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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 5T3 3 ^-1^1, HKrrriox II., ni/ Da » *• Tho (Icp Hon of tlu' 1 Avholl' CllCTg held to iiiil sul)jc(ls iiiv is tiiiK^ mm tlic iriiitt'iiiil!' aiiciont iiiiti< moro iutorcHi tho Nass, Cli Ilaidiis ol'llu are spciial hramh ofthn work of this Sec- tion of the Uoyiil iSocioty is ample cnomrh with all its iiuludcd suhjecls to occupy our Avhole energies ; and it is still to a very laru'e extent a virifin lield. It may he. legit iiniitely held to include anthropoloyy, ethnology, and comparative i)hilology ; and with such suhjecis inviting our study there is an urireiit demand for immediate action. While there is time much moro is required than has yet hcen done l)y Canada to rescue from ol)liviou tlie materiids for ethnical study, in whiili our vast domain is so rich. On all hamls we .seo ancient mitions passing away. Tin- Crees, the Iihukfeet, and other prairie trihes : and still more interesting oiu's J)eyond the Itocky Mountains, including the various Flathead Tribe.s, the Nass, ('himi)seynns, Sehassas, Stekiiii, and the insjenious and in some respects unique Haidiis of the (Jueou Charlotte Islands: are alldiminisliing in numbers, while some of them are destined to inevitable and speedy extinction. Witli all of them their inheritt'd languages and customs are underu'oing important modiln alions by their iuli'rcouvse with the immi- araiit whites; a larg" iiilhix of Chinese also thiiMtens a further conipliiation of the ethnological problem ; and it should no lonuer In' left to the mere efforts of individuals, larried on without comert, and on no conipri'hensive or systenuilii' plan, to rescue for future study the invaluable materials of Canadian ethnology. To the native languages especially must tho inquirer into some ofthn curious problems involv<'d in tlie peopling of this continent look for a true key to the mystery. The Government of Canada can thus far refer with some pride to the treatment of its native tribes ; but the enlightened examide of that of the United States in relation to tin- ethnology, no less than to the geology and natural history, of the wide domaiti embraced within their Federation, is well calcu- lated to stimulate us to emulate theni. This Section may possilily be the means of accom- nlishing something towards so desirable a result; but if it is to be carried out on any adecjuate scale it must l)e in concert with the Indian Department ; and with the (ieologiial and Natural llistoi Survey o[' the Dominion. In the present paper I propose to invite the attention of the Sei'tion to some considera- ti(ni of the condition and relative status of the Aborigines of this continent, north of tho (}ulf of Mexico, not only as studied by means of the knowledge of the initive tribes, acquired sin the disiovery of America in l-Hi'i, but in so far as we can determine their earlier condition with (he aid of arclneological evidence. The student of the history of the Camulian and Xorlh American nations cannot indeed altogether overlook the undoubted fact that Columbus wa.s not the lirst of iMiropean voyawrs v.ithin ihe Christian era to explore and colonize the new world. It is a well established fact that not only did the Northmen settle Greenland in the tenth century ; but that before its clos(^ they appear to have landed 22338B 36 IiR. PAN'IKL WILSON' OX on till' I/ihiMilor loiist, and circ'ctt'd somi; hrii-l' sottlomcnt on inorc Uiaii one point further south. Thi' inciilcutsan' full of intorost for us. but tho names of lijarni Ilerjulfson and Lief the son of iM'ie the Ked. are iussociated with very vague traces of this first authenticated European discovery of the western continent. Tho part played by the Scandinavian stock in European history proves their abundant aptitude to have been the ori;aiiizcrs of a Northland of their own in the Xew World. The Nortlnnen linu'crcd li'hiiid. in their first lioine in the Scandinavian penins\ila, while other tribes from the llaltic first wasted and then revolutionized the Roman world. But they were niivsiniT !> viu'orous youth, whii'h ere Ions', ii^ paffnu Dane, and then as Norman, stamped a new iliarailcr on inedi;eval Europe. Their jiresence in the New World rests on indubitable cviilenc-c; but the vi'ry dcliniteness of its chiiracter in their inhospitable northern rclrcat helps to destroy all faith in any mere conjectural fancies relative to their settlement on pointsalonir the Alliinlii' seaboard which they are supposed to have visited. So far as Greenland is concerned, they left there indisputable literate records of their colo- ni'/ation of the reu'ion to which, in contrast tr) the Icel.md from whe :'e they came, they gave the ina(>t name it still retains. The runic inscriiitions brougin lo Copenhagen in 1S:11 not only determine the sites of settlements effected by the companions and successors of b^ric, the founder of the first Greenland I'olony in A.D. !l8i! ; but they serve loshow the kind of cvideni'o to be looked for, alike to the north and the south of the St. Lawrence, if any traces yet stirvive of their having not only visited, but attempted to colonize the old Uclluland, or Newfoundland, Markland, or Nova Scotia, and Vinland, or New England. Their genuine nieuKirials are not less d(dinite than those left by the Konums in Gaul or Britain : and corresponding traces of them in the assumed Vinland and else- where in the United Stati's, have been i)i'rsi>veringly, but Viiinly, sought for. The Assonet, or Diirhtou liock, on the Taunton river, Massachusetts, neetl not now be rejiroduced. Its fancied nines have lonir since been abandoned as a credulous liunient. As to the nuid(rrk inscription, professedly found in ISipY, graven on a rock on the river Potomai', it may be noted, in passing, as an insrcnious hoax fashioned out of the genuine Greenland inscrip- tions, readini;- : nil! IlflMl! SYASY lA(iKH.\Ul)Ii AIliSTKIllTIIIXdl! IKI A K1M)I SV.STIl TllOItO sAMriCTiii.'V irAT.i'TiinKH! (ir.Ei) (ion sai, iikxau. Then follows what its interpreter rendered the date 10.")1.* Tiunic inscriptions on the New Enaland seaboard, and so far south as the Potomac, Wotild, if trcnuine. uive an entirely novel aspect to our study of rre-Columbian Ameri- can history, with all its possibilities of older intercourse with the eastern hemisphere. But it is the same whether we seek for traces of Ameriian i-olonixiilion in the f Ota or the f.")th century, in so far as all native history is concerned. They ('(jually little sulUce to furnish fividence of relationship, in l)lood, language, arts or customs, between any people of the eastern hi'n)isphere and the native .Vnn'rican races. AVe are indecil tempted from time to time to review indiiations suu'gcstivo of i>n Asiatic or other old-world soune for the American aboriirines ; and in nearly every system of ethnical classiiii'ation they are, vvith good reason, classed as IMonirolidic ; but if their pedigree is derived from an Asiatic stock, the evidence has yet to be marshalled which shall jilace on any wi'll-established * Wiisliiiiiitiui liiii.ii, .Inne. lsc;7. ri''i (aiiai-littn Journal, N.S., vul. xii., |i. Ull. [basis the pro( phere. The JLaniriiiia'c, at jthougli sludi It cann( larchinoloiry,- JAmerica, -is iwhiih result; Istudy of nun ivilizatioii a hiiiher con< ic novel vie I. ivimilivt phii-es of SUV formed a deli iic(iuirement> living races t to the social on move than but no when presented in ^in no deu're ous skill audi vations of an occasi(mally 1 desired shaiie I ai'quiringby ^ of the patient amid all the between thei have be<'n a: when we ful ; northern fro j vening ages ] But whi j phenomenon i sam«> rudime remarkabli' Canada but i 1 illustrations civilization. i widclydivei America ; a striking lor and of arts. PRF^-ARVAN AMKIUCAN iLVN. 87 point furthiT I'soii mid Lid' lulhenticated eir alnmdaiit World. Tho while other 1. But thoy as Norman, "World rests inliospital)le itive to their have visited, ol' their colo- \" came, (hey f'openhagon [•anions and but they the south of it attempted Vinland, or the Itoinans nd and elso- rhe A.s.sonet, xluced. Its he Huidcrrk I', it may bo and insirip- rsTii Tiimifi er rendered lio Potomae, )ian Ameri- ipliere. liut or the 15th ' to furnish i>ple of the (>u\ time to irie for the y are, with an Asiatic established lia.sis the proofs of direct ethnical affinity between them and races of the eastern hemis- phere. The ethnoloyiciil i>rol)leni is, here as elsewhere, beset bv many obscurinu' eleiiients. Lantruasre, at best, yields only remote analory, — imludini,'' that of the semi-civili/ed and lettered races of central and southern America, -is <.n-eatly circumscribed in loniparison with that of Europe. I'ut the simplicity whivrs and the Hudson's IJay trappers, ai'quirin!f by l)arter some lew implements and weapons of l'"uroi)ean man\il'acture. The arts of the patient I'lskiiuo, exeni.sed under the stimulus of their constant struiiule lor exi.-itenci' ' amitl all the "lardships of a polar cliniati", have, indeed, not only sufftrosted comparisons i between them and theartistic cave-dwellers of leutral I'hirope in its prehistoric dawn ; but 5 have been assumi'd to prove an ethnical aiiinity, and direct descent, allou-ether sliirtlinij i when we fully realize the remote anticiuity thereby ascribe(l to the noiuads of our own - northern frontier, and tln' uiichanuiiiii' condition a.scribed to them throuu'h all the int(>r- , venina' au'cs of ii'eon'raphical and soiial revolution. iBut whatever may be thi' value ultimately assiuriied to this Eskimo pediirree : a like phenomenon of unpron'ressive humanity, i)erpettiatiii!T throuuh countless ireiieratious the ■ same rtidimentary arts, everywhere meetsushere : and seems to me loconstitutt> the really i remarkable feature in t'aiiadiau and North American archieolouy. We linil, not only ill ; t'anada but throuirhout the wOioh' reu-ion northward from the (Julf of Mexico, diversilied ! illustrations of savaii'e life; l)ut nearly all of ihcm unatl'ecled by traiesof contact withearlier ; civilization. I'romthe .Vntic trout iersofourCanadian domain the explorer may travel throuuh I widely diversilit'd reujioiislill he ivaihes the canons of M(>xico, and ih" ruined cities ofCcntral America; and all that he liuds of race and art, of laimiiaire or native traditi'rt'at Norlh-Nvcsi : ly|)i' of I 111' red Indian ofthi' whole norlhcrn fontiupnt. Th<' Ohio and Mississippi valleys al)o\ind with carlhworks and oiIut r«'nuiins of tlu' vanished rare of the Moiinrmanent dwi'llinu's are huge structures sullicicut to a<'commodate many families, and sometimes the \vhol(! tribe. They are constructed of lou's or sjdit i>lanks. and in som(! cases — as amouff the TTnidahs of Queen Cbarlotte Islands, — elaborately decorated with c.irving and l)aiuting, Tlie gregarious habits thus manifested by many wandering trib.'s, whenever circum- stances admit of their settling down in any permanent home, may be dm- solely to the economy of labour which experience has taught them in the construction of one common dwelling, insteail of the multiplication of single huts or lodges, lint far to the south- ward are tho ancient pueldos, the casas grandes, the dill' dwellings, of a race not yet extinct : timid, unaggressive, living wholly on the defensive, gathered in large communi- ties like ants or bees; indushions. fru-jal, and manifesting inirenious skill in their pottery and other useful arts ; but, they too, in no greatly advanced stage of civilization. Still farther to the south, we come at length to the seats of an undoubted native American civilization. The comparative isolation of Cenival Amerira, and the character of its climati' and productions, all favoured a more settled life ; with, as its genuine results, its architecture, sculi)ture, metallurgy, hieroglyphics, writing, and all else which gives so strik- ing a character to the remains of the ("entral American nations. But groat as is their con- tra.st with the wild tribes of the continent, the highest phases of native American civili- zation will not compare with tho arts of Egypt, in centurio.s before Cadmus taught letters to the rude shepherds of Attica ; or the wolf still suckled her cubs on the Palatine hill. If this is a correct reading of Americau urchiuology, its bearings are siguiflcaut iu refer- PIIB-ARYAN AMIVfilCAN MAX. 89 iii'v to the whole history of Amcricini uiiiii. In Europe the student ori)rimitivi' Miitii|uity i- li:il)ituiilly required to disrriiniiiiili' hclwecn produilN of iiiifi'uious skill lidoirjinu; to 1" liods and riucs widely separated alike liy liine aiiy essentially diverse slaye.s oi pro- unss in art ; for not only do its paliPolitliie and neolithic periods loufj precede (lie oldest wiilten I'hronicles, l)ut even its Aryan eolonizatiou lies heyond any record of historic li' jinniiii^'s. The civilization wliiih had aii ady liiown uji anamd die Mediterrnnean ffca wliile the classic nations were in their infaiiey, extended its inlluences not only to what \\:is strictly rei,'urded iis traiisnliiine I'^iirope, Imi heyond the l']ni?lish Channel and the llaliic, centuries l)ciore tlie lihine and Dauiihe formed the boundary of the h'onian world. Vohain; remarked lonj,' aliidi'nt is nowliere exiiosed to misleadinu' or obsi uriiiu- elements such as bailie the liuro- |";iii explorer from the intermiiuriin'i' of relics of widely diverse eras; or even th<' succes- >]im of arts of the most dissimilar charai'ter, such lis Dr. Sdiliemann I'ound on the site of il lassie Ilium. The history of America cannot repeat that of hhirope. Its o'reat river valleys and vast prairies present a totally dillerent coiidilioii of thinifs from that in which the tli^tinctive arts. Iant;ua<;'es and nationalities of iMiroj))' have been matured. The physical L'eou'raphy of the latter has necessarily I'ostered isolation, and so tended to develoi) the jieruliarities of national character, as well as to protect incipient livilization and immature mis from the constant erasures of barbarisnj, stub as made the steppes of Asia in older iviituries the nurseries of hordes of rude warriors, powerful only for spoliation. The evi- ileiice of the isolation of the diflerent nations of luirope in early centuries is uumistaka- lile. Scarcely any feature in the history of the ancient world is more stranu'e to us now ilian the absence of all direct intenourse between countries separated oidy by the Alps, or i\en by the Danube or the I{hine. "The gcosj^raphy of trroek experience as exhibited by llnmer, is limited, sp(>akiiiir u'enerally, to tlu' vEiican iuid its coasts, with the Tniponlis as In limit in the northeast, with Crete for a southern boundary ; and witli thea outer "eofiTaphy and the licts of nature lies in the belief of Homer that a u-reat sea occupied the .space where we know the heart of the European continent to lie.''