boats were formerly transported around the falls 
 through a canal on the N. side of the river ; this is now con- 
 nected and acts as a feeder to the main canal, by a fine 
 marble aqueduct 214 ft. long, and 16 ft. wide, which crosses 
 the river on three arches. , 
 
 Approaching from the E. a lofty ridge of mountains on 
 either side, conceals the course of the river and the falls, 
 whose vicinity is announced only by the distant din and 
 
LITTLE PALL S — U T I C A. * 
 
 109 
 
 le river, 
 ' a mile 
 ts name 
 than the 
 continu- 
 sses the 
 parently 
 icient to 
 railroad. 
 i asceut, 
 one side 
 hurches, 
 18, about 
 38 driven 
 owes its 
 the Mo- 
 sing, 
 tive gra- 
 e exten- 
 
 le Erie 
 Dme dis- 
 le chan- 
 at great 
 
 he falls 
 liow con- 
 a fine 
 
 crosses 
 
 tains on 
 le falls, 
 din and 
 
 foam of its waters. The village surrounded by high and 
 almost perpendicular masses of dark rocks, with evergreens 
 and other trees adding deeper shadows to their sombreness j 
 the placid stream above gently gliding to the rapids below ; 
 and the numerous fields and farm-houses, add much to the 
 general romantic character of the place. 
 
 Lines of stages run daily from the village to Trenton Falls 
 and other places N. and S. 
 
 About half a mile from the village the road curves to the 
 left, presenting a view of the falls tumbling with violence 
 over a rocky descent of about 80 rods; and continues along 
 the bink of the river in full view of the rich alluvial vale 
 called the Herkimer and German flats. This cultivated 
 region suffered severely from incursions during the French 
 and revolutionary wars. West Canada creek, on which are 
 the Trenton falls, is passed near its mouth by a well con- 
 structed bridge, about a mile E. of tj 
 
 Herkimer 6 m. built mostly on two parallel streets, and 
 contains a courthouse, jail, banking house, two churches, 6 
 hotels and taverns, and about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Mohawk and Frankfort, are small thriving places on the 
 S. side of the river, on the line of the Erie canal. 
 
 UTICA. 
 
 ^Svi-' 
 
 Utica, 15 m. and 94 W. of Albany, one of the finest places 
 in the state is beautifully situated on an inclined plane rising 
 from the S. bank of the river, so as to command from its ele- 
 vated parts, many fine prospects. The numerous streets are 
 regularly laid out, of good width, and neatly paved. It is 
 well built, extensively with brick, and has many large stores 
 and elegant dwellings. 
 
 There are numerous literary, benevolent, and religious in- 
 stitutions; amongst which are 18 churches, the Utica library, 
 
110 
 
 TO BUFFALO, NIAGARA, ETC. 
 
 a Mechanics' Association which sustains popular lectures 
 and has a library and reading room open for strangers, an 
 Apprentices' library, a museum located in the Exchange 
 building, two Orphan Asylums, a state lunatic asylum, seve- 
 ral academies, and others. It also contains a courthouse, 
 offices for the clerks of the courts, an Exchange, 4 banks, a 
 savings bank, an insurance company, a public garden, &c. 
 The New York state lunatic asylum, situated on elevated 
 ground, about a mile W. of the centre of the city, is de- 
 signed to have four buildings one of which is completed, and 
 capable of accommodating 200 patients; a farm of 160 acres 
 is attached. • v^' iv ;< . . ; ^^ : > *^;r ^^ 
 
 The Erie canal passes through the city, and is here 70 ft. 
 wide and 7 ft. deep, passed by a number of lofty and hand- 
 some bridges, and adds much to its business facilities. Che- 
 nango canal extending to Binghampton, enters the canal here. 
 The country around Utica is fertile, populous, and rich, and 
 it is the centre of an extensive trade. 
 
 Hotels ; Bagg's or Bleecker House, Franklin House, Ame- 
 rican Hotel, and National Temperance House, all on Genesee 
 St. the principal street in the city. ■' - ' 
 
 The city is situated on the site of old Fort Schuyler, where 
 a garrison was kept previous to the revolution. In 1798, a 
 village charter was granted, and in 1832, incorporated into 
 a city J it is divided into 4 wards, governed by a common 
 council, consisting of a mayor and 12 aldermen. Pop. 12,782. 
 
 Daily lines of stages leave Utica for Denmark^ 62 m. N. 
 Watertown 81 m. SackeWs Harbour 93 m. and Ogdenshurg 
 126 m.; for Binghampton 92 m. connecting with stages to 
 Owego and Montrose, Penn'a. ; for Hamilton, connecting with 
 a canal packet boat for Binghampton ; for Cooperstown 44 m. j 
 for New Berlin, connecting with a stage to Mt. Pleasant, 
 Penn'a ; and for Augusta, via Clmton. Triweekly stages run 
 to Ithaca, 93 m. ,. 
 
TRENTON FALLS. 
 
 HI 
 
 The tourist if he can spare the time should linger for a 
 day or two and visit the Trenton Falls 16 m. N. E.of 
 Utica, on the W. Canada creek, in the town of Trenton. 
 Stages which leave daily for Denmark, pass through Tren- 
 ton, or private conveyances can readily be had. The creek 
 rises in the summit of the highlands of Black river, and has 
 a tortuous course of 6 or 7 miles over a bridge of limestone, 
 2 m. and a half of which are above the falls. Within the 
 distance of 2 m. there are 6 cascades and rapids, having 
 an aggregate fall of 312 ft. Soon after reaching the lime- 
 stone the motion of the waters is accelerated until they reach 
 the Upper Falls, where it has an abrupt descent of 20 ft. into 
 a spacious basin. The whole descent to the head of this 
 fall in the last two miles is about 60 ft. Here the deep and 
 winding ravine commences j having an estimated average 
 depth of 100 ft. and an average breadth of 200 ft. with 
 shelving and perpendicular sides. Below the Upper Falls 
 the river then dashes along its rocky bed about a mile 
 with a descent of 20 ft. more, to the second falls, called the 
 Cascades, consisting of two pitches, with intervening rapids, 
 having a fall of 18 ft. The third fall and second within 
 the ravine, is called the Mill-dam, having a smooth and 
 regular fall of 20 ft. The High Falls, a short distance 
 beyond have 3 distinct cataracts with a perpendicular fall 
 of 100 ft. The chasm here becomes very deep and with 
 the rocky cliffs and wooded banks, presents a wild and 
 grand sight. The fifth, or Sherman's Falls have a descent 
 of 37 ft., from the foot of which the stream less rapidly de- 
 scends to the sixth or Conrad's Falls of 6 ft., below which in 
 half a mile the descent is about 15 ft. thus making the entire 
 descent in 5 m. to be 387 feet. 
 
 The falls at different times present varied appearances oc- 
 casioned by the elevation or depression of the stream. In 
 floods, the whole is one tremendous rapid, with four cataracts 
 
 > 
 

 i 
 
 
 r: 
 
 TO BUFFALO, NIAGARA, ETC. 
 
 and several chutes. A fine hotel is kept near the falls, which 
 are so secluded and deeply embosomed in the forest, that 
 no token of the long and deep gorge, through which the 
 waters rush, is visible until you are on its very brink. A 
 pathway leads to the stairway which descends to the bottom 
 of the ravine, along, the strand of which you proceed up the 
 stream, and then by a narrow winding footpath to Sherman's 
 Fall. From thence you advance to the High Falls, from the 
 head of which to the upper end of the race way above the 
 Cascades, the way is easy when the stream is low, but from 
 thence upwardly it is more difficult and dangerous, the path 
 being on the immediate verge of the rushing waters. It is 
 now protected by chains supported by iron standards let into 
 the solid rock ; before these were placed here, two interest- 
 ing females were lost in the flood. 
 
 Leaving Utica and pursuing our route westward, we reach 
 
 Whitesborough 3 m. a pleasant village containing about 
 
 1800 inhabitants, 3 churches, a courthouse, a manual labor 
 
 school, &c. The village is surrounded by rich and fertile 
 
 lands and settled by an industrious and intelligent people. 
 
 Oriskany, 4 m. a flourishing manufacturing town on the 
 Oriskany creek, contains about 1200 inhabitants, 2 churches, 
 and 200 dwellings. The Oriskany manufacturing company 
 have one of the most extensive woollen factories in the state. 
 . A short distance beyond Oriskany is the place where a 
 bloody battle was fought during the revolutionary war, and 
 in which Gen. Herkimer received his mortal wound. Gen. 
 Burgoyne in 1777, having sent about 1500 troops and Indians 
 from Montreal to besiege Fort Stanwix, Gen. Herkimer with 
 800 men was sent to its relief. His party was surprised by 
 the British forces under Gen. St. Leger, in a narrow ravine, 
 and were entirely surrounded. Some of the militia fled at 
 the first fire, but Herkimer with the remnant of his force 
 
 ft 
 
ROME — MAN LIU S. 
 
 113 
 
 gallantly maintained the fight for six hours. The General 
 was mortally wounded in the early part of the battle but 
 kept the field to the last. One half of the Americans were 
 either killed or wounded. The fort was subsequently as- 
 saulted by Leger's army, but they were driven off by a 
 sortie and their camp plundered. Afterwards the fort was 
 summoned to surrender, but Gen. Arnold adopting the stra- 
 tagem of sending two emissaries from the camp at Saratoga, 
 to inform St. Leger of the approach of a powerful American 
 army for the relief of the besieged, he ordered a precipitate 
 retreat to the Oneida lake, leaving all his baggage behind. 
 The remains of the fort are still visible near. 
 
 Rome 7 m. farther. The village is on the line of the Erie 
 canal between Mohawk r. and Wood creek, and is hand- 
 somely laid out with broad streets crossing each other at 
 right angles, and has two public squares. It contains besides 
 the courthouse and county offices, an U. States arsenal, ma- 
 gazine, and workshops, a bank, six churches, and about 
 2500 inhabitants. Wood creek flows into Oneida Lake and 
 is connected with the Mohawk by a canal 2 m. long, which 
 with the Black river canal act as feeders to the Erie canal. 
 
 Verona Centre 9 m. Oneida Depot 4, Wampsville 3, and 
 Canastota 3, are small villages next on the route. 
 
 Chittenaiigo 6 m. is 1 m. S. of the Erie canal and connected 
 with it by a side-cut. It contains 3 churches, several large 
 factories of water lime, about 1000 inhabitants, and one mile 
 S. of the village a sulphur spring. 
 
 At Cazenovia, 10 m. S. of the Erie canal is the Oneida 
 Seminary, a theological institution of the Methodists. The 
 town is built on Cazenovia Lake, and contains 4 churches, 
 and about 1500 inhabitants. 
 
 Manlius, 4 m. is a thriving village S. of the Erie canal, be- 
 fore reaching * • < 
 
 8 
 
 k2 
 
,m 
 
 TO BUFFALO, NIAGARA, ETC 
 ' SYRACUSE. ;' ' 
 
 ^-:b «' 
 
 % 
 
 10 m., the capital of Onondaga Co. It is 53 m. W. of 
 Utica and 147 W. of Albany, situated on the Erie canal at 
 the junction of the Oswego canal, a mile and a half S. of 
 Onondaga lake. It is situate in the very heart of the State 
 of New York, is the central town of the Empire State, and 
 presents a truly imposing appearance. Its ranges of stores, 
 its splendid hotels, and its princely mansions, equal perhaps 
 those of any town of the same age and size in the United 
 States. Its foundation dates back only about twenty -three 
 or four years, and it has a population of about eleven thou- 
 sand, and has been raised to its present importance by the 
 canals, and Salt Springs in the vicinity. It is the centre of 
 an extensive district, abounding in agricultural and mineral 
 wealth. In its neighbourhood are inexhaustible quarries of 
 gypsum, water lime, and the finest building stone in the 
 world. It contains the usual county buildings, 2 banks, 8 
 churches, and 10 taverns. The village and township are 
 celebrated for the manufacture of salt, made from brine 
 springs in Geddes, Liverpool, Salina, and other places in the 
 vicinity. Fine salt is made by evaporation by heat ; and 
 coarse salt by solar evaporation. The salt works are an im- 
 portant source of revenue to the State, which receives six 
 cents on every bushel made ; there are made annually about 
 4,000,000 bushels. ^« * t 
 
 Hotels; American Temperance House; Farmer's Ex- 
 change, Franklin House, Mansion House, and Syracuse 
 House, the latter best. Capt. Miller has recently opened a 
 splendid house 4 stories high, surmounted by a dome, from 
 which landscape views of great beauty are spread before the 
 eye in all directions. It stands on the corner of the public 
 square near the canal and railroad, and contains 140 rooms. 
 
 ■*■■ 
 
 :■ 1/ 
 
^ 
 
 ROUTES FROM SYRACUSE. 
 
 115 
 
 At Salina, li m. N. of Syracuse, is the principal spring, 
 affording an inexhaustible supply of water yielding to every 
 40 gallons about a bushel of pure salt. The water is forced 
 by hydraulic engines, at the rate of 300 gallons per minute 
 into a large reservoir, from whence it is conducted by wooden 
 pipes to the various works at Syracuse and the vicinity. 
 
 The Oswego Canal from Syracuse to Oswego is 38 m. long 
 including 20 m. of the Oswego river, and connects the Erie 
 canal with Lake Ontario. • v. { ..•. 
 
 Stages run to Ogdenshurg via Salina 2 m. Cicero 10, 
 Brewerton 14, Central Square 18, Hastings 24, Union Square 
 30, Richland 38, Sandy creek 44, Mannsville 49, Adams 56, 
 Appling 63, Watertown 70, (branch line thence to Cape Vin- 
 cent 26 m.) Evans' Mills 79, Philadelphia 86, Antwerp 92, 
 Oxbow 99, Rossie 106, Hammond 112, Morristown 122, Og- 
 denshurg 133. From Ogdensburg a line continues across to 
 Plaitsburg on Lake Cliamplain, via Waddington 18, Madrid 27, 
 Norfolk 35, Massena 46, Hogansburg 60, Fort Covington 68, 
 Constable 80, Chateaugay 92, Ellenburg 105, Plattsburgh 132. 
 
 To Ithaca, via Condiff 12, TuUey 19, Homer 30, Cortland 33, 
 Ithaca 55. 
 
 To Skaneateles, via Geddes 2, Camillus 8, Elbridge 16, 
 Skaneateles 22. , -, ■» . , 
 
 Progressing W. the route is continued by R. R. to Rochester 
 104 m., or travellers can take the canal packet to Oswego, 
 thence by steamboat to the mouth of the Genesee r. 104 m. ; 
 or by the Erie canal from Syracuse, via Jordan, Weedsport, 
 Pt. Byron, Montezuma, Clyde, Lyons, Palmyra, Fairport, 
 Pittsford, and Brighton, to Rochester 99 m. 
 
 If the traveller designs visiting Montreal and Quebec, of 
 the above routes to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, the R. R. route 
 is preferable as he can enjoy its scenery, and that of Lake 
 Ontario also when visiting Canada. Route continued on p. 1 17. 
 
 ■.j..ii^feA: ■. 
 
-^, 
 
 116 
 
 TO BUFFALO, NIAGARA, ETC. 
 
 Travellers taking the canal route from Syracuse to Oawego, 
 38 m. usual time 7 h. Fare 1.50, can take the steamboat on 
 Lake Ontario to Niagara Falls ; fare through from Syracuse, 
 including meals, 4.50 ; stopping at Rochester and Toronto, 
 and arrive at Lewiston at 10 A. M. in time for the cars for 
 Niagara Falls and Buffalo. By this route travellers can view 
 by: daylight Queenston Heights, and Brock's Monument ; the 
 beautiful scenery of the Niagara, and the British and Ame- 
 rican forts at its mouth. The steamboats are of the first 
 class, fitted up in superior style for comfort and convenience. 
 
 - I 
 
 OSWEGO, ' . . i 
 
 i 
 
 Is well situated on both sides of the Oswego r. at its en- 
 trance into Lake Ontario, which is here 60 m. wide. It was 
 incorporated in 1828, and is regularly laid out with broad 
 streets crossing at right angles, and is well built. The two 
 parts of the village are connected by a bridge 700 ft. long. 
 It contains a courthouse, jail, 7 churches, 2 banks, and about 
 6000 inhabitants. The harbour, next to that of Sackett's-Har- 
 bour is the best on the S. side of Lake Ontario. It is formed 
 by a pier or mole filled with stone, 1259 ft. long on the W. 
 side of the harbour, and 200 ft. on the E. side, with an en- 
 trance between them. On the end of the W. pier there is a 
 light, and a lighthouse on the hill on the E. side. On the 
 promontory on the E. side of the river is Fort Ontario, which 
 occupies nearly the site of an old fort famous in the French 
 and revolutionary wars. The town fell into the hands of the 
 British during the late war, but they were driven from it in 
 12 hours, with loss. " ' ' ■■-' * > 't 
 
 Oswego owes much of its importance to its mills and ma- 
 nufactories for which it possesses great advantages, and to 
 its extensive commerci^' ntercourse, by means of the lake, 
 which it has with die Canadas and the west. There is nearly 
 a mile of wharves and dockage in the harbour, and many 
 
O S W E G — A U B U R N. 
 
 
 extensive warehouses and forwarding establishments. The 
 tonnage of the port is very great, and daily lines of steam- 
 boats run to SackeWs Harbour, Kingston, and Ogdensburgh, on 
 the N. ; and Rochester, Toronto, and Lewiston, on the W. 
 Stages during the winter run to the above ports and other 
 places. 
 
 Hotels; Oswego House, on the E. side, and the U. States 
 Hotel, and the Welland House, on the W. side of the river; 
 all excellent. 
 
 Leaving Syracuse by the Auburn and Syracuse R. R. we 
 pass through Geddes 2 m. Camillus 6, Elbridge 8, and Sennet 
 4 m. The route is formed by excavations and heavy em- 
 bankments, and. near Elbridge passes around the side of a 
 mountain of gypsum, 50 or 60 ft. above its base. 
 
 "^: . AUBURN, 
 
 26 m. from Syracuse, 173 W. of Albany, one of the most 
 beautiful and flourishing villages in the state, is situated on the 
 outlet of Owasco lake, which furnishes a noble water power. 
 It is not very regularly laid out, but the streets are spacious, 
 and many of the buildings are large and elegant, constructed 
 of blue limestone, which abounds in the vicinity. It con- 
 tains the county buildings, 2 banks, 7 churches, and 5,626 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The State Prison, a model of the kind, on the N. side of 
 the Owasco outlet, was founded in 1816, and cost over 
 $500,000. The buildings form three sides of a hollow square, 
 the front of which is 276 ft. long, and wings extending W. 
 242 ft. long and 45 ft. wide. The N. whig is divided into 
 solitary cells and a hospital, and the S. wing into cells. Be- 
 tween the two, the yard is laid out with grass plats and gra- 
 vel walks ; to the W. of this is the yard for the workshops, 
 part of the machinery of which is turned by water power of 
 
'Htt* 
 
 118 
 
 TO BUFFALO, NIAGARA, ETC. 
 
 the Gwasco outlet. The whole Ib surrounded by a wall 
 500 feet on a side. There are 770 separate cells, a chapel, 
 and other rooms. The prisoners labour in silence and are 
 confined in solitary cells. . tir.r> '.o 'i ^ ' 
 
 The Theological Seminary, under the direction of the Pres- 
 byterians is a fiourishing and highly useful institution. It 
 was founded in 1821, has 4 professors, and a hbrary of 5000 
 vols. It occupies a large stone edifice, 160 ft. long and 4 sto- 
 ries high. 
 
 Hotels; American Hotel, Auburn House, and Western 
 Exchange. ' 
 
 Stages connecting with other lines run to Ithaea 39 m. and 
 Cortland on the S. and Oswego 41 m. on the N. \ 
 
 Owasco Lake, on the outlet of which Auburn is situated, 
 abounds with excellent fish, and is surrounded by rugged and 
 picturesque scenery; it is 12 m. long and 1 wide. 
 
 Cayuga 10 m. is a small village, containing about 300 in- 
 habitants, situated on the E. bank of Cayuga Lake, which 
 is crossed by two bridges over one of which the lailroad 
 passes. Route continued on p. 120. 
 
 ' ■ '■''•- A TOUR OF THE LAKES. 
 
 To those who can spare two or three days, a Tour of the 
 Lakes of New York, affords beautiful views of rich scenery. 
 From the village the steamboat is taken to Ithaca at the head 
 of Cayuga lake, 36 m. The lake is 40 m. in length and from 
 1 to 3i m. in breadth j it is a beautiful sheet of water bor- 
 dered by highly cultivated farms and thriving villages, and 
 abounding with fish of an excellent quality. The steamboat 
 stops at various landings on the shores, and when within 
 9 m. of Ithaca, its suburbs become visible, crowning the emi- 
 nence in the rear of the village. 
 
 Ithaca, a beautiful and thriving village is on Cayuga inlet 
 
TOUR OF THE N.YORK LAKES. 
 
 110 
 
 and 
 
 I 
 
 > ' 
 
 U m. from the head of the lake. It is handsomely situa- 
 ted partly in a valley and the remainder on the hills, from 
 whence a commanding view of the lake, the valley of the 
 inlet, and scenery of the most attractive character is to be 
 obtained. The hills rise on three sides with a gentle ascent 
 to the height of 500 ft. The streets crossing each other at 
 right angles and the neat and tasteful buildings, add to the 
 beauty of the town. It contains the county buildings of 
 Tomkins co., 6 churches, 2 banks, 700 dwellings, about 4500 
 inhabitants, and various manufactories. It has great water 
 power for manufacturing purposes, being watered by Fall, 
 Cascadilla, and Six Mile creeks, besides the inlet, all of which 
 have falls. It has also extensive commercial facilities, be- 
 ing connected with New York by the Seneca and Erie canals, 
 and with Owego on the Susquehannah, by a railroad which 
 transports salt, lime, plaster, flour, &c. in exchange for the 
 coal and iron of Pennsylvania j when the N. York and Erie 
 R. R. is completed it will add further advantages by furnish- 
 ing an avenue for the winter trade with the sea board. Lines 
 of stages also connect Ithaca with the various towns in the 
 neighbourhood. • 
 
 The tourist will be delighted with the picturesque and 
 beautiful scenery around the village. On all the streams are 
 cascades of picturesque and sublime beauty. On Fall creek 
 are three successive falls with a descent of 438 ft. in the 
 course of a mile. The lower fall 150 ft. in height and of the 
 same breadth is peculiarly grand. Above this the water is 
 ^ jllected in a dam, from whence it is conveyed to the mills 
 below by a tunnel 9 ft. square and 300 ft. long, cut through 
 the solid rock. Beyond this the rocky banks rise on each 
 side to 100 ft. in height, and the scenery becomes more wild 
 and rugged. The second fall 70 ft. in height is extremely 
 picturesque, and falls into a beautiful basin. The other falls 
 above are also worth visiting. 
 
m 
 
 120 
 
 TO BUFFALO, PTIAOARA, ETC. 
 
 On Six Mile, CascadilJa, and Buttermilk creeks, and 
 on Five Mile creek, 4 m. S. from Ithaca, are also beautiful 
 and romantic cataracts. On the Taghcanic creek near Good- 
 win's point, is a grand fall 200 ft. in height, with banks 
 360 ft. high. 
 
 The principal Hotel at Ithaca, is the Clinton, one of the 
 largest and most splendid in the state. It contains 150 rooms 
 and has several porticoes with Ionic pillars. 
 
 To Owego by R. R. the route abounds in varied beauties 
 of simple and grand sc I'nery. 
 
 Continuing the tour of the lakes we take the stage to Jef- 
 ferson ville at the head of Seneca Lake, thence by steamboat 
 to Geneva 40 m. This lake is one of the most beautiful of 
 these inland seas, is 40 m. long, and from 2 to 4 wide, is very 
 deep, and never entirely frozen over. The shores at the head 
 of the lake are wild and rugged, becoming more cultivated 
 and interesting nearer its outlet. Fish are not found in such 
 quantities as in the other lakes, probably on account of its 
 depth and coldness of its waters. Seneca lake is connected 
 with Crooked lake by a canal 6 m. in length. Big Stream 
 point, Starkie^s "point, Rapelyea's Ferry, and Long point are 
 successively passed ; on the latter is a remarkable tree re- 
 sembling an elephant in shape. Dresden is a thriving vil- 
 lage on the W. shore, opposite to which is Ovid, 18 m. from 
 Geneva. On approaching Geneva it presents a pleasant ap- 
 pearance, with its college, neat, stores, handsome gardens, 
 and spires of the churches. 
 
 Seneca Falls 5 m. W. of Cajruga, and 15 W. of Auburn, 
 is situated on both sides of the outlet of Seneca lake, which 
 has here a fall of 47 ft. over four dams. It was incorporated 
 in 1831, and contains 5 churches, numerous stores and fac- 
 tories, and about 3000 inhabitants. In addition to the R. R. 
 the Cayuga and Seneca canal passes through the village and 
 connects with the Erie canal at Montezuma. 
 
 # 
 
W A T E R L O O E N E V A. 
 
 121 
 
 Waterloo 4 m. in a handsome village, and similarly situ- 
 ated. It contains 4 churches, 8 taverns, 1 bank, an exten< 
 sive wooUea fuotory and about 2500 inhabitants. 
 
 > GENEVA, • V 
 
 7 m. and 199 W. of Albany, is beautifully situated at 
 the N.W. extremity of Seneca lake. On the plain at the 
 foot of the lake is the principal business part of the vil< 
 lage, above which the plain gradually rises until it attains 
 a commanding elevation of 120 ft. occupied chiefly by pri- 
 vate residences. On the side next to the lake, the dwell- 
 ings have ornamented terraced gardens extending down 
 the elevated bank, aflbrding a beautiful view of the lake and 
 country. The village was incorporated in 1812, has seven- 
 teen streets and an enclosed public square, and containy 
 
 2 banks, 9 churches, 600 dwellings, and about 4000 inhabit- 
 ants. The new Episcopal church is a beautiful edifice. The 
 Geneva College, under the direction of the Episcopalians, is 
 a flourishing institution, and has a president and 7 professors, 
 a library of 5400 vols., a valuable philosophical and other appa- 
 ratus. The college buildings are well situated on the margia 
 of the lake, on an eminence in the S. part of the village. 
 
 Hotels; Geneva Hotel; Franklin, Railroad, and Tempe- 
 rance Houses. The accommodations are very good. 
 
 Two steamboats ply daily to Jefferson, at the head of the 
 lake ; connecting with stages to ElmirOj Ithaca, and Corning ; 
 and at the latter place by R. R. with Blossburg in Pennsyl- 
 vania, from whence large quantities of coal are shipped and 
 sent by the Erie canal to market. 
 
 Oak^s Corners 5 m., E. and W. Vienna 4m., Clifton Springs 
 
 3 m., Short^s Mills 5 m., and Chapinsville 3 m. are small set- 
 tlements on the route, which is now through one of the finest 
 sections of the state, well watered and beautifully diversified. 
 
-?)*>•"•" 
 
 122 
 
 ALBANY TO BUFFALO. 
 
 CANANDAlGUA, 
 
 3 m. and 222 W. of Albany, one of the most beautiful 
 towns and delightful places of residence in this rich portion 
 of the state, is pleasantly situated on a plain of gentle ascent 
 at N. end of Canandaigua lake at its outlet. The village is 
 handsomely and in many parts elegantly built, chiefly on 
 two parallel streets running N. and S. and crossed by others 
 at right angles, decorated with trees. At the centre is an 
 open square on which stands the courthouse, and other pub- 
 lic buildings. It contains a town-hall, 5 churches, the county 
 buildings, 2 banks, 2 excellent seminaries, and 2790 inhabit- 
 ants. In the vicinity are a number of delightful villas, with 
 ornamented grounds, surrounded by a rich and fertile dis- 
 trict, which combined with the view of the lake, presents a 
 beautifully varied scene well deserving its expressive Indian 
 name of Canandaigua, signifying "a chosen place." 
 
 Canandaigua Lake, is a beautiful sheet of water, 15 m. 
 long, and from 1 to li m. wide, lying mostly in the culti- 
 vated county of Ontario, and presenting on its shores much 
 delightful scenery. Its waters are deep and clear, and con- 
 tain excellent fish. Its outlet flows N. E. into Flint creek, 
 and Anally with those of the neighboring lakes are discharged 
 through Oswego river into Lake Ontario. ' 
 
 Hotels ; Blossom's Hotel, and Eagle Tavern. 
 
 Victor 9 m. Pittsford 12, Brighton 4, are small towns on 
 the line of the Erie canal near its intersection with the rail- 
 road, before reaching 
 
 l.f 
 
 . ROCHESTER, 
 
 4 m., 251 from Albany, and 74 E. of Buffalo. The city is 
 the capital of Monroe co. and advantageously situated on 
 
 #" 
 
 i \ 
 
 -tiSLi. 
 
ROCHESTER. 
 
 123 
 
 both sides of the Genesee river 7 m. from Its mouth. It was 
 laid out as a village ia 1812, and incorporated as a city in 
 1834; it has increased rapidly having more than doubled its 
 population every ten years; it now contains 20,191 inhabit- 
 ants. It is handsomely and in some portions, regularly laid 
 out, with spacious and well paved streets. The houses are 
 well built, chiefly of brick, many of them elegant, and or- 
 namented with beautiful gardens. There are several neat 
 public squares. The parts of the city are connected by 
 three bridges ; the Erie canal also crosses the river, by a 
 splendid aqueduct in the middle of the city. Some of the 
 churches and public buildings are quite handsome. The 
 city contains a courthouse, jail, 2 market-houses, 6 banks, 
 23 churches, a museum, a collegiate institute, 2 orphan asy- 
 lums, a mechanics' and a young men's associations, an athe- 
 neum, 2 arcade buildings, and an apprentices' library. The 
 Arcade is 100 ft. front, 135 ft. deep, and 4 stories high ; it 
 contains the Post office, Atheneum, &c. In the centre is an 
 observatory from whence a fine view of the country is to be 
 had. 
 
 Rochester owes its extraordinary increase to its great water 
 power on the Genesee, its connection with the Erie canal, 
 its connection with Lake Ontario by a beatable communica- 
 tion, and other. natural advantages. The Genesee in itspas> 
 sage through the city has three perpendicular falls besides 
 rapids, which amount to 268 ft. Numerous flour mills are 
 worked by this water power, which for extent and excel- 
 lence of machinery are not surpassed in the world. These 
 iqills are capable of making 5,000 barrels of flour per day, 
 consuming when under full headway, 25.000 bushels of 
 wheat per day ; and it is estimated that besides the capital 
 employed in their construction, it requires $2,000,000 an- 
 nually to keep them in operation, and that they produce an- 
 nually to the amount of $3,500,000. Vessels come up the 
 
 
124 
 
 ALBANY TO BUFFALO. 
 
 i r 
 
 Genesee river from Lake Ontario to Carthage, 2i m. below 
 the centre of the city, where steamboats arrive and depart 
 daily, and to which there is a railroad from the city. The 
 river is beatable above for 45 m., to Mount Morris. The 
 Genesee valley canal when completed, will connect it with 
 Olean, on the Alleghany, and thence with Pittsburg. The 
 Erie canal and line of railroads from Boston to Buffalo con- 
 nect it with the E. and W. These important artificial ad- 
 vantages combined with its great water power and the fer- 
 tile district by ".vhich it is surrounded, will continue to add 
 to its rapid growth and prosperity; and by manufacturing 
 the surplus supply of wheat in the western states, add to 
 theirs also. > 
 
 The city is divided into^five wards, and governed by a 
 mayor, recorder, marshal, and 10 aldermen, who constitute 
 the common council. 
 
 Hotels; the American. Clinton, Eagle, Exchange, North 
 American, and U. States, Hotels ; and the Mansion, Morton, 
 and Rochester, Houses. ' ' iil^T* .. ^ «?.. ^i.^v-r ;^'it^^: 
 
 The Avon Springs, 20 m. S. in the Valley of the Genesee^ 
 are much resorted to, on account of their efficacy in various 
 disorders, as indigestion, rheumatism, gout, and all kinds of 
 obstructions arid cutaneous affections. The village is de- 
 lightfully situated on a terrace elevated 100 ft. above the 
 river, on the right bank, commanding an extensive view of 
 the valley. The Springs are to the S. W. of the village ; 
 where are also three excellent bathing establishments. The 
 best Hotels are the Knickerbocker Hall, and Spring Hotel, 
 near the Springs ; and the Eagle Hotel, and Avon Hotel^ Hi 
 the village. 
 
 Stages leave Rochester daily to Bath, Steuben co. 75 ra., 
 via Geneva aiid Dansville, conriecting with stages to Corning 
 and Elmira. Fare $3.00. 
 
 m i I 
 
 1 V 
 
ROUTES PROM ROCHESTER. 
 
 125 
 
 Stages tri-weekly to Oleauy Cattaraugus co., 96 m., via 
 Avon 20, Geneseo 28, Mt. Morris 34, Angelica 65, and Hins- 
 dale 90. Fare $4.00. .... 
 
 To Oswego 76 m. Fare S4.00. 
 
 To Moscow 37 m. via Caledonia 21, and York 30. 
 
 The Tourist in leaving Rochester for Buffalo and Niagara 
 Falls, has the choice of several routes. 
 
 I. By Railroad, 74 m. This is the most expeditious and 
 agreeable route. ... ^ -. *^ -*' 
 
 II. By Daily Stage to Lockport 58 ra. via Adams' Basin 10, 
 Brockport 15, Holley 20, Halburton 24, Albion 30, Know'es- 
 ville 36, Medina 40, Middleport 46, and Reynold's Basin, 49 j 
 Fare $2.50. At Lockport take the R. R. to Lewiston 76 m., 
 Niagara Falls 82, Buffalo 104. 
 
 III. To Lockport by Canal 62 m. fare $2.00, via Brockport 
 20 m., Holley 25, Albion 60, Knowlesville 67, Medina 71, 
 Middleport 77, Gasport 82. From Lockport as above. This 
 is a cheap and comfortable route. ^.v .-.^^ 
 
 IV. By Steamboat, daily, during the season of navigation, 
 from Carthage to Lewiston, thence by R. R. as above. By 
 this route you have a fine view of the lake and its scenery^ 
 but if you intend visiting Canada on your return, one of the 
 other routes would be preferable in going. ,^^ ^ ,. 
 
 By Railroad the route extends W. through the villages of 
 Churchville 14 m., Bergen 18, Byron 25, to 
 
 BcUavia 32 m. the capital of Genesee co. incorporated in 
 1823, and containing the county offices, a state arsenal, 2 
 banks, 5 churches, and about 2000 inhabitants. Stages run 
 from here S. to Wai'saw, and N. to Albion and Lockport. 
 
 Alexander AO, Attica 43, Dancn 49, Alden 5i, Lancaster 6i. 
 
 1 2 
 
 f 
 
126 
 
 ALBANY TO BUFFALO. 
 
 BUFFALO 
 
 ■-*,.«•-* 
 
 ■»' J'ji 
 
 Is 74 J and 325 ra. W. of Albany. Pop. 18,213. 
 
 Hotels; American Hotel on Main st. j Western Hotel on 
 Pearl st. ; Mansion House on Main st. near the depot; and 
 the U. States Hotel, are all excellent houses, of the first class. 
 There are also The Farmers', and Huff's Hotel, and Pollard's 
 Temperance House. ' ' ■*-,.: .^ v •,*'.. i > 
 
 The city of Buffalo is situated near the head of Niagara 
 river, the outlet of Lake Erie, and at the foot of the great 
 chain of western lakes. Its situation at the W. extremity of 
 the Erie canal and the great chain of railroads from Boston 
 to Buffalo, and at the E. termination of the navigation of the 
 great lakes, Erie, Huron, and Michigan, constitutes it the 
 great gate of the East and the West, and commands an ex- 
 tensive business. The ground on which it is built, rises 
 gradually until it becomes an extended and elevated plain, 
 fifty feet above the level of the lake, furnishing a beautiful 
 view of the harbour, the lake, Niagara river, the Canada 
 shore, the canal with its branches, and the town itself. The 
 city is well laid out with broad and regular streets, mostly 
 crossing each other at right angles, and well paved and 
 lighted ; Main st. the principal one is 120 ft. broad and con- 
 tains some fine buildings. The houses are mostly built with 
 neatness and taste in the modern style. There are three 
 public squares handsomely ornamented. •' 
 
 The city contains a courthouse and other county build- 
 ings, surrounded with ornamented grounds; 2 markets; 17 
 churches, some of them handsome specimens of architec- 
 ture ; 2 banks, an insurance company, an orphan asylum, a 
 theatre; and a Young Men's Literary Association, which 
 has a library of 3500 vols, and sustains an able course of lite- 
 rary and scientific lectures. 
 
 i.l' 
 
BUFFALO, 
 
 127 
 
 The harbour formed by Buffalo creek, has a depth of 12 
 or 14 ft. of water, and is protected from all winds; it is so 
 spacious that several hundred steamboats and other lake 
 vessels can be well accommodated in it. A bar at the en- 
 trance of the harbour, formerly prevented the access of most 
 vessels from the lake j but a mole and pier of wood and 
 stone, 1500 ft. long, have been constructed by the U. S. go- 
 vernment and the citizens, which by confining the chan- 
 nel of the creek, has so far removed the bar, as to freely 
 admit vesels requiring 8 ft. water. The lighthouse at the 
 end of the pier, built of limestone, is 20 ft. in aiameter and 
 46 ft. high, and is an ornamental and useful structure. A 
 ship canal 700 yds. long, 80 ft. wide and 30 ft. deep, extends 
 from the creek near its mouth, into the place ; and the Erie 
 canal is to be extended more than a mile, parallel and with 
 lateral cuts to the harbour. 
 
