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The cultivated varieties of the Raspberry are much esteemed by the public generally and are growing constantly in favour. Within the past few years much attention has been given to the improvement of this fruit and many new sorts have been introduced, some of which have been originated in connection with the work of the Experimental Farms. The hardiness and quality of the leading varieties are discussed in this bulletin in the light of the experience gained at the Experimental Farm. The best methods of treatment are referred to and remedies suggested for some of the diseases to which this plant is subject. It is hoped that the information given in this bulletin may encourage the growth of this fruit by farmers generally. Where land can be had, there is no reason why every household should not have an ample supply of this delicious fruit for several weeks during the warm summer weather, when such an addition to the diet is most agreeable and healthful. The figures used in this bulletin have been engraved from photo- graphs of chisters of berries grown on the Experimental Farm, and show the exact size of good samples of these fruits. I have the honour to be Your obedient servant, WM. SAUNDERS, Director Experimental Farm. Ottawa, March 22nd, 1895. I EASPBERRIES BY JOHN CRAIG, Horticulturist. The object of this bulletin is to bring before the farmers and fruit growers of Canada, some information regarding the cultivation of the raspberry, together with the experience gained during a period of live years, m testing a large number of varieties at the Central Experimental rarm. Before going into cultural details it may be interesting to glance hastily at the sources from which our cultivated raspberries have been derived. They have been developed from three wild species. Their origin is clearly and concisely outlined by Prof. A. A. Crozier in a recent bulletin published by the Michigan Agiicultural College, as fol- lows in speaking of :_" The wild red raspberry of Europe, our own wild red raspberry, and our native black cap. The first was known and appar ently cultivated by the ancient Greeks, who traced its origin to Mount Ida where it flourished wild, and from which it received its name, liubus Idmus. Paladius, a Roman agricultural writer of the fourth century mentions the raspberry as one of the cultivated fruits of his time From the gardens of Southern Europe it found its way into France, the Low countries, and England, and from these sources into the United States To this species belong the Red and White Antwerps, which have re- mained standards of excellence for upwards of a century, the Hudson River Antwerp, Franconia, and other similar varieties." These foreign sorts, though often abundant bearers of large, finely flavoured fruit as Mr. Crozier further points out, have not proved adapted to the climatic conditions of the United States, and this is also true with regard to Canada, owing to a lack of hardiness and a liability to be injured by our hot summer suns. « These defects finally directed attention to our native raspberries. The black cap {Rubas occichntalis) seems to have been the first of these to have been brought into cultivation, and from the time of the earliest settlements we hear of the wild bushes being occasionally removed to the gardens." Prof. Macoun, of the Geological Survey of Canada,kindly furnishes the following particulars regarding the distribu- tion of this species in Canada :—" Hubns ocddentalis has a very restricted range both to the north and west. It is sparingly found in New Brunswick quite common in Quebec, west of that city and through Ontario to Lake Huron, though apparently absent from Toronto westward to Lake Erie. On the west coast this species is replaced by one very like it named 1^ I I RASFBEBBIKS. Rubus leucodermis, wbich is common on Vancouver Island, and has been collected as far east as the Columbia River Valley, 100 miles south of Revelstoko. In the east Ji. strigosus and li. occidentalis hybridize and form a species (?) named by Prof. Peck, It. negleviits. In the west R. strigosus and R. leucodermis form a hybrid which is far superior to R. neglectus. This form grows in abundance at Sicamous, B. C, close