* To the early Ifonuius the Celtic 11 itious, closely allied thou^'h they were to them in race and languaii'c. were known only 11- warlike nomads whose incursions from beyoiul the Alpine frontier of their little world were perpetuated in the half legeiulary tales of their own national childhood. To the (h'eek even of the days of Herodotus no more was known of them tlian tlie runiotirs I'loug'ht by seamen and traders whose farthest voyage was to the mouth of tlie Khone. It is, indeed, difficuli for us now, amid the intimate relations of the modern world, luid the interchange of products of the remotest east and west, to realize a condition of * Gladstouo, JuvontUH Sliuuli, pi). 471, i''J. 40 . DR. I>AXIi:ii WILSON ON tilings wlu'ii till- world tu'yoiul the Alps was ii inyslcry to lln' (iri'i'k lii>loiiiiii, iiiul ih. Very cxiNli'ini' of ihc river l»'liiiii' was <|U(>Mtioiicii : or wln'ii, lour ci'iiliirii's ialrr, ih^ lialioiis aioiilid the llaltir, wiiiili wen' Ix'I'ori' loiiy lo Mii>|ilaiil lln' iiiastrrs ol' llu" l{oiii;ii World, wi'P' so I'lilirdy iiukiio ,vii to tiiciii ihal, as Dr. .\riiold reiiiark.s, ill oiicol'liis Ictlciv "'rill' |{oinuu colonics uloiiu- ihc Itiiiiic and IIh' l)iiiiiit)i' lookcil out on tin- country licyom those rivers as we look up at tlic stars, anil actually see with our own eyes a world ol' whirl wc know iiothinu;." Yet such iirnorain'e was not iiiconipiitihlc with indirect iuti'nour^i and was so I'ar i'roni cxcludiniir tlie harliariaiis beyond the Alps or tiie lialtic from nil tlie Iriiil ol'llu' civilization whicli ijrew up around the Mediterranean Sea, that the study ol' Kuro))c;ii archii'oloiry has owed its chiel' inipi'dinieiit lo the dilhciilty of discriniiiialini; between arts of diverse eras and races of nortliern liurope, interminuieil with (hos^'or its Neolillii and Ih'ouze perio of the Ilaidahs of Queen Charlotte's Islands, and in the wood and ivory larvings of tli'j Tawatin and other tribes of liritish Columbia. Already, moreover, the elaborati- nativ< devices which give such distinetiv(! character to the ivory and claystone carvings of tin Chimpseyau and Clalam Indians, have been largely superseded by reprodui.tions of Euro- pean ornamentation, or literal n'presentations of houses, shipping, horses, lire-arms, ami other objects brought under the notice of the native artist in his intercourse with whit. men. AVe are justihed, therefore, in assuming that no long-matured civilization couMl have existed in any part of the American continent without leaving, not only abundant evidence of its presence within its own area, but also many traces of its inlluenco i'av beyond. Yet it cannot be said of the vanished races of the North American continent that they died and made no sign. Their memorials are abundant, and some of their earthworks and burial mounds are on a gigantic scale. But they perpetuate no evidence of a native civilisation of elder times bearing the slightest analogy to that of Europe through all its historic centiiries. The western hemisphere stands a world apart, with languages and customs essentially its own ; and with man and his arts embrac'cd within greatly narrower limits of development than in any other quarter of the globe. Tho evolutionist may, indeed, bo tempted by tho absence not only of the anthro- I'l!i;-AI{YAN AMKIilCAN MAN. 41 .'III. iiiul ih.i • ■s hil-.r, ih.j till' ltoij,;il;| "I'lii.s l(.tl.i.|s lllll'V lii'ViiinJ >l'lil dl' will. Ill Ulli'I-c'dlli-,' KiK'IruiiH 'I' lMir(>]>i';lll| ■ lii'Uvi'.iii lis N'coliilii, I ml cliLssi. Iniccs hi'Vc (.1 ii'i'ii iiii iniiiil ndi'iil.s ol' ih.. Ililll,' to \vli:il| iist oH'orts at with aiK'ii'iitl Had. iiulr |it, India, .nl I'lii loiitiiii'iiil ic bivili-liiii kj atioii.s on t|j.:| Nor wu.s liic )liti(: I'aiK'y nil I'gia and 'IVii- of tlic lodjj;r..| vings of tlii'l )orati' naliv rving-.s of tluj ons of Eurof ire-arms, andf ■ with wliit. izatiou could ily abnudantl iullucuco fai[ m contiuenil )me of theirl rpetxiuto n.jl f to that of I ds a world iiid his art s uartor of tho | the anthro- id apes, lint })y all but tin- lowest fiiinilics of the /V/m»/c.v, to reganl man as a recent iMiiiidiT on llie Anii'rii-an rontineiit. Hut in this, as in (he arihji'ologisl's dcdudions, the 1. 1 111 • recent " is a rehitive out'. To whatever source American man nniy bi; referred, his rela- II .IIS lo the old-w'orld riiies are .sulliciently remote to preclude any theory of geographical ilMiibution williin the historic period. It is not, therefore, adeijuate time ilmi iswuuting for the erowlli of a native Anii'riian . !'. ili/.atioii. 'I'he only salislln lory evidence of thealliliaiioiiol' the Aiieriean ra.e.> tothose I.I Asia or luii'oiie, or of Africa, \iiiist be soiigiit tor in their languages, lint any I nice of ihi^ kind, thus lar observed, is at liest obscure and ri'uiole. The resemblance in piiysical ii.iits points to allinily with the .\sialii' Mongol ; and the agglutiiiale cliaracleristics com- iii.rii (o many languages of the continent, oilu'rwise essentially dissimilar, is in harmony uitli this. Ihit Asiatic uiiinilics are only Ira. cable ri'iiiotely, not demonstrable on any deli- mi. • line of descent, and all the I'vidcine thai language sni>plics points lo a gi.. ally pio- |.i]|.jed period of isolation. The number of langiiaees spoken ihrougliout the whole of N..rtli and Houth America ha.s been estimated to considerably exceed twelve hundred ; and .ill the norihern continent alone, more than live hundred distinct languages arc spoken, w lii great diversity of speech :iiiioiig the communities of the New World, it is manifest that language furnishc.s no r\ ideiicc of recent intrusion, or of contact for many generations with Asiatic or other races. I 111 any theory of origin either of race or language, a uTeally prolonged iieriod is indispcii- ^Mble to account for the actual condition of things which presents such a templing held for I he study of the ethnologist. Among the various races brought under our notice, the Iluroii- Ir.icpiois of t'linada and the neiuhbouring Stales most fitly represent the North .Vmericau I.I. c east of the JJcjcky Mountains. Their language, subdivided into many dialects, fur- nishes indications of migrations throughout the greater portion of that area eastward bo- I veeii the ^Mississippi and t..e Atlantic seaboard, and its afhuities have been soueht for I' yond the American c'entineiit. One experienced philologist, ilr. Horatio Hale, in his ■ Indian Migrations, as evidenced by laimuagc," alter remarking that there is nothing in I'll' lanu'uage of the American Indians lo favour the conjecture of an oriuin fiom Eastern Asia, thus proceeds: — -''But in Western Europ,' one community is known to exist, speak- ing a language which in its general structure manifests a near likeness to the Indian ti. agues. Alone of all the races of the old continent the Basques or Euskarians, of northern Spain and sonth-wostern France have a speech of that highly complex and polysynthetic . haracter whicli distinguishes the American languages." But to this he has lo add the Soi-. II., 1883. tl. 42 . I)l{ DANIKI, Wir-SON ON «liiti'iiii'ii( tliit "tlii'ii' is iKil, iiulrcd, iviiy suili posiiivc siiiiiliiiit y in words or ijiiiiiiiiiiir a would prove a direct iiliiiiuiinii. 'i'lic likciii'tiM in niondy in the i^vnenil ciist iind mould n Bl>oc('li, l)ut tliis liki'ucss is so innrkiMl us (o liini' iiwiiki'nfd mucli iitlcntion." (*) Assuniinu- I lie allinity llius liiiscdou iv ncuiTal liki'iicss in ciisl nnd mould of speech l 1)e well founded, I hure need l)ii IK) surprise ill (he luck ol' liny positive siniilnrity in wonl- or unuiiiuiir : I'or, used only iis a (est ol' llie interveuiny- lime since liawpu' and IJed ludimi purled, il poi)its lo n presenlalives oi' a prehistoric' rare ihal occupied llurope herore ilii adveiil of Kellii' or other Aryan pioneer, loii;i' [trior to the hisloric dawn. And ifihe inter- veuinu: c 'nlnries lietwet^n that undelerniined date and the close of Ihi^ lifleenlh century, when ill' ...lurKe was (ineo more rene\ve nor the arts of the Indian nations found in ociuitation of the northern continent reveal trac-es of it, nor does arch;eolo!i-y disc-lose to us evideiic-e of aiiv prec-ursors. Whatever their oriLrin may have heen. the K'ed Indians of this continent appear to have remaiiiecj for unniiuibered centuries exc-Uuled by ocean barriers from all iiilluenc-e of the historic races. Union this very account an iiKpiiry into their hislory. in so far as this may he recoverable' from arch:eoloL;ical or other <'videm-e. may sim|ilify important ethnical problems. and contribute results of some value in roferouce to the condition and pronress of primieval man elsewhere. In Eurojie man can be studied only as he has bc>en moulded by a thousaiul external influeiii-es. and by the intermixture of many dissimilar races. The most rec-ent terms of ethuolouical classillcation, the Xanthocroi and Melanochroi are based on the assumed inter- blendinu' of widely di.ssimilar rac-es in times louc>- anterior to any delinite c-hi-onolo^v. There was a time, as is assumed, when the sparselv peopled areas of aiicii'iit l"]uro|ii' were oi-cupicd exclusively by a population, still imperl'ectly represented by the l'"inns, ill'- La]>i)s. and the IJascpies. Those are supi)osed to be stirviviim' fraLiinents of a once home- ireneous poj)ulaliou of Ivirope in prehistoric- centuries. On this the areat .\ryan mii>raticiii intruded iu successive waves of Celtic-, Slavic, Hellenic- and Teutonic invaders, not without considerable intermixture of blood, to which is still traced the Melanoi-broi oflh'itain and western ]!]uroi)e. Such is the ureal ethnical revolution by which it is assumed that that coiUineut was i-ec-olouised from the same Asiatic c-radlelaiid from whence India and Persia derived their ancient civilized aiul lettered races. In the year 141t:l be<>-an another ethnical revolution by which the Aryan, or lud'i- European stoc-k intruded, in ever increasina- numbers, on a like aboriginal population ol the New World. The disparity between the first Celtic or otiier Aryan immin'rants inic Europe, and the aborigines whom they encountered there was probably less than lh;ii which separated the first American colonists from the Tied Indian savaffcs whom they dis- placed. In both cases it was the meetinu' of civilised and < ultured races with rude nomacU whom they were prone to ri'gard with an av<>rsion or contempt very different from flc' repelleut elements between conquering and subject natioi's- in near equality to each other. (*) liuliun Mi|,'i-aticjii.s, p. 2\, Til,- disparity, ill.- laler Ani' ;„hiiil of read; ,■1, iiienis havi lilnst cullurecl ,,llhe sexes it liij.i--. place fo iilcxieusive il ill.' same restl rac c of hulf-b ,,'»> illterestil :ilc>ne. the des ihi' remnants many of lhe> a ( ciilury Ihi I iiited State ri'i ii'i'Mi/ed. ,-uib,-r 24th, established t icriod, are. i leiin a iierm uciies have 1 a~ amonar th cr where th iijcl Iliulson i-iidurauee. Ill the con)n under favor |.iairies, an( mmmon hi laixed race. riicle Aryan I lie territor; the status r a- iiirdingh I liielly wit two disliu the other tl ]"'rs in the liv brill oil!- I'liwers of c tluui one t and this is nearly all i when refe I'liK-AIJYAX AMKUICAN MAX. 48 Tli.' dispiirity, for oxiiinplc, hd wi'i-ii (hi> iinHvc llrilon ami tin' iiilnulinii; Siixcm. nr licl wicii tli.' liilcr Aiiirl'i-Siixoii mid thi' iiilriulinir Diiiii- or Nurlliiiiaii, wns siillicii'iilly sliuli! (o iiliiiil 111' ri'iuh iiitcriiiixtiiri', iilliiiiiilily, ill spili' dl' tlicir Killer aiitiiifdiiisin. lint (illicr i Mii'iits have also (d Ih' ki'|)t in view. Tlir pioiiocr.s dl' ciniLrialioii are not, as ii rule, (ho ni'i^l ciilliired ineinl)erH ol" iKe iiilni(liii!r race ; while Ihn disparity in the relative iiuinliers I the sexes inevitalily resiilliiiu' fmiii lln^ (diKlilio - idi'r which any extensive niiirration iiiixcs place I'orins an elli'ctive counterpiiise to very wide ■ ihnical diU'ercnces. In every caso "lixtensivi' innuiyralion, with the excess of males and chiedy of hardy youni? adveiitunTS, tlic same result is inevitable. On the American coidinent it has already produced a nunii'rous nice of liall'-brei'ds, descendants ol' while and I idiiii parcniau'c, apart I'roni that other and not ..■>^ interestinjj " coloured race," now numheriim'Tipwardsorsix iiiillions in thi> riiitcdStatcH iiliiiie. the descendaiitsori']iiropean and Al'rican paieiitae-e In liic older provinces (d'Canada, ih' rcninants ol' tlu' ahoriLiinal Indian trihes havcticen ^falhl■l■ellon suit able reserves ; ami on many of these, so far are ihey from hasteiiiim' to ext hk lion, that diiriiiij- the last ipiarierof II 1 ciiliiry the returns of the Indian Departini'iit show a steady numerical increase In the I iilti'd States, under less favourable circumstances, similar n'subs ari' bi'uinniim' to be rci iieiiized. Ill a report on '' Indian Civilisation and Ivlucatinn," dated Wiisliineton, Nov- ember 24th, 1S"7, it is set forth as inori' and more tcndiiiu' to assiuiie the aspect of an c-iablished fact, "that the Indians, instead of biiiiy' doomed to exliintion within a limited |"i ind, are, as a rule, not decreasiiii;- in numbers; ainl are, in all |)riil)abilil y. di'stiiicd to lei in a ])ermaiieiit factor; an endurin!>' element of our jxipulatioii." ^Vhercver the at)ori- 'i'lies liave 1 ;i eiitlu'i-ed lonether ujioii suitable reservi's, and trained to industrious habits, a- anionii- th<' Si ^-Nation Indians, settled on the (iraiid Kiver, in the I'rovinc ol' Ontario ; er where they have niini'led on terms of I'lpialily wiili the white settlers, as within tho eld Ilndsoirs Hay Territory on the lied Kivcr. tln'y have alter a time showed indications of endurance. It is not a mere intermineliiie- of while and Iiiilian seltlers, but ihe increas>! Ill' the community by the growth of a half-breed population, and when this takes ploco under favourable circumstances, as was notably the case so loiiL"' as the hunter tribes of tin; I'lairies, and the tiapi)ers of the Hudson's liay ('oiiii)aiiy shared the u'reat North-West a,s a cniiimon hunting ground, the results are altogether favourable to thi' eiiduraiici' of tin! mixed race. On a nearly similar footiinj' we may conceive of Ihe admixture of Ihe earliest rude Aryans with Ihe Allophylians of I'hirope. rcsuliina' in its Melanochroi. Tlieyrowth in the territory of the Hudson's liay Company of a numerous half-breed population. as.