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The following diagrams illustrate tha method: L'exempiaire fllmi fut reprodult grAc h la g6n6rosltA de r^tabiissement prAteur suivant : La bibliothAque dee Archives publlques du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour Atre reprodultes en un seul clichA sont filmAes A partir de Tangle supArieure gauche, de gauche A droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mAthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 / c f 2: r"» LONIAL AND InDIAI^^-^ EXHIBITION OF 1886, f^fi EVELATION OF UANADA S -TROGRESS AND Resources. EXTRACTS FROM BRITISH AND COLONIAL JOURNALS. OTTAWA: L> E P',A RTMKNT OF" AGRICUL.TURB'i i8se. I / ' ■• ■•*'*»ii Mil uamm ■H Colonial and Indian EXHIBITION or 1886, A Revelation of Canada's Progress AND Resources, EXTRACTS FROM BRITISH AND COLONIAL JOURNALS. OTTAWA: JD K P A. R T M K N T OP' A. Ci K I C U IL. T U rt K ISSS. He (If €3^iH CONTENTS. Pa«i INTRODUCTION ^ OPENING ceremony- Unofficial ACCOUNT. Colonial Trade Journal 2 Official account ^ GBNBRAL RBMARES— London Times (daily and weekly) and Mail * Colonies and India 26- South Australian Register JJ Natal (South Africa) Mercury OJ LeedB (Bnjf.) Jlferctiry *J Bradford (Bng.) Observer 6J Snglish Labourers' Chronicle J*^ Hampshire (Eng.) Pose «» Bangalore (India) Upertator J2 Sydney (N. S. W.) -ff^fl'^ "* Auklaod (N. Z) Weekly News 62 AGRICULTURAL— London Daily Telegraph ■ BUTTKR AND CheSSE — Woodstock (Ont.) Sentinel Review . London Morning Post. Westmoreland (Bng.) Gazette. Flax-t London Daily Telegraph Fruit — North British Agriculturist Newcastle (Eng.) Chronicle London Echo Tbanet Guardian Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail. 62 65 67 6& to 72 74 74 76 75^ !▼ fkmm. Fruit— London Daily Netos 82 Jjondon Morning Pott 83 London Empire — 84 Exeter Western Timet 84 Edinburgh DtWth British AgrieuUuritt 84 Bristol Times 85 LlATHIE — Committee of the Leather Trade, London. W F0BEST8 AND BUILDING MATBRIALS- London Engineering 85 London Building Ifewt 95 London Timber 99 Australian Borne Newt 105 Melbourne Argus 105 Edinburgh Working Men's Delegation 106 MACHINERY— London Mark Lane Ex^ "ess 107 London Echo 109 Edinburgh Working Men's Delegation 109 MINERALS— London Sun 112 London Engineering 112 MANUFACTURES— Leeds Mercury 121 Montreal Star 121 London Building News 128 London Fair Play 125 London Boot and Shoe T^ade Journal » 127 "Leeda Evening Express 128 INDUSTRIAL ART— London Queen , 129 EDUCATION— London Times «,..,, 131 Olerkenwell CAronicfe., 132 Melbourne Argus 132 FINE ARTS— London Jfa^o^tne of Art 132 COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION, 1886. OPINIONS OF THE PKKSS. Id addition to the fall details regarding the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, to be fbani in the offioial report by the High Commissioner, Sir Charles Tupper, it is thought desirable to give, in an abridged form, descriptions and remarks by the newspaper presH regarding the display made by Canada, to which a short state- ment of the origin of the Exhibition appears to form a fitting in- trodaotion. On the 24th of November, 1834, IL R. H. the Prince of Wales addressed a communication to Sir Charles Tapper, calling his atten- tion to the appointment by Her Boyal Majasty the Queen of a Koyal Commission (of which Sir Charles Tapper was appointed one of the members), for the purpose of organizing and carrying oat an exhibition in London, daring the year 1886, of the products, mana- faotares, and resources of the Colonial and Indian Empire. In reference to the details of the Exhibition, it was proposed that the preparation of the catalogues should be left to each colony, so that sach a classification of exhibits might be adopted by each as woald be most suitable for its own requirements, but His Boyal HighnoBs suggested that, among the points of interest to be illas- trated, there sbould be prepared a statistical account of the Domi- nion to 1885, drawn up in such a clear and readable form as to per- mit the valuable information to be readily understood by the work- ing classes of Britain. It was also soggested that maps should be prominently shown in the courts, and that these, on a leduced scale, and the statistics should be largely made ose of in the catalogues. The other exhibits were to be of the usual character, having in the case of manufactures, the raw products of the Dominion placed be- side the manufactured articles. Special attention, however, was called to the desirableoess of having a representation of the woods of Canada, all the cases to be made of native woods, so that a com- plete practical exhibition of them might be made, the building stones and marbles to be also shown in practical form. Besides these, the desire was expressed for the collection of all books having relation to the colonies and India, which led to the formation of a special exhibit of the literary progress of the Domi- nion, as shown in published works. To this was added a display of paintiDfirg by Canadian artists, supplemented by photographs, etc, to illoHtrate the rtoenery, the proc^recs of settlemont, the appoaranco of the citioB and towoH, and iho occapalioDH, amasomonta, etc., of the people^ How the Canadian portion of the exhibition was re- garded by the public, and how nauch it waa appreciated, will be seen by the extractH now given. So far us poHsible, thcHO will bo divided into, 1st, the gonoral ronriarkH on the Canadian Kxhibition aa a whole, and 2nd, the notices of the special classes, although it will not be poHsible to separate the latter into a technically exact olaesifiatioD. THE OPENING OEREMONV. OFFICIAL ACCOUNT. The official account of the opening, published in all the leading papers was in these terms : — The Queen visited the Colonial and Indian Exhibition this (Fri- day) morning. Her Majesty, accompanied by Her Hoyal Highness Princess Beatrice, and attended by Lady Southampton, General Gardiner, and Sir Henry Ponsonby, arrived at the Indian Museum entrance of the Exhibition at a quarter to eleven o'clock, where she was received by the Prince of Wales, K.G„ the Executive President of the Royal Commission, and by Sir Philip Cunliflfe Owen, K.O.IC.G., G.B., C.I.E., Secretary to the Koyal Commission. Colonel Toesdale, V. C, C.B., was in attendance on the Prince of Wales. Her Majesty was joined at the entrance by the Duchess of Albany, attended by Miss Collins. At the entrance to the West Indian Court the band of the 1st West Indian Regiment, which have just arrived from the West Indies, were drawn » and played a selection of music. Lieutenant Norris, who is in ch ^e of the hand, had the honour of being pre- sented to Her Majesty. The Queen then proceeded through the West Indian Court, where she was received by the Executive Com- missioner, Mr. A. J. Adderly, C.M.G., to the British Guiana Section, where she was received by Mr, Ilawtayne, the Executive Commis- sioner; and then visited the Hong Kong Section, where she wau received by Mr. Woodhouse, the Special Commissioner from Hong Kong. Her Majesty albo visited the Straits Settlements Section, where she was received by Mr. Swettenham, the Executive Com- missioner. Her Majesty then proceeded to inspect the Agricultural Trophy in the Canadian Section, where she was received by Sir Charles Topper, K.C.M G., and Lady Tupper, who had the honour of presenting to Her Majesty a bouquet. Her Majesty then pro- ceeded through the Queensland Court, where she was received by Mr. Garrick, C.M.G., the Executive Commissioner, and then through the Western Australian Court, ^, where she was received by Mr. Malcolm Jfraeer, C.M.G., the Executive Commissioner, and Mr. Thompson, the Assistant Commissioner. Her Majesty passed through the New South Wales Court, where she was received by Sir sat 8 Alexander Stuart, K.C.Bi.O., the Executive Commissloaor, and by Captain Loftun, the Secretary to the Commitwion. On entering the Victoria Section Iler Majesty was received by Mr. Oraham Borry, Bxecative OommisHionor, M.r. Bodidto, President of the CommiBsion, and by Mr. Thomson, Secretary to the CommitMion. Uer M.a]>niy then entered the " Old London street," and proceeded thence into the Indian Palace, whe/e Her Majdaty inspected the natives at their work. Dr. Tyler, who is in charge of the natives, was in attendance, and explained the various manufactures. The Queen returning through the " Old London street," passed through another section of the Victoria Oourt, into the Fiji Section, where she was received by Mr. James Mason, the Executive CommiHsioner; and then entered the South Australian Section, where she was received by Sir Arthur BIyth, KO.MCt., the Executive Commissioner, and Sir Samuel Davenport, the commissioner in charge of exhibits. Her Majesty then re-entered Canada, and inspected the furs and the hunting trophy. Her Majesty made a few purchases of furs. The Queen then inspected the Geological collection of the Canadian section, and the various specimens were explained by Dr. 8elwyn, who is in charge of this department. After leaving Canada, Her Majesty entered the New Zealand Court, where she was received by Sir Francis Dillion Bell, K.C.M.G., the Executive Commissioner, and by Dr. Van Haast, C.M.G,, the commissioner in charge of exhibits. In the Cape Court, Her Majesty was received by Sir Charles Mills, K.C.M.G., the acting Executive Commissioner, and by Mr. Sydney Cowper, the Secretary to the Commission. Her Majesty inspected the diamond washing and cutting machinery, as well as the Cafirs, BnBhmen,and Malays. Her Majesty then visited the Natal Section, where sbo was received by Sir William Charles Sargeaunt, K.C.M.O., the Executive Commissioner, and from there proceeded to the West African Court, where she wag received by Sir James Marshall, the Executive Commissioner. Her Majesty then left the exhibition by the Queen's Gate entrance, at a quarter past twelve o'clock. UNOFFICIAL ACCOUNT. The following unofficial report of the opening is taken from the Colonial Trade Journal : Favoured by magnificent weather, the opening ceremony of this truly national and marvellous collection of interesting objects, proved a splendid success, unmarred by a single drawback or un> toward circumstance throughout the day. The strikingly beautiful and impressive ceremonial evoked a degree of enthusiasm and warm-hearted loyalty among all the thousands that were present that has never been exceeded, if indeed, it has been equalled. Our Colonial and Indian visitors were obviously impressed with the fervour with which the Queen was received by all classes of Her loyal subjects. Her Majesty travelled from Windsor by special train, 'a and was aocompanied by the Crown PrincesB of GormaDy, and the Princess Beatrice and her husband, PrincA Honry of Battenberg. An extraordinary number ofBightsoors collected along the whole line of roate, extending to some mileM. Bat the conduct of the crowds was most exemplary, and the police had no diffioalty in keep- ing the bounds. The interior of the Exhibition as the time drew near for Her Majesty's arrival, presented a scene of magnificent splendour and beauty. At a quarter past twelve, distant cheers announced the approach of the Royal cortege, and, after a brief pause, the Royal party entered the building, mid the strains of the National Anthem. First came the Princess of Wales, and then in a group Her Majesty's daughters, the Crown Princess of Germany, Princess Christian, Princess Lonise ■and Princees Henry of Battenberg. The Chief Excutive Com- missioners from the various Colonies and from India formed into a semicircle, and were presented in a body by the Prince of Wales. A flourish of trumpets from the State trumpeters forthwith announced the formation of the procession. This presented to the eye a gor- geous cojibination of color, flashing jewels in profusion, gold and silver lace, intermixed with the quaint costumes and trappings that go to make up a State nageant. In the group immediately fol- lowing Her Majesty were nearly all the members of her family, and several royal and illustrious relatives. These were followed by some of the ladies and gentlemen of the household, and the principal Officers of State. In the inner hall, which was hung with graceful Indian cloths, a guard of 150 Lascars, taken from the P. and O. steamships, was drawn up on either side of the hall; the men were uniformly clothed in white, and they greeted Her Majesty with lowly obeisances. Immediately after passing the hall, the Royal party came upon the magnificent specimen of the taxidermist's art, con- tributed by Messrs. Rowland Ward & Go , representing animal life in the ludian jungle. This unique example of tropical life cannot fail to prove one of the most attractive features of the exhibition. It represents a small portion of a jangle, where it is almost terrible in its wildness of savage luxuriance, where masses of dark and poi- sonous trees are knitted into an impenetrable shade by snaky creepers, and the fever in the hot, moist air seems present like a visible evil genius, lurking to slay its victims. After hearing an address in Hindostanoe, from a Tcnerable Indian craftsman, whose age was stated to be 102, the procession passed onwards between the gold trophy of Victoria, and the triple arch of New South Wales supporting statues of the Queen and the Prince of Wales. Here were noticed the handsome conservatories of New South Wales and Victoria, rc^^undant wsth tropical vegetation. After passing along the gardens whore the grand fountain was in fall play, the Royal {>arty entered the Albert Hall, where an immense audience had been ong waiting to witness the concluding portion of the ceremony, and hear the selected music. The Albert Hall is stated to be cap- able cf holding 12,000 persons, and its capacity was tested to the utmofti Every seat was numbered and reserved, and the sight pre- sented by the hage amphitheatre when filled with a gaily« dressed audience was one that could not be forgotten in a lifetime. A capacious dais had been erected in front of the grand organ; this was carpeted, and bordered by a fine collection of palms and hothouse plants in bloom« A chair of State stood in the centre, upon a gorgeous over-carpet of velvet and gold, and above this was reared a lofty canopy of Indian manufacture and draped with heavy gold embroidery. A great burst of cheering arose when the Queen slowly advanced be* tween the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Gonnaught, and halted in front of the canopy. The National Anthem, with full orchestra, organ and chorus, under tho direction of 1\fr. Barn by, pealed through the hall. The musical effect was something grand, the last verse particularly being sung with exquisite taste and feeling. It was remarked that during its delivery tears were seen to flow down the Queen's face. At the close of the Anthem, the Priuce of Wales called for three cheers for the Queen, and the response was taken up vociferously, and the cheers were repeated over and over again till the lofty roof rang again. Then Madame Albani (the Canadian Prima donna) and the choir sang the Ode, wiitten by the special desire of the Prince of Walec, by Lord Tennyson, and set to music by Sir Arthur Sullivan. The music was conducted under the direction of the accomplished composer, and was received \yith the liveliest satisfaction by the vast audience. It is a spirited and melo* dious work, and will doubtless become very popular. Madame Albani 's lovely voice was heard to the greatest perfection. The sentiment conveyed in the closing lines evoked a perfect tempest of applause. " Britain's myriad voices call Sons, be wedded, each and all, Into one Imperial whole, One with Britain, heart and soul I One life, one flag, one fleet, one throne I Britons, hold yonr own ! And God guard all !" When the enthusiastic cheering had subsided, the Prince read, in a full resonant voice, an address to Ker Majesty, explanatory of the objects and aspirations of the promoters of the exhibition, and the action of the commissioners. The liddress closed with " a heartfelt aspiration that the undertaking might give a stimulus to the com- mercial interests and intercourse in all parts of Her Majesty's dominions, and might be the means of deepening that ste&dfast loyalty which those who dwelt in the mother country shared with our kindred who had elsewhere done honour to her name." The Prince then presented to the Sovereign gome books on the colonies and their products, with the master key, which opens 500 doors in the Exhibition, When the Queen rose to make her reply, there was another great burst of cheering, and although the voice was BDbdued, the utterance was exceedingly distinct, and the tones still retain the bell-like quality of old. The Lord Chamberlain then by command, "declared the Exhibition open." This was saluted by a flourish of trumpets, and a Royal salute of artillery from Hyde Park. A short prayer was uttered by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and this was appropriately followed by the " Hallelujah Chorus " from Handel's Messiah. Madame Albani then sang with the utmost ten* derness and purity of expression, " Home Sweet Home." This was snocoeded by " Rule Britannia," during the performance of which Her Majesty passed out of the building. This brought to a close one of the most memorable and splendid State ceremonials that has taken place since the Exhibition of 1851. In our succeeding issues we shall notice the various objects of in- terest shown by each colony and by India. We are exceedingly glad to announce that the Prince and his fellow members of the Executive Committee have been greatly igrratified by the very friendly and pleasing telegrams of congratulation from the various colonies, and from Indian potentates, upon the opening of the Ex- hibition . Active steps, too, are being taken to enable our visitors to see numerous objects of interest throughout the country. The interchange of views and reciprocal interests brought about by these visits cannot fail to be productive of much good and harmony of feeling, and serve to drive home many a rivet in the fabric of Im- perial Federation. I GENERAL. The London Times published in August two articles, reprinted in its foreign edition (the Mail) on the 6th and 11th of August ; and also in the Weekly Times. The account given in these articles, which are here brought together, is as follows: — t| CANADA. There was considerable hesitation in the Dominion at first as to whether she should condescend to be represented at the great family gathering at South Kensington. Had she kept aloof what a blank there would have been any one can reaiizd who looks u plan of the Exhibition, and see bow Canada is spread almost au over the building, from the gateways of British Guiana and the West Indies on the one side to the frontiers of Natal and the Cape on the other, reaching south to the confines of Now Zaaland, and stretching away into the North-West Ter tories of the arcades and the con- servatory. Our American Dominion, indeed, occupies quite as much space as our Asiatic Empire, nearly as much as all the Aus- tralian colonies put together. And rightly so, no doubt, for has she not an area of Eome three million square miles, and can she not laok back upon a venerable antiquity of ilOO years ; had she not cities 11 and cathedrals, legislatures and great battle-fields, lonfy before any- body thought of making Botany Bay even a penal settlement ? The Canadians have evidently determined that in variety and quantity of exhibits at least they shall not be er.celled, and, on the whole, they have succeeded. In more than one department they are not approached. In none of the courts is progress in all directions more striking and more patent ; none of them — with, perhaps, the exception of India — have richer resources of a solid and enduring character to show; and, all in all, none of them can glory in more marvellous results of human industry. Let us briefly recall some of the events which have marked Canada's progress to aer present proud position in the British Empire. It was in 14*^7 that the Cabots touched at Newfoundland and Labrador. Tu 1534 and 1535 Jacques Cartier made his way up the St. Lawrence beyond the sites of Quebec and Montreal, and took possession of the country in the name of France. It was not, however, till 1603 that under the chivalrous Cbamplain serious colonization began ; and only in 1605 did he make the first settlement at what is now Annapolis Boyai in Nova Scotia, and there was sown the first field of wheat ever sown by the hand of white man in Canada. With varying fortunes did France retain pros@ession of Canada and people it with her children, until in 1759 Wolfe won it for Eng- land with his life on tho heights of Abraham. At that time the population could not have been over 100,000, for even in 1784 Lower Canada had only 120,000 inhabitants and the present Province of Ontario was almost a wilderness, with a total European population of less than 2,000. Meantime, by the independence of the United States, Canada had been despoiled of the magnificent region lying between the Mississippi and Ohio, which by the Qaebeo Act, 1774» had been attached to the province. But Canada was still virtually a Crown colony, and it was only slowly and grudgingly that the mother country granted her that independence which she craved and deserved. Not until 1841 were the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada united under one Administration and responsible government firmly established. The united population at tnat time was only about a million and a-half. So long ago as 1808 Bichard J. Uniacke introduced the question of the union of all the British provinces in North America before the Legislature of Nova Sootia. From thai time until 1867 the subject was frequently brought for- ward, until on May 22 of that year a Boyal Proclamation united tho Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, I va Sootia and New Brunswick into one Dominion. In 1870 Rupert's Land, Manitoba, and the North* West Territories were added to it ; followed in 1871 by British Columbia and in 1872 by Prince Edward Island. By an Order in Council in 1880 all territories in British North America not already included in the Dominion, with the exception of New- foundland, were incorporated. There are many minor details of interest connected with these transactions into which we cannoti 8 «nter, bat on which information may be obtained in the handbook on the Dominion compiled for the Exhibition under the direction of the Hon. John Carliog, Minister of Agriculture. Canada ig now Tirtnally her own miBtrcse, with a suffrage in the older provinces at leaat approaching the univeri^al. meantime bow has her population grown ? In 1781, as ^e have seen, Upper and Lower Canada together had only 120,U00 white inhabitants, and probably another 30,000 would have covered the other colonies now included in the Dominion. In 1806, 22 years later, that had trebled, the population being 455,899; within the next 28 years they had again trebled ; as in 1834 the census was returned at 1,303,000. Ten years later half a million had been added to the population, and within seven years after another 745,000 ; the census of 1851 giving a total of 2,547,158 inhabitants. Within the next 20 years Canada received an accession of a million to her population, which in 1871 was 3,602,600. In 1881 it was 4,324,810, and at the present date it u estimated at 4 800,000. This rate of increase, oi course, bears no comparison with that of the United States. Kor is it to be expected, for while admitting that in many respects Canada is a splendid field for colonization and possesses agricultural capabilities and mineral resources capable of immense development, it would be the blindest chauvinism to maintain that the one has anything bke the capabilities of the other. For one thing, although the two territories are about equal in area, only about one- third of the three million odd square miles of Canada is iitted for permanent settlement. Still, whet, we remember that this io ten times the area of the United Kingdom, surely it must be admitted that with all due allowance for climate, there must be a splendid future in store for the Dominion. Until 1870 the population was almost entirely confined to the Eastern Provinces ; in that year the North- West Territories purchased from the Hudson Bay Company were thrown open to colonization, and already they have a population of 80,000, including about 20,000 Indians. These territoiies for agri- culture and stock are in some respects feuperior to the western United States. In 1871 the population of Manitoba was only 12,000 ; now it is probably close on 100,0( 0. In recent years immi- gration has greatly increased. From 187 1 to 1881 the average num- ber of immigrant settlers was 35,000 per annum. In 1882 the num- ber suddenly rose to 112,458, in 1883 it was 133,624, in 1884 it was 203,824, and in 1885, 279,160. Canada has low reached the stage when she can choose her own immigtants. While capital and sinews are still welcome, mechanics who cannot turn their hand to agriculture and pioneer work are cautioned that the Dominion is quite equal to providing its own workmen, while for loafers, clerks, and handless people generally, there is no corner. Of the total popula« tion of Canada, 85 per cent, are native-born. How sparsely settled are still some of the old provinces may be seen from the fact that Ontario has only 19 persons per gquare mile, and Quebec itself only on ID (1 book iotion of is now Irovinces • e havo white red the 2 years bin the ms was m added r45,000 ; Within n to her 324,810, rate of d States. reBpeots caltural opmont, ono has although •third of rmanent tmea the I at with 'ature in almost e North- ny were lation of for agri- western 7&9 only rs immi- ige num- Lhe num- )4 it was he stage )ital and hand to 3 is quite [*ks, and 1 popala- r settled %Gt that self only seven. The most densely populated is Prince Sdward Island, with 64 persons per square mile ; in Manitoba it is 0*5, and in British Colombia 1*14, while in the North-West Territories the density in still too small to be reckoned. Of aborigines, Canada has still abont 130,000, but of these 85,000 are settled, most of them comfortably, and many of them well-to-do. Canada, indeed, deserves credit for the care she exercises over the remnants of the dispossessed popula< tion. What, then, are the resources of this immense territory, and what have its 4^ millions of inhabitants done to develop them ? Fisheries on both coasts and in rivers and lakes unsurpassed ; thousands of square miles of forest in the eastern Provinces, which, in spite of centuries of spoiiation, are with care still inexhaustible; agricul- ture all over the old Provinces, and with stock rearing rapidly taking its way westwards over the great prairie lands to the slopes of the Eooky Mountains ; mineral resources of ail kinds, gold and silver, coal and iro , and copper and other metals, and minerals of nearly every variety. What account has the Dominion to render of alt these ? Its widespread courts at South Kensington tell us. The general arrange:"' snt of the Canadian courts is markedly prac- tical and utilitarian. While the ornamental and artistic have their places, the courts in this res'^ect cannot compare with those of Austra- lia and many of the smaiiur colonies. Those who wish to see what Canada can do in the way of art should do themselves the pleasure of inspecting the pictures in the Albert Hall, while the many fine Ehotographs in the Qaadrant Court will give some idea of what she as to show in the way of scenery and public buildings. Nothing in its way could be more ornamental than the agricultural trophy at one end of the Central Gallery or Mr. Hubbard's magnificent game trophy at the other. The prominence and superiority of agricultural product-^ and im- plements may be taken to some extent a;S indicating that Canada is in the second stage of national progress. Not so long ago peltry and lumber were her mainstays. These are still of great import- ance, and it will only be by negligence and mismanagement that they will ever become less important than they are. But the Dom- inion is bound to become increasingly agricultural, taking that term in its widest sense as including both crops and stock. Agriculture must be the basis of her national prosperity. Canada has only made a start as a manufacturing country, but in that direction also a great fature is in store for her. Of the total area of the Dominion, only about fifty million acres, or one-fortieth of the whole, are occupied, though the occupied area is increasing at a very rapid rate. If we be liberal and take 1,000 million aoreis as the area fit to be occupied permkioently, then 19-20th8 still remain to be taken up. But it must not be imagined that the land unfit for permanent human habi- tation is useless; in the Booky Mountains and in the Arctic North Canada should be found ample stores of peltry-yielding game. In SB 10 ■^ the United States, whioh have about the same area, ton times more acres have been taken up than in Canada, and this is about the ratio which the populations of the two countries bear to each other. It is interesting and suggestive to find tbat the same ratio exists in Canada and the States between the agricultural and industrial results in all directions. Kvidently, then, what Canada requires most of all is a population to develop her immense resources. That population will, no doubt, come both by natural increase and by immigration, and if it is of the same material as in the present and the past there can be no doubt of the resuU. Now that railway communication is open from the Atlantic to the Pacific, facilities for developing the country are vastly increased, and with branch lines running north and south, the improvement of river navigation, and the making of good roadH, Canada should be able to hold her own with any com- petitor. Doubtless her climate has its drawbacks, and what climate has not ? If Canada has her occasional eummer frosts and her hlizzards (and her people know pretty well how to meet them), have not our tropical colonies their disastrous hurricanes and epi- demics, and our Australasian possessions their protracted droughts and their innumerable waterless rivjr-beds? As far aa salubrity is concerned, a winter in Canada is geniality itself compared to an average English winter and spring. Those most interec»ted in the developmeut of Canada have no need to conceal its drawbacks, nor, as a rule, do they. It is only interested land agents who represent the place as a paradise, and so catch the unwary fathers with sons to place and small capitalists who imagine they can leap to wealth without labour. In Canada, as elsewhere, the man who wants to succeed must be prepared for the hardest work and the endurance of hardships which, though disagreeable, will not hurt him if he has a decent constitution to begin with and gives it fair play. Of the occupied area ot Canada some 22 million acres were re- turned as " improved " at the census of 1881, and since then it may he estimated that this has approached 25 millions. Of the " im- proved " over 15 million acres were under crops and the rest under pasture. This 15 million acres produced 150 million bushels of oats, wheat, rye, barley, maize, and pulse, giving 10 bushels per acre as an average, though in some of the crops in certain improved locali- ties the average is nearly as good as that of New Zealand. Between 1881 and 1885 the cultivated land in the North-West Territories alone increased from 28,800 acres to 190,000, or an average of 43,000 acres per year. In 1881, in Manitoba, 250,000 acres were under •cultivation, and if this has increased at even one-half the ratio of the North- West Territories it must now be considerably over half a mil- lion acres. Fortunately, the land in Canada so far occupied is pretty fairly subdivided among the population. The farmers are mostly -content with moderate-sized farms, from 100 to 640 acres, though in the West, of course, there are cattle ranches of great extent. ■Still, on the whole, the central or the provincial Governments have fifi; mm mm 11 98 more be ratio ier. It cista in I resnltB Bt of all )ulatioa ^ration, Ht there tation is nng the ; north iking of ay com- oiimate md her them), ind epi- roughts ibrity is )d to an d in the jks, nor, (present ith sons > wealth v^ants to ranco of he has a were re* 1 it may he " im- st under \ of oats, ' aore as id looali- Between rritories )f 43,000 re under Lio of the Eilf a mil- is pretty e mostly I, though t extent, mts have a fair hold on the land, and it will be well for the country if th« present policy of moderate-sized oooupanoies be continued. It will be seen from the display in the east transept of the Oen. tral Court, in 'vhioh the trophy is conspiouous, that the soil of Can* ada has been made to yield nearly every variety of produce, of tem- perate latitudes, from the grapes and iuHcious fruits of the south, to the hardy grains of Manitoba and the North-West Territories. A brief description of the trophy and its surroundings will give some idea of this riohness and variety. The main b3dy of the trophy is of square formation, each side measuring some 20ft. in length, giv- ing a total circumference of about 80ft. The main structure is raised to a height of about 34ft. from the ground, supported at each corner by an arch. Kouod these arches, and displayed on every side of the trophy, is an adD^irable collection of fruits from all parts of Canada, all grown in the open air. Among them will be seen apples of every variety from the eastern provincen, grapes from Quebec and Ontario, peaches, plums cherries, gooseberries, cran> berries, and pears of remarkable Bize, with otberliuits, from British Columbia. These aic ebown to great advantage in glass jars, la- belled wii,b the name of the grower and loc<»,lity of growth, and pre- servou in a strong ohemical solution. Grouped below the fruita near the ground are open bags of wheat, oats, barley, rye and peas, which we are informed have elicited highly favourable opinions from agriculturists. Some samples are from the ''•otch crofters' settlements, and indicate the success which has crowued their per- severing labors. In the centre of the trophy a pillar rises to the height of about 35ft., round the base of which are arranged 40 speci- mens of wood from British Columbia, including the scrub pine, western thorn, Douglas fir, red cedar, and black and yellow pine. By an logeoious arrangement, a photograph of each species of tree, framed in its own wood, is placed beside it. Appearing again above the main part of the trophy, the central column is seen to consist of tinned goods, decorated with sheaves of the high grasses of the North- West. From each of the four corners of the main tower there rises a minor tower, composed of canned fruits and meats, faced with sheaves of wheat and hung with festoons of oats in the straw. Around the main body of the trophy as it converges to the centre are found tins of butter, cans of condensed milk, Canadian hams, casks of Canadian sugar, &o. On the east and west sides are life* size plaster figures of a woodman, with axe in hand, and a dairy* maid, illustrating the industries of the Dominion. Here are also some fine specimens of native hops from Aianitoba. From the cor- ners of the main structure are seen the glistening steel of agricul- tural implements, forks, scythes, rakes, ploughs, &c., and a " prairie* breaker." The artistic design of this trophy is greatly admired, and while it presents a wonderful display of the agricultural achievements of the Dominion, the whole reflects great credit on Mr. Alexander Begg, of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, and those by whom he was ably a^ssisted. 12 :i^ii|t The agricaltnral exhibits Barroanding the trophy are varied and worthy of atteotioo ; the rooi crops exhibited by Mr. William Ken- nie from the seed farm at Toronto ; the various fraits, vegetables, cereals and fiuinacious products from different provinces of the PomioioD, incladirg gome first-rate samplea of the hard wheats of the North- West, with fine samples of barley from BaHtern Canada; also flax, the cultare of which is extending in the North West. The fibre of this plant is foand to be of the very best quality for making fwper and other material. The butter and cheese exhibits show one of the moat hopeful industries of the Dominion ; Ibe exhibit of Canadian cheese by Mr. T. D. Millar is remarkable for size, while the quality is pronounced by judges to be Batislactorj. The Cana- dian cheese trade is an illuHtration of the enormous growth of exports, having reached, in 1885, over 86 million pounds of cheese. The products of the forests have long been a source of great wealth to Canada, and the woods throughout the exhibition form one of iiij chief attractions. In no section are they finer or more varied than in the Agricaltara^ where, under tho guidanoe of Professor Macoun, they become a prominent and intertisting feature of the Exhibition. Great credH is doe to Professor Saanders for the successful pres- ervation .^f the largo collection of fruit, which, notwithstanding the failure to sAve many of the original specimens, numbers about 1,000 glass jars. Mr. Starr, who is now in charge of this department in* forms us that it is the intention to supplement the present collections with specimens cl fre>h fruit, which will bo forwarded from Canada week after week as the different varieties mature, and it is expected there will be a gratd display before the close of the Exhibition. Some of the cheeses thown in this section are of enormous size, weighing as much as 1,2-8 lbs. each. They deserve to occupy a place so prominent, for Canada has rapidly become one of the great- est cheese prodocing countries in the world. The export has grown from 1,500,000 lbs. in 1868 to 85.000,000 in 1685, valued at 98,500- 000, eight times the quantity exported by the United States. Butter was also reported to over a quarter of a million sterling, and eggs to the enormons namber of over 11^ million dozen. All these ex- ports go mainly to the United Kingdom. It is worthy of note that within very recent years animals and their produce have taken a more important place in Canadian exports than agricultural produce itself. In 1882 the proportion to the whole exports of home pro- dace was: — Agricaltaral produce, 35*61; animals and their pro- dnctrf, 21'72; forest products, 26-57; tisheriof. 