 The commerce of Buffalo extending westward, 1200 m. 
 through the chain of lakes or inland seas, employs nearly 60 
 steamboats, many of them spacious and with elegant conve- 
 niences ; and 300 schooners and other lake craft. By means 
 of the Erie canal and Hudson river, Buffalo is connected with 
 Albany and New York ; and by a continuous chain of rail- 
 roads with Albany and Boston, by land. A railroad also 
 connects it with Black Rock, Niagara Falls, and Lewiston. ' 
 
 Buffalo is divided into 5 wards, and is governed by a mayor 
 and common council elected annually. It was laid out in 
 1801, became a military post in 1812, was burned by the 
 British and Indians in 1813 for which the U. S. government 
 gave the inhabitants $80,000 at the close of the war, was in- 
 corporated as a village in 1822, and as a city in 1832. The 
 commencement of the rapid growth of the city dates from 
 the completion of the Erie canal, which was finished in 1825. 
 It has an uninterrupted lake navigation of 1500 m., wuth a 
 coast of 3000 m. Its great natural advantages, its connec- 
 

 128 
 
 ROUTES FROM BUFFALO. 
 
 tion with the northern valley of the MlssisBippi, its connec- 
 tion with various places by railroads and canals, must always 
 tend to still further increase its growth and prosperity. 
 
 Poinsett Barracks an extensive cantonment for troops, oc- 
 cupy a commanding position near the N. limit of the city. 
 Several companies are stationed there, who parade weekly 
 for manoeuvre and review. * - 
 
 Excursions are frequently made to the Seneca Indian viU 
 lage; it forms a pleasant 3 m. ride; it is also a delightful 
 sail to the ruins of Fort Eriej on the opposite shore. / > - 
 
 1/ 
 
 ROUTES FROM BUFFALO. 
 
 TO NIAGARA FALLS, AND VICINITY. 22 M. 
 
 I. By R. Road via Black Rock 3 m. Tonawanda 11, anc} 
 Schlosser 20. Morning and afternoon lines from depot front- 
 ing Western Hotel. 
 
 II. By steamboat daily to Chippewa 20 m. on the Canada 
 side, thence by R. R. 2 m. to Falls; or by S. B. to Schlosser's 
 Landing opposite, on the American "side, thence by stages to 
 the Falls. S. B. fare 37 i cts. 
 
 For description of the above routes and of the Falls see 
 p. 143. To go by the one route and return by the -other will 
 render the trip more pleasant. 
 
 STEAMBOAT ROUTES. 
 
 ■I _. 
 
 To Barcelona. 62 m. by daily lines, fare $2.00. ** si ^ v 
 To Port Stanley, Canada, twice a week. ^'. ■ { n- 
 
 To Toledo and Perrysburg 319 m. By daily line, via in- 
 termediate places, fare $7.00. 
 
 To Detroit 372 m. By daily line via intermediate ports, 
 fare $7.00— see p. 135. 
 To Chicago 1,047 m. By line leaving every other morn- 
 
 K 
 
' "TWTS " "v^ r*'r;j' ■' 
 
 ROUTES FROM BUFFALO. 
 
 129 
 
 ing during the season of navigation, via intermediate places, 
 fare $12.00. See p. 130. 
 
 To Chicago 641 m. By steamboat to Detroit as above 
 372 m., thence by R. R. to Kalamazoo 145 m. via Dearborn 
 10, Wayne 18, Ypsilante 30, Ann Arbor 40, Dexter 50, Syl- 
 van 60, Grass Lake 70, Jackson 80, Barry 86, Smithfield 93, 
 Albion 99, Marengo 106, Marshall 111, Battle creek 123, 
 Charleston 133, Galesburg 137, Corastock 141, Kalamazoo 
 145. Thence by stage via Paw Paw 163, Hamilton 175, 
 Jlulersville 179, Bainbridge 190, to St. Joseph 200 ; thence by 
 steamboat across lake Michigan to Chicago. 269 m. 
 
 -^H 
 
 STAGE ROUTES. 
 
 To Detroit, 400 m. via Erie, Pa; Cleveland and Toledo, 
 Ohio; fare $10.00. 
 
 To Batavia 38 m., daily, Sundays excepted, fare $1.00. 
 
 To Geneseo 66 m. via Hamburg 12, and Warsaw 45. 
 
 To Olean 75 m. via Ellicottsville 49. 
 
 To Erie 91 m. via Hamburg 12, Fredonia 46. 
 
 To Warsaw 44 m. fare $1.50. 
 
 To Lockport 30 m. during the suspension of navigation, 
 fare $1.50. 
 9 
 
 W ^: if^ 
 
 
 >' r- .*.;*< ■ 
 
 
130 
 
 TOUR OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 A TOUR OF THE LAKES 
 
 FROM BUFFALO TO CHICAGO. « 
 
 In this pleasant excursion the tourist has an excellent op- 
 portunity of not only viewing the picturesque and magnifi- 
 cent scenery of the lakes, but also of visiting the various 
 thriving towns on the route, and witnessing the extensive 
 commerce carried on by steamboats, schooners, and other 
 lake vessels. 
 
 LAKE ERIE 
 
 Is of an elliptical shape, about 265 m. long, and varying in 
 breadth from 10 to 63 m. The line of division as settled by 
 treaty runs through the lake, with the states of Michigan, 
 Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, on the S. and S. E. bor- 
 ders, and the fertile province of Upper Canada on the N. Its 
 surface is 555 ft. above the Hudson r. at Albany, and 334 ft. 
 above Lake Ontario. It is the most shallow of the five great 
 lakes, its mean depth being 120 ft. with a depth in some 
 portions of 270 ft. It receives at its W. end, through Detroit 
 river or strait the discharge of water from the great upper 
 lakes, and from the states and Canada numerous streams of 
 small size, mosi; of which have bars at their mouths ; it dis- 
 charges its waters through Niagara river pouring an immense 
 fiood over the precipice at the Falls. There are several ex- 
 cellent harbours on the U. S. shore, and but one or two on 
 the Canada side. In consequence of its shallowness, a part 
 of the lake is frozen over every winter, suspending the navi- 
 gation for several months. Its importance as connected with 
 commerce and navigation, is greater than either of the other 
 lakes, and is constantly increasing, being connected at Buf- 
 
 ^//,. 
 
DUNKIRK — EtllE. 
 
 131 
 
 falo with Albany by the Erie canal 363 ra. long, at Cleveland 
 with Portsmouth on Ohio r. uy ihe Ohio canal 307 m. long, 
 and at Port Maitland on Grand r. with Port Dalhousie on lake 
 Ontario by the Welland canal 434 m. long. It is navigable 
 for vessels of 125 tons, and for steamboats adapted to lake 
 navigation. There are now over 300 vessels, many of which 
 are of the largest and finest class. 
 
 Dunkirk, 45 m. from Buffalo, is a thriving town, and has 
 an excellent harbour. It is to be the termination of the New 
 York and Erie R. R. and will become an important place. 
 
 Barcelona^ 7 and 52 m. is connected with Buffalo by a 
 daily steamboat. The lighthouse is lighted with gas which 
 escapes from the creek and is conducted for a mile by pipes 
 to the shore. » ^ ^ • 
 
 Erie, Pa. 38 and 90 m. is beautifully situated on a blnff 
 on Presque Isle bay. The U. S. government has much im- 
 proved the entrance to the harbour, by the construction of 
 substantial piers. The village contains the county buildings, 
 7 churches, and 3412 inhabitants. Perry's fleet was con- 
 structed here, in seventy days from the time when the tim- 
 ber, of which it was constructed, was standing in the forest. 
 He returned here with his prizes after the battle, and the 
 vessels now lie sunk in the harbour near the Navy Yard, of 
 which his flag ship the Lawrence, partly out of water, has 
 been robbed of pieces to be preserved as relics. On the high 
 bank to the right and overlooking the town, are the remains 
 of the old French fort, Presque Isle, overgrown with weeds. 
 Half a mile beyond is the block house, erected for the pro- 
 tection of the Navy Yard during the late war. The brave Gen. 
 Wayne, died here, Dec. 15, 1796, on his return from the 
 Indian wars; and his remains, by his own request, were 
 buried beneath the flag staff of the fort, but have since been 
 removed by his relatives. .; - aa ^ 
 
 Conneautf 28 m. and 118 from Buffu.lo, is on a ereek of the 
 
 
132 
 
 BUFFALO TO CHICAGO. 
 
 same name, in the N. £. corner of Ohio, and contains 3 
 churches, and 2,642 inhabitants. Its trade is chiefly in lum- 
 ber and country produce. 
 
 Ashtabula, O. 13 and 131 m., and Fairport, 0. on Grand r. 
 30 and 161 m. are next on the route. 
 
 CLEVELA^TD, O. 
 
 
 '*■ 30 and 191 m., is the capital of Cayahoga co. and next to 
 Cincinnati the most important city in the slate. Pop. 6071. 
 A small part of the city lies on Cayahoga r. where the land 
 is but little elevated above the lake ; but it rises by a steep 
 ascent to a level, gravelly plain, elevated about 80 ft. above 
 the lake, on which the city is chiefly built. From th.j ele- 
 vation a view of the Cayahoga r. with its meanderings, the 
 harbour and the lake with the numerous sail and steam ves- 
 sels, i^ at once beautiful and striking. The upper portion of 
 the city is well laid out with broad and regular streets, and 
 has a public square of 10 acres divided into 4 parts by 2 in- 
 tersecting streets, and finely shaded. It is well built, with 
 neat and often elegant houses. The city contains a court 
 house, jail, 7 churches mostly handsome and spacious edi- 
 fices, an insurance company, a Lyceum and reading room 
 which sustain public lectures in the winter, and numerous 
 public and private schools. 
 
 The commerce of Cleveland is very extensive, and con- 
 stantly increasing on account of its great natural advantages. 
 Besides its connection with the extent of country bordering 
 the lakes, it is connected by means of the Erie canal with 
 New York and intermediate places ; by the Ohio canal, pas- 
 sing through the entire central part of the state, with the 
 Ohio r. ; by the Pennsylvania canal, which joins the Ohio 
 canal at Akron, with Pittsburg and thus with the southern 
 Atlantic cities ; and by the Welland canal, with the Canada 
 

 "t75- 
 
 C L E V E L A ND. 
 
 133 
 
 market. There were in 1842, belonging to the port 75 sail- 
 vessels and 5 steamers ; the number that arrived during the 
 year was 2468, number departed 2462. The imports for the 
 year were heavy, while the exports amounted to $5,851,898 j 
 of which $1,016,976 went to Canada, for which trade Cleve- 
 land possesses unrivalled advantages. The principal exports, 
 aro wheat, flour, corn, pork, lard, butter, beef, cheese, &c. 
 Cleveland is the great mart where the grain trade of the 
 largest grain-growing state in the Union, centres. Its water- 
 power is small, and therefore it is not an extensive manufac- 
 turing place. 
 
 The harbour of Cleveland is one of the best on Lake Erie, 
 spacious and safe, and easy of access. It is formed by the 
 mouth of Cuyahoga r., and is well supplied with extensive 
 wharves and storehouses. There are two substantial stone 
 piers 1200 ft. long, erected by the U. S. government, 200 ft. 
 apart. Thrre are two lighthouses, one on the high bank on 
 the shore, the other near the end of one of the piers. 
 
 Cleveland derives its name from Gen. Cleveland of Con- 
 necticut, who first surveyed and laid it out in 1796. It was 
 incorporated as a village in 1814, and chartered as a city in 
 1836. It is divided into 3 wards, and governed by a mayor, 
 3 aldermen, and 9 councilmen. In 1799, there was but one 
 white family, settled on the spot, since when it has been in- 
 creasing slowly until the past few years, when the different 
 lines of communication with various parts of the country 
 being formed, it has increased rapidly, and for the same 
 reason will continue to advance. 
 
 There are several Hotels, of which the American is a large 
 and excellent house. 
 
 Ohio city on the opposite side of the river is a thriving 
 place, and destined at no future day to form part of Cleve- 
 land. , « J, .. , 
 
 Black River 28 m., Vermilion 10, and Huron 20, are 
 
 M 
 
134 
 
 TOUR OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 each small towns situated on rivers with their respective 
 names. • -'V ' "*' * ' 
 
 Sandusky 10 m. and 259 from BufTalo, is the capital of 
 Erie Co, 0., situated on Sandusky bay, and commanding a 
 delightful view of the lake. It has 4 splendid churches, 1 
 academy, and about 300 dwellings, mostly built of stone 
 from an extensive quarry on which the town stands. Pop. 
 about 2000. 
 
 Toledo, 50 and 309 m. situated on Maumee r. near its 
 entrance into Maumee bay at the S. end of Lake Erie. It 
 contains numerous stores, 2 foundries, 2 steam saw mills, 
 85 mechanic shops, and 2072 inhabitants. A steamboat line 
 connects Toledo and Perrysburg 18 m. higher up the river, 
 with Buffalo. A railroad extends to Adrian 33 m. ; and the 
 Wabash and Erie Canal to La Fayette; the latter is to be ex- 
 tended to Terre Haute on the Wabash, a total distance of 
 81m. and when finished will add much to the business of 
 the place. 
 
 Monroe^ Michigan, 28 m. is situated on the river Raisin 
 2^ m. from its mouth. A ship canal, 100 ft. wide and 12 ft. 
 deep, is constructed from the city to the lake. The city 
 contains a courthouse an elegant edifice of hewn stone, a jail, 
 2 banks, 7 churches, numerous mills and factories, a reading 
 room and public library of 1500 vols., and 1703 inhabitants. 
 The city was first settled by the French in 1776, and increased 
 by the Englrahin 1798. On Jan. 18th, 1813, the memorable 
 battle of Frenchtbwn was fought near this place, when 700 
 Kentuckians under Gen. Winchester were ma.ssacr«d by the 
 Indians, under the countenance of Gen. Proctor, who ordered 
 the burning of the place. The order was punctually executed, 
 but was stopped by the interference of the celebrated Indian 
 chief Tecumseh. A railroad extends west via Adrian 34 m. 
 to Hillsdale 68, connecting with a line of stages to Niles 
 161m. 
 
AMIIERSTBUR G — D E T R 1 T. 
 
 135 
 
 Amheratburg, Can. W. is on the mouth of the Detroit r. and 
 was fornnerly known by the name of Walden. On the op- 
 posite side of the river is the battle ground of Brownstown^ 
 where the Americans while on their way to reUeve the fort 
 at Frenchtown, routed the British and Indian force, with a 
 slight loss. The regulars were stationed in a narrow pass 
 with their artillery on a rise commanding the road, while the 
 Indians were secreted in the woods. The Americans, under 
 Gen. Miller were nearly surrounded, before the enemy was 
 discovered. By a vigorous attack the regulars were driven 
 back and the Indians becoming confused were entirely routed. 
 The Americans arrived too late, as the perfidious massacre 
 of the defenders of the fort had already taken place. 
 
 DETROIT. 
 
 14 m., 372 from Buffalo, and 675 from Chicago by s. b. 
 route, the capital of the state, is beautifully and advantage- 
 ously situated on the W. side of Detroit r. on ground elevated 
 30 ft. above its surface, 7 m. below the outlet of lake St. Clair, 
 and 18 above the W. ext^' mty of Lake Erie. Pop. 9192. The 
 city extends for over a mile on the river, and for 1200 ft. back 
 of it, the plan is rectangular. There are 8 avenues, three 
 of which are 200 ft. wide, and five others are 120 ft. wide; 
 five of these centre at a public ground called the grand circus. 
 The other streets are 60 ft. wide and generally cross each 
 other at right angles. The houses are mostly of wood, though 
 many are built of brick, in a neat, and sometimes elegant 
 manner. • 
 
 Among the public buildings are ; the Stc^e Ho'tse^ built of 
 brick, 60 by 90 ft. It has a portico with 6 Ionic columns, 
 with pilasters on the sides, and is surmounted by a dome 
 140 ft. high ; from whence a grand and beautiful prospect 
 presents itself. The City Hall is a neat edifice of brick, the 
 
 ff 
 
13G 
 
 BUFFALO TO CHICAGO. 
 
 m i 
 
 lower Btory occupied by the markets, and the upper by the 
 courts. Some of the churches are very handsome. St. Paul's 
 £piBcopal church, of brick, in the Gothie style, has a well 
 proportioned tower 115 ft. high, and a fine organ. The 
 "Presbyterian church of brick, in the Grecian Doric style, with a 
 4 portico of six columns, and a steeple 130 ft. high. The Baptist 
 C church, on an elevated situation, built of brick in the Grecian 
 Ionic style, has a steeple 100 ft. high, stnd a handsome dome. 
 St. Anne's cathedral constructed of hewn granite, in the Ro- 
 man Doric order, has two steeples in front, ornamented with 
 iron crosses; in the centre is an octagonal dome, 30 ft. in 
 diameter and 30 ft. high; it has a splendid organ. The Bank 
 of Michigan is constructed of polished stone, in the Grecian 
 style, at a cost of $40,000. 
 
 Detroit contains an Historical Society, a State Literary In- 
 stitute, a Medical society, a Young Men's society for Moral 
 and Intellectual improvement with a library of over 1200 
 vols., and a State Library, at the capitol, containing 2000 vols, 
 to be increased at the rate of $1000 a year for five years. 
 The city also contains 8 churches, 4 banks with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $2,250,000 ; 3 markets, a theatre, a circus, a 
 state penitentiary, a county jail, a government magazine, a 
 mechanic's hall, and numerous seminaries. The city is sup- 
 plied with water raised by steam-power from the strait, and 
 distributed in pipes over the city. 
 
 Detroit is well situated for trade, and has already become 
 a great commercial emporium. The navigation of the river 
 ,and lake is open about 8 months in the year. The arrivals 
 of vessels and steamboats is about 300 annually. 
 
 The city was first settled by the French, in 1683 ; and fell 
 into the hands of the British in 1760. In 1784, it came by 
 treaty into the possession of the U. States, who have had a 
 garrison stationed here from 1796 until recently. In 1802 it 
 yr&s incorporated as a city, and in 1805 it was nearly de- 
 
DETROIT— LAKE ST. CLAIR. 
 
 137 
 
 stroyed by fire. In 1812, it was captured by the British, re- 
 captured in 1813, by the Americans, and rechartered in 1815. 
 In 1837 a large fire occurred in Detroit, which caused a great 
 destruction of property. 
 
 ^ R. R. extends N. W. to Pontiac 25 m. thence by stage 
 via Flint 61, to Sa^naw 97. A R. R. extends to Utica^ 25 m. 
 The central R. R. of Michigan extends W. to Kciamazoo 
 146 m. via Dearbonville 10, Ypsilanti 30, Ann Arbor 40, Scio 
 46, Jackson 79, Marshall 113, Kalamazoo 146; thence by 
 stage to St, Joseph^s 200, then by steamboat across lake Mi- 
 chigan to Chicago 269. s •'• -^ '^•'^■ 
 •-, By stage to Port Huron 59 m. '^ ^^ 
 
 By stage to Grand Haven 199 m. via Howell 51, Ionia 1 18, 
 and Grand Rapids 155. 
 
 By R. R. and stage to Niles 182 m. By R. R. to Ypsilanti 
 30, thence by stage via Cold Water 110, and Mottsville 154. 
 
 To Chicago 279 m. ] by stage to Niles 182 m. as above, 
 then via Michigan city 226. 
 
 From Windsor J on the opposite side of the river, stages run 
 to Queenston during the close of the navigation. 
 
 Continuing the tour of the lakes we proceed N. until 7 m. 
 above Detroit we reach 
 
 lAKE ST. CLAIR, 
 
 The smallest of the chain ; it is 2^ m. long, 80 m. wide, 90 m. 
 in circumference, and about 20 ft. deep. It receives the 
 waters of several rivers; one of which, the St. Clair connects 
 it with Lake Huron. ' '***" 
 
 St. Clair on the W. and Southerland on the £. shore are 
 passed before reaching Lake Haron, at the S. end of which 
 on the W. side is Fori Gratiotj and Ft. Edward on the E. or 
 Canadian side. • '- 
 
# 
 
 138 
 
 BUFFFALO TO CHICAGO. 
 
 '- IjAKE HURON, M^if ?-?%*>^^ 
 
 Is so irregular in shape that it is difficult to determine its 
 exact dimensions. It is 260 m. in length, with a breadth of 
 160 m. in its widest part, though the average breadth is 90 m. 
 Its principal indentations are Saginaw bay^ on the W. shore ; 
 and Georgian bay on the N. £. 170 m. long and 70 m. -wide, 
 itself one fourth of the size of the whole lake. There are 
 said to be 32,000 islands in Lake Huron, most of which are 
 in the N. and N. £. part, of which the largest is Manitoulin 
 90 m. long, and 30 m. broad in its widest part. Its greatest 
 depth towards its W. shore, is at least 1000 ft., and its mean 
 depth 900 ft. or about 300 ft. below the level of the Atlantic. 
 It receives the waters of lake Superior by St. Mary's strait, 
 those of lake Michigan by the straits of Michilimackinac, 
 and discharges its own waters by the river St Clair. It also 
 receives the waters of several small lakes. The lake is sub- 
 ject to violent storms, which render its navigation dangerous. 
 Though very deep, it is generally shallow near the shores ; 
 it has some fine harbours. The boundary line runs through 
 the middle of the lake. 
 
 Point aux Barques 130 m. from Detroit, is at the S. entrance 
 of Saginaw bay; Thunder bay 75 m. further, contains a great 
 many islands, on one of which is a lighthouse; Presque Isle 
 30 m. is on the N. £. point of the peninsula of Michigan. 
 
 Sault de St. Marie, or St. Mary's Falls, is a settlement on 
 the American shore of the St. Mary's river, the outlet of Lake 
 Superior. The village is pleasantly situated on elevated 
 ground, and contains a courthouse, 3 churches. Fort Brady, 
 an U. States post, a, trading house of the American Fur com- 
 pany, and about 1000 inhabitants of a mixed character. The 
 St. Mary's river 60 m. long, has a total fall in its course from 
 Lake Superior to Huron of 50 ft., the principal part of which 
 
LAKE SUPERIOR. 
 
 139 
 
 are the rapids near the village, near three fourths of a mile 
 loiig, with a descent of 23 ft. It is in contemx)lation to cut a 
 ship canal around the falls, which would complete the navi- 
 gation between the lakes, and form an outlet for the vast re- 
 sources of the country bordering lake Superior. 
 
 From Sault St. Marie a steamboat rur^p every other day to 
 Mackinac, and to the copper mines of Lake Superior. 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR, 
 
 The largest of the five lakes, and supposed to be the largest 
 body of fresh water in the world, is 380 m. long, 130 m. wide 
 in its widest part, 900 ft. deep, and about 1500 m. in circum- 
 ference. Its waters are remarkably clear and abound with 
 trout, wliite fish, sturgeon, and other fish; many of which 
 are taL*' * d exported. The lake is subject to as violent 
 storms :o Atlantic, and the navigation is equally danger- 
 ous. It contains a number of islands in the N. and N. E. 
 parts, the largest of which is Isle Royalj 100 m. long and 40 m. 
 broad. It receives the waters of 30 rivers, and discharges 
 them through the straits of St. Mary. The land on the 
 borders of the lake is generally sterile, being elevated, 
 rocky, and in some parts mountainous. The Pictured Rocks 
 on the shore towards the E. end are a great curiosity. They 
 form a perpendicular wall 300 ft. high, extending about 12 m., 
 with numerous projections and vast caverns, which receive 
 the waves with a tremendous roar. At one place a consider- 
 able stieam is thrown from them into the lake by a<^rand 
 cascade 70 ft. high, and projected so far that boats pass dry 
 between it and the rocky shore. The Doric rock or arch ap- 
 pears like a work of art, consisting of an isolated rock of 
 sandstone with four pillars, supporting a stratum cf stone 
 covered with soil and a growth of fir trees, some of them 
 60 ft. high. Recent explorations have discovered large beds 
 
V 
 
 140 
 
 BUFFALO TO CHICAGO. 
 
 of copper in the country S. of the lake, which eventually will 
 prove of great profit. * <*i<^« ^^^P^-j 
 
 Just above Fort William on the Kaministiquia -iver, near 
 its entrance into the lake, are the Kakabikkia falls; they 
 have a perpendicu) . descent of 130 ft. and a breadth of 
 150 ft. ; and in thedirolume of water which they present, in 
 the roar of the cataract, and the wildness of the vegetation 
 and of the rocks around, are thought by some to vival the 
 Falls of Niagara. 
 
 Mackinac (pronounced Mackinaw) 295 m. from Detroit is 
 pleasantly situated on the S. £. extremity of an island of the 
 same name in the straits of Michilimackinac. It is the capital 
 of the county, and contains the county buildhigs, 2 churches, 
 several missionary schools, and a branch of the University 
 of Michigan. Fort Mackinac stands on a rocky eminence, 
 150 ft. above the village, which it commands. The harbour 
 is spacious and safe, capable of accommodating 150 vessels. 
 More than 3000 barrels of trout and whitefish are annually 
 exported ; and it is still the mart of an extensive trade. The 
 air here is cool and salubrious. 
 
 Passing through the strait and entering lake Michigan, 
 Beaver, Fox, and other islands are passed. 
 
 .^^i "^^ 
 
 LAKE MICHIGAN 
 
 ;)..i 
 
 Is the largest that lies wholly witnin the United States and 
 second only to lakes Superior and Huron of the five great 
 lakes. It is 330 m. long, 60 m. broad on an averag and 
 estimated to be 900 ft. deep. The waters are pure and clear 
 and abound in excellent fish, the trade in which is extensive. 
 Green Bay is a large inlet on the W. side. 
 
 Manifowocj Sheboygarij Washington, Milwaukiej Racine^ 
 and Little Fort on the W. shore j and Grand Haven, Sauga- 
 
.ft^i CHICAGO. 
 
 ■'i4:t 
 
 141 
 
 tuck, and St. Joseph's on the £. shore, are thriving and popu- 
 lous places before reaching 
 
 "^ * '^^ CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 675 m. from Detroit, and 1047 from Buffalo. The city is 
 beautifully built on level ground on both sides of the Chica- 
 go river, the N. and S. branches of which unite three fourths 
 of a mile from the lake, in the upper part of the city form- 
 ing a good harbour ; a bay at its mouth has about 9 ft. water. 
 Piere have been constructed by the U. S. government on 
 both sides of the harbour, extending into the lake for some 
 distance. This rapidly increasing place contains the county 
 buildings, a U. S. land-office, 6 churches, and 13,000 inhabit- 
 ants. The city is supplied with water from the lake, and 
 has several fire and insurance companies. On a strip of go- 
 vernment land between the city and the lake are situated 
 Fort Dearborn and a lighthouse. The fort consists of a 
 square stockade, enclosing barracks, quarters for the officers, 
 a magazine and provision store, and defended by bastions. 
 Near the city are vast quantities of white pine and other fine 
 timber. The country around it is fertile and^ pleasaiit, and 
 the situation is healthy. 
 
 The city is one of the many important places in the U. 
 States which have sprung up and increased rapidly within a 
 few years. In 1832, there were but 5 stores, and 250 inhabit- 
 ants; its present importance is owing to its great natural ad- 
 vantages, it being the nearest point on the lakes to the Mis- 
 sissippi river, and to its connection with Buffalo and other 
 places by steamboats and other vessels. The Michigan and 
 Illinois canal extending along the valleys of the Chicago, 
 Des Plains, and Illinois rivers, to the head of steamboat na- 
 vigation on Illinois r., one of the tributaries of the great Mis- 
 sissippi, adds much to its increase. 
 
-^■hS*" 
 
 It 
 
 V „ 
 
 142 
 
 BUFFALO TO CHICAGO. 
 
 During the last war with Gt. Britain, in 1812; when the 
 town was but a name, the garrison of the fort, on the surren- 
 der of Gen. Hull at Detroit, resolved to abandon it. Shortly 
 after leaving the fort they were attacked by Indians. They 
 defended themselves bravely, and only surrendered to a great- 
 ly superior force, after obtaining a promise that their lives 
 should be spared ; but after dehvering up their arms several 
 of the men were barbarously murdered. 
 
 Hotels; The Lake House, excellent in every respect. 
 
 Michigan City, S. £. of Chicago, is destined to become a 
 pla»^e of great importance. 
 
 From Chicago, routes diverge to the S. £. and W. 
 
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BLACK ROCK. 
 
 148 
 
 FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, 22 M. 
 
 By R. R. to Black Rock 3 ra. passing when about half way 
 the new fortress erected by the U. S. government. It is 
 situated on elevated ground, and is of a strength and extent 
 proportionate to the defence of so important a point. It is 
 nearly opposite the site of Fort Eric on the Canada side, de- 
 scribed below. 
 
 The village of Black Rock is of some size, containing about 
 1800 inhabitants. Its harbour is formed by an immense 
 stone pier or mole, over a mile in length, 50 ft. wide at its 
 base, and 30 ft. at the top, erected by the state of New York, 
 at an expense of $300,000, for the double purpose of forming 
 a harbour for the canal boats entering the lake, and for sup- 
 plying the Erie canal with water. A dam 165 yards long, 
 connects the shore with Squaw island, and raises the water 
 in the harbour 4 i ft., to a level with the lake, creating an 
 immense water power. Vessels are admitted from the har- 
 bour into the river by a lock. 
 
 Tonawanda 11 m. is a small village, with a good harbour. 
 
 Schlosser 9 m. is next passed before reaching the Falls. 
 See p 145. - ^ 
 
 From Buffalo by steamboat daily. By this route is pre- 
 sented a fine view of Lake Erie and both sides of the river. 
 The first object in view is the ruins of 
 
 Fort Erie, on the Canada side, a little N. of Waterloo, the 
 scene of several engagements during the late war. The last 
 and most decisive battle was fought on the night of Aug. 
 15th, 1814. The Americans had possession of the fort, and 
 were attacked several times during the night by the British, 
 who were as often repulsed, until at length they succeeded, 
 by a superior force, in gaining a bastion. Several cartridges 
 
144 
 
 BUFFALO TO NIAGARA, 
 
 exploding, they caused tremenduus havoo amongst the Bri- 
 tish, who were obliged to retreat, having lost 221 killed, 174 
 wounded, and 186 prisoners. The American loss was 17 
 killed, 56 wounded, and 1 1 missing. This action was fol- 
 lowed by a splendid sortie, made by Gen. Porter on the 17th, 
 in which tht' British lost 1000, including 385 prisoners; and 
 the Americans 5 1 1 killed, wounded, and missing. 
 
 Opposite is the new fort being erected by the U. S. go- 
 vernment. 
 
 The river is here divided into two channels by Grand 
 Island, a tract of valuable land mostly covered with timber, 
 chiefly of white oak, suitable for ship building. It is 12 m. 
 in circumference, and from 3 to 6 m. in diameter, and be- 
 longs to thei Americans. 
 
 Navy Island, at the foot of Grand island, belongs to the 
 British. It became notorious in 1837-8, when it was occu- 
 pied by the so-called '' patriots." The steamer Caroline was 
 burnt while lying at Schlosser's Landing on the American 
 side opposite ', it was engaged in plying between the shore 
 and the island, which shortly after was evacuated, .'.f: «»?' ' 
 
 Chippewa 20 m. from Buffalo, and 2 m. above the falls, 
 is a flourishing place, with a tolerable harbour, situated at 
 the mouth of Chippewa creek ; which is spanned by a draw- 
 bridge, and is navigable 15 m. up the stream. It commands 
 an excellent view of the rapids, and scenery above the Falls. 
 
 Chippewa has become famous on account of the sangui- 
 nary battles fought in the neighborhood, during the late war. 
 The battle was fought July 5th, 1814, on the plains one 
 mile S. of the village. The American forces were com- 
 manded by Maj. Gen. Brown, and the British by Maj. Gen. 
 Riall. The British advanced rapidly across the Chippewa 
 bridge, and were met by the troops under Gen. Scott, and 
 were also attacked by Gen. Ripley on their right flank. After 
 a severe engagement, the British recrossed the bridge, which 
 
NIAGARA RIVER AND FALLS. 
 
 U5 
 
 they broke down on their retreat, having sufTered a loss of 
 614 killed, wounded, and missing, while the American loss 
 was 328. 
 
 From Chippewa a railroad extends to Qiiecmton, 10 m., 
 stopping opposite the rnuilion, an excellent hotel. The 
 Clifton House half a mile below, near the ferry, affords the 
 best general view of both the American, and Canadian or 
 Horse Shoe Falls, that is to be obtained. 
 
 • ' ' NIAGARA RIVER AND FALLS. 
 
 Niagara river about 35 miles in length, on which the 
 fallr. are situated, is the great outlet of the upper I kes, and 
 connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario. These great inland 
 seas, as they may be called, contain nearly half the fresh 
 w^ater on the globe. The river as it flows from Lake Erie in 
 about three fourths of a mile wide, and from 20 to 40 ft. dt tjp ; 
 it has for 3 m. a rapid current, and then becomes smooth 
 and placid, resembling a prolongation of the tranquil lake, 
 being interspersed with low wooded islands, till within one 
 mile from the falls. Five miles from Lake Erie the river 
 begins to expand, till it becomes more than 8 m. in width, 
 measured across Grand island, and embraces, before it 
 reaches the falls, 40 islands. Below the termination of 
 Grand and Navy islands, the river is compressed to a breadth 
 of 2i m., and proceeds with an accelerated motion. Three 
 fourths of a mile above the falls commence t'-.- apids, which 
 have a descent of from 52 to 57 ft., the greatest descent 
 being on the British side ; they are more than a mile in 
 width, with white crested breakers, and a dashing and foam- 
 ing torrent, tossing from 10 to 30 iL. above the main current, 
 until they come to the great cataract. Nothing but a mira- 
 cle, could save any one who should come within the force 
 of these rapids. . ... . _ 
 
 10 N 
 
Ii6 
 
 BUFFALO TO NIAGARA. 
 
 The Falls, about 21 m. below lake Erie, and 14 m. above 
 lake Ontario, are generally regarded as the greatest natural 
 curiosity in the world. The river is precipitated over a pre- 
 cipice 160 ft. high, with a solemn and tremendous roar, 
 which is ordinarily heard from 5 to 20 m., but has in some 
 instances been heard at Toronto 45 m. distant ; although at 
 the village on the shore, there is little to give notice of its 
 awful proximity. In consequence of a bend in the river, 
 the principal weight of the water, supposed to be seven 
 eighths of the whole, is thrown on the Canadian side over 
 the Horse-shoe fall. The distance across the fall from the 
 American shore to Goat island is 65 rods ; across the front 
 of Goat island is 78 rods; around the Horse-shoe fall 144 
 rods; and directly across the same it is 74 rods. The Ame- 
 lican fall, though sublime, inclines to the beautiful ; while 
 the Canadian fall, though beautiful, is characterized by an 
 overpowering sublimity. 
 
 On the American side, the water power is immense, and 
 easily available ; and but for its exposedness in case of a 
 war, would probably be soon and extensively occupied. It 
 is computed that 100 millions of tons of water are discharged 
 over the precipice every hour. The river at the falls is a 
 little over three fourths of a mile wide, but below, it is im- 
 mediately compressed to less than one fourth of a mile in 
 width, and as ascertained by sounding is about 250 ft. deep. 
 About 2 m. below the falls, the river is comparatively smooth, 
 and thence to Lewiston it flows with amazing velocity. 
 While the river makv. . a constant descent of 100 ft. in 7 m., 
 the banks have an ascent for the same distance, to Lew- 
 iston. 
 
 The number of visiters at the falls is from 12 to 15,000 
 annually, and the number is increasing. All classes from 
 different parts of the world congregate here during the sum- 
 mer season. 
 
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 NIAGARA PALLS. 
 
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 The banks of the river vary greatly in their appearance 
 and height ; from the efHux of the river to the cataract, they 
 are from 5 to 100 ft. high; from the Falls to the end of the 
 mountain ridge, they are from 170 to 370 ft. perpendicular 
 height ; at Lewiston they are 100 ft. high, and from thence 
 to the lake, they have a gradual and unbroken descent. The 
 descent of the river, from its efflux to Black Rock is 6 ft. ; 
 from thence to the rapids 10 ft. ; from the head of the rapids 
 to the cataract 58 ft. ; the cataract itself 154 ft.; from the 
 Falls to Lewiston 104 ft. ; and from Lewiston to Lake On- 
 tario, about 2 ft. The whole declivity of the river from lake 
 Erie to Ontario, is therefore 334 ft ! 
 
