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This K«m It f llnwd at the raduction ratio chackad balow / Ce docunwnt ast filing au taux da rMuction indiquA ci-daaaoua. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x 7 12x ISx 20x 24x 28x 32x The copy filmtd h«r« hat baan reproduced thanks to tha ganarosity of: Library Agricultur* Canada Tha imagaa appearing here are the beat quality poaaibie conaidering the condition and iegibiiity of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract apecificationa. Original copies in printed paper covera are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the iaat page with a printed or illustrated imprea- aion. or the back cover when appropriate. All other ori{,inal copiea are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illuatratad impres- sion, and ending on the Iaat page with a printed or illuatratad impreaaion. The last recorded frame on each microfiche ahall contain the aymbol — *- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever appliea. 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Toua las autras axamplairas originaux sont fiimts an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darniira paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un das symbolas suivants apparahra sur la darniAra imaga da chaqua microficha. salon la cas: la symbola -^ sfgnif ia "A SUiVRE". la symbola V signifia "FIN". Las cartas, planchas, tablaaux. ate. pauvant ttra filmte A daa taux da reduction diff«rants. Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour ttra raproduit m un saul clich«. il ast film« A partir da I'angia supirlaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut 9n bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaire. Las diagrammas suivants illustrent la mtthoda. 2 3 5 6 MICaOCOPV MSOIUTION TKT CHAilT (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 7) Ui 12.8 US, i^ |2.2 ^UA I: as, y£ u ^ Bii 1.6 ^=^ 1653 East Mom SKeet S*.^ Rochester. New York M609 JSA '^S (716) 48: - 0300 - Phone ^B (716) 288 - 5989 - Fq« J. H. QRISOALE, B.Afr.. O.Sc.A., Olracter. ROW TO MAKE PAXPHIET Ho 19. DOMINION OF CAN-ADA. DOMIHIOH EXPEWMEHTAl FARMS. W, T. MACOUN. Dominion Hertleulturht. BY W. T. MACOTTN. dominion /lortinilhiriMt. A hort)ed is dpsirnhlo wht'rt>vcr vmrctil.h.^ ,.» ii - means b, ,vl.ioh plants are ^-owi hro ;.^ h^ /e^rnJr T '^''"" '" ^"""•^"- ^' ''• ature in order to shorten the time or". l^hinL l?.!lv ^'*" '" " '"''^'''''^ t*-'"'*'- flower. It is the early voKetnhlewhi eh « e Jo Z.f JZ ""'' ^ °^ '"""'"« '"»" Furthern.orr. with a hotM i U ,,„ ble to ITS/"" Z"'^' "'"* '"°*' "PP'eciated. Canada where, if started in the o *nXv wn^M ? • w 'r^'Wes in parts of A^ain. with a hotbed it is pos'ib e "o Zt^ 1 1 """ K''"' ^'"^ ^'^^'^ ^' ^'o^*- would be very small. Certdn tc!^.irs X e rifTot" T IS""' °"^ *''^ "°P will not ^w if the soil and air are old helJe 1st t sS:^'"^ *" actual frost, warm air such as is afforded by a hotbed and Z nl-!. ^ "* ^'"" *"'' «"^ in the open until warm weather has s^tiiWor ''"'*"'''"•/« "ot set out carrot, and other vegetables which ViH ILh Cr etatle'':;::';?;'!!;''^ ^'T^' •season and are easily handled while the weather is st.ll cn^l f , '« "t'^'-'y -hort stage when they are ready for use much soo^r w hi, keptl^i theT ^kI^""^ T"'' *^'* than if one had to wait until the seed «" re riant Jin t£ "i "^^^ ^'■''""" developed there. There is usually greater dan^r f 1 'Lpfn^Te TI'aV'T for these particular vegetables than its being too cool Caulifll«.ri 1. *"" *"»' to maturity in hotbeds, and in places where it uTL.u- ^'"' *''"' ***■ f?""^" cool wether to grow cueumber.s and mi's. l^lftATT^^TZ' ''"''' ''' fair supply for the family. ^ ^ '? ' ^"'^*^ **'" Provide a MAKINa THE HOTBED. ef a tiSVa^ofctrbo'S S^ Jhe2t: X' 1"^ °" \" *"^ --^' ^'<>^ broken and all the sunshine Possibb^iU brdti .cd "ft dT ' [ ""''•"'" '^^ the frame should be made. The simplest frnm.. ; I deciding o„ the site. It sbpuld be so constructed that T^^V b: a Ur:: ;hif /"\"' *^^°-"''' •^'-'<- plants are too close to the glass. The frame sho„U L ! , •'' ."'^'^^^^a'y if the the back than at the front, in order that iTera n^wilf^fn f ea'dV? i"'^''" «' get more sunshine. "'" "* ''"oily and the plants The corners of the frame should be strenirthpneH Kv A^. ♦ i- using iron bands on the outside of the frame atte"cornts?flH?r t?