8 17 ; products of the mine, 3'42. In 1885 the proportion was; — Agricultural produce, 25'08 ; animals and their products, 32*02 ; products of tLe forest, 24*06; fisheries, 9.13; products of the mine, 4*17. The export of beevej in 1877 was 25,357 ; in 18hi5 it was 143,000 ; of sheep in 1877, 141,187 ; in 1885, 335,000. There, indeed, seems to be con- stant flactnation in the export of agricultural prodacct For example, in 1863 we find it $12,870,000; in lt74, $27,568,000 ; in 18 1877, over $19,000,000; in 1882, «35,589,000 i in 1884, 18,000,000; and in 7 885, $19,000,000. On the other hand, the oxports of animals and their produce hHovv a conHtant increase from $6,893,0r ) in 1868 to $26,500,000 in 18fi5. Manitoba alone in 1885 exported nearly a million dollars' worth of animal produce, whereas the export of agricoltural produce iell from $U,420 in 1880 to $653 in 1884, arising to only $5,500 in 1885. But 1884 seems to have been a most disastrous year for agricultare all over the Dominion. Cattle are increaaiog in numbers muoh more rapidly than sheep. At the census of 1831 there were nearly three and a hail million cattle as compared with 2,700,000 in 1871, whereas sheep during the same period declined from above 3,200,000 to 3,000,000, and swine from 1,500,000 to 1,200,000. To judge from the census figures of 1831 rats bulk muoh more largely in Caiadian agriculture than wheat. In that year the total crop of oats amounted to 70,000,OC'0 bushels, while that of wheat was only 32,000,000, and all other grain 48,500,000 bushels. The total produce of root crops was 104,000,000 bushels. If we take a flight to the othar end of the central gallery we find ourselves in the west gallery, amii a bewildering profusion of agri- cultaral implements of all kinds, which aN much as the cereal exhibits, show the importance of this branch of industry in Canada. Self- binders, reapers, mowers, horso-rakes., seeders, harrows, ploU;;hB, scrapers, rollers, cultivators, fanning mills, threshing machines, and general harvesting machinery of all types may be seen in motion, for Canada has the exceptional distinction this year of being the only exhibitor having machinery in motion. In a country like Canada, where labour is scarce, the strongest impetus is given to labour- saving machinery. No doubt similar machinery will be seen at any agricultural exhibition in this country and the States, but not a few of the exhibits are distinctly novel, and all of them have undergone modifications which better adapt them to Canadian conditions. Ease and simplicity of work charactcriza most of them. Wo have ploughs that can plough something I'ke a dozen farrows at a time, reapers that will do the work of cQ men, threshing machines of enormous size driven by steam or by two or three horses tramping over an ingeniously arranged endless belt of logs, grass and hay cutters, and, most wonderful of all, a machine that cuts and binds the grain at once as it goes along, and another combining a thresher, separa- tor and cleaner. As to the comparative merits of the machinery of the different makers, we cannot pretend to decide. The largest exhibitors are the Massey Manufacturing Company, Toronto; the Watson Company, of Ayr, Ontario, who have gained many medals ; the Cockshutt Plough Company ; Elliott and Sons, of Ontario; but there are many others whose products seem to as equally satisfactory. Where there is so muoh com petition we may be sure the purchaser will be the gainer. The manulaoture of agri- cultural implements is one which in Canada is bound to become of T 14' inoreaHing importance. At tbo oen^us of 1881 it wm foand that the capital invested in thig industry was 14,000,000; the total annual value of products, 94,400,000 ; and the number of hands employed, 3,666. We must return to this department again when we come to speak of Canadian manufactures generally. Meantime let us return to the west end of the Central Qallery, and see what Canada has to show in the shape of minerals. Here we find a large and striking collootion, as might be expected from a country having so admirably conducted a Geological Survey as Canada. i*or this Targe collection of minerals and rocks of eco- nomic importance has been brought together mainly by the Geolo- gical Survey, under the direction of Dr. A. R. 0. Selwyn, many specimens, however, being exhibited by private persons. Perhaps the most prominent features of this portion of the Canadian Court are two immense blocks of coal from the Nanaimo and Wellington Mines respectively, the former weighing five tons cwt. These mines are situated in British Columbia, and are the most important ones on the Pacific coast. The aggregate ocit-put of the two mines in 1885 amounted to 357,548 tons, a considerable proportion of which was shipped to California. Coal also occurs abundantly in the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New firuniswick, as well as in the North- West Territories. Its occurrence in iiaexhaustiblo quantities in the Territories is of especial importance, owing to the scarcity of wood on some portions of the plains. A room opening off one of the wings of the main court is devoted to Nova Scotia coal. This province, which contains the most extensive and important ooal mines in the Dominion, is represented by large exhibits from no fewer than 13 collieries. The total amount raised in Nova Scotia in 1885 was 1,352,205 tons, and the total amount of coal produced in Canada in 1884 amounted to 1,783,865 tons. Blocks of very fine iron ore from various parts of the Dominion are exhibited near the upper end of the court. Although iron is smelted in Nova Scotia as well as at several places in the Province of Quebec, this industry is one which will probably be more exten- sively developed in the future, since Canada still imports far more iron than she produces. The total value of iron and steel imported into Canada in various forms in 1884 was $14,790,727, and the grand total imported in the 17 years since Confederation reaches the sum of $230,741,434, equal to an annual average of 18^ million dollars. Iron ore is found in every province of the Dominion, and almost every variety of it is exhibited. In Ontario large quantities of the finest iron ore are annually mined and exported to the United States to be smelted there, owing to the fact that in this province coal cannot be obtained at a sufficiently low price to allow of the smelting bei^g done on the spot. Two large gilded pyramids representing respectively the amount of gold obtained from British Columbia in the last 25 years and from Nova Scotia up to the present time, as well as a largo collec- ^StM "■ ~- --'— ~- 15 'ion of specimens of native gold fVom variouH looalitios, bear wit- nesfl to tho fact that Onnada is also a producer of gold. The prin- cipal gold dlHtricts are in tho Provincos of Britiuh Columb.a, Que- bec, and Nova Scotia. I'l iL. two former the gold is obtained from placer deposits and in the latter by quarts mining. The value of the gold obtained in British Columbia in tho last 25 years is about $50,000,000, while Nova Scotia has up to the present time produced $7,706,000 worth. Many specimens of various ores of silver, copper, zinc and anti- mony, from ditlerent parts of the Dominion, are also on exhibition, as well as specimens of excellent mangancso ore, which has of lato been extensively mined in Nova Scoiia and New Brunswick, and much of which has been found on examination in the laboratory of the Geological Survey to be exceptionally free from iron. A good deal of work has recently been done in tho Lake Superior district in developing important silver deposits which have been discovered there, and the results so far obtained are very promising. Of all the minerals in this court the asbestos probably attracts most atten- tion. It is a mineral which has of late years been discovered and extensively mined, principally in the township of Thetford, in tho Province of Quebec. A large manufactory has also been erected at Quebec, which is supplied with all the most improved machinery lor the production of various asbestos goods. The mineral can be seen in the crude state as it comes from the mine, as well as manu- factured into rope and wick for engigeand valve packing, powdered for the preparation of fire-proof paints, woven into tape, and mode into millboard, &c. The exhibit of the Anglo-Canadian Asbestos Company is especially worthy of mention. Another mineral which has recently been mined very largely in Canada is apatite or phosphate of lime The principal mines are situated near Ottawa, and are in rocks of Lauren tian age. Large blocks of the mineral from a number of diflerent mines are to be seen in a wing of the main court, and a very large crystal of the mineral — probably the largest ever obtained — stands near these. The quantity raised increases every year ; in 1835 it amounted to 23,906 tons. It is exported for the most part to Great Britain and Germany, and is used for the manufactures of manures. There i also a largo collection of various oils, paraffine wax, candles, cokes, &o., manufactured by Mr. Waterman at London, On tario, from petrolem obtained at Petrolea, situated in the same pro- vince. For the last four years the amount of petroleum pumped in this district has amounted to no less than 6,000,000 barrels annually, the industry giving employment to no less than 6,000 persons. A collection of cubes, pedestals, and slabs of building and ornamental stones is also to be seen in the main court, the granites and serpen- tines being especially handsome, There is also some very fine slate, as well as a number of articles, such as washtubs, blackboards, &c., made from it, and exhibited by the New Kockland Slate Com- 16 *.)■■ pany of Montreal. The priocipal manufaotureri, mainly of the Province of Ontario, have also sent a large colleotion of bricks, drain tiles, kc , &» well as samples of the clay from which they were manafacturod. Many other minerals and prodacts of greet economic impoitance, snoh as graphite, gypsum, soapstone, mioa, limes, cements, &o., are also on exhibition, bat here cannot be more mentioned. The whole colleotion forms about as complete a ropre- sotitation of the mineral wealth of the Dominion as could well be made in the space hero allotted t Nor must we omit to mention thu fine colloction, of more soien- titio than economical interest, of geological specimens and fossils. Most interesting of all are the specimens illustrating Eozoon Cana- dense, over which so many battles have been fought. Sir William Dawson, one of the most eminent living geologists, whom Canada has sent to preside this year at the Birmingham meeting of the British Association, maintains that in this we have the most ancient of all organiHms. This, however, has been very hotly and ably con- tested, chiefly by German geologists. About the antiquity of the thing, whatever it bo, there can bo no doubt; as to whether it lived and moved in the LiureLtian waters is a question on which proba- bly there always w.ll be two opinions. Canada is evidently not yet ripe for the development of her im- mense mineral resources. Some day doubtless nhe will do great things with her coal and iron. In the situation of her coal beds, not only she, but the British Empire, is fortunate. In the east she has abundance of coal bordering on the Atlantic, and in the west an equal abundance bordering on the Paoific. Not only in time may she be the source of the principal coal supply for the whole Pacific coast of America, but the value to the Empire in case of war of two so accessible ooal supplies is patent. The coal areas of Canada are estimated at about 100,000 square miles. Of the Cape Breton field alone the total available coal is estimated at 800 million tons. The basin of true and lignite coal of the best quality along the base of the Rocky Mountains, from the 49th parallel to the Peace River, is estimated at 60,000 square miles, while the Pacific coast area is estimated at about 14,000 square miles. In quality the Vancouver Island bituminous coals are found to be superior for all pracvicai purposes to any coals on the Pacific coast. Rising beside the mineral collection is the greatest ornament of the Canadian Court, Mr. J. II. Hubbard's magnificent game trophy. Mr. Hubbard is a mighty hunter ; every oae of the animals so effec- tively arranged iu the lofty and crowded trophy was shot by him- self, and they may be taken au a representative sample of the abundant game which still roams over Canada's northern territories and the picturesque slopes of the Eocky Mountains. As a matter of fact, however, nearly the whole of the specimens arranged in the trophy have been obtained in the Province of Manitoba, of the gun club of which Province Mr. Hubbard is president. As agriculture It «d7*Qoea game muAt retire; bat it will bo a lonjr time yet before the game is thuH driven out of Manitoba, where tor many years to come abondanoe of eport shoald be obtainable. But aa there moat be a limit both to agrioulture and stock raiaing io Canada, there is no reason why she should not in her remoter and hic^her regions be always well stooked with game, and so retain the products of the chase as a nonanimportant export. Fare alone in 1885 counted for 1 1,600,000 among her exports. Some of the specimens of Mr. Hubbard's skill as a marksman are really supern. Here we pee many of the animaU with which American hunting narratives have made cs familiar— the Rocky Mountain goat, the wapti, the big horn, the caribou, the moose, the black and grizzly boars, the Arctic fox, the skunk ; with splendid hoads of the moose, the Rocky Moun- tain shoop, th'f elk, butftilo, antelope, and many others, with birds of all kinds and varied plumage displayed in all. Underneath the trophy is a nicely furnished chamber where Mr. Hubbard receives his visitors ; and here, if a visitor succeeds in winning his favour he will aproad out one of the most magnificent buffalo hides that surely over graced animal. To illustrate the natural history wealth of the Dominion the Canadian Government contribntee a collection of over 400 birds and 68 mammals. Her Royal Highness the Prin- cess Louise also contributes a collection of birds, a souvenir of her pleasant Canadian exporioncos. The Hudson's Bay Company has a corner to itself, in which are arranged some splendid specimens o5 its inrs. Adjoining the Hudson's Bay Company's exhibit is s case containing various specimens of the produce of the island of Anti- cost!, and among these various animals, including bears, a variety of birds, gulls, ducks, eagles, hawks, &c. As every one nhould know, this island, some 3,850 square miles in extent, lies right in the centre of the mouth of the St. Lawrence. The popular impression is that it is a dreary island, mostly befogged, where no one would live unless compelled. We are now assured this is a mistake, and to prove the fertility of the ieland, the case referred to contains fine specimens of a variety of vegetables, besides cereals, game, fish, and other tlAings. The island has been bought by Mr. F. W. Stockwell and his brother, and a company is being formed to develop it. The island evidently affords fair sport and no doubt is capable of yield- ing crops of various kinds. But we should think it would be diffi- cult to perEuade poople to colonize it so long as the mainland has so much space to spare. Those interested in the island should apply at the Bxhibition for the abundant liturature upon it and the pros- pectus of the company, and make up their minds for themselves as to its attractions. A good many other natural history specimens are on view in this and the adjoining court, including a Iarg> collec- tion of insects sent by th3 Entomological Society of Ontario, and as an insect product should be mentioned 4,000 lbs. of extracted natur- al honey rrom Mr. Holterman, of Fisherville, Haldimand, Ontario. From land animals one naturally passes to the denizens of the waters with which Canada has been so abundantly endowed. The 2 18 ji two great oceaoH bonnd her, and Fend off Bhoots deep into th& land ; the greatest lakes in the world she shares with the United States ; lakes are scattered all over the faoe of the territory, and great rivers are every whe ", The collection of stuffed and pre- served specimens of Canadian fishes and marine invertebrates is large and comprehensive, and the specimens as a rule in good con- dition. Nearly every class of fresh and salt-water fish is repre- sented here, from the shark, the sturgeon and the salmon down to the haddock and flounder. The importance of the Canadian fish- eries has been very forcibly brought before the British public recently in connection with the disputes with the United States. This resource is indeed an invaluable one to Canada, and she should gaard it carefally. Crustaceans and shell fish are also amply repre- sented in this collection, as well as marine mammals, like the seal and whale. The boating man as well as the fisher wi'l find special delight in walking through the court, lying to the west of the ma- chinery section, devoted to fishing apparatus. Here we have fish- ing tackle in every variety ; and here also, belonging to the class Navigation, we find those garceful canoes for which Canada is famous — cedar canoes, bark canoes, canoes with peddles and canoes with sails, and boats and models of boats and ships of all kinds for fishing, for lumber, for ordinary trade. The importance of Cana- dian fisheries is evident from the facts that the exports of their pro- duce in 1885 amounted in value to $8,000,000, and the total value of their produce is estimated at $31,000,000. Great attention has recently been given to the development of the Canadian fisheries, and Government wisr !y does what it can to encourage them. The number of men engi^ged in the fisheries in 1885 was 40,000, the number of large vessels, 1,177, aiid of boats, 28,470. Cod, of course, is the most abundant and valuable of sea fish, the value of the yield in 1885 being over 4^ million dollars. Next to that comes the lobster (which wo know is not a fish except in commerce), valued at $2,613,000 ; the herring, nearly 2^ millions ; mackerel, 1^ rail- lion; and then the salmon, $1,150,000, Of tinned salmon alone 5,000,000tbs. were exported in 1885, of which over four millions went to Great Britain. Many exhibits are shown connected with navigation generally, and this reminds us that Canadian ships are found on every sea, and the tonnage of the Dominion stands fourth in the list of maritime powers. On January 1 of this year the number of vessels registered in Canada was 7,315 of 1,231,856 tons, including 1,181 steamers of 212,870 tons. Shipbuilding has long been an important industry in Canada, though since iron began to take the place of wood there has been some falling off. Passing from the fisheries to the forest, we find one of Canada's Idest industries fairly well illustrated in her thov of woods. The botany in general of the Dominion is particularly well represented in the Exhibition. There is a v^ry fine Government exhibit of flcwers, plants and ferns, including about 3,000 species and varie- 19 into the > Uoited ory, and and pre* Dbrates is jood con- is repre- down to dian fish- ih public ed States, le shoQld ply repre- the seal id speoial F the ma- have fish- the olasB Canada is nd oanoes kinds for I of Gana- their pro- il valoe of mtion has fisheries, em. The ),000, the of course, ■ the yield somes the b), valued )1, 1^ rail- non alone r millions cted with ships are ids fourth t year the l,b56 tons, I has long i began to )f Canada's kkIs. The epresented exhibit of and varie- ties, besides another exhibit arranged to show: — (I) plants of economic interest; (2) plants of interest to horticulturists; (3) plants of interest to scientific student^). Mrs. Chamberlain's coUec* tion of plates of specimens of wild flowers and fungi is of much scientific interest. The Western e'^bibits, however, are those which are likely to attract most attention. While specimens will be found over nearly the whole of the courts in one form or another, they are collected mainly in the Central Gallery. From the Caoadian (lovern- ment we have a British Columbia Douglas fir, 148 feet long, besides blocks of red fir, white spruce, cyprosn, pine, white birch, pop- lar, black birch, balsam and other trees characteristic of the Domin- ion. The Hastings Saw MiU Company (British Columbia) send fine sections oi the Douglas fir, probably the most valuabb tree of that region, and also of the spruce tree. In speaking of the agricultural trophy we referred to the fine specimens of timber which form part of it, and to the photographs accompanying them, framed each in its own wood. The Grovernment also has an exhibit carefully pre- pared by the Geological and Natural History Survey of 108 species of timber trees; and the Canadian Pacific Bailv^ay Company sends blocks of various woods belonging to the North- West Territories. The show cases, moreover, are nearly all of Canadian woods. From tje New Brunswick Government there is a fine collection of woods of that province in the Central Court, arranged in plank's as a trophy, with leaf, fruit and flower nicely painted on each. Generally speak- ing, the pine of various sp .os is the most valuable timber tree in Canada ; the white pine and red pine over most of the eastern pro- vinces, and the Douglas pine of British Columbia. Then we have white and black spruce, hemlock, white, red, and black, balsam pine, larch, birch, maple, beech, cedar and a great variety of others, though that variety is not to be compared with what wo find in the United States. Of all these, the white pine is no doubt the most valuable and best known. The spruce in its three varieties is of importance to the lumber trade of the maritime provinces. The bark of the hemlock is valuable for its tanning properties, while that of the white birch is the bark so much used for canoes. The birds- eye maple furnishes beautiful furniture wood ; while many other trees of the Canadian forests find other uses, if for nothing else, at least as firewood. Bat even at the present day, we fear, the Canadian show the most reckless disregard for their forests; though since the advent of the European, fires have done far more to sweep away the forests than the agricultural pioneer or the lumberman. Dr. Bobert Bell, of the Geological Survey, in a paper read at the Montreal meeting of the British Association, states that the amount of timber which has been lost through forest fires in Canada is almost incredible, and can only be appreciated by those who have travelled much in the northern districts. The proportion of red and white pine which has thus been swept away in the Ottawa Valley and in the St. Maurice and Georg* 2i Iff ■ :elm, Mr. Bell assures us, have been already exported. The cherry, black walnut, red cedar, and hickory have likewise been practically exhausted. Eed oak, bass wood, white ash, white cedar, hemlock, butter- nut, hard maple, &c., as well as many inferior woods, are still to be found in sufiScient quantity for home consumption. A con- siderable supply of yellow birch still exists, and in some regions is still almost untouched. Mr. Boll shows that the white pine, the great timber tree of Canada, has a very much more limited area than is popularly suppose J. Even if we include the Douglas pine area of British Columbia, the pine region is very limited compared with the whole area of Canada. The principal white pine reserves, as yet almost untouched, are to be found in the region around Lake Temiscamioge and tLonce westward to the eastern shore of Lake Superior, and to the csutral parts of the district between the Ottawa and Georgian Bay. But the exportable white pine, Mr. Boll tells us, must be exhausted in a few years, though there are still vast quantities of spruce and larch to fall back upon, not to mention the immense supplies of British Columbia. Bat there are still vast forests of small timber in the northern regions which can soon be 21 used for agricultural purposes, and which oould be used for railways, telegraph poles, fences, and such like. Still surely the condition of the Canadian forests deserves the serious attention of the Central and Provincial Governments. If it is decided that they are not worth preserving, then let the reckless lumbermen and the forest fires have their way. But surely a product which has still so important a place in the exports and in the internal economy of the country deserves looking after. All that is wanted is systematic cutting and systematic planting not only of native trees but of such foreign species us would grow on Canadian soil. In an official report pub- lished in 1878 it was estimated that, excluding Manitoba and the North- West Territory, about 300,000 square miles of Canada were under forest, and of this 142,000 square miles were in British Col- umbia and 115,000 in Quebec. The total value of forest product ex- ported in 1885 was $21,000,000 and of this about nine and a half millions each went to Great Britain and the United States. About three-fourths of the export \/as classed as lumber, including planks, boards, joists, deals and staves, about two and a half million dollars worth beiog in the form of special timber. This timber export does not include manufactared articles of wood» of which there are so many exhibits, both in Central Coart, the West Gallery and the stalls in the arcades. It was found at the census of 1881 that the number of factories engaged in industries de- pendent on wood was 17,57*7, the number of hands employed 95,741, and the annual value of the products $95,000,000, We have said that Canada is at present mainly in the second stage of national progress, the agricultural, and that agriculture must always be the staple industry. Bat all the Canadian courts in the iiixhibition give ample evidence that she is rapidly advancing to the third stage, the manufacturing. It was found at the census of 188 1 that the capital invested in manufactures of all kinds amounted to over $166,000,000, the number of hands employed to 255,000 and the total annual value of the products came to $310,000,< 00. No wonder then that manufactures occupy so prominent a place in the Canadian coarts. It is well that this is so, for nothing will better demonstrate to the ordinary visitor the rapid and all-round progress of the Dominion — that it has long ago ceased to be inhabited simply by backwoodsmen and hunters. There is probably not a manufac- ture of importance unrepresented, from pianos to nails and from tweeds to biscuits. The central court, in which the principal articles of this class are arranged, is always crowded, and indeed it looks like the show room of a great store. Beginning at the west end of the court we have cases devoted to boots and shoes and cooper work of all kinds, the former highly creditable and the latter varied and excellent. Alongside of them in the centre of the court is a great variety of furniture, much of it handsome and even artistic, and all of it substantial — handsome wooden bedsteads, chairs of most invi- ting make, billiard tables, carpets, tables, mirrors, wall papers — and ■Hi 22 in the coart to the north, beds and bedding of every description. The desks, cabinets and office furniture are particularly striking and novel, and quite equal to similar productions from the United States. It is curious how America should have gone in so largely for this particular kind of manufacture. A little further on we find a small section of wall space devoted to a new kind, very prettily painted in different patterns, and waterproof, we believe . Along both sides of this court many cases are devoted to woollen manufactures, as well as some cotton goods. We find tweeds, flannels, blankets, plaids and woollen articles of all kinds. The main characteristic of them seems to us to be utility ; they are evidently useful, wearing goods, making no pretence to the finish and elegance of similar textures from New Zealand and New South Wales, not to mention the mother country. In time, no doubt, Canada will be independent even of the mother country, even for the most finished woollen, if not cotton, textiles, and the most elegant boots and shoes. Among other classes of articles in this department we find hats of all kinds, corsets and urn* brellas, fur goods of every v^ariety, sewing silks and ribands, and silk goode, some pretty lace work moccasins we have, of course, of all patterns, and leather articles of various kinds, besides boots and shoes. Canada, like every other big colony, has its biscuit trophy (contributed by Christie, Brown & Co., of Toronto), occupying sev- eral hundred square feet of wall space, and showing every variety of biscuit, all looking toothsome and well shaped. Beyond the biscuit trophy and around the agricultural trophy we have canned meats and fruits in endless variety, condiments and sauces, confectionery, ale, porter and lager beer, and even Canadian wines and rye whiskey. As Canada grows excellent grapes in its southern districts (Vinland was the first name given to America by its great Norse discoverer a thousand years ago) there is no reason why she should not make tolerable wines, though we cannot pronounce of those exhibited. What probably attracts most attention in the Central Court are the pianos and organs so Jlargely exhibited. Probably few people thought that Canada was so far advanced m civilization as to be able to produce such a profusion of articles in this class. In American organs and American pianos she is evidently quite capable of hold- ing her own with the United Slates. All of the instruments shown in this court are of excellent exterior finish, and competont judges assert that some of these pianos cannot be matched in England,at least in all those characteristics of tone and quality which are most valued by experts. In the court of Mason & Hisch of Toronto is an exhibit which at the present moment is of special interest — a life-size oil portrait of the late Abbe Liszt. A letter from the Abbd to the firm speaks in high terms of one of their pianos sent him, and informs them that he sends them his portrait painted for them by Baron Jakovsky. It is no wonder the firm are proud to exhibit this por- trait, and decline to part with it for any money. But they are not the only firm of exhibitors who produce excellent pianos, as any cription. king and 9d States. ' for this d a email )ainted in h sides of s, as well plaids and em seems s, making rom New • country, le mother 1, textiles, classes of )s and urn* }and8, and course, of boots and ait trophy pying sev- variety of ;he biscuit aed meats fectionery, e whiskey. 9 (Vinland discoverer not make iibited. [ Court are few people 9 to be able American le of hold- 3nts shown eat judges ind,at least lost valued an exhibit life-size oil to the firm id informs a by Baron lit this por- ey are not los, as any player can find out for himself. The American organ is there in many varieties, and its music, generally well played, always attracts a crowd. Before leaving this court we should mention the knitting machine, which is taught by a girl, and which will finish a pair of socks in half an hour—" while you wait," in fact ; and the tobacco stall near the agricultural trophy, in which Canadian grown and manufactured tobacco is on sale in various forms, and of fair quality. Here also we find the sewing machine, which has become an American specialty, and some rolls of beautiful Canadian paper, with highly creditable specimens of account books and other paper products. Passing on once more into the machinery court, we find other large exhibits of woodwork, doors and window sashes mainly, which are made in a wholesale fashion and exported to a considerable extent. In this court is a ingenious railway carriage window, fitted with Clark's automaton window sash, by which the window can be raised or lowered to any height with the certainty that it will stay there. Here also we see wood in combination with iron and steel in every variety of instrument and implement. Besides the agricultural machinery already alluded to, we find here many other products of the metal manufacturing industries. An iron- planing machine and a fretwork machine are specially worthy of notice for the simpli- city, lightness and cheapness. A saw-sharpening machine, in which a little emery wheel driven by machinery does the work effectively, rapidly, and quietly, will commend itself to all who have ever been tortured by the old fashioned process of conducting the operation. The same Hart Emery Wheel Company show emery wheels of all sizes in this court. Then we have a great biscuit- making machine, with everything complete, from the flour-bin onwards. The Corless engines, of lOO-horse power, and Westing- house engine are compact, and should be extremely useful for many purposes. There is a vast display of tin utensils of all kinds on the walls, and range-i and stoves for every and any kind of fuel — coal, wood or gas. We never saw anything in this country equal in finish and handiness and strength to the spades and axes which are exhibited here in such immense variety. The nail trophies and the augers are things of beauty, while the steel-wire door-mats are a great improvement on the open indian rubber article. The buffalo barb-fences are an ingenious adaptation to peculiar Canadian condi- tions. The machine made horse-shoes seem to ua worthy of atten- tion, and so is the hot water heating apparatus shown in this court. But it would be hopeless to attempt to give anything like an adequate idea of the multitude of manufactures which England's greatest colony is able to show as evidence of her progress. That progress, so far as manufactures are concerned, has been extremely rapid in recent years. The capital invested in manufactures increased from $77,694,000 in 1871 to $165,300,000 in 1881, and the annual value of the products from $221,613,003 to $309,676,000. ■ r»| 24 Thie development has been most marked since 1878. Mr. CarliDg's* handbook informs us that a partial investigation made in 1883-5, in the provinces of Ontario, Qaebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, shows that there had been in 1884 an increase over 1878 of 76 per cent, in the number of hands a^floyed, of 76 per cent, in the amount of wagoa paid, of 93 per cen> 'n\ the value of products, and of 75 per cent, in capital invested. > ( l867 there were only two woollen mills in all Canada, and in 18i»btne first tweed factory was started. Now there are 450 carding and fulling mills, 90 hosiery factories, and 1,300 tweed and other woollen mills, employing a total of 10,000 hands, and producing goods to the annual value of U million dollars. Up to 1880 Canada exported large quantities of her wools and imported manufaotared woollens. The returns of 1885 show that the exports of Canadian wools were only 990,000 lbs,, a decrease of 2,600,000 lbs. as compared with the export of 1880. The first cotton mill was established in Canada only fifteen years ago ; now tnere are 24 mills in the Dominion, with 600,000 spindlet.. In 1869 the imports of raw cotton were 1,215,208 lbs., in 18b5 it was 23,727,625 lbs. The number of hands employed has increased 80 per cent, since 1880. The imported cotton is about 42 million yards, leaving 158 million yards to be supplied by Canadian factories. These figures do not look well for British industry. Tuking the census figures of 1881, the magni- tude of some of the other industries represented in the exhibition may be seen from the following table: — OApital Hands Annual value Invested. Employed. of Products. Bakeries $ 2,509,000 3,963 $ 9,477,000 Blacksmithing 3,056,650 12,451 7,172,500 Boots and shoes 6,491,000 18,950 17,896,000 Furniture 3,943,420 5,857 5,471,740 Carriage making 3,799,000 8,713 6,579,000 Cheese factories 1,021,400 2,000 5,464,500 Foundries 9,470,000 9,980 11,558,000 Flour mills 13,858,000 6,742 41,772,000 Musical instruments 670,000 1,840 1,690,000 Paper factories 2,238,000 1,520 2,447,000 Preserved foods 122,560 8,453 2,686,000 Sash and door factories 1,997,000 2,878 4.872,000 Sewing machines 921,260 1,188 1,948,000 Tobacco making 1,830,000 3,757 3,060,000 While dealing with manufactures we ought to say that in the most westerly of the Canadian courts will be found varied wooden articles on a large scale; cheese manufacturing machinery (with specimens of cheese to taste handed you by a nice-looking girl), wood fibre need for a variety of purposes, vats, &c. Above all hero will be found a very various exhibit of carriages of all kinds, from 86 'arliDg'9 1883-5, Scotia 1884 an iiployed, iu the h: 1867 I the firat falling 9n mills, Is to the exported woollens. )la were with the Canada )minion, on were )f hands mported is to be well for > magni- [hibition Dual value Products. ),47'7,000 ',n2,5oa r,896,00« ),471,740 J,579,00a ),464,500 1,558,000 1,772,000 1,690,000 5,447,000 },686,000 1,872,000 [,948,000 },060,000 b in the wooden •y (with og girl)> ) all here ids, from the neat brougham to the buggy and team waggon, with sleigha of the most laxnrioas and elaborate patterns. The width of axle of these carriages compared with the body is remarkable, and is evi- dently adapted to a country where snags and stumps and boulders would soon play havoc with a narrow gauge trap. The slenderneaa pf the epokes and rims of the wheels seem also strange; but then they are made of hickory, as strong as steel and practically unbreak- able. The finish and workmanship of these carriages seem all that could be desired. There is much else that deserves notice in connection with these spacious Canadian courts if space permitted. We have referred to the specimens of paper in the Main Court. In the machinery court will be seen a Canadian newspaper printing machine, by B. B. SiggAi*} 0^ Montreal, at work ; while in the educational court will be found specimens of nearly every newspaper and journal published in Canada ; and there are many of them, some 650 altogether. Of these, 71 are daily, 10 tri-weekly, 21 semi-weekly, 453 weekly; 51 altogether are issued in French, seven German and the rest English. In 1886 Canadian newspapers used the telegraph to the extent of 65^ million words. The newspaper press of our leading colonies has attained a high rank, and the two or three leading Canadian papers will compare with the best of those in other colonies. Can- ada has already produced a veiy creditable national literature, notably in history and science. As the section devoted to educa- tion and instruction shows, Canada has an excellent system of national education. This section has been admirably arranged by Dr. Passmore May, the commissioner in charge of the educational exhibits, and would require an article to itself to do it justice. In this department we have a very considerable library of works relat- ing to Canada, a feature wanting in most of the other Colonial courts. We regret to see that Canada seems as far behind in geo- graphical instruction as we are ourselves, to judge from the maps exhibited, which, on the whole, are very poor. There is one great relief map of Europe shown by the Education Department which is very bad indeed. We find, for example, a great range of mountains in Kent as high as the Grampians. Otherwise this educational exhibit reflects the highest credit on the colony. There is much historical and statistical material ^howirg the progress and present condition of education ; exhibits illustrative of Echooi methods and organization ; a fair show of photographs of schools, colleges, &g., school furniture and fittings, some of them highly ingenious; text books of all kinds; apparatus used in teacbirg anatomy and physio- logy, physics, chemistry, and other subjects ; with abundant speci- mens of pupils' work in all departments. Then we have exhibits for mechanics' institutes, art schools, institutes for deaf, dumb and blind, agricultural and other special colleges, universities and the higher institutions. All these are shown and are exhibited by the Ontario Government, but other provinces have also sent exhibits* ^w: 26 I ". . The Geological Society's exhibit of maps is very large and the oarto- grapby good. The magnifioeDt map in the main court, on the scale of 12 milee to an inch, deserves special notice ; it has been prepared aoder the direction of Mr. Oollingwood Schreiber, chief engineer and general manager of the Dominion Government railways. To the many photographs throughout the court illustrative of the scenery, the cities, and the people of Canada, we can only allude, merely mentioning the large groups illustrative of tobogganing and the skating rink. The paintings we may have an opportunity of referring to lUterwards. Enough has been said to prove how abundant and various are the activitieeof our Canadian brethren. Since Confederation in 1867 the story hac» been one of steady advance in all directions. Now she has lO.OOU miles of railway spread over her broad domain, with projects of sundry branches extending from the main track in all {>rofitable directions. Her debt is somethiog like 42 millions ster- ing, and it has mostly been expended on useful public works, not much more than the debt of New Zealand, which has only one-tenth of the population. Bevenue and expenditure have both grown, and so has trade, with considerable fluctuations, however. The great country westwards is being rapidly taken in ; manufactures, as we have seen, are growing with ever-increasing rapidity. Notwith- standing the marked difference between the English and French colonists, they manage to get on with wonderfully little friction, the English section wisely accommodating themselves in language, educational matters, and other respects to the older inhabitants of the country. The country does not need to be vamped up, and already it has almost outlived misrepresentation. For those who desire detailed information on points on which we have only baen able to touch, there is abundance of literature, and trustworthy information may always be obtained from the office of the Hu;h Commissioner, Sir Charles Tupper, to whose enthusiasm and intelli. gence the Canadian Section owes its success. We ourselves must acknowledge our indebtedness to his courteous secretary, Mr. J. G. Colmer, for the assistance rendered us in inspecting the Canadian Courts. The article from The Colonies and India (18th June), although necessarily containing much of the information supplied by the article in the Times, may also be given in full, the descriptions be- ing by a different writer, looking at the objects exhibited from another