 As the traveller approaches the falls the distant view of 
 the green wood, the falling water, and the white foam, with 
 the sun shinihg full upon them, is more beautiful and less 
 grand, probably than he expected. But after several nearer 
 views of the two cataracts, gazing upon them for hours from 
 above and below, watching the river foaming over the rapids 
 then plunging headlong into the dark pool, and listening to 
 their thundering sound ; and having explored the delightful 
 island which divides the falls, where the solitude of the 
 ancient forest is still unbroken, then at last he learns by de- 
 grees to comprehend the wonders of the scene, and to feel 
 
 its full magnificence. 
 
 ) < 
 
 ; :♦ . .;^ NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 Having arrived at the falls, take rooms at one of the foi* 
 lowing Hotels : 
 
 On the American side; The Cataract House, the oldest 
 establij^hment at the falls, is a large and splendid hotel, with 
 the finest accommodations, situated near the bank of tho 
 river, a part of it almost overhanging the rapids between the 
 shore and Goat island, and commanding a fine view of the 
 
■vSr- 
 
 148 
 
 NI A G A RA ^'ALLS. 
 
 -■'* 
 
 verge of the American Fall, the islands, &c. ; attached to 
 the house is a neat garden, and about a mile distant, a farm 
 of 500 acres, on which supplies for the house are raised. 
 The St. Lawrence Hotel is also .n e xellent house; besides 
 which there are Sv=)veral others c good repute. 
 
 On the Canada side j The Clifton House., a large, commo- 
 dious, and well furnished hotel, stands on the brow of the 
 bank, near the ferry, and commands a splendid view of the 
 Falls from its piazzas. The Pavilion, is a handsome house 
 and has ample accommodations ; it stands on the upper bank 
 and affords a fine prospect of the scenery, from its piazza, 
 and also from the foot of the stairs leading to the bank 
 below. 
 
 Sallying forth from your hotel to visit the falls, keep along 
 the brow of the upper bank or ridge to Prospect Point, on the 
 river. From there you have the best view of the falls, on 
 the American side. Standing upon the brow of the preci- 
 pice, you behold one of the most magnificent views presented 
 by this great phenomenon of nature. Two hundred feet 
 below you iho river rolls by ruffled and agitated, shining and 
 sparkling in the sun, and bounded on either side by lofty 
 walls of limestone, crowned with neat villages, cultivated 
 fields, and viist tracts of forest. To your left Table Rock, 
 the Horse-shoe fall, Iris island, the Central fall, the American 
 fall, the rapids and islands above, all are within sight, but 
 of the Horse-shoe fall the view is distant and partial. Having 
 gazed at and admired this glorious scene, advance to Pros- 
 pect ^lace on the very brink of the cataract, and there lean- 
 ing over look down at the awful depth, the huge masses of 
 rock, the spray and the foam rising from the deep abyss, 
 then up, at the American cascade and the other falls. Mr. 
 Ware, has an observatory on the ferry house, from whence 
 you can-i5|5iew the same scenes, and where also, canes, and 
 other articles are for sale. 
 
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BATH ISLAND. 
 
 149 
 
 \i 
 
 Having feasted your eyes with the glorious scene, pass up 
 the river along its shore, admiring the wild rapids of the 
 river and the splendid scenery of the banks and islands, until 
 you reach the Bridge from the American shore to Bath 
 Island. While standing on the bridge, which is oidy 64 rods 
 above the cataract, you are filled with amazement and 
 wonder to know how a bridge could be erected over such a 
 mad torrent, rushing along with a velocity and force almost 
 irresistible. The manner of constructing it was as follows ; 
 the abutment on the shore having been built of proper size 
 and durability, two long massive timbers were projected from 
 it, the ends in the abutment being secured from tilting up by 
 piling on tons of weight. Upon these timbers were then laid 
 planks, thus forming a temporary but insecure bridge, from 
 the extremity of which large stones were let down into the 
 stream, until the pile rose above the water, -when it was sur- 
 rounded by a massive frame of timber, sunk into the watei, 
 and the remaining space filled with stone. One pier being- 
 formed it was comparatively easy to form the permanent 
 bridge from it to the shore. The second and remaining piers 
 were formed in like manner by successively thrusting the 
 timbers forward, and then connecting them by sections of 
 the permanent bridge. Bath island is connected with Iris 
 jsland by a similar bridge, and thus to the main land. 
 
 The first bridge to this island was built higher up the 
 stream by Gen. Whitney in 1817, but was carried away by 
 ice in the following spring ; the present one was constructed 
 the ensuing summer by the Messrs. Porter at a cost of IGOO 
 dcilare, it is s4 rod- in length, being 28 rods to Bath island, 
 and thence 16 rods to Iris island. 
 
 On arriving at Bath island, you register your name and pay 
 25 cts. tol.', which entitles you to pass and repass as often as 
 you please : at the toll house the keeper has quite a museum 
 of curiosities, and has for sale canes, bead-work; &c. A path 
 
 N 2 ' 
 
 _ . i>: 
 
150 
 
 MAOARA FALLS. 
 
 leads from the loll house lo a bridge connecting Bath island 
 ■with Ship island, which with Brig island, are two beautiful 
 and delightful retreats, so named on account of their fancied 
 resemblance to such vessels. They are situated in the very 
 midst of the wild and turbulent rapids, of which they com- 
 mand excellent views ; they are covered with vines, trees, 
 and flowers, and provided with rustic seats. 
 
 After crossing the bridge to Iris or Goat island, turn to your 
 right and pursue the path along the bank, to the Hog^s back, 
 a narrow ridge so named from its shape, at the lowest ex- 
 tremity of the island. From this point, you have a fine view 
 of the Central or Crescent fall betwe'i. ii.'o and Prospect 
 islands, the American fall between tht ialior au ' the Ame- 
 rican shore, the river below with its piciur<f?qi;e f'. enery, and 
 two miles distant the Whirlpool Falls are just uistinguishable 
 by a small cloud of foam. If your nerves be firm, you can 
 approach to the very verge iX the precipice and gaze down 
 at the central fall which rolls over the precipice in a clear 
 unbroken sheet 158 ft. high. Beneath you and behind the 
 cascade is the celebrated Cave of the Winds. 
 • Now cross the bridge to Prospect or Luna island, and you 
 will be rewarded by the finest view of the American fall that 
 is to be had from any other elevated point. The broad stream 
 plunges over the precipice at your feet 163 ft. high, and being 
 varied in its outline with snowy colums it is at once majestic 
 and sublime. The island itself is a beautiful spot mostly 
 covered with forest trees, and from it besides the view of the 
 falls, the rapids and other islands are seen. - • - 
 
 Retracing your steps to the Hog's back pass up along the 
 bank to the British Fall, and you have a grand view of the 
 basin, the Horse-shoe falls, and the rapids above. Crossing 
 Terrapin Bridge, 300 feet long to the rocks at its extremity, 
 you stand at the very verge of the precipice, with the im- 
 mense volume of water pouring o or it; you behold the falls 
 
 
 V 
 
 # 
 
 4i..^ 
 

 < 
 
 PnOSPECT TOWER — DIDDLE STAIRS. 151 
 
 in all their greatness, while your ears are iilled with the un- 
 ceasing roar of thunder, and far down the abyss rises the 
 spray and foam in vast clouds. Then is it that man feels his 
 vast insignificance when contrasted with the workings of 
 nature as created by the hand of the Almighty. Turn in 
 either direction and you behold vast floods of water rolling 
 down with an irresistible force, seeming about to sweep you 
 and the rock on which you stand into the huge vortex. 
 
 Ascend the Prospect Tower^ and from the open gallery at 
 the top, protected by an iron balustrade, you have a sublime 
 and magnificent view of the great Fall 150 ft. high, the 
 chasm, the rapids, Table Rock, and the surrounding scenery. 
 The Tower is a circular stone building 45 ft. high, ascended 
 by winding stairs, and was erected by Judge Porter in 1833. 
 From it you gaze into the very hollow and midst of the great 
 chaos, until the brain grows dizzy with the sight. After 
 revelling the senses with the glo ious sight until you are 
 weary of it, retrace your steps on tf o bank towards the Hog's 
 Back, before reaching which you meet the Biddle stair case. 
 Here you change your dress before descending. 
 
 The stair case was so named nom its having been con- 
 structed in 1829, by the late Nicnolas Biddle, former presi- 
 dent of the Bank of the United States, at a cost of $300. It 
 forms a desirable means of communication with points of 
 great interest, which previously were reached only by boats 
 from the ferry. You descend the bank which is quite st-^ep, 
 for 40 ft. by a flight of steps to the head of the stair cuse. 
 This is in the form of a hexagon, enclosing triangular steps, 
 90 in number, that wind spirally around a large solid oak 
 bhafi, resting on a firm foundation, and securely fastened to 
 the rock at the top. The stair case is 80 ft. in height, from 
 thence .o the river 80 ft. more, a.id the whole descent from 
 the top cf tho bank is 185 ft. From this point excellent sport 
 for the angle; is to be had ; and from a platform 97 ft. high, 
 
 ^# 
 
 ^^f*- 
 
 :Mmi. 
 
152 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 the celebrated Sam Patch made two rvccossful leaps shortly 
 after the stair case was completed, in attempting similar 
 leaps from the Genesee Falls at a height of 125 ft.; in his 
 second leap he sank to ilr no more. "'^ ■?>'"*-'.• . - 'tf • 
 
 From the foot of the stair case, paths lead up to the British 
 fall, and down to the Cf ntral fall, and the Cave of trr Winds. 
 First, being properly equipped, you pass up uloiig the rive 
 to the Horse-shoe fall, pursuing the pathway at the foot of 
 the cliff, with vast musses of rock impending over and seem- 
 ing about to fall ••>pon you, though in reality, there is httle 
 danger. Having reached the cataract, you gaze up far, far 
 above you, at Uij overhanging cliff, the Terrapin rocks, and 
 the never ceasing torrent dashed to foam upon the huge lime- 
 stone rocks, v'hich have evidently been torn from the preci- 
 pice above. From here also an excellent view of the mag- 
 nificent cascade presente itself. If the wind is favorable, 
 you can pass some distance behind the sheet, and view it in 
 all its greatness and sublimity. 
 
 Retrace your steps and passing the Biddle stair-case, you 
 reach the Lower Fishing-Rock, at the lower extremity of the 
 island, where you gain the best view of the American fall 
 that is to be had, except from the rive ^ directly in front of 
 it. You are struck with its lovely beauty, its majestic and 
 sublime proportions, and its great height ; a sceiie that makes 
 a deep impress upon the memory. 
 
 Ascending the sloping bank to the Centre Fall, pause at 
 the entrance of the Cave of the Winds^ to look u^ at the pro- 
 jecting cliff, far over which falls the sparkling toneril, while 
 below you are piles of rock on which th( torrent lashes 
 itself into foam and spray. Descending the ♦eps of the ca- 
 vern, you have before you still another subliuie set- e ; on the 
 one side rises a huge wall of rock, while oi; the other is the 
 falling sheet Torminga beautiful arch. Reaching the bottom, 
 and gaining the centre and back of the cave, the sights and 
 
 
 I A 
 
OBJECTS ON IIlIS ISLAND. 
 
 153 
 
 Bounds of the rushing waters, and of the n^verberating winds* 
 pent up in their rocky confines, will thrill your very soul 
 with emotions never to be forgotten. The cavo is 100 It. 
 wide, 30 ft. deep, and 130 feet high; the bottom is composed 
 of loose stones, which have fallen from above, and slopes 
 gradually down to the front, where it terminates in a preci- 
 pice 34 ft. high from the water. The sheet of water on the 
 one side, and the projecting rock on the other form a natural 
 and noble arch. The winds keeping the spray in constant 
 agitation, completely drench you before leaving the cave. 
 
 Leaving the Cave of the Winds you reach a narrow space 
 at the foot of Prospect island, between, and commanding 
 fine views of the Central and American falls. Then pass 
 behind the American falls as far as you dare; which it is 
 supposed can be done for its entire length. Returning, as- 
 cend the Biddle staircase, resume your ordinary dress, and 
 proceeding up the river, complete the circuit of the island, 
 passing the Horse-shoe Falls and Terrapin Rocks. In your 
 route you have beautiful views of the wild rapids ; of four 
 small islands, between one of which covered with moss, and 
 Iris island, is a beautiful cataract in miniature ; of the tur- 
 bulent river, with Schlosser on the left, Chippewa far off to 
 the right, and Grand, Navy, and other islands in the distance ; 
 and of the American rapids. Near the end of your circuit 
 you pass the log house, formerly occupied by Fraucis Abbott, 
 the Hermit of the Falls. The Garden is a pretty f i?o!:, con- 
 taining some excellent fruit trees, a variety of plu.uts and 
 flowers, and a fish pond. Re-cross the bridge, thence to 
 your Hotel, and when ready to view the falls from the Ca- 
 nada side, the ensuin*^ directions will be of use to you. In 
 the evening, if it is moonlight, make another visit to Iris 
 island, and it will then appt^ar still more lovely. 
 
 Leaving your hotel, take another look at the American 
 fall from Prospect-point, and pass on to the Ferry railroad 
 
 % 
 
 -.is&^V 
 
154 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 |;? 
 
 and stair case, constructed by Judge Porter in 1845. The 
 route for the railroad ia formed by blasting the solid rock for 
 a ppace of 25 ft. in width and 100 ft. in length from the bank 
 of the river. In this chasm an inclined plane 320 ft. in 
 length, with an angle of 35 degrees, is constructed ; on this 
 is a double track for the cars, which are propelled by motive 
 power obtained by diverting a small stream from the Ame- 
 rican Fall upon an overshot wheel. A stair uuse is formed 
 parallel with the railroad, thus giving you the choice of two 
 modes of descent, for neither of which is a charge made. 
 About half way down, where the staircase turns to th^ right, 
 you obtain a beautiful view of the American fall and partial 
 ones of the others j which it is well worth while to do, as from 
 every point that you view either of the falls, they present 
 just so many different appearances. Having reached the 
 bank of the river, pass up it and you will have another ex- 
 cellent view of the American fall, behind which, if the wind 
 i« favourable, you pass for some distance without being in- 
 commoded by the spray. 
 
 Returning from thence to the ferry, you are carried across 
 the river, which is 76 rods wide, in a short lime, for which 
 you pay between the months of May and November 181 
 cents ; at other reasons 25 cts. When in the middle of the 
 stream a splendid view of the circle of great cataracts meets 
 your delighted gaze. Reaching the Canada shore you ascend 
 it by a fine carriage-road, leading up to the Clifton House, at 
 the top of the bank ; and from thence for the whole distance 
 to Table Rock, the finest and most magnificent of all the upper 
 views of tho falls meets the eye. 
 
 If the other views have created wonder and delight, how 
 much more will the view f o n Table Rock, take from you 
 the power of adequately expressing your awe and admiration 
 at the sight now before you ? Table Rock 150 ft. high pro- 
 jects over the bank, and beyond the curve of the cascade to 
 
 >Aw / . . 
 
 ,^^L.t^> 
 
TABLE ROC K — T E R M I N A T I O N ROCK. 
 
 155 
 
 a considerable distance ; and (hence from itn tabular anpcct, 
 it« name. It was formerly much more extensive than at 
 present, large portions having been broken off by the fall, at 
 three different periods, viz. in 1818, '28, and '29 j and a deep 
 iissure shows that at no very distant period a similar occur- 
 rence is likely to happen. Creep to the edge of the rock, 
 and look down, tho sensation is awful, and will make tho 
 stoutest nerves shudder. The shape or outline of the British 
 fall is undergoing almost constant change; in 1678 it wan 
 
 nearly 
 
 straight 
 
 across ; since then it has taken different 
 
 shapes, from one of which it derived the na|ie of Horse-shoe, 
 a shape which it does not now present. This would seem to 
 be a strong proof in favour of the theory advocated by Mr. 
 Lyell, the celebrated English geologist, and others, viz. that 
 for a vast Lumber of years the falls liave been constantly 
 wearing their way through the channel from Queenston and 
 Lewiston until they have reached their present position, and 
 are still constantly retrograding. It is certain that the falls 
 do not now present the same appearance they did a few years 
 since. 
 
 Returning from Table Rock to the Stair Case^ you procure 
 proper apparel and a guide to visit Termination Rockj which 
 is behind the great sheet. From the foot of the stairs, you 
 take the path to the right and arrive at the entrance of the 
 cavern which you are about to explore. Here, and from the 
 margin of tho river you fully realize the vast height, weight, 
 and proportions of the falling torrent. Following your guide 
 you enter the space behind the sheet, through a heavy shower 
 of spray which nearly blinds and suffocates you, until you 
 reach Termination Rock, where it is more open and you 
 breathe more freely. Standing on the narrow ledge of three 
 feet in width, and gazin_g up at the huge arch of rock and 
 water which appears ready to fall upon and crush you, and 
 down 20 ft. at a steep precipice and a flashing sheet becoming 
 
 ft 
 
■Jlpwi^fe win ii T' ii rir i TS 
 
 156 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 «■* -t. T 
 
 I 
 
 invisible in the rising mists, your sensations are unutterably 
 peculiar, and you are strongly fascinated to the spot. 
 
 Returning from the cavern, change your dress, register 
 your name, and receive a certificate that you have been to 
 Termination Rock. On the route to the ferry, you can visit 
 Mr. BarnctVs museum of natural and artificial curiosities, and 
 from his piazza enjoy a splendid view ', and also see at the 
 Camera Obscura, the moving representation of the Falls in 
 miniature. On crossing the river you again have another 
 glorious view. 
 
 If you have lime, on arriving at the foot of the Ferry stair- 
 case, turn to your left, and pursue the rather rough and fa- 
 tiguing path along the top of the sloping bank for three 
 fourths of a mile, until you reach Catlings cave, so named 
 from its discoverer. It consists of a round hollow in the centre 
 of a large and nearly spherical rock ; and is 6 ft. in diame- 
 ter, entered by a circular aperture, about 4 ft. from the bot- 
 tom of the rock. A fine spring courses along the bottom of 
 the cavity. The GianVs cave, beyond and some distance 
 above Catlin's, in the rocks, is difficult of access, and is sup- 
 posed to have been formed by the disruption of large masses 
 of rock. Some very fine specimens of minerals and petrified 
 moss are to be had here. . .- -^ 
 
 If you remain for a few days at the Falls, they should be 
 visited several times, as they increase in interest and beauty 
 at every succeeding visit. 
 
 w 
 
 PLACES IN THE VICINITY OF THE FALLS. 
 
 A good plan for seeing the various places down the river 
 is to pass down the American side to Lewiston 7 m., and 
 return on the Canada shore. Omnibusses leave Niagara 
 Falls village every hour, for the Mineral Spring, Whirlpool, 
 and Devil's Hole ; private conveyances can also be had j but 
 
f 
 
 r o f V » 1 ii it 1 H (■■, 1- 1, u K I) Kugravfifi for Teck s Touri.iU^ojiipbniort , 
 
 ^' 
 
■f;f^^-7':;:^. 
 
 V 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 ■***tii .1 ,m. »w. ■!■■■ mi.. iJL. 
 
""!». 
 
 MINERAL SPRING, WHIRLPOOL, ETC. 157 
 
 walking is preferable, as the route is through beautiful and 
 romantic scenery, aud the various objects can be examined 
 more thoroughly. 
 
 Point View, three fourths of a mile below the ferry, affords 
 a splendid though distant view of the Falls ; the river flows 
 smoothly by at a depth of 200 ft. 
 
 The Mineral Spring li m. farther, wells up between the 
 rocks and is collected in a stone l)asin. It contains sulphu- 
 ric and muriatic acids, lime and magnesia, and is useful in 
 scrofulous, rheumatic, and cutaneous complaints. Over the 
 spring is constructed a neat building in the Grecian style. 
 
 The Whirlpool 1 m. farther, is almost as tremendous as 
 the maelstrom of Norway. For some distance before reach- 
 ing it the river flows with great rapidity and turbulence, be- 
 tween two very lofty walls, nearly 300 ft. high, and here makes 
 an acute angle in its course turning abruptly off to the right. 
 Every thing is drawn into the vortex where they are whirled 
 round for several days in the outer circles, and finally drawn 
 down perpendicularly with great force, and shot out again 
 at a distance of many rods. This terrible nptv.ral curiosity 
 cannot be seen with clearness from its lofty • anks, but a 
 long and winding series of steps leads to the base of the cliff, 
 where it can be seen to great advantage. 
 
 The DeviVs Hole, i a m. farther, is a f^ark cove or chasm, 
 150 ft. deep in the rocky bank, wild, rugged and massive, 
 from which a noble view of the river and gulf is presented. 
 A party of British while retreating from Schlosser before the 
 French and Indians, during the French war, were destroyed 
 at this place and out of over a hundred persons, only two 
 escaped. The >ottom is reached t/ descending the rocky 
 crags with great toil, until you reach the river's bank. 
 
 From the hill near the Devil's Hole, a most lovely and 
 picturesque view is presented of, Queenston Heights, Brock's 
 Monument, the plains and villages below the remainder of 
 
 
 
 'I 
 
 .■^^ 
 
 
 Mi- 
 
158 
 
 VICINITY OF THE FALLS. 
 
 the river's course, Lake Ontario, and the hills and forests in 
 the background. 
 
 HewleWs cellar, about 3 m. farther, is a singular cavity of 
 triangular shape, in the rock about 15 ft. below the top of 
 the bank , it seems to be formed by the breaking out of two 
 immense masses from the limestone rock. 
 
 About a mile larther, the mountain plain through which 
 Niagara fioyti, terminates abruptly ; the banks on either side 
 are nearly 400 fi . in height and below in the plain on the 
 American side is Lewiston, and on the opposite side the 
 village of Qaeenston. From the heights you behold a glo- 
 rious prospect of plains, villages, forts, and the lake in the 
 distance. 
 
 Lewistoiij 7 m. below the Falls, and 7 m. from Lake Onta- 
 rio, is a thriving village containing about 1000 inhabitants, 
 situated at the head of steamboat navigation. It was de- 
 stroyed during the war of 1812, and rebuilt, with much neat- 
 ness and taste, in 1815. It is connected with Lockport, and 
 the Falls by railroads, and with Qiieenston by a ferry. Hotel; 
 Frontier House, excellent. 
 
 Crossing the river by the ferry to Queenstorij to return by 
 the Canada side to the Falls; your first visit is to Gen. 
 Brock's Monument, and the scene of his death. 
 
 The Battle of Queenston, was fought on the 13th of Octo- 
 ber, 1812. Gen. Van Rensselaer, who had command of the 
 American troops at Lewiston, determined on crossing over 
 and taking possession of the heights. He ascended the ra- 
 vine, rising nearly 300 ft. above the river, amid the fire of 
 the enemy from their breastworks on the heights. The 
 British retreated to the village, and were about to be led on 
 again by Gen. Brock when he received his mortal wound j 
 his aid Col. McDonald, then taking the command, lud them 
 on, and gaining the heights was himself mortally wounded. 
 The Americans being overpowered by superior numbers, in 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;?| 
 
 A.„ 
 
brock's MONUMEN T — L U N D V ' S LANE. 1 59 
 
 attempting to regain their own side of the river, lost in killed 
 and taken, 1000 men. 
 
 The Monument to Gen. Brock and his aid Col. McDonald, 
 was erected by the Provincial Legislature ; it stands Jjpon 
 the highest elevation, and is composed of freestone. It was 
 a fine specimen of architecture, of the spiral form, 126 ft. 
 high; but was entirely ruined it having been blown up with 
 gunpowder by some villains on the night of the 17th April, 
 1840. 
 
 Passing up the bank of the river, nearly opposite the 
 Devil's Hole, is a similar chasm, though not so large. 
 
 About half a mile farther is the Whirlpool, excellent views 
 of which can be had either from above, or by descending the 
 bank. From Bencackie Point, at the entrance to the Whirl- 
 pool, the view presented is the mjst imposing. 
 
 The Muddy Run. a small stream a short distance above, 
 falls over the precipice and forms quite a beautiful cascade. 
 
 Benderh Cave or Devil's Den, about H m. further, is a 
 natural curiosity, being a hollow of the shape of an oven, in 
 the rock about 20 ft. below the top of the bank. 
 
 For the remainder of the route you have partial and distant 
 views of the Falls, until you arrive at the Clifton House. 
 
 Drummondville, 3 m. N. W. of the Falls, is reached by 
 following the road up the bank, in front of the Clifton House, 
 which leads directly to the battle-ground. The important 
 battle of Lundy's Lane was fought on July 25th, 1814. Gen. 
 Scotfj aid Gen. Ripley with their brigades met the British 
 under Gen. Drummond who were advancing towards Chip- 
 pewa with a force which had been considerably augmented 
 since their defeat at Chippewa, on the 5th. The British had 
 fcelected their ground for (he night, just below the falls, in- 
 tandiiig to attack the American camp before daylight. The 
 action began ut 7 i/t'lcu k in the evening, and was fought for 
 
ICO 
 
 VICINITY OF THE FALLS. 
 
 several hours with great bravery by both sides, the moon 
 shining brightly. Both armies claimed the victory, though 
 neither were willing to renew the conflict. The British loss 
 in killed, wounded, and prisoners was 878, and the Ameri- 
 can loss 860. Some of the buildings on the hill, the posses- 
 sion of which was so obstinately contested, still retain marks 
 of the combat. A church, tavern, and burying-ground 
 where many of the slain were buried, are on the hill. 
 
 The Burning Spring, half a mile above the Falls, is 
 reached by crossing the ferry to the Canada side ; then fol- 
 low the uf'^er bank to the Pavilion Hotel, whce you have a 
 new vie- '' ihe falls ; pass the Barracks, and continue on to 
 Street's Point, . ^ ire you have the best and grandest view 
 of the Canada rapids ; pass round the deep inlet which sepa- 
 rates Cynthia islands from the main land, to the Burning 
 Spring on the S. side. The water is warm and surcharged 
 with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, which burns with a clear 
 steady flame when ignited. It is enclosed in a small build- 
 ing, which when closed becomes filled with gas. 
 
 Chippewa, 1 ra. above, is visited for its battle field, S. of 
 the village. See p. 144. 
 
 The Welland Canal, 8 m. W. of ihe Falls, is frequently 
 visited. It affords a passage for steamers and schooners of 
 450 tons around the Falls, and connects lake Erie with lake 
 Ontario. It is 42 m. long, 56 ft. wide, and from 8^ to 16 ft. 
 deep; the whole descent from one lake to the other is 334 ft., 
 which is accomplished by 22 locks constructed of granite. 
 It has a deep cut through the mountain ridge 45 ft. deep, 
 where an immense amouiit of earth and rocks was removed ; 
 it wai completed in 1829, and cost $1,000,000. It was en- 
 larged and greatly improved in 1845-6. 
 
 ,v. 
 

 NIAGAHA TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 161 
 
 ' FROM NIAGARA FALLS TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 
 
 I. By Steamboat from Lewiston, by way of Lake Ontario 
 to Oswego, from thence to Sacketl's Harbor, and thence 
 down the St. Lawrence river, touching at Ogdensburgh, and 
 other places on the river to Coteau da Lac, thence by stage 
 to the Cascade, 16 m., thence by steamboat to Lachine 22 m., 
 thence by stage to Montreal 9 m. See p. 166. 
 
 IL By Steaniboai from Lewiston, across Lake Ontario to 
 Toronto 52 m., Kingston 180 m., and most of the places of 
 note on the Canada side of the Lake, thence down the St. 
 Lawrence, as above. See below. 
 
 in. By R. R. to Queenston on the Canada side, thence by 
 steamboat as above. 
 
 Besides the above main routes, travellers can take the 
 R. R. to Buffalo, and thence by R. R. to Rochester, and there 
 take the steamboat on Lake Ontario : or 
 
 They can leave the Falls by R. R. to Lockport, and thence 
 by can£d or stage to Rochester, thence by S. B. 
 
 Travellers about to make the tour from the Falls take the 
 railroad to Lewiston 7 m. on the American side, or by R. R. 
 on the Canada side to Queenston ; from either place by steam- 
 boat down the Niagara river, which is now wider and more 
 tranquil than above Lewiston, and its clear waters flowing 
 between even and regular banks, it assumes as lovely an 
 appearance as it was before majestic. 
 
 Youngstown, 6 m. is a quiet little place, pleasantly situated 
 on the American shore, and contains about 300 inhabitants; 
 it was burnt by the British during the late war. 
 
 Fort George, and the town of Niagara, are nearly opposite. 
 The fort now in ruins, was the scene of several severe con- 
 11 q2 
 
 
 
1G2 NIAOARA TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 
 
 tests in 1813. as was aiso the whole irontier on the Canada 
 side as high up as Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo. 
 
 Niagara is advantageously situated, and is the oldest town 
 on the river. It contains 4 churches, 10 taverns, a Dry 
 Dock company with banking privileges, many neat dwell- 
 ings, and about 3,000 inhabitants. Large qn; titles of ma- 
 chinery are made, and steamboats and other vessels built. 
 The spring and fall Races over the course are well attended, 
 and are generally very good. The town was burnt by the 
 American forces in 1813, which was retaliated by burning 
 all the villages on the American shore of Niagara r. 
 
 Fort Massasauga, li m. below St. George, stands on the 
 extreme point of the peninsula, at the junction of the river 
 with the lake. It is constructed of earth, with a large sep- 
 tagonal stone block house in the centre ; and is well garri- 
 soned and in good repair. 
 
 Fort Niagara, similarly situated on the American side, is 
 now ably garisoned by U. States troops, and was recently 
 strengthened, enlarged, and improved. It was originally set- 
 tled by the French in 1679, under M. de la Salle, the ex- 
 plorer of the Mississippi. In 1725, the French constructed 
 the most ancient portion of the fort, which passed into the 
 hands of the British under Sir Wm. Johnson in 1759, when 
 the magazine and other defences were built. In 1796, it 
 was evacuated and given up to the United States, in whoso 
 hands it remained until it was surprised by the British dur- 
 ing the late war; it was retained by them until the peace 
 of 1815, when it was again surrendered to the U. States. 
 Many dark tales are told of inhuman cruelties practised in 
 former times within the precincts of the fort, most cf which 
 are no doubt, much exaggerated. 
 
 The steamboat now crosses the W, end of Lake Ontario, 
 to Toronto, Canada West. On the W. shore of the lake aio 
 
<^H 
 
 LAKE ONTARIO TORONTO 
 
 163 
 
 several large and flourishing places, as Hairilton, Dundas, 
 Burlington, Oakville, &c. 
 
 :'!S 
 
 LAKE ONTARIO, 
 
 The easternmost and smallest in extent of the five great 
 lakes, is connected with the upper lakes by Niagara river, 
 and dischargees its waters by the St. Lawrence. It is 190 m. 
 long, 55 m. wide in its widest part, and about 480 m. in cir- 
 cumference. It is very deep, is seldor frozen, has many 
 good harbour? anu receives numerous rivers and creeks. It 
 is subject to vj lent storms and heavy swells, but the steam- 
 boats and canal boats having a heavy draught, navigate it 
 safely. It is connected with the Erie and Hudson canal by 
 the Oswego and Erie canals, and with the lakes by the Wel- 
 land canal around the falls of Niagara ; and by their means 
 vast quantities of articles are transported through it. The 
 lake is navigable for vessels of the largest size, and numer- 
 ous splendid steamboats and other craft ply in its waters. In 
 crossing the lake in calm weather, frequently neither shore 
 can be seen ; the refractions that take place in summer are 
 exceedingly beautiful. Islands and trees api'i^-ar turned up- 
 side down, and the white surf of the beach, jppears to be 
 white smoke curling over your head. 
 
 * 
 
 TORONTO 
 
 180 m. W. of Kingston, and 45 m. E. of Ha.nilton by steam- 
 boat, is delightfully situated at the head of ■ ■ ■» bay. It is a 
 neat and handsome city, partly built of brick, with spacious 
 streets crossing each other at rigb* angles, and well paved 
 and lighted with gas; the city is sjpplied w'th wa er by 
 works lately erected. It has a commanding appearance in 
 ascending the harbour, and contains Parliament, Govern- 
 ment, and Court houses ; a College consisting of five brick 
 
I^hi- 
 
 164 
 
 NIAGARA TO MO I' REAL. 
 
 
 buildings, the central one Burmounted by an ornamental 
 dome, with spacious grounds; a jail, city-hall, lunatic asy- 
 lum, 14 churches, 5 banks, and a population of about 18,000. 
 
 Toronto founded by Gov. Simcoe in 1794, was burnt by 
 the Americans in 1813, and chartered as a city in 1834, when 
 it contained 9,254 inhabitants, which has been doubled in 
 ten years ; it has also much increased in trade and import- 
 ance. Its name signifies in the Indian language, ' a place 
 of meeting.' , . ; 
 
 Hotels; North American, facing the bay; and Stone's Ho- 
 tel in King st. j kept on the English plan, furnishing a lunch 
 at noon, and a late dinner. 
 
 Steamboats leave Toronto daily, Sundays excepted, for 
 Hamilton 45 m; for Niagara and Lewiston 45 m. ; for Kings- 
 ton ISO m. ; and Rochester 100 m. The American lines be- 
 tween Lewiston and Ogdensburgh also touch at Toronto and 
 Kingston. 
 
 Stages leave Toronto, for Qwienston 100 m. via Etobicoke 
 9 m. Cooksville 7, Credit 4, Trai..i;.j:ar 3, Palermo 7, Nelson 5, 
 Hamilton 13, Stony Cr. 7, Grimeby 10, Beamsville 6, St. Ca- 
 tharine's 14, and Queenston 15. For Holland Landing at the 
 ^oot of Simcoe Lake, thence by steamer three times a week 
 to various places on the lake. For Kingston 170 m. via Hope 
 60, Coburg 73, Colbourn 89, and Belleville 119. 
 
 On leaving Toronto by steamboat you descend the com- 
 modious and beautiful harbour, with Gibraltar poirit on the 
 left hand side, a narrow and sandy strip of land 3 m. long 
 w^ith a lighthouse at the end ; and the lake shore on the right, 
 with its fort and block houses commanding the entrance. 
 
 Port Hope 60 m. is a flourishing place with about 2500 in- 
 habitants, settled mostly upon several hills, and giving it a 
 picturesque appearance. On Port Hope r. are several manu- 
 factories. 
 
C O B U R G — K 1 N G S T ON. 
 
 105 
 
 Coburg. 7 m. a pretty town, well laid out, stands on ground 
 slightly elevated, and is ^^een to advantage from the lake. It 
 contains 6 chinches, the Victoria College, and about 3000 in- 
 habitants ; it is connected with the mouth of Genesee r. 80 m. 
 by a steamboat, fare $2.00 in the cabin, Sl.Oo on 'eck. 
 
 Fifty Mile point extends into the lake fo r, e distance 
 and is so called from being 50 m. from Kim 
 
 Fai ^e Duck's island, Amherst, Gage, Grai ti«f 
 
 the Thousand IsleSf all belong to the English .. ,. assed 
 before reaching 
 
 KINGSTON, 
 
 180 m. from Toronto and 212 S. W. of Montreal. The city 
 is advantageously situated on the N. bank of the St. Law* 
 rence r. at its connection with lake Ontario. It contains the 
 Parliament house, government offices, soldiers' barracks, a 
 penitentiary, courthouse, jail, custom house, a new and 
 splendid town hall and market, 7 churches, 4 banks, and 
 about 10,000 inhabitants. The city occupies the site of Fort 
 Frontenac erected by the French in 1672; it was founded 
 in 1783, and chartered in 1840. The harbour is formed by 
 Point Frederick, a narrow peninsula running 'iito the lake, 
 on which is the navy yard and depot, and at its extremity a 
 battery. Point Henry a high rocky ridge forming the E. side 
 of Navy bay, extends into the lake for half a mile, and is 
 crowned by Fort Henry, a strong fortification commanding 
 Kingston and its harbour, and all approaches to the city, 
 either by land or water. Next to Quebec and Halifax it is 
 considered the strongest military position in British America. 
 The Navy Yard and Fortifications, can be seen by procuring 
 an order from the commandant ; they are well worth visiting. 
 
 Hotels; British- American hotel; Lampton House; and the 
 Royal Exchange. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /. 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 145 
 
 US 
 
 us 
 
 I 
 Ml 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.2 
 
 2 
 
 *- I. 
 
 U 11.6 
 
 PhotDgraphic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
A* 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
160 
 
 NIAGARA TO MONTREAL. 
 
 The Mineral Springs within the city limits near the Par- 
 liament House, are unusually strong, and of great medical 
 value, containing carbonate and chloride of lime, magnesia, 
 sodium, and calcium. Extensive bath houses and other ac- 
 commodations have been erected, and they are becoming 
 annually more visited. 
 
 The Rideau Canal extending to Bytown on the river Ot- 
 tawa, 100 m. has added much to thd increase of Kingston. 
 Seep. 173. , , - 
 
 Route continued on next page. ■< . ^ 
 
 ^ ROUTES ON THE AMERICAN SIDE. 
 
