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 This item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
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TiM copy filmad h«r« hat b««n raproducMl thanks 
 to tho gonorotity of: 
 
 Library of tha Public 
 Archivos of Canada 
 
 L'axamplaira f ilm4 fut raproduit grica i la 
 ginArosltA da: 
 
 La bibiiotMque daa Archivaa 
 publiquaa du Canada 
 
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Ple?-f resH ":ind send !•* n'! 
 iull a disctissio-i r"' por*'" '" "* 
 
 "'■^p!'* ""!* 
 
 ■'-•'n 
 
 (^Atl rights reserved.) 
 ADVANCE PROOF-(^'«''/e';/ to revision). 
 This proof is sent to you for discussion only, ami on tlio nxprc<s 
 umlerstandin^ that it is not to be used for any other purposj what 
 over. — ('S'ee Sec. 47 of the CoTUtitution). 
 
 (iiiiconi 
 
 MminJiai; ^ocicty of tfii'il (rtrtjiii 
 
 INCOBPUIUTKD 1887. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS. 
 
 N.B.— This Society, us a boily, does not hold Itself resporiaihle for tin' faets 
 and opinions slated in any of its pnblieations. 
 
 CEMENT TESTS. 
 By CF,cn, B. Smith, Ma.E., As.M.Can.Soc.O.E, 
 
 PAPER II. 
 
 Frost Tests. 
 
 To be read Thursday, 9th January, 1895. 
 
 In a previous paper, read before the Society, the writer promised to 
 place before its members the results of certain frost tests, wliich were 
 being made .it thut time. 
 
 They are now given, in hope that they may be of some interest to 
 those enj^iiieers who are contempliitin)^' the buildinjj; of cement mortar 
 masonry, or cement concrete in cold weather. 
 
 Method of proccdart'.. — The briquettes were ail made in tlic same 
 manner, the 1 to 1 mixtures liavinj^ 18 per cent, of water, and the 3 to 
 1 mixtures 15 per cent., being purposely greater than the amount 
 used in ordinary laboratory tests, so as to get the mortar softer, and 
 resembling more closely tlie condition in which masons use mortar in 
 ordinary construction, as the effect of frost may bo greater on soft 
 mortars than on dry ones. 
 
 The briquettes were all rammed into the moulds in 3 layers, and tiie 
 briquettes to be subjected to frost tests were inimediatciy put outside 
 on a window-sill. In a few hour.s, after tlie briquettes were frozen 
 hard, they were removed from the moulds, and left exposed on the 
 window-sills for two, three, or four months, care being taken to keep 
 the .snow swept off so as to allow tlie frost to have its full effect. 
 
 The tables, given, spc.ik for themselves, and probably each engineer 
 will draw special conclusions of his own, the writer will only mention a 
 few points that seem obvious to him. 
 
 I. FOUR MONTHS TESTS. 
 
 It would appear, from these tests, that it is quite aufe to build 
 masonry work in November, in Montreal climate, wlien the materials 
 are mixed and exposed to the air at about the freezing point. The 
 proportion which the strength of the frost tests bears to the submerged 
 ones is about tiiat which would be obtained under the most favourable 
 circumstances. Tlie bricjueites were all lirni, smootii, and hard on the 
 surface, and although subjected to 4; months of severe frost in an ex- 
 posed position, they did not seem to iiave been at all damaged. 
 
 II. TlItlEK .MONTHS TkSTS. 
 
 These were all made in December, and tlie coldest days were pur- 
 posely selected. Yet the only briquettes which were blown in pieces 
 were those made from two very inert, slow-setting, poor Canadian natural 
 cements. The two otlier natural cements (one Canadian, tlic other 
 Belgian) were quicker .setting, and stood the test well. With the 
 Portland cements, the diminution in .■rtrength is more apparent than 
 real, the proportion of 90 to 104, which is the average of 11 brands, is 
 really between briquettes y" ^o\" sipiare, and briquettes 1" square, 
 the frost specimens being weathered off. 
 
It is reasonable, however, Uint a briquette I" squire, exposed on M 
 Hides to the direct action of tlie frost, is viitlicr more severely tpst'd 
 than uiortar would be if placed in a wall, even ilie bottoms of the 
 briquettes restinj; freely on the stone window-sills were largiiy unin 
 jurcd, and the centres of all the briquettes appeared uninjured. As a 
 result of these experiments, the writir would IW\ perfectly safe in layinsj; 
 cement mortar in December, with Portland or active natural cements, 
 in weather 10° to 15° above zero, and in the nwjsl exposed situa- 
 tions, expecting in the spring, to find'|" to J" di'integrated iit ex. 
 posed joints, and needing ve-pointing, or bettir still, the pointing could 
 be left till spring, and done once for all. 
 
 111. TWO .MONTHS TKSTS. 
 
 These tests were much more .«evere in their nature, the sand and 
 cement were exposed (or hours in the open air, in smidl quantities, 
 until they were absolutely down to the to nperatuio of the outer air, 
 and in the cold water and salt water series the water was also exposed, 
 until it was, in three cases, actually below the freezing point, being in a 
 slushy condition. 
 
 These materials were put together in the laboratory, as rapidly as 
 possible, and exposed again at once, the usual inteival being about 6 
 minutes, and the actual temperature of the mortar just before exposure 
 having reached about 33 ® or 34 ° F., wliile in the hot water tests the 
 mixture rose, on an average, to 58 « or 60 ° , ju.st before exposure, 
 which was just about laboratory temperature. 
 
 The experiments are hardly extensive enough to be fully conclusive) 
 being made only on 7 brands of cement, but tliey point clearly to the 
 advantage of the use of salt. Those bri(|ucttes made with salt showed 
 good strength and little injury; although made with materials, at low 
 temperatures exposed in severe cold, they seemed to bj chiefly aftectcd 
 only on the surface. 
 
 On the other hand, the use of hot water does not seem to be of any 
 advantage, piirticularly in Portland cements; a reason advanced by 
 one writer for this fact was, that tiie bringing together of nuiterials in 
 a mortar, at widely divergent temperatures, exerted a prejudicial effect 
 on the cement, hindering projer erystidlization, ami that the use of 
 materials at, as nearly ;is possible, the same temperatures would pro- 
 duce more rapid and stronger action. The effect of hot water on 
 natural cements is not so disappointing, but does not show much 
 increase over the strengtli of simihir spiciniens made with cold water. 
 
 The general result of the>e experiments, to the writer's mind, jioints 
 to the idea that in ;iny weather, in winter, not extremely cold, say not 
 lower than -f 15= F., masoniy work can be laid with edd sand, cold 
 cement and cold water, provided the natural lime of set of the cement 
 is not more than 5 or G hours, and that by the addition of about 2 or 
 3 percent, of salt to the wat^ir, the same work may bo done in weather 
 down as low as zero, which U as cold iis men will woik. The disinte- 
 gration will not extend probably deeper than \" lo i"— the remainder 
 of the mass being quite sound. 
 
 By what process cement sets, alter it has, in a few minutes, been 
 frozen solid, and remains frozen for months, the writer will leave to 
 others to explain ; but set it certainly does, without ever having been 
 thawed out. 
 
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