>umiiig till' status of a tribe of farming Imnters, distinct alik(> from the Indians and the "Whites, is a' ■■ordinirlya fact of singular interest to the ethnologist. It has been the result of alliances, ' liielly with Indi.in Cree women, by the fur trapi>ers of the region. Hut these included iwo distinct elements : the one a Scottish immigration, cliielly from the Orkney Islands; the other that of the French Canadians, who lonu' preiedcd the I<]nglish as hunters and trap- l"rs in the North-West. The contrasline- Scollish and I'reiich paternity reveals ilselfiii the liybrid otlspring ; but in both cases the half-breeds ,ire a largi' and roliusl rai-e, with gn'at<>r lajwers of endurance than the ]>ure-blood Indian. Tlu'y have l)ei>n describi'd to mr by more ill an one trustworthy observer as '■ superior in every respect. Ixitb mentally and physically," and this is conllrmed by my own experience. The sann' opinion has been expressed by nearly all who have paid s]K'cial attention to t he hybrid races of the New World. D'Orbigny, when referring to thegeiieralresultof this interminglingof races saya : " Among the luitioua 44 I>l!. DAMKL WILSOX (IX in Amoriiii Jlii' |)ro(liu-t is always superior in (lie two types thai are mixiHl." Henry, a traveller of t lie last century, who spont six years among (ln' Xorth Ameriean Indians, note; the eonlirniatory nssuranre given to him by aCvistineaux ehiel', that "' the ehiklren tmrne hy their women to l^iimpeans were bolder warriors and better hunters than themselves Fimilly, of the luirdy race of the Aretie Circle Dr. Kane says : " The half-breeds of the coast rival the ]']s(juimaiix in their powers of endurance." There is also a fine race in tTn'enland. half Danes: and Dr. llae inlorms me that numerous half-bn-ed I'lskimos an' to be mei witli 1111 the Lal)rador coast. They are taller and more hardy than the pure blooded Eski- mos : so that hi> always aave the preference to them as his irnides. The Danish hall- bri'eds are descril)ed by Dr. Henry Kink, in his "Tales and Traditions of the Eskinm," as diiliiiu' ba'k til the earliest times of the coloiiizatioii of (Ireeiilalld. The mixed niar- riaues. he says, '' have generally been rich in olfspriiiir The children for the most i)arl urow 111) •'" coini)]ete Gfreenlanders ;" but the distinction between them and the iiatiM' Itlskiino, is uimiislakable. althouuh individuals of the hybrid oH'siiriiig rei)resent tlii> mixture of I'^uroiieaii and native blood in almost every possilile proiiorlion.* I'roin tlie conquest of Mexico in lij20, and of Peru in bV'i-t, this admixture of races of the Old and tin' New Mdrld has been goiim' on in varying ratio accordiim' to the relative circumstances under which they meet. In Mexiio aiidinthe more civilized portions ofSouth Americatln' half-breeds are esliinated to constitute fully oiie-lifth of the v.hole poimlation. while the so-called "' colored i)i'ople," the descendants of l']uroi)ean and African parentage now numlier not less than lifteen millions througlunit the mainland and the Islands of North and South America, t Thrfiuuhont the northern, southern, and western States of America, on the Pacific slope, and in Canaila, the growth of a mixed race of White and Indian blood has every- where taken place in the first period of settlement, when the frontier backwoodsman and the hunter were brouiiht inio contact with the native tribes. Aloiur the borders of every frontier State a nearly exclusive male poi)ulalion is compelled to accept the services of the Indian women in an\ attempt at domestic life. The children grow up to share in perfect equality the rude life of their lathers. The new generation presents a mixed race ot hardy traj)pers, minglinii' the aptitudes of both races in the wild life of the frontier. M itli the incn^a.se of population, and the more settled life of the clearing, the traces of mixed blood are lost sight of; but it is to a largo extent only a repetition of what appears to have marked the advent of the Aryan immigrants into Europe. The new. but more civilized race predominated. Literal extermination, no doubt, did its work, and the aborigines to a * .\niong tlio Wpatcrii Esliiiuos, in llie vicinity nf .M.-usJca, tliiiro is eviilimoii of Kxkinin ami Imliaii lialf-liri'i-ib'. vi.JK T'llisiiitil Triiiliti:nix, Hr. l!iiil<,i>. 4. In tin' .<.iutliern .',.").so,70;t. Tlic. data for formiiin an esliniate of llio oiilire I'lilnnmil impnlatinn nf tlio eontini'iit and Isluml-. of X. and .S. America aro less dclinito: lint I Imlinvo tlio nuinlHTs stated in tin text to Iv luwed nn a low csliinatc. Vido earlier ostiniatoa ; IVchiMoric Man, 3nl od., vol. ii, p. 30.5. nr'ic extent p lile I hi- gene Mrlaiiochroi, < 1 1 western Eu )| Western As lor ihree cenH jiviiicss is seer Viewed i 1111' iinporta ihc allophylic i!ir aborigine) limieers wen isti." of Aine liviiin' aiialoL'' v;i. the quest laiiii may ren itlier denizen ill.' whole '\\ vi'i y recent y iViiiii the dati liiiiil edition of his ultinii The d('t lliiil or stov and belongil niily throug the research llieanticipal earlier epoc csiablished lie Hi.* physii ihe face of i ill.' river v the liritish luiibalile til 'lie ',;'lobe. iliiiracter o ."uliesl trai W.iild. Ill passed by i and tiron/e ni'ih'd the sueeessivi'l linpular ni implement 8 i 1 ri!i;-AI!VAX AMKRICAN MAN'. 43 f:ivsf I'xtcn) porishi'd. Hut no iiiionsidcvuhli- n'miiaiil liiiiilly (lisnppparcd ]>\ iibsor|)iioii lo llii' ift'iieral slock; not witliout Icuviuij' fiulurin;;' I'vidcnce of tlic pnHi'ss in the .liiuochroi, or dark whites — tho IlxTiiins, or Bhock (Vh.s, us they are sometimes styh'd, — wi'.slcni ]']urope; as well as in the alliet only ol'the Mi-dileraneaii shores, Imt [cif W'l'stern Asia and I'ersia. A jirocess has thus heeu going' on on the Anieriran eonlini'nt I Iiree centuries, which cannot fail to be' aliorigines of .\merica in the sixteenth and si'venteeiith centuries. I'rohahly the Aryan lineneers were fully e([ual to its first European immiurants. Ihit if the ethiiical charaiter- |i>li' -^ of American man are simi)le. and the as))i'( t ol'his social life appears to realize lor us a liviiii!' analoL'-y to that of Imii-oj ''s Xeoliihic. if not in some resi)ects to that of its raheoliihic '■i;i the (juestion of his anti(|uity accptircs a new inti'rest : for it thus hei innes apparent that |in.in may remain throuiih countless aues in the wild hunter stane, as unproufcssive as any "iher denizen of till' wilderness propaiialiiin' its s[)i'cies and hunlinii' for its prev. liut lilie whole 'ju<>stion of the anti(juity of man has undersione a marvellous revolution in I Very rei'cnt years. The literature of ukmIimii u'coloyy luriously illustrates its pro-i-ress. fiiiiii the date of the pulilication of Dean litickland's " Keliipiiiu J)iluviaiiie." in IS:!:!, to the lliicd edition of Sir Charles Lyell's " rriiici|)les of Geoloiry," in 1S7-, and the emhodiment "I Ills ultimate conclusions on the speiial ((uestion involved in his ■' Antic, iiity of Man.'' Tlu! determination of a I'aheoiilhic period for Europe, with its rtide iini)lements of lliiil or stone, chipped into shape without the aid of any trrindiiii'' or jjolishim;' |)rocess, iiii'l lielonjrinir to an era when man was ass(»'iated with animals either extinct cjr known "lily throuirhout the historic period in extreme iiortheiii latitudes, has naturally stimulated i tile research of American arch;ecdoLrisl>i for c-orrespondint;- traces on this ccintineiit. Nor is tlicanticii)ationoftlie possible recovervofthetraces of man's presence in post-glac ial. or still I'.irlier c])ochs in unhistoric an-as, limited to either I'ontiiient. If it be accepted as an i«i;iblished fact that man has c^xisted in ]']urc lor unnumbered aii'es, diiriiiL;' which eiior- iii'iii.* physical chanties have bec>n wrought ; ui)heuval and denudation have revojulioiiized llie lace! of the continent ; the deposition of tho whole dril't fonnatioit has 1 ii c'll'ected ; ilie river valleys of southern I'higland and the north of Fiance hav.' ))een exc avaled, and die British Islands detached from the iiejehborine' continent : it cannot be leearded as im- picpbable that evideiic-e may yet be found of the early presence of man in any retiioii of 'lie globe. Xevertlieless some of the elements already referred to tend to mark with a cliaracter of their own the iiivc>iiL;ations alike of the aichieoloeist and the •■■eoloui>t into the I'iiiliest traces of human art in what we have learned habitually to speak of as the \ew World. In Euroiie the aiitii(ua;y. familiar alfcady with ancient historic' remains, had pissed by a natural transition to the study of ruder examjiles of ))rimitive art in stone unci bronze, as well as to the physical characteristics of races which ai)peared to have pre- ceded the carlic'st historic nations. 'I'lie orcupatioii of the liritish Islands, for example, siieee.ssively liy Celts, lioinans. ,\nulo-Saxons, Danes and Noniians, was so familiar to the li"|)ular mind that the i>roblem of a sequence of neolithic, bronze, and the ruder iron iiiil)lemcnls with their corelated personal ornaments, pottery, etc., was universally solved 46 DR. DANIKL AVFLSON ON l)y rolorriiiu' tlii'in lo ('('liic. Ii'oiiuiii iiiul Sciindinaviiiii art. Krronoous as tliis iiilcrprri;!- iioii ol' (lio evidence proves lo liavi' lii'c'ii. it luul, lU'vertlieless. siiirieieiit aeeordaine wilhl tnitii Id |(rei);ire the' way I'ur the iiltiinati' reception ol'more accurate iiiduitious. Tlie tail di | the occurrence f)l'sucii'ssive pliases ol'art. and their indication of a succession of races, wrn und(nil)lcd ; and icsearches dir(>cled lo the scdutioii oilhe prol)leni nl'Eiirnpean an iiii'olo'jy Were unhesitiitiiiLily followed up throu'jh niediieval, classical, Assyrian and I'lLfyiitiaii | remains, to the vi'ry threshold of that prehistoric dawn which forms the transitional staijv belwei'U u(>oloL;ili Museum as •• A IJritish weapon found, with elephant's tooth, opposite to hlai-k Mary's, near (rrayos Inn Lane." A just louceplion of the com|)rehensiveness even of historical antiipiity was Ion;; retarded in I'hirope l>y an exclusive devotion to classical .studies ; Imt the relations of tiii> continent to the t)ld AV'orld are so recent, and all else is so nearly a hlank, that I'or it tii> iiftei'nth century is the historic dawn, and every thing datiiiir before the landinn o! Columbus has been habitually assigned to the same v,;gue antiquity. Hence historical research has been oceuiiied for the most part Oii very modern remains, and the supreme triumph long aimed at has been lo associate the i>;erouly|)liics of Central Ami-rica, andtln' arihitectoral montiments of Peru, with those of I']i>y()t. l!ut we have entered on a new- era of archieoloiiical and historical enquiry. The paUoolithic implements of the French Drilt have only been brought to liuht in our own day; and, thouuh upwards of half ;i century has elapsed since the researches of Mr. .1. MacJMierv weri' rewanled by the dis.ov- ery ol Hint implements of the earliest type in lh(> same red loam of the Devonshire lime- stone caves whii-h embedded ))ones of the i.iammoth, tichorhine rhinocen..;, cave-bear and other extinct mammals, it is only very recently that the true signilicance of such di.- closures has been rei'ognized. .\merica was indeed little behind l']uroi)e in the earlier stages of cavern re.search. ,\ cabinet of the liritish Museum is lilled with fossil bones obtained by Dr. Lund and M Claussen from limestone caverns in Itrazil. em])e(lded in a reddish-coloured loam, under ii thick stalauiiiitic fiooriiiii', and iniludinu'. along with remains of genera still inhabitinir tlii' American continent, those (A' extimt monkeys. Human bones were also found in thr same cave.s. but suiierlicially. and seeminu'ly of the present Indian race. Hut a fresh in- terest and siunilicame have been given to stich reseanhes by the novel aspect ofprehistori' archieoloiry in I'auope. The relations now establishi'd between the earliest traces of I'lurc- pean man ami the geolouical aspects of the great Drilt fornuitioii, have naturally led lo tln' diligent examination of correspondintr ih'i>osits of the continent of America, in the hope of recoverinu' similar traces there. Until very recently, however, any su]>po.sed exani- pl(>s of American palwolithii' art-liave been isolutud and unsatisfactory. A flint knife wa,-; riM'l-AliVAX AMKIilCAX MAN. 47 irii'iViTwl IVom a depth ol" upwauls of fourti'i'ii lect ainoiiif tlic rolli'd i^'iivcl and uuld- iMiiiiu' tain>>d I'-oui the iiinrerous t^ravels of ('alilDinia, were shown at the I'aris Exposition oi' is.").'). In the u-eo- (■i:.:ii al report, ol' Illinois lor 18i!t! stone axes and Hint spear-lu-ads are desirilu'd, ohtaineil liuiii a hed ol' loeal dril'l near Alton, nnderlyinu; the loess, and at the s;i.iie drplh us honi's III ilie luaslodun. Colonel Charles C. .loiies, in his " Anii(iuities of ihe Southern Indians," iiniis the diseovery in the Xacoorliei' \ alley, in the Stale of Ocoru-ia, ol' three Hint imple- iii'iits i'ound at a depth of nine fei't, among- tin' Si'ravel and houlders of the drift, and il'M riiieM them as "in material, manner of eonstnu lion, and appearanee, so nearlv reseni- liliiiu- some of Ihe ronyh so-ralh'd Hint hatchets l)rloiming to the Drift type, that theymiuht v.'iy reudily he mistaken the one for the other." * Diher mori' or h'ss trustworthy exam- I'l' - of a like kind havi' been reporli'd from lime lo time; amoiiLi' whieh may he noted a liii'.i'e spi'eimen, liow in the eolleetion of tile Soiiely of Aiitiijuarii's of Siotland, said lo have Ij.vii I'ound at lii'wiston, in the Stiitt; ofNew York, at a liivat depth, when si.ikiny a wU.t Some of the assumed illnst rat ions of Ameriian paheolilhie art are of donhifMl aiili(|uity. Oiir implement, for example, from the Californiaii travel drift, is a polishiMl stone plummet [i rforated at one end. and not only modern in characler. Imt as a Lt'enuine disiovery in the Linlil-hi'iiriiiu' iiravels, tendinu' to discredit the paheolithic oriiiin assiiiiied to rud.'r imple- iiniits found umler similar cin tiiiista'ices. lUil tln' most siaiiliiii^ examples of this chuss ;iic of minor importance, whi'U compared with reported discoveries of human ri'iiiaiiis in ilic Californian drift. In 1><.")7, Dr. C. F. AVinsIow produced a fra^'inent of a human skull liiiind I'ighleen feet helow the stirface in the "pay drift "al Talde !Mounlain, associated wiih remains of the mastodon and fossil eh'piiant. More recently I'rolessor .1. I). Whitney rxliihited, at the Chicajj'o meeiiii!;' of the American A.s.sociation for the Advancement of S jeiice, a complete human skull, recovered at a depth of one huiidre(l and thirty .'eel, in I lii' auriferous gravel of Calaveras County, California, underlying- live successive ))cds of lii\a and volcanic ttifa, and vouched for ils licolouical antiipiity. The gravel which iiilhered to the relii- found imheddiMl in it is i-ejericd l>y him to ihi' Pliocene aiie : and Dr. .1 W. Foster remarks ol it, in his " I'rehisloric IJaces of the I'liili'd Slates:" J "This skull, ailiiiittinu- its authenticity, carries hack the advent of man to the I'liocene epocli, and is llicrefore older than the stone implements of the drift uravel of Ahhevilh' and Amiens, or llie i-elics furnished hy the cave-dirt of lielgium and France." In ro*ility, however, the :mihentieily ol the skull as a pliocene relic is not adniilted. Like that of (Jiuidaloupei ihose I'ound hy Dr. Lund in the Hrazil cavi's, and other fossil skidls of the American cou- iiiient, it proved, aecordinsr to the trustworthy ri'port of Dr. Wyman. to he of the ordinary Indian type ; though to some minds that only conlirms the genuineness of the discovery. A Inunan skull recovered from the delta of Ihe Mississippi at New Orleans, and estimali'il liyDr. Dowler— on what, " to avoid all <-avil,'' he claimed lo he extremely moderate assuini)- lions, — as not less than .J7,000 years old, is gnniped with others found hy Dr. Lund in one "I' the Brazil eaves, at Logoa Santa, atid thus rominenled on : -' Numerous species of animals * Aiitiqultuvi iif tho Soiitliorn ImlidnR. p. 210. t IVoliistoric -Man, Unl VA., vol. 1, ji. .')