 « 
 
 Jf 
 
 ¥rom Lewiston by steamboat to Toronto^ as on p. 164, thence 
 across the lake to Charlotte near the mouth of the Genesee 
 r. below Rochester, seep. 124. Great Sodus Bay 35 m. 
 
 Oswego, 28 m. and 63 m. from Genesee r., described on 
 p. 116. 
 
 Sackett's Harbour, 40 m. is on the S. W. side of Black 
 river bay, and is quite a flourishing village. It has a most 
 excellent natural harbour, the best on the lake ; and was 
 during the war of 1812, an important naval and military sta- 
 tion. It contains three churches, a bank, and numerous fac- 
 tories and mills. The U. S. Barracks are an extensive range 
 of stone buildings, on the shore N. £. of the village, and 
 add an imposing feature to the place. Two forts erected 
 during the war are now in ruins ; on one of the points S. of 
 the village is the lighthouse. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 Cape Vincent 20 m. is opposite to Kingston, described on 
 p. 165, and is rounded before entering 
 
 The Lake of a Thousand Isles ; this is an expansion of the 
 St. Lawrence r., which is here 12 m. wide, and is so called 
 from the great number of islands stretching along its channel 
 for 30 m. The isles are of every size, form, height, and as- 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
DESCENT OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 167 
 
 pcibt ; woody, verdant, rocky ; naked, smiling, barren ; and, 
 presenting a succession of beautiful and picturesque groups, 
 the route through them is delightfully romantic. 
 
 The river now contracts to 2 m. in width, and its shores 
 for a long distance are mostly covered with immense and 
 ancient forests, partially cleared away, and with numerous 
 villages scattered at various distances, altogether presenting 
 a grand scene of varied beauty. 
 
 Guananoquiy 20 m. below Kingston is the first landing; we 
 next pass WelVs Island, opposite Alexandria on the American 
 shore ; Morristown is on the same side. 
 
 Brockville, 60 ra. from Kingston, on the Canada shore, is 
 delightfully situated and contains over 1500 inhabitants. 
 
 Maitland 4 m., and Prescott 72 m. from Kingston, are next 
 on the Canada side. The latter contains about 3,000 inhabit- 
 ants, is protected by Fort Wellington garrisoned by British 
 troops, and is connected by a ferry with 
 
 Ogdensburg on the American side. The town is regularly 
 laid out and well built, on a beautiful plain at the mouth of 
 the Oswegatchie r. There are in the town 5 churches, 2 
 banks, numerous mills, and 2526 inhabitants. This is gene- 
 rally the end of the American steamboat's trip, and passen- 
 gers cross to Prescott, and from thence continue their tour. » 
 
 A daily line of steamboats ascend the river and lake to 
 Lewiston. Stages leave daily for Jt^latisburgh 120 m. by the 
 S. B. route ; and for the same place tri-weekly 132 m., via Fort 
 Covington intersecting the stage for Montreal, distant by this 
 route 140 m. 
 
 Seven miles below, the Gdop Rapids in the river, are passed 
 by steamboats, though stopping the navigation for sail vessels. 
 
 Johnstown 9 m. below Prescott on the Canada side ', Wad- 
 dington on the American side opposite Ogden^s island ; and 
 Mariastown on the opposite side, are small towns next on the 
 route. 
 
 ■it:'M 
 
I 
 
 168 
 
 NIAGARA TO MONTREAL. 
 
 From Dickenson's Landing 110 m. below Kingston; the 
 steamboat passes through the canal to 
 
 Cornwall 12 m. a small town containing nearly 2000 inha- 
 bitants; it is 122 m. below Kingston, and 90 m. above Mon- 
 treal. 
 
 <S^/. Regis, a small Indian village on the opposite side of the 
 river, is exactly on the 45th degree of N. latitude, and is 
 partly in Canada and partly in the U. States, that being the 
 boundary line. The St. Lawrence for the remainder of its 
 course, lies wholly within the British provinces. 
 
 The St. Lawrence now expands for a distance of 30 m. 
 from 4 to 7 m. wide, having the name of Lake St. Francis. 
 
 Lancaster 20 m. from Cornwall, on the Canada side, is, like 
 it, connected with the Caledonia Springs 30 m. distant, de- 
 scribed on p. 173. :^'t, ?. 
 
 At Coteau du Lac 20 m., steamboats land their passengers, 
 who take the stage to the Cascades 16 m. thence by steam- 
 boat through Lake St. Louis to Lachine, on the island of Mon- 
 treal, 22 m., thence by stage 9 m. to Montreal. 
 
 The Beauharnois canal, now constructing from Coteau du 
 Lac to the Cascades, 16 m., will form f* interrupted means 
 of steamboat navigation around the rb^^.^s to Montreal, after 
 the Lachine canal shall be widened. 
 
 The Rapids, three in number, form grand and interesting 
 features in the scenery of the St. Lawrence. They commence 
 at Coteau du Lac on Lake St. Francis, and extend thence 
 2 m. ; seven miles below this commences the Cedar Rapids, 
 which extend 3 m. ; the Cascade rapids the most violent ter- 
 minate at Lachine, at the head of Lake St. Louis where the 
 Ottowa r. joins the St. Lawrence. There the river is con- 
 fined in narrow, rocky, broken channels, through which it 
 dashes with violence, agitated like the ocean in a storm, and 
 having a considerable fall or descent. 
 
 ■r- 
 
 ip^ r.^t^j^ftiif. 
 
^;^^'''^mmm< 
 
 mt 
 
 ton, the 
 
 lOO inha- 
 ve Mon- 
 de of the 
 B, and is 
 teing the 
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 af 30 m. 
 Vancis. 
 e, is, like 
 stant, de- 
 
 issengers, 
 )y steam- 
 d of Mon- 
 
 ( I 
 
 ^Meaa du 
 ed means 
 real, after 
 
 iteresting 
 ommence 
 id thence 
 ir Rapids, 
 iolent ter- 
 jvhere the 
 er is con- 
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 itorm, and 
 
i 
 
 !l 
 
 *!%■■ 
 
 If \iiH 
 
 M 
 
* 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 169 
 
 MONTREAL 
 
 Is well situated on the S. E. side of the island of the same 
 name, and stretches along the river for 2 m. from N. to S. 
 and has nearly the same breadth inland. It is the second 
 city and the chief seat of the commerce of Lower Canada ; 
 142 m. S. W. of Quebec in a direct line ; in lat. 45° 30' W., 
 long. 730 25' N. J Pop. with its suburbs nearly 50,000. 
 
 Montreal is divided into the Upper and the Lower towns ; 
 the difference in the elevation is but slight, but the former is 
 the more modern and handsomer division. The principal 
 streets run parallel to the river being crossed by others at 
 right angles. Commissioners st. and Water st. are near to 
 the river and next Paul's st, the chief commercial thorough- 
 fare, running parallel with the river the whole length of the 
 city. Notre-Dame st. may be styled the Broadway of Mon- 
 treal. In the upper town and suburbs, which are mostly in- 
 habited by the principal merchants, many of the houses are 
 handsomely built in the modern style ; but in the lower town 
 they are chiefly of a gloomy looking gray stone, with dark iron 
 window shutters, and the roofs covered with tin. Many of the 
 houses in the suburbs are built of wood, but there are none 
 within the space once encompassed by the walls, which en- 
 circled the city, and were destroyed by the sanction of the 
 government some years ago. Along the bank of the river is 
 an extensive line of quays and warehouses, which have an 
 inward curve. The appearance of this city and of Quebec is 
 more like that of old European towns than any others in 
 America. 
 
 The principal objects of interest are the Roman Catholic 
 Cathedral in Notre Dame st. fronting the Place d'Armes, the 
 most magnificent church in British America. This grand 
 
 P 
 

 r 
 
 170 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 building towers above the surrounding city forming the most 
 prominent object in approaching it from the river. It was 
 commenced in 1824, was opened in 1839, and entirely com- 
 pleted in 1843. It is in the pointed Gothic style, 255 ft. in 
 length, 134 ft. in breadth, faced with stone, and roofed with tin^ 
 and has six towers, of which the three of the main front are 
 220 ft. in height. On the roof is a promenade, 76 ft. in length 
 by 20 in breadth, elevated 120 ft. The principal window is 
 64 ft. in height and 32 in breadth. The interior will accom- 
 modate 10,000 persons, there being 7 chapels, 9 spacious 
 aisles, and 1244 pews, with numerous entrances to the build- 
 ing. The summits ot tjie towers are reached by steps on 
 the inside, from whence a splendid view is presented. 
 
 The Seminary of St. Sulpice is a large and commodious 
 building adjoining the cathedral, surrounded by spacious 
 gardens, at which the higher branches of learning are taught. 
 
 The General hospital, erected in 1821-2, is a large and 
 well built edifice, and is one of the best regulated institutions 
 of the kind. The Hotel Dieu, founded in 1644, is a large " 
 structure occupied by a superior and 36 nuns, whose duty 
 it is to take care of and relieve the sick. The Seeurs Noires 
 have an extensive convent founded in 1650; it is occupied 
 by a superior and 60 nuns who educate young girls, relieve 
 the aged and the infirm, the Insane, &c. 
 
 The principal English church is a handsome building in 
 the Grecian style, surrounded by a high and beautiful spire. 
 There are also several other Roman Catholic churches, a 
 Scotch kirk, an American Protestant church, and Methodist's, 
 and Scotch dissenter's chapels. 
 
 The courthouse and prison are substantial buildings occu- 
 pying the site of the former college of the Jesuits. The 
 government-house, bank, barracks, ordnance-ofRce, and four , 
 market-houses, are conspicuous buildings. 
 
 In the square near the market place is the colossal Statue 
 
 ./ 
 
 * /-- 
 
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 171 
 
 of Nelson, placed on a Doric column, the pedestal ol which 
 has bas-reliefs representing his principal actions. 
 
 Montreal has a college with a principal and four professors, 
 a royal grammar school, parochial, union, national, Sunday, 
 and other public schools. McGill college endowed by a 
 citizen with a valuable estate, and £10,000 in money is con- 
 ducted on a liberal and enlarged scale. The Mercantile Li- 
 brary Association is a useful and prosperous institution, has 
 a reading room and library of 3,934 vols, and sustains a 
 course of lectures. 
 
 The Museum belonging to the society of Natural History, 
 contains an excellent collection. 
 
 The Parade is a beautiful public ground, on which the 
 troops are usually drilled. 
 
 Montreal also contains a penitentiary, a house of industry, 
 a savings bank, a mechanics' institution, several public ]!• 
 braries, an excellent news-room, numerous societies, &c. 
 
 The trade of Montreal is very extensive ; its position at the 
 head of navigation^ as well as its situation with respect to the 
 U. States, necessarily causing it to be a great emporium. 
 The harbour though not large is secure, and its noble quay 
 is one of the finest in the world. 
 
 The accommodations at the Hotels, oi -t/lilch, the Exchange 
 Hotel, Orr's Hotel, Ottawa House, Sword's Hotel, and Ras- 
 coe's Hotel, are the best, are not of the fiist order. The so- 
 ciety is very good; the prevailing religion is the Roman 
 Catholic; three fourths of the population are of French de- 
 scent, the remainder are emigrants from the U. Kingdom, 
 Americans, Iroquois Indians, &c. The traveller can spend 
 several days very pleasantly in visiting the public buildings, 
 the nunneries, or enjoying the promenade along the edge of 
 the quay. The cab and caleche hire is extremely cheap ; 
 ^br an English shilling you can traverse the length of the 
 city and return; the drivers are very civil. 
 
1 t 
 
 172 MONTREAL TU CALEDONIA SPRINGS. 
 
 1^ The Island of Montreal is 28 m. in length, 10 m. in its 
 greatest breadth, and about 70 m. in circumference. It 
 mostly belongs to the Seminary of the order of St. Sulpice, 
 and yields a large revenue. It is elevated at Mount Royal, 
 to ihe height of 550 ft., on which handsome residences have 
 been erected. The island of St. Helen, imniediately oppo- 
 site the city, is a delightful spot, from whence is had a fine 
 view of the city and surrounding scenery. It is. fortified and 
 garrisoned by British troops. 
 For route to Quebec see p. 174. 
 
 TO CALEDONIA SPRINGS AND CHAUDIERE FALLS. 
 
 The citizens of Canada annually make excursions during 
 the warm weather to the above places, and it is becoming 
 more customary for travellers in this section to visit them. 
 
 From Montreal by stage to Lachine, where tourists take 
 the steamboat up the Ottawa river, overcoming the nume- 
 rous rapids by a succession of locks, for 132 m. to Bytown, 
 where the Rideau canal commences. 
 
 At iS>(. Anne^s 20 m. above Lachine, the rapids and the 
 islands are avoided by a lock 45 ft. wide and 180 ft. long. 
 This is the spot where Tom Moore locates the scene of his 
 celebrated and beautiful Canadian Boat Song commencing 
 
 *' Faintly as tolU the evening chime." 
 
 Two miles W. of St. Anne, the Ottawa expands into the lake 
 of the Two Mountains, and a branch diverges to the N. E. 
 forming the W. boundary of the island of Montreal. 
 
 The Indian Village of the Two Mountains, is on the N. 
 side of the Ottawa, 30 m. W. of Lachine. It is inhabited 
 by the remnants of the Mohawk and Algonquin tribes, whose 
 dwellings are separated by a Roman Catholic church. Here 
 the river contracts in width to about half a mile, for a dis- 
 
 W 
 
 v\ 
 
CALEDONIA SPRINGS — D Y T O W N. 
 
 173 
 
 tance of a mile^ and then expands and forms the Upper 
 Lake of the Two Mountains, for 9 ni. when it again contracts 
 to half a mile in width. 
 
 We next yoisa Regawly and at Carillon 8 m. farther, avoid 
 the rapids by another lock and canal. At this place tourists 
 to the Caledonia Springs, take the stage from Point Firrtune 
 on the opposite or S. side, to VOrigindj a delightful ride of 
 18 m., amidst picturesque scenery, on the S. bank of tho 
 river. From thence to Caledonia Springs 9 m. farther S. 
 
 Caledonia Springs, near the Grand river, in the Ottawa 
 district, are about 75 m. from Montreal. They were known 
 only to a few hunters till 1835, when an attempt was made 
 to clear the forest and erect houses. In 1837 the first pub* 
 lie house was opened for visiters ; since then several others 
 have been built, as also a Protestant, and a Roman Catholio 
 church, and several dwellings. Besides tho accommoda- 
 tions, there have been added a billiard room, a race-course, 
 a nine-pin alley, a bathing house, and a circular railway. 
 
 The principal springs are the White Sulphur, the Saline, 
 and the Gas Spring. The waters have proved of great benefit 
 where iodine is eiiicacious, and are chiefly beneficial in 
 cases of dyspepsia, rheumatism, and cutaneous diseases; 
 pulmonary diseases are not benefitted by their use. Large 
 quantities of the water are annually bottled, and the visiters 
 have become Kiuch more numerous of late years. 
 
 From L'Original we ascend the Ottawa r. the banks of 
 which continue to present wild and romantically beautiful 
 scenery, for 55 m. to 
 
 By TOWN, 120 m. W. of Montreal, and 130 m. N. E. of 
 Kingston, by canal route. It is situated on the S. W. side 
 of the river, and although commenced as late as 1827, it is 
 now a thriving and business place, containing about 5,000 
 inhabitants, a courthouse and jail, 4 churches, several good 
 hotels, two large storehouses for the use of the ordnance and 
 
 1 1 
 
 p2 
 
i » 
 
 174 
 
 M (> N T HEAL T (> Q t R B E C. 
 
 Commissariat dupurtmonts, 3 Hubstantial buildings on the 
 highest eminence for the accommodation of troops, an ex- 
 cellent military hospital, and numerous millf, &o. Bytown 
 is connected with Kingston by the Hideau canal 130 m. in 
 length, constructed by the home government, for the safe 
 transportation of arms and ammunition during the time of 
 war, from Kingston to Montreal. 
 
 , Above the entrance of the canal into the Ottawa are tho 
 Chaudierk Falls, a picturesque and magnificent series 3 U ft. 
 perpendicular in the whole. The Grande Chaudiere or Big 
 Kettle at the broadest channel of the river, is so called from 
 the banin into which it falls, being over 300 feet deep. The 
 Rideau or Curtain falls, so called from their resemblance to 
 drapery, are at the mouth of the river below the village, and 
 present an unbroken sheet of water with a fall of 37 ft. 
 
 MONTREAL TO QUEBEC. 180 M. 
 
 Numerous splendid Steamers navigate the St. Lawrence 
 between the above places ; and as passengers are obliged to 
 sleep one night on board the boat, it is advisable in.returning 
 from Quebec to arrange the time of departure so as to view 
 in the daylight that portion of the river and scenery which 
 has been previously passed in the night time. The scenery 
 on both shores of the river is extremely varied and beautiful. 
 It consists of numerous small scattered villages, built around 
 their churches, which are prominent features in the view. 
 Between the villages are isolated dwellings and cultivated 
 grounds, so that few interruptions of forest land intervene, 
 thus forming an almost unbroken street. 
 
 As w^e leave Montreal we have a fine view of St. Helenas 
 island and Longueil ; we then enter the Rapids of St. Mary^ 
 and pass Longue Point and Point au Trembles on the island 
 of Montreal on the left, Boucherville on the right, and the 
 Island of St. Theresa in the riyer. _. 
 
 f-^.,. 
 
V A R fi N N E S — S ORE I. — T II R E E R I V E R S. 175 
 
 Vttfenneaf on the S. side, 15 m. from Montreal, pfetents a 
 beautiful appearance, with its church \fith two spiren sur- 
 rounded by neat dwellings, and in the back ground the 
 Mountain of Rouville, surmounted with an immei.so cross 
 seen for a great distance. From this place the hills behind 
 Montreal are still visible. The village is a place of con- 
 siderable resort on account of the mineral springs about a 
 mile distant. There is a good Hotel, and a commodious 
 bath-house. 
 
 We next pass Contrecoeur, Renpentigny, St. Sulpice, La 
 Morage, and Berthier, and arrive at 
 
 William Henry ^ or Sorel, on the R. bank. 45 m. below 
 Montreal ; it is an old town built on the site oi a fort, erected 
 in 1665, at the mouth of Sorel r. It is well laid out with 
 streets at right angles, and a square in the centre, and con- 
 tains about 2,000 inhabitants. The Fort at Chambly was 
 occupied by the Americans under Genl. Thomas on their 
 retreat from Quebec, in 1776. The river Sorel and the canal 
 connects the St. Lawrence at this place with Lake Cham- 
 plain at St. John's. 
 
 Passing several islands, we enter Ldce St. Peter, 5 m. be- 
 low Sorel, which is formed by an expansion of the St. Law- 
 rence. It is from 12 to 15 m. wide ami about 25 m. long, 
 possessing scenery and craft peculiar to itself, in the northern 
 lights and golden sunsets, anch the vast rafts of timber float- 
 ing with the current. 
 
 Port St. Francis, is the next steamboat landing 83 m. from 
 Montreal. We then pass the villages of Duloup, Machiche, 
 and Pt. du Lac, on the left. 
 
 Three Rivers, is the next landing, on the N. side, and is 
 about half way between Montreal and Quebec. It derives 
 its name from twasmall islands at the mouth of the St. Man- 
 rice, which divide it into three channels. The town, the 
 third in importance in the province, and the oldest in Canada, 
 

 k ii Mi 
 
 hi 
 
 I 
 
 Hi; 
 
 176 
 
 MONTREAL TO QUEBEC. 
 
 is well situated oa the W. bank of the St. Maurice, it con- 
 taius nearly 5000 inhabitants, 2 churches, a convent, a coui t- 
 house, jail, &c. , . '•,*„ . .-A > ; ., 
 
 Cap de la Magdalene, on the L., Gentilles on the R., Cham- 
 plain and Batiscon on the L., and St. Pierre on the R., are 
 places between Three Rivers, and 
 
 St. Anne, on the N. or left bank of the St. Lawrence, near 
 the mouth of the river of the same name. 
 
 The Richelieu rapids are deep and very swift for 8 or 10 
 miles, and are descended without danger, although the chan- 
 nel is very intricate and narrow. 
 
 The towns next en route are Grondines on the L., Lotbi- 
 niere on 'the R., Dechambault, Port Neuf, and Cape Sante on 
 the L., St. Croix and S. Antoine on the R., St. Augustin and 
 Cape Rouge, on the L. ; at the latter place 8 m. from Quebec, 
 the citadel first presents itself to view. 
 
 St. Nicholas, and New Liverpool are on the right, near the 
 entrance of the Chaudiere river into the St. Lawrence. The 
 Falls on this river are much frequented by the lovers of the 
 beautiful. ' ,: ("i :.' i-'^^ 
 
 As you approach the city, you pass Sillery river and Cove, 
 and Wolfe^s Cove, where Genl. Wolfe landed in 1759, before 
 fighting the battle of the Plains of Abraham . The first view 
 of Quebec in sailing down the St. Lawrence is striking in the 
 extreme. The citadel and foWified towers, the city with its 
 houses roofed with tin and glittering in the sun, the shipping, 
 and the surrounding objects form an animated and striking 
 picture. 
 
 / QUEBEC, 
 
 The capital of the British possessions in America, occupies 
 the extremity of a high peninsular ridge, formed by the junc- 
 tion of the Charles river with the St. Lawrence, and called 
 
 .- r% 
 
QUEBEC. 
 
 177 
 
 ipies 
 lunc- 
 
 Cape Diamond. The situation though singular, half being 
 built on a plain, the other half on the top of a steep perpen- 
 dicular rock 350 ft. high, is very advantageous and imposing. 
 Though 350 m. from its mouth, the river here is 3 m. in 
 breadth below the town, and narrowing to a m. directly 
 abreast of the citadel, forming a basin between the city and 
 the Isle of Orleans, capacious enough to shelter a thousand 
 vessels at one time. 
 
 The Citadel occupies the highest point, and is elevated 
 350 ft. above the river, presenting almost perpendicular cliffs 
 towards the water. The city is built from the w^aier's edge, 
 along the fool ol' these cliffs, round the point of the promon- 
 tory, and ascending upwards to the borders of the citadel. It 
 is divided from the difference of elevation, into the Upper 
 and Lower town, the former including all that is above and 
 within the ramparts or fortified lines, and the latter all that 
 which is below. The lower town has narrow and dirty, and 
 in parts steep streets ; the streets in the upper though rather 
 narrow, are generally, clean and well paved or macadam- 
 ized. In both towns the houses are built of stone, and in the 
 upper they are mostly roofed with tin ; they are destitute of 
 architectural beauty, small and incommodious, with high 
 steep roofs, and a double row of projecting garret windows, 
 and lofty chimneys. The shops are small and mean, with a 
 small variety charged at high prices. 
 
 The traveller on landing at Quebec winds his way up 
 through sleep and narrow streets to the fortified barrier, 
 passing through Prescott gate, to the right of which he sees 
 the imposing structure of the new Parliament House, and on 
 the left, a double flight of mean and straggling wooden steps 
 leading to one of the oldest streets as an avenue to the Place 
 d'Armes. Crossing this last he passes the English and 
 French Cathedrals, the Government offices, and Palace of 
 Justice, on his right ; and has the site of the old Castle of St. 
 12 
 
178 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 Lewis, and the platform overlooking the harbor, on his left. 
 Ascending still more, he reaches the ramparts and gates on 
 the upper side of the city, beyond which is the open lawn in 
 front of the glacis, and the suburb of St. Roch, on the level 
 ground along the S. bank of the St. Charles river. ^' ' « 
 
 The public buildings are very irregularly scattered over 
 the city ; but several are so advantageously and prominently 
 placed as to be additions to the general view. 
 
 The Parliament House, one of the most perfect, stands upon 
 the ground supposed to be the spot first cleared by Cham- 
 plain for his fort, in 1608. It stands on a mass of rock made 
 level by art, and extending to the brink of a perpendicular 
 precipice, about 100 ft. above the river. Along the edge of 
 this precipice, is the Grand Battery of Quebec, on which is a 
 fine promenade, commanding an extensive view from its 
 platform. On this spot, originally cleared for a fort, the 
 palace of the bishop was subsequently erected, and a portion 
 of the old episcopal residence is still in existence, and is the 
 seat of the Canadian legislature. * 
 
 The Roman Catholic Cathedral fronting the E. side of Mar- 
 ket-Place is a spacious and massive ornamented stone build- 
 ing, with a lofty and well-proportioned tower. It is open at 
 all hours, and contains some good paintings. Near it is the 
 Seminary a large building of stone in the form of a parallelo- 
 gram surrounded by a fine garden ; it has also a museum of 
 natural curiosities. 
 
 The Hotel Dieu in the lowest part of the Upper Town, is a 
 substantial stone structure with wings, founded by the 
 Duchess of Aiguillon in 1637; it is inhabited by nuns who 
 relieve the sick and distressed. The chapel a neat and beau- 
 tiful building, contains some fine paintings. . 
 
 The Ursulinc Nunnery near the middle of the Upper Town, 
 was founded in 1639, and is a neat building surrounded by a 
 garden. The nuns are chiefly employed in educating young 
 
WJT.'T/»" 
 
 PUBLIC BUI LDING S. 
 
 179 
 
 m, IS a 
 
 )y the 
 
 b who 
 
 beau- 
 
 iTown, 
 Id by a 
 
 1 young 
 
 females, and are very rigid and retired. Only persons of dis- 
 tinction are admitted, but admittance to the church can be 
 had on application to the chaplain. The church is orna- 
 mented with decorations and handsome paintings. Within 
 this convent was deposited the body of the French general 
 Montcalm. Besides the cathedral there are 4 other Catholic 
 churches ', an English cathedral, and 4 chapels of the church 
 of England ; 2 Scotch churches ', and 2 Wesleyan chapels. 
 
 West of the Upper Town Market House, is the ancient 
 monastery of the Jesuits, now converted into Barracks for the 
 troops of the garrison. 
 
 Near the cathedral is the Place d'Armes where on the E. 
 of the Pentagon, stood the castle of St. Lewis, of which the 
 foundation was laid by Champlain in 1624. The position is 
 a very commanding one, on the very edge of an almost per- 
 pendicular precipice of rock, 200 ft. above and near the river. 
 The castle was the residence of the French and English 
 governors, until it was destroyed by fire in 1834. Lord Dur- 
 ham has since had the site cleared of the rubbish and level- 
 led, floored with wood and converted into a spacious plat- 
 form, with a fine iron railing at the edge of the precipice ; 
 making it one of the most beautiful promenades imaginable — 
 commanding an extensive view of the St. Lawrence down as 
 far as the Isle of Orleans — the harbour filled with ships, and 
 the opposite bank of the river, with Point-Levi, the village 
 of D'Aubigny, and the road leading up through one continu- 
 ous line of cottages to the falls of the Chaudiere, with the 
 mountains in the distance, gradually fading from view. 
 
 On the S. side and nearly adjoining is the Court House, a 
 plain neat stone building. On the corner of Fort st. is a large 
 building used for public offices, the front room of which on 
 the first story contains the museum of the Society of Litera- 
 ture, Science, &c. ; it is well worth seeing. Crossing the 
 Place d'Armes to Des Carrieres st. the visitor will see the 
 
f-^i^: 
 
 180 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 Monument, erected in memory of Wolf and Montcalm. It 
 conBists of a neat pillar standing on a base about 5 ft., by 6 ft. 
 and is 65 ft. in height. 
 
 Quebec is very strongly fortified, and may be called the 
 Gibraltar of America. It is surrounded by a lofty wall, and 
 the rock on which it stands can be approached only on the 
 W. side, which is defended by the citadel and other works 
 constructed on a gigantic scale and on the most improved 
 principles. The fortress accommodates the garrison, and 
 contains a parade ground, depots for stores, &c. The line of 
 fortifications commands the city and the St. Lawrence, and 
 is intersected by five gates. If not accompanied by a citi- 
 zen, you can obtain a ticket of admission from the adjutant 
 general's office in St. Louis near St. Ursula st. To have the 
 best view of the citadel, enter at the grand western gate, 
 proceed round the course to the flag staflf and telegraph, 
 thence by the parapet bordering on the river to the head of 
 the inclined plane used by government to convey articles of 
 great weight for the fortress, thence round until you arrive 
 at the same gate. The citidel commands a magnificent 
 prospect. 
 
 The city also contains an armory, 3 banks, an Exchange 
 with a reading room well furnished, a French college which 
 stands very high, a royal grammar school, a national school, 
 a Royal Institution for the advancement of learning, a Lite- 
 rary and Historical society, a Mechanic's Institute establish- 
 ed in 1830, a public Library, a Custom-House, &c. 
 
 The climate is in extremes ; in the summer the heat is 
 equal to that of Naples, while the cold in winter is equal to 
 that of Moscow. The inhabitants numbering nearly 35,000 
 are chiefly of French extraction ; in the best circles the 
 French language is spoken w'ith great propriety ; the princi- 
 pal religion is the Roman Catholic. The trade of the city is 
 very extensive, and the largest vessels arrive at its wharves. 
 
 il! r 
 
aim. It 
 by 6 ft. 
 
 lied the 
 rail, and 
 J ou the 
 ;r works 
 Tiproved 
 3on, and 
 e line of 
 nee, and 
 )y a citi- 
 adjutant 
 have the 
 iru gate, 
 3legraph, 
 ! head of 
 rticles of 
 on arrive 
 LgnJticent 
 
 Exchange 
 re which 
 il school, 
 ^j a Lite- 
 jstablish- 
 
 heat is 
 
 equal to 
 
 ly 35,000 
 
 Vcles the 
 
 [e princi- 
 
 le city is 
 
 ,'harves. 
 
 HISTORY OF QUEBEC. 
 
 181 
 
 Quebec was taken from the French in 1759, in the cele- 
 brated battle of the Plains of Abraham. The British under 
 Gen. Wolfe effected a landing at Wolfe's cove, and during 
 the night ascended the precipice nearly 200 ft. in height, 
 which was defended by a French redoubt. By daylight the 
 next morning they formed in battle line to meet the enemy. 
 Gen. Montcalm on receiving intelligence that the British had 
 gained the heights, broke up his camp at Beaufort, crossed 
 the St. Charles river, and commenced the attack at about 10 
 in the morning. After a severe struggle of two hours the 
 French gave way. Wolfe at the moment of victory received 
 his third and mortal wound. When lying in the arms of 
 his friends the exclamation was made " they fly, they fly ;" 
 "who" was the inquiry, "the French" was answered him. 
 "Then," said he, "I die happy," and shortly after expired. 
 Montcalm was also killed in the actioTi. The monument 
 erected " To the immortal memory of Wolfe and Montcalm" 
 is on the spot where Gen. Wolfe is supposed to have died. 
 
 During the American revolution, Gen. Montgomery in con- 
 nection with Gen. Arnold made an attack on the city. Gen. 
 Montgomery approached by way of lake Champlain, took 
 St. John's and Montreal, where he awaited the approach of 
 Gen. Arnold, who was advancing towards Quebec by way 
 of the Kennebec river through MSine. After thirty days se- 
 vere m3,rching Arnold reached the St. Lawrence by Chau- 
 diere river, and descenced to Point Levi opposite Quebec, 
 which he reached on the 9th of November. On the night 
 of the 13th he crossed over and landed 500 men at Wolfe's 
 cove, and was joined by Montgomery with a larger force on 
 Dec'r 1st. The city was invested and bombarded, but with- 
 out much effect ; a night attack was made by Montgomery 
 on the southern, and Arnold on the northern side of the 
 Lower Town ; though made with great courage and impetu- 
 osity both attacks failed ; in the former, Gen. Montgomery 
 
 Q 
 
182 
 
 VICINITY OF QUEBEC. 
 
 and nearly all of his personal staff were killed ; in the latter, 
 Gen. Arnold with most of his followers were taken prisoners. 
 The remains of Montgomery were interred by a soldier, and 
 removed in 1818 to New York, where they rest in front of 
 St. Paul's church. Other attacks were made upon the city 
 during the winter, none of which were important. 
 
 Hotels; Albion hotel. Palace St., and Payne's Hotel, St. 
 Anne st., in the Upper Town ; and the Ottawa House, and St. 
 Lawrence Hotel in the Lower. '*;,»'. • > 
 
 *• «f 
 
 '^^^:■^■'- 
 
 The country round Quebec is broken, wild, wooded, and 
 highly picturesque. The following places will prove ex- 
 ceedingly interesting to the tourist. Carriages at reasonable 
 rates, can be obtained for conveyance. 
 
 :iHA 
 
 THE FALLS OF MONTMORENCI, 
 
 About 8 m. N. E. of Quebec, on the river of the same 
 name, at its entrance into the St. Lawrence, are one of the 
 most beautiful and striking objects in America. The fall 
 bears no comparison to Niagara in magnitude and the mass 
 of its waters, but the ample woods with which it is fringed, 
 the broken rocks which surround and intersect its channel, 
 tossing it into a foam resembling snow, render it perhaps a 
 more beautiful scene. The fall is 100 ft. in breadth, with a 
 perpendicular height of nearly 260 ft. The visiter will be- 
 hold the falls in all their grandeur and beauty by viewing 
 them from different points ; from the summit of the hill be- 
 sides the view of the falls, with an ordinary magnifying glass, 
 a glorious view of Quebec, Point Levi, the St. Lawrence, 
 &c. presents itself. A walk of a few miles above the falls, 
 will amply repay you for the trouble. 
 
 Remains of fortifications may still be seen on the precipice 
 N. £. of the falls. It was on the high grounds that Genl. 
 
CHAUDIEKE FALLS— LAKE ST. CHARLES. 183 
 
 Wolfe made an attack on the French in 1759, and was se- 
 verely repulsed, a short time before the battle of the Plains 
 of Abraham. ^^ -T'v i;i;*vf' *.«'^.e > f- 
 
 In returning Ave pass through Beauport, a scattered village, 
 containing some handsome country residences, and cross the 
 St. Charles river, enjoying splendid views of some of the 
 principal points. _ +,, ^ . , . . 
 
 .Iv:.? 
 
 if^' 
 
 THE FALLS OF THE CHAUOIERE, 
 
 .#t 
 
 About 12 m. S. of the city are wild and interesting. The 
 river is narrowed to about 400 ft. across, at the cascade ; the 
 depth of the fall is about 120 ft. The stream is divided at 
 the fall by rocks, into three currents; these partially re-unite 
 before reaching their basin, and the agitated waves dashing 
 against each other maintain a turbulent whirlpool, which is 
 increased by projecting rocks, which break the water in its 
 descent. ... 
 
 The excursion to Cape Rouge is very pleasant. Wo leave 
 the city by the St. Lewis gate, and cross the Plains of Abra- 
 ham, to the right of where Wolfe fell. The Race course, the 
 road leading to Wolfe's cove, and handsome country seats 
 are passed on the route, with occasional glimpses of the 
 river. The ride in returning presents still handsomer views 
 j^nd scenery. , - - , 
 
 An agreeable excursion is also made to Lake St. Charles 
 16 m. N. W. passing through the Indian village of Lorette, 
 about 8 m. from the city. Lorette is built upon an elevated 
 situation commanding an extensive and agreeable landscape, 
 bounded only by the distant southern mountains, and em- 
 bracing a bold view of Quebec and its suburbs. The view 
 of the cascades of the St. Charles, tumbling and foaming over 
 the rocks and ledges, surrounded by rugged and perpendicu- 
 
"A- 
 
 184 
 
 QUEBEC TO THE SAGUENAV. 
 
 larly elevated wooded cliffs, as seen from the bank and 
 bridge at the head of the dell, is quite picturesque. The In- 
 dian inhabitants of the village, though retaining many of their 
 piimitive habits, have also received many others from the 
 whites that have contributed but little to their welfare. 
 
 A VOYAGE TO THE SAGUENAY. 
 
 \>y 
 
 The St. Lawrence which opposite to Quebec is not more 
 than 131,4 yards across, below the city begins to increase 
 rapidly. Immediately beyond the island of Orleans it is 
 11m. broad, at the mouth of the Saguenay it is 18 m., and 
 continues increasing until it attains a width of 100 miles at 
 its mouth. A delightful and interesting trip is usually made 
 to the Saguenay, by which the grand and magnificent sce- 
 nery of the two rivers can be enjoyed , it occupies three or 
 four days. ^ ' 
 
 Between Quebec and the Isle of Orleans, the channel of 
 the river is comparatively narrow, with but little variety on 
 the S. shore, and neat settlements on the N. shore which are 
 skirted on the N. with lofty hills, too distant to produce much 
 effect. 
 
 The Falls of Montmorenci, 7 m. below Quebec, with a 
 perpendicular fall of 250 ft. are seen in all their romantic 
 beauty from the deck of the boat. A short distance below 
 is the battle ground on which the English were defeated by 
 the French in 1759. >"->^^! !«*.♦= > .. .-. ^i v « - . 
 