/"' ^' frame IS liable to sag. By cutting the ends of the end b^ard' of the% "^""^ '''" angle the right slope will be given the frame even thonX the h a "'^T "' "" width on both sides. The inside of the frame Tould b lout fiv^'tt"" U- '"T 56184 Th« MdiM feiMMlly uwd are tU by three feet. Where ipso* b limited and it ii deeirable to remoTe the hotbed after one i» done usinn it for the seeton, • "•°\« nude M> that it can be Uken apart readily and put together again eaiily may b« used. A hotbed may be made either above or below ground. If aboTe ground, it may be made in any aituatiou where the water is not likely to lie. The one below Bround la uiually preferable if it can be made where the land it hiRh and well drained, io make the latter, the toil ihonld be taken out to the depth of about ewbteen incl.e* or more and about three feet wider than the frame m that there will be 'oom for banking. The banking it a very important part of the oonatnw^tion of a hotbed at the conwryation of heat in the bed depends very much upon it. It will be readily .ocn that much labour will be aaved by doing the necewary excavation for the frame in the autumn when there ii no froat in the ground. Horse manure w tl.o best to use in making the hotbed and it should be quite fresh, not cold and rotten, and not already heated. It should be piled near where the hotbed is to be, and when it bogiiis to heat it should be turned to make it of more uniform consistoncy. Aa the p. .■ -f manure required for a < from one end and the manure shaken in from a fork so that the long and shor manure will be well mixed. When one layer is made it should be tramped well ami then another layer started, and «o on. tramping each layer well until the manure is the depth required. The depth will depend on when the bod is made. If made early, the manure should be from two to two and a half feet in depth, but if made during the latter part of Mawsh when the weather ii not very cold, about a foot of manure will suffice. After the manure has been put in. the frame should be placed on and then about fiur to six inches more manure put in and banked well around he sides of the frame, ' ith inside and out. Outside, the manure should be banked to the too of the frame and from twelve to fifteen inches in width. The bed is now rondy for the aaahee and the frames should be so constructed that they will fit snugly. Shelters made of one-inch lumber the same size as the saehes are useful for covering them as they help to conserve the heat in cold weather. In two or three days the sash 'should be removed, the manure given a tramp all over, making it level where necessary, and then the soil put on. To get the best results the soil should be pre- nired the previous autumn and left in a pile over winter. It should be rich and of ;u<-h a character that it will not bake. A good garden soil mixed 7|t^ °n«^"";*" *" one-third its bulk of well rotted manure makes a good soil for hot-beds. Rotted sod «L) makes a very good soil. Some soils are very loose and where such have to bo ul^d they should be made firm with a board before the seed is sown, otherwise the seed wH not germinate readily. The soil should be from five U, six mchea in depth over The manure, and it is better to have it a little deep than too shallow. The soil when t is^ut in should come near the top of the frame at the lower side as the nianure w.tl ink Considerably, and the nearer the plants are to the glass later on the stockier they wm be In five or six days the hot-bed will be ready for the seed, but it is necessary to wait until the manure has cooled a little nnd the temperature has faUen to between S dZ^ and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. During this time when it ,s hottest, some of JSe h^^ay be allowTd to escape by raising the sashes a little every day. One should have a meSl thermometer for thrusting into the soil to determine the temperature. Wooden thermometers warp with the boat. SOWING THE SEED AND OARE OF THE PLANTS. One should not be in a hurry to sow the seed, as if the temperature U too high the results !