to the C. P. R. station, where it was found fruiting finely in July, 1889." Rubus leuco- dermis in its native state appears quite promising, but as yet has fur- nished no variety adapted to general cultivation. ' ' The first distinct variety of black cap ( Rubus occidentalis) of which we have record, is the Ohio Everbearing, which attracted attention as early as 1832, from its habit of fruiting to a greater or less extent upon the young canes in autumn. For a family garden this was considered to be a desirable feature, though no varieties of this class ever found favour for market purposes. The yellow form of the black cap, represented by Golden Cap and other varieties, was introduced about the same time. The DooUttle next came into notice, about 1850, and attained consider- able prominence." (Crozier). In some districts of the United States black raspberries are exten- sively cultivated for drying, the "Ohio" being one of the favourite varieties grown for this purpose. Our native red raspberry has a wider range than the black cap, extending especially much farther northward. Prof. Macoun also fur- nishes me with the following particulars regarding the distribution of this species : — ''Rubus strigosus has a very wide range in Canada, pass- ing without a break to the Coast Range in British Columbia. Mr. Low found it in Labrador on the height of land at the source of the Ungava River, down which it descends to Lat. 57°. Mr. J. B. Tyrrell brought back specimens from the "Barren Grounds" gathered in Lat.62° 17', Long. 103° 07' West. Miss E. Taylor collected it in the delta of the Mackenzie River, on Peel's River, 30 miles north of the Arctic circle, and lastly Mr. James McEvoy gathered abundance of ripe fruit on the Yukon, north of Lat. 62°. I have gathered specimens in the mountains at an altitude of 7,000 feet. It will be seen by the above that it has a very wide rahge." Mr. Crozier further states that " This species does not take so kindly to cultivation (as the black cap), and the origin of our varieties belonging to it is often obscure ; we have but few well authenticated examples of the species in its purity having been brought from the wild state into cultiva- tion, and most of these soon disappear. The evidence by which certain of our well known red varieties are assigned by botanists (doubtless correctly) to the native species is mainly structural, and not historical, since nearly all have originated, directly or by descent, as chance or artifici.al aeed- lings upon cultivated ground. That our native red raspberry has played a large and perhaps controlling part in the production of our most popu- BASPBKBBIES. 5 lar hai-dy red raspberries need not be denied, but the doubt which we are obliged to recognize on this point rests on circumstantial evidence too strong to be entirely overlooked." w svJy?" P^P^* !*«P^«"y, of which we have such a notable example in Ma/«r, was first designated a distinct species, but recent investiga- tions point to hybrid origin. This assumption appears to be well grounded, owing to the fact that nearly all hybrids between the black and the red raspberry produced here and elsewhere, have borne purple fnut much resembling the -Shaffer" in colour and flavour as well as habit of growth Prof. Saunders has probably fruited more true hybrids ot this class than any other experimenter, the majority of which were intermediate m habit of growth and character of fruit. Their eood points are vigour and productiveness ; their weak points are the softness and acidity as well as unattractive colour of the fruit. Soil. All varieties of red raspberries do not succeed equally well on tr'; ^ "."