 The river is divided into two channels by the Isle of Or- 
 leans, which continue for most of the distance, the south 
 channel being the most navigable. The island is a fertile 
 tract about 21 m. long by 6 m. wide, elevated in some parts 
 100 ft. above the river, partly covered with extensive forest 
 tracts. In passing through the main channel, to the left on 
 the island is St. Patrick's Hole, 11m. from Quebec, having 
 
 •Jjn, 
 
QUEBEC TO THE SAOUENAV. 
 
 185 
 
 anchorage for the largest vessels ; and St. Laurent 14 m. a 
 email neat place settled by French Canadians. 
 
 The St. Lawrence below the Island is studded with islands, 
 some beautifully covered with neat dwellings and cultivated 
 fields, contrasting well with others that are of bare rock, or 
 covered with woods j the S. shore presents a succession of 
 villages and settlements each clustering round its church, 
 mostly ornamented with a spire, while on the opposite side 
 are bold and lofty hills crowned with forests and impendii)g 
 over the margin of the river, with numerous valleys formed 
 by the mountain streams. Frequently the view is varied 
 by settlements extending nearly to the tops of the mountains 
 presenting to the eye neat dwellings and luxuriant fields. 
 Amongst the thousands of vessels which visit Quebec during 
 the season of navigation, many of them are of the largest 
 class, adding no little to the beauty of the river scenery. 
 
 Madam Island, and several others, are below Orleans, 26 
 m. from Quebec. 
 
 Cape Tourment, on the N. side, 4 m. below, is a bold pro- 
 montory nearly 2000 ft. in height, and which like the rest 
 of the coast can be seen at a great distance through the clear 
 atmosphere. ■ ^ * ' * " ' • '■'■'■ "'^ ^ 
 
 At Grosse Island, opposite, is the Quarantine station for 
 vessels ascending the river. - •■ ' 
 
 St. Thomas on the S. side, 32 m. is situated at the mouth 
 of South river. Crane island 36 m., Goose island 45 m. and 
 the Pillars 55 m. are small islands; the two former are cul- 
 tivated, and on the latter is a lighthouse. 
 
 Here it is scarcely necessary to call the attention of the 
 tourist as the scenery possesses beauties not to be overlooked. 
 A floating light is stationed at the narrow and dangerous 
 channel called the Traverse, 60 m. below Quebec. • ' 
 
 Isle aux Coudres or Isle of Filberts, 65 m. is a large island 
 near St. Patd's hay on the N. shore. It is paid to have been 
 
 q2 
 
18G 
 
 QUE DEC TO THE S A G U E N A V. 
 
 po called by Cartier on account of the great quantity of liazel 
 nnl8 he found here. 
 
 St. Anne, on the S. shore 70 m. is quite a large settlement 
 containing a Catholic college. Beyond Goose cape 75 m. the 
 shores become less visible in the distance, the river being 
 nearly 18 m. wide. • - . . :- • 
 
 Mai Bay, is on the N. side, 80 m. at the mouth of Mai 
 river. ; *.^ ,. 
 
 Kamouraska, on the S. side 90 m. contains about 1500 in- 
 habitants and is much resorted to by the Canadians during 
 the su nmer months, as there is excellent bathing and fishing 
 on the . *nall islands in front of the village. It is surrounded 
 by a fertile district with abrupt and sterile hills in the rear. 
 
 The Pilgrim island^, a rocky group 105 m. are on the right. 
 Hare island, 109 m. is near the middle of the river on the 
 left. .'.V' ■ -^^ :■.■ --\. ■' ^- .■' , . 
 
 Du Loup, on the south side 120 m. is at the mouth of the 
 river of the same name, and contains about 1500 inhabitants. 
 
 Before reaching the mouth of the Saguenay r. the St. Law- 
 rence is much discoloured by the Saguenay waters which 
 are of a blackish hue. Red Island is off the mouth of the 
 river, and nearly opposite is Green island. 
 
 Tadousac, on the N. side 135 m. is a post of the Hudson 
 Bay company at the mouth of the Saguenay. The trading 
 with the Indians is carried on by one of the agents who re- 
 side here. The place contains a Catholic chapel, stores, and 
 a few dwellings. The flag staff is surrounded by several 
 pieces of cannon, and stands on an eminence 50 ft. above the 
 harbour, at the base of a mountain peak 912 ft. high. The 
 eminence commands an extensive view of the shores of the 
 St. Lawrence and the Saguenay. 
 
 The Saguenay, is one of the most extraordinary rivers in 
 the world, and the largest in North America, the St. Law- 
 rence excepted, E. of the Alleghanies. It is the outlet of 
 
 
THE SAGUEXAY RIVER. 
 
 187 
 
 Mai 
 
 Lalco St. John, MO m. from its mouth, anil is navigable iur 
 90 m. to its fall^, having for 50 m., moro the appearance of a 
 long mountain laivu, than of a river. Lake St. John is the 
 centre of an extensive region the water.^ of which How into 
 it by twelve principal rivers, and are discharged to the east 
 by the Saguenay. The scenery is of the moat wild and 
 magnificent description. 
 
 ■ The passage of the waters of this river is one of the won- 
 ders of nature. They penetrate through a mountauious tract, 
 composed of eienito granite, forming an immense canal in 
 many places, with banks of perpendicular rocks rising from 
 a thousand to fifteen hundred ft. above the surface of the 
 river, which is frttm 100 to 150 fathoms deep nearly the 
 whole way, and from one to three miles broad. In many 
 places the largest vessels may run close to the perpendicu- 
 lar rocks, with 100 fathoms water. The tide rises and the 
 river is navigable 7 m. above Chicoutimi, where the rapids 
 of the outlet of Lake St. John commence. 
 
 Not the least remarkable feature of this river is the ridgo 
 of rocks lying across its mouth. This ridge is below the 
 surface, and through it there is a channel about 120 ft. deep, 
 within which the depth increases to 840 ft., so that the bed 
 of the Saguenay is absolutely 600 ft. below that of the St. 
 Lawrence into which it falls, a depth which is preserved 
 many miles up the river. The course of the tide, meeting 
 with resistance from these rocks, occasions a violent rippling 
 or surf, which is much increased and exceedingly dangerous 
 to boats during the ebb tide. 
 
 After entering the the river hills soon rise abruptly from 
 the water's edge, presenting an appearance somewhat similar 
 to the entrance from the N. into the ' Highlands,' on the Hud- 
 son. Tete du Boule, is a round mountain peak on the N. 
 side. The Two Profiles, on the N. side, a few miles farther 
 up, are quite appropriately named. St. Louis Island^ is a 
 
188 
 
 SCENERY OF THE SAOUENAY. 
 
 
 rugged rock, 18m. above Tadousac. At St. John^s Tray on 
 the S. 28 m. and at the mouth of the river Marguerite on the 
 N. are extensive lumber establishments. 
 
 Eternity Point and Cape Trinity, on the S. side, 34 m. are 
 two grand and enormous masses of rock, rising abruptly from 
 the water's edge to the height of 1500 ft. The three sum- 
 mits on Trinity Cape, bear some resemblance to three hu- 
 man heads. Trinity Cove is a charming recess in the shore 
 aheltered by the two jwints; its quiet and lonely beauty con- 
 trasted with the wild grandeur of tho huge masses of rock 
 together with the majestic river, form one of the level i<>8t of 
 nature's beauties. These points form but one feature in the 
 grand and picturesque scenery which continues to meet the 
 delighted eye of the tourist. 
 
 In the niche in Statue Point formerly stood a rock resem- 
 bling a huge human figure, but it has fallen into the water. 
 The Tableau on the S. shore, is an upright rock rising almost 
 perpendicularly to the hei: ht of several hundred feet. 
 
 The Ha-IIa, or Great. Bay, 57 m. is a body of water on the 
 left. At its head aio several extensive saw-mills, which 
 with the houses for the workmen, make quite a settlement. 
 
 At Chicoutimi, 12 m. farther, the navigation is suddenly 
 interrupted by a succession of falls and rapids, which can 
 be passed by vessels of a large size, only when the tide is 
 up. The village consists of several dwellings and a Roman 
 Catholic chapel built by the Jesuits about two centuries ago. 
 The settlement is another trading post belciir in:j to the Hud- 
 son Bay Company. The t hapel is beautifr ily Bit..' L J in the 
 centre of a green sward sloping to the rivcv, and is annually 
 visited by a missionary priest. 
 
 The country between Chicoutimi and Lake St. John, about 
 C rti. father to the W. is a fine tract intersected by several 
 liv -.1. ssuing from St. John, possessing a fertile soil, and of 
 a i«£o rui^'^bd character than characterizes the banks of the 
 
-^^Jf^T!' 
 
 MONTREA- TO NEW YORK OH BOSTON 
 
 189 
 
 the 
 
 Saguenay for he first ou nl. The climate is soniewhul simi- 
 hir to that of Moiilicil. The touusl (Mm enjoy himeclf wuh 
 fishing or hunting, bolu of whicli are excellonl. '■■• 
 
 On returning as you approach Quebec th^ view of the 
 city, itn citadel, and suburbs, with the falls ui Montmorenci, 
 and the adjacent country, is really magiiinceut. 
 
 From Quebec to Montreal, see p. 174, and reverse the 
 route ; bearing in mind to take the boat from Quebec at such 
 an hour as will afTord you a view in dayli_^ht ot that which 
 you passed during the night on yourdownw nd trip. The ap- 
 proach to Montreal in ascending the river is extremely beau- 
 tiful; the mount behind the city clothed in ich foliage, the 
 numerous country seats, the spires and edilii es of the city, 
 and the wooded island in front, all join to pret Mit a rich and 
 diversified landscape. 
 
 From Montreal the tourist can either return t<^ New York 
 by the route on Lake Champlain, see p. 96 and reverse the 
 route, or, by way of Niagara Falls, see p. 166 luid reverse 
 the route ; or, if he wishes to visit the New England states, 
 he will take the steamboat from Montreal to La Prairie, 
 thence by R. R. to St. John^s ; thence by the neat and com- 
 fortable steamboats to Burlington, Vt., described on p. 98. 
 
 Besides the following route, stages also leave Bl rlington 
 to Albany 150 m. via Middleburg 39 m. Castleton 7( m. and 
 Troy 144 m.j to Whitehall 70 m. j to Phillipsburg, L'anada, 
 41m. via St. Albans 24 m. ; and to Derby 80 m. 
 
 From Burlington, by a daily line of stages passing liuough 
 Millston 8 m. Richmond 5 m. Bolton 8 m. Waterburii 7 m. 
 Middlesex 6 m. 
 
 MoNTPELiER 6 m. and 40 from Burlington, is the capital 
 of the state, situated on a plain of moderate extent, built at 
 
190 
 
 MONTREAL TO BOSTON. 
 
 ;« * 
 
 :i\y 
 
 ■i ' l' 
 
 the junction of the two branches of Onion or Winooskie r. 
 and surrounded by elevated hills. The village contains a 
 courthouse, jail, 4 churches, several mills and manufactories 
 and 1721 inhabitants. The State-hotise, built of granite, is a 
 beautiful building 150 ft. in length, with two wings, and a 
 projecting portico of 6 Doric columns, the whole surmounted 
 by a dome 100 ft. high to the top. 
 
 From Montpelier by stage to Concord; 102 m. over the 
 road which passes through the most elevated portion of the 
 Green Mountains, along the margin of the river, and amidst 
 mountain scenery of the most romantic character. Before 
 reaching Concord we pass through Barre 7 m. Washington 
 8 m. Chelsea 9 m. Stafford 11m. Norwichl2 m. Hanover 1 m. 
 containing the buildings of Dartmouth college, Lebanon 4 m. 
 £nfield 8 m. Springfield 7 m. Wilmot 8m. Andover 6m. Salis- 
 bury 6 m. Boscawan 7 m. and Concord 9 m. described on 
 p. 244, thence by R. R. via Nashua and Lowell to Boston, 76 m. 
 total distance 218 m. 
 
 If the tourist intends visiting the White Mountains he 
 will take the stage to Littleton, N. H. 40 m. E. thence by 
 stage tri-weekly through the Notch to Conway, thence to 
 Portland, Me. and by R. R. to Boston. v ^v^ 
 
 The route from Littleton to the foot of the mountains is 
 partly through a cultivated country, and the remainder 
 through an extensive forest. The first view of the White 
 mountains is obtained a short distance from Littleton, but 
 Alt. Washington 6234 ft. high is not seen till arriving near 
 their foot. The first view is magnificent, and increases in 
 grandeur and sublimity the nearer we approach them. They 
 are next to the loftiest in N. America E. of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains ; their principal peaks are Jefferson 5261 ft. Adams 5383, 
 Madison 5039, Monroe 4932, and Quincy 4470 ft. From 
 their summits a w ido expanse of country for many miles can 
 be seen. 
 
 H 
 
THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 191 
 
 )skie r. 
 tains a 
 ictories 
 ite, is a 
 I, and a 
 lounted 
 
 ver the 
 I of the 
 amidst 
 Before 
 ihington 
 ver 1 m. 
 ion 4 m. 
 [n. Salis- 
 ibed on 
 fn, 76 m. 
 
 AiNS he 
 |ence by 
 isnce to 
 
 itains is 
 inainder 
 White 
 Iton, but 
 Ing near 
 eases in 
 \. They 
 Moun- 
 is 5383, 
 From 
 ties can 
 
 ** The Notch or Gap is on the W. side of the mountains, and 
 is a narrow and deep defile 2 m. in length, in one place only 
 22 ft. wide. The road passes through this notch following 
 the course of the head stream of the Saco. The mountains, 
 otherwise a continued range, are here cloven down to their 
 base opening a passage for the river, which receives tributary 
 brooks falling down the sides of the mountain in beautiful 
 cascades, some of them within sight of the road, presenting 
 the wildest and most romantic scenery. 
 ' Mount Washington is ascended on the S. E. side, following 
 the course of the Saco. After climbing up the mountain for 
 a considerable distance, the trees begin to diminish in height, 
 till at the elevation of about 4000 ft. you come to a region 
 of dwarfish evergreens, putting forth horizontal branches, 
 closely interwoven with each other, and surrounding the 
 mount with a formidable hedge. On emerging from this 
 thicket you are above all woods, at what is called the bald 
 part, which consists of a huge pile of naked rocks of granite 
 and gneiss. After attaining its summit you are recompensed 
 by the goi^eous prospect opened before you. Innumerable 
 mountains, lakes, ponds, rivers, towns, and villages meet the 
 enraptured eye, while the dim Atlantic stretches along the 
 eastern horizon. To the N. are seen the lofty summits of 
 Adams and Jefferson, and to the E. a little detached from 
 the range, stands Mt. Madison ; far to the N. E. are the Ka- 
 tadin Mountains j on the W. the Green Mountains in Ver- 
 mont j and 120 m. to the S. W. the lofty Monadnock in N. 
 Hampshire. Among the near picturesque objects are Um- 
 bagog and Winnipiseogee lakes, Androscoggin and Connecti- 
 cut rivers, and numerous smaller lakes and streams. Beneath 
 and around, the mountains extend many miles from the 
 summit, in every direction, resembling in their shape the 
 waves of the sea in a storm. The elevated summits are 
 covered M'ith snow 9 or 10 months in the year. 
 
 ■»=•« 
 
192 
 
 MONTREAL TO BOSTON. 
 
 The view from the summit of 3It. Lafayette presents also 
 a splendid view, including over 50 summits, some of which 
 are coyered with verdure to the top, while others are com- 
 posed of naked rocks. Down the sides of many of them 
 may be seen slides or avalanches of earth, rocks and trees, 
 one of which in 1829 destroyed the Willey family consisting 
 of nine persons. The most sublime views of some of the 
 tracks of the avalanches may be seen in passing through the 
 Notch. 
 
 In the road through Franconia Notch on the mountain op- 
 posite to Lafayette, is the Profile or old man of the mountain, 
 a remarkable curiosity situated on the brow of the peak or 
 precipice which rises almost perpendicularly from the sur- 
 face of a small lake, directly in front to the height of nearly 
 1000 ft. All the principal features of the human face, as 
 seen in a profile, are formed with surprising exactness. Other 
 curiosities in this vicinity are the Basin and the Tulpit. 
 
 From Crawford's House to Bartlett is 7 m. thence to Con- 
 way 10 m. Fryehurgh, 10 m. from Conway is a considerable 
 village celebrated in the early history of the country. 
 
 From Conway the traveller can continue on to Portsmouth, 
 to Concord, or to Portland, thence to Boston. The lakes and 
 streams of this part of the country are surrounded by splen- 
 did scenery, and abound with very fine trout ; see p. 245. 
 
 
 f 
 
 ^wf ^W'-? J •■'■.•■•:'■ :^:-\ " ■>'~.W" ■■■' -^ ^r^ '"fi 
 
 • ■*.■ I- • , 
 
 
SJi?" 
 
 * 
 
 its also , 
 
 which 
 e com* 
 f them 
 1 trees, 
 isistiug 
 
 of the 
 ugh the 
 
 tain op- 
 ountain, 
 peak or 
 the sur- 
 f nearly 
 face, as 
 s. Other 
 pit. 
 
 to Con- 
 iderable 
 
 [smouth, 
 kkes and 
 |y splen- 
 245. 
 
 's « 
 
 rv 
 
 '•■!".■ 
 
 
 NEW HAVEN. 
 
 103 
 
 NEW YORK TO BOSTON. 
 
 I. VIA NEW HAVEN AND SPRINGFIELD. 238 M. 13^ H. 
 
 This is a very favorite line of travel as it passes through 
 the most interesting portions of Massachusetts and Connec- 
 ticut. 
 
 Passengers take the steamboat from Peck slip on the 
 East r. at 6i A. M. and pass through Hell or Hurl Gate, then 
 pass by Frog's Neck, New Rochelle, Greenwich point, Nor- 
 walk Islands Ct., Bridgeport, Stratford Pt., Neck point, and 
 arrive at the city of • ^ - ••' ^ •* - , .,/ ^ . ,. v 
 
 I ' 
 
 NEW HAVEN 
 
 > 
 
 Beautifully situated around the head of the harbour of the 
 same name, lying on a plain inclining gradually toward the 
 water and surrounded in the background by hills, two of 
 which as the traveller approaches the city form imposing 
 features, as they rise almost perpendicularly to the height of 
 330 to 370 ft. It is the semi-capital of Connecticut with 
 Hartford. It is laid out with great regularity, the houses 
 generally are neat, some very elegant, and is by many con- 
 sidered the prettiest town in the U. States. The city extends 
 about 3 m. from E. to W. and 2 m. from N. to S. and contains 
 about 6 sq. m. ; it is divided into two parts, the old town, 
 and the new township, in each of which is an open square. 
 
 The old town was originally laid out in the form of a 
 square, half a mile on a side, divided into nine smaller 
 squares ; these have been subdivided into four parts by in- 
 tersecting streets, except the centre square which is divided 
 only by Temple st. running through it from N. to S. The 
 eastern portion is unoccupied and forms a delightful prome- 
 13 R 
 
■Tr 
 
 194 
 
 NEW YORK TO BOSTON. 
 
 nade ground 
 
 On the W. portion, three splendid churches, 
 fronting on Temple st. have been erected. The southern one 
 is the Episcopal church in the finest Gothic style ; next above 
 it is ihe First Congregational church, built of brick, with a 
 fine Doric portico, and a lofty steeple j N. of this is the 
 2d Congregational church, a beautiful edifice, of brick, with 
 a handsome cupola. Near the centre of the western portion, 
 is the State-house, a large and splendid edifice of the Doric 
 order, after the Parthenon at Athens, having an appearance 
 of uncommon beauty and majesty. On the N. W. corner is 
 the Methodist church, built of brick. - ; >« , 
 
 On the W. side and facing to the E. are the buildings of 
 Yale College; these consist of 4 college halls, 104 ft. long 
 by 40 ft. wide, 4 stories high, each containing 32 rooms for 
 students ; a hall for theological students ; a chapel devoted 
 to religious worship and ordinary exhibitions; a lyceum con- 
 taining the library and recitation rooms ; and an atheneum 
 containing rooms for academic purposes. These college 
 buildings present an imposing front; they are all of brick and 
 have a uniform front of 600 ft. long including narrow passage 
 ways between. On one of the buildings is a neat cupola 
 built after the model of the Temple of the Winds and fitted 
 for the use of a splendid achromatic telescope made by 
 Dolland. In the rear of these is another range of buildings, 
 consisting of the chemical laboratory ; the Commons' hall, in 
 the second story of which is contained the mineralogical 
 cabinet, well known as the most extensive and valuable in 
 the U. States ; a stuccoed building, containing a fine gallery 
 of paintings by Trumbull and others ; and two other build- 
 ings, one for the law and the other for the medical depart- 
 ments, in the latter of which is a fine anatomical museum 
 and library. Yale College is one of the most extensive and 
 celebrated institutions of learning in the Union and has edu- 
 cated more eminent men than any other institution. It was 
 
 4 
 
 
ts 
 
 NEW HAVEN. 
 
 195 
 
 originally founded at Killingworlh, in 1701, but was removed 
 to Saybrook in 1707, and to New Haven in 1717. It has a 
 president and 31 professors, and a very valuable library of 
 34,500 vols. 
 
 On the N. W. corner of the old town is the Public Cemetery 
 beautifully laid out and ornamented, containing 17acreS; and 
 adorned with many elegant monuments. 
 
 The State G§neral Hospital consists of a central building 
 with two wings, 118 ft. in length and 48 ft. in width, built of 
 stone, and stuccoed, and has a fine colonnade. 
 
 The city contains 20 churches, a custom house, jail, alms* 
 house, museum, 3 banks, a savings institution, and many 
 popular and scientific institutions. Pop. 12,960. 
 
 The harbor of New Haven is safe and spacious, but shal- 
 low. The West and Quinnepac, two small rivers, empty 
 into the bay. Long Wharf, to which additions have been 
 made, is 3,943 ft. in length, the longest in the U. States. 
 The foreign trade of the port is chiefly with the West Indies ; 
 its coasting trade is quite considerable ; a daily line of steam- 
 boats connects it with New York, and also several lines of 
 packets. The Farmington canal connects it with Northamp- 
 ton, Mass. and with the Connecticut r. near it. Its manu- 
 factories are chiefly of fire-arms, boots and shoes, paper, 
 carpets, &c. 
 
 New Haven was settled in 1638, and chartered as a city 
 in 1784. In 1779, it was entered by the British under Gov. 
 Tryon, who in a short time destroyed property to the amount 
 of $84,566. 
 
 Hotels ; Assembly House, Court and Orange sts. ; Eagle 
 Tavern, George st. opposite State st. ; Tontine, opposite Col- 
 lege square. 
 
 West Rock, 2 m. N. W. of the city is a perpendicular bluff", 
 400 ft. in height, on the top of which is the cave in which 
 twoof the regicides of Charles I. secreted themselves for three 
 
19G 
 
 NEW YORK TO BOSTON. 
 
 or four years. East Rock. 2 m. N. E. of the city is 370 ft. 
 high from whence a very fine view of the surrounding 
 scenery may be had. 
 
 Leaving New Haven by R. R. we pass through the flou- 
 rishing and enterprising manufacturing towns Wallingford, 
 and Meriden, and after a two hours' pleasant ride we enter 
 the Connecticut Valley and arrive- at Hartford, 36 m. from 
 New Haven. 
 
 HARTFORD, 
 
 <■■-* 
 
 City, and semi-capital of the state, is at the head of sloop 
 navigation on the W. or right side of the Connecticut r. 50 m. 
 from its mouth. The compact part of the city lies upon an 
 alluvial flat over a mile in length and three fourths of a mile 
 in width, connected v;ith the upper land by a very gradual 
 elevation. Pop. 9468. Hotels ; City Hotel, Main st. ', United 
 States Hotel, States st. 
 
 The city is irregularly laid out, and divided at the S. part 
 by Little r. which is cros.sed by a freestone bridge on Main 
 St. The houses mostly of brick, are many of them large and 
 elegant structures. The principal streets are Main, State, 
 Commerce, Prospect, Washington, &c. 
 
 The principal objects of interest are; a large edifice in the 
 Doric style. The State House, situated in the square front- 
 ing on Main st. It is 114 ft. long, and including the porticoes 
 76 ft. wide, and 54 ft. high. Each portico is 38 ft. by 17. 
 On the first floor as you enter the building, to the right of the 
 large hall are oflices for the Treasurer and Controller ; on the 
 left is a large and convenient Court-room, there is also an 
 office for the Commissioner of the school fund. The second 
 floor is occupied by the two Houses of the Legislature, and 
 the Secretary of State. The Legislature meets here and at 
 New Haven each alternate year. The City Hall is a large 
 building in the Doric style. 
 
HARTFORD. 
 
 197 
 
 Washtnglon College is situated on elevated ground at the 
 corner of Bliss and College sts. There are two edifices of 
 freestone, one 4 stories, containing rooms for the students, 
 the other 3 stories high, containing the cliapel, library, mine- 
 ralogical cabinet, philosophical chamber, laboratory, and re- 
 citation rooms. It w^as founded in 1824, has a president 
 and 7 professors, and a library of 6,500 vols. It is under 
 the direction of the Episcopalians, and is in a flourishing 
 condition. 
 
 The American Asylum for the Instruction of the Deaf ana 
 Dumb was the first institution of the kind in the country. It 
 was founded in 1815, commencing with 7 scholars and ra- 
 pidly increasing to 140. Besides the principal edifice which 
 is 130 ft. long and 4 stories high, there are a dining-hall, 
 workshops, &c. ; attached to these are ten acres of land. 
 There are a principal and 7 assistants j it is supported by 
 grants from the state, pay of the boarders, and the revenue 
 arising from 23,000 acres of land in Alabama, granted to 
 them by the U. States. 
 
 The Retreat for the Insane^ is another very interesting 
 charitable institution. It is finely situated on elevated ground, 
 from which an extensive view of the surrounding scenery 
 may be had. It consists of a main building with two wings, 
 containing accommodations for the steward and other offi- 
 cers; and the patients except those who are violent or noisy ; 
 these are confined in two cottages 40 ft. from the main build- 
 ing. The institution has rooms for about 90 patients ; and 
 has about 40 acres of cultivated ground. The patients work, 
 ride, or amuse themselves in various ways, and on Sunday 
 attend divine service, It is exceedingly well managed and 
 has been of great service to numbers of afflicted persons. , 
 
 The Atheneum, an elegant edifice on Main st., contains 
 rooms for the Young Menh Institute and the Historical So- 
 
 ciety, and a Gallery of Paintings. 
 
 R 2 
 
 The Exchanfre biiildinss 
 
198 
 
 NEW V O R K TO BOSTON. 
 
 r 
 
 (It Ihe corner of Main and State 8t8. are quite ornamental. 
 
 The Orphan Asylum, is delightfully situated on an eminence, 
 
 \ and consists of handsome and spacious edifices, well managed. 
 
 The celebrated " Charier oak" in which the charter of the 
 colony was hid, is still in a vigorous state and likely to flour- 
 ish for another century. It stands on a beautiful elevation, 
 in a lower part of the city, near the seat of the Willys fa- 
 mily. The original charter may be seen at the office of the 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 Hartford contains 13 churches, 6 banks with an aggregate 
 capital of $3,680,000, 4 insurance companies with a capital 
 of about $1,000,000, 2 markets, an arsenal, a jail on the mo- 
 dern penitentiary system, and a museum. 
 
 The city within a few years has been much improved, 
 many elegant buildings erected, and has exhibited a spirit 
 of enterprise and prosperity. It is well calculated to become 
 a considerable commercial capital. Connecticut r. has been 
 made navigable 220 ra. above it, and brings much produce 
 from the fertile country watered by it. Two steamboats ply 
 daily for Springfield ; and two for New York ] steam freight 
 vessels ply for N. York, Philadelphia, Albany, Boston, New 
 London, Norwich, Providence, and Fall River. Numerous 
 stage routes also centre in the city. The Connecticut r. is 
 crossed by a draw-bridge, from Morgan st. It was built in 
 1809, partially swept away and rebuilt in 1818, at a cost of 
 $150,000. There are two burying grounds, the old and the 
 new, both interesting and handsome spots. 
 
 Hartford was settled in 1635, and the number of settlers 
 was much increased the next year by the accession of Mr. 
 Hooker and his followers. It was incorporated as a city in 
 1784. 
 
 Hotels; A"^ tican Hotel, State st. and Court-house square j 
 Athenrnm HoLel, Main and Mulberry; and Clinton House, 
 15 Central ilow. 
 
 !V 
 
SPRINGFIELD. 
 
 199 
 
 ■>r» ^- • 
 
 Routes from Hartford. 
 
 tiers 
 Mr. 
 
 ire J 
 
 ise. 
 
 By R. R. to New Haven 36 m. ; to Springneld 26 m. 
 
 By Stage to New Haven 40 m. ; to Saybrook 42 m. ; to 
 New London 44 m. ', to Norwich 39 m. ; to W. Killingly 47 m. ; 
 to Killingly 45 m. ; to Wilbraham, Mass. 33 m. ; to Westfield, 
 Mass. 28 m. ; to Canaan 43 m. ; to Litchfield 33 m. 
 
 Leaving Hartford in the cars we continue in the fertile 
 valley of the Connecticut, passing through Bloomjield, 6 m. 
 Windsor a scattered village several miles in length, and cross 
 the Connecticut by a bridge 1234 ft. in length, pass through 
 Thompsonvillej and arrive at 
 
 ; SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
 
 24 m. N. of H. most delightfully situated on the E. side of 
 the Connecticut r. and one of the most important inland 
 towns in New England. Pop. 1845, 14,703. Hotels, Ameri- 
 can House, and the Massasoit House, both on Main st. near 
 the R. R. depot j Hamden House, Court Square j and the U. 
 States Hotel, corner of Main and State sts. 
 
 Near the river, are rich alluvial meadows, and back of 
 them the ground rises to a considerable elevation. The 
 principal and business part of the town is built on Main st. 
 spacious and over 2 m. in length, containing some elegant 
 houses. This street runs parallel with the r. and on the E. 
 of it on rising ground, are some fine building sites. It con- 
 tains a courthouse, jail, and 6 churches. The U. States have 
 here one of the most extensive constructing arsenals and ar- 
 mory in the Union, well worthy of a visit. It is situated on 
 elevated ground half a m. E. of the village, and consists of a 
 brick edifice 2 stories high, occupied by lock-filers, stockers, 
 and finishers; a brick forging shop and other buildings, be- 
 sides numerous smaller shops and stores ; all arranged in the 
 
r*l- 
 
 200 
 
 NEW YORK TO BOSTON. 
 
 form of a square of 20 acres. The water works are on Mill 
 r. about a m. S, of the arsenal. It was established in 1795. 
 
 On Chickapee r. 4i m. N. of Springfield village; is the 
 flourishing manufacturing village oi Chickapee, which contains 
 3 churches, large cotton and other manufactories, and about 
 2000 inhabitants. 
 
 From Springfield a pleasant and romantic trip can be made 
 to Northampton, one of the most beautiful towns in Massa- 
 chusetts, containing 5 churches, many elegant houses, and 
 3,750 inhabitants. Mount Tom in the town, and Mount Hoi- 
 yoke on the opposite side of the Connecticut, two command- 
 ing summits, the latter 1,070 ft. above the level of the river, 
 will well repay the trouble in ascending them. Two houses 
 for the accommodation of visiters have been erected on the 
 summit of Mt. Holyoke, from whence a delightful view of 
 the fertile valley, and the surrounding varied scenery, may 
 be had. . 
 
 Above Northampton on the Connectit ul, are the villages 
 of Hadley, Greenfield, Brattleboro, and bellows Falls, Vt. 
 reached by R. R. from Springfield. - f ». .i 
 
 Springfield is the centre from whence four great lines of 
 railroads diverge to the different points of the compass. 
 
 Leaving Springfield in the cars we pass through Wilbra- 
 ham, Palmer, Warren, Brookfield, Charlton, Leicester, and 
 arrive at 
 
 ■ WORCESTER, 
 
 • .-,. «'>.; - •'' "'■ "v '' ■ ■■ 
 
 One of the oldest and most important inland towns in the 
 state. Pop. 1845, 11,514. Hotels, American Temperance 
 H., United States H., and Worcester House. 
 
 The town is situated in a valley, and surrounded by hills 
 of gentle acclivity. It is well built, the houses being neat 
 and many of them elegant. Main st. is the principal street 
 
 •# 
 
WORCESTER. 
 
 301 
 
 of 
 
 )ra- 
 ind 
 
 Ithe 
 ice 
 
 ills 
 [eat 
 reel 
 
 crossed by others at right angles. It contains a new and 
 splendid courthouse, jail, 4 oanks, 13 churches, a manual 
 labour high school, and a Roman Catholic college. The Hall 
 of the Antiquarian Society built by its first president Isaiah 
 Thomas, the author of the "History of Printing," is a neat 
 building with two wings and a Doric portico; it has a library 
 of 12,000 vols, many of them very rare relating to American 
 history. The Lunatic Asylum consists of a main building 
 with wings and two other end buildings, the whole forming 
 three sides of a square. It is one of the best institutions of 
 the kind in the country. <> ' 
 
 Worcester is the centre of a large inland trade. The Black- 
 stone canal from Providence, R. I. 45 m. in length, termi- 
 nates here. The Boston and W. rail r. extends 44 m. to 
 Boston, and cost 81,500,000. It also extends westward 
 through Springfield to Albany. The Norwich and W. rail r. 
 extends to New London, from whence the steamboats are 
 taken to go to N. York. There are numerous woollen, cot- 
 ton, and paper manufactories. 
 
 From Worcester the r. r. crosses the Blackstone r. passes 
 through its valley, then through a cut in a ridge of slate rock, 
 which is 37 ft. deep; then descending at the rate of 30 ft. 
 to thft mile over a rough country, it enters the valley of Long 
 Pond, until we reach Cutler's Peak, where we strike the val- 
 ley of Elizabeth r. and pursue it to Westborotigh ; we then 
 follow the valley of the Concord r. until we turn the end of 
 Natic Pond ; we now ascend at the rate of 30 ft. to a m. and 
 pass the S. end of Morse's Pond on an embankment 47 ft. 
 high and 700 feet long. We then cross the Worcester turn- 
 pike, and passing the town of Needham cross Charles r. on a 
 bridge of a single span 120 ft. long; and follow the valley of 
 the river passing Newton and arrive at Boston, for a descrip- 
 tion of which, see page 207. 
 
202 
 
 NEW YORK TO BOSTON. 
 
 . f 
 
 II. VIA LONG ISLAND, NORWICH, AND WORCESTER, 
 23 M. lUft U. FARE $3.00. 
 
 Passengers by this route, the quickest and most pictur- 
 esque, take the steamboat from the South Furry to Brooklyn 
 (described on p. 55) and there take the cars of the Loni; 
 Island R. R. passing through Jamaica 12 m. Hempstead Br. 
 19 m., Hicksville 27 m., Farmingdale 32 m., St. George's 
 Manor 68 m., Riverhead 75 m., and arrive at Greenport 96 m., 
 where we take the steamboat for a 2 hour's trip of 32 m. 
 across the sound to •' \t' 
 
 7.. 
 
 - NEW LONDON, CT., 
 
 On the W. side of the Thames r. 3 m. from its mouth. Pop. 
 5519. In the rear of the city the ground is elevated, afford- 
 ing some beautiful sites for dwellings. The city is irregu- 
 larly laid out; many of the houses are neat and elegant. 
 The harbour is one of the best in the U. States, with a depth 
 of 30 ft. sufficient for the largest ships of war. It is defended 
 by the two forts, Trumbull on the W. and Griswold on the 
 £. side. The city contains a courthouse, jail, customhouse, 
 3 banks, 2 insurance companies, an almshouse, 9 churches, 
 and several large manufactories. The principal commerce 
 is engaged in the whale fishery, which employs over 50 ves- 
 sels and a capital of a million and a half dollars. The fish- 
 eries and coasting trade are also extensive. In 1781, the 
 British under the traitor Arnold burned a large part of the 
 town, destroying property to the amount of nearly $500,000, 
 and captured the garrison of Fort Griswold, most of whom 
 were barbarously massacred. The granite obelisk 125 ft. 
 high, commemorates the event. 
 
 From here we continue in the ears 13 m. to 
 
 ^;. 
 
NORWICH. 
 
 203 
 
 NORWICH, CONN. 
 
 ► v 
 
 The city is situated at the head of navigation of Thames r. 
 It consists of the city, the town, Westville, Yanticville, and 
 Greenville. The mam part of the city is built on the southern 
 declivity of a high and rocky hill ; the houses, which are 
 mostly painted white, are built in tiers, rising one above an- 
 other, and with the surrounding scenery the city presents a 
 a most romantic and beautiful view. It contains 4 banks, a 
 courthouse, and 8 churches. The town is surrounded with 
 hills, and contains many beautiful sites for residences. West- 
 ville, N. W. of the town, contains a number of manufacturing 
 establishments. At the junction of the Yantic with the She- 
 tucket r. which united form the Thames, the channel is very 
 narrow between elevated rocks. The bed of the river con- 
 sists of a solid rock about 12 ft. perpendicular, over which 
 the water falls forming a wild and romantic cataract, and af- 
 fording great water-power. A bridge crosses the mouth of 
 the cove, at the head of which is Yanticville, a flourishing 
 manufacturing village. Over the falls from a high rock, a 
 party of the Mohegan Indians are said to have thrown them- 
 selves to escape from a hostile tribe. On the Shetucket r. 
 E. of the city is Greenville a flourishing manufacturing vil- 
 lage, containing fulling, grist, and paper mills, and woollen 
 and cotton factories. Total population of the city and towns, 
 7239. 
 