point of view : — Betracing his steps to the northern end of the West Annex, the visitor finds himself in a small room, which is mainly devoted to the educational exhibits from the provinces of Qaebec, New Bruns- wick, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island and Mani- toba. Against the right walls is a library of Canadian books, contain- ing about 3,000 volumes, which deal with history, literary subjects, science, law, religion, philology, education, and other matters. On HH 27 the wall faciDg the entrance are two large maps of the Dominion, beneath which are copies of the numeroas Canadian newspapers. Many other maps of portions of the Dominion are han^ on the walls. The room contains a number of substantial sohooi desks made of Canadian woodM, and to the left of the entrance is a case containing a collection of the tezt*books prescribed for the public schools of Nova Scotia. On the west wall arc hung two placards setting forth the system of education which is in vogue in New firnnswicl;, and explaining the gradation of schools, the course of instruction, and so forth. On the north side of the room, opposite the entrance, a number of spe- cimens of the work of pupils in the schools of New Brunswick and other provinces may be examined. A great many more ezhibitsare displayed here and there connected in one way or another with edu- cation and educational establishments — such as globes, photographs of important school buildings, and a beautiful specimen of painting on velvet by a youth of fifteen. There are two long tables in tho room, on which are exhibited samples of New Brunswick woods, New Brunswick minerals, school nooks, and so forth ; also numer- ous scrap-books with more specimens of work done by pupils in the schools of New Brunswick, Quebec and other provinces. Passing through the opening in the wall on the left, tho visitor enters the West Gallery, the first part of which is devoted to the ex- tensive educational exhibit of Ontario. On the loft of the entrance is a case of globes, and on the top of that is a model of a section of a steam engine. In a recess on the left is a piano, and several paint- ings and specimens of draughtamanship. When these have been examined it will be well to turn in a northerly direction and proceed towards the portion of the West Gallery, where the machinery in motion is uxhibited. On the left is a case containg models of par- tially dissected men, showing the muscles, veins, arteries, &3., from which, however, those who are not studying anatomy will do well to turn carefully away, unless they wish to be horrified. In the centre of the gallery is a case of electrical appliances, and then some large placards which give very distinctly a few statistics and details concerning some of the leading educational establishments of On- tario. Above these placards are a large globe and several photo graphs. On the right are some tasteful designs from the Ontario School of Art and Science, and several paintings and crayons. Mean- while, on the left, besides a number of electrical appliances and other things, a case has been passed containing specimens of china, many of which are beautifully painted. Around this case are oil and water-coloured paintings, together with busts and clay models. Next comes a case containing models of faces, leaves, &o., in metal, and around it crayons, busts, and so forth ; and then, a stand on which are specimens of wood carving and designs for wall papers, surrounded with crayons, designs and other specimens of carving. In the centre is another case of electrical appliances, containing also w, ■noh things as miorosoopes, &o. On the right are more globoB and eleotrioal appiianoes, and a model of an English locomotive. Here and thoro throaghoat the Ontario eduoational Heotion stand school desks and scats, and sundry articles connected with school life; numerous photographs of eduoational buildings are hang on the walls, and busts of Ontario politicians and other great personages are displayed in prominent positions. The section of the west gallery devoted to machinery is now reach- ed, although along the wall on the right, for a short distance, other things than machinery are exhibited, such as cases of moths and battel flies, and a plan of a model colonial settlement. It is well here to take the left — that is, the west— side of the gallery, keeping the machinery, which is for the most part placed along the middle gallery, on the right. The Massey Manufacturing Company, of Toronto, Messrs. John Elliott & Sons, of London, Ontario, and other manufacturers — but especially the first named firm — have here a large display of agricultural implements, including mowers, horse- rakes, reapers, self-binders, and other machiies. Some of the wonderfully end fearfully made self-binders and reapers are actually kept in motion, in order to Bhow, as well as poHsiblo, how they work ; but it is a pity that the self-binders cannot be seen actually at woi k in the harvest field, sweeping down tho grain and binding it in neat sheaves. On the left t^ide are some samples of cabinet work and joinery, which illustrate the excellence of Canadian work* manship and the value of Canadian woods for ornamental and usc- fal purposes. On the right is paseed the hogo driving-wheel which supplies the power to the machinery in motion, and, immediately beyond, some complicated and ingenious wood-working machinery, from the factory of Messrs. McKecnnie& Bertram, of Dandas,Ontario. This exhibit includes band saws, morticing machine, moulding machine, lathes, planers, bolt cutter, iron 8haper,and other machines, and is succeeded by more machinery from the works of Messrs. B. Gardner & Son, of Montreal. Opposite these machinery exhibits are some enormous planks of spruce and Douglas fir. A little further on is a turning to the left, which leads across the west avenue, and into the west arcade ; this will be a convenient course to "^ke. In crossing the west avenue it will be worth while examining the fish hatchery, where countless tiny salmon and salmon trout are being raised. There is also here a grand display of axes, hatchets, and other tools, shown by Mr. W. Campbell, of St. John, New BranE- wick. The south half of the west arcade is where the Aquarium is situated ; the north half is included in the Canadian court, and is devoted mainly to Canadian fish, fishing implements, and acquatio paraphernalia. Just about the centre of the arcade is a door lead- ing to a portion of the old exhibition of 1851, wherein will be found a magnificent display of carriages, also the beer and wine exhibits. Proceeding in a northerly direction along the west arcade, the first object which meets the gaze on the leit is a sea rowing 29 boat, with oars, mast, sail, and overything comploto. O^rer the boat against the wall, are stuffed tUh and models of boats, and above them some fishing nets. On the right are two full-grown staffed seals with two staffed joung ones, and two large staffed halibat, together with gans, models of boats, and sundry goods. A few steps farther on are other articles on the left connected in one way or another with a sea-faring life, and more specimens of large stuffed fish, model of boats, nets, rope', &o. On the right is a model of a fish trap at Yarmouth, !Nova Scotia, made of nets stretched on stakes driven into the bottom of the sea, and so arranged that when the tide subsides the fish remain entangled in the nets. A little further on is Price's ingenioun patent salmon register, which automatically counts and registers the numberof salmon that ascend a river. Some specimens of lobster traps are placed close by, and some huge coils of rope. Just beyond is a case containing two models in birch bar' of Indian birch bark canoes, and a bark model of an Indian wigwam, together with a pair of slippers worked in beads— probably the handiwork of some Indian sqaaw. The squaws are skilled in the art of working in beads. The next case is filled with minor fishing implements and tackle; and the next to that con- tains a beautiful collection of shells and starfish, brought together by Dr. Dawson, of Montreal. Then come models and samples of inventions shown by Mr. H. F. Coombs, inventors' agent, inolading a model of an ingenious washing machine. On the Toft side, mean- while, there is a succession of sea boats ; and against the wall, for a considerable distance a? before, are stuffdd fish and models of boats and yachts ; and above all, a succession of fishing n^^ts. The collec- tion offish comprises an immense variety of specie^ and especially a great number belonging to the family of Salmonidte, On the right there are now three oases containing principally fish and various molluscs and other animals preserved by means of some fluid in glass jars ; beneath these, at the bottom of the cases, are bales of Yarmouth duck. A large canoe is here shown by Messrs. J. C. Cording & Co., which immediately directs one's thoughts to the dauntless Canadian voyagenrs, a band of whom accompanied Lord Wolsely in his expedition up the Nile. Then come some very peculiar stuffed fish — two Beaumaris sharks from the Biver St. Lawrence, and two smooth skates from New Brunswick. Several of the marine animals from Canada, besides those just named are most extraordinary looking creatures. Behind the sharks and skates is a display cf sundry goods from the brassworks of Messrs. fiobert Mitchell & Co., of Montreal, and beyond them (that is the sharks) is a stand where Messrs. Greenway & Son's Canadian toilet preparations are on sale . Hero is a turning to the right, leading across the west avenue and along the north end of the west gallery, which it will be advisable to take after proceeding to the end o^ the west arcade. Immediately beyond this turning, on the right, is another large canoe, native built, and fitted with paddles, which was 80 imported from Poterboroagh, Ontario, by Mr. Rowland W^ard, of 166 Piccadilly. It is followed by a great, anguinly, Greenland shark and two email porpoises ; and jast beyond comas another ungainly fish — a tanny or horpe mackerel— which weighed, when caaght, 400 lbs. There are also other canoes of similar make to that above alladed to, and brooght over by the same importer, Mr. KowUnd Ward; and also a large bat neat sailing canoe, very ingeniously riggertment of iron bolts, nuts, i^o. Then thoro is a dinpiay of piclcH, adzes, chisels, Bpoke-shaves, and axes, and, close by, a nambor of bradawls, and bandloH for various small carpenter's tools, the latter from the works of Mr. O. V. Goalotte, of Oananoqne, Ontaria Above those are some buggy Bpihigs. On the right \» another of the intricate uelf- binding reaping machines and a mower, both in motion, from the North American Manufacturing Company of London, Ontario. Then there is an exhibit from the Watson Manofactaring Company, of Ayr, Ontario, compriHing horse rake, mower and reaper, and a large portrait of Mr. Watson, farroandod with the medals which his firm has won at various exhibilions. On the left, meanwhile, is a collection of pumps, boring machines (for wood-work), &o., and next to them come cooking stoves and copying preuAes. High up, above all these, is a miscellaneous assortment of minor hard- ware articles. Further on are jack Fcrews, lawn mowers, &o. All these hardware goods, beginning with the pnmps and boring machines, are from the Smart Manofactaring Company, of Brock- ville, Ontario. On the right, as the visitor proceeds, there are more agricnltnral implements — a reaper in motion from Messrs. L. D. Sawyer & Co., of Hamilton, and several fanning mills for cleaning grain, one of which is from Mr. Campbell, Chatham, Ontario, be- sides other machines. On the left is another Lrge collection of stoves from the Empire Foundry, Hamilton, Ontario. Some of the base bar ners, with doors fitted with mica, are elegant articles of fnmitura, and very convenient also, since they feed themselves if a supply of coal is placed in the receptacle at the top. There are also cooking stoves, some of which are of considerable size, and adapted for every kind of cooking. On the right is a plough fronx Chatham, Ontario ; and here, too, comes a succession of thresheri , several from the works of Mr John Abeil, Toronto, others from Messrs. Morris & Watts, Brantford, and one from Messrs. Stevens, Turner & Burns, London, Ontario. The two from Messrs. Morris k Watts are adorned with neat little paintings of flowers and scen- ery, and look like well made machines. Now, taming to the left, there is an interesting display of emery wheels, emery knife sharp- eners, &o., from the Hart Emery Wheel Company, of Hamilton. The emery wheels are for grinding steel castings and other articles of a hard substance, but it is foand that emery .'^tone is so solid and gives so little, that, although admirably adapted for grinding, it will not polish. It is therefore necessary to make wheels of a kind of paper similar to that ased in the constraction of car wheels, and to &t\s the emery in the form of powder to the circumference of these wheels. The paper of which the wheels are made is suffici- ent elastic 'O enable the emery powder to polish without grinding. Besides thetsc paper and emery vrheels, the Hart Company exhibit another ingenioKS machine for polishing, so constructed that thd bearings of the emery wheel are slightly elastic, and prodnce th» B: i 32 same result as the paper in the paper wheels. Next od the left are a number of Btoves from the works of Messrs. James Stewart & Co.» Hamilton. They include some singularly elegant heating stoves with transparent doors, and basc-buroers with and without oven. On the right is a quantity of heavy machinery from the works of Messrs. Ingalls & Hunter, Toronto, Messrs. Gardner & Son, Mont- real, and other makers. On the left are more stoves and a number of lanterns, and next will be observed a large display of goods from the MoGlary Manufacturing Company, of London, Ontario, whose «ole agents in this country are Messrs. Woolf & Oo , of 119 New £ond Street, London. There are stoves of every description, both for cooking and for heating, to burn coal, coke, wood and oil. The little oil-stoves sold at 6s. b'd. look remarkable useful little articles. It is a marvel how Canada, with her protective tariff and compara- tively high wages, can produce such goods at the price. Besides the stoves, there is a large quantity of tinware, each being stamped out of a single piece of tin. On the opposite side — that is, on the right — is the ingenious wood-working machinery, already alluded to, from Messrs. McKechnie & Bertram. Before quitting the West Gallery, it should be mentioned thatthti arrangement of the machinery is not yet quite completed, and there are several exhibitors of machinery whom we have not even named, Just a few of these may be briefly alluded to. Mr. David Maxwell, of Paris, Ontario, shows harvest-binder, reaper, rake, and mower; the Brandon Manufacturing Company, Toronto, shows gar- den wheelbarrow and four churns ; and the Canadian Pacific fiailway Company shows ploughs, borse-rakes, &o. Such an immense amount of stuff has arrived from the Dominion that the Canadian Commis- sion have been taxed to their utmost to find room for all the exhibits. It will now be desirable to turn to the left and descend a few steps into the Central Gallery, which forms the principal section of the Canadian Court, and is decorated with taste and simplicity. The best course will be along the left— that is, the north — side of the gallery to the east end, returning west on the south' side. The first part of the gallery is devoted to a display of the mineralogicsd products of the Dominion, and the first object which strikes the at- tention is a huge block of coal from Nanaimo, British Columbia. On the left-hand side are specimens of Canadian marble and several large safes from Messrs. J, & J, Taylor of Toronto. Sundry articles of slate, anite, and other stones come next, some of which are from the New Eockland SI , but it should be mentioned that the walrus, tbe polar bear, and the seals do not belong to the Hubbard col- lection, although shown with the other specimens. Above the wal- rus is the head of a large moose, with large flattened out antlers; and above that, at the top of the trophy, is the wild looking face of an American buffalo. To the left of the walrus are several large birds and cases of smaller ones, and amongst them a toboggan. Pas- sing round to the north side ot the trophy, some collections of birds of brilliant plumage are presented to view ; also two black bears, among other animals, and an elaborate display of furs and fur-made goods from Messrs. Renfrew & Co. Above 'the furs are two good specimens of the mountain goat from the Bocky Mountains, and some Bocky Mountain sheep, with their huge horns ; also two heads of wapiti, a species of Canadian deer, with enormous branching antlers, together with many other animals and skins. Coming to the east side of the trophy, there is a large stuffed moose, tbe size of a cow, and above it the head and skin of a musk ox — an animal which is found in the far north of Canada, among the Bocky Moun- tains, but is not plentiful. On the right and left of the musk ox are the heads of two woodland oariboo, heads of buffalo, heads of Bocky Mountain sheep and goats, fox skins, beautifully polished buffalo horns, and cases of stuffed prairie chickens. Among the furs and fur-made goods exhibited by Messrs. Benfrew & Co., may be men- tioned coats, caps and gloves of beaver, mink, otter and seal, and jackets and wraps of seal, Labrador otter, Labrador beaver, plucked otter, dyed otter and golden otter. Meanwhile, in passing round the trophy, several interesting exhibits have been neglected on the left, which must receive some notice. These also consist largely of furs and fur*made goods. First, there is a fine skin with head and horns 3 34 of a moose, and a model showing a settler's oommenoement in the baBh ; above whioh, on the wall, are given a few statistics of the area and population of the Dominion as a whole and of the different provinces and territories individually. On the right of the statistics are some fine furs shown by the Hudson Bay Company, and be- neath them a case of sundry railroad trimmings, manufactured by Mr. Chanteloup, of Montreal. And then will be observed in a case by itself, a most interesting collection of animals and various pro- ducts, which are said to have been collected from the island of Anti- oosti, in the Gulf of St Lawrence, and have been arranged by Mn Rowland Ward. It includes two black bears, two otters, hawks, ducks, and many other birds; also wild and cultivated grasses, samples of wheat, barley and oats, and other kinds of agricultural produce. Some claws of enormous lobsters are there shown, and it is asserted that the lobsters on the island sometimes weigh as much as forty pounds. There is also a large stuffed dog, a magnificent specimen of the Newfoundland breed, which is said in reality to have originated in the island of Anticosti* although its name is taken from the neighboring island of Newfoundland. These dogs are used sometimes as draught animals in Anticosti, and their hair is clipped in the spring and made into stockings. A pair of socks made of the hair is exhibited in the case. Next comos the main part of a very complete and genuine exhibit of the Hudson Bay Company, also consisting mainly of furs and fur-made goods. Many of the furs are magnificent specimens, and the stuffed animals are very interesting. There are some stuffed young seals, owls, hawkp, white hare, mink, marten, and silver or black fox, the skin of which sells ftr from £14 to £60 according to quality and colour. The finest of the black fox skins has been taken by the Queen. There are wal- rus tusks, and the neck &nd head '^^"n antelope, and a splendid pair of reindeer antlers. The various jccts exhibited by the Hudson's Bay Company are far too numerous for them all to bs enumerated here, but besides those already named the following may be mentioned in passing : — Stuffed wolves, porcupine^ foxes and ermines; fur skins of black, white, grizzly and brown bear; and an extensive collection of cloaks, mantillas, muffs, bison robes and so forth. A few of the above, however, especially some of the stuffed animals are still on their way from Winnipeg., Now, proceeding east again, along the north side of the gallery, and leaving the huge natural history trophy behind, the visitor has on his left cases of boots and shoes from Messrs. E. Dack & Sons, of Toronto, and Messrs. J. & T. Bell, of Montreal. On the right a number of skates— articles for which there is more use in Canada than at home— from the Starr Manufacturing Company, of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and close by is a case of products from the Edwards- burg Starch Company. Then come several handsome writing tables, document-filing cabinets, &o., in Canadian walnut, from Messrs. Tees & Co., of Montre&l, and Messrs. Schlicht & Field, of 35 it in the SB of the 9 different I Btacistics and be- ctured by [ in a case •ious pro- d of Anti- l by Mr* B, hawks, id grasses, ^rioultural WBf and it b as much agnificent reality to le is taken dogs are leir hair is of ROoks the main idson Bay Dds. Many limals are t\b, hawkp, n of which The finest re are wal- [endid pair ) Hudson's numerated a: may be bxes and awn bear; uffs, bison My some of he gallery, visitor has & Sons, of bie right a I in Canada of Halifax, e Edwards- le writing Innt, from & Field, of Toronto. Opposite those cabinets is an assortment of cooper's ware,^ brushes, &c., from Messrs. Charles Boeckh & Sons, of Toronto. On the right comes next a collection of substantial and handsome fur- niture from various manufacturers. Turning to the left again, the visitor will observe a case containing lamps, bags and miscellaneous goods, succeeded by a display of Messrs. Macfarlane, McKinlay & Co. *s window blinds and shadings; above these is a considerable quantity of turnery, brushes, whisks and that class of goods, from Messrs. Whitehead & Tamer, of Quebec. The next case on the left contains a varied assortment of dry goods from different manu- facturers. On the right is a case of umbrellas from the well-known establishment of Mr. S. Carsley, of Montreal and London ; and then comes a case containing beautiful articles of electroplate from the Acme Silver Company, of Toronto. On the left ia a very elaborate mantelpiece, overmantel, &o., in one, composed of a reddish wood, . and adorned with carving ; and then comes an opening leading into the North Annex, which is mainly devoted to furniture. Proceed !:ig along the Central Gallery, the next exhibit on the right is a collection of sewing machines, shown by Mr. Charles Raymond, of Guelph, Ontario ; following these is a display of the new Williams sewing machines, together with some exquisite speci- mens of fancy work done with these machines. It might really have been thought impossible for such work to be done otherwise than by hand. Opposite the sewing machines, on the left, is a dis- play 01 India rubber goods — long coils of hose and various articles — from the Canadian Eabber Company, of Montreal. Next is a case of overshoes, most of them made of India rubber and felt, and lined with flannel. One gigantic overshoe measures about two feet in length ; but, as there are no giants in Canada with feet correspond- ingly large, this shoe is presumably intended only as an advertise- ment. Next follows a show of enameled signs from Messrs. Sears & Co., and a stand of photographs and pictures which represent a tobagganing party, the Montreal ice palace, and other scenes. These are succeeded by a case of woollen goods from Messrs. H« Shorey & Co., of Montreal, and other manufacturers. On the right is a fine display of furniture from Messrs. McGarvey & Son, of Mon- treal, and from Messrs. Simpson & Co., Berlin, Ontario; most of the furniture is in Canadian walnut, but in some of the articles the horns and hoofs of oxen or other bovine creatures take the place of wood. There are also some tastefally designed wall papers. On reaching the centre of the West Gallery, where there is a taming to the right leading to the Australian Cou'^ts, the visitor will observe a trophy of British Columbia pine from the Hastings saw mills, Burrard Inlet, British Columbia. Some of the boards of which this trophy is composed are a yard or more in width ; but even these can give but the faintest idea of the gigantic proportions of some of the timber to be found in the British Columbia forests. These forests have now been broaght into closer oonneotion with the 3i iUMi 36 rest of the Dominion by tbo completion of the Canadian Pacific Kailway, and the timber will be of the utmost value to the settlers on the great Canadian prairies, where forests are bjarce. Within the trophy are numerous interesting photographs and pictureH. Next on the right are specimens of church furniture and school desks, and opposite, on the left, is a case of Canadian prints from the Magog Print Company, of Montreal ; next to which come some cases containing samples of wood used in the manufacture of picture frames and similar articles, exhibited by the Cobban Manufacturing Company, of Toronto, and underneath these a case of shirts and collars, from Messrs, Tooke Bros. On the right are pianos from the Lansdowne Manufacturing Company, and opposite is a case containing tweeds, corsets, fancy work, &o., succeeded by more tweeds and cottons. On the right are American organs, shown by Doherty k Co., and beyond these a number of pianos, exhibited by Messrs. Mason k Bisch, of Toronto. This firm do not keep to the ordinary everyday colours and styles of English manufacturers, and some of their instruments are artistically coloured in a3sthetic greens, relieved with gold and silver and elegantly carved ; they are most ornamental pieces ot furniture. Messrs. Mason & Risch do not omit to display the complimentary testimonial received by them from Dr. Franz Liszt, together with a large portrait of the great musician. On the left is a case of woollen fabrics, and beyond this are bales of goods from the Dundas Cotton Mills. On the right are American organs, exhibited by Messrs. D. W. Karn & Co., from their organ and piano factory, at Woodstock, Ontario. These makers have received numerous medals and diplomas at various Canadian exhibitions, among others these held in Toronto, Montreal, Hamilton and St. Thomas. Messrs. Heintzman & Co.'s display of grand and other pianos comes next; some of their lovely piano covers are worth inspection as works of art ; their establishment is in Toronto. After giving a glance at a case of boy's and men's suits, fancy work, and men's underclothing, and a stand where mediums for facilitating oil and water-colour painting are sold, the visitor's attention will be drawn to a very extensive show of biscuits, exhibited by Messrs. Christie, Brown & Co., of Toronto, comprising hundreds of different biscuits of all sizes, shapes and colours^ On the right Messrs. W. Bell & Co. have a large display of American organs. Their factories are at Guelph, Ontario, but they have a branch of their retail business in this country, at 58 Holborn Via- duct, where they have been selling their Canadian-made instruments for years past. It is certainly most creditable to Canada that, in epite of her protective tariff, she can manufacture such articles as musical instruments, ship them to England, and there compete with English manufacturers, who have no duties to pay on the materials they import, and, as a rule, give lower wages than those current in the Dominion. The visitor has now reached the magnificent agricultural trophy, standing ir the middle of the gallery, and corresponding with the 37 nataral history one at the other end, already described. It is im- possible to give anything like a complete enumeration of the objects displayed in this trophy, which is so high that it nearly reaches to the roof of the building ; but some of the more important ones may be noticed. Round the lower portion of the edifice are numerous eamples of the fruits for which Canada is famous, preserved in glass jars. Many of the pears are of great size, and some of the delicious- looking, rosy-hued applas, too. The number of different kinds of apples and pears is legion. There are strawberries, also, and rasp- berries, and plums of several different varieties. Then there are bales of hay and wild grasses — some as tall as a man— and sheaves of wheat, and wreaths of oats and Indian corn — the last exhibited both as a complete plant and in the cob. Two of the stems of Indian corn cannot be less than 8 feet in height, if they are not more. Cans of corned beef, chicken, and apples, barrels of sugar from che Canadian sugar refinery at Montreal, tubs of lard, barrels of flour, and the like, all help to build up the large trophy. Some of the minor agricultnial implements too are exhibited — such as ploughs, scythes, hay "orks, and hoes. The trophy is gracefully ar- ranged, and so built up that the visitor can walk beneath it. In the centre are numerous specimens of important Canadian woods, and photographs of trees as they stand in the front. On the left of the groat trophy are also agricultural products of almost endless descriptions, and samples of the prairie soil of the North-West. The samples of threshed grain and seeds are here very numerous. One of the mobt interesting to those who are acquainted with Canada is that of wheat from the Canadian Pacific Railway Company's farm at Maple Creek, in the North-West Terri- tory, near the Saskatchewan River. Formerly it was bdlieved that this vast district, lying between Moose Jaw and the Rocky Moun- tains, some 400 miles in width, was little better than an arid desert, or at best only suited for cattle raising. But the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, two or three years ago, stattod a number of ex- perimental farms along their line, for the purpose of testing the capability of the soil and climate for raising wheat and other cereals, and the result of their experiment is now seen at the exhi- bition. A sample of barley is here shown by the Moose Jaw Agri- cultural Society, and among the other numerous specimens of agri- I cultural produce may be mentioned white tares, white hall-less barley, white and black oats, flax- seed, maize, hops, white and red I currants, and sheaves of wheat, oats, and grass. Another agricul- tural trophy, much smaller but very graceful, has been built up here, ana a few steps further on is a cheese trophy ; two of the en- |ormous cheeses which help to compose it are so large as to weigh j 1,228 lbs. Then, just beyond, is an assortment of tubs, pails, and cooper's ware; and then come a great number of canned goods — Indian corn, tomatoes, blackberries, salmon, and lobster ; also bottled fruits, and such things as ginger ale, fruit champagne, and 11 ii 88 other delicious drinks. There are also more samples of agricultural produce, a large quantity of soap from different manufactures, and a model of the Hon. W. Clifford's dairy farm at Austin, Manitoba. The cows, sheep, and people are all shown in the model, as well as the buildings. The great agricultural trophy is now left behind, and, still proceeding along the north side of the Central Gallery, a case containing some small but very handsome articles of wood stands on the left, and on the right a cade of silks and ribbons in the brightest of colours, manufactured by Messrs. Belding, Paul & Co., of Montreal. A case of boots and shoes follows, and next is seen an oak pedestal adorned with iron bolts and nuts of every size and length, from the works of Messrs. Pillow, Hersey & Co., of Montreal. The same firm have a large case close by containing 900 different kinds of nails, of copper, brass and iron, and of almost every imagin- able^shape and size, from the minute tacks used in the shoe trade an eighth of an inch long to the large spike seven or eight inches in length. Meanwhile, on the left, two or three cases hnve been passed which require some notico. Messrs. Elliott & Co. exhibit a quantity of linseed, linseed oil, linseed cake, and linseed meal, from their works at Toronto ; and next comes a display of cigars, shown by Mr. J. M. Fortier, of Montreal, followed by a display of Budds cream emulsion of codliver oil from Messrs. Puttner Brothers, of Halifax, and a show of tinned meats, Baravena milk food, pearl | barley, &c. The model of the Montreal ice palace, which for sev- eral years past has been built each winter in Montreal, and has I attracted such crowds of spectators, now appears on the left, and is an object of much interest. The material used for the exterior is frosted glass, and within the palace is sold, by a member of the fair sex in her picturesque snow-shoe costume, Johnston's fluid beef, just as it is at Montreal in the real ice palace. The outside of the model is adorned with snow-shoes and other articles which remind one of Canadian winter pastimes. Opposite the palace is a case ofj ladies' boots and slippers, from Messrs. Thompson & Co., of Mon treal, with which the Central Gallery ends. It is now time to wheel round to the right, and to commence] taking the south side of the Central Gallery, proceeding westwards, Many of the larger exhibits on the right — that is, down the centrej of the gallery — will need no allusion, having already being men- tioned on the eastward course. On the left is a various display of I scents and chemical preparations from Messrs. Lyman, Sons & Co., of Montreal The innumerable flowers which beautify the great prairies of Western Canada have been turned to account by these chemists, and an extract of prairie flowers are among their prepara- tions exhibited. Then, too, there are bottles of scent labelled *' Rocky Mountain Lavende/," " Bouquet de Canada," and " Prairiej Rose;" fluid extracts of black alder, pennyroyal, blaclj hellebore, &c., and among the other chemicals and preparations may be men- tioned spruce gum, cod-liver oil, and Canadian honey. Next cornel 1 39 grioultural 3ture8, and Manitoba. as well as 9ft behind, Gallery, a IS of wood jbonsinthe ?aul& Co., t is seen an y size and )f Montreal. UO different ery imagin- oe trade an b inches in been passed t a quantity I from their J, shown by of Budd'^l er Brothers, food, pearl I ch for sev- U, and has I left, and is e exterior is r of the fair flaid beef, tside of the dch remind is a case of| !o., of Mon > commence I ; westwards. Q the centre! being men- I display of I Sons & Co., y the great mt by these leir prepara- ent labellod nd " Prairie k hellebore,! lay be men- Next cornel «mall cases of ursine, or Canadian bear's grease for the hair, and of arctnsine, " a meollinous preparation for promoting the growth and luxuriance of the hair," exhibited by Messrs. Evans, Son & Mason, manufacturing chemists, Montreal, who also show a stand of lime- fruit cordial, pineapple cordial, lime-fruit bitters, &c. — the bottles being arranged in the form of a huge cone — and a stand of Florida water, distilled from flowers by Messrs. De Leon & Co., of Florida. Then comes a stand of sundry preparations, also arranged in conical form, and most of them exhibited by the same firm. There are bottles of carbolic acid for disinfection, quinine wine, cascara cordial, and ft great array of vegetable extracts. Here, on the left, is the entrance to the Cyprus Court, beyond which is Messrs. McCaskell k Go.'s exhibit of varnishes and japans. Those who are acquainted with the coach building business will no doubt understand the dis- tinction between the different kinds of varnish — such as rubbing body varnish, coach body varnish, coach japan, and gearing body varnish. Messrs. McCaskell & Co. have received several medals and diplomas, some of which they display. The oils of Messrs. Strachan k Co., refiners, of Montreal, have the next place ; and now comes again the great agricultural trophy on the right, but this time it is the south side of it which is presented to view. There are several varieties of grapes among the fruits, but many more might be shown if there were more room to spare ; a hundred or more varieties are grown ia Canada. The method of preserving the fruits in glass jars, as museum specimens, is an experiment which has answered fairly well ; but, magnificent as the collection is, a still better one might have been made had not the Canadian fruit season been over so long that when the exhibits were collected several kinds could not be obtained. The display of fruits, therefore, certainly does not do more than justice to the fruit-growing capabilities of the Dominion. It should be borne in mind that all the Canadian fruits are grown in the open air. The south side of the trophy is very similar to the north side, although there are some slight difforenoes. Here there are stocks of wheat, bunches of barley, high cranberries, magnidcent pears and apples, and peaches and currants, and also clover seed and hops. Here and there among the exhibits may be seen cases of condensed coffee and condensed milk from the Truro Condensed Milk and Canning Company, of Truro, Nova Scotia ; also Canadian hams, and some samples of shingles. On the east side of the trophy a prairie-breaker plough is shown, from the Cockshntt Plough Company, with short handles and long beam, for breaking the sod of the prairies. On this side, too, are some very high stems of Indian corn and samples of linseed cake. To the left of the trophy is, first, a display of the famous Myrtle cut and plug tobacco (T and B brand), from Messrs. George B. Tuckett & Son, of Hamilton; and then a pile of carbon blacking in small tin boxes ; and then two piles of " Pure Gold " baking powder — the front pile is of small packets of the powder, and the back one of canisters. Both the carbon :=» ,1^1 1 it Hi' 40 blackiDg and the baking powder are shown by Messrs. Alexander Jardine k Co., of Toronto, and the same firm also exhibit a variety of extracts for eooking, including extracts of orange, apple, pine- apple, pear, and other fraits and plants ; also, tins of rabbed sage, mobed thyme, and poaltry dressing. Beyond these last named articles come glass jars of jelly prepared from lemon, strawberry, and red and black currant; also, strawberry jam and preserved pears, &o. Close by these are packets of pearl hominy and self- raising floor from Messrs. Brodie & Harvie, of Bleary Street, Mont- real ; also canisters of " Vienna " baking powder from Messrs. S. H. & A. S. Ewing, and larger canisters of spice from the same people. On the same stand are peppers and various spices, also syrups, evaporated vegetables, biscuits, &o., and cans of salmon, and jars of tomato-poteen; also a variety of soaps of different colours from the British Columbia Soap Works of Messrs. W. J. Pendray & Co., Victoria, British Columbia. Along with the soap are cans of con- densed milk, condensed coffee, and condensed coffee milk and sugar combined, fit>m the Truro Condenpod Milk and Canning Co., and cases of boneless cod from Messrs. Leonard Bros., of St. J^ohn, iNew Brunswick. Here, too, as on the other side of the gallery, are nnmeroos bags of grain and seed-^such as peas, beans, white and black oats, wheat and gr&m seed. There is a fine sample of red Fyfe wheat, and another of white oats from the McKay Farming Company, in the North- West Territory, and also, an almost perteot sample atns with which the rug6 are made, which is on sale here, and is shown in operation. The apparatus is small and simple and easily worked, and the rugs are said to wear excellently. Mr, Boss dis- plays the diploma which he received at the Toronto exhibition in 1884. One end of the next case is occupied by a display of stock- ings and other woollen goodsfromMr. F. ti. Edgecombe, of Frederic- ton, New Brunswick. As this is the last case of dry goods to be mentioned in the Canaiian court, it will be well here to remind those who examine such articles with a critical eye of one thing which English people are apt to forget, namely, that Canadian goods of this description must be judged, not by the standard of English taste, but by the standard of Canadian requirements. Some of the textile fabrics, though they might not find purchaHors in this country, are in great demand in Canada, and are well adapted to the purposes for which they are used. In a little corner beside the entrance to the Australian Court, which now appears on the left, is a stand of photographs, which are exhibited, and on sale, by Messrs. Sonle & Marshall, of Toronto and (ruelpb. They are for the most part representatives of views in the Kocky and Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia ard the North-West Territory; but a few represent scenes on the prairies of the Crreat North- West. The Eooky Mountains or Canadian Alps, as they are sometimes called, contain some of the wildest and grandest scenery that can anywhere be beheld, and it is perhaps, a pity that tourists, who con- template leaving the British Isles in search of recreation and beauti- ful scenery, do not more often turn their attention in that direction. It is quite easy now to reach the mountains through ''anada, since the construction of the Canadian Pacific Kailway, which runs right through them. Mr. Marshall spent a great part of last snmtner among the Bockies and Selkirks, taking photographs of scenes, a. !