• ''n "^^^°''^' ^^"^^''^^ '^^ foreign ex-traction {liubusul^us), such as -Clark," -Homeland "Brinckle's Oranc^e" do not flourish on sandy or light soils, but are more at home on a de°ep rich, moist soil that is rather compact. On light soils their leaves ar^ apt to burn in summer, which prevents the canes from maturing per- fectly, and consequently renders them liable to injury by winter For most varieties of raspberries a cool, loamy soil, moist, but not sadden, will usually give the best results. ' The black raspberry, on the other hand, seems equally at home o sand or loam, and on well drained clayey soils ; but on heavy compact soils which are cold, it does nof thrive. Anyone who h.s attempted to u h of this statement. In ground of this kind the canes are sub- ject to disease, are easily winter killed and prove generally unprofitable. Suitable Plants fob Setting Out. It is well to remember that the raspberry plant is a perennial in regard to its roots. The canes which are produced this year bear fru" the following summer, and die in the autumn of that year. Thus although the roots are perennial the canes are biennial only, existinc: only for two years, ^' exisiing In the case of suckering kinds the best plants are obtained from the vigorous shoots of the previous year's growth. These may be taken up and set out either in the fall or in the spring; or during a rij season the young sprouts may be transplanted successfully !fter the middle of June and up to the middle of July. When fall planting is found convenient, it. m^^ be ^one usu-i11- wrth greatest success during the first half of September"! Seiting out a^t this time encourages immediate root growth, which assists in carrying yiii WHI 6 RASPBERUIK8. the plant through the '.vinter aud favours a vigorous growth in spring. Ail plants sh^^uld be cut back within six or eight inches of the ground at the time of transplanting. Jilack caps, known as "tip varieties," are mulliplicd by the tip bending down to the ground and striking root. This usually takes place after the fruiting season is over ; in this latitude, from the middle of Sf'Mtember to the middle of October. Propagation is facilitated by covering the tips of the canes with sufficient soil to hold them down. Care should be exercised in planting these tips in order to prevent them from being set too deep, as if covered with more than two inches of soil they are apt to bo smothered. In buying plants which have to be shipped some distance, it is usually best therefore to order one year old plants of the black caps instead of young " tips " which are more difficult to ship and transplant successfully. By taking this precaution a large percentage of failure will be avoided. The stools or root clusters of both red and black raspberries may be taken up and divided in order to form a new plantation, but this method is not to be recommended, as old stools rarely make a vigorous growth, and much better results will be obtained by starting with young plants. Preparation of the Soil. Labour spent in securing a thorough preparation of the soil, in- cluding deep ploughing and liberal manuring, will always repay the small fruit planter. If the soil is light in character, it should be heavily dressed with barnyard manure in the spring, after being brought into a good state of tilth by growing on it a hoed crop the previous season. If of a clayey nature, it should be adequately drained, and the texture may be im- proved by ploughing under a green crop such as clover or peas. Sub-soiling is not always absolutely necessary, but is always attended with good results, and should be practised when the under soil is hard aud of a retentive character. In other cases where the surface soil is shallow and the underlying soil hard, unless it is loosened by means of a sub-soil plough, following the furrow of the ordinary turning plough, the roots will be unable to penetrate deep enough to obtain a sufficiency of moisture during periods of dry weather. In all gardening operations on a scale large enough to admit of its use, the sub-soil plough should be brought into play. The necessary amount of hand labour involved in weeding subsequent to planting, will be greatly lessened by allowing no weeds to go to seed the previous year. In brief, select when possible, deep, loamy, well drained soil ; if this is not available bring the most desirable piece of ground into good condition by draining, sub-soiling and manuring. Raspberries, like strawberries, are uot often, nor are they easily injured, by too heavy manuring, the error is generally on the other side. RA8PBERIMES. Planting, Cdltivating and Pruning. In field culture, suokering varieties, red, purple and yellow, should be planted ,n rows six to seven feet apart, an.l three feet apart in the row. 1 he rows should be accurately meaHurcd