!). J ^rlJlli,■^t(Jl'ic Uiu't's, |]. 54. 48 l»|{. DAXIKI; WIIjSON on have bci'ii l>l()ttcd IVom c C)l' rai es iiihal)iliim' Anicriia at ll iii<()ii('oival>lv rcinotc era was tlic same wliiih prcx ailtd al lln- Coliiiiiliiaii disrovi'ry ; '»l and .so the authors of " Typi's ol'Maiikind " anivi- at lln' (iiiiiliision tliat willi suili fvidiii"! ol'tlu' native Allieriran type llaviUL!' oeellpied llie eolltillellt in ii'eoloiiieal limes, Ix'lbre ill- loniialioii oltlie Mississippi alluvia, siieiiee may spare itself the troiilile of looking el^- where for the oriuiii of the American raee. 'file hiuli autlicirity of I'mlessor A of the (laronne, the contemporaries of the mammoth and other extinct mammals, and el] thi' ri'indeer, musk-shec]), cave-bear, and other species known only within the hislori' period in extreme novfherii latitudes, undoubtedly sui!!,^esi interestiiiir ;inaloe'ies with Ih^ modern Eskimo. Oidy un(h'r similar climatic londitions to those in wliiih they now li\''. could such accunuilatioiis of animal remains as have l)een found in the caves of the vallev of the Vcsere be possible in places habitually resorti'd to l)y man. Ihit suasis on which to found the startlinu' hypothesis that the race "'' 'he main- | moth and reinde.'r jx'riod in the remote post-plioceii(> era of southern France has its liviiiL' representatives within the Arctic circle of the American continent. Tlie stmh'iits of modern archicoloffy have become familiar with startling disclosures; and the supposed identilication of livinu' representatives of the race of the ideisloceiie river beds or cavi' deposits is too fascinating a one to be readily al)andoiH'd by its originator. Professor Dawkius conceives the men of the river-drift era to have been a race ofstill oldrr and ruder savages than the paheolithic <'ave-moii, who were more restricted in their range, and coiL'^iderably in advance of tlieni in the variety and w >rkmaiiship of their weapons and implements. The older ruder race has vanished ; but the cave race of that indidiniti' l)ut vastly remote era of late pliocene, or po.st-pliocene Europe, is assumed to live on, within the Arctic frontiers of otir own Dominion. In discussing the plausible hypothesis which thus aims at recovering in the hyper- boreans of this coutiueut the race that before the close of Euroiie's pleistocene age, hunted * Tyiiea uf Manlcind, pngo 351. PIIE-ABYAN AMRRICAX MAX. 49 ill'' mammoth, the musk-shei'p, aiul tlin rciii'li'iT in (lie valli'vs of the (Jafdiini', Profc'ssor l);i\vkiii.s ri'vii'W.s thi' inniiiU'is and haliits ol' ihi' l^-il mammoth ivory for the liaiulles of their stone scrapers, he adds: "It is very liii>sihh^ that this hahit of the Kskimos may have been handed down from tlio late lilcistoceiio times." But what strikes him as "the most astonishing bond of union l>etwoeu tlic cave-men and the I'^skimos is the art of representing animals ; " and, after noting those finiiliar to both, along with the eorrespontli'nei' in their weapons, and habits a.s hunters, hcsiys: ".\11 these points of connection between the cave-nu'u and the Eskimos can, in my opinion, be explained only on the hypothesis that they belong to the same race." * As to the ingenious imitative art of the C'ro-Mau'non cave-dwellers, it is by no means [I'culii'.r to them and the modern ICskimos : but, on the contrary, is common to many savage W' c> ; though by no modern savage people has a like degree ' "-tistic ability been shown. I'lefessor ?)iwkins says truly of the cave-man : •' He pcssi .ssed a singular talent for repre- M'lilinu' the animals he hunted ; and his sketches reveal to us that he had a lajiaciiy for >.ciiig the beauty ami gra<-e of natural Ibrm not much inferior to that which is tin: result eriong-eontinned civilization in ourselves, and very much higher than that of hi.s successors ill Murope in the Neolithic age. The hunli'r who was both artist and .siulptor, who iv|iroduced with his imperfect means at one time foliage, at another the quiet repose of a iviiuleer feeding, has left beniud him the proof of a decided advanci^ in culture, such as might li' expected to result from the lonsr continuance of man on the earth in the hunter stati- of ' r, ilization." t AH this is correct in reference to the art of the Vezcre carvers and drafts- III -11 ; hut it would be gross exaggeration if applied to such conventional art as the]>kimo iinow-straitrhtener which Professor Dawkins figures, with its formal row of reindei'r air'. ili"ir grotesque accessories. The same criticism is equally applicable to numerous other >liecimens of Eskimo art, and to similar Innuit, or western Eskimo representations of liuiitiug scenes, such as those ligured by Mr. AVilliam H. Dall, in his "Alaska," which he ilescribes as "drawings analogous to those discovered in France in the caves of li-iaogue."t The identity, or near resemblance between hariroons, fowling spears, marrow-spoons, :iiid scrapers, of the ancient (?ave-race of pleistocene France and implements of the modern ]>kimos, is full of interest ; as is mur appliances of the potl'T, even less availal)lc than Hint and stone. Hut the caves of the Vezere have furnished examples not only of skulls, but of compldo skeletons of an ancient race of cave-dwellers, whether that of the inirenious draus'htsnicn and reindeer hunters or not ; and had those, or the underlyinij- debris, yielded any trace.- nf thi' Ivskimo type of head, there would then be good reason for attani h reindeer period; ;» we ourselves may b(^ desceiulants of paheolithic nuin ; but. as rrofessur (teikie has justly remarked: "When anthropologists produce from some of the cave- occupied by the reindeer hunters a iraiiium resembling that of the living I'^skiiiio. it will be timi' I'liough to admit thai the latter has desi'cnded from the former, lint, unlorttinatcly for Ihi' view here referred to. none of thi! skulls hitherto found affords it any supiiort.''* In truth, the plausible fancy that the discoveries of the last twenty years have fended tocon- firm th(> ideiitilication of the cave-men with the l>kimos, only recpiircs the full ai>preci;i- tioii of iill Ihat it involves, in order that it shall lake its place with that other identifica- tion w ith the red man of tlie pre.si'ut day of " Dr. Dowler's sub-cypress Indian who dwelt on the site of Xcw Orleans 'jV.OUO years ago." The received interpretation of the imperfect record which remains to us of the succcssivi' eras of n'cologieal change with the ai'companying modifications of animal life, down to the appearance of man as an inhabitant of this world; and the deciphering of geologii :il chroniclings as a coherent disclosure of the past history of the earth: ari' largely due to ^^il■ Charh's Lyell. In 1«41, he visited this continent, and then estimated with caution- conservatism some of the evidences adduced for the assumed aii'iquity of Araoricau man. But subsequent observations led him to modify his views ; aud at length, in 18G3, \w * I'ruliisloric IOumjih, p. .550. PRK-AUVAX AMKItlCAN MAN. 81 or flint or ston.', most acccssililf Iiiiinmors, niid how iiatunilly I'l'w iiiul .sini|ili> liki' among ilio IS linds iinollurl ■r climatic cdii- ol' the potti.T, bntofcomplcio IS (Irauglitsnii'ii j i''l any tracosof | an I'xcoptioiial )riil caj)acil\- o|' of l)oauly ami wcll-dcvclop.'il to tho stunfi'd nbliiiicc to til.' utiicii'iit i)lini- i7'zerc over suli- (' U'larial or suh- nid their rotrciit vo niodilied tho •oe is no JonLicr ol' the French 'Ut, as Professor II' of I he cavcv I'^skiiao. it will .nnfortnnati'ly ny supi)ort."» e tended to con- full apprecin- ther identilj.;!- ian who dwcli 'the snccessiro life, down lo of geologii 111 gelydueto .'^ii' with cautions tneriian ni:iii. h, in 18G3, lu' "1 .iid his reennfaiion " of earli 'r opinions ; and — so far at le;;sl as Europe is concerned, — •si\r the full weiyhi of his authority lo tho conclusions relative to the aniiiiuily of man based oil I he discovery of Hint iniplenienls assoeintod with bones ofextinct mammalia at Abbeville ;iiel in the valley of the Thames. The peculiar i;'eoloLiica] coiidilions aiconipanyinu; tin' ciiiiiest eyideneo of the presence of |)al;polithic ninn in ]']uroi)e proved, when rightly inter- pivied, lo bi> no less con viniing than I he long familiar seipience of more recent arclnmlogical imliccs by which anti(|uarian speculation has proceeded step by step back towards that prehistoric dawn in which geology and ardneoloiry meet on common ground. The chalk and the overlying river-drift, abounding with Hint nodules, left no room for (pieslioii as lo ilic source of the raw material from which the primilive imi>lements were manufactured. The Hint is still abundant as ever, in noduhvs of a si/o amply sullicient for furnishing the largest paheolithic implements, in the localities l)oth of France and ]']ngland when^ such sjiecimens of jjrimitivi' art have been recovered by thousands. But there other disclosures i. 11 LO less conclusively of many subsecpient stages of proii'ress, alike in preliislori<'. and historic limes. Dr. John Evans, in his " Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, ' purposely begins with the more receni implements, including those of the Australian and other modern savage races; and traces his way backward, '■ ascending the si ream of time,' and norng the diverse examples of ingeniously fashioned and polished tools of the neolil'.ic age which preceded that palipolithic class, of vast antiquity and rudest workmanship, which now ceiistitute the earliest known works of man : if they are not. indeed, examples of the first iiiliinlile olforts of human skill. But alike in Britain, and on the neighbouring continent, a 'lironological sequence! of implements in stone and mi;tal, with pottery, personal oriia- iiients. and other illustrations of progressive art, supplies Ihe evidence by means of which we are l(>d backward — not without .sonn' ])rolonged interruptions, as we approach the paheolithic age,— from historic to Ihe remotest ijrehistoric times. The relative chronology of the l']uropean drift may be thus slated: first, and most iiiodern, tho superficial deposits of n^'cnl centuries with their nii'diioval traces oll'rank and (i.iul; and along with those, the tombs, the pottery, and other renuuns of tho Komau period, siarcely pencptibly atl'octod in their geological relations by ni'arly Ihe whole inter- val of the Christian area; next, in the alluvium, .seemingly embedded by natural acciimu- laiion at an average depth of Jiftoen feet, occur remains of a European stone period, corres- ponding in many respects to those of the recently discovered pfahlbauton, or pile villages el' the Swiss Lakes; and, underlying those accumulations exceeding in their duration the w liole historical period, we come at length to the tool-bearing drift, imbedding, along w ith thi' fo.ssil remains of many extinct mammals, the implements of paheolithic man, lashioned sei'mingly when the rivers were only begining the work of excavating the valleys \vliich give their present contour lo the landscapes ot France and IDugland. There, as elsewhere, we recognize progression from Ihe most artless rudeness of tool II anufacture, belonging to an epoch when the process of grinding Hint or stone to an edge iijipiuvrs to have been unknown ; through various stages of the primilive worker in stone, liene, ivory, and the like natural products ; and then the discovery and gradual develop- ment of the metalhirgic arts. Yet at Ihe same time it must not bo lost sight of that more rudeness of workmanship is no evidence of anticjuity. Nothing can well be comeived of more urlloss than some of the stone implements still iu use among savage tribes of America. 82 Dli. DA.VIHL WILSON* OX M()r(>()vor, il is to ho notod thai it is not amid the privations of an arrtic wintor, with il< analoi^ics so siiijiicstivi' of a londilioii oi'lii'i' corn'spoiidiiig to tiuit ol'thd men oi' Europe's paleolithic at liinHinish. The Shosliones wlio hauni the region si-em to be iiu'apabh; of such skill as the latter imidy ; and express the belief that they were a gift of the Great Spirit to their ancestors. Yet many are fresh in appearance ; though others are worn and dc>coniposed cii lh(> surface, and may, as Professor Leidy assumes, have lain there for ceuluries. lb; also des- cribes a stone scrajier. or /rshon, as the .Slioshones call il, emidoyed t)y them in the dn^ssing of buH'alo skins ; but of so simide a character that he says, " had I not observed il in actual us.', and had noticed it among the materials of the buttes, or horizontal strata of indurated clays and sandstone. I would have viewed it as an ai>cidental spawl." AVheii illustrating the characteristics of a like class of stonc! implements and weapons of tireal Britain, Dr I'hans figures and describes an axe, or war-club, procured from the Indians of ]{io I'rio, in Texas. Its blade is a jiiece of trachyte, so rudely chipped that it would scarcely iittract attention as of artilicial working, but for the club-like hafi, evidently chopped into shape wilh stone tools, into which it is inserted. Nothing ruder ha« been brotight to light in any drift or cave deposit, t Another modern Texas imidemenl. in the Smitliounia collections at Washington, J is a rudely fasliioned Hint blade, i)reseuling considerable resemblance to a familiar class of oval implements of the river drift. So far. lh(>refore, as unskiUed art aiul the mere nuleuess of workmanship are concerned, it might be assumed that the aborigines of this continent are tlms i>reseiUed to our study in their most primitive stage. They had advanced in no degree beyond the condition of the European savage of the river-drift period, when, at the close of the l/Jth century, they were! brought into contact with modern European culture; and nothing in their rude arts seemed to oli'or a clue to their origin, or any evidence of progression. For anything that could be h'arned from their work, they might have entered on the occupation of the northeru couliuent, subse((uent to the, visits of the Northmen in the tenth lentury; and. indeed, Ameriian archieologists at present generally favour the opinion that the 8/tnit'liiigs. as the Northmen designated the Ni'W I'higland natives wlumi they encountered, were noi lied Indians but I'^skiiuos. But whatever nuiy have been the local distribution of races al that dale, gcolouical evidence, which has proved so I'ouclusive in relation to European ethnology, has at length been appealed to by American investigators, wilh results whicli seem to establish for this continent also its primseval stone-period, and remote prehistori' aawn. Tlie "Keport of the I'eabody Museum of American Archieology and Ethnology" to; * U. S. tieolii^'ifiil Survey, 1S72, p. 11.52. t Ancient Stone Iniploninnts of Great llritain, p. IW. X Viilo I'rc'liistoric JIan, Ijnl Kl., vol. i., p. 180. Fi(.'