 From Norwich after passing through Jewetts city, Plain- 
 field, Central Village, Daysville, Killingly, Pomfret, Fishers- 
 ville, Webster, Mass., Oxford, we arrive at Worcester, for de- 
 scription of which see page 200. 
 
 III. VIA STONINGTON AND PROVIDENCE, 214 M. 13i H. 
 
 Passengers by this the most direct line take the steam- 
 

 204 
 
 NEW YORK TO BOSTON. 
 
 boat which leaves daily at 5 P. M. from Pier No. 1, North r. 
 foot of Battery Place, for 
 
 Stonington, Conn. 135 m. The principal village is on a 
 rocky point of land extending half a mile into Long Island 
 sound, and has a good harbour protected by a breakwater 
 built by the U. S. government at an expense of $50,000. It 
 is handsomely laid out, and well built. It has quite a num- 
 ber of vessels engaged in the whale and seal fisheries and 
 the coasting trade. There are 2 churches, a bank, and over 
 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 From Stonington we take the R. R. through Rhode Island 
 47 ra. via Westerly, 5 m.; Richmond 7 m.; Kingston 13m.; 
 and Greenwich 36 m. to 
 
 PROVIDENCE, 
 
 The semi-capital of the state, situated at the head of Narra- 
 ganselt bay, and divided by Providence r. into nearly equal 
 portions, connected by bridges. On the E. side of the city is 
 Seekonk r. across which are two bridges, connecting it with 
 Scekonk in Mass. The city limits contain an area of about 9 m. 
 The two principal streets are long and irregular, and comprise 
 the business portion of the city, with the exception of a long 
 range of large brick warehouses on the E. side. The build- 
 ings on the other streets are constructed with taste and ele- 
 gance. On the E. side of the r. the land rises abruptly ; the 
 three principal streets run parallel with the r. and contain a 
 number of public buildings, as the governor's official resi- 
 dence, the buildings of Brown university, the Atheneum, 
 most of the banks, and many elegant private residences. 
 
 Among the public buildings are ; the State House, a large 
 edifice of brick. The buildings of Brown University occupy 
 a commanding situation on Prospect st. ; they are four in 
 number. It was originally founded in 1766 and named after 
 
PROV 1 DE N C E. 
 
 205 
 
 
 its benefactor, in 1801. It has a president and 8 professors, 
 a library of 17,200 vols., an extensive philosophical and 
 chemical apparatus, and a very complete cabinet of mine- 
 ralogy and natural history. The Atheneum, founded in 1836 
 has a handsome Doric edifice of granite, two stories high, a 
 library of over 7000 vols, and a reading room. The lower 
 story is occupied by the Franklin and Historical societies. 
 The Arcade is a fine edifice extending between two streets, 
 with a Doric portico of six columns on each front, built of 
 granite at a cost of $130,000. The Friends' hoarding school^ 
 a flourishing institution has a spacious edifice of stone and 
 brick, and 10 teachers. There are also in the city, a city 
 hall, jail, and state prison, a hospital, 3 market houses, a 
 custom house, theatre, 30 churches some of which are fine 
 specimens of architecture, 26 religious and benevolent socie- 
 ties, 21 banks with a capital of over $7,000,000, and 6 insu- 
 rance companies. 
 
 The commerce of Providence, on account of its facilities, 
 is quite extensive. The harbour at the head of the Narra- 
 gansett bay, 33 m. from the ocean is spacious, and has a 
 sufficient depth for the largest vessels. The principal trade 
 is with parts of Europe, the West Indies, and extensively 
 with the southern states, the extensive cotton manufactories 
 requiring a large supply of cotton. It is connected with 
 New York, Albany, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, by several 
 lines of packets. The Blackstone canal extending from 
 Worcester to Providence 45 m. brings down goods from the 
 numerous factories scattered along the route. 
 
 Providence was first settled by Roger Williams in 1636, 
 incorporated as a town in 1649, and chartered as a city in 
 1831. In 1675 it suffered by the Indian wars; in 1815, the 
 tide rose 12 ft. higher than usual and destroyed property 
 worth $1,500,000 ; it has also suflfered considerable by fires. 
 Pop. 23,171. 
 
 S 
 
206 
 
 NEW YORK TO BOSTON. 
 
 f. ft 
 
 Hotels; Columbian House, and Earl House, on Main st. ; 
 Manufacturers' Hotel, and National House, on Market Square; 
 and the Washington Hotel, No. 4 Weybosset st. 
 
 From Providence to Taunton and New Bedford^ by R. R. 
 at 8 A. M. and 3i P. M. And also by steamboats. 
 
 From Providence a pleasant trip can be made to Newport, 
 the semi-capital of the state, 30 m. S. by E. from Pr. and 5 
 m. from the ocean. It has an excellent and safe harbour, 
 defended by three forts. Its commerce is extensive a num- 
 ber of vessels being engaged in the fisheries, in the trade 
 with the E. Indies and part of Europe, with the W. Indies, 
 and the coasting trade. Its site is beautiful ; the compact 
 part of the town being built facing the harbor in a S. E, di- 
 rection, and having a gentle declivity to the shore, it appears 
 finely from the water. The houses are neatly built, espe- 
 cially those on the mainstreoi and Washington Square. The 
 beauty of its position, the salubrity of the climate, and the 
 numerous inviting objects around it have rendered it a very 
 fashionable and delightful place of resort for the summer 
 months. Fish of the finest flavor and in great abundance 
 are taken in its waters. It contains a state house, jail, 7 
 banks, 12 churches, a theatre, a public library of 8000 vols., 
 several societies, and numerous factories. There are some 
 fine hotels, and the accommodations are excellent. Pop. 9000. 
 
 During the season of navigation a line of steamboats runs 
 direct from New York to Newport and Providence j and there 
 connects with the Providence and Boston R. R. 
 
 From Providence we take the cars passing through See- 
 konk 2 m., Dodgeville 6 m., Attleboro 2 m., Mansfield 7 m., 
 Foxboro' 3 m., Sharon 4 m.. Canton 4 m., Dedham 6 m., 
 Roxbury 6 m., and arrive in Boston 8 m., at the foot of the 
 Common. 
 
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 BOSTON. 
 
 207 
 
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 BOSTON. 
 
 Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, the metropolis of 
 New England, and the second city in commerce, and fifth in 
 population in the United States, is partly situated on a penin- 
 sula with an uneven surface, 3 m. long and 1 m. broad, at 
 the head of Massachusetts bay ; it is nearly surrounded by 
 the waters of Boston harbor on the east, and Charles river 
 on the north and west. The peninsula was originally marked 
 by three hills, which now afford admirable sites for building, 
 and give the city a bold and handsome appearance. The 
 city is in 42° 21' N. Lat. and 5° 54' E. Lon. from Washing- 
 ton J it is 106 m. S. S. W. from Portland, Me. , 163 m. S. S. W. 
 Augusta; 63 m. S. S. E. Concord, N. H. ; 158 m. E. by S. 
 Albany; 40 ra. N. N. E. Providence ; 97 m. E. N. E. Hart- 
 ford ; 207 m. E. by N. New York ; 440 m. N. E. Washing- 
 ton. Pop. in 1800, 24,937; 1820, 43,298; 1840, 93,383; 
 1845, 114,366. 
 
 Boston is divided into three parts ; Old Boston on the pe- 
 ninsula; South Boston; and East Boston. South BostoHy 
 formerly a part of Dorchester, but united to the city in 1804, 
 extends about 2 m. along the S. side of the harbor, and is 
 laid out into regular streets and squares. The surface pre- 
 sents a picturesque appearance, and commands a splendid 
 view of Boston, its harbor, and the surrounding country. In 
 nearly the centre of this tract are the Dorchester Heights, 
 130 ft. high, on which Washington erected a fortification in 
 1775, compelling the British to evacuate the harbor. It is 
 connected with the Neck by the South Boston bridge 1551 
 ft. long, 40 ft. wide, and completed in 1805 at a cost of 
 S56,000; and with Boston by the free bridge 500 ft. long and 
 38 ft. wide, completed in 1828. 
 
208 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 East Boston, built on Noddle's Island, is connected with 
 Boston, by a steam ferry the boats of which run every five 
 minutes ; with Chelsea on the main land, by a bridge 600 ft. 
 long, and by a steam ferry. 
 
 The Neck or isthmus connecting the peninsula with the 
 main land, is the principal avenue to the city from the south. 
 
 Besides the above mentioned Bridges, Boston is connected 
 with the surrounding country by other extensive structures. 
 With Charlestown on the N., by a bridge across Charles river, 
 1503 ft. long, 42 ft. wide, with a draw 30 ft. wide, and com- 
 pleted in 1786 at an expense of $50,000 ; and by the Warren 
 bridge, 1390 ft. long and 44 ft. wide, with a macadamized road. 
 With Cambridgeport on the W. by the West Boston bridge 
 2758 ft. long, with a causeway 3344 ft. long and an abutment 
 of 874 ft., making the whole length 6190 ft. resting on 180 
 piers, and built in 1793 at a cost of $76,667. With Lech- 
 mere Pomt in Cambridge on the N. W., by the canal or 
 Craigie's bridge 2796 ft. long and 40 ft. wide, completed in 
 1807 J a lateral bridge also extends from this to Prison Point, 
 Charlestown. With Brookline on the W. by the Western 
 Avenue a road mill-dam, li m. long from 60 to 100 ft. wide, 
 and costing with a lateral dam to Roxbury $700,000. 
 
 The Harbour one of the best in the U. States, is safe and 
 commodious, deep enough to admit the largest vessels, ca- 
 pable of containing 500 ships at once, completely and se- 
 curely land-locked, easily defended the main entrance being 
 so narrow as scarcely to admit two ships abreast, and pro- 
 tected by Forts Independence and Warren. The outer har- 
 bour is defended by a strong fortress erected by the national 
 government on George's Island. The harbour contains many 
 beautiful islands, receives the waters of several large rivers, 
 and has numerous large towns on its borders. There are 
 many large wharves, most of them lined with capacious 
 stores. India wharf is 980 ft. long and 246 to 290 ft. wide ; 
 
^ 
 
 PLAN OP THE CITY. 
 
 200 
 
 Central wharf is 1379 ft. long and 150 ft. wide; Long wharf 
 at the foot of State st. is 1800 ft. long and 200 ft. wide ; Cu- 
 nard's wharf 1000 ft. long is devoted to the use of the steam- 
 
 Boston was founded in 1630; in that year Gov. Winthrop 
 arrived with a large number of emigrants, and settled in 
 Charlestown, but afterwards removed to Boston. The origi- 
 nal appearance of Boston was that of three hills, the western 
 one of which terminated in three summits, from which cir- 
 cumstances the English settlers changed the Indian name 
 of Shawmut to Tremountain, which was again altered to 
 Boston, in compliment to their minister the Rev. Mr. Cotton, 
 who had formerly resided at Boston in England. Boston 
 continued a town, and was so governed until 1822. By the 
 charter of that year, the city was divided into 12 wards, and 
 is governed by a mayor, 8 aldermen, and 48 common coun- 
 cil men ; besides which each ward has its own warden, over- 
 seer of the poor, and other officers. 
 
 The city presents a very beautiful and attractive appear- 
 ance to the stranger, especially when approached from the 
 sea. Its streets do not exhibit so great a regularity as some 
 other cities, having been originally laid on no regular plan ; 
 but the inconveniences arising from their being so crooked 
 and narrow have been avoided in the newer portions, and 
 been remedied in some measure by improvements in the 
 older parts. The city generally is beautifully and substan- 
 tially built, and contains many elegant private and public 
 buildings mostly of brick and granite. The general neatness 
 of the houses of which there were in 1845, 12,026, and the 
 great cleanliness of the streets, favourably impress the 
 stranger. No smoking is allowed in the streets within the 
 city. The celebrated Common in the S. W. part of the city, 
 contains an area of about 75 acres, enclosed by an elegant 
 iron fence about a mile in length. It occupies the declivity 
 14 s 2 
 
210 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 of Beacon Hill, and has a pleasantly diversified surface. It 
 contains the Mall, a very beautiful promenade ground, adorned 
 with trees; the State House in the N. part, a Botanic garden 
 in the W. part ; and Crescent-pond a beautiful sheet of 
 
 water. 
 
 ' - if-' 
 
 THE STATE HOUSE, 
 
 Fronting on the spacious common, stands on the summit of 
 Beacon Hill 1 10 ft. above the level of the bay, and occupies 
 the highest and most commanding situation in the city. It 
 is 173 ft. long and 61 ft. wide. Above the basement rises 
 the principal story 30 ft. high, with an attic 60 ft. wide and 
 20 ft. high, supporting a pediment on which rises a splendid 
 dome 50 ft. in diameter and 20 ft. high ; the whole termi- 
 nated by a lantern, crowned with an elegant pine cone. The 
 centre of the building is 94 ft. in length, and formed cf arches 
 which project 14 ft., forming a covered walk below, which 
 supports a colonnade of Corinthian columns. The lower 
 story is divided into a large hall 50 ft. square and 20 ft. high, 
 supported by Doric. columns; on the S. side of this story in a 
 neat temple is a noble statue of Washington by Chantry. In 
 the rooms above are the Representatives' room 55 ft. square, 
 w^ith a dome 50 ft. high ; and the Senate chamber 55 ft. long 
 33 ft. wide and 30 ft. high; the Council chamber is 27 ft. 
 square and 20 ft. high. The dome is ascended by a spiral 
 stairway, and from its top 230 ft. above the level of the har- 
 bour, is presented one of the finest views iri the U. States. 
 The spectator looks down upon the city with its bridges, its 
 masses of architecture, and its busy population — the harbour 
 and bay studded with its hundred isles and crowded with 
 shipping, and spreading far away to the ocean — and in va- 
 rious directions the richly cultivated country, studded with 
 villages and country seats, render the view unsurpassed in 
 the world. , , 
 
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 211 
 
 FANEUIL HALL, 
 
 Erected in 1742, and presented to the city by the gpiitlemun 
 whose name it bears, is 100 ft. long, 80 ft. wide, and 3 stories 
 high. The lower story is occupied by stores ; in the second 
 is the great hall 76 ft. square and 28 ft. high, with galleries 
 on three Hides supported by Doric columns. It is adorned 
 with superb paintings of patriots, statesmen, and warriors, 
 amongst which is the great full length poilrait of Washing- 
 ton by Stuart, and another of Peter Faneuil. The third story 
 is improved for armories. It is styled the ' Cradle of Liberty' 
 for in this building were held the first meetings of the peo- 
 ple, and here were they stimulated by patriotic addresses 
 from the orators of the Revolution. 
 
 FANEUIL HALL MARKET, 
 
 The most splendid structure of the kind in the Union, is E. 
 of meuil Hall, between N. and S. Market sts., on each of 
 which are splendid warehouses with granite fronts. It was 
 couipleted in 1827, at a cost of S150,000, is 536 ft. long 
 50 ft. wide, with a centre building projecting 2i ft. beyond 
 the wings, and is two stories high. At the E. and W. ends 
 of the wings are fine porticoes of four Grecian Doric columns, 
 31 ft. high j the centre building is 77 ft. high surmounted by 
 a beautiful dome. The lowei story is used as a market for 
 meat, fish, and vegetables . the upper story of the main 
 building is a beautiful liall 70 ft. by 60 ft. and named Quincy 
 Hall after Josiah Quincy former mayor of the city ; the upper 
 story of each wing is divided into two extensive halls for 
 exhibition and sales rooms. 
 
 I 
 
 THE CITY HALL OR OLD STATE HOUSE, 
 
 At the head of Stale st. occupies the site of two previous 
 
 ,■■ 
 
1 1 
 
 212 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 buildings which were destroyed by fire. The present one 
 was erected 1748, is 110 ft. long, 38 ft. wide, and 3 stories 
 high, occupied by the city government, reading room, &c. 
 
 s THE merchants' EXCHANGE, 
 
 Fronting on State and Lindall sts. is a new and splendid 
 building containing besides other apartments, a well fur- 
 nished news-room, and the Post office. The room occupied 
 by the latter is exceedingly well adapted for its purpose j it 
 commences on the left hand side near the great staircase of 
 the Exchange, and extends for 100 ft. parallel with Con- 
 gress St. Office hours 7 A. M. to 8 P. M. Sundays Hi to 124 
 A.M. 
 
 ■j'lf- 
 
 THE NEW CUSTOM HOUSE 
 
 On Court Square and adjoining the City Hall, commenced 
 in 1833, is constructed of hewn Quincy granite, and is 175 ft. 
 long, 53 ft. wide, and 57 ft. high. The N. and S. fronts have 
 each a Grecian Doric portico of four columns, weighing 25 
 tons each. The interior contains 4 court rooms 50 ft. by 
 40, and various public offices. 
 
 The New Custom House, on India st. between Central and 
 Long wharves, is a costly edifice of granite in the Grecian 
 style, has an elegant Doric portico its entire length, with a 
 fine dome in the centre, and is well adapted for the wants 
 of so great a commercial metropolis. ... 
 
 The other public buildings are, — Amory Hally 223 Wash- 
 ington St. corner of West ; Boylston marketj Boylston st. ; 
 City market, between Brattleborough and Elm sts. ; County 
 Jail, Leverett st. : Washingtonian Hall, Court st. ; Massachu- 
 setts Arsenal, Pleasant st. ; Mechanics^ Hall, Washington st. ; 
 and, Medical College, Mason st. 
 
 i I 
 
LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 213 
 
 » ,. ■ 
 
 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The Atheneum on Pearl st. founded in 1807, has a spa- 
 cious building, containing a library of 35,000 vols., an exten- 
 sive collection of rare coins and medals, and a reading-room, 
 well furnished with foreign and American papers and perio- 
 dicals to which strangers introduced by a subscriber are ad- 
 mitted. It has also an edifice in the rear of the main build- 
 ing called Atheneum Hall, 60 by 60 ft. and 3 stories high, 
 containing a large lecture room, complete scientific apparatus, 
 a gallery and fine collection of statuary and paintings, and 
 rooms for various purposes. A new and handsomely orna- 
 mented building is about to be erected. 
 
 The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, founded in 
 1780, has published several volumes of transactions, and has 
 a library of 6,000 volumes. 
 
 The Massachusetts Historical Society, incorporated in 1794, 
 have published 26 volumes of its collections, and possess a 
 library of 6,000 books and manuscripts, and many fine por- 
 traits. c-n'-^N.' '■ :.- ■ ■:>^--.;.- -;, , .' - .V' ^ v •,.;,- ' v , 
 
 The Society of Natural History instituted in 1830, has a 
 cabinet and museum of much interest, with a library of 1500 
 vols. 
 
 The New England Museum in Court st. opened in 1818, 
 occupies two spacious halls in an extensive block of build- 
 ings, and possesses a rare and valuable collection of over 
 60,000 curiosities, much increased by the addition of other 
 collections. 
 
 The Public Schools are in the most complete state of any 
 city in the Union. There are a Latin grammar school, an 
 English High school, 19 grammar and writing schools, 175 
 primary and infant schools, 16,288 scholars, and 256 teachers. 
 The scholars if sufficiently advanced are admitted into the 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
214 
 
 BOS TON. 
 
 Latin school at 9, and the High school at 12 years of age. 
 The whole expenditures for 25 years until May 1st 1845, in- 
 cluding first cost of houses amounting to $616,217; was 
 $2,437,327. 
 
 Courses of Lectures on a great variety of subjects are de- 
 livered in Boston, and scarcely an evening occurs in the 
 winter season, in which one or more lectures may not be 
 enjoyed. The Lowell Institute, founded by Mr. John 
 Lowell, Jr. with a legacy of $245,000, sustains a course of 
 free lectures by the income derived from its endowment. 
 The course is delivered by some of the most eminent scien- 
 tific and literary men, from October to April. It is a noble 
 institution, and has already done much for the diffusion of 
 useful knowledge. 
 
 Though there are not many Public Libraries, yet there are 
 some of considerable size ; the principal ones in addition to 
 those mentioned above, are : The Boston Library founded 
 m 1794, with 11,000 vols.; the State Library founded in 
 1826 has 5,757 vols. ; the Bowditch Library founded in 1839 
 has 2500 vols. ; the Mercantile Library founded in 1820 has 
 4500 vols. J the Mechanic Apprentices' Library founded in 
 1820 has 3,000 vols. 
 
 Periodical Literature is quite extensive in Boston. There 
 are 60 newspapers published, of which 13 are daily ; besides 
 which, there are a number of magazines and reviews, the 
 most distinguished of which is the North American Review, 
 a periodical that has greatly contributed to raise the charac- 
 ter of American Literature. 
 
 
 CHARITABLE AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The Eye and Ear Infirmary incorporated in 1827, has a 
 beautiful and commodious building in Bowdoin Square, and 
 is an institution of great merit relieving thousands of cases 
 annually. 
 
\ , 
 
 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 215 
 
 
 The Institution for the Blind went into operation in 
 1832, and was the first of the kind in the country. The 
 school was opened by Dr. Howe with six blind scholars, and 
 proved so successful, that it was soon increased by public 
 and private donations ; particularly by a ladies' fair netting 
 $12,000, and the gift of a building in Pearl st. by the Hon. 
 Thomas H. Perkins worth $35,000, who gave it with the pro- 
 viso that $50,000 additional should be raised. In 1839 the 
 estate of Mr. Perkins was exchanged for the spacious and 
 elegant edifice on Dorchester Heights at South Boston. Its 
 object is to instruct the young blind in all the common 
 branches of education, in music, and manual labor. It ha» 
 over 70 pupils, a complete printing press for raised leiters, 
 an organ, and 13 piano fortes and other instruments. 
 
 The U. S. Marine Hospital, at Chelsea, is a large build- 
 ing of rough stone, 3 stories high and has 10 acres of land 
 attached. It has accommodations for 100 patients, and ad- 
 mits 700 or 800 annually. 
 
 The U. S. Naval Hospital, at Chelsea, is located upon a 
 lot of land of about 60 acres, formerly called the " Dexter 
 Farm," and is the property of the United States. The build- 
 ing is of hewn stone, 3 stories high, and will accommodate 
 about 100 patients. 
 
 The McLean Insane Asylum, is a department of the 
 Massachusetts General Hospital, the branch of which for 
 medical and surgical diseases is at the western part of the 
 city on Allen st. The department for the insane was open( i 
 in 1817, and occupies large buildings located on a beautiful 
 rise of ground in Charlestown near East Cambridge. The 
 edifices are spacious and surrounded by handsome grounds. 
 
 The Houses of Correction, industry, and Reformation, 
 are pleasantly situated at South Boston, on an eminence 
 commanding the healthful breezes of the ocean and sur- 
 rounded with extensive grounds. They are each built of 
 
216 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 rough stone, 220 ft. long, 45 ft. wide, and 3 stories high, 
 with a wing at each end of the main building. The first is 
 a sort of penitentiary, the second is for the virtuous poor, 
 and the latter for reforming juvenile oflenders. The Lunatic 
 Hospital is of brick 4 stories high, and built by the prisoners 
 in the House of Correction. 
 
 The Massachusetts Hospital occupies a space of ground 
 on Charles river in the W. part of the city, containing 4 acres 
 highly ornamented with trees and shrubbery. It has a beau- 
 tiful edifice of gi^nite 168 ft. long and 54 ft. wide, with a 
 fine portico of eight Ionic columns, and a dome in tho 
 centre. 
 
 The Medical Institution of Harvard University was founded 
 in 1782, has 6 professors, 86 students, and a library of over 
 5000 vols. 
 
 The Female Refuge 12 Charter st. ; the Female Orphan 
 Asylum in Essex st. ; Provident Institution for Savings, Tre- 
 mont St. ; and others are excellent institutions. 
 
 ( I 
 
 /. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 There are 75 churches, several of them very stalely and 
 imposing, though they generally are not handsome. The 
 following are the best specimens of their architecture — 
 
 Trinity Church, Episcopal, in Summer st. corner of Haw- 
 ley St. is an elegant and substantial structure in the massive 
 Gothic style, and built of rough granite. The interior is 
 beautifully painted, and it con' 'ns a very fine organ. The 
 old church was erected in 1734, and the present one in 1829. 
 
 Park ct. Church, Presbyterian, at the corner of Tremont 
 and Park sts. opposite the Boston Common, is situated on 
 one of the most commanding and delightful spots in the city. 
 The church was consecrated in 1810, and has a beautiful 
 spire 218 ft. high, which adds much to the appearance of the 
 
1 1 
 
 
 TRINITY CHURCH. 
 
u 
 
 1/ 
 
 \t 
 
 
\l 
 
 ••""^iS^'^^^.i^-...-"^ 
 
 .^>^''^*«iiii!r 
 
 PARK STREET CHURCH 
 
 i(\y 
 
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 it 
 
 . n 
 
 ^:i 
 
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 } 
 
 BOUDOIN SQUARE CHURCH. 
 
^ 
 
 PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. 
 
 317 
 
 metropolis, and forms one of its most striking featurea when 
 viewed from a distance. 
 
 St. PauVs Church, Ep., on Tremont st. fronting the Com- 
 mon, is built of fine gray granite in the Ionic style, is 112 ft. 
 by 72 ft. wide, with a portico of 14 ft. with 6 Ionic columns. 
 It contains an elegant monument to Gen. Warren, who was 
 killed at Bunker Hill. 
 
 Grace Church, Ep., on Temple st. was consecrated in 1836, 
 and is a beautiful Gothic structure. 
 
 Bowdoin Sqmuc Church, Baptist, opens to the view from 
 all the streets which radiate to the square. It has a front 
 with a tower 110 ft. high, and six turrets. 
 
 There are in the city 25 Banks, with an aggregate capital 
 of $18,600,000; of which the Washington Bank in Washing- 
 ton St., the Suffolk Bank of granite in State st., and a few 
 others are handsome specimens of architecture. Twenty- 
 six Insurance Companies with a total capital of $6,080,000. 
 
 PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. 
 
 Public lectures and musical performances have nearly 
 supersedtMl the entertainments of the theatre, among the 
 most respectable class. The National Theatre, corner of 
 Portland and Traverse sts. is the principal theatre j it was 
 built in 1831, and first used as a circus. The Boston Mu- 
 seum, Tremont corner of Bromfield st. has varied perform- 
 ances in the evening. The Odeon, in Federal st. was for- 
 merly the Boston Theatre, and is used for lectures, concerts, 
 and public worship. Tremont Temple formerly the princi- 
 pal theatre is also changed into a church, havin^r been pur- 
 chased by the Baptists for $50,000. Graham's Olympic Sa- 
 loon, has theatrical performances every evening. The Chi- 
 nese Museum, in the Marlboro' Chap*:'! Washington st., is 
 
 T 
 
218 
 
 DOS TUN. 
 
 extremely iiiloiesling. The Howard Athcneuni ia also a plea- 
 sant resort. 
 
 Boston like many other large commercial places favour- 
 ably situated for trade, has extreme diliiculty in procuring 
 good water. It is inadequately supplied by the Boston Aque- 
 duct corporation, incorporated in 1792, which brings water 
 from Jamaica Pond in Roxbury, 4 m. from the city. The 
 pipes are laid for a total length of 8 m. and can supply but 
 50,000 gallons daily. But the water of several ponds and 
 the Charles river, within 8 m. could be brought to the city at 
 a comparatively small cost. The subject is exciting con- 
 siderable attention; in May 1845, the water act so-called 
 was rejected by the popular vote by a majority of 309. The 
 water for the fire companies is obtained by reservoirs, wells, 
 and plugs in the aqueduct. 
 
 The Fire department is one of the best organized of any 
 city in the United States. Its members are regularly paid. 
 In 1846 there were 39 engines and hose carriages of all kinds, 
 8 engineers, 518 members, 100 reservoirs, and 29 fire-plugs. 
 
 The commerce and navigation of the city is second only to 
 New York. It possesses over 250,000 tons of shipping, em- 
 ployed not only coastwise but with every maritime nation in 
 the world. The great Cunard line of steamships runs be- 
 tween this port and Liverpool, via Halifax, performing their 
 voyages at an average of 12 or 13 days. The number of 
 persons who arrived at the port from abroad during 1845, 
 was 10,689. The Middlesex canal connects Boston with 
 Concord N. H. on the Merrimack, and is the oldest canal in 
 the U. States. Boston is also the centre of numerous rail- 
 roads; by one of which, to Albany, it is connected with the 
 towns on the N. York railroads and canals, and with the lakes 
 and the west. V, 
 
 m 
 
HOTELS. 
 
 210 
 
 11 O T E L S. 
 
 IgS. 
 
 in in 
 be- 
 Iheir 
 of 
 145, 
 ith 
 11 in 
 rail- 
 the 
 ikes 
 
 Tremont IFon$e, ono of the finest in the Union, has a gra- 
 nite front 100 ft. long and 3 stories high, with two wings one 
 84 by 34 ft. the other 110 by 40 ft. each 4 stories high. It 
 contains 180 rooms, and cost S68,000. 
 
 Albion House, Tremoi ' corner of Beacon st. 
 
 American House, 42 Hanover st. 
 
 lioylston Hotel, 38 School et. 
 
 Bromfield House, Bromhold st. 
 
 City Tavern, Brattle st. 
 
 Ea^rle Hotel, 24 Ann st. 
 
 Elm St. Hotel, 9 Elm st. 
 
 Exchange Coffee House, Devoi' hiro st. 
 
 Franklin House, 44 Merchants' Row. 
 
 Globe Hotel, corner of Hanover and Commerce sts. 
 
 Hanover House, 50 Hanover st 
 
 Marlboro^ Hotel, 229 Washing' on st. 
 
 Massachusetts Hotel, Endicott st. 
 
 Merchants^ Exchange Hotel, State st. 
 
 Merrimack House, Merrimack st. 
 
 National Temperance House, Blackstone st. 
 
 New England Coffi House, Clinton st. 
 
 Winthrop House, co. . Tremont and Boylston sts. 
 
 Pavilion, 41 Tremont st. 
 
 Pearl St. House. Pearl st. 
 
 Shawmut Hous", 32 Hanover st. 
 
 South Boston Hotel, Fourth st. 
 
 Suffolk House, 392 Washington st. 
 
 Washington Coffee House, 158 Washington st. 
 
 United States Hotel, corner of Beach and Lincoln sts. 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 

 220 
 
 VICINITY OF BOSTON 
 
 PLACES IN THE VICINITY OF BOSTON. 
 
 The country around Boston is not surpassed by that in the 
 vicinity of any other city in the Union. From the dome of 
 the State House, the view of the harbour and shipping, of 
 Charles river and its beautiful country ornamented with ele- 
 gant private mansions, of the numerous beautiful towns 
 many of them situated on hills amid highly cultivated fields, 
 and of the glorious bay expanding to the E. embosoming 
 several islands, some of which are fortified, is at once grand 
 and picturesque and equal to any other view in the world. 
 
 DORCHESTER t 
 
 4i m. S. of Boston, was settled by the Puritans in 1630, 
 and soon increased; in 1635 various bodies of emigrants left 
 to settle different parts of the country. Its surface is very 
 varied, presenting a continual succession of picturesque and 
 delightful views of the country, city, and sea. Its hill tops 
 and valleys are embellished with neat farm houses, tasteful 
 villas, and farms. It is watered by the beautiful Neponset 
 M'hich also affords considerable water power. The Dorches- 
 ter Neck and Heights bordering on Boston harbour were 
 taken from the town some years since, and now form part 
 of the city under the name of South Boston. On the Heights 
 of Dorchester, Gen. Washington's army on the night of 
 March 4th, 1776, threw up works which commanded the 
 harbour, and compelled the British to evacuate Boston. The 
 Cemetery contains numerous ancient tombstones some of 
 them bearing date as early as 1644. The commerce and 
 manufactures of Dorchester are quite extensive. Pop. 1845, 
 
R O X D U R Y B R O K L I N E C A M B R I P G E. 221 
 
 ROXBURY, ' 
 
 Is connected with Boston by a neck of land which consti- 
 tutes a broad avenue and may be regarded as a continuation 
 of Washington st. It is a delightful place of residence, and 
 contains many fine country seats, 10 churches, and 2 banks. 
 Jamaica Pond from whence the city is mostly supplied with 
 water is about 4 m. S. W. from Boston. Numerous omni- 
 busses connect Roxbury with the city. Rev. Jno. EUot, the 
 Indian missionary was settled here, and here also was Gen. 
 Warren's biith-place and residence. Dr. Warren received 
 his commission of Major General four days previous to the 
 battle of Bunker Hill, where he was killed at the commence- 
 ment of the retreat, after fighting bravely ; he was univer- 
 sally lamented. Pop. of Roxbury in 1845, 13,929. 
 
 BROOKLINE 
 
 > 
 
 ; of 
 
 the 
 
 The 
 
 J of 
 
 and 
 
 1845, 
 
 4 m. S. W. of Boston with which it is connected by the 
 mill-dam across Charles river, is remarkable for its varied 
 surface, high state of cultivation, elegant country seats and 
 gardens, and for its rich and picturesque scenery. Pop. 
 1845, 1,682. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, 
 
 3 m. N. W. of Boston, contains three parts, Old Cambridge 
 the seat of the University ; Cambridge-Port about half-way 
 between the University and the brdge to Boston, and E. 
 Cambridge or Lcchmere^s Point, the seat of the courthouse. 
 It is one of the oldest towns in New England having been 
 incorporated by the name of Newton in 1630, but took its 
 present name in 1638. It is connected with Boston by Cam- 
 bridge and Canal bridges and by the viaduct of the Lowell 
 R. R. 3 with Charlestown by Prison Point bridge. It is a 
 
 q2 
 
322 
 
 VICINITY OF BOSTON. 
 
 large, handsome, and pleasant town though not so elevated 
 as Sonne of the neighboring places. It contains a jail, a state 
 arsenal, 3 banks, 5 chnrches, and numerous manufactories 
 of various kinds. Cambridge was ftn important place in the 
 early history of the country. At the commencement of the 
 Revolution 20,000 militia were collected here, and in 1775 
 Gen. Washington arrived here, and took the command of the 
 American army. The first printing-press was established in 
 this town in 1639, and the first work printed was " the Free- 
 man's Oath." Pop. in 1845, 12,490. 
 
 Harvard University, is the most richly endowed institu- 
 tion and the oldest of the kind in the U. States, being founded 
 in 1638, 20 years after the arrival of the Pilgrims at Ply- 
 mouth; it occupies a spacious square handsomely shaded. 
 At the time of its foundation, £400 were granted by the 
 general court, and increased by a donation of nearly £800 by 
 Rev. John Harvard, from whom it takes its name. The 
 buildings 11 in number, are spacious and handsome, of granite 
 and brick, and contain a chap^\, lecture rooms, dining halls, 
 and accommodations for the btn ionts; there is also a house 
 for the president. There are belonging to the institution, a 
 library of 53,000 vols., excellent philosophical apparatus, a 
 mineralogical cabinet, an anatomical museum, chemical la- 
 boratory, and a botanical garden of 8 acres. It has a presi- 
 dent, 29 professors, and generally about 450 students, and 
 has had 5750 alumni of whom 1561 have been ministers of 
 the gospel. It is the most important literary institution in 
 the U. States, and qualifies students for every branch of lite- 
 rature and science. 
 
 Mount Auburn Cemetery, about a mile W. of the Uni- 
 versity, for beauty and extent may be considered the Pere 
 la Chaise of this country. The grounds 100 acres in extent 
 are most delightfully situated, comprising every variety of 
 hill and dale, embellished with ornamental trees and shrub- 
 
 
ai T. A U B U R N C 11 A U L E S T O W N. 
 
 223 
 
 presi- 
 and 
 rs of 
 
 Urii- 
 
 Pere 
 
 jxtent 
 
 ;ly of 
 
 ihiub- 
 
 bery, with numerous paths and avenues. The first ' iter- 
 ment was made in 1831, since when it has been gradually 
 filling up; and now contains numerous monuments of va- 
 rious devices and most exquisite workmanship. From some 
 of the highest portions a most superb view of natural and 
 artificial scenery presents itself; below flows the winding 
 Charles r. — in the distance, the city with its proud eminences, 
 its glittering spires, its lofty towers, its graceful mansions, 
 its curling smoke, its crowded haunts of business and plea- 
 sure — and in other diractions, the walls of the venerable 
 University — the cultivated farm, the neat cottage, the village 
 chu'ch, the sparkling lake, the rich valley, and the distant 
 hills, — are before us through opening vistas. No traveller 
 should fail to visit this sacred yet lovely spot. 
 