and indicated by stakes previous to planting. The work of planting is much facilitated by caretully opening with a plough a furrow 4 or 5 inches deep in tlu- line of the row for the reception of the plants. Two plants may be net m a hill, using a hoe to fill in the soil, which should be carefully com- pacted. Setting out two shoots to begin with, ensures a much better and evener growth in the whole field, than if a single cane is used in each case, and fewer failures will result if this plan is adopted The cultivator, which should be started as soon as the planting is done, will effectually complete the filling of the furrow. Black caps may be planted in rows in the same way. They arc also successfully grown by planting in hills four or five feet apart each way. Phis method allows of very thorough cultivation by horse power thus greatly lessening the amount of hand labour. The canes of black raspberries should be cut back each season when they have reached a height of two, to two and a half feet ; unless treated in this way they are difficult to manage. This pinching back causes the plants to grow stocky and to throw out laterals. The laterals may be cut back to a length of 12 to 15 inches in the autumn ; but the best plan is to eave them till the following spring when the injured wood, if any, may be removed at the same time. The bearing wood should bo removed as soon as the fruiting season is over. Experiments carried on here durin<^ the past two years, and still in progress, have not indicated any strikin" advantage from leaving the removal of the old wood till spring There IS generally more time to attend to this work in early autumn, than during the hurry of spring work. Clean culture with all fruit crops always pays best. In the case of the raspberry, this is particularly true. Frequent shallow cultivation will keep down weeds, and preserve the moisture of the soil, often lack- ing during the season of fruit harvesting. A superfluous growth of suckers in the case of red raspberries, may be kept under by the cultivator and the vigor of the canes in the row thereby increased. Satisfactory results are also obtained by some growers, by mulching with straw or coarse manure instead of cultivating. With comparatively limited areas and situated within easy distance of a cheap manure supply suburban gardeners can by mulching heavily in this way with strawy manure, grow a greater number of plants to the row, and obtain fruit of undiminished size. Some growers mulch the rows of plants only leaving a strip in the centre of the inter space, which is kept clear of weeds by the horse cultivator. Weeds which appear in the rows are hoed out, or pulled by hand. Under ordinary conditions, when the plants are not thinned to something approaching a hill system, the fruit becomes small and the plants lose vigour. il \n 8 RASPBKnillBS. The Illinois experiment station bulletin No. 30, reports the result of an experiment designed to nIiow the benefit of cultivating the black raspberry throughout the summer, as against cultivation during the latter part of the season, after the fruit was picked. The experiment was carried on for four years, with the result that the area kept cultivated from early spring until fall, yielded 500 boxes more than the same area cultivated from the time the fruit was taken off, until fall. Training. In this district, there are two principal methods of growing the red, yellow and purple raspberry, viz. : (1) growing tall canes which are bent over and covered in the autumn for better winter protection ; (2) growing shorter canes and thus increasing the likelihood of their being covered naturally, by snow fall. Canes which are to be covered should be grown to a height of from 5 to 6 feet, this usually necessitates very little pinching back during summer. In the autumn or imm'^diately after the fruit is picked, the old canes are thinned out, leaving four to six shoots in each hill ; the hills being about three feet apart. To bend down and cover these with- out fear of breaking them, a little earth is taken out on one side of the hill, the eaiics are then collected in a bunch, and pressed down in the line of row by me.ans of a fork in the hands of one man, while sufficient earth is applied