^ 46 many of which had never been photographed before, and some pro- bably not often beheld until recently, at all events by the eyes of white people. He now has a fine collection, both on view and for sale, a few of which deserve to be briefly noticed. There is a splendid view of the Kicking Horse Cataract in the Eockies ; another of the encw besprinkled summit of Cereal Mountain, with a portion of the Cascade Creek ; another of Golden City, in the Columbia Valley ; three or four of Devil's Head Lake, a lovely little lake in the bosom of the Eocky Mountains; and a number of views of the beautiful scenery around Banff station. Of the prairie scenes the most noticeable is a view of Medicine Hat. The horrible Sun Dance or Thirst Dance among the Indians is illustrated by two views — one within the camp and one without ; in the inside view an Indian is shown tied by a string passed through the muscles of the chest to a tree, round which he had to dance and pull till the muscles give way. Every Indian who wishes to become a brave has to pass through this ordeal. Mr. Marshall also has a patent hat and coat rack, which he hopes will shortly be on sale. Meanwhile, on the right is a large quantity of furniture— carved wooden bedstead in dark wood, wire mattress, small tables elabor- ately inlaid with different coloured woods, chairs, couch, filirg cabin- ets, revolving bookcases, handsome pedestal writing tables, and so forth, many of which are from the works of Moesrs. Tees & Co,, of Montreal. Mext is a case of copper and brass ware, &o., from Messrs. ^ oth & Son, of Toronto ; they show kettles of brass and copper, soda-water bottles, urns, hose-couplings, and underneath their case a large bath. On the left, opposite this case, is an ecor- mouB map oi the Dominion of Canada, the execution of which cost $4,000 ; it was prepared by ordei of the Hon. Mr. Pope, Minister of Eailways and Canals, and was compiled and drawn under direction of Mr. E, v. Johnston. The railways, canaln, telegraph wires, .lighthouses, together with the coal measures of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Briti^ih Columbia, and the coal and lignite beds of the North- West Territory, are all clearly marked. The map is up- wards of twenty feet long by about twelve feet in height, and may perhaps help to give the inhabitants of our little islands some notion of the vast extent of country comprised within the Dominion of Canada. The great Hubbard and Renfrew trophy on the right, is constructed with a room inside it, which must not be passed with- out being entered. Here are displayed on the walls some fine buf- falo and other robes, and skins and heads of bears and other animals. Sat what is most remarkable is a suite of richly-upholstered furni- ture, the framework of which, instead of being made of wood, is com,poBed of black polished buffalo horns^, which, when skilfully put together, have a very striking and pleasing effect. The horns of the buffalo may be found in thousands scattered over the broad Erairies of the west, although the buffalo itself, unfortunately, has ecome nearly extinct on the Oanadiaa side of the boundary. Moo- 4t ne pro- eyes of and for 3re is a ockies ; Q, with in the y little f views I scenes ble San t)y two e view scles of till the k brave , patent carved elabor- g cabin- and BO i Co,, of )., from ass and erneath an eror- ich cost lister of ireotion I wires, iDswick, beds of ip is np- nd may Is some ominioa le right, ed with- fine oaf* animals, ed furni- wood, is {ally put horns of lie broad tely, has y. Moc- casins, fur slippers, and fans made of birch bark and feathers are also to be seen in the cases which form the walls of the trophy. Outside, just over the south entrance, is a wild, uncouthlookinp^ buffalo head, above which is a stuffed beaver, and on each side of that a white or Arctic fox skin — for Mr. Hubbard in his excursions has been in the far north of Canada, where, among other things, he killed two geese (now shown on the trophy) of a variety not pre- viously known. Towards the left side of the trophy, as it is viewed from the south, is a fur seal, and to the leftside of that again a great polar bear ; but these latter two do not belong to the Hub- bard collection. On the other side, corresponding with the seal and the bear, are a couple of cariboo, a male and a female. In the glass cases round the lower part of the trophy are a number of aquatic and other birds on the left, and on the right numerous snowsboes, guns, fans, and fur-made articles. On the floor in front of the entrance a few other objects of a similar character are exhi- bited. On the left side of the gallery, as one passes round the trophy, is an extensive display of trinkets, models, baskets, fancy goods, and various articles made by the Indians, in almost infinite variety. First, there is a case which contains numerous articles of birch bark, worked in bright colours — such as models of birch-bark canoes, workboxes, &c., and baskets and basket work in divers colours and in innumerable patterns. In the same case are wooden models of canoes and toboggans, brightly coloured little picture frames, moc- casins (some of which are elaborately worked), cushions, antimacar- sars, and many other things. In front of the case are numerous snowshoes and baskets, and an ornamental letter-rack of birch bark. Then comes a counter at which similar goods, together with some few of slightly different descriptions, are on sale. Here are offered to the customer fancy workbaskets, boxes of birch bark worked in dyed porcupine quills, tiny models of lacrosse rackets, snowshoes, and moccasins, with small basketsof almost every conceivable shape; also, photographs of Indian chiefs, and a kind of bark used by the Indians as tobacco. Opposite the counter is a case of Canadian petroleum products, from Mr. Isaac Waterman, of London, Ontario. Beyond the counter there is an opening on the left, through which are some specimens of the large ti;nber from British Columbia — square beams of timber, and enormous planks, and cross sections of great pine trees. There is a cubic block of wood, measuring 3 feet or more in every direction, and a short piece of planking nearly 7 feet in width. Immediately south of this exhibit of timber there is a space — not of great dimensions— sallotted to Canada, lying along the east side of the south-west basin, and fronting the New Zealand Conservatory, where horns of anima's, staffed birds, woodenware, &c, are displayed. There is also a small glas^-house, in which, a cast-iron lighthouse lantern and apparatus manufactured by Mr. E . Chanteloup, for the Canadian Department of Marine are shown. Beyond the opening which leads to this small section of the Can- adian Coart there is, in the Central Gallery, another assortmeot of f'' 48 Indian wares, beginning with a collection of stone and other work done by the Indians of British Colambia. There are small models of the totem posts which are set up in front of the chiefs' houses, some of them in painted wood, but most in slate ; the latter are carved with an old knife and a file. It cannot be said that the carv- ings on these models are very handsome— moat of them, indeed, are hideous. Then there are carved slate spoons, carved walking-sticks, painted canoe paddles, and several hideous masks. A few photo- graphs of Indians are shown among the- other articles, including a portrait of Queen Johnnie, Queen of a tribe of Indians residing near Victoria, firitish Columbia. This collection of firititih Columbia Indian goods is the property of Wild Dick, a well-known character of those parts, renowned as a scout. Adjoining this collection is another large assortment of birch bark articles and basket work made by the Indians, but there is so much similarity between these and the things already described that further particulars are unneces- sary. Here, in a corner, are more snoeshoes and toboggans, and a number of extraordinary Indian pipes made of hickory wood ; these goods, including also all sorts of Indian curiosities, are for sale. Another case containing Indian goods follows, in which some of the birch bark articles displayed are worked in the very brightest of colours, for the Indians are very partial to brilliancy of colouring. It must be admitted, however, that much of their work, although so brightly coloured, is by no means wanting in taste. The articles in this case, also, as well as the baskets, mats, fans, &c., in front of it, may be purchased. With this case the collection of Indian articles ends. The next object is a toboggan, and the next a singularly handsome fire-place and mantel-piece of different coloured stones, manufactured by Messrs. Hurd & Eoberts, of Hamilton. Above it is A case of Canadian Christ) as cards, many of which are most elabor. ately designed, and are oi lamented with tiny models of snowshoes, lacrosse rackets, toboggans, birch bark canoes, and moccasins, all the models having been made by Indians. Beside the case is a black fur robe and the head and horns of a Bouky Mountain sheep. Above the case and the robe, on the wall of the building, are given in large letters and figures a few statistics of the exports of Canada for the last fiscal year. They are as follows :— Products of the mines £ 790,000 *• " fisheries 1,625,000 " " forests , 4,613,000 Animals and their products 5,465,000 Agricultural produce 3,943^000 Manufactures 782^000 Miscellaneous articles, including coin and bullion and estimated short return at inland ports 1,162,000 Total £18,380,000 49 r work models hoases, ;ter are he oarv- eed, are g-3tiok8, photo- uding a ing near olambia laraoter otioQ is rk made ese and annecee- 9, and a d ; these for sale, le of the :hte8t of >louring. llOUgh BO rticles in »nt of it, I articles ngularly I stones, bove it is it elabor- owshoes, isins, all )ase is a Q sheep, ire given i Canada 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 The Habbard Trophy is now left behind, and a9 the visitor pro- ceeds towards the West Gallery he has oa his left a portion of the Government minoralogical exhibit, consisting of sqaare blocks of building stono — those which are suitable for polishing having one side polished. There is here an opening on the left leading into a small room devoted mainly to the mineralogical specimens from the mining districts in the neighbourhood of Port Arthur and around Thunder Bay, on Lake Superior. Some, however, are from other parts of Canada. The left —that is, the east — side may be taken first, beginning with some large blocks of gypsum, used for making plaster of paris, from Nova Sootia. Then come jars of ochre of dif- ferent colours, and then a case containing specimens of native cop- Eer from the mine of the Lake Superior Copper Company at [amainse. Next to these are specimens of manganese from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ; and then a row of cabinets, six in number, made of native woods, containing specimens of silver ore, native silver, and sulphide of silver from the various mines around Port Arthur. They are exhibited by Mr. Thos. A. Keefer, of that town. Among the mines from which the specimens are taken are the Silver Islet Mine, the Silver Mountain Mine, the Eabbit Moun- tain Mine, and the Beaver Silver Mine. In front of the cabinets are blocks of silver ore, samples of infusorial earth, and two specimens of the virgin soil from the neighbourhood of Port Arthur. Beyond these six cabinets is a sample of coal or lignite from the Souris dis- trict, in the North- West Territory; and then, just outside the building, in the open air, are a number of great blocks of coal and samples of coke from the coalfields of Nova Scotia and British (Jolumbia. Here, too, is a specimen of albertite — a substance found in New Brunswick much resembling coal, and used for making gas. At the end of this room are a number of small specimens of ore from the mines Ou .^he north shore of Lake Superior, arranged in conical shape. Now, taking the west side of the room, there is first a large block of granite and a quantity of absetos in different condi- tions, and some blocks of copper and iron pyrites ; also, other min* eral specimens, including a large piece of petrified wood from the North- West. Then follows another row of cabinets, six in number, also exhibited by Mr. Thos. A. Keefer. These contain specimens from the gold mines in the neighbourhood of Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, specimens of silver ore from the north shore of Lake Superior, and specimens of building, useful, ornamental, and precious stones from the same district ; also specimens of lead, zinc, iron, sulphur, graphite and mica. In front of the cabinets are large specimens of crystals and other stones, especially four lovely pieces of agate, with sections cut and polished, and a fine piece of amethyst. Then a huge crystal of apatite, said to be the largest crystal known, and a large quantity of apatite or phosphate of lime in blocks from Buckingham, P.Q. This substance is of great value in the manufac- ture of fertilizers, and is being exported from Canada in considerable 4 60 quantities. In tbe middle of the little room jast described is a case oontaioiDg samples of asbestos, showing the numerous purposes to which this strange mineral can be applied, and the various condi- tions to which it can be brought. There are samples of asbestos yarn, asbestos cloth, asbestos rope, asbestos fibre, asbestos sheetings, asbetos powder, and crude asbestos. There is also a stand of photo- graphs, and a stuffed bever in the act of gnawing down a tree ; also a few Indian curiosities, and a splendid piece of amethyst. Geologi- cal maps are hung round the walls. The remaining portion of the south side of the Central Gallery, up to the commencement of the West Gallery, is occupied by the Government mineralogical exhibit, a prominent place in which is taken by specimeDS of asbestos. There are also bricks and drain-pipes made out of Canadian clay, and specimens of hematite, copper ore, argentiferous galena, amethyst, and many other interesting minerals. The other London papers from the great dailies to the least im- portant parish journals have also very appreciative notices, but these will serve as fair specimens of the manner in which Canada was dealt with. The view of the Canadian exhibition taken by the Australians is shown in the report given in the South Australian Register^ published in Adelaide. The dates are themselves suggestive of the immense changes that have taken place since 1861, when the first World's Exhibition was opened. The correspondent's letter is dated on the 4th of June, and it was published at the Antipodes on the 13th July. The letter is slightly abridged. The year 1886 will be known in the annals of England as the " Colonial Year." London simply has " colonies " on the brain. Derby day a few days ago was alluded to and known under the somewhat nondescript name of the " Colindian Derby." The crowds flocking to South Kensington increase from week to week, and al- ready it is evident that at the very least the total of attendance will be quite 50 per cent, above that of the most popular of the preced- ing exhibitions. For the month of May indeed that percentage has been rather exceeded in spite of the inclemency of the weather, for May has this year been the greatest fraud imaginable, and by uni- versal consent the " merrie month " is agreed to have lost its char- acter. Yet the Exhibition is crowded. Last Saturday afternoon so great was ihe crush that it was only at the imminent danger of breaking one's ribs that one could force a way through the principal entrances and exits in tbe various parts of the pile of buildings. The Canadian and African exhibits were the special object of my attention this week. The position of the court is a little puzzling to visitors, although of course for so great a place as the Dominion the space allotted is very large indeed. For an idea of the positions of the Colonial Courts, we imagined ourselves standing between the Old* London street and the Indian Palace, looking up the centre of the gardens towards the Albe^it Hall. On each side sre courts de* IS a case rposes to IS oondi- asbestos aeetings, of photo- ee ; also Geologi- an of the lit of the I exhibit, asbestos, clay, and metbyst, least im- but these was dealt ralians is )abli8hed immense 1 World's 3d on the 3th July. od as the le brain, inder the e crowds c, and al- &noe will preced- itage has ither, for 1 by uni- its char- )rnoon so larger of principal lings, jct of my puzzling dominion positions ween the centre of icurte de- 61 voted to the various Australian Colonies. These occupy as it were the wings of the central galleries. Canada on the other hand occu- pies the front portion, facing the fountains and the Albert Hiill. The Canadian exhibits take up all the space on both sides in this front portion. The main court is a long and rather narrow oue, stretch- ing nearly the whole distance across the grounds, while the other portion stretches away along the west side of the gardens between tbe Aquarium and the Western Basin. The space is indeed very large compared with that devoted to any other colony. But Canada takes a very important position among Her Majesty's dependencies. Before entering the main court by the central door we find figured before us graphically the extent and resources of the British Empire. An immense map of the e^lobe takes up nearly the whole of the wall in front. Above stand five huge clocks, showing the time first at Greenwich, then at Ottawa, Cape Town, Calcutta, and at Sydney. Statistics given below in large figures inform us that the area of the British Empire is not less than 9,126,000 square miles, and its pop- ulation 305,337,000 souls. The proportion of people in each coun- try is also interesting. Approximately the chief places are as fol- low : — British Isles, Bb^ millions; Canada, 4^ millions; Australia, 3^ millions; and India, 254 millions. After passing through a very narrow strip of the centre gallery, which belongs to South Australia and Queensland, with her symbols of a bright and sunny if not tropical climate, it is strange to find oneself in a place such as the Canadian Court. A pavilion in tue middle is decked out with large photographs in the shape of por- trait groups of skating and tobogganing clubs — men with thick and high fur caps and immense fur borders to their thick overcoats ; ladies with the warmest of muffs and caps. Here, too, are photo- graphs of the saloon carriages of the Grand Trunk Hallway, that huge undertaking which Canada has only recently accomplished. To the right the court c l. qs out into what seems one large music- box. Pianos and cabinet organs in endless variety occupy the various stalls. Beautiful instruments some of these are —in ebony and black wood, as v^all as in the new style of white or grain-and- white finishing. The tone, too, is first-class, as one can easily dis- cern from the strains coming from one stall, where an attendant is playing Liszt's " Rhapsody " in capital style. Further on the cabinet organs attract attention — some very large instruments with three manuels being conspicuous. Does Canada expect to find ground for a trade in England in these instruments ? It seems as if already some considerable business were done. The United Slates supply large numbers of cabinet organs to the British Islands, and Canada is certain to come well to the front in the same line if she can regularly supply such instruments as are to be found in the Exhibition at anything like a moderate price. Pausing to glance at a very good exhibit of church and school furniture one passes on to the side cases devoted to many varieties 4J f 63 ill of manufacture. But first one cannot help being struck with the substantial nature of some of the articles of clothing exhibited. The underclothing of wool is of the thicifest and warmest descrip- tion. The shoes and boots are substantial and thick-soled. The goloshes are made for rough and constant usage. Everything be- tokens life in a severe and trying climate. In Canada it freezes harder than in any other part iuhabited by the British race, yet some of the tweeds that are shown seem to be of a lighter descrip- tion, for the summer-time must also be provided for. Very well finished some of the samples are, and generally of a rather finer appearance than those which are made in Australia, though vhethor they are so full of genuine wool is another matter. Cottons play an important part in some of the showcases, and splendid examples of prints, muslins, &c., give one an idea of the extent to which the factory system must have been developed in Canada. fiut the glory of the court comes at the extreme end of this right- hand side. It is an immense trophy representing the agricultural resources of the Dominion. Truly a marvel of symbolical ingen- uity this I There is no trophy in the Exhibition to be compared with it. Standing some 200 feet high, it is in the form of a square pile, entered from any one of the four sides by an arched doorway. Overhead there are sheaves of corn and bags of grain, ploughs and other implements ol husbandry, barrels of cider and of beer. Jielcw are shelves holding transparent bottles of fine fruits~delici- ous-looking apples and pears and other fruits of the temperate and colder zones. Canada does this department of trade well and thor- oughly. Let not Australia make it her specialty, but rather try to excel in the fruits and products of a warmer climate, and especially those which can be exported at such times that they shall arrive in England when fruit is out of season. Looking at this great trophy the mind dwells long on the agricultural resources of Canada^ It is suggestive of the broad wheat-covered plains of Manitoba and the fertile fields and orchards of Ontario. But for the yearly four months of enforced idleness in hard frost the Canadian settler's lot would be an enviable one. Many efforts are made, however, to overcome the disadvantages. One company take pains to exhibit a large map showing the manner in ~ulk the amount of gold obtained in British Columbia during the past twenty-five years. The Columbian territory is undoubtedly very rich in the precious metal, though not by any means so rioh as the Californian regions further south on the Pacific seabord. One finds from the inscription that the total value represented is not lees than $50,000,000, but it is noticeable that this information is conveyed in French. Evidently that obelisk has travelled in foreign parts. Near it is a glass case with fine specimens of gold bearing quartz, and hard by are large lumps of the anthracite coal, so plentiful on the American con- tinent, and so useful for manufacturing purpose? on account of the fierce heat which it gives, although so difficult to ignile in the first instance. The mineral wealth of this part of the Dominion is also shown by rich samples of lead and iron ores, and some beautiful specimens of marble and other fine stones are shown. Suddenly the scene changes as we leave this small asphalted court and emerge into the gallery runnicg on the western side of the gardens. A long shaft with riggers and belting gives i}?otion to a large number of reapers and binders, haymakers, harvesters and threshing machines, reapers and fanning mills. Many a South Australian farmer would like to take a look round this court. Al- most every object is replete with interest, but many of them also are suggestive of that severe and wintry weather which is so appar- ent in the other parts of the Canadian space. Large iron stoves in endless variety line the walls, and the majority of them are of the round pattern only used for heating purposes, and generally placed in the middle of a room, where as much heat as possible can be given out. But to Australians the farming implements are by far the most interesting. The harvesters are most elaborate affairs, containing some of the most recent improvements, all of which are to be seen hard at work threshing out imaginary corn and winnow- omething \, of GaDa- BO by are ersmith's feet being and gold he silver- overed in moogh in r all their tely orna- aseful go ilverwork inds most on an ex- exactly as 1 which is &moant of •five years. ) precious in regions nscription 00, but it Evidently glass case '"are larga rican con- mni of the n the first ion is also beautiful alted court ide of the otion to a ^esters and a South jourt. AI- them also 8 so appar- i stoves in are of the illy placed lo can be are by far ite affairs, which are id wicnow- 55 ing it. The small fanning mills are merely intended for hand power, and profess to bo eq[uaT to putting through 75 bushels per hour. Near these are to be seen several of the rival formn of reap- ing maohines, and it is interesting to nr>tJce tho plans adopted by different firms for giving the farmers a avenient system or gather- ing their crops. Some of the revolving rakes pass round and round without a pause. Some of them stay over tha machine for a second or so and then are jerked forward. Others have not only this pecu- liarity, but also a peculiar arrangement for making the rake fold back after it ha'^ done its work. Some of the little refinemmts of action involve so much intricacy of detail that it is very question- able whether they do not do more harm than good. No doubt the working parts may be numerically few in all, and this fact sounds well in advertising. But some of the parts made from cast iron are of such complicated and indented shapes that breakage ould scarcely be avoided lor any great length of lime. Surely some simplifying genius is required to invent a reaper that shall bj at once effective and anbreakable. The Canadian section is so large that we have only time to glance at the dark gallery adjoining the aquarium, in which the boats and canoes of the lake and river fishers and hunters are exhibited, and the small section in which are a large number of ordinary style of educational exhibits — drawings, models, maps, and so forth, besides a collection of Canadian books . The Natal Mercury, published in Durban, gives the African view of the exhibits of Canada. The Mercury says : — If the Canadians wore backward in coming forward in response to the invitation of the executive commissioner hero, they have cer- tainly put on a pair of seven-league boots to enable them to come up with their kinsmen in the other colonies. The whole Canadian Court suggests from first to last a people terribly in earnest. Pamphlets setting forth the resources of the D)minion are freely distributed to visitors, who can take away 20 different kinds if they are so minded. I shall not attempt an orderly enumeration of the exhibits, but if your readers will saunter through the court with me I think I may succeed in conveying a fair idea of its contents. The Canadians have been determined to show the actual progress they have made in recent years, and with this intent they have sent all and everything they can produce, not drawing the line at specialties. Thus we have here a varied assortment of trunks, and all manner of shop clothes fittingly near at hand. Boots, too, galore. Paper hangings, with a pretty girl keeping guard over them, and another comely miss presides over the cigar and tobacco stalls. Exhibits of this kind are certain to prove generally attractive. Your staid correspondent may be suspected of frivolity, but such a thought would be a libel, tor if anything could conduce to sober a man, it is the marvellous revelation ot coming greatness which the goods here lavishly displayed may be said to constitute. w T^ 56 To go on with tho commonplace exhibits, we find hats of all kinds, woodenwaro, hardware, fire ornaments, stoves, paints, japans and varnishes. F^rnitare, excellent in quality and design; and as fine pianos, both in their external attraction, and in the softness and parity of their tone, as one could wish to find anywhere. This, too, on the authority of no less a master than Dr. Franz Liszt. The case of one piano is particularly lovely; olive green and gold, worked in chaste floral pattern, it deserves its name. Princess Model. Another conspicuous exhibit, or rather other conspicuous exhibits, are afforded by a number of umbrellas with ivory handles, carved into counterfeit presentments of the leading public men of Canada. The Canadian silversmiths and sewing machine mannfac- turers have equal right to be proud of their work ; while cotton and woollen goods of all kinds —prints, corsets and shirts — must not be forgotten, especially the latter, which are thus far instructive in that they boant the square cuff and latest collar, and could hold their own as to fashionable orthodoxy with the wares of any Bond street haberdasher. The manilla writing paper, too, might feel quite at home in the mobt magnificent Parisian establishment. All manner of samples of stationery and printing are here, and the list may be concluded with t^e mention of scents and certain very elegant window blinds. Fruits in tins, soups, cheeses, preserved meats, oilcakes, mineral waters, chocolates, spirits, are all to be found in great profusion. Mr. Lyman sent a magnificent display of chemical matters, inolud- ing florida water and lime juice cordial, and samples of sundry specifics made from plants peculiar to Canada, which have beea found by the faculty most useful in certain diseases. There is also here a liniment which like Brickhill's, is a soverign cure for all aches and pains. Examples of the skill of the joiner and of the turner are not wanting ; while a very elegant display of the woods of New Brunswick rivets the visitor's attention — a remark even more true of a series of photographs of Canadian trees framed in their own wood. The asbestos exhibits, showing the various uses to which asbestos is put, deserves mention, and so does the quaint and varied assortment of Indian curiosities — a magnificent rack of Indian clubs, models of canoes, and the rackets used in the game of lacrosse. Snow shoes in profusion are also visible. There is a fish incubatory, aid all kinds of fish exhibits, a beautiful collection of moths and buttei flies,and about as interesting a display of agricultural implements as could well be brou^rht together. Steam threshers, cross furrow ploughs, ditching ploughs, mowing machines, and implements of all kinds. This calls to mind the carts and carriages, which make an admirable show. Certain highly ingenious eye- glasses, made on the pince nez pattern, but with cork-padded clippers, deserve mention. They are light and seK-adjastable, and cannot readily be detached from the cose, which, however, they grip with- out giving pain or leaving marks of indentation. There is a splen- VI 8 of all 9, japanft ; and as nees and Phis, too, ;t. The nd gold, Princess upicuoas handles, men of nanofac- >tton and t not be ictive in uld hold ny Bond light feel ont. All 1 the list ain very , mineral )rofu8ion. , inolud- f sundry lave beea )ro is also ire for all id of the Lhe woods lark oven framed in rious uses he quaint nt rack of e game of e is a fish I lection of ^rioaltural threshers, bines, and carriages, nious eye- d clippers, nd cannot grip with- is a splen- didly executed geological map of Canada. The enormous wealth of the Dominion in coal is beyond the dream of the wildest dreamer ; and as that eloquent Canadian orator, Mr. Parkins, said at the con- ference of the Federation League, " it is surely a merciful dispoosa* tion of Providence that theee enormous coal fields should run close up to the seaboard, and thus be in a few day's striking distance of England." The Hudson's Bay Company send exhibits, whose attrac- tiveness to the fair sex is only second to those sent by our friends from the Cape. Seal skins and diamonds have a great affinity, as we are too sedulously taught in novels of the servant's hall typo. There is, moreover, a grand-looking show case, full of Canadian fresh water pe^ 'Is, obtained from pearl mussels in the small streams of the Province of Quebec. These pearls -re certainly wonderfully splendid, and their colour in many instances leaves nothing to be desired. The photographs of sleighing and tobogganing (Park Club, Montreal) are very intoresting, and so indeed is the excellent Canadian library. It would be absurd not to mention a certain very ambitious model of a Canadian ice palace, and the mention of it is to mention its absurdity, for it is more like a pile of chocolates encased in silver paper than an ice palace. However, underneath the fluid beef is dispensed by fair maids just in the manner it is brought into use in Canada. At either end of the Canaoiao Court are two most striking trophies. One is devoted to wild animals, including specimens of the polar bear, walrus, moose, wapiti, stag, seal and all manner of aquatic and other birds. The o^hor is a trophy of agricultural and garden produce. There are some ex- tremely fine specimens of English fruits preserved in spirits of wine, and samples of corns, grasses and pulses. I think these two notably handsome trophies are the finest in the exhibition. In con- cluding this somewhat cursory survey of the Canadian Court on© word about a conspicuous looking glass case devoted to the pro- ducts of the Island of Anticosti, an island of 3,850 square miles in the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Its proprietors claim for it all manner of advantages, which would seem to be sustained by the official reports and the exhibits — as a sample of which let me men- tion a gigantic claw of a lobster, the entire body of this crustacean being said to have weighed 30 lbs. A survey of the Canadian Court fully bears out Sir Charles Tapper's recent culogium at the Federa- tion banquet concerning its grand future. As far as I can see it can't help itself. But the view taken by the other parts of Britain, outside of Lon- don, must bo presented, if a fair estimate is to be made of the effect of the exhibition on the population of the British Isles. The opinion of such a place as Loeds has great influence. It ia shown in the report of the Leeds Mercury, which says: — Canada has availed herself liberally of the opportunity aflforded by the Exhibition for introducing to notice her products and re- sources. The courts assigned to her, which have in the f ggregato ir^ 63 a floor space of nearly 75,000 sqaare feet, are filled with a oarcfolly arranged asnortment of the yield of her fields, forosta, minon and manufaotories, and these are contributed by no fewer than li^^OO ex- hibitors. The colony possesses the largest extent of caltivable land yet opened to settlement, adapted to the growth of prodactions of the temperate climates, not only on the American continent, but in the whole world, and the fame of the country as a gram producer needs not to bo recorded here. Almost the only machinery shown in motion at the Exhibition is to be found in one of the Canadian Courts. It consists entirely of agricultural and harvesting machines. Reapers of the various types used in the country rre present in con- siderable number. These machines are not showi in action ; but by means of belts driven from the main shafting tueir cutting and gathering parts are put in motion. Threshing and fanning ma- chines are exhibited in the same way. There is a good show of portable steam engines, for agricultural purposes, and those are adapted to burn either coal, wood or straw. For the utilization of wind and water power, in various operations of the farm, several inventions are shown, such as windmills fitted to pumps and turbines capable of giving a good account of limited heads of waten Of ploughs, harrows, grain drills, &c., there are a considerable number on view, and the forms of these are a never-failing subject of disoas- sion among the numerous visitors from the agricultural counties. A small collection of engineering machine tools from Ontario challenge comparison with the like products of English engineer(>. Boot and shoe making machines, biscuit making machines and washing ma- chines are also among the Canadian exhibits; and there is a fine collection of stoves, axes and spades. At one end of the central gallery there is a grand trophy of the products of Canada, and fsmallor trophies stand at several other points. In these, and ar- ranged in cases on stands convenient for close inspection, are samples of the grain produce, fruits, timbers and minerals of the Dominion ; and a splendid show these make. The fruits include a collection of nearly two hundied varieties of apples, some of which are of remarkable size. The forest products are a conspicuous fea- ture of the collection, and have been chiefly contributed by the Canadian (Government, The natural history of the colony is pro- fusely illustrated by hundreds of stuffed specimens, and there are several striking trophies of big game. It was to be expected that a country whose fisheries are of so much value would place these in evidence, and the expectation has not been dis^ippointed, for of fish and fishing appliances there are complete collections on view. The mineral resources of Canada are of great extent, but so far they have been tapped to only a limited degree. Deposits of coal of excellent quality exist on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts, and beneath the prairie lands west of the Eocky Mountains. Iron abounds in various localities, and there are rich deposits of ^old, silver, copper, lead and other minerals. Petroleum, salt and 6!) oarcfally linofl and l.ftOO ex- able land actions of nt, but in producer ry Hhown Canadian nachinoB. nt in con- tion ; but tting and ning ma- tthow of Lhoae are tization of 1, several d turbines rater* Of e number of disoQfi- unties. A challongo Boot and shing ma- is a fine le central oada, and and ar- Btion, are als of the include a ) of which icuous fea- jd by the my iti pro- there are lected that ce these in for of fish iew. but so far ts of coal he Pacific lonntains. eposits of a, salt and nhospbates also form a part of the wealth of the Dominion. Spooi* .lens of all these are fchown in a special court at the Kxhibition. The Canadian Government has contributed many samples of gold from the North- West Territory and British Columbia, and a number of models of famous nuggets. A g'ldod obelisk shows the bulk of all the gold drawn from the auriferous deposits of Brititih Colum' 'a, the value of the precious metal represented being over ten millions sterling. Fine specimens of gold boarini^ quailz, copper and galena are exhibited b}' the Kootenay Syndicate, Limited. Among other collections that may be mentioned i.s that composed of the minerals of Nova Scotia, which include magnetic iron ore, native copper, manganese, hilver, lead ore, &o. Great efforts appear to have been made to impress us with the value of the Canadian conl-fields. The Vancouver Coal Mining and Land Compay show a single block of coal weighing four tons, and there are several smaller blocks from other quarters. The coal found in the Dominion varies in quality, bat there is an abundant store of high-ulass material. The Canadian Government show a collection of granite, marble and other building stones, and of slates, brick and drain tiles there are many exhibits. Asbestos is a mineral product of the Dominion which has in recent years come into oxtenbivo use, and the value of which has thereby been enhanced. The illustrations of the mannfaotares and industrial enterprise of the Canadians are numerous and interesting. They cover nearly all human requirements, and compare favourably with the like products of the mother c )untry. To the production of warm clothing they have, as a necessity of their climate, ^iven geat attention, and the woollen cloths in the piece and fashioned Into garments are suggestive of great warmth. Furs are, of