 CHARLESTOWN, 
 
 One mile N. of Boston with which it is connected by Warren 
 and Charles river bridges, stands on a peninsula of a curious 
 shape, between Charles and Mystic rivers. It is also con- 
 nected with Cambridge by a bridge from Prison point, and 
 with Chelsea and Maiden by two bridges across Mystic r. 
 The town extends N. W. for 9 m. with a breadth varying 
 from a quarter of a mile to a mile. The streets aro not regu- 
 larly laid out. but are wide and ornamented with trees, cen- 
 treing to a public square, around which a number of the 
 public buildings are situated. The town contains many ele- 
 gant private residences, a State prison, an almshouse, a 
 lown-house, 3 banks, and 9 churches. Pop. 1845, 12,500. 
 
 The U. Slates Navy Yard on the N. side of the Charles r., 
 has 60 acres of ground with a high and substantial wall, en- 
 closing warehouses, an arsenal, a powder magazine, a rope- 
 walk, dwellings for the officers, and two immense frame 
 ship-houses. The Dry dock, of hewn granite, is 341 ft. long, 
 
224 
 
 VICINITY OF BOSTON. 
 
 80 ft. wide, 30 ft. deep, and cost $670,000. Tha McLean 
 Insane Asylum on elevated ground has commodious build- 
 ings, and 16 acres of ^Touud. 3'Ac State Prison consists of 
 4 massive buildings of granite, in the W. part of the town. 
 
 BREEr> s and Bunker Hill in the N. E. part of the village 
 are fam d m Revolutionary story, and are annually visited 
 by thousands of persons. At the time of the battle the Bri- 
 tish occupied Boston, and it being supposed by the provincial 
 congress that Gen. Gage was about to send his troops into 
 the country, it was resolved to defend Dorchester Neck. A 
 detachment of 1000 men under Col. Prescott was accordingly 
 ordered to throw up entrenchments on Bunker Hill, on the 
 night of June 16th, 1775; this they did with so much expe- 
 dition and secrecy, that by dawn of day they had thrown up 
 a redoubt of 8 rods square. But by some mistake they for- 
 tified Breed's Hill instead of Bunker Hill, although by popu- 
 lar usage the former is now called by the name of the latter. 
 
 The British on discovering the works of the Americans, 
 commenced a cannonade from the shipping in the river, but 
 which did not prevent the provincials from forming a breast 
 work from the redoubt to the bottom of the hill, which was 
 completed by mid-day. About 1 o'clock the British to the 
 amount of 3000 men, with a portion of artillery, commanded 
 by Generals Howe and Pigot, landed in Charlestown, and 
 having formed in two lines and received reinforcements ad- 
 vanced to the attack. The Americans who also had received 
 reinforcements under Gen. Warren and Gen. Pomeroy, coolly 
 awaited their approach and reserved their lire until, as Gen. 
 Warren told them, * they could see the whites of their eyes.' 
 The men being mostly undisciplined, but excellent marks- 
 men, fired with such deadly aim and execution, as to throw 
 the enemy's ranks into confusion, and to cause a precipitate 
 retreat. By the efforts of the officers they were formed and 
 led to the attack a second time ; when within 5 or 6 rods of 
 
 
BUNKER HILL MONUMENT. 
 
 225 
 
 es.' 
 
 •ks- 
 
 :o\v 
 
 ate 
 
 ind 
 
 of 
 
 the entrenchments, the Americans a second time opened 
 their destructive fire, and again created utter confusion. 
 Gen. Clinton now arriving with reinforcements, the men 
 were rallied and again led on, while some cannon were brought 
 to bear upon the entrenchments so as to rake them from end 
 to end. The works were now attacked with fixed bayonets, 
 and as the Americans were not supplied with them and their 
 ammunition began to fai^, they were obliged to retreat over 
 Charlestown Neck, exposed to ihe fire of the Glasgow man- 
 of-war and the floating batteries. 
 
 In this the first regular battle of the Revolutionary struggle 
 the Americans covered themselves with glory. After a 
 tedious march and working at the entrenchments the whole 
 night and morning of the 17th, with undisciplined troops and 
 poorly equipped, with a deficiency of artillery and ammunition, 
 for the Americans to have made such a noble stand against 
 veteran troops superior in number and every othur particular, 
 aflbrds an unparallelled instance of bravery and indomitable 
 courage. The victory was truly a dear bought one. The 
 British loss was 1054 killed and wounded, of whom there 
 were 19 officers killed and 70 wounded. Of the Americans, 
 145 were killed, and 304 wounded and missing, making in 
 in the whole 449. Early in the engagement Charlestown 
 was fired by the British. 
 
 Bunker Hill Monument erected on the site of the battle, 
 is a splendid obelisk of hewn Quincy granite, completed July 
 2 h\j 1842. The corner stone was first laid by the illustrious 
 Marquis La Fayette on the 50th anniversary of the battle, 
 June 17th, 1825, in the presence of an immense concourse 
 of citizCiis, when an address was delivered by the Hon. Dan- 
 iel Webster. The fouhdation having been insufficient it was 
 relaid in 1827. The obelisk is 30 ft. square at the base, and 
 16 ft. 44 in. at the top, having a diminution of 14 ft. 7i in. 
 above its base 
 15 
 
 The height from the base to the commence- 
 
220 
 
 VICINITY OF BOSTON. 
 
 mnnt of the apcjx is 208 ft., to the top of the apex 221 ft. The 
 interior if circular, having a diam'^tsT ot 10 fi. i in. at the 
 base, and ?> ft. 4 in. at the top, and U aao uded by 204 yieps. 
 Tho top is an elliptical chamber, 17 it. high^ 11 ^'. hi ca^ .ne- 
 tor, with 4 windows and presents the /nost magnifies jii ^iew 
 ill the U. States. The whole cost $j -9,800, was defrayed 
 by subscription J by a la 'ies' fair at Boston netting S32.000, 
 find other means. The completion of the monun ini july 
 ?3id, 1842, was bailed b} firing ol" cannon; and celebrated 
 in a splendid manner on the ann veisary oi {!. * battle June 
 I7lh, 1343, when a discourse was delivettd by Hon. Daniel 
 Webster in presence of the President of the U. States, the 
 h«id.^ of Dtiparlment, and an immense concourse of citizens. 
 Tao monument is surrounded bv a neat iron railing, and 
 forms a conspicuous object when approaching Boston. 
 
 h'li 
 
 CHELSEA, 
 
 About 3 m. N. E.of Boston with which it is connected by a 
 ferry at the foot of Hanover st., and connected with Charles- 
 town by a bridge, is situated at the mouth of the Mystic r. 
 Its surface is elevated at several points affording delightful 
 building sites. It is one of the most ancient towns in the 
 vicinity of Boston, having been incorporated in 1738. It 
 contains the U. S. Marine Hospital with a fine edifice, com- 
 manding an excellent view of Boston and its harbour; 
 2 churches, of which St. Luke's, Epis. is the most unique 
 and pretty of the village churches, and numeroir? manufac- 
 tories. Chelsea Beach is a delightful resort during the sum- 
 mer season. Pop. 1846, 4,127. 
 
 \ / QUINCY, 
 
 10 m. S. of Boston on Quincy bay, is si' uated on an elevated 
 plain and is remarkable for its "leatr! .si and the beauty of 
 the f* "rounding country, and i: ^ v st {uarriea of excellent 
 
Q U 1 N C Y F ORIS AROUND BOSTON. 
 
 227 
 
 ^ated 
 
 y of 
 silent 
 
 granite. About 3 m. back from the bay, the land is elevated, 
 in some parts 600 ft. high, and contains an inexhaustible sup- 
 ply of granite, which is extensively quarried and sent to 
 every part of the Union, and even to Mexico ; some of the 
 noblest structures in the U. States are built of this stone, 
 which is of dark blue colour. The town is surrounded by 
 highly cultivated farms, part of which is salt meadow land. 
 Quincy pt. and Germantown pt. are admirably located for 
 ship building and the fisheries, and have fine harbours, bold 
 shores and a beautiful country. Quincy was the native place 
 of Jno. Hancock, Col. Jno. Quincy, the two Presidents of the 
 U. States Jno. Adams and Jno. Quincy Adams, and other 
 distinguished men. It has 4 churches, one of which con- 
 tains a beautiful marble monument of Hon. Jno. Adams and 
 his wife, erected by their son Hon. Jno. Q. Adams. Pop. 
 3486. 
 
 THE FORTS AROUND BOSTON, 
 
 Erected during the* Revolution, are some of them still in good 
 preservation, while others are nearly effaced 3 they possess 
 much interest. At BreeiVs Hill, but little remains ; on Bunker 
 Hill the remains of the British fort are visible ; some remains 
 of the redoubt at Lechmere Point can be distinctly traced ; at 
 Winter Hill Fort part of the rampart still remains perfect j 
 Prospect Hill has two eminences both of which were fortified, 
 and connected by a rampart and fosse, much of which still 
 remains ; the Cambridge Lines on Bunker's Hill consisted of 
 six regular forts, connected by a strong entrenchment, two of 
 which are perfect ', a semi-circular battery with three embra- 
 sures on the N. shore of Charles r. near its entrance hito the 
 bay, is quite perfect; there are also remains of numerous 
 forts at Brookline, Roxbury, Dorchester Heights, Nook Hill, 
 and other places in the vicinity of Boston, which are more or 
 less in a state of preservation. 
 
»'*- 
 
 228 
 
 
 ROUTES FROM BOSTON. 
 
 ROUTES FROM BOSTON. 
 
 TO NEW YORK. 
 
 I. By R. R. daily at 4i P. M. in winter and 5 P. M. in 
 summer from depot at the foot of the Common for Providence 
 42 m. Or passengers can start in the accommodation train 
 at 8 A. M. and have time to visit Providence before the af- 
 ternoon line comes up. Usual time, H h. From Providence 
 to Stonington, by R. R. 47 m. time, 24 h. From Stonington 
 to New York by steamboat 125 m. time, 9i h. See descrip- 
 tion on p. 203, and reverse the route. 
 
 II. By R r.... dnily at 4 P. M. and at 8 A. M., in summer 
 at 5 P. M., IV-mi cor. f Beach and Lincoln sts. /or Worcester 
 44 m. From W . to .N Drvvich by R. R. 66 m. From Allyn's 
 Point to New\ork by steamboat 128 m. Whole time 13i h. 
 See p. 202, and reverse the route. 
 
 ill. By the same route daily at 8 A. M. to Allyvi's Pt. 
 110 m. and take the steamboat across L. Island Sound to 
 Greenport 32 ra. Thence by cars over Long Id. R. R. to 
 Brooklyn, 96 m. Total 238 m., lOi h. See p. 202, and re- 
 verse the route. 
 
 IV. By R. R. daily at 10 A. M. ^x)'l 4 P. M. to Worcester 
 44 m. To Springfield 54 m. To Hartford 26 m. To New 
 Haven 36 m. time, 8i h. From New Haven by steamboat 
 to New York, 78 m. time, 5 h. See p. 193 and reverse the 
 route. ' 
 
 V. By steamboat daily at 4i P. M. from depot foot of the 
 Common, via Providence and Newport R. I. 
 
 TO PROVIDENCE. 42 M. 
 
 By R. R. as per No. 1, at 4i and 5 P. M. - ' \ 
 
 " accommod. trains at 8 A. M. and 3i P. M. 
 For descriptions of Providence a'-d Newport, see p. 204. 
 
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 204. 
 
 
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 Engraved flrr IHtkuuoiiit liotun Abtianae. 
 
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 ROUT £8 FIIOM DOS TUN. 
 
 229 
 
 TO DEDHAM. 8 M. ' 
 
 By R. R. from same depot, at 9 A. M., 3, 5i and 10 P. M. 
 
 TO STOUGHTON. 18 M. ' 
 
 By R. R. from ftame depot, at 12 M. and 4 P. M. to Gituun 
 14 m., where the road branches off 4 m. to Stoughtun. 
 
 v***""' • 
 
 
 t:V»A!V'^ 
 
 , y. 
 
 X 
 
 m 
 
 TO PORTLAND, ME. 105 M. 
 
 I. By R. R. daily, Sund. ex. at 71 A. M. and 2i P. M. from 
 the depot in Commercial st. to Portsmouth, N. H. 64 m. 
 Thenco by R. R. to Portland, 51 m. Whole time 54 h. Fare 
 $3. See p. 237. 
 
 II. By R. R. daily, Sund. ex. at 7i A. M. and 2i P. M. fi m 
 the depot in Canal st. to South Berwick 73 m. where it strikes 
 the R. R. above, 12 m. beyond Portsmouth. From So. Ber- 
 wick to Portland, 36 m. Time 5i h. Fare $3. See p. 236. 
 
 III. By steamboat on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 
 4 P. M. from Central wharf, in summer. 
 
 TO PORTSMOUTH. 54 M. 
 
 By R. R. as per No. 1. and also at 4i P. M. Fare 1.60. 
 See p. 235. 
 
 ..,: .-,-.;..• ■ TO SALEM. 14 M. :,'''"' ''**^**^'! 
 
 By R. R. as above and several times daily. Fare 40 ctn. 
 See p. 233. From Salem a branch of 4 m. extends to Mar- 
 blehead. « .»• -^ 
 
 TO HAVERHILL, N. H. 32 M. 
 
 By R. R. as per No. 2. and 4 times daily. Fare 85 cts. 
 Seep. 237. ., ,^, ^^ , .., ^ 
 
 u 
 
 -. i 
 
BSBS: 
 
 MJ\ jPf! 
 
 
 ■'.'\4'vl,?:- 
 
 280 
 
 ROUTES FROM BOSTON. 
 
 TO LOWELL, MASS. 26 M. 
 
 By R. R. daily at 7, 9 and 11 A. M. and 2i & 5i P. M. 
 from depot in Lowell st. Fare 65 cts. time 1 h. See p. 241. 
 
 At Woburn a branch extends to Woburn Centre ; fare 25 
 cts. And on arrival of the trains from the N. at Lowell the 
 R. R. connects with the junction in Wilmington. 
 
 TO NASHUA, 41 M. AND CONCORD. 76 M. 
 
 By same R. R. as to Lowell at 7 & 1 1 A. M., and 5 P. M. 
 Fare 1.25 and 2.00. Time 3i h. See p. 243. 
 
 TO FITCHBURG. 50 M. 
 
 By R. R. daily at 7i & Hi A. M. and 4i P. M. j in sum- 
 mer at 7 A. M. li and 5 P. M. from the depot in Charles- 
 town. Fare 1.25, time 2i h. See p. 246. 
 
 By the 1st train stages connecc with all the principal towns 
 in W. Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont. By 
 this route passengers leaving Boston at 7 A. M. arrive at 
 Montpelier next day at 12 M. and at Burlington in the after- 
 noon, via Charlestown, N. H. and Woodstock, Vt. 
 
 TO NEW BEDFORD, 66 M. AND FALL RIVER, MASS. 56 M. 
 
 By R. R. daily at 8 A. M. and 3^ P. M. and in summer at 
 74 A. M. and 4i P. M. from the depot at the foot of the 
 Common. Fare to Fall River $1.45; to New Bedford $1.50. 
 Time 3 h. See p. 248. 
 
 TO PLYMOUTH. 37 M. 
 
 By R. R. daily at 8 A. M. and 3i P. M. and in summer at 
 7|A.M.and5P.M.''rom South Boston. Fare$l. Seep. 249. 
 
 TO ALBANY. 200 M. 
 
 By R. R. daily at 10 A. M. & 4 P. M. as per Route to New 
 York No. 4, as far as Springfield 98 m. Fare $2.75. From 
 
 
•^^■. 
 
 ROUTES FROM BOSTON. 
 
 231 
 
 •Springfield by care to Albany 102 m. Whole lime lib. 
 Fare $5 — 2d class cars $3. The line at 4 P. M. stops over 
 night at Springfield, and arrives at Albany at 10 A. M. next 
 day. See p. 246. 
 
 TO MONTREAL. 329 M. ■ 
 
 By R. R. to Fitchburg 50 m. ; by stage via Keene, 86 m., 
 Bellow's Falls 102 m.,- Rutland 156 m., Middlebury 191 iu., 
 to Burlington 230 m. ; thence by steamboat to Plattsburg 
 255 m. and St. John's, Canada, 305 m. ; thence by R. R. to 
 La Prairie 320 m., and by steamboat to Montreal 329 m. 
 
 This route oeyond Fitchburg will shortly be by R. R. as 
 
 the road is now being extended to Burlington. 
 
 ♦ f 
 
 TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, CONWAY, &C. 
 
 By Boston and Maine R. R. to Dover 66 m. fare $1.75. 
 See p. 236. to 238. Thence by stage to Conway, the White 
 Mountains; Bethlehem and Littleton, N. H. 184 m. 
 
 56 M. 
 
 TO GREENFIELD, MASS. 
 
 134 M. 
 
 By R. R. daily as per route to N. York No. 4, as far as 
 Springfield 98 m. and there take the cars to Greenfield 36 
 m. via Northampton 19 m. Whately, and Deerfield. 
 
 By this route passengers can proceed to Brattleboro', Han- 
 over, Haverhill, &c. 
 
 TO EASTPORT, ME., AND ST. JOHN'S, N. B. 
 
 By steamboat from Boston every Tuesday. 
 
 400 M. 
 
 o New 
 From 
 
 TO BATH, 
 
 GARDINER, AND HALLOWELL, ME. 
 
 By steamboat from T wharf every Tuesday and Friday at 
 7 P. M. and for Bangor and intermediate places, on same 
 days at 5 P. M. And returning, on Monday and Thursday. 
 This is also a pleasant route to Quebec, by stage from the 
 above places. 1 .. ,-, r^, ,. .; , rji 
 
 

 1 i 
 
 
 1 [ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 .•■. 
 
 4- 
 
 233 BOSTON TO PORTLAND. 
 
 . TO PORTLAND, ME. 105 M. V 
 
 I. Passengers by the Eastern R. R. leave the depot in 
 Commercial st. at 7i A. M. and 2i P. M. This is an excel- 
 lent line, performing the whole distance in 5i hours. Fare $3. 
 
 We first stop at 
 
 Lynn, 9 m. a scattered village, cotebrated for its manu- 
 facturing of ladies' shoes. Pop. 9367. It contains 8 churches, 
 2 banks, a savings bank, &c. It is beautifully situated on a 
 plain. ' ' > - » • 
 
 From Lynn passengers can take the stages to Nahant, on 
 the S. side of Lynn. This on account of its favorable posi- 
 tion for catching the ocean breeze has become a favorite* 
 watering place. The bathing and fishing are unsurpassed. 
 It is situated on a peninsula divided into two parts, the inner 
 portion containing 42 acres, the outer being 2 m. in length 
 with a varied surface ; both are connected by a beach half a 
 mile long. The Nahant Hotel is a splendid house, contain- 
 ing nearly 100 rooms; and there are several other hotels and 
 boarding houses, with many private cottages. Steamboats 
 in summer ply twice a day between this place and Boston. 
 
 SALEM, ■■ 
 
 5 m. from Lynn, and 14 from Boston, is next to Plymouth 
 the oldest place in Mass. It is chiefly situated on a point of 
 land between two inlets of the sea called North and South 
 rivers. It is connected with the other parts of the town by 
 two handsome bridges. The city is well but not regularly 
 laid out, and has a large square, containing about 8i acres, 
 ornamented with trees and walks. The houses are well 
 built, and the streets well paved and lighted. Salem was 
 formerly the second place in New England in wealth, com- 
 merce and population ; and is even now, in proportion to its 
 
SALE M N EWBURYPORT. 
 
 233 
 
 i 
 
 size one of the most wealthy places in the Union. The har- 
 bour is principally formed by South r. along which are its 
 wharves, where vessels drawing not more than 12 ft. of 
 water can unload. The commerce which is extensive, is 
 engaged in the £. India trade, in the whaling business, in 
 the foreign trade generally, and in the coasting trade and 
 fisheries. The harbour is defended by two forts, situated on 
 the islands, which are numerous. On Baker's Island is the 
 light-house. 
 
 Salem contains a courthouse, jail, an almshouse, a hospital, 
 custom house, a lyceum, 8 banks, 2 publi'' libraries, an athe- 
 neum, a mechanics' library, 19 churches, and many charit- 
 able and literary societies. The tourist will find the Museum 
 -of curiosities brought home by persons engaged in the £. India 
 trade, a very interesting collection. Strangers introduced 
 by a member have free access to the museum which em- 
 braces nearly 5000 articles. The Harmony Grove Cemetery) 
 W. of the city is a beautiful spot. 
 
 It is, though low, a pleasant, healthy and well built place, 
 distinguished for its enterprise, and contains 15,082 inhabit- 
 ants, principally engaged in manufactures, commerce, and 
 navigation. It was settle*' in 1628, and chartered as a city 
 in 1836. From Gallows Hill a fine view of the city can be 
 obtained. It was so called from having been the place on 
 which the persons accused of witchcraft were executed. 
 Salem and the public events that happened here occupy a 
 prominent point in American history. 
 
 A branch railroad extends to Mari>lehead, 4 oi. 
 
 From Salem we continue through Beverly 2 m., Wenham 
 and Hamilton, 4 m., Ipswich 5 m., Rowley 4 m. 
 
 Newburypc iT 5 m. beautifully situated on theS. bank of 
 Merrimac r. about 3 m. from the Atlantic. It is very regu- 
 larly laid out, with streets at right angles. The houses neat, 
 and many of Ihem elegant are surrounded wi*h gardens 
 
 u2 
 
 ♦ 
 
234 
 
 BOSTON TO PORTLAND. 
 
 adding much to its rural aspect. The harbour is safe and 
 spacious, but difficult of entrance on account of a sandbar 
 at the mouth of the Merrimac ; the U. States have erected a 
 breakwater at the mouth of the r. costing 830,000. lis com- 
 merce is large ; its numerous vessels are chiefly employed in 
 the coasting trade and cod and mackerel fisheries. The 
 town is connected with Salisbury by a bridge nearly half a 
 mile loig; and with Plumb island by a turnpike 3 m. long 
 and a bridge 500 ft. in length. It contains a courthouse, jail, 
 a beautiful Doric custom-house of granite, 10 churches, an 
 almshouse, a lyceum^and 3 banks. Several extensive steam 
 cotton factories have been erected within a few years past, 
 and manufacture finer goods now than were formerly manu- 
 factured by water power, it is a remarkable fact that this 
 town is the smallest in point of territory, in the United 
 States, having only about 647 acres. Pop. 7161. 
 
 Salisbury 2 m. farther, Seabrook 4 m., Hampton 4 m., 
 Greenland 5 m. and i v - 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, 
 
 5 m., 54 m. from Boston, the largest town, and only seaport 
 in the state. It is pleasantly situated on the S. side of Pis- 
 cataqua r. 3 m. from the ocean. The streets are irregular, 
 but the houses are well built. The harbour is excellent and 
 unobstructed; defended by four forts, and protected from 
 storms by a number of islands. It has a depth of 65 ft., 
 with a tide which rises 10 ft. and sweeps through the har- 
 bour with a powerful current, keeping it free from ice, Ports- 
 mouth has much wealth and considerable trade, mostly in 
 the freighting business, cod and mackerel fisheries, coasting 
 trade, W. India trade, and whale fishery. It contains 7 
 banks, a!> atheneum, an almshouse, and 7 churches. From 
 the Episcopal church cupola, a beautiful view of the town, 
 harbour and country maybe had. 
 
PORTSMOUT H — S A C O. 
 
 235 
 
 m. 
 
 in 
 
 isting 
 
 lins 7 
 
 iFrom 
 
 Itovvn, 
 
 Portsmouth is connected with Kiltery, in Maine, by two 
 bridges, one 480 ft. in length, on 20 piers ; the other 1750 It. 
 long on 70 piers from 61 to 72 ft. high. It is also connected 
 with Great Island by a bridge. On Navy Island, on the E. 
 side of the r. and within the bounds of Kittery, is the Navy 
 yard belonging to the U. States, containing 3 ship-houses, 
 and every convenience for building vessels of the largest 
 class. Portsmouth was first settled in 1623, and incorporated 
 in 1633. Pop. 7887. Hotels; Rockingham House, State st. ; 
 Mansion House, and Franklin House, on Congress st. Many 
 persons pass the summer in this delightful town. 
 
 From Portsmouth stages run to Concord, 15 m. 
 
 Leaving Portsmouth the cars cross the Piscataqua by the 
 bridge to Kittery, Me., from thence the route extends 11 ra. 
 to South Berwick, where the Boston and Maine R. R. inter- 
 sects the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth line. Here the 
 cars of the former line are attached and we proceed, passing 
 North Berwick 6 m. Wells 5 m. Kennebunk depot. 5 m., and 
 
 Saco 10 m., 38 ni. from Portsmouth. It is situated on the 
 N. E. side of Saco r. 6 m. from the ocean. The river hero 
 has a fall of 42 ft. in a short distance creating a great water 
 power and forming a beautiful scene. It contains 5 churches, 
 a bank, numerous mills, many handsome dwellings, and has 
 considerable trade. Pop. 3358. 
 
 From Saco, we have a pleasant 13 m. ride through a level 
 country, and after crossing the lonp' bridge over the arm of 
 the sea we arrive at the depot, where carriages are in wait- 
 ing to take you to your hotel, The principal Hotels are : the 
 United States Hotel, Congress and Federal sts. ; the Elm 
 Tavern, Federal st. ; the American House, Congress St. j 
 Casco Temperance House, IVIiddle st. See p. 237. 
 
 II. Passengers to Portland via the Boston and Maine R. R. 
 leave Boston from the depot Haymarket Square at 74 A. M. 
 
! 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 236 
 
 BOSTON TO PORTLAND. 
 
 or 2i P. M. Though the route is a few miles longer, it is 
 usually run over in the same time as in No. 1, and through 
 an interesting and thickly settled section of the country. . 
 
 Passing tjirough Soraerville 1 m. Walden 6, Reading 12, 
 Wilmington 15, Ballard ville 21 we reach 
 
 Andover 23 m. on the S. side of the Merrimac, and 
 watered by the Shawsheen r., Great Pond and Haggett's 
 Pond. It is a beautiful town on high ground and command- 
 ing a variety of beautiful landscape. The water power of 
 the place is extensively used for ii'anufajtur ^p, and the fer- 
 tile country around, is well cultivated. It contains the Theo- 
 logical Seminary one of the principal theological schools of 
 the Union, Phillips academy, and other literary and theo- 
 logical institutions. It was first settled in 1643, and incor- 
 porated 1646 ', it now contains a bank, an insurance co., 5 
 churches, and a pop. of 5207. 
 
 Bradford 31 m. is a pleasant town with beautiful scenery, 
 and excellent fishing in its waters. It has several good schools 
 and seminaries. It is connected by two bridges acros.s the 
 Merrimac with 
 
 Haverhill, an ancient, flourishing manufacturing town, 
 handsomely built and delightfully located on the N. side of 
 the Merrimac at the head of navigation. Pop. 4336. 
 
 Atkinson 36, Plaistow 37, Newtown 40, Exeter 49, Nev/- 
 market 56, Durham 61, Madbury 63, Dover 66, and Somers- 
 worth 69 from whence a branch extends to Great Falls Vil- 
 lage 3 m., are places on the route before reaching So. Ber- 
 wick 71m. where it intersects with the Portland, Saco, and 
 Portsmouth R. R. See previous page for remainder of the 
 route. ^ 
 
 PORTLAND 
 
 l 
 
 City, 51m. from Portsmouth, 105 from Boston, and 545 from 
 Washington. Pop. 15,218. Until 1832, it was the capital 
 
P O n T L A N 0. 
 
 237 
 
 and 
 
 Nev/- 
 mers- 
 Vil- 
 Ber- 
 and 
 the 
 
 of ihe state, and is now the largest town, in point of vveahh, 
 comnnerce, and population. It is beautifully situated on a 
 peninsula in Casco bay, which rises at its E. and VV. ends, 
 and being regularly laid out, and handsomely built it presents 
 a fine view when approached from the sta, its public build- 
 ings forming prominent features. 
 
 The spacious harbour is safe, deep, easy of access, near 
 the ocean, and is one of the best in the U. States. It is com- 
 pletely land-locked by numerous islands, on two of which 
 are forts Preble and Scammel. forming a strong defence. On 
 Portland head is a light-house about 80 ft. high erected in 
 1790. The city contains, a large city hall, courthouse, jail, 
 a custom house, 6 banks, an atheneum with a library of 5000 
 vols., 16 churches, and a theatre. On Mount Joy in the N. 
 E. part of the town, is an observatory 82 ft. high, and 226 ft. 
 above the ocean, from whence by looking through the excel- 
 lent glass in use here Mount Washington, the highest peak 
 of the White Mountains in N. Hampshire may be distinctly 
 seen. The view of the harbour studded with its 365 islands, 
 the city and its shipping, the forts, the surrounding country, 
 and the blue Atlantic stretching away in the distance, is ex- 
 tremely beautiful. The commerce and trade of the city is 
 quite extensive. By the Cumberland and Oxford canal, com- 
 pleted in 1829, communication for 50 m. is opened with the 
 interior. By a road which passes through a notch in the 
 White Mountains much of the trade of the N. parts of New 
 Hampshire and Vermont is brought to the city. The coast- 
 ing trade with Boston, New York, &c. is very great. Its 
 foreign trade is principally with the W. Indies, and Europe. 
 The chief exports are fish, lumber, beef, and country produce. 
 
 Portland was settled in 1632, and early suffered by Indian 
 attacks. In 1775, it was bombarded by the British fleet, and 
 property to the amount of ,'i?240.000 was destroyed. In 1786 
 it was incorporated and the name changed from Falmouth to 
 Portland: in 1S32 it was chartered as a city. 
 
238 
 
 ROUTES FROM PORTLAND. 
 
 ROUTES FROM PORTLAND. 
 
 During the season of navigation steannboatB ply between 
 Boston and Portland ; through Massachusetts bay, passing 
 Cape Ann; and running down the Atlantic coast to Cape Eli- 
 zabeth and Casco bay, and in connection with the cara,'to 
 Haltowell, B( mor, and the intermediate places. 
 
 Stages run three times a week to the White Mountains^ 
 connecting with lines of travel to Concord, and Burlingtoiij 
 Vt., passing near the delightful lakes of New Hampshire, 
 which afford excellent sport for the fowler and angler. 
 
 Stages connecting with the cars from Boston, run twice 
 daily to ^wgus^a via Brunswick; thence daily to Bangor, Ells- 
 worth, Houlton, and Eastport. 
 
 Stages run tri-weekly to Augusta^ 60 m., via Lisbon and 
 Winthrop; and on the opposite days through to Eastport, via 
 Gray, Lewiston, and Winthrop intersecting with the Far- 
 mington and Buckjield stages. 
 
 Stages run daily to Eastport 230 m. via Falmouth 7 m., 
 North Yarmouth 12 m., Freeport IS m., Brunswif^k 27 m., 
 Bath 34 m., Wiscasset 49 m., Waldoboro' 67 m., Warren 76 
 m., Thomaston 80 m., Camden 91 m., Belfast 109 m.. Pros- 
 pect 118 ra., Orland 128 m., Ellsworth 142 m., Franklin 154 
 m., Cherryfield 174 m., Harrington 178 m., Columbia 186 m., 
 Machias 201 m., Whiting 2/5 ni , and Eastport 230 m. situa- 
 ted on an island in Passamaquoddy bay, into which empties 
 the St. Croix r. forming the E. boundary of the U. Slates. 
 
 Stages run tri-weekly in different directions ; to Paris 40 
 m.j to Waierfxyrd 40 m.; and to Dover, N. H via Alfred, 56 
 m., passing near the lakes of Maine, which afford excellent 
 trout fishing. 
 
 In connection with the semi-daily line to Augusta, stages 
 twice a week leave Augusta for Quebec 218 m. distant, over 
 the Kennebec road via Norndgeicock. 
 
 
^•^ 
 
 tllent 
 
 [ages 
 lover 
 
 
 AUGUST A B A N U O R. 
 
 289 
 
 AUGUSTA, ME. r 
 
 oC tn. from Portland, and capital of the state. Pop. 53M. 
 This beautiful and flourishing town is situated on both sides 
 the Kennebec r. at the head of sloop navigation, and 43 m. 
 from the Atlanti/*. The town rises by an easy ascent on 
 both sides the r., .a well laid out, neatly built, and contains 
 many handsome dweUings. Both parts of the town are con- 
 nected by a handsome bridge of two arches. The public 
 buildings are ; a State-house of white granite with a Doric 
 portico, a handsome dome and cupola, and surrounded by or- 
 namented grounds. The U. Slates have an arsenal on the E. 
 side of the r. The Lunatic asylum is a fine granite building 
 with wingR. There are also a courthouse, jail, a high-school, 
 and 7 churches. A splendid dam was erected a few years 
 since over the Kennebec at a cost of S300,000. 
 
 Hotels; Auguda House, and Mansion House. 
 
 From Augusta 'taget run to Thomaston 44 m.; to Belfast 
 46 m. ; to Qu£bec via Norridgewock, 234 a.; to Phillips^ 57 
 m. ; and to Fryeburs^ 72 m. 
 
 BANGOR, ME. 
 
 Occupying a pleasant and commanding situation on the W. 
 side of Penobscot r at the head of navigation. The city is 
 divided into two parts by Kenduskeag stream, but connected 
 by 3 bridges. It -s also connected with the E. side of the 
 Penobscot by a b-'.'ge at Orrington. The harbour is spa- 
 cious, with a depth sufficient for large vessels. Lumbor, for 
 which it i*-- the greatest depot on the continent, is the prin- 
 cipal part of the trad?!, and t mounts to nearly a million and 
 a half dollars annually. Ship building is also carried on ex- 
 tensively. The rise of Bangor has been rapid, and it already 
 ifc the great emporium of the E. portion of Maine. The 
 
240 BOSTON TO LOWELL AND CONCORL, 
 
 pub >; and private buildings of the citv are not only neat, but 
 many of them elegant. It contains a > ihouse, jail, a bank, 
 7 churches, and a Theological Seminary under the direction 
 of the Congregationalists, which has 3 professors and a li- 
 brary of 7000 vols. It is connected with Boston by a line of 
 Bteamboats during about 8 months of the year. Hotels; 
 Bangor House; Franklin House; and tlje Penobscot Ex- 
 change. Pop. 8627. 
 
 Below Bangor on the Penobscot, are Frankfort, Bucksport) 
 Belfast, and Thomaston, at all of which the steamboats stop. 
 
 From Bangor stages run lo Castine 36 m. ; to Ellsworth 27 
 m. ; to Skowhegan 52 m. ; lo Moosehead Lake 72 m. ; and to 
 Brownsville 49 m. - . 
 
 MOOSEHEAD LAKE 
 
 J 
 
 Is a picturesque and irregular body of water about 40 or 60 
 m. in length with a breadth of 12 m. in its widest part, sur- 
 rounded with fertile shores mostly covered Wiih timber. It 
 rcci.; .es numerous tributaries, and contains a number of fer- 
 tile iii ands of which Sugar island the largest, contains 5,440 
 acj en, and Deer island 2000 acres. The waters are deep and 
 affoid excellent sport for the angler, the trout being of an 
 extraordinary size. A steamboat plies on the lake, princi- 
 pally for transporting the timber to Kennebec outlet. The 
 lake may be divided into two bays. A little above the centre 
 of it, where it is but a mile across, is Mount Keneo on the 
 W. side, an elevation of 5 or 600 ft. projecting over the 
 water ; from this height a picturesque view of the lake, its 
 islanr^i, and a boundless wilderness, is presented. 
 
 TO LOWELL, 
 
 NASHUA, AND CONCORD. 
 
 Passengers take the cars of the Boston and Lowell R. R. 
 which leave the depot in Lowell st. daily, Sundays excepted, 
 
 ■^,t^.^.^-^ -....„. ^^..^fc 
 
or 50 
 
 rt, sur- 
 
 ler. It 
 
 of fer- 
 
 5,440 
 
 epand 
 
 of an 
 
 rinci- 
 
 The 
 
 entre 
 
 n the 
 
 r the 
 
 ce, its 
 
 IR. R> 
 
 Ipted, 
 
 'Se- 
 
 LOWELL. 
 
 241 
 
 at 7, 9, and 1 1 A. M., and 2i and 5^ P. M. Time 1 h. Fare 
 65 cts. 
 