to the canes to hold them down by another man. The cost of the labour involved iu covering an acre should not exceed $2.00. By this method larger and finer fruit may be obtained earlier in the season than without protection, and it is par excellence, the best method for the amateur. Some commercial growers in cold regions follow this practice successfully, while others do not find it satisfactory. In cultivating the suckering varities of the raspberry for market, it will depend somewhat on the situation and the varieties grown, whether it will pay the grower to adopt this plan or follow the next outlined. The other method, that of keeping the plants low by summer pruning, is the one usually adopted. To carry this out properly, the canes should be pinched back when they have attained a height of from ten to fifteen inches (when the climate is not severe they may be grown taller as stated above). This will cause them to throw out laterals, which in turn should be pinched after making a growth of 12 or 1,5 inches. Sometimes this second pinching is deferred till the following spring. This system develops a very sturdy and stocky bush and one which is less liable to be injured by winter's cold — because usually covered by enow — than one grown by the forrer plan and left unprotected. Trellises ob Supports. It should be mentioned in connection with the first system — pro- tecting in winter — that a trellis is necessary to support the canes after uncovering them in spring. Unless a trellis is used, mulching the ground BAsntabKius. a will be esHcntial i„ order to koep the fruit from being noiled durin.^ rain and wmd storms A cheap trellis can be constructed with liale tr; le by UH.ng posts 5 feet long, made of 2 by inch planks, and driving tm edg w.„e acroHs the rows, at distances of 3 to 4 rods apart. A s^ngfe w " apled to the outside of these post« will be sufficient to hold the lanes , p ace and prevent .hem from being borne to the ground by the ^o Ih 2 X 4 inch ' " \7- "'r^ ""'■ ^"""'^^ P'^'^ '' '^ "- P-ts mad o 2 X 4 inch seantl.ng. Cross pieces 15 to 18 inches in length are nailed on are notched. 1 he wire is nailed to the end posts of each row and is hohl m p ace by the notches in the cross pieces'into which it il'la^ "S method allows of the easy removal of the wire when desired. h;il I" Ti'k''' '''^'r"': '' "^""'y' P'^^ *° Srov^ '^' «^°«« in hills. Each Ml should be supplied with a stake to which the caues may be tied In brief, It may be stated that with winter protection, trellising or md hing ^necessary. Without winter protection in the colder ro^ons, growerf to t e',;:fof ^''^^^•^"^'/r'r^ *- ^^« plants, sometimes amounTbg to he loss of a crop, and be.sidea are unable to grow the Eumnp.n varieties of raspberries with uniform success. ^'^^ The following results were obtained from experiments planned with S. Withsach hardy kinds as "Turner" and "HaMcIl" th. in rr pr:L';r°^" -^ '-'-' '"" -' °'°- '^^ --^^ "-'« 3 With varieties Of the grade of hardiness of -Cuthbert" <«He, stme", ..Heebuer", «« Golden Queen", '« Niagara", '"t and somewhat smaller. '^^'^t ^^ that variety. It is a trifle firmer Niagara Red Pio^* j • •^-^y; veryproduoti;e.^B:::t:Verm t^'T ^^'^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ n oderately firm, pleasant acid, riprns ^^j, m ?:^'' '^"'^'^' "^"^ red, of the berries are imperfectly d;vefoped. Thif CIhcT '• ^ f °' ^^"^ P -""'^^^"ety IS worthy of trial. Oldkk — Black can «!o-/i+ i. the garden of Mr. Older; of I'dlndrcIT^'^' " ' ^^^"^ -e^^^-g in a small way by L.K. Ballard, ofTa^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ he trade by R. D. McGeehon of Atlar^ C it' T " T "^^ ^^^^^^ to the Experimental Farm in the spring of isJf 7.'- ^* ^^« P'^'^ted on crop of berries the past two seasons ^tL 0!'; ''^''^" '" ^^"-^^-'^t grower .s hardy and strikes from theTfp verv '7^^^^^'°^^^ ->rou8 round, dead black; bioomless, with ve v ir ^r*^''-^" Berrie. arc lar^e prominent, and the berries arL bor JT^^ ^. '"P'^- ^he seeds are ««; the habit of fruiting heavily on yonn "w?:f ^-^^^-^ers. It also has 2 "'^°''^- ^"""g the past season it 1:11 n ; 18 bAspbebbiks. began to ripen witli Hilborn and continued bearing until after the sea- Fig. 6. Oldkh. son of Gregg had closed. From present experience this would seem to be a very proHtable variety. Oeangb. Yellow (jBrinckle's Orange). — This variety, commonly accepted as a standard of excellence among raspberries, originated with Dr. D. W. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, about 50 years ago. The plant is a weak grower and very sensitive to cold. It cannot be grown satisfac- torily in this vicinity without careful winter protection. The fruit is of a clear orange yellow colour, of fair size, but soft in texture. Quality, best. Ohio. — Black cap. This is said to have originated in the State which bears its name. The cane is a hardy vigorous grower and very productive. The fruit ripens in mid-season and is of good quality, but the seeds are unpleasantly prominent. Mr. Crozier states that this BASPUKKRIKS. 19 variety is grown in Western New York bv thp f,.,.^ ^ . evaporating purposes and for use in 1 1 e f'e. . t t ' n '"" " '°^ seedmess ,t is particularly esteemed for dryiL " ''"°""^ ^^ '*« Ohio, atdi:tr7d'!2r;8«s''it "^'^ ^"'^ '' ^- ^^""-' "^^^-^^e''^. moderately vigorous I itone oI^Z "'f " ^''^' ^"' ^^« ^^^^ picking season'is, however very In u,'"' ''"''"^ ^^^'^^ '^'^^ days. Fruit, medium si. , I Zsy black •" "^ T "'^''"''"^ ^^^'^ ^- far it has been slightly n.or productt. A '"'T "I ^""' '^"^''^^- ^^^^^^ is doubtful, however IhatTt wi 1 " ^ '^' °'" "'^^ '^^'^'•- ^* w In i803it:;f:uirpoXrhtre^'i" pickings were unsatisfactory. ^' *^^ P^'* ««*«°° ^^^ later growrr^^ZirSLm^X?::^ VI' r P^-* '- P-vea a weak Boft, quality good. On good "5 'this 'm"' T'' "^"^ ^^^•^' ^-^-« home use or near market ^'"^"^^^ P''^^^ ^'^'"^ble for _ Fig. 7. PiONEBB. some years ago. It was offered to th'e publi; .n x 89 bv th" f " ' """^ of New Jersey, under the name of - ProLer.' pf ' ^^.*^^ ^^^^'^ Co., canes are brittle and easily break down T ' ^'^orons, but the asuy bleak down ; propagates very readily. Fruit 20 RAHPBURIilBS. ripens somewhat later than Tyler or Souhegan. It is of mediam size, rather seedy and of fair quality. Worthy of trial. Rancooas. — Red. Introduced by W. 11. Moon, of Morrisville, Pa., in 1884. It is one of the earliest, as well as one of the hardiest varieties which we have in cultivation. It has not been productive here, and the fruit is too soft and too apt to crumble when picked, to merit special praise. Rkedeb, — Red. Origin, a chance seedling found by Mr. Reeder, of Benen County, Michigan, 1875. Medium size, round, fair quality, moderately firm, a little earlier than Marlboro', but smaller, rather soft. Th«' canes are also ntlier tender, and should always be covered in the autumn when grown in this locality. Royal Church.— Red. Thought to be a seedling of Herstinc by the oricrinator Mr. Royal Church, of Harrisonville, Ohio. Plant moderaU'ly vigorous and hardy, though not equal to Cuthbert in this respect ; berry, medium to large, round, bright red with very large drupes which are inclined to break apart, making the fruit rather crumbly. Season, medium ; quality, good. Not promising here as a market sort and not equal to other varieties for home use. In other localities it is highly spoken of. Shaffbr — Purple. This valuable variety was found as a chance seedling on the farm of Mr. Shaffer in Muuroe Co., N.Y., and introduced by Chas. A. Green, the nurseryman, in 1878. It is sometimes known as "Shaffer's Colossal." The plant is a fine strong grower, an immense bearer of large purple berries, which are rich and juicy, putting it at the head of the list of canning berries, at least for home use. Its dull colour and lack of firmness prevent it taking a high place as a market variety, but where well known it is highly appreciated Mr. Wellington Boulter, Picton, Ont , however, does not use the Shaffer in his c^/mmercial cannini; establishment on account of the softness of the berry. SuPERLATiVK. — Red. Belongs to the European type. Plant lacking in vigour and hardiness. Berry large, pointed, dark red, Cuthbert type in appearance, very soft, of good quality. This variety on rich soil with good cultivation and winter protection might be useful for home use. Smith's Prolific. — Black cap. Originated about ten years ago on the ground of Ezra G. Smith of Manchester, N. Y. Planted here in the spring of 1892. Cane, a rampant grower, but tender. Fruit rather larger and later than Hilborn ; not so productive, but still a good crop- per. It will receive further trial. Smith's Giant. — Black cap. Received from the originator, Mr. A. M. Smith of St. Catharines, Ont., in 1891. Plant, a strong grower, fairly hardy. Fruit, medium to large, of good quality, ripening some- what earlier than Gregg. Mr. Smith claims it surpasses that variety in hardiness. On these grounds there has been little difference noticeable. Statman'b No. 5. — Red. Since named Olathe. Originated with J. Stayman of Leavenworth, Kansas, from seed of Reliance. Cane, RASPHKUKIIJ3. 