. 54. b77. liave publ lioui which he ihe lormation liioned of a i vered at di ill the inulistui uiiings and ot Here, Ic ill- i iireseutecl Towards the c >licrimens of p HiVe, at the fo fit I he Eskimo.' viriiiity, dtu'in :;r;ivel was m( ileposited in l)oulders, and ' iiinges since snl)se(]uent ai' si>tent with s which abouui \\;i< referred t iiliitical will liore the oiu>, ivlii'S of this iii'.ily, seekiiu pi leding the \v re doubtlei implements -v 1 11 1 ward marc' tli^m loosely I'iM'^-AltVA.V AMPMJIOAN \rAN'. 53 b77. Uiivo piililicity In a loiiiinuiiiciitioii from Dr. Charles ('. A])I)olt, Kcltiiit;- fnrlli tlu' (la(a tiniii wliicli he liad liccii led to as.simic tliat iiiali existed on the Ainevieaii i oiiliiieiil diiriiiy I'oriiialion of the j^'veat ulacial deposit which extends from Lal)rador as far soiitli as Virginia. Tlie scene of liis successful research is in tlie valley of the Delaware, near Tiviiton, Now Jersey. There, in the river-gravel, deposited by the Delaware I'iver in the CSS of excavating' the valley tlirough wliiih its course now lies, Dr. Ahhott's diligent >r;iicli has been rewarded by Itnding numerous specimens of rudely chipped implement.'-' Ill' :i peculiar type, to which ho has given the name of "turtle-back celts." Thoy are l:i>liinncd (ivery of undoubted traces of the American palsrolithic man; and Dr. Abbott, not uniiiiturally. gave free scope to his fancy, as Ik; realized to himself th(( pre-fpccupation of ill!' river valley with "the village sites of prc-glacial man." There is a fascination in such ili^ilosures which, especially in the case of the original .iscovoriT, tempts to extreme vjiws; and both in France and ]']ngland, at the present time, the nirm' eairer amonu' the L'liilogists and anhiPolonists devoted to this enquiry are reluctantly restrained from iis-iiiming as a scientilic fact the existence of man in southern lHugland and in France luiiler more genial climatic influences, prior to the great ice age which wrought such iHiii'mons changes there. The theory which Dr. Abbott formed on the l)asis of the evidence lir-i i>resented to him by the disclosures of the Trenton gravel may be thus stated: Tm\\ ards the close of the great ice ago, the locality which has rewarded his search for -liii'imens of palivolithic art marked the termination of the glacier on the Atlantic coast. Hi'i'c, at the foot of the glacier, a primitive people, in a condition closely analogous to that ol 1 he liskimos of the present day, made their home, and wandered over the open sea in the vii inity, during the accumukitiou of the deposit from the melting glacier. Ihit this drift iji ivel was modified by subsequent aition. Ai'i'ording to Dr. Abbott's conclusions, il was ili|iosited in open water, on the bed of a shallow sea. But the position of the large biiulders, and the absence of true clay in the mass, suggest that it has uudergoui! great iliiiiges since its original deposition lus glacial debris ; and if this is to be accounted for by i-iilpsequent action of water, the unpolished surfaces of the chipped implements are incou- ■sivient with such a theory of their origin. Huge boulders, of the .same character as those wlijch abouiul in the luiderlyinu' gravel, occur on the surface; and their presence there wi-; referred to by Dr. Aijbott as throwing light upon "the occiurence of rude implements ill ntical with those found in the underlying gravels, inasmuch as the same ice-raft that I'l'i'c the one, with its accompanying sand and gravel, might well gather ui) also stray I'l'iiis of this primitive people, and re-deposit them where they are now found." Accord- iiii;ly. seeking in fancy to recall this ancient past, he says in his llrst report: '' In times in ceding the formation of this ••■ravel bed, now in part facing the Delaware liiver. there « re d<)\d)tless localities, once the village sites of pre-glacial man, where these rude stone iiiiplements would necessarily b(> abundant," and he accordingly asks " may not the ice in its onward march, gathering in bulk every loose fragment of rock and particle of soil, have held th.'ni loosely together, and, hundreds of miles from their original site, left them in some one P B4 DTI. KANrKL WILSOX ON locality sucli its this; vvIum'c the vivcr hiis nirnin hronuhl In liuht rudi' iinplcmciHs (Inn clmi'iiitcrisc iiii almos'. primitive people f lint, iissiuainu; that the various iin]>leiiiiiii. Ihshioiied Iiy a htricliy pre-gliicial i)eople have boon totally destroyed hy the irnshinir i'or of the 'glacier. Mild thai the speciiiieiis now iirodiiced were not lironiiht I'rinn a distaine, iiimv they i)ol 1)1' referred to an early rare tha', driven southward liy the encroaehini,^ iee, dwi'l lit the loot ()!' the >rlaeier. and diirinif their sojourn here these implements were lost !''* Tlu> opinions thus set forth in th(> (Irst p\il)lished aeeounl of Dr. Ahhott's discoveric' have sinee Ix'on lonsideralily niodilied, in so far as the yeolouieal aiie of the tool-bearia liTavel of the Delaware valley is concerned. In his earlier pul)licalions, he assumed as ii" loiii^'er (jueslionahle, the existence of inter-pflacial, if not pre-ulacial, man on this contiin :ii In his more matured views, as set forth in his " I'rimitive Industry," hi> speaks of " ha\ iic been seriously misled hy the various geoloii'ical reports that purport to triv<', in pro|i.r seipieueis the respective au'cs of the several strata ol' iniibahly ascrijjed too u'reat an antiquity to the peculiar ihuss ol' stono im])lements brouiilii to liiihl in the river-a'ravels of Xew Jersey. Dr. Al)liott, aciordinu'ly, now slates as his nimv matured lonclusion, conlirme(l by the reports of .some of the most experienci>d ureoloiiiciil ob.sorvers. on whose jndu'ment he relies, that tin' Trenton gravel, in which alone the turtle- back celts have thus liir been Ibund, is a iiost-ii'lacial river deposit, made at a time when the river was largt>r than at present; and is the most ri!cent of all tin; formations ot tJic Delaware. f Here, however, the term "recent" is employed altogether relatively; and iil- Though Dr. Abbott no longer claims in the discovery of the stone implements oft he gravel beds n(»ar Trenton, Now Jersey, ovidoueo of the existence of num on thi' American eonlineni before the close of the (tlacial period, he still refers the Trenton u'ravel tool-makers to an era which, at the lowest computation precedes by thousands of years the earliest historiral glimpses of AssT,Tia, I'^gypt, or wherever among the most ancient nations of tho old world the bi'iiinnina's of history can be traced. The disclosures of Dr. Abbott claim a special importance among tho fruits of archico- loiiical rescan h on this rontinont from tho fact that they furnish the first well-authentieated results of systematic roseareb based on the scientific analogies of European arehieolouy For it is well for us to bear in remembrance that the evidein'os of the antiquity of man in I'mrope do not rest on any number of chance disclosures. It is a simple procedure to diL' into a Celtic or Saxon barrow, and find there the implements and pottery of its builders. But anhioolouists have leariu'd to recogiiiz<' the palieolithic implements as not less charin- teristic of certain post-pliocene deposits than the paheontolon-y of the same geologic id formation. The river-drift and cave deposits are characterized by traces of contemporaneou.< life, as shown in the examples of primitive art from whiidi they receive the name of the tool-bearing drift or gravel ; just as older geological formations have thoir idiaract(>risiii animal, and vea'etable fossils. The specific character of the tool-bearing gravel of tin- French drift having been determined, geologists and anhieologisls have sought for Hint implements in corresponding English strata, as they would seek for tho fo.s.sils of the same ],, riod, and w 111 Sutlolk, lie IJrjlalid. So ;iV' lueoloLl'ist, ,1/ /■'///(/ liii/ilni uli.Ti' gravel liirjlalld wliei and silbsequi ,,l' ijii' same p ,,-^ has been ji.laware ma; ■file Trenton iImii its presi uiiper Didaw dl man on ih Millicient tos( ii III be an in ■■■flie mtdtiii! waters of till a. lion of lloi iMi Her idea < Trenton val Willi, the riv America traces of con instances all jiMlislied ins exhibition o\ eiilicr coiitii llie fossil rei I hi' danger a'lorigines a ill his origii (if Indian n siaiitly culti liiavels, to c ever found deep burials immodiatef; several feet spring fresl: ♦ Koport of tlm Poattedy Jla.somu, Vol. II. p. 38. t riiiiiitivo ladastry, p. 471. X Il>kl, p. 542. * rriiniti\ t Iliiil, p. X Foster's I'UK-AliVAN AMI'.IMCAN MAX. es piiiod, and with like succos.s. Pahi'dlithic iiapli'iiiciits luive been ri'covt'red in lliis iiiiniiU'r ill Siilliilk, licdlbrd, llarll'di-c], Ki'nt, Middli'W'x. Sunvy. and oilier districts in tlio south of I'jland. So I'litiri'ly indi'i'd has ihi- man ol tin' drit'l passed beyond the jn'ovinee of tlii 111! li:eolou:isl, that in iHiil Professor I'rcstwiili I'oilowed up his iVo/M n/i Fiiiiliir Disiorciie) 1/ /■'///// Iiii/ilniif'iils in lii''/s of Pusl- IVi-inn-ne (tr,ifH ami Clni/, with a listoi' lorty-one loialilies wli' re gravel and ehvy pits or irravel beds oeeiir, as some ol' the places in the south of IJiuland where he thoui^ht Hint implements miuhl also by diliu'eiit si-anh possibly be found ; mill subsetjnent diseovi'iies conlirmed his antiripations. It has been by the applieaiion (il liie same prinei|>le to the drift and river-valley t-ravels of this continent that a like siic- iv-s has been achieved. The result of a careful study of this tool-bearinu' uravel of the ji.lawaro may be thus summarized fri>m recent reports of trustworthy acientilic observers : Tlie Trenton i^ravel is a post-irlacial river deposit, made at a time when the river was lariicr lliiiii its i)reseMt volume. Ii represents apparently the lati'st of the surface deposits of the upper Delaware valley. Its actual au'e, "aiis()N on itti Iiirirt-r pi'))l>lrs, and posnilily stoiio iinplemt'utH of Inti' origin, upon I hi' irravi'l ol'llu' ii" lii'd ol' llii' stii'iini." ]iiil iil'lcr giviiif^ cvitv Iruiiiiniiti' wciulit lo Niirli piobiiltililii'N, i'X| riciii't' liiiH Kiiiislii'd liiiii I hill ihi'vc in iii> dilhciilly in ,si'i)aniliim' thiiiii(-l)iiiird inciliihir nr i iiiodirii iinph'nii'iilH Inun ihi- liciiuiiU' pidii'nlilhic colts or hatrliclH iilmii(hiiilly prcMciii iii | I 111) uiidiNiui'l><''e lieeii a eoM>li- liieiii pari ol' the univel, and nol inlrusive ohjeeln. rrol'e.ssor Henry ('. liewis, of ih'' reiinsylvania u'eolouieid Survey, in discu.sNinii' the aye ol' iheTrenlim era\ el. remarks ; - " Al lln' loialiiies on ihe reiinsylvania liailroad where extensive exposures ol' ihese uravels have lieen maile, the depo.sil in undoubtedly undislurbod No iniplemenl eould have eoiin' inio this liiavel except at a lime when Ihe river llowed upon il, and when I hey miuht ha\i' sunk I hrouuh the loose and shiliinu' nialerial. All Ihe I'videme poiiils lo the conelusinn ihal al ihe lime i such a locality as Tri'iiloii. where the river widens oul, traces of man, had le existed duriici the ueciinndalion of the iiravel. wouhl be most likely to occur. Thi . is true nol only beeauso there is hero the t>roatoHt mas.>< of the irravel, ami ihe best opportunities fin- cxaminiiii; it in section ; but Ihe locality would be oiie most favourable for the existence of man al lli'' lime. The hit;her iiroiind in llu' immediate vicinity w assuliicieully eh'valed to be free fidia the encroachineiils of the ice and water, und the climate, soil, and fauna are all such as tn make it possible for man to exist al this time, in this locality." t The remains not only i>| the .\mcrican bison, Imt of Ihe extinct mastodon, occur in this i,'ravel. I'rofessor Cook, th'' Stale ireoloijist. in hi:* report for 187H, describes tho Insk of a nutstodon found uiidcv partially straliiied gravel at a depth of fourteen led; and Dr. Abbott states that, within a few yards of this tusk paheolithic implements have been gathi'ied, one at the same, aiil three at uroater depths, from which he assumes the uiKjuestionable presence of man oii the Atlantic coast, coutcinporary with tho mastodon and other extinct mammals of tliu drift. An iiiler-f,dacial ago is no longer claimed for Ihe primilivo Anu'ricaii lool-maker ; ami though Dr. AbbotI still maintains the glacial origin of Ihe Trenlon gravel, he no longer deems it nocessary to claim for it a groator antiquity than ten thousand years. " Il may be, indeed," as Professor Le\vis adds, '•that as investigations are carried farlher.il will result, not so much in proving man of any great antiquity, as in showing how iniuh moii' recent than usually sixpposed was the final disappearance of the glacier."^: The date tlui> ij.liroximalcl I'.iii on any ; 1.1 I'hiropu's tl a in whal ilile as ihe ;i|i|ii'ecial ion Ml of Ihe c •jl.i'iid lime iiiiiii is in So lii> companii III. Ill which .liaiiges in Miiiients re\ lliD.se of the i\ iilelico of I I'lciocene an geology of nl' a vast lai llciw 11 I hi li.i\c iransp Mj ihe u'laciii u~ from its iiilerval by llllclljn-ent c iiiil, taking l'"wn Forel II' I w that vii ^'■a, boundei ic' I hose prii ilicir liandji Km iiulubit liul the I'll! idea of l>kimos, as \h: Al)bott ihe revived most proba' iiive-boar ; lii ation of t In I, its api uiihesitatili * Tho Auticiuity and Orii^in of ttio TrmiIoii Gruvol, p. 547. t rriniitivo Iiulustry, ji. 481. t IbiJ, p. 551. * I'n'liistc t Aiielciit i'l "I'llic U"W iiiiiiiii'M, l•^h■■ il iicoliHii" iir ily pi'c'Ni'iii 111 rX|iii.suic. I uiidisturlxM Hilled (lisi uv- H'l'll 11 I'Ollsli. K"\vis, dl' ih.. , rc'iiiiii'ks : - llicsc iiTiiVi'Is d liavi' coiiH' !