course, conspicuous, and many kinds are shown with which we are not familiar in this country. There are several exhibits of boots and shoes, and among these are fur slippers suggestive of great comfort at the winter fireside. Several cases of silver plate and jewellery show a great advance in the arts of luxury. The furniture section contains an excellent assortment of goods of superior quality. A score of musical instrument makers have put on view their specialties in pianos, organs, &3. These dis- play workmanship of a high class, and competent authorities have pronounced favourably of their more important qualities. Of car- riages, carts, p idlery and harnesp, numerous examples are shown. Indian manufu .ares in baskets and fancy articles in bead, grass and quill work, most of which shews canning manipulation, add to the attractions of the Canadian collection. The first and most extensive exhibit in this class is that of the Hudson Bij Company. The food preparations of Canada have long been famous, and here we have them displayed in seemingly endless variety. Specimens of engraving, lithographing, printing and photography are to bo met with in various parts, and among the latter are two remarkable pictures — a tobogganing scene and a snow-shoe club mustering for m »i 60 a tramp. These are strikingly vivid, and the composition of the groups is remarkably successful. The educational appliances and methods of the Dominion are illustrated in a most complete manner ; and this department, which is admirably arranged, will not fail to prove interesting to many visitors. The remarks of the Bradford Observer, if rather caustic, may yet be considered carefully by those to whom they are addressed, one of the great benefits of such a display being the provocation of com- parison with others, out of which improvements may arise. Eegarded as a whole, Canada is, next to India, the most impor- tant constitutent of the British Empire beyond the seas. Were the various Australasian colonies to sink their mutual jealousies and to federate themselves, as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario did twenty years ago, they mi<;ht possibly in wealth, if not in population, rival the Dominion. Much of Canada — about one- fourth— is French, and there is a strong German element in the community; whereas the Australian colonies are much more thor- oughly British . Moreover, they are but of yesterday, while Canada has a history almost as old as that of the adjoining States. The future of Canada, too, has a larger promise than the Australian colonies seem to offer, for Canada has plenty of water, vast tracts of fertile land, and inexhaustible wealth in forests and minerals. Its prolonged and rigorous winter is against it, and no Australian equatter would over be tempted to exchange the glorious sunshine of the south for the snows of a Canadian winter ; but Canada, is cer- tain to produce a hardier and more energetic people than the Aus- tralians of the second generation, who are well termed " corn stalks." Indeed, it is doubtful whether it will not always be necessary to introduce a continuous strain of new blood from " the old country " if the Australians of the future are to be anything but a degenerat- ing race. Canada is eminently a farming and industrial country where men must work if they would prosper, and there is ample evidence of this in ttie Cana'^.ian section of the Exhibition. The Canadian exhibits occupy the fine Central Gallery which stretches across the middle of the area occupied by the Exhibition, and also the largest part of the West Gallery, which runs at right angles to it, and which was last year devoted to machinery in motion. The effect of the vista looking down the gallery from either end is very fine, but in detail there is not much to study. The individual exhi- bits are very much the same sort of things we have seen before at the Fisheries or the HeaUberies. Furniture, ropes, canvas, pianos, organs, ironmongery, carpets, stuffs, &o.j are here, and the only marvel about them is that they come so very near in excellence to the products of English factories. In some respects they are saper- ior — as, for instance, the axe heads and acme skates — while in others American models have been very closely copied. There is a big collection of safes, for instance, from Toronto, which are decor- ated inside and out with what strikes the Britisher as gaudy and 61 of the COS and oanner ; t fail to may yet d, one of of com- t impor- kVere the 8 and to ebeo and th, if not )oat one- Qt in the ore thor- e Canada 3S. The .ustralian t tracts of trals. Its Lostralian sanshine M is cor- 1 the Au8- rn stalks." jessary to country " egenerat- A country 3 is ample on. The stretches , and albO angles to ion. The nd is very dual exhi- 1 before at as, pianos, I the only cellence to are siper- — while in There is a are decor- gaudy and senseless vulgarity. The same remark applies to the immense nam* her of oast-iron stoves. These are beautifully clean castings — as fine as come from the best Scotch foundries — but they are extrava* gantly ornamented after the American fashion. Of the distinctively Canadian exhibits, there are some which should not be overlooked, including two trophies, one at either end of the Central Gallery. At the east end there is an immense pile built up of cereals, cheese, hams, fruits in jars, agricultural implements, and so on, all beautifully arranged, and forming an attractive picture, which is eloquent of the great resources of the country. At the oiher end of the gallery is a trophy of furs of great value, and calculated to arouse the envy of the ladies to fever pitch. Here there are also some chairs cleverly constructed of buck horns, intended for the Queen. There are some fine specimens of timber from New Brunswick, a number of harvesters' and agricultural implements following American rather than English patterns, and in the West Arcade adjoining the aquarium a collection of birch bark and cedar rib canoes, which are astonishingly capacious and strong, notwithstanding the lightness ot their construction, and strike one as remarkably cheap. About the centre of the principal gallery are some good photographs, including pictures of toboganning in winter, which are always surrounded by an interested and inquiring group. Of the shorter notic~ an extract may be given from agricultural counties. The EngVs. Labourers Chronicle, published at Neaning- lon, says : — "Canada, as the premier colony of the Empire at South Kensing- ton, is becoming more and more the cynosure of all eyes, and there can be no doubt thab the effort made by the Dominion to be present in a representative manner on this occasion is making a deep im- pression on the visiting public. Even to those who are tolerably well posted as to the stage of development which our great colonies have reached, the range covered by the Canadian exhibits, and their uniform excellence, will come as a surprise. The general imprc'iion conveyed by an inspection of the contents of this section is th&» cha federated possessions of Her Majesty in British North America form a state that is thoroughly self-sustaining, and that the enterprise and vigour of its population is characteristic of all that is best on the great continent of which they occupy the larger half. Perhaps the finest sight of the whole court is the agricultural trophy, con- structed entirely out of the various products which the soil of Canada yields. A noticeable feature of the trophy is the splendid collection of Canadian fruit, preserved in glass jars, which included luscious looking grapes, peaches, apricots, melons, pears, apples and a largo variety of smaller fruits, til grown in the open air, and which must be at once the delight and despair of fruit growers in this country. The trophy is highly instructive as indicating the favourable climatic conditions of the country which yields such pro- duce. Altogether there is much to be learnt from the Dominion n ■:} 62 exhibit, and it is to be hoped that the teaching of the display will not be lost sight of but will be turned to some practical account." The Hampshire I*o&t speaks in similar terms. From India, the Bangalore Spectator gives the following brief estimaio of Oinada's appearance: — " Canada, with her four millions of inhabitants, hasac much space allotted to her as all the 250 millions of India, and right well is she represented. Nothing could be better, either lor the extent and variety of the exhibits or for the artistic and telling manner in which everything is arranged. The central trophy is a marvel of neatceES and exhibitive skill. An immense mound consisting of all the vegetable resources of the Dominion splendidly put together. Farther on another mound of metals, and at the far end a great trophy of fnr producing animals." The Sydney, New South Wales Herald is as brief and as appre- ciative: — "Proceeding towards the Albert Hall, the Dominion of Canada is reached. Canada occupies a vast space, the court being fully a quarter of a mile long. A superb trophy of agricultural implements and produce will doubtless attract great attention. It is beautifully designed, and some of the products thereupon are equal to any that can be shown in the world. Prodacts of fishing and hunting are shown in every form, from the costliest sealskin, obtained by the trappers of the frozen regions of the Far North, down to the com- mon cod-liver oil of commerce. Manufactures are shown very extensively, and it is evident to me that in the friendly gathering of the children of the Empire the great Dominion will assume a part commensurate with the vastness of her territory and the vigorous character of her people." New Zealand also takes notice of the great resources of the Dom- ion, the Auckland Weekly Neios stating its opinion in words few but strong : — " Canada confronts the old world with the illimitable wealth of her enormous territory, and points to her raw proiuots, her labour- saving machinery, her fisheries, her wool, her furniture, her sewing machines, to her pianos, organs, tweeds and woollen goods, and to her wonderful trophies of tinned provisions and preserved fruits." The London Daily Telegraph draws a lesson from the agricul- tural display at the exhibition : — " It peems on the iace of it a preposterous thing that anybody should be able to make batter and cheese better than the people of England and Ireland, and that a time should have arrived when with a dense population, near markets, and increasing consumption these prime products of agricultural industry should have become less and lees remunerative. Tet such are the facts. It is not, per- haps, the dairyman's fault that we are year by year importing larger quantities of these supplies iiom abroad, because the acreage of the British islands is a fixed and not an elastic quantity expanding with 63 ay will ant." g brief ih space il is she ont and nner in krvel of )g of all Dgether. a great .8 appre- Canada r fully a plementB autifttlly any that I ting are by the ihe com- wn very hering of e a part vigorous ■the Dom* 8 few but wealth of er labour- er sewing and to fruits." agrioul- anybody jeople of ved when asumption e become 8 not, per- ing larger age of the ttding with population, which, though we are ac old country, grows in a ratio that only would be roppeotable in a very young one. But in th& matter of quality our farmers should hold their own against the world. Kicher pastures, finer stock, are nowhere to be found, and even our climate, as a rule, favours the dairyman. In the face of all these advantages it is, nevertheless, the truth that with a few exceptions, such a^ the best yields Dorset and Cheshire, we are beaten in our own markets by the prodtice of Brittany, Holland, Denmark and Canada. This sweeping statement is not materially affected by the lact that the highest prices are realized by the best British butter and chee>«e ; for we must distinguish between th& highest quality, of which there is a limited supply, and the great bulk, and when this is done it can scarcely be qtiestioned that thd British and Irish dairyman takes a second place, and that the general average of imported butter and cheese is superior to that of home production. In the Cork market last week £33,300 worth of batter was sold. It has been calculated that if the whole of the produce had been well made it would have realised, as ' firsts,' £6,000 more, and then it would not have exceeded the average qaality of Brittany butter: iSix thousand pounds a week for the slovenly manufacture of one of the prime necessities of life in these climates, and that, too, when agriculture is fearfully depressed. To a greater or less extent this loss is experienced all over the king> dom. The complaint of dealers is that the English butters are irregular; there is no uniformity of quality. In the great Irish market, for instance, on Wednesday, there were no less than practically six qualities, which ranged in the following significant scale of prices: Suporfines, 120s. per firkin; firsts, 108s; eeconds, 92s.; thirds, 81s.; fourths, 6^8. Out of 1,763 firkins, only fifty-four were superfines and 706 firsts, and it is to be remembered that as a commodity competing with the all-round good article, of pretty uniform quality, produced in Holland, Brittany, or Canada, the better makes sufifer for the inferior, and that the buyer recognizes no such distinctions as firsts and fifths; and he kaows too well that he is liable to have palmed off upon him the worse article at the higher price. In short, the time has come when the dairymen of the (Jnittid Kingdom must make a united effort to regain the position which they have lost. One of our colonics shows us what is needed. Canada has solved the problem. Ten years ago the Dominion imported cheese ; last year the single province of Ontario manufactured 70,000,0001b8. and exported to England alone cheese worth £1,400,000. Two or three years ago Canadian butter was made at each farmstead, with every possible grade of care and negligence, science and ignorance, with the net result that a small portion was excellent, a certain quantity middling, and the bulk grading downwards to " very io- lerior." Two or three years co-operative dairying was started I under the auspices of the Government and under the supervision of V r.^ 64 the Ontario Agricaltural College. The idea of this system is that the farmors of a district possessing 500 to 1,000 cows among them send their milk to a creamery. There it is treated in a most scien- tific manner by skilled hands asing the best machinery, the resalt being that butter is produced of a uniformly high quality, the farmers receive a higher price, and the public a better article. Professor Kobertson, of the Ontario College, is now in London, re- presenting his Government at the Colonial Eshibition, and he has explained the principles on whioh the system is worked in his pro- vince, which has led the way in the DDminion ; and his exposition goes to show that the colonists have applied strictly scientific theory and art in the attainment of their object. They have recognized first of all that butter has a natural texture which is destroyed by mixing and too much handling; anl, second, that it is a material which undergoes a natural ripening or maturing process, and that this may be hastened or retarded to suit the requirements of com- merce. Taking these points together, it may be said that the finest product is only possible where the butter is made from the best milk, by the most careful processes, untouched by hand, and when it is brought to market just at the time when its oxidation or mel- lowing by contact with the air brings about the mature or ripe flavour. In Brittany, England, and Ireland butter is usually made in shallow vessels, and at a rather warm temperature. The result is quick oxidation — soon ripe, soon spoil ; and an excess of salt is used to prevent it becoming rancid. The Canadians use, on the contrary, deeper cases, submerged in cold water, and their fresh butter will keep easily from three to five weeks ; with a very slight covering of suet, and packed in suitable tins, it will keep good for a year. They can send perfectly fresh butter to the English market, and the probability is that in a few years this will be done to a largo extent. In Canada, the whole cost of collecting, churning, provid- ing packages, salt, and the other necessaries is 2d. per lb.; in Eng- land it is believed it would be considerably less, and the complete equipment of a creamery in the first instance cau be effected for £400. Lord Vernon is leading the way to the adoption of this co- operative production ; and there seems to be no reason why it should not become general. When this is done, the existing wide differ- ences of quality, of colour, textoe, flavour, and purity will disappear grading from firsts to fifths vrm cease, we shall less depend on ex- terior supply, and farming will pay better. The English dairyman has to compete not on)lf with the genuine article from abroad but also with oleomargarine and butterine — the imputed shams. Butterine is not butter but animal fat, mixed with a little of the real article, bit oftener with African nut oil ; and it is sold to the public very commonly as ^jutter, and always at a price far beyond its real value. At the present moment exactly one-third of the stuff imported from abroad is avowedly butterine ; Holland alone in the last nine months sent us nearly £3,000,000 wjrth. It 66 a 19 that Qg them )8t Bcien- e result klity, the • article, ndon, re- id he has 1 his pro- X position fio theory BOOgnized troyed by I material , and that its of com- ; the fioest ■a. the best and when )n or mel- iire or ripo lally made The result iS of salt is use, on the their fresh very slight I good for a SQ market, 10 to a largo Ing, provid- b.; inBng- le complete effected for 1 of this CO- hy it should wide differ- 11 disappear pend on ex- the genuine tterine— the mixed with )il ; and it is ys at a price ly one-third ae ; Holland ) wjrth. It is interesting to note that while the Americans distinctly refuse to swallow this bosh butter, they benevolently ship it to Denmark, and our good friends the Danes have mixed it with a little of the produce of their own cows, sent it over to Cork to be sold as " thirds," "fourths," or "fifths." The Canadian tariff makes latterine and oleomargarine unremunerative. In this country the Government hesitates to interfere ; it recognizes that the compound is a genuine animal fat, though it is not butter ; and there is actually no simple test by which the inferior, genuine, and the " bosh " can be distin- guished. Meanwhile the farmer is seriously injured by the sale of an article which is not what it pretends to be. This is another rea- 80D for co-operative and scientific dairying, for " bosh " will never be mistaken for really good butter. Reputation Id such a matter is of the first importance. In Canada oleomargarine and butterine are unknown, and its dairy produce benefits by the fact. In the game way it is illegal in Canada to make skim mills cheese, and the consequence is that Canadian cheese is quoted in London 4s. per cwt. higher than)[Amerioan. It may be impracticable for us in Eng- land to adopt similar regulations, or for the Government to lend the assistance which it does in the Dominion to the dairying interests —making every one of its " creameries," in Ontario, for instance, a school of technical instruction — but there seems no reason why a vigorous effort should not be made to bring about co-operative dairying. England offers the best of all markets for really good batter and cheese, and there was probably no excuse but a bad system for the importation from foreign countries in the last nine months of 1,298,237 cwt. of cheese, £o,000,000 worth of butter, and £2,000,000 worth of " bosh." If a little of the time devoted to poli- tics in Ireland could be spared for this subject, there might be less opportunity for moonlighting. The small farmers, both of Ireland and of England, must awake to the fact that they will find it hard to compete by-and-bye with the skilled, scientific, and organized in- dustry of Canada so long as they adhere to the world-old processes now in use^ The Woodstock, Ontario, Sentinel Review, which had a correapon- Ident in London, deals especially wita the cheese industry. The |article which follows has been greatly condensed : — " Leaving for the time English politics, readers of the Sentinel {Review will no doubt feel a keen interest in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. To see the exhibition thoroughly it would take a visi- tor many days or weeks. To be impressed with the magnificence of the buildings and of all they contain, one mast go in the evening. The interior of the buildings is brilliantly illuminated with electric llights. Outside the buildings the scene is still more attractive and [brilliant. Between the Albert Hall, the main exhibition buildings ind its side wings there are gardens that form a kind of court, beau* [tified by trees, shrubs, flowers and fountains. To sum the exhibi- tion up in one word, it is a most magnificent success. There are . 5 ! 66 < 'i i nil three great parts that stand out from all the rest. These are the Indian, the Australian and the Canadian, with a good fourth place for New Zealand. To say that oar Dominion need not be ashamed of any comparison is to bestow upon Canada's oontribation to the Exhibition the very highest praise." Alter a general reference to the various classes of exhibits, which have been commented on in the article already quoted, the writer proceeds : " Bat all Jhese advantages may be regarded as small comp^.red to what may accrue from bringing the consumers of Britain and the Canadian producers of food more closely together. Great Britain is the market of Canadian farmers. There prices are fixed. An in- creased demand for our beef, cheese, butter, flour, oatmeal, honey, fruit, fish, &c. ; in a word, for our food products, means higher prices and an increased production. It means money for the pockets of our great producing population. When Englishmen ask for Cana- dian beef and cheese the demand must be supplied. The item of cheese bee^t illustrates the importance of this. Canada is now ex- porting between eighty and ninety millions of poands of cheese per annum. It goes to Great Britain. (Jpon the reputation of oar cheese the trade depends. It has taken many years for our dairy- men to win their way there. Canadian cheese is now acknowledged to be superior to American and is taking the place of English. The British market belongs to Canada, if Canadian dairymen only realize the fact. " Still, what do we find ? No trade journal in London quotes Canadian cheese. It is all ' American ' only. Three months have elapsed and there is no exhibit of cheese made by the Canadian Commission. The * Colonial Market,' where food products were to be brought directly before British consumers, is a farce, or rather is managed in almost the worst conceivable way by a London dealer, and for his own interest alone. No information, by means of fly sheet literature or otherwise, is being given about the history and magnitude of our dairy interests, and a laggard effort is now being made to carry out the well-known wishes of Ontai io dairymen. At present it would bo impossible for any visitor to the exhibition to learn anything about Canadian cheese, or to know from any source that there is such a county as Oxford — the home and centre of the industry. To exaggerate the importance of the subject to the people of this district would be difficult. It would pay every cheese factory in Oxford to have spent $50 or even $ 100 to secure a worthy exhibit, $20,0^0 might have been spent for the Province, and Canadian dairy farmers would have got it back twenty fold. " But, it may be asked, what is lo be done ? What should have been done is this : A monthly exhibit of selected Outario cheese ehould have been made throughout the whole season. This should iiave taken vhe form of a grand che^oe trophy— a form that I proved so striking and effective in many departments of the exhibi' 67 ese are the )arth plaoe )e ashamed ion to the ibits, which the writer iomp>;red to in and the it Britain is ed. An in- leal, honey, ighor prices pockets of k for Oana- The item of is now ex- f cheese per tion of our r our dairy- iknowledged nglish. The only realize mdon quotes nonths have the Canadian [nets were to , or rather is )ndon dealer, means of fly 1 history and is now being -irymen. At exhibition to na any source centre of the to the people 5hee8e factory arthy exhibit, anadian dairy ,t should have utario cheese This should 3rm that 1: of the exhibi- tion. As cheese does not keep very long in England, the exhibit could easily have been replaced as often as necessary, each consign- ment being sold by arrangement with dealers. This exhibit should have been under a thoroughly competent Canadian, who could give full information upon the subject of cheese and about all other food products. The fineiit samples should have been free to all who wished to taste them. Canadian cheese should have been on the bili of fare at all the best eating places, and none but the best supplied. It should not have been sold at the Colonial market for profit, and should have been handled there by Canadian sulesnen. Hundreds of thousands of fly-sheets giving in a very brief and i*eadable form information about the dairy industry of Canada should have been circulated among visitors. Had this been done no feature of the exhibition would have excited more interest than Canadian cheese ; and none would have done more good to this country. " Why our dairy interests have been neglected so long I cannot say. As to where the blame lies I am not able at present to form an opinion. 1 have concerned myself only with the facts. We can- not make up for the time that has been lost. But during the last months of the exhibition much may be done. It is fur Canadian dairymen to see that the steps now being taken are adequate to the occasion. There is no time to be lost. What are they going to do about it ? " Sir Charles Tupper said the views of the committee only con- firmed his own, and that he had already urged the department to • have Canadian fruits shipped during the summer. His arrange- ment with Tallerman, who was in charge of the market for New Sooth Wales, was such as could be terminated at any moment, and if any better management of the Canadian branch could be proposed he was open to suggestions." The somewhat discouraging view taken by the Woodstock Sentinel Iteview, in its correspondence, written a short time after the opening of the exhibition may be compared with the account by the Morning Post, London, Eng., of a subsequent date. The Post says : — " During the past two weeks there has been in the Exhibition, at South Kensington, a display made by the Canadian Government of the greatest importance to the British farmer. It is that of cheese and butter from Ontario, the whole having been collected from some fifty factories and brought over to the Exhibition by Prof. J. W. Eobertson, who is the head of the Dairy Department at the Ontario Agricultural College. An examination of this exten* sive exhibit ought to be the aim of every cheese-maker in the country, for without such an examination he can have no idea of the perfection to which the Canadian competition has been brought. The writer of these reports spent an afternoon in company with Professor Kobertson and Capt. Clarke (who is in charge of the Canadian Agricultural exhibits) in an examination of these dairy 5i I 68 lU^. prodact.0, the high quality of which would fairly astonish tho cheese and batter makers of the country. First, as to the batter. That which was tried was two months old, and had been for ten days (and ten days of heat) in the Exhibition. It was not at all salt, the natural texture was well preserved, it was well and solidly worked, and of fine, meaty flavour. It was equal to our best butter, and this it is eaid can be placed on the Eoglish market at Is. a lb. There are none better at the London Dairy 3how. The Canadians are trying hard to meet the markets in this country, and this butter will be imported fresh in 51b. tins, which can be obtained regularly by the hooseholder. But it was in the cheese department that the greatest perfection has been obtained. Here there are in all some 400 cheeses, all made on the Cheddar system, and all of a uniform high qaaliiy. Out of the 1,000 cheeses shown at Frome last month it would have been impossible to have selected 50 cheeses of such a uniform quality as the 400 on exhibition at the Canadian Court, while the first prize winners would have been run very close indeed by the Canadian. The cheese shown vary in size, the 'truckles' being about three or four pounds smaller than those usually made in the West of England, and the ordinary sizes weighing about 50 lbs. to 70 lbs. against 80 lbs. to 100 lbs. ot the deep Cheddars of the West of England. The Canadian cheese is also earlier in maturing than our own Cheddars, the cheese in the exhibition being about six weeks old, and being then well matured. At that age our Eog- lish cheese would be still soft and curdy. The Canadian cheese is mellow, silky and meaty to the palate, solid in body, and of ine grain and texture, is rich and nutty in flivour, and is shape^v' in size, clean in appearance, and smoothy and clear in the '^kin. It is a great pity that at the show at Frome a few lots of Canadian could not be sent for competition, for it would prove .'^uoh an < object lesson' to the farmers of the West as they could not soon forget. This exhibition opens up a very great question for the English cheesemonger, and that is, how it happens that Canada has been able to produce bo even and high a quality of cheese. It is not in the factory system that the answer is to be found, for the United States has factories,, and its cheese is much inferior to Canadian. Cheddar cheese has really become the world's cheese, and is made not only in various parts of Great Britain, but on parts of the Con. tinent, in Canada and the United States, and in the antipodes. In the latter place Victoria produces a higher quality than any other place. The subject of Cheddar cheese in every part of the world requires to be investigated, and a more useful work could not be undertaken by the Department of Agriculture at Whitehall. A good investi- gation would give such a mass of practical details as could not fail to be useful." The Westmoreland, Eng., Gazette, dealing with the Exhibition, has the following on the factory and creamery systems in Canada : — " Two or three years ago Canadian butter was made at each farm- stead, with every possible grade of care and negligence, soieuce and cheeso That . days ,lt, the orked, 9r, and i. a lb. adians batter jularly iHt the il some niform month if BUOh Court, indeed uoklea' y made ^ about 8 of the aturing r about ir Eag- leese is of Ine pe^j' in 1. It is n could ' object .forget. English been not in United nadian. made le Con- In the place, equires srtaken investi- not fail ibition, ada: — farm- iCe and IB 69 ignorance, with the not result that a email portion was excellent, a certain quantity middling, and the bulk grading downwards to ' very inferior.' Two or three years ago, oc-operative dairying was started under the auspices of the Government and under the super* vision of the Ontario Agricultural College. The idea of this system is that the farmers of a district possessing 500 to 1,000 cows amongst them eend their milk to the creamery. There it is treated in a most scientific manner by skilled hando using the best machin- ery, the result being that butter is produced ofa uniformly high quality, the farmer receives a better price, and the public a better article. Professor Robertson, of the Ontario College, is now in London, representing his Government at the Colonial Exhibition, and he has explained the principles on which the system is worked in his province, which has led the way in the Dominion ; and his exposition goes to show that the colonists have applied strictly scientific theory and art to the attainment of their object. They have recognized first of all that butter has a natural texture which is destroyed by mixing and too much handling ; and, second, that it is a material which undergoes a natural ripening or maturing process, and that this may be hastened or retarded to suit the requirements of commerce. Taking these points together, it may be said that the finest product is only possible where the butter is made from the best milk, by the most careful processes, untouched by band, and when it is brought to market just at the time when its oxidation or mellowing by contact with the air brings about the mature or ripe flavour. In Brittany, England, and Ireland butter is usually made in shallow vessels, and at a rather warm temperature. The result is quick oxidation — soon ripe, soon spoil ; and an excess of salt is used to prevent it becoming rancid. The Canadians use, on the contrary, deeper cases, submerged in cold water, and their fresh butter will keep easily from three to five weeks ; with a very slight covering of suet, and packed in suitable tins, it will keep good for a year. They can send perfectly fresh butter to the English market, and the probability is that in a few years this will be done to a large extent. In Canada, the whole cost of collecting, churning, providing packages, salt and other necessaries is 2d. per lb ; in England, it is believed it would be considerably less, and the complete equipment of a creamery in the first instance can be effected for £t00. Lord Vernon is leading the way to the adoption of this co-operative production in England." It seems to be the mission of England to teach the world how to do without her. Here in the Times of this morning is Mr. Moore, writing as one having authority and dating his letter from Frome, telling us that the Canadian Cheddars now exhibiting at the Indian and Colonial Exhibiting "would have run most of the first-price lots at the Frome show very close indeed, and in several cases come out winners." In the very point which is the boast of the best Cheddar — its keeping qualities — Mr. Moore assures us that the Canadian cheese ""^fll w is at least eqaal to ours. Ho qnotes, too, tho opinion of a grocer whom ho asked to sample two choesee ho had bought — an English price-cheese at 70s. and a fairish Canadian at 528. The grocer thought that " perhaps the English cheese was a little the best." To the unfortunate farmers who are getting 50a. per cwt. where they were accustomed a few yoars back to got 80s. it is small con- solation to know that " Cheddar is the world's cheese, and the Frome show represents tho birth-place of tho system," and that it is too a small and poor Somersetshire parish that America and Australia, Holland and Bussia, are indebted for their most practical lessons in the cheese-making art. The London Telegraph, in reference to a conference on the subject at the exhibition, calls attention to the importance of the culture of flax. " The recent imposition by Kussia of an almost prohibitive duty on manufactured linens shipped from the United Kingdom, is al- ready injuring the trade in that class of goods with the Czar's sub- jects. Unfortunately for a time the mischief thus wrought is likely to extend, for the home manufacturers will have less inducement now than formerly to purchase the raw materials, flax and hemp, from the Russian growers. How extensive tho importation of flax from Bussia is may be readily understood, when it is stated that that crop alono is frequently of greater value than the entire yield of grain. Although, however, the Bnssians raise an enormous quantity, j '" oi an inferior quality compared with that grown in Holland, Belgium or Ireland. The new Bussian duties and the threatening aspect of political affairs upon the Continent have in* duced several of the largest importers and manufacturers of flax and hemp in Gieat Britain and Ireland to inquire whether in the event of a European war the raw material could not bo procured else- where. Mr. E. B. Biggar, of Montreal, Canada, having made a study of the question, a few days ago took occasion to bring the matter prominently forward at a meeting in the Conference Hall of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. From the paper then read, as well as from the discussion which followed, and evidence since ob- tained, it seems that Canada, and particularly the Great North- West, offers a limitless and inexhaustible field for tho supply of flax and hemp. The former crop has been grown in every one of the Canadian provinces, but the North- West appears to be especially adapted by nature for its cultivation. Wherever it has been grown north of Ontario there has been a prolific yield, with great length of fibre. Hemp also thrives splendidly, often attaining a height of 12 feet. At least three species of flax are indigenous to Canada^ In the French provinces the plant has been cultivated for over 150 years, and is woven by the people into various articles of clothing. It will be seen, therefore, that this branch of agriculture is no mere experiment iL Canada, and the only questions for consideration really are, how can the farmers there be induced to pursue it and *<;i ■^ 11 grocer English grocer best." . where all con- > Frome tis too aatralia, isBons in 9 sabject J culture ve duty >m, is al- sar's 8ub- is likely lucement ad hemp, )n of flax ited that ire yield anormouB grown in and the have in- if flax and the event ired else- g made a bring the ce Hall of n read, as i since ob- at North- ply of flax one of the especially een grown >at length 9, height of anada. In r over 150 if clothing, is no mere asideration rsue it and how the virgin soil of the North-West may bo made to yield a rich harvest to the pioneers and settlers flxiking there. The Canadian Government authorities are being pressed to take the matter up, much in the way the Americans across the borders do, and by fur« Dishing information and lending assistance to farmers induce them to turn their attention to flax and hemp. The invention of several machines during the past year for scut- ching and enabling the farmer quickly to render his crop market- able, is giving an impetus at present both in Ireland and America to the cultivaiion of that plant. It has been shown that it is cap- able of yielding three profits, one from the fibre, another from the Beed and a third from the refuse materials for paper-making. The Russian Mennonites, who settled a few years ago in Manitoba, started the cultivation of flix seed, burning the fibre as being of no value. There was no market for it, railroad communication not having as now being opened up. An English manufacturer who started a mill at Winnipeg, bought the seed grown in that locality, and has found the yield to be sixteen pounds of linseed oil to the bushel. This year the Mennonites have sown 16,000 acres in flax. Without any special direction, the area of cultivation, both of flax and hemp, is extending not only in Ontario but in the North-West, whilst it has been steadily diminishing in the United Kingdom. Last year less than 450 tons of flax was produced in England, and in Ireland under 21,000 tons. The amount imported into the United Kingdom in the same period 100,000 tons, of which not less than 83,000 ions came from Eussia, or in round numbers £^,000,000 worth of flax. The manufacturers of this country openly state that on no sentimental, but on purely business grounds they would give the preference to Canadian flax and hemp, provided the raw ma- terial were offered in the English market, equal in price anSpi«sod leather stiffenings or confers, these are strong, firm and waterproof, and if the prices are reasonable would sell well in Eng- land, The Canada Eubber Company, of Montreal, show some splendid samples of rubber sole, canvas top Plimsoll shoes; these are much lighter, better coloured, and better finished than British manufac- tared goods, and if only the prices can compete with Europe there 6 ;l til . HI !'f il :■• III IB a large market for them here ; competition is not large, an there is only one factory of these goods each in England, Scotland and France, acd two in Germany, all managed by Americans. The fish- ing, mining, Napoleon and Wellington boots have mnch the appear- ance of leather, being dull tops and bright vamps. The gossamer golof»h or overshoe is very light and stylish for ladies. The dull overshoeR for men are never worn here, but those with red wool linings aie a stoat comfortable shoe, as well as the ladies' cashmere proofed top blucher &hape boot for wearing out door over the walk- ing boot, lined with lambs wool and having a patent buckle fasten- ing. For gentlemen, a blucher with fine cloth tops, red wool lined, is very neef ul for wearing over a dress boot or shoe. The foot holds or half golofih should be made with elastic instead of rubber straps at back ; there is a large assortment of felt polish and gaiter boots, only usefnl for a snowy or very cold country. These goods are not priced, but if only reasonable a very large trade could be done here. Messrs. Fisher & Blouin, of Quebec, send some fairly mad© harness and saddlery, chiefly of the style used in the United States. Mr. B. T. Hutchings, of Winnipeg, shows some interesting dog harness and cowboy's outfit. Mr. J. Choquette, of St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, eihibits good express and buggy harness. The Hamilton Whip Company, of Hamilton, Ontario, have a large collection of whips, of which it may be said that many of the driving whips are very good for the prices marked on them, but the riding whips are dear. £oth kinds are spoiled by the common mountings on them. FRUITS. In accordance with arrangements made by Prof. Saunders, who had charge of this section, a supply of fresh fruit was sent over during the season, which attracted much attention. The London Daily Ntws says on this subject : — " hming the last weeks of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition the fiuits of the Dominion of Canada have occupied a large share of attention. It goes without saying that these products are not the most important in a territory which is equal in extent to the conti- nent of Europe, covering as it does an area of 3^ million square miles. Between the Atlantic and Pacific shores there must be a vast variety of country, industries, occupations and products. But the harvest is just past, and the abundance of the agricultural resources of Canada becomes prominent. It is but fair to remark, however, that visitors have during the whole Exhibition never ceased their attention to the trophy around which the superb grains, vegetable ard fruits of the different provinces are artistically arrayed. The best fruit we receive from Canada is the apple. Mr. Allan, the President of the Ontaiio Bortici?Uural Society, is the iiuit commissioner, and from him we learn many interesting par- ticnlaiB about the nGacier in which the fruits of the Dominion are 83 111 » there ,nd and ^he fiBh- appear- 388amer 'he dull id wool iBhmere e walk- fabten- ol lined, tot holds r straps er bootB, J are not »ne here, iy made d Stales, ting dog f'acinthe, lamiiton jotion of rhips are hips are on them. era, "wha lent over London bition the share of I cot the ihe conti- m sqaaro lufet be a cts. But ricultural ) remark, ion never )rb grains, rlistically jple. Mr. 