 The cars over this beautiful piece of road stop at Medford 
 5 m., South Woburn 74 m. from whence a branch extends 
 to Woburn Centra 2 m., Woburn 10 m., Wilmington, 15 m., 
 Tewkesbury 19 '^illerica mills 21 m. ^ 
 
 TWELL, 
 
 26 m. the lart 
 
 ttcturing town of the United States, 
 lies on the S. side oi the Vlerrimac r. below Pawtucket falls, 
 at its junction with Concord r., and possesses a vast amount 
 of water power, easily available. Lowell is finely situated 
 with regard to health, surrounded by pleasant hills and val- 
 leys and seated on a rapid stream. It is laid out with wide 
 streets, all of the buildings are of recent construction, and in 
 a style of neatness and elegance. Pop. 1846, about 30,000. 
 The water power is furnished by a canal 60 ft. wide, 8 ft. 
 deep, and H m. long, commencing at the head of Pawtuc- 
 ket falls, which have a descent of 31 ft., and extending to 
 Concord r. where there are locks, forming a beatable passage 
 around the falls of the Merrimack. From the main canal 
 the water is carried by lateral canals to the mills and manu- 
 factories where it is needed. There are 13 large manufac- 
 turing companies, having 19 mills, and 250 houses; employ- 
 ing a capital of $12,000,000, and 9,235 operatives, of which 
 6,320 are females and 2,915 males; making 75,868,000 yds. 
 of cloth per annum or nearly enough to belt the globe twice 
 round, and 14,000,000 yds. of printed calico yearly; paying 
 for labour $1,500,000 per annum; and consuming annually 
 12,500 tons of coal, 3,270 cords of wood, 61,100 bales of cot- 
 ton, 47,000 gallons of oil, 600,000 bushels of charcoal, and 
 800,000 lbs. of starch. Extensive as the above statistics 
 show the manufactories to be they will soon be extended 20 
 
 per cent. -. '■ - a ■ 
 
 16 V 
 
 a^Wj^-aMi^L'-iA : 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 |50 "^ 
 
 IIIIM 
 
 ■^ Im IIIII2 2 
 
 
 Ill® 
 
 1.4 
 
 J4 
 
 6" 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 ^^'- °^^ ^' 
 
 / 
 
 
 7 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
I 
 
 242 BOSTON TO LOWELL AND CONCORD. 
 
 A great amount and variety of other business is done in 
 Lowell, besides that of the incorporated companies. Me- 
 chanical skill and ingenuity here naturally concentrate, and 
 the best of artisans and of workmanship in almost all branches 
 of mpchanical industry, may be here found. The extensive 
 powder works of Oliver M.Whipple are still in successful ope-_ 
 ration, making 885,000 lbs. of powder per annum. The Lowell 
 bleachery, with a capital of $50,000, carries on a large busi- 
 ness for an establishment of that kind. Besides these, Lowell 
 has a flannel mill, a blanket mill, paper mill, planing ma- 
 chines, a card factory, a whip factory, reed machines, foun- 
 dry, grist and saw mills, sash and door manufactory, lock- 
 manufactories, carriage manufactory, and harness shops 
 — all these together employing about five hundred hands, 
 and a capital of $600,000. • ^.^^ 
 
 The annual amount for sales of manufactured goods is 
 about $7,000,000. The average wages, exclusive of board, 
 are for females $1.75 per week, for males 70 cts. a day. The 
 ' lock and canals' company can furnish machinery complete 
 for a mill of 5000 splindles in four months; and they build 
 most of the factories, houses, &c. by contract, and also contract 
 for the water-power and building ground, receiving an annual 
 rent. There are two carpet manufactories which turn out 
 some splendid pieces of carpeting, equal to the imported. 
 
 The public buildings of Lowell, are, a courthouse, city hall, 
 market house, mechanics' hall, a hospital belonging to the 
 factories, and the edifices of the public schools. The hall of 
 the Mechanics' Association, erected in 1835, is spacious and 
 is furnished with a fine library and reading room, a chemi- 
 cal and philosophical apparatus, and an excellent mineralo- 
 gical cabinet. The public schools consist of a high school, 
 six grammar schools, 30 primary schools. There are 23 
 churches, 2 banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,050,000, 
 and a savings' institution with a deposite of $300,000. 
 
L O W E L L — N A S H U A. 
 
 L>43 
 
 Lowell, which in 1821 was a barren spot, and in 1826 was 
 incorporated into a town, and as a city in 1836, presents a 
 splendid example of an American manufacturing town, and 
 well deserves the title of 'The Manchester of America.' 
 The manufactures are generally of the coarser descriptions, 
 though finer qualities begin to be manufactured; cottons 
 which 20 years ago would have cost 30 cts. now cost only 6 cts. 
 a yard. Flannels are made at the Hamilton, sheetings and 
 shirtuigs at nearly all, with drillings, printed cloths, &c. at 
 several of the factories. ., ;- ; *" -^ ,. v;^ ' 
 
 Another source of pride is the excellent character sus- 
 tained by the operatives ; they are neat and respectable in 
 their appearance, and of good moral character. Their lite- 
 rary productions, connections with the various religious so- 
 cieties, and general freeness from intemperance and crime, 
 speak volumes in their praise. A periodical entitled the 
 ' Lowell Offering' is published monthly, the articles written 
 entirely by factory girls, and has an excellent reputation. 
 
 From Lowell the railroad extends parallel with the Mer- 
 rimac to Concord 50 m., via Middlesex 2 m. Chelmsford 2, 
 Tyneboro 4 m. on the state line, Littles 3, and 
 
 NASHUA, « < 
 
 4 m., 15 m. from Lowell, and 41 from Boston. The town 
 is situated on tliC Nashua and Merrimac rivers, is the centre 
 of a considerable trade, and the seat of important manufac- 
 tures. The manufactories driven by the water power derived 
 principally from Nashua river, employ about 1500 opera- 
 tives, and consume about 5,000,000 lbs. of cotton per annum. 
 The village contains 8 beautiful churches, some elegant 
 dwellings, and a population of 6054. The country around 
 Nashua is hilly, though the soil is very fertile. 
 
 Stages run to Montpelier 129 ra. via Windsor 73 m. and 
 
244 BOSTON TO LOWELL AND CONCORD. 
 
 Royalton 102 m.; to Charlestown 68 m.; and to Brattleboro^ 
 68 m. via Keene 49 m. 
 
 Manchester 18 m. and Hookset 26 m., are small towns on 
 the Merrimac before reaching 
 
 -.;, CONCORD, .y ^v^ 
 
 50 m. from Lowell, and 76 from Boston. The town is situ- 
 ated on the W. side of the Merrimac, connected with the E. 
 side by two bridges, and is the capital of New Hampshire. 
 The houses are built principally on two streets, one of which 
 extends nearly two miles between the bridges. It contains a 
 courthouse, jail, a bank, 6 churches, and a pop. of about 5000. 
 The State House, is an elegant structure of hewn granite, 
 with a fine cupola; containing the Senate chamber and the 
 hall of Representatives ; it stands on a beautiful site in tbe 
 centre of the village. The State Prison consists of two build- 
 ings of hewn granite surrounded by a high wall. The soil 
 around Concord is fertile, and containing large quantities of 
 excellent granite. On the opposite side of the river is a new 
 manufacturing village, which bids fair to increase. The prin- 
 cipal part of the trade with Boston is carried on by a cana? 
 around the falls, and the Merrimac river. The town was in- 
 corporated in 1635, and made the first forcible resistance to 
 British aggression, 1775. A monument marks the spot where 
 the action took place. 
 
 Passengers by the first train on its arrival at Concord can 
 leave in stages by various routes for Hopkinton, Newport, 
 Claremont, and Windsor; for Lebanon and Hanover; Ply- 
 mouth and Haverhill ; Canaan and Oxford ; Meredith Bridge, 
 Centre Harbour, Comoay, and the Wliite Mountains. On the 
 second day stages reach Royalton, Middlebury, Montpelier, 
 and Burlington, connecting with the line of travel, north to 
 Montreal, and south to Whitehall and Albany. From Haver- 
 hill also, a line of stages runs to Stanstead and Montreal. 
 
 % 
 
 ..... L 
 
LAKE Wl NNiriS EOGE E. 
 
 245 
 
 ird can 
 'fWportj 
 Ply- 
 
 )n the 
 ier, 
 )rth to 
 laver- 
 il 
 
 Stages also run from Concord to Guildhall, via Littleton ; 
 and to Keene, via Hopkinton and Nelson. 
 
 The route from Concord to the White Mountains about 
 100 m. is through an interesting country, partly through a 
 valley bordered with lofty mountains, and passing several 
 beautiful lakes. * -- 
 
 SquA.M Lake, is a splendid sheet of water, indented by 
 points, arched with coves, and studded with a succession of 
 romantic islands; it is 6 m. long and 3 m. in its widest part. 
 The finest of trout are caught here, and the shores abound 
 with game, affording excellent sport to the angler and fowler. 
 
 Lake Winnipiseogee, is remarkable for its beautiful and 
 sublime scenery, and rivals the celebrated Lake George. It 
 is 23 m. long and 6 to 12 broad, of very irregular shape, its 
 shores being indented with several bays. It is environed 
 and overlooked by several delightful towns, hills, and moun- 
 tains. Its waters are very pv re and deep deriving its sources 
 principally from springs in its bosom, and having an outlet 
 through the river of the same name. It contains 365 islands, 
 many of them quite large, and is navigated by steamboats 
 and other vessels. Like Squam lake it contains a great va- 
 riety of excellent fish. 
 
 The prospect of this lake, and its environs, is enchanting; 
 and its beauties are seen with great advantage from a de- 
 lightful elevation a little distance fromf he road towards Ply- 
 mouth. On the N. W. ascends a beautiful eminence, called 
 the Red Mountain 1500 ft. ; on the S. is Mount Major, a ridge ' 
 of bolder aspect and loftier height ; and in the distance the 
 great Ossipee and other mountains tower aloft with bold 
 sublimity. Dr. Dwight and others have thought the mag- 
 nificent scenery of the lake and mountains, to fully rival that 
 of Lake George. 
 
 Centre Harbour, between the two lakes is a 
 
 v2 
 
 delightful 
 
246 BOSTON TO FITCIIBURG AND ALBANY. 
 
 stopping place. Moultonborough contains some great natural 
 curiosities. •' • '• • ■vu'-zi ' + 
 
 For description of White MotmtainSj see p. 191. 
 
 BOSTON TO FITCIIBURG 50 M. 
 
 « 
 
 Passengers take the cars at the depot in Charlestown at 7i 
 and 114 A.M. and 4i P.M. Fare 1.25, time 24 h. 
 
 Stopping at West Cambridge 5 m., Waltham 10, Weston 
 13, Lincoln 17, Concord 20, Acton 27, Littleton 33, Groton 
 37, Shirley 40, and Leominster 46. 
 
 Fitchburg is a manufacturing town on Nashua r. It con- 
 tains 6 churches, 31 mills and factories of various kinds, and 
 an inexhaustible quarry of granite. Pop. 2604. Hotels; 
 Fitchburg Hotel ; Washington House. " 
 
 On the arrival of the cars, stages leave Fitchburg daily for 
 Keene and Walpole, N. H.j for Battlehoro\ Chester, Rutland^ 
 Bennington, Middlebury, and Burlington Vt. ; for Williams- 
 town 84 m. via Greenfield 45 m. Passengers can procure 
 througk tickets at the stage office, City Tavern, Brattle St. 
 Boston. 
 
 FROM BOSTON TO ALBANY, 200 M. 
 
 Cars leave the depot corner of Lincoln and Beach sts. at 
 8 A. M. and 4 P. M. v^ Worcester to Springfield. See p. 200. 
 
 From Springfield, we continue on the Western R. R. to 
 . West Springfield, beautifully situated on both sides of West- 
 field r. at its confluence with the Connecticut, which is 
 spanned by a fine bridge from shore to shore. From here a 
 splendid view of the Connecticut Valley meets the eye. 
 Pop. 3626. 
 
 Westfield 8 m. farther is pleasantly situated on a plain, 
 drained by Westfield and Little rivers. It is surrounded by 
 high hills, with a handsome public ground in the centre, and 
 
w 
 
 jl4«T '1 ■,j?w»^;jT.^ 
 
 Ists. at 
 
 200. 
 
 R. to 
 
 est- 
 
 is 
 
 lere a 
 
 eye. 
 
 3lain, 
 
 id by 
 k and 
 
 SCENERY AND TOWNS ON THE ROUTE. 247 
 
 contains 2 churches, and a bank. The canal from North- 
 ampton to New Haven passes through the place. 
 
 We now ascend into a more elevated region, passing 
 through Russell 8 m., Chester Village 3 m., and Chester Fac- 
 tory 7 m. flourishing towns situated in a romantic region and 
 abounding with trout streams ; farther on before reaching 
 Becket, the route passes through the most romantic and 
 beautifully picturesque region imaginable ; at every turn the 
 eye is' delighted and refreshed by hasty glimpses of rocky 
 precipices, flowing rivulets, mountain farms, rocky glens, wa- 
 terfalls, and other attributes of romantic and picturesque 
 scenery; mingled with our delight is the surprise and admi- 
 ration caused by the stupendous triumphs of art over nature, 
 shown in the bridges across the ravines, and in the massive 
 embankments, raised to grade the road. 
 
 In the route from Becket to Washington 3 m. farther, the 
 road is elevated 1,430 ft. above the Hudson r. which is re- 
 duced to 900 ft. at the state line 24 m. W. In this elevated 
 region the E. branch of the Housatonic and the Westfield r. 
 take their rise. 
 
 Hinsdale 5 m. and Dalton 3 m. are thriving manufacturing 
 towns, the latter situated on the E. branch of the Housato- 
 nic r. 
 
 PiTTSFiELD 5 m. farther, and 49 m. from Albany, is the 
 largest town in the county and the most beautiful in this 
 part of the state. The houses are neatly built and orna- 
 mented. In the centre is a fine large square. The Berk- 
 shire Agricultural Society have their fairs here, and agricul- 
 ture is much improved. It contains 4 churches, a bank, 
 many manufactories, and the Berkshire medical institution. 
 The town lies 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, in a fer- 
 tile valley between the Taughhannic and Green mountains, 
 watered hy two branches of the Housatonic which unite near 
 its centre, and create a great water-power. HP ' 
 
248 
 
 BOSTON TO NEW BEDFORD. 
 
 fe 
 
 Passing near the Shaker Village 4 m., and Richmond 3 m., 
 we cross the State line, 11m. from Pittsfield, where the road 
 diverges southwardly, to Bridgeport, Conn. 100 m. via West 
 Stockbridge, passing through Sheffield, New Milford, and 
 other small towns in the valley of the Housatonic. 
 
 After crossing the State line we pass through Canaan 5 m., 
 East Chatham 5 m., and Chatham-four-corners 5 m., where the 
 road diverges S. W. to Hudson, via Greenport, then continuing 
 on we pass through Chatham Centre 3 m., Kinderhook 4 m., 
 Schodack 8 m., Greenbush 8 m., and cross the Hudson r. to 
 Albany. See p. 78. 
 
 TO NEW BEDFORD AND FALL RIVER. 
 
 By the Providence and Stonington R. R. from the foot of 
 the Comm 'U, fare $1.50, via Roxbury 2 m. Jamaica PL 4, 
 Dedham PI. 8, Canton 14, Sharon 18, Foxhoro 21, Mansfield 
 24, Norton 29, Taunton 35, Myrick^s 41. 
 
 NEW BEDFORD 
 
 Pleasantly situated pn the W. side of the Acushnet river, an 
 estuary of the sea from Buzzard's bay. The ground upon 
 which the town is built rises beautifully from the water, and 
 presents a fine appearance ; the upper portion is laid into 
 beautiful streets which contain many handsome dwellings. 
 The harbour though not easy of access, is capacious and , 
 safe. A wooden bridge and causeway three fourths of a ' 
 mile long connects it with Fairhaven. It contains a court- 
 house, jail, 4 banks, 4 insurance ofHces, a savings institution, 
 18 churches, and numerous public schools. r . -■'■ 
 
 The whale fishery, oil and candle factories, and other 
 branches of business connected with it, form almost the 
 entire business of the place ; the tonnage in 1840. was 89,089 
 
 -fr: 
 
NANTUCKE T — P ALL RIVER. 
 
 249 
 
 tons, and 225 vessels. During the Revolutionary war New 
 Bedford was a place of resort for American privateers j Gen. 
 Gray with 4000 British troops was sent against them and de- 
 stroyed property worth $323,250. The town within the past 
 few years has increased rapidly; present pop. 16.000. 
 
 Nantucket on Nantucket Island, is also extensively en- 
 gaged in the whale fishery. ,, -v ;^^'< .» ! : » 
 
 From Myrics 41 m. as above, a branch R. R. extends to 
 
 •'':, i r-!\- 
 
 FALL RIVER 
 
 ) •!;■.■ ;,/• 
 
 an 
 
 )n 
 
 md 
 
 Very pleasantly situated at the junction of Fall and Taunton 
 rivers ; the former of which rises in Watuppa ponds, one of 
 which is 11m. long and 1 m. wide, about 2 m. £. of the 
 town. Fall r. affords immense and unfailing water power, 
 having a descent of 140 ft. in 80 rods. The tow^n has a fine 
 harbour, navigable for the largest ships, safe, and easy of 
 access. It contains 2 banks, a savings bank, 11 churches, 
 10 large cotton factories with 75,000 spindles, 2 extensive 
 print-works, and several other large factories; also an in- 
 exhaustible quarry of granite equal to that of Quincy. A 
 most disastrous fire occurred here in 1843 destroying a large 
 amount of property. Fall River has 10 ships engaged in the 
 whale fisheries. It is connected with Providence by a steam- 
 boat, and shortly will be by a R. R. now constructing. Pop. 
 1845, 10,290. 
 
 ^. 
 
 a 
 irt- 
 m, 
 
 ler 
 |he 
 189 
 
 BOSTON TO PLYMOUTH. 37 M. 
 
 By the Old Colony R. R. from South Boston, via Dorches- 
 ter 4 m. see p. 220, Neponset 5, Quincy 8, see p. 226, Brain- 
 tree 10, Weymouth V Abington 18, Hansen 25, Pembroke 29. 
 
250 
 
 PLYMOUTH. 
 
 • PLYMOUTH, 
 
 37 m. on Plymouth bay a branch of Massachusetts bay, is 
 full of interest, it being the oldest settlement by Europeans 
 in New England, and the landing place of the celebrated 
 Puritans, Dec. 22d, 1620. The town contains a courthouse, 
 jail, 6 churches, 2 banks, and an insurance co. The harbour 
 is spacious though not of great depth ; the principal business 
 is in the whale, mackerel and cod fisheries. Pop. 5281. 
 
 Plymouth contains many interesting places and curiosities. 
 Pilgrim Hall, a neat building of unhewn granite, 70 by 40 ft. 
 with a Doric portico of 6 columns, was constructed in 1824. 
 In it the Pilgrim society annually commemorate the anni- 
 versary of the landing of their forefathers. It contains a 
 large painting of the landing from 'the Mayflower'; the 
 chair of Gov. Carver ; the sword-blade of Capt. Miles Stan- 
 dish and other curious and interesting relics. The rock on 
 which the pilgrims first landed, was conveyed in 1774 to the 
 centre of the town. The other principal objects interesting 
 to the visiter, are Sacrifice Rocks in the woods on the road to 
 Sandwich, on which the natives as they passed always threw 
 a stone or stick, supposed to be a religious custom ; Burying 
 Hill formerly Fort Hill, is an eminence in the rear of the 
 town, on the summit of which the pilgrims erected a few 
 works for defence ; from this point is presented a splendid 
 view of the harbor and the shores of the bay, with the pro- 
 montory and lighthouse, the town and its shipping, and im- 
 mediately below us the burying ground of the venerable 
 forefathers. 
 
 ■i The principal Hotel, is the Samosel House, new and spa- 
 cious, commanding an unobstructed view of the harbor, 
 islands, and ocean, and affording to visiters convenient access 
 to Forefathers' Rock, Pilgrim Hall, the Ancient Records and 
 the memorials of the Pilgrims. 
 
 «ir 
 
>.t 
 
 t ) 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 » 
 
 P«Kr ACE V 
 
 Bkeletons of the Main Routes vii 
 
 Directions TO the Reader ix 
 
 Caution to ENOLiaH Tbavellers ix 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Railroada and Steamboats • •' z 
 
 Hotels and Inns xi 
 
 Eating llouaes, Confectlonaries, 4ic. xii 
 
 Money x ii 
 
 Foreign Coins in American Currency ziii 
 
 Ctiaracteristics of the Country xiv 
 
 Scenery of the United States xv 
 
 Travellers' General View xv 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 General outline and aspect 17 
 
 Political Constitution 20 
 
 Productive Industry 25 
 
 Religion and education 32 
 
 History 34 
 
 Civil and Social'state 39 
 
 spa- 
 bor, 
 cees 
 and 
 
 Adrian, 134. 
 Albany, 60, 65, 78, 230. 
 Alburg, 101. 
 Alexandria, 167. 
 AUyn's Point, 61. 
 Amherstburg, 135. 
 Amsterdam, 106. 
 Andover, 236. 
 Angelica, 63. 
 Ashtabula, 132. 
 Athens, 63, 77. 
 
 Auburn, 105, 117. 
 Augusta, 239. 
 Avon Springs, 124. 
 
 Ballston Spa, 80, 83. 
 Bangor, 239. 
 Barcelona, 63, 128, 131. 
 Barnegat, 73. 
 Bartlett, 192. 
 Batavia, 81, 125, 129. 
 
t? 
 
 252 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Buth, 03, 194,231. 
 Bath Island, 140. 
 Becket, 317. 
 Bellows* Falls, 200. 
 Bemus' Heights, 63,87. 
 Bennington, 81. 
 Binghaniton, 03, 83, 110. 
 Birniiiighiini, 00. 
 Black Rock, 143. 
 Bloomfluld, 200. 
 Bloomingburg, 03, 
 Blooniingdale, 05. 
 Blossburg, 131. 
 Boston, 01, 81, 103, 807. 
 Bradford, 330. 
 Brattleboro, 300, 344. 
 Breed's Hill. 334. 
 Bridgeport, 00. 
 Brockville, 107. 
 Brock's Monument, 159. 
 Brookline, 331. 
 Brooklyn, 55. 
 Biickfleld, 338. 
 Buffalo, 81, 105, 130. 
 Bull's Ferry, 00, 
 Bunker Hill, 324. 
 
 " '• Monument, 335 
 
 Burlington, 82, 08, 103, 180 
 Burning Spring, 100. 
 Bytown, 173. 
 
 Caldwell, 80, 01. 
 
 " Landing, 09. 
 
 Caledonia Springs, 108, 173. 
 
 Cambridge, 221. 
 
 Canandaigua, 81, 123. 
 
 Lake, 133. 
 ' Cape May, 59. 
 
 Cape Rouge, 183. 
 
 Cape Tourment, 185. <^ 
 
 • Cape Vincent, 100. 
 
 Carillon, 173. 
 
 Carmel Village 09. 
 
 Cascades, 108. 
 
 Castleton, 78. 
 
 Catskill, 01, 75. 
 
 Catskill Mountains, 74. 
 
 Cayuga, 118. 
 
 Cayuga Lake, 118. 
 
 Cazenovia, 113. ; 
 
 Centre Harbour, 245. 
 
 Chambly Canal, 103. 
 
 Charlotte, 100. 
 
 Charlestown, 323. ^» 
 
 Chaudiere Falls, 173. 
 
 Chazy, 101. V 
 
 Chelsea, 320. 
 
 k 
 
 Chemung, 03. 
 Chester village, 247. 
 Chicago, 128,141. 
 ChicQUtimi, 188. 
 Chippewa, 144. 
 Chlttenango, 113. 
 Clermont, 01. 
 (;ievelund. 133. 
 Coburg, 105. 
 Coeymans, 01, 77. 
 Cohnes Falls, 95. 
 Cold Springs, 58, 73. 
 Concord, 330, 344. 
 Coney Island, 58. 
 Conneaut, 131. 
 Conway, 193,331. 
 Cooperstown, 107, 110. 
 Corning, 03, 131. 
 Cornwall, 108. 
 Cortlandtown, 00. 
 Coteau du Lac, 108. 
 Coxsackie, 01, 77. 
 Crown Point, 97. 
 
 M 
 
 t' 
 
 Dalton,347. 
 Danbury, 03. 
 
 Dedham, 220. , . , 
 
 Delhi, 74, 70. 
 Detroit, 128, 135. . ■ 
 
 Devil's Hole, 157. 
 Dickenson's Landing, 108 
 Dobb's Ferry, 00, 00. 
 Dorchester, 220. 
 Dover, 238. 
 Drummondville, 159. 
 Du Loup, 180. 
 Dundas, 103. 
 Dunkirk, 02, 131. 
 
 East Camp, 75. 
 East Canada Creek, 107. 
 Eastchester, 58. 
 East New York, 58. 
 Eastport, 331, 338. 
 Elbridge, 117. 
 Elizabethtown, 58, 02. 
 Elizabethport, 58. 
 Ellsworth, 238. 
 Elmira, 03, 121. : 
 
 Erie, 129, 131. 
 Esopus, 01. 
 Essex, 08. 
 
 ::'r \ 
 
 Fairport, 132. 
 
 Fall River, 230, 249. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 j:hi 
 
 Fall! of Montmoreacl, 18t. 
 " " the Chtudlera, 183. 
 Farmington, S38. 
 Fiahkill, flO, 7a. 
 Fiihkill Mounuins, M. 
 Fitchburg, 830, MO. 
 Flatbuih, 56. 
 Fluthing, S8. 
 Fonda, 100. 
 Fort Erie, 148. 
 Fort George, 101. 
 Fort Hamilton, 08. 
 Fort Independence, 00. 
 Fort Lee, 00. 
 
 Fort MasBBBHuaa, 109. ' ' 
 Fort Niagara, 103. 
 Fort Plain, 107. 
 Fort Waahington, 00. 
 Forts around Boaton, 287. 
 Four-mile-ppint, 77. 
 Fredonia, 03. 
 Fryeburg, 193. 
 
 Galop Rapida, 107. 
 Gardiner, 331. 
 Geneaco, 04, 139. 
 Geneva, 04, 131. 
 Germantov.'n, 79. 
 Glasgow, 75. 
 Glen Ckive, 58. 
 Glen's Falls, 60, 00. 
 Goshen, 03. 
 Grand Haven, 137. 
 Grand Isle, 101. 
 Grassy Point, 08. 
 Gravesend, 58. 
 Great Sodus Bay, 100. 
 Greenbush, 01, 78. 
 Greenfield, 300, SSI. 
 Greenport, 01. 
 Guildhall, 345. 
 Guananoqui, 107. 
 
 Hadley, 800. 
 Ilallowell, 331, 338. 
 Hamilton, 103. 
 Hampton, 73. 
 Hancock, 83. 
 Harlaem, 57, 03. 
 Harmony, 03. 
 Harsimus, 57. 
 Hartford, 00, 190. 
 Harvard University, 383. 
 Hastings, 07. 
 Haverhill, 339, 330. 
 Ilaverstraw, 08. 
 
 w 
 
 Hempstead, 58. 
 Herkimer, 109. 
 Hoboken, 57, 05. 
 Holdenville, 03. 
 Holland Undlng, 104. 
 Honesdale, 04. 
 Howard, 03. 
 Hinsdale, 347. 
 Hudson, 01, 70. 
 
 " River, 05. 
 Hyde Park, 00, 74. 
 
 Iris Island, 149. 
 Irving, 07. 
 Isle au Mott, 101. 
 Isle au Noix, 103. 
 Isle of Orleans, 184. 
 Ithaca, 04, 110, 115, 118. 
 
 Jamaica, 58. 
 
 " Bay, 58 
 Jamestown, 03. 
 Jefferson, 131. 
 Jersey City, 58. 
 Johnstown, 100, 107. 
 
 Kalamaioo, 137. 
 Kamouraska, 180. 
 Keene, 345. 
 Kinderhook, 01, 77. 
 Kingsbridge, 00. 
 Kingston, 01, 74, 105. 
 
 Lachine, 108. 
 Lake Champlain, 00. 
 Lake Erie, 81, 130. 
 Lake George, 80, 63, 91. 
 Lake Huron, 138. 
 Lake Michigan, 140. 
 Lake Ontario, 110, 103. 
 Lake Bt. Charles, 183. 
 Lake St. Clair, 137. 
 Lake St. Francis, 109. 
 Lake St. Louis, 108. 
 Lake St. Peter, 175. 
 Lake Superior, 139. 
 Lake Winnipiaeogee, 345. 
 Lancaster, 108. 
 Lansingburg, 81, 95. 
 La Prairie, 80, 103. 
 Lewiston, 110, 125, 158, 101. 
 Little Falls, 108. 
 Littleton, 100. 
 Livingston, ICl, 
 
 %' 
 
 1. 
 
 -m 
 
254 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Lockport, 125, 139, 158. 
 Long Branch, 59. 
 Long Island, 58, 61. 
 Lowell, 2.30, 241. 
 Lundy's Lane, 159. .- 
 Lunenburg, 77. 
 Lynn, 232. 
 
 Mackinac, 140. • 
 
 Magnolia, 63. '• 
 
 Mahopack Lake, 69. 
 
 Maitland, 167. 
 
 Maiden, 61, 75. • 
 
 Mamaroneck, 58. /; - 
 
 Manchester, 244. 
 
 Manhattanville, 66. 
 
 Marlborough, 73. 
 
 Manlius, 114. 
 
 Mariastown, 167. 
 
 Maysville, 63. 
 
 Mechanicsville, 80, 82, 95. 
 
 Me ride n, 196. 
 
 Michigan City, 142. 
 
 Middletown, 62. - ': . 
 
 Milford, 64. ^'i. - 
 
 Milton, 61, 73. '' • " ' ' 
 
 Mineral Spring, 157. 
 
 Mohawk, 109. 
 
 Monroe, 1.34. 
 
 Monroe Works, 61. ^' 
 
 Monticello, 63. 
 
 Montreal, 80, 90, 95, 169, 189, 231. 
 
 Montpelier, 189, 244. 
 
 Montrose, 110. 
 
 Moosehead Lake, 240. , 
 
 Morristown, 62, 167. 
 
 Moscow, 125. 
 
 Mount Auburn Cemetery, 222. 
 
 Mount Holyoke, 200. 
 
 Mount Tom, 200. 
 
 Nantucket, 249. ' 
 
 Nashua, 230, 243. - 
 Navy Island, 144. 
 Newark, 58, 62. 
 New Baltimore, 61, 77. 
 New Bedford, 230. 
 New Brighton, 58. 
 New Brunswick, 58, 62. 
 Newburg, 61, 72. 
 Newburyport, 233. 
 New Cornwall, 72. 
 Needham, 201. 
 New Haniburcr, 73. 
 New Haven, 60, 193. 
 New Liverpool, 170. 
 
 New London, 202. v 
 
 New Milford, 63. 
 
 New Paltz Landing, 74. 
 
 Newport, 206. 
 
 New Rochelle, 58. 
 
 Newton, 201. 
 
 New Windsor, 72. i; 
 
 New York, 41, 228. " 
 
 Niagara, 162. 
 
 Niagara Falls, 81, 105, 128, 146. 
 
 " River, 145. 
 Niles, 137. : • ■ 
 
 Norridgewock, 238.' .- *» 
 Northampton, 200. - • •>- ' 
 Norwich, 61, 203. . ' • 
 
 Nyack,68. - ' 
 
 Oak Hill, 75. 
 Oakville, 163. 
 Ocean House, 59. 
 Ogdensburg, 110, 115, 167. 
 Ogden's Island, 167. 
 Ohio City. 133. 
 Olean, 125,129. .^ k * 
 Oriskany, 112. 
 Oswego, 115, 116, 166. 
 Oswego Canal, 115. 
 Owasco Lake, 113. 
 Owego,63, 64, 110. 
 Oyster Bay, 68. • 
 
 Palisades, 66. 
 Paris, 238. 
 Passaic Falls, 58, 59. 
 Paterson, 62, 64. 
 Peekskill, 60, 69. 
 Pcllham, 74. 
 Perrysburg, 128. 
 Perth Amboy, 58. 
 Philipsburg, 60, 67. 
 Piermont, 60, 64, 67. 
 Pine Orchard, 75. 
 Pittsfield,81, 247. 
 Plattsburp, 80, 100, 167. 
 Pleasant Mount, 63. 
 Plymouth, 230, 250. 
 Point View, 157. 
 Portchester, 58. 
 Port Henry, 97. 
 Port Hope, 164. 
 Port Huron, 137. 
 Port Kent, 99. 
 Portland, 229, 236. 
 Portsmouth, 229, 234. 
 Port Stanley, 128. 
 Port St, Francis, 175. 
 
 •v(^' 
 
 \ 
 
 >vt 
 
INDEX. 
 
 255 
 
 Pougiikeepaie, 60, 73; 
 Prattaville, 76. 
 Prescott, 167. 
 Presque Isle, 138. 
 Providence, 61. 
 
 Quarantine ground, 58. 
 Quebec, 80, 90, 95, 176. 
 Queenaton, 116, 145, 158. 
 Quincy, 226. 
 
 Rahway, 58, 63. 
 Raniapo, 61. 
 Red Banks, 59. ^ - 
 Red Hook, 60. > 
 
 Regaud, 173. 
 Rhinebeck, 60, 74. 
 Richelieu Rapids, 176. 
 Rideau Canal, 166. 
 Ridgefield, 69. 
 Rochester, 64, 81, 115, 123. 
 Rockaway, 58. 
 Rome, 113. 
 Rondout, 61, 74. 
 Rouse's Point, 80, 102. 
 Roxbury, 221. 
 Russell, 247. 
 Rye, 58. 
 
 Sackett's Harbour, 110, 166. 
 Saco, 235. 
 
 Saguenay river, 184, 186. 
 Salem, 229, 232. 
 Salina, 115. 
 Sandusky, 134. 
 Sandy Hook, 59. 
 Sandy Hill, 80, 82, 94. 
 Saratoga Springs, 80. 
 Saugerties, 61, 75. 
 Sault de St. Marie, 138. 
 Schenectady, 80, 83. 
 Schlosser's Landing, 143. 
 Schoharie, 82. 
 Schooley's Mountain, 58. 
 Schuylerville, 82, 96. 
 Seneca Fall, 120. 
 Seneca Lake, 120. 
 Sharon Springs, 82, 9.5, 107. 
 Shrewsbury, 59. 
 Sing Sing, 60, 63. 
 Skaneateles, 115. 
 Slaughter's Landing, C8. 
 Somerville, 58, 62. 
 South Berwick, 235. 
 Split Rock, 98. 
 
 Spraker's Baaln, 73, lOG. 
 
 Spuyton Devil's Creek, 66. 
 
 Squam Lake, 245. 
 
 Staatsburg, 60, 74. 
 
 St Anne's, 172. 
 
 Stillwater, 82, 96. 
 
 St. Johns, 103, 231. 
 
 St. Josephs, 137. 
 
 St. Laurent, 185. 
 
 St. Lawrence River, 104. 
 
 St. Nicholas, 176. 
 
 Stockport, 61. 
 
 Stoney Point, 69. 
 
 Stonington, 61, 204. 
 
 Stoughton, 229. 
 
 St. Patrick's Hole, 184. 
 
 St. Regis, 168. 
 
 Stuvvesant Falls, 61, 77. 
 
 Sy -ncMBe, 81, 82, 114. 
 
 Tadouaac, 186. 
 Tappan Bay, 67. 
 Tarrytown, 60, 67, 75 
 Teller's Point, 67. 
 Thompsonville, 200. 
 Thousand Isles, 165. 
 Three Rivers, 175. 
 Ticonderoga, 92. 
 Tinton Falls, 59. 
 Tivoli, 75. 
 Toledo, 128, 134. 
 Tompkinaville, 58. 
 Tonawanda, 143. 
 Toronto, 116, 161, 163. 
 Trenton Falls, 111. 
 Tribe's Hill, 106. 
 Troy, 60, 65, 80. 
 Turner's Depot, 61. 
 Two Mountains, 172. 
 
 
 «•' 
 
 Union Race Course, 58. 
 Utica, 81, 109. 
 
 Varennes, 175. 
 Verplanck's Point, 69. 
 
 Wadington, 167. 
 Wallingford, 196. 
 Wappinger's Creek, 60. 
 Warsaw, 129. 
 Washington, 247. 
 Waterboro, 63. 
 Waterford, 82, 95, 238. 
 Waterloo, 121, 143. 
 
250 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Watertown, 110. 
 Weebawken, 57, 05. 
 Welland Canal, 160. 
 Well'B Island, 167. 
 Weetborough, 201. 
 West Camp, 75. 
 West Canada Creek, 109. 
 West Farms, 58. 
 Westfield, 63, 246. 
 West Point, 70. 
 Westport, 97. 
 West Rock, 105. 
 West Springfield, 246. 
 West Stockbridge, 60. 
 West Troy, 95. 
 Whirlpool, 157. i 4- 
 
 Wliitehall, 60, 94. ^> 
 
 White Mountains, 130, 291. 
 White Plains, 63, 66. 
 Whitesborough, IIS. 
 William Henry, 175. 
 Williamsbridge, 58. 
 Williamsburg, 58. 
 Windsor, 200. 
 Worcester, 61, 200. 
 Wurtzboro', 63. 
 
 Yale College, 194. 
 Yonkers, 60. 
 Yorkville, 57. 
 Youngstown, 161. 
 Ypsilanti, 137. 
 
 tm 
 
 PART II. 
 
 MIDDLE, SOUTHERN, AND WESTERN, STATES, 
 IN PRESS AND WILL SHORTLY FOLLOW. 
 
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