21 icm to be luuoh of an improvement on llansoll. here, not snffloien.l, ai.lTL'^'lutJ:^' ZZr^Z ■':'"""' suaciently valuable for general cultivatll ° . \ p-^^„^.j ; t j P^f. Saunders, from seed of Sh;ffi/crsl '"pt:°t'm"ot«I grower, suekermg freely, and propagating naturally only to ."u ly 22 HAi^rUEtiUiCA. 'Vk« Ntbge aecms to bo intermediate between the Kuropoan raspberry fiuBnt lim§ and the American Rubut Strigoiua. The cauea have been Piy. 8. Sahah. affected to sori«< t - "•* ' 7 ant.braouoae, but not more than C'jthbert or Marlboro' growix^'' - ;wsidi. Fruit large, round; drupes large, deep garnet, firm, vi:y ]-i /? pleasantly s>:id and exceptionally rich. See Fig. 6. A fev ri-pe o-srries were i. .en laat year, and this year, at the time of the first picking of Cuthbert, but the main crop did not ripen till the season of Cuthbert was over, the last picking taking place each year from the 8th to 12tb August. BA8PBKKKIBS. 33 A striking characteristic of thi« variety ia it« habit of riponinir the UU m consecutive order and with .u.„ .gularity, .„ ,ho caLJ b^ mng w.tu the ternunal clustern of each branch. Of course thi. habft i. in a measure characteristic of all red raspberries, but none that I knov. of carry the peculiarity to the same extent. addit^'V'^'"'^-'°'^''''''''P"'''''^ "'^ ^y *^« committee referred to, add t.onal experience has in many instances modified opinions th.n soJts f . ^^"'^^^"7^«^ ^'^^« P'-^ved more productive than named sorts bat, tne o^ftoulty has been to secure a variety with fruit firm enough U) answer the requirements of a market berry. Last spring the follo^ving varieties were chosen, named by Prof. Saunders, and a few plants of each sent to the Branch Farms for trial. Thoy have all provod fairly productive. They will not be distributed till their usefuln ss has been satisfactorily demonstrated. 11 'f I ) i ' '^ 24 BASFBKBKIEB. 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M 3 "« a a 0. a OJ M _a a 03 a, _^ 03 Cu ^ _tf ^ tf tf __« )>^ DQ « Oi •c •*3 -4^ -a 03 3 bo 03 s to ■0 V P< fr^ (h S c o o o •a o T3 o T3 c o o T3 o 13 a 3 3 CQ _K1^ M til b n : bl bi) bl fl c c a c •^ '^ •o T3 ^ TS •^ 0^ a) a> ej 0) 1. 0} V 0) o (U o a o M t/3 CO T) 3 03 n3 •^ T3 a OQ B CO 03 m :& "a 0) a 1-1 s '3 d d of 'C be ^ bl J : J bl 5 bo s 3 o bo j: bl ) • bl 3 IS be a 1 ♦J X> M 3 m m Oi M n <- o C*M 5 u^ Cm <4-l efl t- r- 1 (M C^ •asqranji pjooay l-H 1 t-H «? T T '^ "? 00 ^ 2 1 ( m iT, m in ■X) CO CO CO m to 00 A as well greater "Anth It appears petioles, lei inches. T or bearing the Bhrivel! 8 RASPBEKUIEg. -,, DISEASES. a, well rhrvr"' "I""'"* """ "== "^ "■«> >>•»* "^ rMpborrb. Fig. 9, ANTHnACNOSE-GL(KSPOniCM VKNETDM It appears as brown or grayish blotches or pits upon the youn. shoots P^^s, ^-ves andstena, soon after they have attained ahei^ht^l lo r 5 Zt:- I . ""^ '^' '^''"'''' ""'' •"«••« Wa-ent on two year old the shuvelhng of the fruu before maturity. The blotches enlarge as the ■■|i III ! .'1 i ! 1 1, 26 BASPBEBRIES. season advances, increasing in size to such an extent as to encircle the stem. All the growing parts of the plant thus being affected, the cane usually withers and dies before fruiting. Diseased plants have small buds and unhealthy looking leaves. The vegetative portion of the fungus penetrates the intercellular spaces of the host plant and robs it of its food material. The disease reproduces itself by means of summer spores which are distributed by natural agencies, and it is probably carried through the winter by means of the vegetative portion or mycelium of the fungus, which is supposed to be of a perennial character. In the