'ty, is the Btirg par- ainion are grown. In Canada, though for the major part one general rule applies — namely, a short, marvellously developing summer and a long, severe winter — there are diflforenoes of dryness in the atmos- f>here which give pro-eminence to certain districts in the matter of ruit production. The Canadian fruit growers throw themselves into their work with a will, making a science of its culture, and displaying almost an instinct in producing new varieties by ingen- ious crossing. The delicious apples which have been on \ iew and on taste at the Exhibition since the beginning of October are mostly grown by farmers who are aware that if good fruit is produced it can always find a market abroad. The Canadians are also becom- ing makers of cider, and inanufaoturers in England have been dis* covering during the Exhibition that the refueo apples of Canada can be utilised in this country for cider making. One English cider maker is erecting a factory in Canada for the manufacture not only of cider but of sweet wine from the open air grapes. The apples which present such a picture at the Exhibition trophy are bottled up in some kind of acid, but so far we believe nothing has been found that will preserve the rich colours permanently. The Cana- dian apple most known in England is undoubtedly the l^ewtown pippin; but we are informed there is a certain amount of adultera- tion practised, and that it is no uncommon thing to find eight differ- ent varieties in the barrel which is supposed to contain nothing but Newtown pippins. The Canadians, however, do not priza the New- town pippin so highly as we do, though the fancy of EDglishmen has placed it first in the market. We certainly ought to be able to buy Canadian apples much cheaper than we do. The barrel of apples which costs the consumer in England at the rate of 28s. a barrel is worth a dollar in the Dominion. The apples are sent, first of all, from the grower to the shipper ; from the shipper to a broker in England ; from the broker to the wholesale fruiterer ; and then they get into the retail shops. But for this roundabout way of reaching the consumer, a barrel of Canadian apples should cost us 18s. instead of 28s. A barrel contains three bushels of apples, and from th9 Province of Ontario alone half a million barrels have been exported this year. These do not ail come to England, a considerable quan- tity going to Norway and Denmark. British Columbia, with its magnificent climate, can grow the finer fiuits, such as strawberries, peaches and grapes in the open air to perfection, and its pears will probably compete with the finest Californian speoimons. If the Canadian growers can succeed in establishing eome satisfactory sys- tem of cold storage, these soft fruits, as they are CfJled, might easily be sent to the English market." The London Morning Post give a short but favourable notice of the same exhibit: — "The splendid show of Canadian apples daring the last few weeks of the Colonial Exhibition should certainly do something to- wards waking up our apple growers at home. All the fruit shown 6i •t'i II w 84 was market fruit, and not ^rown for show purposes. The Cana- dians go thoroughly into the matter. They do not just plant the trees and leave thorn to chauco, but by studying soils suitable for different varieties, manuring, treating the trees properly when troubled with ineeot pests, and giving attention to a hundred other details, the Canadian fruit is brought to a high Htato of perfection. Of course clinnate does much, but the growers do a very great deal." The Empire has the following remarks: — "One of the most comprehensive displays of Canadian fruit ever made in Europe is now on view in the Conservatory of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. Contributions are made by every province of Canada, from Nova Scotia and Now Brunswick to Quebec and Ontario, and oven by Manitoba and British Columbia, the greater part of the exhibits having been collected, under the direction of the Canadian Government, by Prof. William Saunders, ot the Western University, London, Ontario, who has long taken a keen interest in Canadian fruit culture. From Ontario and Quebec ex- cellent specimens are shown of lae varieties of apples mostly shipped to British markets, and the body, texture and flavour of these must command general admiration. The pears are specially noteworthy for size and colour; while an excellent display of vege- tables, and even Canadian out-door grapes, is made. The Nova Scotia display comprises some fifty varieties. The British Columbia and Manitoba varitios are also interesting as coming from parts of the Dominion, but little known in England for their fruit-growing capabilities. It is, moreover, important to note that the shipment of many of the early soft varieties of fruits now shown was made from Canada in I efrigerators, and the perfect condition in which they arrived is considered to fully establish the value of this means of transit." The papers in various parts of the country speak in equally favourable terms. TheWestem Times, published in Exeter, says: — " At the recent show in the Lower Market much attention was attracted to the admirable collection of Canadian apples contributed to the show from the Colonial Exhibition. Their size and complexion were of surprising beauty, and in eating, their flavour proved re- markably fine and their texture firm. In pursuance of a telegram received from London on Thursday, dishes of this prime fruit were sent by the Hon. Secretary to the Eight Worshipful the Mayor, the Sherifl", the Town Clerk, the Press and principal oflScers of the Exhibition — a very pleasant way of distributing such favourite colonial products." The North British Agriculturist, published in Eiinburgh, has the following remarks : — " In the grand hall of the exhibition there is at present to be seen a collection of the finest apples that were ever exhibited in this country. They are the overflow of a collection of fruit sent over by the Canadian Government to the Colonial i 85 I Cana- int iho ible for r when 1 othor feotion. It deal." uit ever [iJolonial jrovinco boo and greater ction of ot the a keen abec ex- i mostly »vour of specially of vege- le Nova !)oluinbia parts of •growing :ihipment as made n which lis means eqaally , says :— tion was Dtributed mplezion roved re- telegram ruit were e Mayor, rs of the favourite 1, has the present ere ever Dolleotion Colonial Exhibition in London, for the whole of which there was not suffi- cient space at that exhibition. There are some 400 or 500 disheo, comprising several hundreds of varieties of apples and a few sorts of pears. They are chit fly the growth of Ontario, with a few from Manitoba and Quebec. Those from the last named province are characterized by a smooth waxiness of skin and delicacy of colour that is very remarkable. From the few samples exhibited, it would appear as if smooth skinned sorts were mont favoured by the growers in that part of the Dominion. The Manitoba samples, on the other hand, are remarkable for their enormous size, and a coarpeness of form and texture that almost invariably accompanies excessive luxuriance in vegetable products." The Bristol Times \qtv briefly gives its opinion in these terms ; At the present time there is, in the conservatory of the Albert hall, a number of Canadian fruits sent over in connection with the Colonial Exhibition. Those include a collection of many hundreds of plates of Canadian apples, grown in various districts, all being of fine colour and shape, though the finest come from the new orchards of Nova Scotia. The season in thia province has boon veiy ^ )d, and the high quality of the Gravensteins is calling forth great prume. F0RE6T3. In the general description of the exhibition the timber trophy, &c., have been described, The Engineering, which, as its name im- plies, is a Journal dealing with certain subjects, enters into some details on the sujoct of timber. It says : Of British Columbia, we give the tftblo showing the weights, specific gravities, deficctionfi, and breaking loads of nine different woods of the province. The results have been obtained from experi- ments made by Mr. Edwards Mohun, of Victoria, British Columbia. The pieces tested were 1 in. square, and had a span of 1 ft., being supported at both ends and loaded in the centre. The specimens selected were fair average samples of building timber, partly seasoned, but free from knots and flaws. The results given by exceptionally good specimens were eliminated in preparing the table. For instance, one piece of Douglas fir only broke under a load of 6b'0 lbs. : V i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /.Q 1.0 - 114 2.5 2.2 I.I 11.25 yi Hi L£ 12.0 HI I U il.6 J^ ^> 86 « o s e n o s s s nipano J ai \oo} 0iqn0 9ao/oiq8(9^ ss •-4 <0 A Ip OQ ^4 <« 1^ l> « 35 « m » c« M AfAVJO ogpadg M S 8 ! S 5 ^ S lo S 9 « s S piOq - S o 9^ to o o r- CO es6or, " taken as a whole, may be coDuiderod of exceptional econo- mic valae, whether wo speak in connoction with hoase building, the macoiactare of agricnltaral impleraents. of carriage making, of house famitnre, or almost aciy other industry into which wood enters. For shipbuilding purposcH they have a world-wide fame, so there is no need to further enlarge upon this point. In contrasting oor woods with those of other coloniop, we are forced to admit that elsewhere may be found varieties of greater beauty than our cwo, and therefore of higher value in the purely decorative arts, but for all industries in which utility rather than ornamentation is the leading characteristic, the woods ol Canada must bear the palm." The remarks of the Building News chiefly relate to the woods of the Dominion, but other subjects of a kindred nature are dealt with in such a manner that it is difficult to separate. They are, there- fore, given entire. The criticibms on the stylo of ornamentation may serve to show some of the points to which attention may be directed in adopting the style to the taste of thoee with whom it is desired to open a trade . Those who can afft rd to spend a few hours at the Exhibition cannot do better than inspect the Canadian products and manufac- tared good^. To the architect and builder the examination will bo of great interest, as it will give them a better notion of the resoarces of Canada than even a journey to that Dominion. The Dominion of Canada makes a very extensive show, the whole of the great central gallery flanking the gardens, and a large portion of the west gallery and arcade, and qoadrants, being occupied by exhibits. The \limber specimens are of particular interest, as the Canadian forests abound in fine timber, the produce of which is largely exported to Great Britain. The specimens of British Columbia trees are well worth attention. The pine examples are especially so. A trophy in the central gallery contains several choice examples of red cedar and other specimens. British Columbian specimens include cedar, Douglas fir, hemlock, white pine, spruce and tamarao, all valaed woods, o^^pable of being worked for almost any purpose. The com- pletion of %ho Canadian Pacific Eail way has opened up the prospects of this province. The Ottawa Valley, with its immcLse lumber iritfRr^ and the forests of valuable timber through which the line piescs westwards, have sent their quota to the show at South Ken- ai.vgton. The arrangement of the collection, as regards classifica- •I of com- pecto amber line Ken- Bsifica- tioD, is not good^ and greator facilitioH for obtaining pirtiouIarA as to cost ought to bavo boon made. Tbo beauty of many of the speoi- mens and the manuf^tcfurod arlicle will, howovdr, repay stady. For the fir^t time, as wo have said, arohitoots of thin country have had brought before them the valuable timbor and hardwoodo which our own dominion!^ and colonics have produced. Tney can now make themsolves a(;quainted with many beautifully coloured ani grained woods for framed work and internal decoration, and they can see bow these colonies have advanced in the art of joinery. Canada being odsontialiy a timbor growing country, the artn of the carpenter and joiner have developed to a large extent, and the marufactured goods in the central gallery will give the visitor a fair idea of the class of work the Canadians tarn out. Much may be learned by the I'' )glish architect in the way of combining woodland treating wood-work docoratively. It is truo the ornamoutui examples are not such as our more critical taste can approve ; the ornament oftentimes rei^erables the treatment of stone rather than wood, but there is much that tho decorative joiner and artist may learn in the framing of doors and in the consiruotion of furniture. Mach ingenuity is shown in the metbodn of joining, of combining woods of different grain, as in the framed work in which ash, pine and cherry are employed, of treating wood surfaces and mouldings, and of producing lighlnoss and strength by means at once simple and economical. Looking over the manufactured goods in the quadrants and central gallery, the prevailing fault of the wood* work is the plethora of the *' notch and stop" ornament, a kind of" acrobatic" style upon which we have remarked when referring to the Aastralian exhibits of joinery. Near the south-oast basin are to be seen several logs of tamarao cat into sleepers. The red pine, the wavy black walnut from Ontario, the black birch, the exhibits of Djbell &Co., Alex. Gibson, of New Brunswick, J. Burstall & Co., Quebec, show the excellent quality of the timber and pine deals, in the centre of the great central gallery is a large trophy of New B. -a us wick woods arranged in a very instructive manner, in the lower part of this stand are a series of the logs with the bark on ; abjve there is a slanting oaie of polished specimens, containing examples of black ash, butternut, grey and red oak, black birch, maple, white and red pine, cedar, &c. ; and above these the trophy exhibiis smaller pillars of real tree;;, between which are polished slabs. E^h kind ot wood is represented by painted illustrations of the leaves and berries. Fur* ther ; particulars of the exhibits can be obtained by application to Mr. Ira Cornwall of '3 Educational (Canadian) section of the Exhi- bition. Close by thib «.i0phy may be seen a fine arrangemont of timber sent by the Hastings Saw Mill Co., of British Columbia (London agents : Hoatley, Wotton, & Co., Qeorge yard, L)mbard street). In this erection of polished timber we notice beautiful specimens of polished Columbian pine timber, sections of Douglas N fir trcr8, Hpruce trecr, aid planks. Tho polished panels, 2 ft. wide, are coticcable fsalureit. Amorgbt other exhibits are leveral fine t>pcoinicn8 of i^&wn and pplit ^hinglep, planks of fir, ppruce, cedar and bimlcck, and various kiLds of tough and dressed timber. In another ; art of the collection in the west gallery, Messrs. Bhodcs, Curry K Co., of Amherst, Nova Scotia, have an assortment of Joinery, wood mantles, doors, samples of mouldings, and turnings in tative Kuods. A pair of front doors framed, with daik wood carved bolection moaldirgs, will give the visitor some idea of the kind of ornamental framirg so common in America. A heavy appearance is given by the daik projecting mouldings; oak and maple are the materials uted a polished slab of Douglas fir at least two and a-half yards wide from a tree girting 25 feet and 300 feet high. 7 * :| 98 In the annex of central gallery are some bedsteads, cabinets and other fornitare in a rather ' lond '-carved style, heavy with orna- ment, and in the central gallery the visitor will see a carved side- board, by Simpson & Co., fierlin, Oatario, in which the carved top has a very crowded effect, and before the mirror the cnrioas device is introduced of a staircase leading to one of the side shelves. The «ait of dining-room furniture is well executed, but the ornament is overdone. Further on in the centre of gallery, a large and pro- minent stand is occupied by Messrs. Mason & Bisch, Toronto, pianoforte makers. Here we notice a handsome upright grand, the case of instrument being in cherry, and the exterior treated an olive green with gold incised ornament, by a new process. The case in solid Canadian cherry, is artistically treated ; the front is divided into three panels, the centre one forming the music desk down, and made to draw out. When closed it reprenents a carved ox-eyed daisy, with a margin of fret work in gold ; the side panels are of trellis-work, carved with the vine, and the side standards aru also pannelled. On the whole this upright case is certainly better than a great many we have see**, and there is an avoidance of the common notch-and-3top ornamentation. The style is called modi- fied ' Queen Anne,' or ' Eastlake.' Other cases of the same design, but in sea-green and silver finieh, and in rosewood, are to be noticed. The Bennett Furnishing Company, Tiondon, Ontario, show a boldly treated oak mantel-piece with a projecting cove and cornice sup- ported by front pillars, and a centre mirror. Tne jambs of fireplace are enriched by a bold quarter-round or ovolo, carved with the bead and reel, and elongated consoles support the shelf. The mantel has carved panels. The same company are exhibitors of school furniture. The Bennet folding desk, made of oak with iron stand- ards, has some good points ; the back is slightly curved to fit the hollow of back, and to give support to the pupil ; there is a folding top used for writing and reading, the seats are also made to fold up. Many of the colleges and schools are fitted with this folding desk and seat. An interesting trophy of the woods of the Rocky Mountains of Western Canada is to be seen at the end of the central-gallery. The samples are polished, and have the bark on. Bed c^ar, juniper, tamarac, hemlock, balsam, Douglas fir, or Oregon pioe, black pine, black walnut, butternut, chestout, maple, ash, hickory, red oak, &o., are among the specimens labelled. The collection of building stones is also worth a notice. The gre^ and brown varieties of stone from New Brunswick, and the polished marbles and granites from Ontario, are of special quality. A polished grey granite pedestal with incised ornament is exhibited by Hurds & Itoberts, Hamilton, Ontario. The granite is veined. Specimens of the Berfrew granite, Horton, Ontario, and cubes cf limestone dressed from Queb ^% from Hull and St. Valentine, St. Johns, extensively awd for buildings, are to be seen in the gallery and central annex 98 ^ near the conservatory. These are chiefly sent by the Department of Public Works, Quebec, and the Oaoafiian Grovernment Geological Survey. The interest excited by the Exhibition, vrhich must lead to have a beneficial interest on trade, is shown b'the following A.rtiole from Timber, a trade journal publii^hed in London. It thus describes the timber districts of Canada : — " The timber districts of Ontario are very wide and nnmoroas, but it has been stated on authority that it is extremely difficult to estimate, with even proximate precision, the quantity ripe or ripe- ning for use, since ' do inventory of the total amount ot stock has been taken for many years.' In a report recently made to the Gov- ernment of Ontario, ' on the necessity of preserving and replanting forests,' Mr. Phipps says : * The North West Territories of the Pro- vince, or that part known as the disputed boundary district, con- tains a large quantity of very valuable timber, comprising one of the chief reserves so far as Information is obtainable. In Muskoka, Parry Sound, Algoma and the Georgian Bay district there are forests of some size, while on the north-east of the Province large thickly- wooded tracts exist. The great water-shed extending from near Nipissing to the St. Lawrence close to Kingston is emphatically a land of streams, and abounds with water-power which would de- light the e/es of a manufacturer. The slope leading to this water- shed from the Ottawa river is, so far as fire has yet spared them^ clothed with woods. The settler, however, is encroaching on the district, and ' the northern border is annually being fretted and pierced with roads/ Itiolated farms are in process of clearance, and ' the forest is yearly becoming drier and more dry, so that its outer edge presents a most inviting aspect for fires to run through during a dry summer.' The importance of taking p^*eoautioaary measures most be obvious to ordinary observers, and the report to which reference has been made sets forth the reasons why special attention should be paid to the subject by the Government, the principal being that * they are the true pine reserves of the older districts of Ontario; ' that ' the land whereon they stand Cin never yield, for purposes of agriculture, anything like the return it is capable of producing if maiDtained as a continual pine-bearing forest;' that * these great districts can, by the adoption of European methods, be f»laoed in a state of continual reproduction' without clearing the and, or ' in any way injuring the forest capacity for production ; ' and lastly, that ' it would be far better to commence the preserva* tion of forest areas along the present existing line of clearing than to commence similar operations further back.' It is evident, there- fore, that great responsibility rests upon the Government in respect to the preservation of these wooded tracts of land — a responsibility which, it is most gratifying to learn, is fully recognize, and likely tc be acted upon forthwith . 'V, 100 It has been estimated by Mr. Ward, an accredited aathority on the sabjoct, that Oatario furnishes 4,474,000 pieces, equal to 2,600,> 000 standard pine logs of 200 feet each, producing 5i0,000,000 feet of lamber; 6.700,000 oabic feet of white and red pine, or 81,000,000 feet b. ui. ; dimension timber, 23,000,000 feet b. ra. ; hardwood, oedar, Ac, eqnal to 5,000,000 feet— making in the aggregate 635,500,000 feet b. m. ; paying to the Provincial Government for timber does 9501,000, and ground rents $16,000, with 18,000 square miles under license. The timber districts of Quebec are found in that portion of the Province lying east of the Ottawa river ; the district of the St. Maurice, ' a river which, with its tributaries, drains an area of 22,000 square miles, rich iu pine, spruce, birch, maple and elm ; theSagua- nay country, with an area of 21,000 miles, affording pine, spruce, birch and tamarac, and tbe Gaspd peninsula.' Large supplies are also drawn from watersheds north of the St. Lawrence. The tracts of forest are estimated to be not less than 100,000 square miles in extent. Unhappily 'the same wholesale destraction of the forests in Quebec has prevailed for many years, as in Ontario.' On this point Mr. Small quotes the subjoined passage from an article on this subject written by the Hon. Mr. Joly, whose reputation for a know- ledge of forestry in all its branches has long been established in both hemispheres : ' I do not fear so much on the score of deficient supply for our home necessities,' he says, 'but it is our great export trade that is in jeopardy. We have still got an enormo '^luantity of common timber on the Crown Lands, and our people, ooginning to appreciate the value of the wood that grows on their own farms, have generally ceased to look upon it as an incumbrance to be got rid of at any cost. But it was not always so, nor is it so every- where even now. As far back .is the year 1696 the attention of the French Governors of Canada was drawn to the wasteful destruction of the forests, and they were called upon to check it. Nothing, however, was done by them, and little has been done since. The result stares us reproachfully io the face, especially in the Province of Quebec, the oldest in the Dominion. The old settlements are painfully bare of trees ; you can sometimes go miles without seeing any tree worth looking at, and the passing stranger fancies himself in a country more denuded of trees than the oldest parts of Europe. There is a large district of very good agricultural land, south of Montreal, where the scarcity of firewood, which is a matter of life and death in our climate, has compelled many a farmer to sacrifice a fine farm and leave the country ; there are many other spots in the Province nearly as bad, and unfortunately the process of des- truction is going on even now in more places than one.' It may be hoped that the Government, acting on the homely axiom that te be forewarned is to be forearmed, will take prompt measures to conserve this splendid source of revenue and wealth, and for the sake alike of the present generation and posterity, protect the forests 101 are :opo. Lhof life ^ifioe tB in des- jmay kite )s to hake reats from destiuction-^a result that cacnot fail to paralyse oommoroial enterprize in fatare, and prove seriously inimical to the prosperity of the Old Dominion. The Province of Quebec has under licence 48,500 square miles, pro- ducing 2,500,000 pine logs, equal to 386,000,000 feet b.m.,and 1,303,- 000 spruce logs, producing 106,000,000 feet b.m. ; white and red pine timber, 3,110,000 cubic feet, equal to 37,320,000 feet b.m.; hard- wood, 61,000 cubic feet, or 611,000 feet b.m. ; railroad ties, 143,000 pieces, 32 feet each, making 4,676,000 feet b.m ; cedar equal to 4,600,000 feet ; pine and spruce round timber, 6,760,000 feet b.m ; tamarac, 176,000 feet b.m. ; hemlock, 34,000 feet ; cord wood equal to 600,000,000 feet, making in all 619,976,000 feet, giving a gross revenue of $66,859. The woods used in manufacture, produced in the Province, are white canoe, yellow, black and red birch ; bitter, shell-bark, and white-heart hickory ; hornbeam ; white chestnut, and red oak ; coffee tree ; white Norway, and black spruce ; white, rock, striped and red maple ; black, white and red ash ; beecb, larch, and butternut ; white and red elm ; ironwood ; large-toothed bal- sam ; Cottonwood and aspen poplar ; white, scrub, red pine ; plane tree and hemlock ; balsam fir ; white and yellow willow ; mountain ash, white cedar, and basswood. There are several other trees grown in the Province, which are not indigenous, as, for instance, the Lombardy poplar, wont to be planted near the early riverside stations, and lound growing around churches and old mansions. The locust tree also flourishes in the country. Nova Scotia has very prolific forests, but the axe and fire have proved singularly destructive. " Every p tion of the unoccupied parts of the Province," says Mr. Hendry, Deputy Commissioner of Crown Lands, " would now be covered with a heavy growth of wood were it not for the fires which scourge the country every season." In this district larch or juniper— originally known as Hackmatack — the strongest and most durable of pine, and for ship-building purposes even superior to oak itself, holds a conspicuous place. White, yellow, or Norway pine is found in abundance, while hem- lock, silver fir, mountain pine, blade or red spruce, beech, maple of various kinds, black and paper birch, white elm, Indian poar, horn- beam, red oak, white and black ash, pigeon red, and choke cherry, aspen and white poplar, and mountain ash abound. The rough pro- ducts of the forests three years ago were estimated at more than a million and a half doUars in value, and the manufactured products of the forests at nearly two hundred thousand dollars. The Province of New Brunswick has large " limits," or " berths " as they are ca'led, spreading over portions of the counties of Kesti- gouche, Gloucester, Madawaska, Northumberland, Victoria, Carleton, Sunbury, Kent, Westmoreland, and Queen's. The whole surface of the district in its natural state, with but trifling exceptions, was covered with trees. Black spruce, " constitutes a third part of the whole," and " nowhere is it found of larger size or finer quality." ' J 102 Birob, boach, maple, elm, and cedar are abandant. White pine is becoming ecarcer every year in this, as in aU the other Provioces. *' It is extensively exported," however, " not only as sqaare timber, bat in the shape of masts, Bpars, deals, planks, boards, scantling, clap* boards, j^alings, hhingles and laths ; " also, *' in boxes, barrels, water- palisand tubs." The hemlock, sprnce,the batternat, white and black ash, floarish well, while the cedar abounds — " the treer standing so thick that the light c£n scarcely penetrate their foliage." This wuod is largely used in the conntraction of railways and in Khip- bnilding, *' the top-timber of the higher class of colonial ships " being forined of iu The bass tree, oak, and the aspen poplar aboand, the latter being ased for saw gates in water-power saw mills. Iron wood, wild cherry, and willow, " known locally as the swamp, the black, and the basket willow," are abandant. In the mills of Brunswick a large trade in the manafacture of box shooks for Caba is carried on, the coarser kind of pine being aticd for the parpoee. It is stated by Mr. Small, on the aathority of Mr. Ward, t jat "cat on Government lands in New Brunswick equal to 160,- 000,000 feet of all classes, principally spruce ; the pine in this Prc- ince, once to famed, is almost exhausted. Theio being a large extent of private lands in this Province, it is safe to estimate that there ia not less than 500,000,000 feet of lumber and timber produced, con- siderably more than three fourths of which is exported, the balance being for home u^e. The extent of territory is 17,500,000 acres, ten millions of which is granted and located, leaving seven and one- half millions still vacant, and giving to the Province $152,000 for timber dues, ground rent, and so forth." Thorough products of the forest have been Cfttimated about four millions and ahalf dollars, and the manafactared products at nearly four hundred thousand dollars. This trade is principally concentrated within the Provinces of New Brtnbwick, Nova Scotia, and throughout the St. Lawrence and Otta- wa river basins. The fact that a lower daty veas at one time levied in England on wood the produce of Canada than on similar imports from European nations, lead to the development of a very large trade, especially in hewn lumber from Quebec and the lower ports on the St Lawrence — a region which forty or fifty years ago was looked upon as the principal source of our supply. "After the duties were more equalized," says Mr. Robert Carrick, of Sweden, in an interest- ing article on the subject, " previous to their total abolition, and in proportion as the Norihern States of the American Union increased in population, and began to compete with the Quebec merchants for the supply, the dominant poi>ition held by these merchants was gradually lost. Large quantities, however, of yellow pine^or, as it is called in America, white pice — and spruce from the Quebec region, as well as a small supply of red pine are still obtained ; the first being partly bewn and partly sawn, while the second is mostly received in a sawn condition. A coobiderable quantity of oak, elm. 103 ash, and birch is iikewieo imported from the diHtrict, although part of the hardwoods received is grown in America." The retarns of fihipmr '\tp, showing ihe movement of the Qiieboo export trade for oineyjurs are as follows :— lfeV4— 851 timber-carrying ships of 636,672 tons cleared oat. 181 &— 642 1876-786 1877- 71*6 lb78— 47f« 1879-433 1880—634 1881—459 1882—426 « u u ti t( « II it 11 no reason why they could not build carriages of better quality and more cheaply than they did at present. The Professor then went on to treat of the need of Canada for a Forest Department, and spoke of their hardness, resistance to wet, the beauty of many Canadian woods for cabinet-making and furniture, as well as their uses for cooperage and the possibilities of the import of wood pulp. The paper indeed dealt exhaustively with the whole subject and was well received throughout." The advice of Mr. Hooper, as to the preparation of ti mber suit- able for carriage building is thus given in the Austratian Some News : — " Mr. G. N. Hooper, the President of the Institute of British Car- riage Manufacturers, read a paper on Tuesday at the Westminster Town Hall on " The Carriages at Indian and Colonial Bzhibition." Every visitor to South Kensington has been struck by the number and excellence of the vehicles exhibited. The contribution from Canada, it seems, are more numerous than those of other Colonies, and in the carriages bhown in the Dominion Court one may judge of the requirements of a Canadian landowner, lawyer, or farmer in the apparently fragile two and four wheelers, so well suited to every in- equality of a rough Colonial country road. In the classified list at the Exhibition may be enumerated carriages of every olass and from most of the larger Colonies. There are so many Colonial and In- dian woods of good quality that it is to be hoped they may be turned to profitable account by despatch to this country. Mr. Hooper is of the opinion that, were these woods carefully selected, seasoned in their own climate, and sent here in prepared form, then England would be able to supply the world with such carriages as no other nation could produce. This new industry would bring producers, manufacturers, and buyers into closer relations, and it but wants & little management and enterprise to enter into a career of pros- perity." The Melbourne Aravi has the followiog short statement: — " I hardly need mention that the woods and timbers in the Gam- adian Court are numerously represented. Here again there is a ' Timber Trophy.' Canada exports over four and a half millions worth of forestry products, so she does rightly in making these ob- jects a notable feature in the Exhibition. One part is like a timber 106 yard, bot the most noticeable wjod is the 8tac;born »nmLi , frooi Ontario. A trophy of timber ban also boea sent from British Ool- ambia ; and there id also a special oolloction of woods from Ne«r Brunswick. Most of the woods are out and polished, so as to show their strontnre, all with very good effect." The foilowiog is the report of the laembers of the Bdinbargh Wirk logmen's Delegation on wood products: — Here, a« was to be expected, I focnd the greatest display of wood to be seen in the Kzbibition. I first noted a walnut bedroom saite of a sab^Uintial and well finished character, made by J. iioodlesH A Son, Ontario, and there is a similar suite made by Stewart & White, of New Brunswick. James Sbearer, Montreal, has a large display of joinery in the shape of doors, 8at>beo, mouldings, blin<\s, Jko. These are mostly of pine and oak. Tliore are many others that could be mentioned, but the quality cannot be compared to that produced at home, and I therefore turn my attention to the raw material, of which there is enough to satisfy the most exacting visi- tor, in the fat m of logs, planks, and veneer. They oompriM pine, birch,a8h, cedar,maple, oak, and butternut, as also a very fine speci- men of the Douglas fir, from a tree 300 feet high, with a girih of 25 feet at the base. The board is 30 feet long, 7 feet broad, and en- tirely free from knots. One of the most notable features of the Canadian section is the great wood trophy of New Brunswick. It comprises specimens of all the woods produced in that colony, and a more pleasing combination of nature and art could not well be conceived. The main poitions of this structure embrace all the larger or commercial woods. These are divided into three sections, the right wing comprising the evergreen varieties, including hem- lock, pine, &c. The centre is made up of the dense woods, such as birch, maple, beech, and others ; and the left wing coni^ists of ash, oak, elm, butternut, &o. The bases of these panels are formed of logs 20 inches in diameter, while the sides are filled with saplings of the same woods. Kesting upon turnv^d bases, and surmC'Unted by carved capitals representing the foliage and fruit or tl)wers of these various treeo, there are thirty small panels filled with the smaller or less important kinds. All, however, have their place in the economy of this colony. The aim of this trophy is to show the woods in all the forms which are of interest to the practical wood- worker. Lateral sections show the slash and rift of the grain, while cross sections show its densily, annual growth, depth of sap, bark, ko. All the panels, as well as much of the 6urronnding wood- work, have been polished to show their applicability to the differ- ent arts and manufactures. An important point to be noted in the dose grained woods and those free from resinous tendencies is their adaptability for staining purposes ; and to illutitrate this, oblique bars have been stained across the top ), showing the effect of the different stains. To the gentleman who collected the different «pecimen8, and to the firm of cibiaet-makors (Messrs. J. & J. D. 107 Howe, Sew Brunswick) who designed and confltraotod the trophy too maoh credit cannot be given. Much more might be aaid re* garding the wood prodnce of other colonies repronented in the Kxhi- bivion : but I thought beat to confine my report to the three most important wood-producing and wood-working portions of our great Empire, vis., the colonies of Canada and Antttralasia, which, together witho ihe Indian Empire, produce nearly all the varieties of great importance, either from a commercial or nrtiMtio point of view. Of manufactured Bpeoimens there ia nothing to overreach and not much to equal the class of goods made by the leading ti'^mn in our own city. Still there is much to show that the wood-workers in our colonies are quite as capable as those at home ; and they deserve great credit for the display they have made, in spite of the