■> llliu'ht IllUr ill' ripliclu.siiiii lils Niiiiilar in ihll' to tlllll n| IhnI liis sidiip willisliiiidiii'j laliiiiis of iis 11 lli(^ liabiiiii ' thai ai jii>l xisli'd duriir.' truu not only rort'xaiiiiiiiiiL'' of man at iIk' o 1)1' IVi'i' !Voiii all siii'h as id IS not only nl isor Cook, till' fonnd iindir that, within Iw same, iiiiil ce ol' man on iimals ol' tin,' -milker ; ami 11' no loiin-.i- rs. " It niiiy rthcr. it will .' miuh nioii' 'he dati' (hii> I'IfK AltVAN AMKIiiCAN MAN. 87 liliioxiiiiuli'ly iissijifiu'd lo Amcrii an [mln'oliihir man is ifci'iit iudi'i'd, ucoloirirally s|ii'akinu;. Iliii on any iiHsiiinplioii ol'a loiiimoii iiidi'/ii'i' lor iju' modi'in Eskimos and llii' I'li'.i'-nK'ii ol l']m'o|K''s piihi'oliihii' iiLj;!', it is intiii'ly loiisisli'ul to|ilinr iln' |io>i-i^iiirial man of Aiac ii'M in what may he iui('|>ti'd as mi inh'iiiii'diatc I'limli. Hut so ri'ii'iil and spfiilii- ii iliii' as till' assii,'n('d inli'iviil of \ru thousand yi'ars imjilii's, siinycsts a mtv jiarlial :i|i|>i'i'riation ol'all till' jihi'nomona, iinliidini^' llir I'liormons physiial i hanucs, iiivolvi'd; "I 111' till- cslimiili'd iiitiTval whirh i;i'ol()gi>is hiivi' di'duii'd as si'paiatin;^ us I'rom jl.i' ial limes. "The last 'jlimiisi'," siivs I'leli'ssor (leikie. "we olilaill ol' paill'olilllio mill is in Southern P'raiiee. where iln' reindeer and its al|)ine and northern eonti-euers wero lll> lolillianiolls ; llie lir>l ulilll|iM' we ii'el of his Neolilhie suieessor is in .Middle Murope, iVniii wliieli the uortheiii laiiiiii iiiiil llnra had already taken llieir deimrture."* 'I'lie • liMiines in eliiiiate, launa and Mora, iiiiplied in the ioiitra>t wliii li is seen helweeli iho tents revealed lo the exiilolers ol' the ea\es iuhaliited hy the pahl'olit hie hunieis, and ilioM' ol'tlie kill hen middens ol' lleiimark. and the lake dwellines of Swil/erliiiid, I'urni'-h r\ ideiiee ol' a new ^'eoloiliial epoeli not less delinite than the (halites wllieh separate tho li|lleiiomeiia wlliill a sillily "' ih" ;;. ulduy ol'I'Inroiie's 1 'alii'olil llie period re\eals, 1 an oiilv II'' aeiipiinted for on the as.suiii pi ion "IM \asl lapse of tinii' helweeii the advent iiiid the disappearaiiie of paheolilhie mall. li'lWeell thai and the true Neolilhie period, another eolisiderahle illler\:il of time must li;ive transpired. Sir ( 'liarles Lyell, when aimiiej' at some approxiiiiale e.siiniale ol' the ago "I'lhe lilaeial period of Europe, names an inter\al of silil.ooo years as that wliieh divides u^ from its elimax of extreme eold, llr, .lohn l']\:iiis, withoiil altempiinif to yiiieje the inierv.il hy years or eeiituries, eonleiits himself with an appeal to ilii' iiuiiiriniilion of ilio inli'llin-elil ohserver, as he stands on Ihe I'due of a lofty elilf, sueh as llial al llouriieiiioulh, :ilid, taking' in at one view Iho wide expanse of hay between the Xeedh's and the liallaril l'"wn Foreland, he invites him lo estiniale the iininensely lemolo epoth when what is iiiw thai vast hay w.is dry land, and a riiii!,'e of elialk downs, liill) feet almve the present -•■.\. hounded the horizon. Yet, he says, " this niiisl have heeii the sinlit that met the eye.s "! those jirimeval men who frecjiientod iho beaches of that aneieiit river, whieli buried ilii'ir handiworks in tfravels that now eap Ihe elill's, and of iho eourse of whieh so stranu'o I'Ui indubitiible a memorial subsists in what has now become the ."^olenl Sea, "t l!ut the fancy of an Eskimo podiirree for Europe's pahuolilli'i- man chimes in with uu I'M idea of the American aiiliijuary that the S/tra/iii^s referred io in the I'^ric Saii'a wero l>kimos, as is far I'rom iiniirobable, thoii!j;li the assumption rests on no delinite evidence. Ih', Abboll accordinu'ly reproduces the slatemeiit of Professor Dawkins. in conlirmatiou of the revived belief. " We are without a clue lo the ethnoloi.''y of Ihi! rivei-drifl man, who iiiosi probably is iis lompleloly <>xtiuct al the present time as the w'oolly rhinoceros or Iho 'ive-bear; bul the discoveries of Ihe last twenty years have tended I o con linn the ideiiti- li' ation of the cavi^-mun with tht! l']skiino." Sudi a faiuiful hypothesis once aciopted as l"t, il.s apiilicatiou to American ethnoloify is easy ; and so Dr. Abbott proceeds to appeal iiiihesitatiii!'-ly to evidence suliieient " lo warrant Iha asserliou that Ihe paheolithic man * I'n'liistiirii' Kiiri'iH', p. .'isii. t .Vncieiit Sldiiii linpli'iiu'iil!- ill' I it. I'ri'iiin, p, li'.'l. Soc. II., 1SS3 t<. 38 Dli. DAXII'.L AVIT.SON OX oil the OIK' hand, and tho mnkors of tho argillitc spearpoints on the other, stand in ih.' rclationsliip of ancestor and dosrcndnnt ; and if the latter, as is prohahle, is in turn ili. amestor of llie modern l''skinio, then does it not follow that the Ifiver-drift and Cavu-nmn of Europe, supposing thi^ relationship of tho latter to the Eskimo to bo correet, hoar tb' same c-lose relationship to each other as do the Amerieap rejiresenlatives of these earliest .if peojde '. '■* An appeal to European archieoloay can seancly fail to suii'irest some very strikiii'j contrasts thereby involved. As the thoughtful student dwells on all the phenomena ni chantre and iiN'ological revolution which hi^ has to emounter in seeking to assign to ilii' man of the European drift his plinc in \anished centuries, his mind is lost in amazeniciii at the vista ot that long-forgotten past. Yet inadequate as the intermediate steps luiiy appear, there are progressive stages. Amid all the overwhelming .sense of the vastness of the period eml)raced in th(! changes which he reviews, the mind rests from tinii' to lime m well delined stations, in tracking the way liackwaid, through ages of histot^ial anli(piitv. into the night of time, and so to that dim dawn of mei'hanical skill and rational indiistrv in which the lirst tool-makers plied their inu'enions arts. But, so far as yet appears, il i- wholly otherwise tliroughout tliis whole western continent, Uoxn the gulf of Mexico, noiiii- ward to the pole. North America lias iiid 1 a copper aije of its own very markedly defined ; for the shores and islands of Liiki' Superior are rich in pure native copp/r. avail- able for industrial resourci's wilhoiit even the most nidiinciilarv kiiowleduc ol inelalliirgii arts. Hut the tools and personal ornaments fashioned out of this more workable material aro little, if at all. in advance of the implements of stone ; and, with this exci'ption, tlii' primitive iniluslry of Niu'lh America manifests wondrously slight traces of progress! 'ii throuirh all the ages now assigned to man's presein'e on the continent. The means available for formiiiL!- some just estimate of the character of native Amerii an art are now abundant. In the National Museum at 'Washington ; the I'eabody Museum at Cambridgi', Mass. ; tho Peabody Academy at Salem ; the Aeadomy of Natural Seieiuvs at riiiladelphia: the American Anliiiuariaii Society at ^Vorcestl■r, Mass. ; and in varieu- Histitrical Societies and University ]\[useum's throu;:liout the States: the student >l American arclucology has the means of obtaining a comproheiisive view of tho native arts At t'lie Centennial Exposition of Philadelphia in IStfi, the various States vied with oa^ another in producing' an ade(|uate represi'iilalion of the anti.piilies specially iharacterisii. of their own localities; and numerous valuable reports, of the Smithsonian Instiiu- lion, the I'nited States OeoaM-aphical Surveys, the Cieological Survey of Cana. .517. iiilicr imidi'ii L.cive the li ;iii. Some ai llcuiid-builil r:ir\ iiig in b( Muuiid-buiW iniiiparein \i iliic Age ; ail iilialf eelitur viiiie coiisid< iiiiidents coi iiirfeasing a: jiivviously li niliaii cxcav W iihiii the t iiiiil road-wo iiiicrest Ih A r\cry novel Willi his int "I ill.' Delav Till further lii» uiipro'j'f ill'' piihi'olit will now yi Here we ca ill" eiplorei a^ he drains liuilders I ai times in Millie overr I'll .hioning • "lossal mo w nil here a lurii'v of l-]i iniiiiitive V fhily the ii li'iit of evei ilie artisti III post-glai The .i a- I lliiiil i^Liypt, su! li laples, I calendar w ti rrected .• Niaiul ill th.- s ill luni till' imil Ciivu-niiin nrrcct, hfiir iL' lu'.SC Oilrlic^l rtf very stvikiiiL' plii'iiomcii:! 01 ) iissiini to ill.' in ;iin;i>;i'iiiiiii itc. steps liiiiv ic VllstlU'SS 01 tiiiii' to time ill riral iiuti(|uily. ioiial iuiiv t appears, il i> Mt^xico, iioit li- very iiiarkeilly eopper, avail- ofmet!ilhiri;ir )le material ai- exception, ill-' of progTossi >u ative Amerieaii ibody Musenra ahiral Seienci-> and ill varic. li- the student i the iiatixe arl^ lied \villi on- rharaeterisli' onian Instiiu- r Canada, ami >r determiniiiL' lumo, ontitli'il d elay of ill'- iietiveepitoiiii' title, works in -one out ol' its lint axes, eelis. r bodkins, and 1-]!E-ARYAN AMKitlCAN MAX. 59 filli.-r implements ofltoni^, pottery, pipes both in ston(> and ilay, and personal ornaments, r.-,eive the like detailed illustration ; but nearlv all are in the rudest staiie olr\idimenl,-ny ;iii. Some advance upon this is s.-en in the pottery of some Southern States. That of tho .Mniind-l)uilders appears to have shown both mon- artistii- desiu-n and betti-r hiiish. The nnvinij;- in bone, ivory, and slate-stone of various Western Tribes, as well ius of the extiiK-t M"Uiid-buildors, was also of a higher characii-r. Ihit takint^themat t heir highest. thi\v cannot ' cm pare in practicul skill or variety of appli<'ation with the industrial arts of l']iiropc's Xeoli- ilijc Ai!;e ; and we look in vain for any traces <>f hiulier proi^ress. For upwards of three and ;ili;ilf eonluri('s,thi.seontincnt has 1 u familiar to European explorers and settlors. Durinff -ciiie considerable jKirt ion of that time, bv means of agriiultural operations, and all the incidents consequent on urban settlement, its virijin soil has been turned up over ever iiii reasina' areas. For thirty years I have myself watched, with the c\iriims interest of one jii'.'viously familiar with the minute incidents of archipoloai- al research in Uritain. tho iirliaii excavations, railway cultiim-s, and others undesiiriied explorations of Canadian .soil. Within the same p(!riod, both in Camida and the United States, extensive canal, railway, and road-works liave allbrded abundant opportunities for research; and a wide-spread iiii'-rest iH American anti(]uities has ten(h'd to confer an even exag'Eferati'd importance on i'\- ry novtd discovery. .\nd with what result ? Dr. Abbott, in iiowniiuf such i>xploi-!it ions with his interesting and valuable discovery of the turtle-back celts and other implenient.s "t I he Delaware gravel, has epitomised the prehistoric reeord of the Northern continent. Till iiirthev back we date the presence of man in America, the more marvellous must hi- uiiprogrcssive condition ai)pear. AVhatevi'r may be the ampler disi-losiires relative to ill' piikr.olithic or primtcval race, it does not seem probable that this northern continent will now yield any antiiiiiities suu-jcstivc of an extinct era of native art and civili/aiion. llcie we cannot hope to lind a luiricd Ilium, or Tadmor in the Wilderness. l']verv\vhc-ro llie explorer wanders, and the aL;riculluri>t follows, turniiui' ui) the soil, or diu'U'iiiL;' d. cpi>r ;i^ he driiins and buihls ; but only to disturb the Lirave of the savage hunter. The Mound- iMiililcis of its e-reat river-vallcvs ha\e indeed left there their enduring earthworks, wrought III limes in regular iieomctri<'al conliu-uration on a giffantic s(-ale, strangely sim'n'i'stive of M.iiie o\-erruliiig and inforniinir mind u'uidinu' the luiiiil of the earth-worker; and t;i -hioiiing his enibankmi-iits with a skill derived from si-ientilic knowlcdu'e. But the '"lossal mounds and earthworks disilose (nily implenn-nts of bone and Hint or stone; with here and there an e([ually rude tool of hammered native copper. The crudest metal- linuy of l'jUfope"s i-opper-age was unknown to their builders. Tho art of Tiibalcain. the l' iiiiilive worker in brass and iron, had not dawned on the mind of any native artilicer. "lily the iu.veniously carved tobacco j)ii)e, or the better fashioned pottery, gives the slightest liiiit of even sach proirress beyond (he lirst infantih' .stage of the tool-maki'r as is shown iu ilic artistic carvings of tile C;-,ve-mcn i'ontcmi)orary with the mammoth and the reindeer I'l post-glacial France, The civilization of Central and Souihern .\merica is a wholly distinct tiling; and, as I think, of Asiatic orii^in ; but the altempt.s to i onnect it with that of aueient lv-:yi)t, suggested mainly by thi' hierogly()hie sculpturing on their colmnns and 1' inples, find their confutation the moment we attempt to compare the l']e-yptian mlendar with that either of Mexico or Peru, The vague year of ;>Go days, and tho (.1 rreeted solar year, with tho j^reat Sothie Cycle of 1160 years, so intimately inter- 60 r»i?. HAXiKL Avir.sox ox wovon with thi> rnlifrions system niid hisloviciil pliroiiolony of tlio Ei>:yi>tii\lis, nhnii- I'llmii'nl vcv (liiiulv priivi' llii" cniTcitioii olthi' Kuyptiiin ('ii1(Mi<1iii- by accuinuliitcd cxiit'i-iciico, at a ih ar roiiiovcd ail stimulus Ui u' irligiciii ol'thc stall". mrn'coviT, was hascd on the riest who ventured to question the diurnal revolution of the sun round the earth: or to solve the awlul mystery ol an ec'iipso by so simple an explanation as the iuteriiosition of the moon between t]i(> sun and the earth. The Mexican Calendar Stone embodies evidenee of greater knowledii-e ; and was believed by TTumbohlt to indi of 8oulh-Eastern Asia. It is of more importaiuc hi>r(> to note the shorti\e--s of the ^rexican cycle, and the small amount of error in their deviation i'rom true solar time, ns i'omi)ared with the European calendar at the time when the Si)aniards lirsi intruded on Montezuma's ride. That the Spaniards were ten days in I'rror, iis coni- jiared with the Aztei' reckoninii'. only proves the leimth of time during which errer had t)een accunndatine- in tiu' reformecl Julian calendar of Europe; and so tenil.< to coidirm the ideil that the civilisation of the Mexicans was of no very great anti- quity. The whole evidence supplied Ity Xortheru arclueology jji'ives that in so far as that civilisation was ol' i'oreigii origin, they must have derived it from the South, where alike in Central and in Southern America, diverse races, and a native civilisation replete with elements of progress, havi^ left behind them many enilurini;- memorials el skill and inecnuity. lint the extremely sliuhl atul very partial traces of it i inlluenc on any people ol the Northern i oiitineut would of its selfsuHio' to awaken doubts as to il-^ lon^' duration. The civilisalion of Greece and Rome did indeed exercise no direct inlluenc on transalpine Ivurope : but lony- centuries before tlu' lionians crossed the .Vlps, asthedi^- closnres of the lake villaii'es, the irannou'es. the kitchen niidden.s, anil the sepulc-hril u)ounds of Central and X'ortheri'. jMirope prove, the natiims ))ey.)n a'j-ricullurisl<. bad dnnieslicaled animals. ac(|uired systems of i>honetic writ inu'. and leani' 'I the value of a currency of the precious metals. Midwav between Xortb America with its nnredeenied barbarism, and the southeiii seats of a native Ameri>an civilisation, Mi'xico represents, as I believi'. the lirst (en- tail of the latter with the former. A gleam of light was just bcaining to daw a on the horizon of the Northern continent. The long night of its Dark Ae-es was I'omiiiLi' to a closi'. when the intrusion of the Spaniards al)ruptly arrested the incipient rhi- lization : aiul began the displacement of its uborigini's and the repetition of the Aryiiii .