case of the black raspberry the characteristic blotches very often appear first at the base of the cane. The same general effect then follows as in the case of the red raspberry. TREATMENT. Experiments in treating this disease by spraying with Bordeaux mixture have been carried on during the last two or three years. It cannot be said to yield readily to this treatment, although it may be kept in check by spraying faitlifully. Prof. Green, of the Ohio Experiment Station, publishes the results of successful exijcriments in treating this disease and gives instruction for its treatment by spraying with Bordeaux mixture as follows : — "The first application should be made early in the spring before the leaves open, at which time the spraying should be very thoroughly done. The second application should be made soon after the young canes appear above ground, and the spray directed to them alone. The third application is to be made about two weeks from the date of the second, taking the same precaution to spray the young canes principally. The fourth and last application should be made just previous to the time of blooming, in the same manner as advised for the second and third spray, ings. Raspberry leaves are very tender, and the mixture may injure them slightly, but not enough to preclude its use, especially if some care is taken to keep it oft" the leaves of the bearing canes. The leaves on the young shoots of the current season's growth are not so easily harmed, hence no pains need be taken to keep it off them." Mr. Green also reports good results from the use of ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, stating that it can be used " with even less harm to the foliage, but, all things considered, the dilute Bordeaux mixture is preferred." It is advisable to cut out and burn all fruiting canes each summer as soon as the crop is gathered. Orange Rust. Another troublesome disease affecting blackberries, however, more than raspberries is known as the "Orange Rust," (Cmoma nitens). The following description of the disease is given by Dr. Clarence M. Weed, in his work on "Fungi and Fungicides." RASPBERRIES. 27 snnn. f. TT 'T'' ""'''''^^^^ ^« «««» «« the foliage expands in spring, affected leaves having a peculiar golden colour, which at once distinguishes them. A little later the surface becomes more or less cov- ered with small round patches of orange-coloured spores, to which the common name is due. The life-history of the fungus has only recently been definitely worked out. ^ Section of BlackbeTT,! haf ,ho,rin,j dti-dopmenl of or ana t rusl spores, maynijied. Blackberry leaf affected by orangt rust. Raspberry leaf affected by orange rust. "The fungus exists on the blackberry plant in two very different stages. The orange spores that are developed in spring and early summer as shown in Fig. lo, belong to the <^cidinm stage. [The above iflustratio.; !!;3 S ill f;;i im ■.ni '■■*M *" BASPBBRBIE8. has been kindly loaned by the Ohio Experiment Station.] T'ley germ- inate on the leaves of the raspberry and blackberry ; the germinating tubes enter the stomata or breathing pores of the leaf, develop a mycelium inside and finally produce on the surface, the spores of the teleuto stage, which had heretofore been considered an entirely different fungus, called by botanists Puccinia peckiana. These Puccinia spores are believed to be washed down to the underground shoots, and to infect them with the mycelium, which subsequently produces the orange spores of spring. Blackberries are most commonly affected by this fungus, especially certain varieties, but black cap raspberries often suffer also. TREATMENT. "All diseased canes should be cut out and burned as soon as they show signs of disease. Insist on your neighbours keeping the rust in check, and also look out for wild plants that have it. A spraying with fungicides will doubtless assist in preventing infection, especially of the Puccinia stage." Select List op Raspberries for Garden Cultubk. Yellow — Brinckle's Orange, Golden Queen. Red — Heebner, Cuthbert. Black — Older, Gregg. Purple— Shaffer. List for Commercial Purposes. Yellow — Golden Queen. Red— Hansell, Marlboro', Cuthbert. Black — Older, Hilborn, Gregg. Purple — Shaffer (for near market).