^11 not be satisfactory. When the ber as reached the right temperature te sTil bo« d Ee spaded over a couple of times and the surface leveUed and made fine with the rake. The bed it now r«»dy for (iowin«. The seed it unually town in row. about four inchaa apart and about the Mine depth aa outaide. When the yonnf planU come up, the frame sh.mld 1k> Icopt auffloi .ntl.v aired by ruisinK the back or higher part of the lasli to prevent the planti f ro u Kettin* spindly or weak'.y, when they are apt to damp off. Great oare, however, should be taken when venti.atinn wlien the wind ii hiirh in cold weather as cold wind blowing directly on the planU will iiijuro them. A board should be put at the end of the «a*h to break the force of the wind. In cold weather one may be tempted not to ventilate at all, when there may be 'Uoh heat in the bed that, without ventilation, the plants will damp off, heiioe even a very little air is desirable, but if the bed is rather eld the tempornture should not be lowored by admitting cold nir. The temperature in the bed should not net below 50 d.'Kreea Fahrenheit nor should it U' above S6 doffrces. FlaU or box.s 12 by H inclie* iti size PontaininR three to four inches of soil are convenient for handlinn the pliints. There should bo thorough drainage in the flats or boxes which ran lie ohtninod h.v boring about five half-inch holes in the bottoms. Where these are used, it U not neiTssary to put mu.li soil over tlip ninnurc. the flat* or boxes being set in the fram.. .Sometimes if the manure is too hot the root* of the plants are injured in the flat.* nnd It there is danger of this they should be set on laths to leave an nir space betw.vn tin- flat and the manure. Care .should be taken to prevent the plants being chilled or frozen. The soil must be wntfrcd when necessary, but it i« best to have the surface <t, as danipiu;,' oflF is much more likely to oeour when tli- Miit'a.'e is wot. As soon us tlio iilants arc large enough they are pricked out into another frame. If planU got so large that they reach the glass, the frame should be raised, which onii 1m.- done by putting a block of wood at each corner. As the foliage of plants gr<.wn in hotbed., is very tender, if the plants are put outside before exposing them fir n few days without glass in the hotbed to harden otT. they are very likely to bo injured by the sun and by the wind, and will be more lik.l.v to bo afTocted by light frosts if there should be such. It is, therefore, important to harden off plants before setting them out, otherwise all the advantage of the hotbed nuiy be lost. OOLD FRAME. A ool*^ u.sed eithc set out i" and who < A we ''" ■' much like a hotbed in appearance, but is without manure. It is )r for arrowing plants taken from the hotbed before they can be . or it may ako be used by those who start plants in the house r do not wish to use manure, -d place is chosen in the autumn and rich, friable soil, six inches or nii.re in depih, is put whore the frame is to be placed. This soil and the ground about should be protected from frost by leaves or litter, which should not contain weed seeds. By thus mulching the soil in the autumn, when the time comes for planting in the spring there will be no frost in the ground about the frame. A frame should now be made with sides and ends of twelve-inch boards, preferably two inches in thickness and i)laced 6n a slope so that the back part of the frame is six inches higher than the front. The frame is now placed over the soil. As hotbed sashes are six by three feet in size, the frame should be made to accommodate one or more of them. The soil is now well spaded and the frame protected from frost by earthing up outside or banking with manure. If the glass sash is over the top a few days before it is time to sow or set out the plants, the soil will be warmed up sufliciently Cotton is sometimes used for covering cold frames instead of glass, and quite satis- factory results are obtained, but where late severe frosts are liable to occur glass is safer. Plants should not be taken out of the house and planted in cold soil or they will be chilled and injured. The same attention in regard to watering and ventilation should be given to the cold frame as to the hotbed. By the use of a cold frame, plants will be well advanced when it is time to set them out and several weeks will be saved. rf^i OuUld* VU. of Hotbed. SecUoiul Vt«w of Hotbed.