-.urope. The pul l.^au-e, devoli v;illey. gave liiiie. in:one, mm liiitter wei ilie shores linns had t l)li;nis, almii- 'lli'l'. 111 11 (liilr ' iloNO rif ill,, r lime : Imi Tclli vcliu-idiis r tiiiic ; hut ly nudci- I hi' IS Icstivjlls l)V 1 iillordcd In]' timulus III vine honours IS iimoiiij ill.' (1 must li:i\i' S lo GlllillMl's iiii prii>st whii ■ to solve the of till" UKliiII net' ol'iiTeiilrr liilions (o ^h^^ tlie sll0line>s Ue sol;ir time, >;iiiiiir(ls lir>l rror, n.s eoni- wliieli eriiir und so tends •y greiit iuili- lat in so liir in the Soudi. e eivilisiilioii memoriiils el iti iullueib e iiilils as to ils reel inllilelie'' |>s. iis I 111' di- le sepuli'llia! 'ir ken were r iidvaliei'cl ; > L!'. and lea I'll' d the soul hem he lirst eeli- llir lo dawn * was I'oniiiiii leipielit <'i\ I- )!' Iho Aryan PI?I':-AUYAN AMKRICAN ^[.\\, 61 ilinieal ivvolittion. whieh had already sujiplanled Ihe auiochlhoiios rd' i>re]iisl(prie liiiiDpe. The publieatiou in 1848 ol' the lirst volnmo of the Smithsonian Contributions to know- I'lii'e, devoted to the history and ex|)li)ratioiis of the amient monuments of tlie ^Mississippi villey, gave a wondeiliil stimulus to arelueoloe-iea] rosc'areh in the I'nited Stales. I'or a lime, indeed, much credulous zeal was devoted to the soari'h lor buried cities, inserilied IV. Olds, and a reproduction in more or less modified form, in nortlierii areas, of Ihe civili- zaiiou of the Aztecs ; not unminuled with dreams of I'liuMiiciaii, Hebrew, Scandinavian, iiiil Welsh remains. Tlie history «[' some of its spurious productions is not without iiiierest ; Imt its true fruits are seen in num(>rous works which have since issued from the American press, devoted to an accurate record of local anliquilies. So tlioiouulily has this ilieady been carried out, that it may be now allirined with little hesitation that, to all iipjiearance, the condition of ihe Indian Irilies to the North of Mexico, as shown in tlie rude ails of a stone age, scarcely at all alfecled in ils character by their use of Ihe native i'op])er "I fiak(! Superior, represents what prevailed throughout Ihe whole Northern ■iiinsulas on the Mediterranean Sea ; and in later ages has repeatedly experienced the nlvalitaires of geo!i'raphical isnlation in the valleys of the Aljis, in Norway and Denmark, in I'ortuual. Ihe Netherlands, and the Ibilish Islands : where nations protected in their y.uth from predatory hordes, and sheltered duriim critical periods of ihaiige, have safely passed llirotigh their early stages tlK^'c a i>eople who had attained lo a urade of civilization not a'reatly dis- -iiiiilar to that of the village coiniiiunities of New Mexico and Arizona; aiul who had ^' tiled (hiwn in tlie Ohio valley, not improliably while feudal liurope w'as still only 'laerging from incdiieval rudeness : if not at an earlier date. The u-reat river-valley Was long occupied by populous urban centres of an industrious ton(-, must have been practised on an extensive scale. The prijuitive arts of the loiter were improved; tin' \alue of the copper abounding in the reiiioie n gioii on ilie shores of Lak<' Superior was a|ii)reiialed ; though mi'lalliiruy in ils practiial applica- ti'ins had scarcely entered ou its first stage. The nation was in its infancy ; but it had 22338^ 62 Dn. DANFEIi AVILSOX ON passiMl 1)i'y(in(l lh(> ruflc hiiutov state ; aud was ontoring on a settled lifo, with all possi- l)iliti('s ol' piogToss in tho fuluro : when the fieri'O nomads of tho north — the Iroquois, as later incidents oi' Indian history sugi^ost ; — swept down on the populous valley, and liTt it a desolate waste. If so, it was but a type of the whole native history of the contineiii. In'oui all that can be gleaned, alike from archicoloifical ihroiiiclings, Indian tradition, and the actual facts of history in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the condition of the wholi! population of tlie Northern contiiu;nt has ever been the same. It might luit inaptly be compared to an over recurring spring-tide, followed by frosts that nipped tin' young germ, and rcudored the promised fruitage abortive. Throughout the whole period of l''rcucli and iMiglish colonial history, the inlluiMiie of one or two savage but warliki' trilies is traceable from llie St. Lawrence to tlio gulf of Mi'xico ; and the rival nations were exposed to sucli constant warfare that it is more than doubtful if the natural increase of population was latterly equal to the waste of war. Almost the solo memorials of vanished nations arc llie names of some of their mountain ranges and rivers. It is now surmised, not without considerable probability, that the Allighewi, or Tallegwi, to whom tlw nani^ common to the Alleghany Mountains and itiver is traced, were the actual Mound-builders ; * and it is also assumed as not improbable that the Natchez, who claimed that in thdrnniiv prosperous days tliey had live hundred villages, and their borders stretched to the Ohio, wore a remnfiut of tho same ancient race, t If so, tho history of their overthrow is not wholly a nuitter of surmise. The traditions of the Dolawares told tliat the Alligliowi, or AUeghans, were a powerful nation reaching to the eastern shores of the Mississipiii, where their palisaded towns occupied all the choicest sites in the Ohio valley ; but tlie "Wyandots, or Irocjuois, includinu' perhaps the Eries, who had established thoniselvos on the head waters of tho chief rivers that rise immediately to tho south of tho great lakes, combined with the Dolawares, or lA'uapo nation, to crush that ancient people; and the decimated AUeghans wer(> driven down tho Mississippi, and dispersed, if not exterminated. Some surviving remnant, such as oven a war of extermination spares, may have bei'n absorbed into tho conquering nation, after tho fashion systematically pursued by the Huron-Itdcpiois in the ITtli and 18th centuries. Nor is this a mere conjecture. Mr. Horatio Hale, recognizing the evident traces in the Cherokee language of a grammar mainly Huron-Iroquois, while tho vocabulary is largely recruited from sonn! foreign source : thinks it not improbable that the origin of the Cherokee nation may have been due to a union of the survivors of the old ^lound-builder stock with some branch ol' the conquering race ; just as in Itj-t',' a fugitive remnant of the Ilurons from Georgian Bay wore adopted into the Seneca nation ; ^ and a few years later ."iuch of the captivi' Eries as escaped torture and the stake, were admitted into aliiliation with their conquerors, k^ Tho whole region to tlio east of tho Mississippi, from the lift y-second to the thirty-sixl h degree of north latitude, appears to have been occupied by tho'two groat Indian stocks, tlie Algouquin-Lenape and t]u> Iroquois. But Crallatin, who direited special attention lo the determination of the elements of philological atlinity between them, recognized to 111'' south of their region tho existence of at least three essentially distinct languages of exteii- * Indiim Mitirutioiis iw iividiiiico of Langimtjc. Horatio lliilo, p. 21. + TIm' >r..iinil Iluil-lcTS. \V. ¥. Knrcc, p. 77. t IniliiiM Mifrialiniis, p. -2. i iJtilations des J^auitos, ICfiO, yi. 7. Qiiolwc 6ar-parties raiured at will. It is broken up by broad river chaii- iiils, and intersoited by impenetrable swamps ; and has thus adbrded refuge for the rem- nants of eonquarrd tribes, and for the preservation of distiiiet lansruau'os araoim' sniflll t)ands ■ if refuu'ees. When the Oliio valley was (ir.st explored it was uninhabited ; and in the latter part nltlie seventeenth eeiitury the whole re<>ion extending from Lake Erie to tlie Teiuiessei' liver was an uiipeoiiled desi^rt. But the C'herokees weri^ in the oi'iujiation of their territory wlieii iirst visited by De Soto in 1.540 ; and they are deseribed by lieitram in 177-), with their great council house, capable of accommodating several hundreds, ereited mi the Miiiimit of one of the large mouuds, in their town of ('owe, on the Taiiase river, in Florida. Hut Bertram adds : " This inonnd on which the rotunda stands, is of a much alicieiiter ilate tliali the l)uildiiig, and perhaps was raised for another purpose. The Cherokees .lieinselves are as ignorant as we are, by wliat people, or lor what purpose, these arlilicial hills were raised.'' t ll would, indceil. no more occur to those wanderers into the deserted !■ tiions of the ilouiid-builders to in(piire into the origin of their mounds, than into that of till' Alleghany mountains. if then it is probable that we thus recover some <'luo to the identity of the vanished lice of theOhio valley : the very desiiination olthc river is a memorial of their Mipplaiiters. The Ohio is an Iroquois name uivcii to the river of the Alleghans by that indomitalile race III savage Wiirriw's who eifectually counteracted the i)laiis of l'"raiiee, under her greatest laoiiarehs, for the settlement of the new world. Their historian, the late Hon. 1.,. II. Morgan, remarks of the Iroquois : '' They acljieved Ibr themselves a more remarkable civil nrganisation, and acquired a hiiiher degree of inllueiice, than any other raci' of Indian lineage except those of Mexico and Peru. In the drama of European colonization, tlicv Mood, for nearly two centuries, with an unshaken front, against the devastations of war, till' blighting inlluence of foreiu-ii intercourse, and the still more fatal emroaehments of a listless and advaiiciiiL!' border population. Under their federal system, theIro(juois llourishcd 111 indepi'iidence, and capable of self-iirotectioii, loim' after the New England and Viriiiiiia I aces had surrendered their jurisdictions, and fallen into the condition of dependent nations ; :iiid they now stand forth ujioii the canvas of Indian history, prominent alike for the wisdom of their civil institutions, their sagacity in the administration of the league, and llieir ((nirageiii its defence." J But tocharacterise the elements of combined act ion among the Six Nation Indians as wise civil institutions ; or tou.se such terms as league and federal system 111 the sense in which they are employed by the historian of the Irociuois ;■ is to suggest iissociations that are illusory. AVith all the romance attached to the League of the Ilodeno- >auneega, they were to the last mere savages. When the treaty which initiated the great league was entered into liy its two oldest members, t lie Mohawks and the Oiicidas. the * Areliffolotria Americana, vol. ii. t Herlrani's Tiavuls lliroii^'li N". ami S. Curnliiin, Gooryia, I'ii'., 1791, p. ^Iw. t The Ixiaguo of llio Irixinoia, [i. 2. 64 UE, DANirCL WiLSON OS fornn'i' clainii'd (lu' iiiiin(> of Kuniciign, or " Pcopli! of Uui Flint." Tlicy were, ns tiny rcin:iiiii' gratilication of an inoxtinguisliahU' !ialriU' nation after another perislml in the fury of this raee, powerful only to destroy. The Sus(|iiehannoeks, whose name .-till ilini>s to the beautiful river on the hanks of which they once dwelt, are believed to liav. been of the same lineatie as the .Uleuhans ; hut they incurred the wrath of the IriMpioi.s and perished. At a later date the Delawari's provoked a like vonueaiici' ; and the remnmii of that nation (juitted for ever the shores of the river W'hiih perpetuates their name. Sii' li in like maimer was the fate of the Shawnees, Nanticokes, I'liamis, Mi"^i) "'id Illinois. .All alike were vanquished, reduced to the condition of serfs, or driven out and extermimitid. The tribes that lived to the west of thi> Mississippi api)i'ar to have been for the most part more strictly noniiul. The oi>en character of the country, with its vast tracts el prairie, and its herds of bulfalo and other yanie, no doubt helpedto encouraii'e a wanderiii;.' life. The Crees, the lilackfeet, the Sioux, C'heyeiiiu's, Ccnnaiiche.s, ami .Apaches are all of this ilass ; ami with their interminable feuds and perpetual miuialions, rendered allsettlnl life impossible. The Maiulans, the mo.st civilised amonu' the tribes of the Northwesi abandoned villau;e after villaue under the continual attacks of the 8ioux, tinlil they disap- peared as a nation ; and the little handlul of survivors found shelter with another tribe. All this was the work of Indians. Tlio ^ptuiiard.s,. indeed, wasted and destroyed with no less merciless indiscrimination. Not only nations perished, but asingularly iiiterestiii;; phase of native civilisation was abruptly arrested in Mexico, Ci'iilral America, and Tciii. The intrusion of I'reiich, Dutch, and finulish colonists was, no doubt, fatal to the ab(niii'iii''> whom they supplanted. Nevertheless their record is not one of indiseriniiiiate massaciv The relations of thi' I'rench, espeiially, with tli(^ tribes with whom they were brought into immediate I'ontact were on the whole, kindly and protective, lint, as we recover tin' historv of the native tribes whose lands are now oiMupied by the representatives of thu>' old colonists, we liiul the Iiulians everywhere en^•agcd in the same exterminalinii' warfare: and whetln'r \re look at the earlier maps, orattinnpt to reconstruct the traditionary histoiy of older tribes, we learn only the same tale of aimless strife and extinction. AVhcii Cartier first explored the St. Lawrence, in l.jou, he found large Indian settlements at Quel"' and on tlu' Island of Montreal ; but on the return of the l'"reu, as they were latterly called. AVestward of the river ( )ltawa the whoh' region wasdesertcd until near the shores of the Georgian liay ; though its early explorers found every when' the traces of recent occupation by the AV'yandot, or otlier tribes, who had withdrawu to the shores of Lake Huron, to esl,,il iiisi' iiiimc >till ii'Vfd to li;nv till' Ii(i(jiiiii>, 1(1 iIk' rcinii.iiii r iKiuii'. Su' li Illinois. All fxicriiiiiiat'd I'.ir lllf lllnsl Viust (racl.s (il ;•(' a w aiulcriiiu' Ill's arc all dl i'|-0(l all.si'tilcil 111' Kortliwrsi, lil tlu'V disnp- iiollicr tribo. :li'slroyt'd willi vly iiitiTi'stiiiL' •ir:i, and I't'iu. 1 the alioriffiiii's iialc massaiiv, I'f hrouu'ht iiilii •o rocovcr tip' tivt's of Uius'' aliiig warl'an': tioiuiry history iiiioii. AVli'ii fills at Quel"''' implain, litil'' lui'iil. At tlu' ry to the south atioii Indians, nwasdt'scit' (1 