great difficulty and expense of transit involved in the transportation of their goods to the great show at South Kensington. John Moffatt, Cabinetmaker, MACHINKBY. Tne well known Mark Lane Express has the following on agricul- tural machinery : — " The Colonial and Indian Exhibition, whilst o£fering to the ordi- nary visitor greater attractions than any of its predecessors, aftjrda also ample material for the observation and consideration of spooial- ists in almost every braLCh of industry, and, as agriculture is neces- sarily of the very first iraportanue to succassful colonization, the various courts and galleries contain extensive, though not complete representative collections, agricultural and pastoral, of cereals and other farinaceous products, fruits and vegetables, and farm and garden seeds; of wools, washed and unwashed ; of timber, worked and unworked, polished and unpolished, and other forest products ; of native plants, grasses, &c. To these exhibits we have referred in a previous article, and wo now direct attention to agricultural imple- ments, which are somewhat scantily exhibited, being (with but slight exceptional) confined to those sent (1) from the Dominion of Canada, in the northern portion of the West Gallery ; (2) a few im- plements/rom Australia, at the west end of the Central Annex ; (3) a collection of implements and models from India, in the Econo- mic Court (marked South Court on the plan appended to the offiaial catalogue) and in the annex adjacent thereto; and (4) a few imple- ments from Cyprus, in the Cyprus Court. We propose to deal with these exhibits in the order indicated. Dominion cf Canada. Canada makep a braver show of agricultural implements than any other colony, but even here the display is smail compared with the vast extent of our great N^orth Americau dependency, with its 108 4i twenty-two millionH of aoros ftlroaJy under oaltivation, and almoet boandloFB Htrotches of productive prairie land yet itwaitin^ the ad- Tont of the settler in the woHtern and north-woHtern Provinoen. The MasAey Manofaoturing Company of Toronto have a large stand filled with their RpccialtieH, including a self-rake reaper, which seems to work with commendable smoothnees. The teetu of each rake are lifted as soon as the corn comes on to the table, and when saffioient corn has accumolated the driver, by pressing with bis foot a pedal lever called a "trip," can adjust any one of the foar rakes indiscriminatoly for the removal of the corn ; on removing the pressure the normal action of the rake is restored. In like manner either end of the table itself can be raised at pleasure. There is also a self-binder and reaper, for which two horses are sufficient, besides larger machines for three horses. Various kinds of mowers and harvesters are also Hhown, and on the wall opposite the stand may be seen the several parts of a combined reaper and self-binder. Malleable iron being extensively used, lightness of construction, combined with strength, is claimed as a leading characteristic of the productions of this firm, whose operations are on a very extensive scale. Messrs. A. Harris, Son & Co. (Limited) of Hrantford, Ontario, have also a considerable show of harvesting machinery. They were the first manufacturers of self-binding harvesters in Canada, and state that they are building no fewer than 2,000 for the approaching harvest. Their light hteol binder, which, like other modern Cana- dian binders, is a twine binder, is simple in its meohanicism, light in construction, and smooth in its working. The self-raking reaper shown on this stand is similar to that of the Massey Company, inas- much as its rakes are under the immediate control of the driver, who can adjust all or any of them with his foot ; it is also singularly smooth in operation. One-horse and two-horse mewing machines are also shown by this firm, who aim at simplicity, lightness and strength, rather than choapoess, as their leading ch&racleristics. Messrs. J. O. Wisner, Son & Co., also of Brautford, Ontario, have some implements which will repay attention. Amongst them is % hay tedder, which differs from the ordinary haymaker, inasmuch as the forks do not revolve and throw the grass high into the air. On the tedder advancing, jointed forks, by means of a double-crank action, merely lift the grass and throw it in the roar of a low eleva- tion, 80 that it is not so much stripped of its leaf as when it is more disturbed and more exposed to the wind in its fall from a higher ele- vation. A seed drill is shown, with its frame made of gas-pipe, so that it is light and neat as well as strong. Here is also a spripg tooth cultivator, apparently an excellent implement, the teeih of which, made of flat curved steel, yield when any obstruction is met with. We are informed that the works of this firm, like those of Messrs. Harris, are being run to their utmost capacity to supply their customers. The one of and mi the No and Ti. Arm is and th: Mr., its two en^ne, bam at hollar, Ijeing c elevato Mefs ing ma portabi Ontario Matthew bav fro John Li ]»ower c 2-hor»e Toronto hoope ei lario, a display At th nected f but fiUD Htands ii be (>eeo i On th( Colonial impleme at the pi reapers i cheaper. numeroa have to I formidab The re egation. The pi branches those whi by this u lilhogra]: 109 :1 he ad- k large -eaper, oeth of ie, and r with le foar Dg the nanner is also beaideo >r8 and id may binder. aotioD, ; of the tensive )Dtario, )y were da, and >aohing Q Cana- n, light : reaper ly, inae- er, who gnlarly achines 08b and iCB. o, have em is % nach as r. On e -crank eleva- is more her ele- pipe, so spripg teeth of is met hose of rtopply The Watson Manafactarin^ Co., of Ayr, Ontario, which carries on one of the oldest manafactories in Oanada, show a self-raking reaper and mowing machine ; and similar implomonts are exhibited by the North American Manufacturing Company of London, Ontario, and Fj. D. Sawyer & Co., of liamilton, Ontario. The last named firm is, however, principally engaged in the manufacture of engines and threshing machines. Mr. John Abell, of Toronto (late of Wood bridge, Ontario), exhib- its two portable engines, one of them a 10< horse power high proHHure engine, abd the other a compound portable engine, constructed to bam straw and other fuel of that doHoription. l{e hoH alHO a clover- haller, with elevator attached, for which high merit Ih claimed, as being oompetenl to thrash without waste ; a threshing machine and elevator, ke. Messrs. Morri« A Watts, of Brantford, Ontario, show twj thresh- ing machines; Mr. White, ot London, Ontario, u high-pressure portable engine; Messrii. Stevens, Turner A Burns, of London, Ontario, a high pressure entwine and threshing machine ; Messrs. Matthew Wilson A Co , of Hamilton, Ontario, a hay-loador for lifting hay from the field to the wa<;gon, with other itnplcmonts ; Mcstirs. John Larmonth A Co., of Montreal, a threshing machine, horse- power drills, Ac.; Messrs. J. A S. BosHette, of Iberville, Quebec, a 2-horse power threshing machine; MoHsrs. Inglis A Iluntor, of Toronto, a 100-horse power Corli^H engine, and a powerful Westing- hoase engine; and Messrs. McEechnie & Bertram, of Dundas, On- tario, a large display of iron and wood working machinery, the only display of that kinrt. At the time of our visit the steam gearing had only been con- nected with the implements of the Massey Co. and MoHHrs. Harris, but »iuce this account was written it has been extended to the other fttands in the gallery, so that all the Canadian machinery may now be seen in motion . On the same subject the London Echo says : " Visitors at the Colonial Bxh *ion are struck with the character of the agricultural implements eb^ .vn by Canada ; but they arc particularly antonished at the prices. Compared with English prices the Canadian rakes, I eapers and mowers are $15 the cheaper, and threshers $75 the cheaper.*' The Echa ndds that the Canadian makers have received numerous orders, and that the Englihh implement makers " will have to bestir themselves if Canadian competition is not to become formidable." The reports of the members of the Edinburgh Workingmen's Del- egation, which more especially relate to machinery, thus speak: — The printing, bookbinding, and kindred trades, like several other branches of industry, are but little taken notice of, excepting by those who have to earn their livelihood at them. What we mean by this is, that the large number of specimens of letterpress and liihographic printing, bookbinding and engraving that are shown in I 110 ■fit '."I the Colonial and Indian Exhibition at Sooth Kenaington Mtdom rocoived even a ptMiog notice from the cataal vinitor. In proof of thin, wo made enqairics of aoTfraJ parties who had spent a good deal of their time in the Ezhibiuon, and their anawert to oa were to the effect that there was " nothing in oar line" to report upon. On givibg the OflSciftI Catalocne a carefnl pcrosal, we soon found that this information was far from correct. It i» true there is next to nothing of printing machinery to be »eon in any of the courts, and what little thero is belongs to the IX>minion of Canada, and will be noticed in its proper place ; but to make up for the want of machinery, wo bad the pleasure of inspecting a large collection of epecimens of work done in the CokMiies, many of which, both aa re- gardb letterpress and binding, will compare very favourably with the nest work of the same class done in this country. On our proceed- ing to visit the various exhibits in our particular branches of indus- try, we found that it was with aome difficulty we could get at then* as in several of the courts there were no reference) numbers in the catalogue. Besides this drawback, the casee were, in many instan- ces, scattered all over the conria. Had the catalogue been drawn up and the various exhibits grouped together in the same ezoellent manner as they were in the Indnatrial Exhibition at Edinburgh, it would certainly have simplified oar work to a very great extent, and given us more time to minutely examine the various specimens brought under our notice. Finding it somewhat difficult to get on with our work in the manner we wished, we applied to the com- missioners in charge of the various courts, and we consider it to be our imperative duty to acknowledge the valuable assistance we re- ceived from these gentlemen, and to thank them for their efforts to assibt us. There is one gentlemen, perhaps, more than any other who deserves our special thanks— Mr. Dimock, Commiusioner for Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada. This gentleman was the first to whom we applied, and as soon aa he was made aware of our mis- sion, he at once placed his services at our disposal. Not only did he show us all that waa to be seen in the Cunadian Coart, but he was th . means of introducing na toaeverai of the other commission- era, and we therefore consider that he deserves special mention in drawing up a report of this kind. Without aty further preliminary or introductory remark, we will at once proceed with our report upon the various ezhibita, and ahaU tejin with the Dominion of Canada court. 1 he Dominion of Canada makes one of the grandest, and moat certainly the largest, shows in the Exhibition — at least so far as the printing and kindred trades are concerned. It occupies a large portion of the Western Gallery and Arcade, and the whole of the Central Gallery, Northern Annex and East Quadrant. On entering the Educational Court we expected to find all that pertains to our respective trades, but were diisappointed, as we discovered it com- prised only epecimens of the variooa kinds of educational warks in . Ill •Idom -oof of good rere to n. On i thiti ext to Is, And irill be ant of Lion of I aa Tvr- ith the roceed- f induH- tiheir in the instan- drawa ccellent argh, it extent. )cimen9 get on le com- itto be we re- ffjrta to other ner for he first [)ar mis- inly did bat he miasion- ition in Lminary report inloD oi ad mc/^t \T aa the a large of the entering to our it com- warka in aae in the ichoola and edocational institatea of Canada, together with a Iftrge namber of speeimen of drawings done by pupils at school. Coming into the Central Goart, the flrst oane that attracted our attention was that of M<«8ra. Brown Bros., Toronto. Thia tirm showa some of the fioeat apecimens of bookbinding in the Bzhibi- tion. There ia a copy of " Picturet*qao Canada," in two volamoa^ bound in fall morooco, which for beauty of style and workmanship is simply ezcelieni. Their stationery bindings, in single and double Russia band ledgers, niled for dollars and cents, got up for the banks of Canada, show beautiful tuste. In fancy stationery they are well to the front. Their leather goods in ladies handbags, pocketbooks, portfolioe, parses and music rolls, as well as card oaaea and diaries, reiiect the greatest credit on this firn>. There is also a specimen bound in dark green morocco, finely inlaid with raby leather finiHhed in gold and silver, that is all that could be desired. The firm doservcs the utmost praise for the excellency of their binding and typography. Messrs. Holph, Smith k Co., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, have two cases— one containing specimena of lithographic drawing (plain and in colours), emtoMing and illuminating ; the other containing specimens of Christmas cards, labels, memorandams, wedding invi« tations and copper-plate engraving. Taking these as a whole, they are excellent specimens of letterpress and litho-printing, and reflect the utmost credit on the firm. In the Eastern Annex, two large cases attracted our attention. These were exhibited by the British North American Bank-Note Company, Lpe, post^sards, Ao. There is nothing in tho printing calling lor special attention, as they wo^e nothing more than ordinary specimena of bank and commercial work. What attracted our attention most was the manner in which bank-notes, ranging from II to $1,000 were inlerspei-sed with postage stamps, railway bonds and poet-cards, forming, as they were appropriately termed, two splendid trophies of litho-printing. They are well worth the careful attention and study of the printer. As stated in oar introdaotory remarks, the only thing in the shape of printing machinery was to be seen in this court. This con- sisted of a iail * Minerva ' or * Crooper ' machine, and was exhibit- ed by Mr. J^ B. Biggar, Montreal, Quebac. Oa this machine is printed TAe Canadian Exhibitor, a weekly j oarnal of the Canadian Department of the Colonial and Indian jfixbibition, published by the Trades' Publishing Company, anU edited and managed by Mr. Big- gar himself. It is printed on paper furnished by the Canadian Paper Company, Montreal ; with types supplied by the Djminion Type Foundry, Montreal, and with ink from the Canadian Printing Company, Toronto. Considering the many diffi julties that have to be contended with, this joarnal reflects great credit on Mr. Biggar and his stafl". To panicalarixe ail the other exhibits in this Coart wouki J \ ■ t:. . I . 112 take up more space than is at our disposal, so we content ourselves by merely mentioning the following firms as being, ^n oar opinion, most worthy the attention of oar fellow-craftsmen, vis. : George Bishop, Engraving and Printing Company, Limited. 169 St James, Street, Afontreal, Qaebec — engraving, lithography, printing, photo- engraving, &c. ; Borland Lithographic Company, Limited, Montreal, Qaebec — maps and lithographic work ; ]>ominion Typefounding Company, Limited, Montreal, Quebec — a case of fancy job type ; Ellis, Aobertson & Co., St, John's, New.Branswick— an albam of ex- oellent specimens of job printing; Joseph Fortier, Montreal, Qaebec — blank account books and specimens of general bookbinding. Tak- ing the Canadian exhibits as a whole, we must pat them down as being excellent Bpeoimens of workmanship, and worthy of all praise. Of brass work, another of the delrgatda reports : — Colonial and lodian Exhibition, Edinburgh, workmen's delegation reports. I foand the Commissioners and their assistants ver** oblig- ing, and through them I had access to cases of goods exhibited by Montreal and Toronto firms, chiefly stop cocks, valves, steam whistles, and other engineering work. It is almost entirely made by machinery, but is very good, and not unlike Scottish handwork. 1 was very anxious to get at the wages paid, but could not get any very definite idea. It is nearly all piece work, some few who are paid by time getting from £3 to £3. lOd. per week. In scanning the various exhibits I looked carefully for cases cf lamps and brackets such as are exhibited in our own Exhibitions in order that I might compare notes as to the progress of our colonies in the finer classes of work, but could not see a single exhibit. They have apparently gone in for such articles as they thought would best commend themsolves to STioh a great manufacturing country as this is. In conclusion, I can only say that while I have not seen such a display of brasswork as I expected and wished, t: e visit otherwise has been of service in enlarging my ideas of the capacity and im- portance of our colonies. While not trespassing upon the domain of the other delegates, I may just say that they appear to study that which is of practical use in their machinery rather than what may be pleasing w ihti eye. Jambs Macintosh, Brassfinisher. The interest excited by the Exhibition is clearly shown by the space devoted in trade journal to descriptions of the resources of the I/ominion. Respecting the mineral resources the t^un publishes almost in full, the account given in the Handbook, which need no:, therefore, be here given. Enginetring also published in London gives the following account of the minerals, &o. : — The minerals of Cunr^da form a very large item in the list of ex- ports. The export of mine products in the year ending June 30th, X885, is given in the following table, and we may add that they 113 rselves pinion, Toorgo Jasies, photo- mtreal, unding ) type ; 1 of ex- Qaebeo :. Tak- own as praise. egation " oblig- )ite(l by Bteam ' made id work, got any 7ho are oases cf itions in colonies They t would country Buoh a herwiso and im- domain o study an what isher, by the s of the iiblishes eed no'^ aooount t of ex- le 30th, at they form nearly 5 per cent, of the total exports of the country. The ▼alues are expressed in dollars : — THR MINI. A^alno Coal.., $1,468,166 Gold 999,007 Copper 246,230 Iron 132,074 Phosphates 362,288 Salt 12,326 Antimony 33,700 Other mineral;^ 385,746 Total $3,639,537 The first metal calling for notice is iron, in the ores of which Canada is immensely rich; it is true that in some parts these deposits suffer in practical value on aooount of their distance from the fuel required in such gieat quantity wherever smelting opera- tions are carried on, but we are reminded that the improved means of communication is rapidly removing this disadvantage, and fur- ther, that the great iron deposits of Nova Scotia are not so placed but are situated in close proximity to some of the greatest coalfields of the world. The imports of iron r.nd steel into Canada are falling in value rapidly, as is shown by the following comparison between the years 1875 acd 1885 :— Imports. * 1875. 1885. Manufactures of iron and steel $19,098,716 $11,657,189 Manufactures of metals other than iron 1,491,384 2,303,171 This would seem to point to the fact that the Canadians are as* piring to become manufacturers, and although we have no figures bearing on the subject we do not doubt that there is a large mana- factoring trade of iron and steel going on in the country. Iron ore occurs more or less in every province of the Dominion . In Ontario magnetic ores occur abundantly ; an important deposit in the township of South Crosby, known as the ' Chaffery Mine,' has been worked for years ; it forms a bed 100 feet thick. A very fine ore free from pyrites is also found in North Crosby. The Blan* ton mines in the township of Belmont consist of a succession of beds of iron ore, layers of slate, and crysta ne limestone. The ore contains an admixture of hematite and yields 52 72 per cent, of metallic iron, *035 of phosphorous, and *027 snlphur. Most of the ore raised from this deposit is shipped to the United States. The Coe Hill mine, Wollaston, yields a good supply of ore containing 68 per oent. of metallic iron, and is very free from phospberoos. About 30,000 tons of ore were shipped to the States from this mine in 1834. 8 lU The Seymour ore bed of Madoo, other mines in Bedford, Batharst, and Soath Sherbrooke, are all important deposits and the district west of Lake Superior is also rich in iron ore. In New Brunswick there are large deposits of hematite ore near Woodstock, on the Siver St. John, and the iron produced is said to be remarkable for its strength, and is well adapted for conver^.ing into steel. It is singular, however, that no iron smelting is going on in this province at the present time, nor, indeed, has there been anything done since the destruction by fire of the works that were established near Woodstock to work the ore found there. In the county of Beauce, Quebec, there is a vein of granular iron ore, 45 feet wide, about 66 per cent, magnetic. There are several blast furnaces actively engaged in smelting iron in this province. Beds of bog ore near Yaudreuil exist from 4 to 8 feet thick, and contain 6^ per cent, of iron. Great masses of iron ore exist on the coast of British Columbia, among the most important of which is the bed of Texada Island. Dr. G. M. Dawson, of the Geological Survey, states that this ore is magnetic, containing 68'4 per cent, of metallic iron, and a low percentage of phosphorous and other impurities. The mass is 20 to 26 feet thick, and has only 20 miles of the navigable waters of the Straits of Georgia between it and the Gomoz coalfields, and both the iron and coal are close to the water's edge. The Steel Company of Canada, Limited, have iron and steel works at Londonderry, which are the largest in the country. They have two blast furnaces, 65 feet high and 19 feet diameter at the bosh ; there is a puddling forgo, a roll- ing mill and a large number of coke ovens. These are the only works in Canada where the ore is smelted by coke. In this district limonite or brown hematite ore is found very pure, and is the larg- est and most extensively worked deposit in the Dominion. The average yield from the ore is 50 per cent Blocks of very fine ore from various parts of the Dominion are exhibited in this court. Passing now to other metals found in the Dominion we will first refer to lead ; this metal exists only as galena suiphuret, and is very widely distributed. Samples of the ores from Kingston, where works have been erected for smelting the ore, are shown at the Bxhibition. Copper occurs in Canada in the native form and of the sulphuretted ore, the latter being widely diffused while the former is confined to the rocks in the region of Lake Superior. The principal copper mines at present are situated in the Eastern Townships of Quebec. One mine here, the Crown Mine, yields about 18,000 tons of ore annually, all of which is exported to the United States. The ore is copper pyrites, and the bed varies from one foot to 40 feet in thick- ness. In Ontario, on the north-eastern shore of Lake Huron, exten- sive veins of rich copper ore have been mined for years, often with great profit. In New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, also particularly at Coxheath and Cape Breton County, mining operations of an extensive character are carried on. In the Ohio district of Nova tharet^ listrict Qswiok on the •bio for . It is :ovince e since d near Beaace, b 66 per iDgaged indreuil Great ODg the . G. M. agnetic, Qtage of 3t thiok, itraits of iron and Canada, are the 'eet high 0, a roll- ihe only 9 district the larg- )n. The fine ore )art. will first is very where rn at the >n uretted nfined to copper Quebec. ns of ore !he ore is in thiok- D, exten- iten with •tieularly )ns of an of Nova 115 Scotia an opening was made in 1884 on a deposit of yellow and grey copper ore, yielding l,120^1b8. of copper, 6§ dwt. of gold and 3 oz. of silver to the ton. There are several examples of copper pyrites and limestone ased as a flax shown in the exhibition, also copper matte and slag, and examples of native ore. Besides the veins in which silver is found associated with copper, this precious metal is found in the native state at several points on Lake Superior, and at these places several mines have worked very profitably. In British Columbia the best known silver locality is near Hope, on the Fraser river, where ores have been found con- taining as much as £400 worth of silver to the ton. The lodes occur at an elevation of 5,000 feet. At other localities also silver ore of remarkable richness has been found and worked. The production of gold is practicaliy limited to the provinces of Nova Scotia and British Columbia, although it is found in other parts, as Madoo and Marmora, Ontario, and in the Eastern Townships in Quebec, where labour and capital have been attracted. The amount of gold obtained from the two chief gold centres is repre- sented in the Exhibition by two gilded pyramids, that from British Columbia representing a value of $50,000,000, and the one from Nova Scotia $7,700,000. In the latter province the gold occurs in quartz veins in stratified slate and quartz ore rocks. The Inspector of Mines reported 27 gold mines in operation in 1884, yielding from 25,186 tons of quartz, 16,080 oz. of gold, as the result of 118,087 days' labour. Among the minor metals that are found in Canada we may men- tion antimony, which is found in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and on the region west of Lake Superior. At Rawdon, Hants County, a valuable mine of this ore has been opened. The vein, which is of grey antimony ore, is from 4 to 18 inches in width, an analysis of which shows it to be of almost chemical purity, containing little beyond traces of foreign material. The annual yield is over 700 tons. In York County, New Brunswick, the ore is stebnite, and is found over an area of several miles, the veins varying from 6 inches to as many feet ; here furnaces have been erected for smelling the ore. Platinum occurs with alluvial gold in the streams of British Columbia, but it is not a metal of great commercial importance. Other metals are nickle, cobalt and zinc, and minerals, chromium, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and magnesia, have been found in small quantities in Canada, but are not of importance at present. Among the minerals at the exhibition are a collection of samples of manganese obtained from Nova Scotia ; this mineral contains as much as 80 to 90 per cent, of the peroxide, and is therefore very valuable ; it occurs in the limestone rock, and pocketa of over 1,000 tons have been struck. Another mineral oocurring in the limestone rocks, and one that is looked upon as likely to form a very import- ant industry is apatite. It is found mostly in the Ottawa Yalley in 8J 116 large blocks, one block shown in the Canadian Court, jast as it was extracted from the mine, weighs nearly 2,U00 1bs. ; besides these bnge blocks large crystals are also foaod, one of these sapposed to be the largest discovered, weighs over 600 lua.; and is said to be worth £50. Apatite is tluable as a soaroe of phosphoric acid, and finds a readv* market in England and Germany. Up till recently this mineral was not considered worth working unless it contained *10 per cent, of the acid, but it is likely that fa«iore long the lower grades of the mineral will also be found of service. Gypsum is shown in the native and manufactured state, and we are given to anderstand that in Nova Scotia, it forms an important trade and one that is extending rapidly. The mineral that probably attracts most attention is asbestos this mineral is most exteoeively mined in the township of Thetford, Quebec, where also a large manufactory has been erected for work, ing it up. The mineral ia shown in the crude state as it comes from the mine, as well as in its manufactured qtate, rope and wick for engine packing, powdered for the preparation of fire-proof paints, woven into tape and made into millboard. Coming now to the combustible and carbonaceous materials we find that coal is very abundantly distributed. The coal fields of Canada are estimated to cover 97,200 square miles, not including certain areas in the far north which are known to yield coal but are as yet quite undeveloped. The chief fields are those of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the North- West Territories, the Rocky Moun- tains, and British Columbia. The first-mentioned cover an area of 18,000 square miles ; those of New Brunswick are the most exten- sive, but are not of sufficient thickness to be successfully worked io opposition to the Cumberland mine. There are 196 pits in Nova Scotia, from which in the five years ending with 1885, no less than 6,099,016 tons of coal were obtained. The coal is bituminous, and the seams at present worked vary in thickness from 4^ to 9 feet. The total available coal in the (>tpe Breton area is estimated at 800,000,000. In the Picton coal fields the seams worked vary from 26 feet to 34 feet 7 inches. The following is an analysis of samples taken from each of the three principal fields in the Province : — If oistnre Volatile combostioa .. Fixed earbon ....... ... ••••••••• •«••••••• «• •«•»• •«•••»•%• ••••••«•• Sjdoey Mine, 0. Breton. 3*04 31 14 61*50 4*32 Albioi Mine, PI XOVL. i«^9 25-44 61-55 10-25 Spriug Hill, Gumberland. 1*40 31-25 61*58 5*76 The area of true and lignite coals of the bast quality extends along the base of the Rocky Mountains from the 49th parallel to the . 117 t was these ted to to bo I, and lently tained lower nd we ortant >e3t03 etford, work, comes d wick e-proof ials we lelds of eluding but are ft Scotia ^ Moun- area of i exten- )rked in ji Nova iss than US, and . 9 feet, lated at ^ry from samples fuxg Hill, ibeiland. 1'40 31-25 61-68 6-76 Ids along to the vioinitj of Peace Eiver, a distance of 500 miles, with an average width of 100 miles; the outcrops of coal in this region are so regu- lar that it is almost safe to affirm that it is throughout a coal field. Analygis of this coal are given as follows :— Belly River. Bow River. Peace River. Volatile combnBtible. ••••.•••• • 6-62 31-03 66-64 6-91 12-37 32-33 46-39 8-91 2-10 21-64 Fixed c&rbon • 71-63 Ash 4-73 The third coal region is of small extent, but contains much coal of the best quality. The fourth region, that of the Pacific coast, has not been thoroughly examined. One of the most prominent ifeat- ures of the west and the central galley at the exhibition are two large blocks of coal from the Navarino and Wellington mines respec- tively, the former weighing 5 tons 6 cwts. These mines are situate in C!olambia and are the most important ones on the Pacific coast ; their aggregate output last year amounted to 357,548 tons, which was mostly shipped to California. A room opening oif the one of the wings of the main court is devoted to Nova Scotia coal. This Province is represented by exhibits from no fewer than 13 collieries. The total amount of coal raised in Nova Scotia in 1885 was 1,352,- 205 tons, being within about 43,000 tons of the total quantity raised in Canada in the preceding year. Anthracite in 6 feet and 3 feet seams, comparing favourably with that from Pennsylvania, has been foucd in Queen Charlotte's Island. The Canadian coalfields are very favourably placed from an Imperial point of view, and are so situated that they render easy of mainten- ance the Intercolonial Railway which connects the provinces in the east with those of St. Lawrence. There is a large collection of various oils, paraffine wax, candles, coke, &c., manufactured at London, Ontario, from petroleum ob- tained at Petrola, situated in the same province. For the last four years the amount of petroleum pumped in this district has amounted to no less than 6,000,000 barrels annually, the industry giving em- ployment to about 6,000 persons. From the above slight sketch it will be seen that Canada possesses the necessary factors for the development of a large industrial coun- try ; she is not ripe yet for doing this but doubtless some day she will be ready to do great things. In time she may become one of the great sources of coal supply for the whole of the Pacific coast of America, and it cannot be disputed that in case of war the value to the Empire of such accessible coalfields would ba enormous. The collection of mineral and rocks has been brought together mainly I i 118 m by the Geological Survey of Canada, under the direction of Dr. A. IC. C. SelwjD, but many specimens are shown by private individu- als. A handbook of the Canadian mineral exhibit has just been issued by the Geological Survey, which contains much detailed in- formation of an interesting character, relating to the iron deposits in the Dominion and to the special examples shown at the exhibition, which might be consulted with advantage by those who desire more informatiofl thau we have been able to give in this brief survey. Canada is pre-eminently rich in iron ores, a fact that might be expected from the groat area and diversity of geological formation of the country. In some districts as will be seen, the deposits are of great extent and excellent quality, but in few cases they labour ander a disadvantage of a want of accessible fuel. When, however, coal or wood are found together with iron ores, it would appear possible to establish iron works on a large scale. The total value of iron and steel imported into Canada in various forms during the year 1881 wua S14,'790,727, and grand total of im- ported iron and steel for the nineteen years since the confederation of the provinces in 1867 reaches the sum of $200,841,432, or an annual average of thirteen and a half million dollars. We have no figures showing the production of iron and steel within the Domin- ion, but it is certain that the productive capacity of the country is at present far below that required to fill the wants. This may be judged from the particulars of the number of blast furnaces in blow in the Dominion which are given later on. Iron ores occur in greater or less profusion in every province of the Dominion and almost every variety is repreaected. Taking the provinces from the east and travelling westward, we find in Nova Scotia rich deposits of iron ore in many parts. As an example, perhaps the most important, we will take the property owned by the Steel Company of Canada, Limited, who have iron and steel works at Londonderry, Colchester County, Nova Scotia, who have a large display of iron ores and manufactured iron in the Exhibition. The ore is mostly limonite or brown hematite, which has evidently been derived from the alteration of spathic ore and ankerite, both of which are in many places found in an unaltered condition. The vein also contains ocbreous red hematite, specular iron ore, and small quantities of magnetite. The following analyses, taken from the report of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1873-4 will serve to illustrate the composition of the limonite : — j**^ Ochreoas Compact Limonite. Limonite. Peroxide of iron 7b d8 84-73 Protoxide of iron .... traces. Protoxide of manganese 2*51 0-23 Alumina 0-63 0-23 Lime.... 0-57 016 Magnesia 0*34 0-14 in sme dor for Iron ^ have t\ feet re£ the bl( The fn( to46p4 TheanT 119 1 . A. ividu- be«n ad in- pOBltB bitioD, I more ght bo [nation tits are laboar (wever, appear various I of im- ieration 2, or an have no Domin- •antry is \ may be I in blow Dvince of iking the in Nova Qzample, )wned by and steel 10 have a thibition. evidently rite, both on. The and small Irom the serve to ipact )nite. •73 38. •23 •23 16 -14 Silica 3-06 .... Phosphoric »cid 0-4* 019 Solphurio acid O-Ol 0-01 Water, hygroscopic O^TS 033 Water, combined 11 65 11*07 losolable residue... 2-67 99 66 99 74 Metalic iron , 55*78 59-31 Mining has been carried on at Londonderry since 1849. The coke used is obtained principally from the Pictoa mine, referred to in our previous article on the coal industry of Canada. Of late, however, a considerable quantity of coke has been made on the pre- mises from coal from the Springhill mine, also referred to in the same previous article. These works are by far the largest in Canada, and, in fact, are the only works m which the iron is smelted by coke. There are two modern blast furnaces, 19 feet bosh and 65 feet high, with Siemen's Cowper's and Ford's patent hot-blast stoves, which are the first set of firebrick stoves erected on the continent of North America. There are 67 bee-hive coke ovens, puddling forge and rolling mill, the latter including car-axle plant capable of manufacturing 10,000 tons per annum. There is a car wheel foundry with a capacity of 100 wheels a day, and the usual accessories of large works of this kind. A branch railway three miles in length connects the mines with the Intercolonial Hallway at Londonderry station. There are other large deposits of iron ore in other parts of Nova Scotia, but those have not been worked to any extent. They are, however, of considerable extent, in fact the country is full of iron. There is bog limonite, magnetite, hematite, clay ironstone, spathic ore, &o. These are all found in close proximity to the valuable coal deposits to which we have made reference in treating of this Pro- vince in a former number. New Brunswick is the next province in geographical sequence, but no iron is being smelted there at the present, althoagh in 1818 large works were established near Woodstock, in Cardigan county, at which about 40,000 tons of ore were smelted, but the works were destroyed by fire, and the enterprise was abandoned. Quebec con- tains a number of small blast furnaces in active operation employed in smelting bog iron ore, among these may be mentioned the Kan^ dor forges, about ten miles from Three Elvers, and the Grantham Iron Works at Drummondville, on the River St. Francis. The latter have two blast furnaces, each 34 feet high with b3ehe8 8 feet and 10 feet respectively. They are worked with hot and cold blast, and the blowing engines are driven by water power from the river. The fuel used is charcoal, and the bog iron ore, which contains 40 to 45 per cent, of iron, is obtained about three miles from the works. The annual capacity i.« 4,000 tons, and the product is charcoal pig 120 iron for carwheels. A Biding from the Soath-flastern Railway mns directly into the worko, and the iron is made into carwheels at the foundry at Montreal. An interesting fact in connection with a famace sitoated in this district, and known as the St. liaarice Forges, is that it was the oldest active blast farnace on the con- tinent. It was built in 1737, and was blown oat in 1883, owing to the ore and fael in the vicinity becomiDg exhausted. A namber of small furnaces have been abandoned in this district from a similar caase. In the same Province there are large deposits of magnetic iron ore of excellent qaality, as may be seen from the following analysis, which is that of an ore from Hull, Quebec, and will serve as a general representative of such ores. Some of them have been abandoned in favour of crucibles made of a mixtore of clay and graphite. Each crucible is capable or containing 3,000 os. The fael employed ia coke, about 75 lbs. of which are required to m^lt 3,000 oz§. of ilandard silver. The silver and copper are melted together, and, before being poured, or stirred with an iron rod having a flattened end. The surface ot the molten metal is covered with a layer of prevent oxida- tion of the copper. The crucible is next removed by the aid of a crane and tongs, and is placed in a cradle, which may be tilted by means of a handle acting by the intervention of spur wheels gearing into a rack turns the crucible on the fulcrum formed by a spindle, so that the contents of the crucible may be poured into moulds, which are mounted on a carriage running on rails. The metal is cast into bars 12in. long by §in. thick, and varying from If im to 2f in. broad. The bars are next trimmed by the aid of a revolving circular cutter, their ends cut off and returned to the melting pot. Portions of the metal are cut off for assaying purposes. The bars are next weighed before being passed to subsequent operation. Gold bullion is melted in a similar way, but the crucibles are smaller and contain only 1,200 oz. The moulds have usually been poured by hand, one end of the tongs by ^which the crucible is grasped being supported by a chain suspended from the roof. But recently four new Fiat turnaces have been fitted up in the Mint. In these fur- naces the portion which contains the crucible may be detached from the flue, so as to admit of the molten metal being poured into moulds without removing the crucible from the incandescent fuel. These furnaces, we believe, work extremely well, and effect a con- siderable economy in labour, fuel and crucible. These Journals generally give notices more or less in detail of the mineralogical and geological exhibits, but these extracts, it is thought, are suflEicient to show the interest taken in this section. The paper read by Dr. Selwyn on the subject was also noticed in all the lading papers, and helped to bring before those interested a fair idea of the resources of the Dominion in this respect. 