d every \vhii'' withdrawu lo 3f the FiTii. h the Georgiui go warrior aiv riven out ami nearly cxlorrninalcd. WIk'U Lonko visited I'aris, in ItJTO, tho narratives of the .Tesuit lathers had rendered I'ainiliar the unllineliing I'luhiranee of this raee under the fright fill t'lrtnres to wliieh they were subjoeted by their Iroquois captors; and whicli they, in turn, not only inflicted on their captive foes, but on one after another of the missionaries wliosi? (li'voted zeal exposed tliein to their fury. AVe now read with interest this reflection noted ill his journal, in which ho recognizes in these savages the lommon nmtivesof liuinauity ; till' same desire to win credit and reputation, and to avoid shame and disgrace, wliich animates all men: "Tiiis makes the llurons and other people of Canada with such cons- I liny endure inexpressible torments; this makes merchants in one country and soldiers ill another; this puts men upon scliool divinity in one country and iihysics and mathe- matics in another ; this cuts out the dresses i'or tht^ women, and maki's the fashions for ! ' ■ men, and makes them endnn^ the inconveniences of all.' The great l'jin federal y. Father Joseph de la Koche d'Allyon, who passed through their country w lien seeking to discover the course of the Niagara river, speaks of twenty-eight towns iind villages under the rule of its chief .Sachem; and of their extensive cultivation of maize, beans, and tobacco. They won, moreover, the strange character of lieiiig lovers of lieace ; and were styled by the French the Neuters, from the desire they manifested to maintain a friendly neutrality alike with the Iluroiis and the Iroquois. Of the Eries we know less. In tlio French maps of the seventeenth century the very existence of the great lake which perpetuates their name wa,s unknown; but the French fur-traders were iiwaro of a trilie existing to the west of the Irocjuois, whose country aboumled with the. lynx, or wild cat, the fur of which was specially prized; and they designated it "La Nation du Chat." To their artistic skill are a.scribod several remains of aboriginal art, among which a pictorial inscription on Cunningliam's Island is descrilied as by far the most elaborate work of its class hitherto found on the continent. * From Ihi' i>artial L:lim()ses thus recovered of both nations, we are tempted to ascribe to them greater apti- lude for civilization than the boasted federal league of the Iro([uois gave evidence of Hut tiiey perisiied by the violence of kindred nations l)efore either the French or English ' ould establish intercourse with them ; and their fate doiibtKss reveals to us glimpses of history such as must have found frequent repetition in older centuries, throughout the w hole North American continent. The legend of the peace pipe, Longfellow's poetic version of the lied Indian Edda, ' ScliiieliTiil't. Ilistiiiy III" till' liuliiiiis TrilK'.s, vol. ii, p- 7S. iSoc. II., 1SS3. U 66 Di;. DA.NIKIi \\ir,sox ON foiindccl on traditions of the Iroquois nnrratcd by an Onoiidaiya chief, represents Gitclu' Maiiito, the Master of liife, desrendiiiij on tii(! erii!>' of tile red jjipe-.stone quarry at tlic t'otuuu de.s Prairies, and callinu' ail the tribes together: " Anil lliey sIcmuI tlu'ni mi tlir. nuiaildw Willi llioir wiuiiKins mid tlioir wiir Keiir, AVililly ).'liiiinirnt ondi iitlinr. Til tlii'ir fiiiTS .'•t(\rii (Infmnro, In lliiiir lufiirln llio fiimlK of nuns, Tlio licriiilitarv linlri'il, Tlio nnccslral thirst of vdiiu'caiiro." So far tlie picture is true to nature ; but no dream of a millennial era for the TJed-^Miiii, in whicli all were thenceforth to live together as brotliers, can have fashioned itself in tlu' minnts. The methods of hafting the axi'-])lade appcuv to have been of nearly the same rude description as are in use by modern savages in fittiic^' the handle to a hatchet of flint or stone ; and the whole characteristics of their metalhuLV are suggestive of a recently acquired or burrowed art. ri!i:-AI!YAN AMKUICAN MAX. 67 scuts Gitclii' iiiirry at the tll(>i;o(l-M;ill. I itself in i\w ilia' tlie siiuii' of luunpiMii U'(l 1(1 1)0(111111' (Icpciidcd, is bssil iinis (ir iirsfirs of tlic di'Vfloiimciit. ■• and wavviiiir liulliiloctf, lor destructive t for sudi iiii tliis noithcrii udless Ibrosls und cliiiiiitc n'g'ionoI'Lakc i' the know 11 111 so largely \-cs. the grand inclalliirgists, (i abounds in ,y dillicult ic Ascl'ul broil 7e of science ilie lid discovered cliroiii(des I'i •oducts of tliis tain proviiK I's otli(>r tools id' inetal to (lie '-blade appciir ages in fittiic^' nrmetallurLiv Siicli knowledge, partial as it was, must have been derived from ilie soulli. Every- where to (he northward \vc look in vain lor anylhing iiinre than the mere hammered iiiiivc copiier, iintoiKhed by lire. ]lr. .1. \V. Foster does indeed qiioto Mr. iV'rkins, wlio liiinself jiossesses sixty copper implements, ineliidiiii;' knives, spear-heads, chisels, and elijccts of anomalous jbrni, as having arrived at the coiKlusioii '•that, by reason of certain markings, it was evi(b'iit that Ilie Mouud-builders po.s.sessed Ilie ari of siindtiiiii' copper,"* 1ml Ihe illuslrations produced in [iroofof it scarcely bear out the opinion. The same idea has bcc'U repi'atedly advanced; but the conlcnts of the Mounds amply prove that if such I knowledge! had dawned on their builders, it was turned to no practical account. Mr. Charles l.'iu in his "Ancient aboriginal trade in North America," says "although the lire on llu; hearths or altars now iiKdoscd by the sacrificial Mounds was sometimes sulliciently strong te nielt th(! deposited copper articles, it does [not] seem that this proceeding induced the :iiieient inhabitants to avail thomselves of fire in working copper ; thoy persisted in the leilious practise of hammtninu'. Yet oik! copjiev axe, evidently cast, and resembling those laken from the Mounds of Ohio, has been ploughed up near Auburn, in Cayuga in the Slain of New York. This s|)eciinon, whiidi bears no trace of use, may date from Ihe earlier limes of European colonization. It certainly would be wrong to place much stress on sTich 111! iscjlated ca,se." t The well known volume of Messrs. require and Davis furnishes illus- trations of copper and other metallic relics from the Mounds of Ohio, t Mr. .T. T. k?hort '■ugraV(>s a variety of similar ridies from AVisconsin, where they ajipear to have Ix^'ii found in unusual abundaiu'e. § In the Annual Iieport of the Historical Soci(dy of Wisconsin for 1"~T8, the copper implements in their colleclion are staled lo number one hundred and ninety iraphnnents (lassilied as spear or dirk-heads, knives, chistds, axes, angurs, gads, and drills ; in addition to beads, tubes, and other personal ornaments made out of thin sheets d hammered copper. Dr. J. AV. Foster has furnished illustrations of the various types, li'Un the valuable collection of Mr. Perkins. || Colonel Charles C. .Tones engraves a specimen el ihe rartdy found copiier iinpleiiielils ofOeorgia;1j and Dr Abbott shows the prevailiiiu' leiiiis of Ihe same class of itdics found along the whole northern Atlantic seaboard. ** All tell the same tale of rudest manipulation by a people ignorant of thi^ working of nudals uith the use of lire. And yet Ihe native copper was ready to hand, in a form, and in quantity unknown flsewherc. No such supplies of the pure metal invited the industry of the first Asiatic or European metallurgists. The Cassitcrides yi(dded in abundance the ores of copper and till ; but these had to be siindted, and worked with all the accumulated resxills of tentative i^kill, before they yielded the copper or more usid'ul bronze. By whom, or where this first knowledge was mastered is unknown ; the leiidcncy is still to look to Asia, to the first lieine of the Aryans, or perhaps to Phujuicia, for the birth of this early art. Yet if the * I'relii.sldrie Knees nf tlm I'nited States, p- L'oli. t Siuitlisiiiiiaii IteiKirt, Vi7'2, {<. "M. Tlw iin|>erlant wnril (("(siipplieil lK Moiiiid-buiMcr^ ri'jx'iiti'dly ocrur in tile mounds of tlu' ( lliio viilli'v. lint no gifted niitive iileliymisl \\,i> jirompt to lead the lesson, and turn it to praetiinil aeeount. Asia and l']urope appear to have passed by a natural transition, stej) by stop, tVom their rudest stages of lithie art, to polisiieil stone, and then to iiii])lenients of metal. Some of the stei)s \vr penetrated northward of the ^Mexican gulf. It is vain to urge such dubious evidence as the fancied traces of a mould-ridge, or I he solitary example of a casting of uncertain age, in proof of a knowledge of the fiirnai'c and the crucible among any Norlli American tribe. Everywhere in Europe the soil yields ''ni only its buried relics of gold, copper and bronze, but also stone and bronze moulds in which implements and piM'sonal ornaments were cast. When the ingenious systematizin;;' of Danish arclucoloaists had fiPiiliarized the students of anti(|uity with the idea of a suc- cession of slone, bronze, and iron periods, in (he history ofEiirope, the question naturally followed whether metallurgy did not begin, there, as elsewhere, in the easy working o! virgin copper. Dr. Latham accordingly remarked, in his "Ethnology of the liriti-h Islands," on the supposition that no unalloyed copper relics had been found in Britain : " 4jI one and bone lirst ; then bronze, or ciiliar sha] ileplll of I we Tlie ScoKish Wilde states examination, I I'lls, are of i lornied tools Il was il Superior (ha liiibly regard . oiild bend, ( ' iated. The I liarac(eris(i( source tlirou eastward by Th(>re w ilie ancient i and wlicu, p lining wit ha native race e: cause, the wo iVom tin? seen northern con Sanskrit-spei spoke in its Sanskrit, Crr wandering.* wave, of Ce prehistoric whatever ot certain auK settled conli liiiedby arii I he Cell i civilization Aryan race, iiiid, with p the bounds AVith I came toaiH clau, and i( manner oiu crowding il * I'roliis TRE-AI!VAX AMKRIf'AK MAN. ee liiis liiMii IMTuliiiv nIuii)!', and riiniii>(l iircoppi'v, whicli was rmiiid in tlic Iianl l)lark lill-clay al ii (l-l>iiil(liis. ili'lilh of Iwcniy I't'i'l ihkIi'i- Unlho Ifoir, near Kdiiilmru-Ii. Tliis is no Kolilarv I'xaiiiplc. vniisi \\:l^ Till' Scottish Mnscnni ol' Aiitirniilii's lias othrr iniplcnn'iits ol'piiri' i upprr ; and Sir William Wildi' states in ii'l'cnMicc t(i the collcciidns of the K'oyal Irish A'ailcmy, " upon larefnl step, liiiiii ixaminntion, it has heen found that thirty of the rudest, and apparently the very oltlest tal. Soiiw ', 'Its, are of red, almost unalloyed i-oppiT ; " as is also the case witli some other rudely prevailiil firmed tools in the same colleclioii, ypt, it nil- It was a tem|>orary advanlan'e, doiihlless, luit a real loss, to the Iiidi:iu miners of Lake dopininii, Superior that tlii'y found the native copper there ready to ham!, a i)ure duclile metal, pro- to attiii.i liahly reirardecl hy them as only a variety of stone which —unlike its rocky nuitrix, — they >olishr(l iDuldbend, or haninier into shape, without fraeturo. Its value as such was widely iipprij- ornanieiiis i iated. The copper tools, every where retaininu' the specs, or larger crystals of silver, this idc;i. ' haracti'ristic of the Lake Superior veiiLS, tell of the ditl'usioii of the metal from that siiiiile imong tlie soun'e throughout all the vast regions watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries, and f the metiiK ■astward by lake and river to the gulf of the St. Lawrence and the mouth ol tins Hudson. There was a time when this trallic must have been systemutically carried on ; when I lie ancient minors of Lake Superior Worked its rich coppers veins with industrious zeal ; :iiid when, probably as jiart of the same aggressive energy, the valley of the Ohio was Idling with a settled poi)ulat ion ; its great earthworks were in process of constrmtion, and a native race entered on a course that gavt; promise of soiial progress. But, from whatever cause, the work of the old miners was abruptly terminated ; * the rsce of the Jlounds vanished lromth(!scenesoftheiring<'iiious toil ; andruch'st barbarism resumed its away over the whole northern continent. The same Aryan raci^ that, before the dawn of history; before the .■sanskrit-speaking people of India, or the Zends of Persia, entered on their southern homes; spoki> in its own cradle-land, on tlii> Ingh plateau of Central Asia, the mother tongue of >^anskrit, Greek, Celtic, and German, at length broke up, and went forth on its long wanderings. It crossed the old continent, and in sneccssive detachments, wave after wave, of Celts, Komans, Greeks, Slaves, ;md Teutons, broke in upon the barbarism of prehistoric Europe ; displaced the old(M- races, Aliophylian, Neolithic, Iberian, Finnic, or by whatever other name we may find it convenient to designate them; but not without a <'ertain amount of intermingling of the old blood with that of the intruders. The sparsely settled continent gradually lilled up. Forests were cleared, swamps drained, rivers con- fined by artilicial baidvs and levees to their channels ; and th(>re grew up in their new home the Celtic, Classic, Slavic, and Teutoiiit^ tongues, with all the richly varied culture and civilization whiresent. Agriculture, the special ( haracteristic of the whole Aryan race, nourished. They brought with them the cereals from their ancestral hinne ; and, with iJenty, the favoured race multiplied, till at length it has grown straitened, within the bouiuls of the continent which it had inadi> its own. AVith the close of the loth century oiu' great cycle, that of Europe's mcdiipval era, came toanend; andthen we trace the lirst beginnings of that fresh scattering of the Aryan clan, and its new westiMii movement across the Ocean. It seems to me in a very striking manner once more to repeat itself under our own eyes, as we look al)road on the millions crowding in from Europe, hewing down the forests, filling up the waste prairies, and di.s- * Prohistoriu Man, 3rd od. vol. i,,pp. 203-228. 70 HI!. HAXIKF, WILSdN ON I'UK-A liVAN AMKIilCAX MAN'. pliiiinn' (lie null' iil)(>riu'iiii's ; Inil licri' iiIho iiol willidul Nomc iiili'i'Mi'iKlins; of tlio rnci'M ; llidiiuli the Iwc) types, Aryan mid luirlmrimi, mcci uiulcr all llii' I'l'iicllcnt iiilluciii cs oi'liii;li (■i\ ili/iitioii iiiul llic lowi'Nl l)arl«iriNin. In our Canadiiiii NovIIi-WchI iilonc, the? younu- pro- viiii'i- <)l'Miiniliili:i has Ix'Lruii its pdliliiiij cxisti'iicc with ii ]i(ppulati(iii ol' lii'twi'cu 10, (Kin and I'i.iioo ludl-hi'i'cds ; in |)ail at IcaNl. ii hardy raii' ol' liuntiTs and hirnicrs ; the ropri- NcntalivoH of what is as certainly doHtined to constitute an I'leincnt in ''ic new phases wliich the Aiyan race already heuins to assume, under the div rs c /Uclilions ol' this continent, as that curious trace of Europe's pre-Aryan |>eople wliiili altra