121 of the longht, paper eading of the MANUFACTUBINO INDUSTRIKS. The exhibits of manufactarers seem to have been a enrpriiie to the vieitors of the Kzhibition. The short artiole from the Leeds Mercury gives, Id a few words, expression to the feeling: — I thought the New Gainea screen, or trophy, by far the most beautiful in the Exhibition. Canada ran it very closely, though in an utterly different style, with her magnificent national trophy of cereals, prepared meats, fish, fruits, condensed milk, biscuits, furs, snowshoes, goodness knows what else, or how the dosignersgot out of unartistio materials such an excellent and artistic result. Huntley and Palmer would, I should say, feel, for once, envious of the splen- did exhibit of biscaits, comprisipg, as it certainly did, many tooth- flome varieties unknown to Heading; and 1 saw some distinctly " I ods " faces posing in the deepest absorption over the Montreal case of nails, in their perfectly amazing variety. People were crowding round the building, which looked like a castle of steel, but was only made of biscuit-boxes, with the liveliest admiration ; and the young women in Canadian winter costume, dispensing fluid beef came in ior a.large share of comment. The sewing, embroidery and knitting silks from Montreal also seemed quite equal to our English makeE in dyeing and quality. I have not time to speak of the iur> nitnro, I heard people saying that in every way we in England could not excel or even equal it. As to the Canadian pianos, the wonderful and deafening agricultural machines, the textiles, the photographs, the books, it seemed to me that the Canadians have nothing to learn from us, but that, on the contrary, the mother country may find much to emulate in them. As to the effect of this on trade, the Montreal Star says : — The Colonial Exhibition i:* proving of advantage to Canada in more ways than one. Not only will it increase the immigration to the Dominion of a desirable class of people, but many of the exhibi- tors are receiving orders of goods from fiuglishmen and Austra- lians. The Ontario Rolling Mills of Hamilton, Ont., have an exhibit of nails at the Exhibition and the announcement is made that a Liverpool firm will purchase from fifty to one hundred tons of nails per month from the firm if they can get them at the same price as English nails. Whether the Canadian firm can compete with the English manufacturers in price is not stated, but at all events the enquiry for prices is an evidence that the Canadian exhibit is making a good impression which must do the country good. Many other Canadian exhibitors have received orders for goods. It can scarcely be hoped that the sale of Canadian manu- factures in England will ever attain to very great proportions, but there is no good reason why Canadians should not compete with Englishmen in other colonies. Australia now imports annually about $200,000,000 worth of goods, and the greater part of those imports are from Great Britain. If Canadians can compete with 122 Englishmen in London market they should be able to crowd them out of tho Australian market, whioh is several thoanand miles nearer to Canada than to lOagland. Every merchant know.-) that the cost of transportation is a very important factor in determining the price of articles, and the difference of distance mast ultimately have some effect in settling the question of trade supremacy. The Building News enters more into detail and deals with the articles as afTeoting the building trade: — In the way of stoves and hardware the builder will fiad much of interest in Class 6, devoted to iron and steel building ironmongery and smith's work. The exhibits of this character will be found mainly in the west gallery and quadrants. The small cast-iron goods, such as brackets, coal scoops, door furniture and " trimminga " generally, neatness and artistic finish are apparent. The Canadian collection of stoves in the west gallery are characleristio. In form, outline, and decoration they are totally dissimilar to these of Enj^- lish make. The chief fault we find with them is that their decora- tion is like that of the furniture, too fussy and " busy." The ranges are over- panelled and ornamented with the characteristic flat polished relief, or incised ground ment and tooled ground, is to be noticed, of a grey-veined material. Fine samples of gypsum, specimens of phosphate of lime (^apatite) from Nova Scotia, Niw Brunawick, Ontario, Quebec, &c., are to be 125 rega- loDial icted iblee, item, neor Lared [ftible lorna* )rial. itite) be noticed. Copper ohm. lead ore, a large sample of amothyitt, marble, iron pyritee, and a collection of bricks, tilos and clay goodii may bo seen at the weet cod of gallery. Limoatone Ih abundant in nearly all the proTinoee, and ia of ezoellent building qaality; and the sap- ply of red, grey, and blaiah granite appears to bo unlimited, thoagh mach of the mineral wealth remains to be developed. Visitors who have time to examine the photographs o^ buildings in the several ooarts, ospccially in the quadrants, will see that stone Is largely em- Sloyed in all the public buildingH in theae provinors. Toe Canadian ranite Company, Oltuwa, are exhibitors of granite and serpentine goods; we notice at one end of the gallery a serpentine marble chim- noypiece and vases. Fair Play has the following : — The Dominion is a msgnificent poa8ry, too^one of the best, in an instructive sense, if not the beet in the Exhibition — are pianos, organs, tweeds and woollen goods, which tell a tale of manufacturing energy and ability which needs better appreciation in this country. And the mannfactarera are not satisfied with their own market, though it is early yet for them to compete with England in Eng- land 1 I the advanced thinkers among them hope some day to do. The work they have to do lies at their own doors ; and it must be admitted they are doii)g it with all their might. The exhibits en- force the lesson that the Canadians are succeeding in solving the problem of producing every article of commerce required b/ them as well and as cheaply as those articles can be imported. 126 ^ if- 15- .'/ As everyone knowei, this is the settled policy of the Dominion Government, and a sagacioas and statesmanlike policy it is. Six or seven years ago Canadian manafactares were practically non-exis- tent, bat since then producers have learnt how and what to produce for their particalar consumers. The result is obvious. Every exhibit of a manufactured article in the Canadian Courts means an industry which has been built up by this very practicalness ; and, what is more, it means that during the five years preceding 18S5 'he value of imports of manufactured goods has decreased by some £20,000,000 — a fact which a manufac- turing nation like ourselves cannot afford to lose sight of. " Ido not desire," said the Minister of Finance in the Dominion Parliament only a year ago, " to see the consumption of the people diminished ; bat what the Government prefer is that, while they desire to see the oonsnmption of the people increased, they prefer rather to see them consuming articles produced and raannfactured in the country, by the labour of the country, than that they should be imported from outside and involve the necessity cf sending the money out of the country to pay for them." There is the Canadian policy in a nut- shell. Its fruits can be seen in these varied exhibits of Canadian manufactures. In the general lines of machinery the Canadians have it all their own way, and are even competing with us in ex- portation to South America. Their sewing machines (some admir- able specimens of which are exhibited) are shipped to all parts of the world, and the estimated annual value of this product alone is over a million dollars. In the class of manufactures describable by the wor' " foundries " there is scarcely any foreign competition ; and what there is is attributable, according to experts, to large over- production in the United States and England. In woollen goods, too, Canada does not lag behind. I am not a specialist, but if my information is correct, as I have every reason to believe it is, the specialist will not find any shoddy in the exhibits of this class of manufactures — an exhibit by the Oxford Manufac- turing Company of Nova Scotia being particularly noteworthy; There is no good in sending shoddy cloth to, or making it in, Can- ada, for the colonist believes in strong and durable cloth, and will have no other, as those in the trade know full well. The capital employed in the textile industry of Canada is very large, and the annual product is valued at over £2,000,000, the result of the labour of about 10,000 hands. This is double what it was before the era of Canadian Protection, and week by waek native manufacturers are more and mor<- successfully competing with foreign goods. The agricultural implements — the hairows, ploughs, reapers, fan- ning mills, cultivators, threshing machines, and the like— in the West Gallery ^ell the same story of the country's growing reliance vpon her own manufacturing resources. 127 inion ix or exis- »dace rtiolo It up aring tared lufac- lonot iment shed ; eethe I them •y, fey L from of the a nut- nadian ladians in ex- admir- arts of lone is ible by itition ; je over- not a reason ixhibits anufac- ^orthy; Can- nd will capital ind the laboar le era of era are era, fan- ^in the reliance In cotton we have a more striking development. Thirteen years ago not 10,000 000 yards were pr(Klaced, whereas now the ngnre is abont 135,000,000, and the total estimated value of the yearly product of the cotton factories about £2,100,000. The musical in- strument industry has been created by the fiscal policy of the Gov- ernment; and Canadians will affirm that, if there were no other result of the effort to encourage native manufactures, this important industry would suffice to stamp it with approval. The Boot and Shoe Trade Journal takes up its own special sub- ject :— Amongst the many interesting exhibits of boots and shoes, that of Messrf). Orr, Harrigan & Co., Hamiltoo, Ontario, deserves special notice in these columns. It consiitts of superior boots and shoes in the buttoned and laced varieties for ladies and children, with some very pretty things in children's goods made up of fancy coloured leather, and apparently just the styles to captivate the eye of a fond mamma. There are also some choice sample pairs of men's riding and shooting boots, with the ordinary light goods for general wear. The quality is most excellent, and the get-up is all that can be desired. Messrs. J. & T. Bell, Montreal, have an addition to their case in a novel form of window stand, made of nickel silver, and containing tho various choice patterns of ladies' fine boots, in laced and buttoned for which they are so justly celebrated. Their slippers also are worthy of more than a passing glance from the interested visitor, being of pretty patterns executed in good materials. Mr. W. Heathow, Victoria, B.C., shows a large and varied assort- ment of men's boots and shoes, amongst which are a number of the strange looking buckled boots in canvas as well as in leather. His sea and fishing boots are worthy of inspection, and the number of his varieties in nailed boots will have an especial interest to visitors from Leeds and Bristol. The shapes of these goods are for the most part of the old-fashioned square-toed type, but a few medium pointed tees are here and there to be seen. The case of boys' boots which was noticed some time ago as being without any indication of its exhibitor is now marked as coming from Messrs. Louis Ootd & Brother, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec. Some men's boots have been added, and the whole forms a creditable display of well got up and apparently durable and useful goods. Their machine for measuring leather and skins is also deserving of inspection. In the case devoted to Messrs. Fogarty Bros., of Montreal, whose samples have already been under notice, Messrs. Galibert Bros., of Montreal, show a number of gloves and a quantity of glove leathers which appear well adapted for the purpose for which they are in- tended. Their kid and morocco leathers are well fiDished and olaink careful attention. 128 ii. V- The Boot and Shoe Manufaotaring Company, A.mher8t,Nova Scotia, €end some superior sdmplesof ladies' boots and shoes in broad fittings whioh are of excellent workmanship and in good style. Many of the vamps are cat out of crocodile skins and look very taking. Some well finished clamps with cork rands are attractive and the whole are admirably got ap for wear in a country where strong boots are needed. This firm is to be congratulated on the excellence of its prodaction as sho^n in this exhibit. In addition to the Wanzer Sewing Machine Co. there are now to be seen the machines sent by the Williams Co., of Montreal, and the excellent hand and treaJle machines supplied by Mr. C. JRaymond, Ouelph, Ontario. The latter firm has for a long time had a branch establishment in Liverpool, and the beautiful work done by his machines has attracted the attention of a large number of buyers. There is much eimplioity about the working parts of these machines and the low price at which they are sold scarcely appears remunera- tive. In coneequenoe of the pecv*V- manner in which the tension is managed, the stitch is exactly e same on both sides of the material, and the remarkable ease with which the machine is worked makes it a desirable acquisition. It is very rapid and perfectly noiseless in working, and is fitted with adjustable working parts so as to do away with the necessity of expensive repairs. Messrs. Schlicht, Field & Co., Toronto, exhibit in addition to the Shannon File and Cabinets, a clever invention for letter copying. They are professedly makers of office labour-saving devices, and this one certainly substantiates their claim in a remarkable degree. By means of a number of rollers a continuous roll of copying paper is carried through a water-pan, partially dried, and on to a point where the letter to be copied is carried to it through smaller rollers which letter may be passed through a dozen times giving a clean legible copy every time. Thus a score or more letters can be copied in the time usually occupied by copying one, or a dozen copies may be taken from one letter in less than two minutes." The Leeds Evening Express has some general remarks, from which the following notice of manufactures is extracted : — Next to the Indian section the Canadian Court is the largest in the Exhibition, and contains a remarkable display of manufactared Articles. The woodwork should receive the attention of all English artisans. There are doors, windows, handrails, panels, pulpits and school furniture, of clean wood, of good grain and of good workman- ship. Canada is noted for its " organs." The cases are mostly in walnut and oak and are of the usual artistic kind. The tone of those eelected for exhibition is loud and sonorous, as well as sweet. Bat the most artistic work is to be seen in the cases of the pianos. There are some extremely handsome ones in a grey-green wood, outlined and decorated with silver ; others in olive green and gold, whilst of rosewood there are plenty. The tone of the pianos is peculiarly resonant. The Dominion evidently has nothing to learn in the way 129 from of piano-makicg. A handsome oak pulpit close by the musical instruments is made of clean bright wood, and is of equally clean workmanship. The school fittings of pitch pine naturally are of the besl that could be sent from a country where schools and school works are made the object of great attention. A screen — forming a little sub-court-— of Columbian pine will attract notice from the splendid quality and colour of the wood. There is a fine display of furniture in ebony, walnut, oak, &c. The bedsteads, mostly in the Tudor or Arabian style, are heavy in appearance, though the remainder of the exhibits are of excellent design and unexceptional workmanship. With the go-a-headness seemingly nurtured on American soil, the Oanadiuns use steam machinery largely in mak- ing even the best furniture. A singular settee and a chair, more unique than handsome, have polished steer's horns for feet and rails. The result will certainly not induce others to go and do likewise. Perhaps the most successful of the wood manufactures are the cylinder, cabinet and office desks, modelled on well known Ameri- can lines. They provide, by means of drawers and partitions, the means of keeping letters, accounts or papers of any kind properly assorted. One or two with a new arrangement must be exceedingly useful. The Canadians also send a variety of sewing machines by makers unknown to Eoglish ears. A portion of the Canadian exhibits are away from the chief court. They will be found in the East Quadrant, the building to the right of the Albert Hall, of the shape of a quarter circle. There is here a billiard table from Toronto of a novel and extremely artistic design in the framing, made of light-colored ash. The leather exhibits are chiefly here, as are a quantity of (vhips of all kinds. A pile of "Sarven " wheels and also of the parts which make the wheels are next. The wheels and parts are machine made, and are extremely neat and light in appearance. There are also a number of models of waggons and barrows, and a large display of helves and handles, and wooden domestic utensils of all kinds. Montreal has sent some carriages, the make of which will be examined with care by our English builders. The Queen, in an article with the title of " Industrial Art," speaks specially of work done by Canadian Indians. The figures refer to the illustrations which appeared in the original article^ The Indians of British North America, as is well known, have many natural gifts. If among these the poetical, and often sublime, expression of their thoughts come foremost, then next, art bears the impress of their sincere and spontaneous devotion. We have clear evidence of this even in their hunting and their war apparatus. The " sling shot " (Fig. 1), with which the Cree Indian arms him- self both for the chase and enemies, looks a highly decorated and formidable weapon. It is made of wood and leather, loaded with stone at one end. It is, commonly used by him while on horseback. Fally capariBoned, and astride suoh a saddle as Fig. 5 represents, he 9 : 130 sallies forth, armed with rifle, pistol and knife, and bringing down the wolf, the bear, the moose, the antelope, the cariboo, or fur- bearing animals, or the seal ne&r the coast, irom which such articles as are indicated by Figs. 19 to 23 are made. Of these, Fig. 19 is exhibited by the Hadson's Bay Company, at whose stall may also be seen the originals of Figs. 6, *?, and 11 ; and where, by the cour- tesy of their agent, who manufactures the skins sent over by the company, Mr. James Ince, of 156 Oxford Street, we were allowed every facility for drawing them. The rest of the illustrations are of articles in the exhibit of Messrs. G. B. Eenfrew & Co., of Quebec. Her Majesty the Queen and members of the royal family made several purchases from this stall and that of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany. It is a fact here worth noting that several rare fars, E^uch as the silver fox, bring very high prices in England and on the Con- tinent, mainly because they are supposed to be Bussian ; most of them come from Canada, and are sold in London by auction to dealers, both British and foreign. The beadwork of the better sort, done by the red man, is not to be surpassed for well chosen and harmonious color efiect. The patterns are generally composed of ideal flowers; taking color as well as form they are beauiiful specimens of handiwork. The Indian uses porcupine quills, the hair of the moose, and also scented grasses, that generally take the place of silk or wool, in his embroideries. With silk, which, as well as beads, he procures from Europe, through the Hudson's Bay Company, he produces at times some really excellent work on shirts and jackets of reindeer skin. The card-case (Fig. 27) is ornamented with porcupine qaills, and the cigar case (Fig. 28) with the hair of the moose; both exhibited by the Indian Bazaar Company, of St. John, New Brunswick. The quills and the hairs are dyed various colours. The basketwork of the Abenaki Indians is a feature of this part of the Canadian Court. The red men's sense of colour as annlied to them is a little outri; but we must admit that coloured glass beads and wood shavings that have to be coloured are very difiScult things to manipulate. The baskets make up in shape what they lack in colour ; there are exquisite forms among them, not so delicate as some from the Straits Settlements, but, at the same time, quite as varied. In contrast with the fashioning and finishing of this light work, the carvings in black heavy slate are not a little curious (See Figs. 12, 13 and 14). The shallow dish and the frog-shaped one are unique and grotesque as anything from the hands of the Chinese or Japanese. The miniature model of an Isimschean " Totum pole " (Fig. 12) was carved by a native of North British Columbia. Poles of the sort vary in height up to forty feet, wrought out of a solid cedar tree, and are placed at the entrance of dwellings in memory of some ancestor. They are fan- tastically carved, and painted with symbols of the tribe to which a family belongs. Upon the same polo will often be found forms of 181 varioas animals, and of the san, moon and starB, tbe whole snr* mounted by a figare of the ancestor. The Indians ako fiud employ- ment in making bric-a-brac — oanoes, toboggans, snowshoes, lacrosse bats and balls, and other articles, which bave a ready sale at the Exhibition. The lightest known canoe of serviceable size for the Indian is maH Q of birch bark ; only expert paddlers can manage them with safety. The exhibition, as a whole, has been a grand teacher. The material resources of India and the Colonies, therefore of Great Britain, have not only been indicated in it, but in a wondrous mea- sure laid out before our eyes. EDUCATION, With reference to the system of Education in the different Pro- vinces, the London Times says : — The educational exhibits of Canada deserve detailed notice. In none of the Courts is this department of colonial activity so fully represented. The Educational Department of Ontario, under the care of Dr. May, is more fully represented than is the case with any of the other provincial governments. The Ontario educational system has been in working order for many years, and is very com- pletely organized, from the Kindergarten and public elementary schools up through the various training schools for teachers, clas- sical schools, universities, technical schools, special schools, medical and other independent schools and scientific and literary institutions. In the gallery there are abundant exhibits showing the working and results of the Kindergarten and elementary schools. In the former, the training seems well adapted to educate the eyes and fingers of the little ones, as well as to draw out their budding minds. The specimens of art work, of maps and exercises of various kinds from the elementary schools, would come out well if placed along- side any similar specimens from the schools of this country. The art schools especially appear to be doing excellent work. The system in vogue in the institutions for the deaf and dumb and for the blind seem particularly well adapted to their purpose ; and the statistics of these institutions as well as the specimens of work and illustrations aro well worth inspecting. Evidently very great care is bestowed on the training of teachers for the various classes of schools in Ontario. The examinations which they have to undergo are formidable and comprehensive, and for the higher grades quite as formidable as that of the London B.A., and far more varied. Science holds a prominent p' ce in the educational system of Ontario, and the specimens of apparatus in all departments for teaching it are among the prominent exhibits in the Court. The Ontario Agricultural College, established in 1874, is largely repre- sented among the exhibits ; and it is evident that the institution af- fords an admirable training, which must have a highly beneficial influence on the agrioi^ltura} development of tl^9 Pominion, 132 ■'.1 Quebec had a difficult problem to solve in organizing a system of education for a population the majority of which are Roman Catholic ; but the solution has been succeiisful. Both higher and elementary education are provided for by the State and the munici- palitiee combined, and the various classes of institutions are almost as varied. The Quebec educational exhibits are snfGicient to show that in Quebec, as in Ontario, education is on a sound and healthy footing. There are hundreds of specimens of pupils' work, many photographs, reports, books, and other objects, which will afford teachers here a fair opportunity of judging of results. In Quebec the business school is a common institution, in which young men are specially trained for positions like those of clerks, shopkeepers, commercial travellers, &c. It has been said of the New Brunswick school system that it is theoretically the best in America. Practically it seems to be in a state of great efSciency. From a very early period this province has devoted special attention to education, and a very considerable proportion of the provincial income is devoted to its promotion. There is a very fair and satisfactory collection of apparatus, text- books, specimens of school work, school furniture, registers, &c., in the New Brunswick Court. The Nova Scotian edaoational exhibit is strong in specimens of drawing, maps, copy-books, needlework, school furniture and specimens illustrative of the system adopted in the schools for the blind and for deaf motes. The educational department of Prince Edward Island sends a considerable collection of text-books in use, as well as sundry examination papers and specimens of pupils' work. From the Catholic schools of Manitoba we have a collective exhibit of educational appliances, books, exer- cises, &c. Altogether education in Canada is in a healthy and hopeful condition. I'he ClerkenweU Chroniclers article on the same subject spoke in equally complimentary terms ; the remarks of the Morning Post chiefly refer to Ontario, in similar terms to those of the TimeSf and the Melbourne Argus gives a short but favourable notiC/O. I I I THE FINS ABTS. In the Magazine of Art, published by Messrs. Cassell & Co., London, Mr. H. A. M. Stevenson, the art critic for the magazine, thus speaks of art in Canada : — " While walking among the Canadian pictures at the Colonial Exhibition, you can fancy yourself in a good Europeua gallery much more easily than you can if you are in the Fine Art section of any other colony. This is considerable praise ; for, though art is differ- ently conceived of and differently practised in the various quarters of Europe, yet every old country has been subjected at some time or other to vivifying currents of poetical feeling, which have, as it were, thawed the spirit of the nation, and permitted the germs of art latent in primitive customs, costumes and decorations, to develop 133 in and onial much )f any diflfer- arters imeor as it ms of evelop into artistic life. Half of the contributions to a modem exhibition, thongh one may consider many of them of poisonoas, are at any rate of vital organic growth . They are in some sort artistic ; a term which would be misapplied to the mass of colonial work, totally unint^pired as it is by any iesthetic feeling for the materials em- ployed. It may be described as a use of the handicrafts of drawing and colonr with the intentions of military, architectural, or engineer- ing draughtsmen, but without their patient accuracy and thorough accomplishment. From this reproach the Canadians, however, are tolerably free. Though their best men are hardly better than Mr. J. F. Paterson, who belongs to Australia, it must be oonfessed that they have more of them than are to be found in any other colony, and that they show a much larger proportion of work up to a fairly good btandard. The Canadian artists are not original among their Colonial rivals in proportion to their much greater technical accomplishment. On this point, however, it is very difficult to form anything like a just comparison ; when we have excluded from the exhibition the mass of work which is not art at all, we have more painters to conoi jer among the Canadians than in ail the other sections put together. I shall, therefore, attempt no thorough determination of the question beyond saying that between Mr. Homer Watson at his best in the Canadian section, Mr. BranfiU in the New Zealand, and Mr. Pater- son in the Australian, there is not much to choose in point of origi- nality of vision and treatment. Mr. Homer Watson's method may be a little more unusual than Mr. Paterson's, and yet it appears cognate to his subject-matter. He has evidently not learnt it as a monkey acquires tricks, and I think it possible to make sure, from an examination of his exhibits, that the masterly manner which he has attained in *' A Frosty Morning at the edge of a Clear- ing," has been superimposed upon his original way of seeing nature by a process of natural development . " A River Torrent," though it is without the breadth and science of the abovementioned picture, shows, in spite of its want of feeling for large forms and its small, niggling manner, much the same sense of air, sky and weather, a similar vein of colour, and a like view of what is interesting in nature ; and as a composition, " Gathering Storm in the Adiron- dacks " is another example of the sentiment for the picturesque in landscape, and the tendency to sober colour which this artist pos- sessed even boiore he had learnt a satisfactory technical style. His best work — " The Frosty Morning " — is painted with considerable knowledge of the right use of a foreground as a mere vestibule of introduction to a large aarial landscape. He has acquired a touch, an impasto and a scheme of low-toned, silvery green, all excellently suited to the treatment of lumpy, sturdy trees and the general ap- pearance of the country. A mixture of C. Jacque and Th. de Bock might give some notion of the effect of the colour and touch in his best work. In addition to these pictures, it would be unfair should 134 one omit to notice his large " Saw Mill," remarkable for a fine ren- dering of wind-blown trees 4 his small and beaatifal sketch, ** A Frosty Morning in October," not unlike a Dupr^ ; and his little pochade " Landscape," with a lovely opalosceut rift in a rainy sky. As I have already hinted, the Canadians have not been slow to take adv^tntage of European, and more especially of French, senti- ments and traditions. This influence is easily seen in figure-work — a branch of the art almost totally unrepresented in any serious way in the Australian, and even in other sections. In deference to new sentiments on the question of man's position in nature, all modern schools have inclined to a form of art in which the figure is accord- ed a comparatively small proportion of space in the composition. The French, it is true, have continued, as an Academical exercise, the older styles of figure-painting ; but, on the other hand, in the modem fiishion of the art they have been more rigorous than any one else in refusing much separate interest or special treatment to the figure. It must, according to them, fare ats it can in tbe general landfiicape effect, which should bo all-important. They object to its being specially illumined, conventioQully relieved so as to show up the fleiih tints, or bathed in warm colours that it may attract undue attention, all of which, most English painters consider fair and artistic devices. Whether the Euglitih are justified or not depends very mach upon whether each man's sentiment be valuable, and whether his system be uniformly conventional throughout. At any rate, the natural and icrial representation of figure and land- scape in a realistic unity, which the French aspire to, must be an impossible aim to these men ; and one which, if they insist on pur- suing it in combination with their own ideals and devices, cannot but be prejudical to the manifestation of whatever sentiment and artistic feeling they may possess. Some of the be^t pictures in the Canadian gallery deal with atmospheric represontalion of the human figore. One of the most charming as well as the most masterly of these, Mr. P. F. Woodcock's "Abandoned Nest," is among the illustrations to this article. Its pleasant, easy composition and firm drawing will be perceptible, but its admirable colour must be iraa- gined. It is a fine harmony of cream, ochre, and blue, painted in a comparatively low tone; that is to say, that although the picture is solid and luminous, it is without any striving alter garish brilliancy, or startling vividness of tint. Neitner are the tones shallow, nor the forms characterless, as in a common imitation of fine French work. The artist has a real and most etfoctive sense of the intrinsic agree- ableness of paint ; the texture and brush work of the sky, of the shimmering cornfield, of the child's warmly-lit cream dress, &-^., are well suited to reveal the character of the things they signify, and they have, moreover, much of the purely sensuous beauty and decorative quality of surface of the promiscuous paint on an old pallette. This may not be an important ingredient of serious art, and if used as an end or to the exclusion of other things it may . e ren- (i i little fBky. low to , senti- rork — IB way to new nodern ftccord- osition. KorciBe, , in the lan any meDt to general ct toils ihow np ^t andne fair and ble, and oat. At ,nd land- list be an It on pnr- I, cannot lent and OS in the e hnman iterly of ong the and firm ». 1. - : ^ tinted in a picture is brilliancy, r, nor the ich work. Isic agrea- ly, of the fress, &-, signify, leaaty and \n an old [riooB art, it may 135 easily become a sonroo of weakness, yet when kept in dae subordi- nation to significance and meaning, it is unqoostionably a source of great nnd legitimate charm. '•Goodbye," the subject of another illustration, is both the simplest and most pleasing in colour of Mn Paul Peel's many con- tributions. Although he knows how to paint, yet in most of his larg'^r works he is sadly wanting in charm, fervour and personality. His " Return of Harvesters," the largest canvas in the place, is viciously pink and yellow. His " Return of the Flock," a pleasant composition, is too soft and weak in some places— as in the sheep— and hard while it is unmeaning in others — as in the pattern of leaves against the sky. Somewhat cheap in tone, poor in composi- tion, and lacking character as it is both in colour and the expression of form, " Awaiting his Return " is quite Mr. Peel's worst exhibit ; while " Covent Garden Market, London, Ontario," is, in its sincere and forcible realism, its truthful rendering of sunlight upon bright colours, without doubt his strongest if not his most graceful produc- tion. Mr. Wi)5iam Brymner is also very fully represented, and notably so by some excellent opon-air figure subjects, conceived and treated muoh in the manner of Mr. Charles Spragne Pearce, and other young Americans of the same school. Mr. Erymner's colour is not so rich, and his delight in paint as a material is not so evi- dent, as Mr. Woodcock's ; but he has learnt to work in the same broad mnnnor, and his most important canvas, " A Wreath of Flowers," shows him to be a skilled draughtsman, and an artist well versed in the mysteries of suggestive handling. In its elegant simplicity of workmanship and the broad truth of its eflFect of soft grey sunlight, his small sketch of a cornfield, entitled " The Day is Done," is unsurpassed by any landscape work in the show. His " Crazy Patch Work" belongs to another order of work — the pure figure picture — and, though treated with a true feeling for light, it is, I believe, less interesting than his open-air studies. Another interior with figures, Mr. R. Harris's " Meeting of the Trustees," has been reproduced for this Magazine. It is a very sincere and successful study of character and typo, executed in a naive, earnest and assuming manner. The colour is not decora- tively beautiful, but the general effect is true to nature. The artist is sure of the sympathy and comprehension of most people, and, when he becomes more familiar with the means of expression, and, there- fore, less embarrassed in his pursuit of truth, he cannot fail to do really excellent work. I remember Millet saying: "Do not bother yourself about methods at first ; put on the colour directly, anyhow;" and Carolus Duran frequently told his pupils : " Be as clumsy as you like, but be just." There is no doubt, as the practice of many great artists shows, that this exclusive preoccupation about truth may be prolonged with advantage to the future soundness and general human satisfactoriness of a painter's work^ This is why I do not see so muoh promise of progress in Mr. Wiokson's " Dawn of 136 OeniuB." He aims too maoh at tMrmethinff like the oleverness of style of the French School, without soarching odt in nature the realities upon which snch a manner has been founded. As to Mr. Harris's big open-air figare picture, " On the Shores of the St. Lawrence," its sickly colour, hard black shadows, and conventional ensemble, undeniably prove that he had better as yet Btick closely to a coDHcientiouB obBervatioD of nature, and put off attempting snch ambitious flights of the imagination. It is no doubt well "to have the deep poetic heart ; " but the gift has its responsibilities, and not least ofHhem is the absolute and dire necessity of study and self- culture. Mr. H. Perre's " Canadian Oak " shows that he has studied good traditions of composition and picture making ; his colour and general treatment, too, are orginal in thoir way, and owe their inspiration more to good Dutch and English than to French example. Mr. Henry Sandham, though his figure is badly constructed, has man- aged to secure some good qualities of paint in his ** Un Habitant," especially in his sky and water. Notice should be taken of the fine sky, water, and cloud reflections in Mr. L. O'Brien's view from a fort, of Mr. Edson's good water-colours, and of his oil picture, which is an example of a mean and thoroughly false style of painting ; of Mr. T. G, Forbes' studies of curious scenery, such as " A Rocky Mountain Canon," and " Mount Stephen," interesting as they are only as examples of patience and fidelity and as labourious portraits of strange places; of Mr. F. M. Bell Smith's large and tolerably ffirial marine •' Last Rays, Bay of Fandy" ; of Mr. Gordon's minute, mechanical, but well-meaning, " Washing Day " ; of Mr. Mower Martin's " Untrodden Wilds of Canada," and ** Sunrise in Musko^, Rousseau Lake," which, though picturesque in intention and com- position, suffer greatly from a labourious, almost querulous, search after minute form ; and Mr. William Rapb iVa pleasant and original feeling for colour in " Potatoes in Bloom." Mr. Perce, Mr. J. A. and Mr. J. H. Fraser are strong in water-colours, though not always with sufficient sense of value. In this branch of art, one of the most artistic exhibits is ••' Niagara Falls," by H.R.H the Prineeae Louise. The style is broad and simple, and the foreground in no way shows anything of the usual timidity of the amateur. y 30 of I the Mr. B St. ional y to Bach tiave loot self- good neral ation Mr. man- Ant," 9 fine om a rhioh r; of k)oky y are traits irably inate, lower koha, ccm- earch iginal J. A. Iways 9 most ■01!!Se» shows