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New York 14609 U5A (716) 482 -0300 -Phone (716) 288-5989 -Fox HENRY DRUMMOND p ' ..'^SfS^;. iJtl 0"V '■'■' .• 1^ HENRY DRUMMOI^"* BlOGRAPHrCAL . .^KETCH fWrJH BIBLIOGRAIHV) 1^ ihu 0) CUTHBERT LENNOX TORO WILLIAM ?'uf- ^aiw'^^e^ U'r.O^ HENRY DRUMMor^'* A BIOGRAPHICAL . SKETCH . (WITH BIBLIOGRAPHY) CUTHBERT LENNOX TORON WILLIAM (To 0<, Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand nine hundred and one, by William Brioos, at the Department of Agriculture • ; ■mBt^siimMP'^M^ TO MY WIFE WITH ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF MUCH HELP IN THE PREPARATION OF MATERIAL AND REVISION OF PROOFS. THIS LITTLE BOOK IS, WITHOUT PERMISSION, AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED m^:^^ .■JTl- PREFACE rjIHE present biographical sketch seeks to recall. »nd to record in a somewhat permanent form, the story of Professor Drummond's work for and with TJniversity students, as well as to bring together, in simple narrative the outstanding facts of his life. The writer had the fortune to be called upon to take considerable part in the Students' Movement in Edinburgh University in its earliest stages, and in that connection ho made the acquaintance of Professor Drummond. In his case as in that of hundreds of others friendship and inter- course with Drummond became , scarce of inspiration and gave birth to a deep regaid. For readers who did not know Drummond. and especially for those of them who take an interest in aggressive Christian work, this little boot may have some distinctive value, in so far as it affords clues for tracing the evolution of an evangelist of great gifts and records his methods. From his early years onwards' evangelism was the master-passion of Drummond's re-' hgious life, and we can form some estimate of the vitahty of that passion when we follow his exceptional career, and note the ease with which he was able to viii PREFACE adapt himself to widely diifering environments, without loss of enthusiasm or of usefulness. His methods of work necessarily shared in the process of development or adaptation. Few can hope to speak as he did, or lovp as he did ; but everyone who succeeds him in the particular fields of evangelistic effort to which he devoted himself may profit by his experience, unique as it undoubtedly was. To an impatient public, th-ee years ago, Professor George Adam Smith gave Diammond's Letters and Journals, along with a chronological account of his life-work, and his volume will retain a permanent value for the friends of Professor Drummond, in so far at least as it contributes that autobiographic matter which is always of prime interest to those who have been a man's intimates. In the preparation of the present sketch, a less exhaustive method has been adopted ; but the subject-matter has equal claims to originality. The information which it seeks to convey is not, in any sense, derived from Dr. Smith's book. Many of the facts here mentioned, and some of the quotations, necessarily appear in both volumes, but the writer has gathered all his information at first hand, where his personal knowledge was deficient. Not the least valuable routributions to his work have been obtained from re- collections, letters, and other biographical matter kindly placed at his disposal by a nuuiber of private individuals who had the privilege of intimate friendship with Pro- fessor Drummond. To these friends, and to others who have afforded various facilities for research, and have rendered courteous assistance, heartiest acknowledgments PREFACE ix f i are due and tendered. It is in acoordance with the wisli of tlie persons concerned that tlieir names are nut litre mentioned, and the writer is restricted to oH'erin" his thanks to them in thib impersonal fashion. It remains to be confessed that, in the quest for biographical data, considerable limitations have been discovered, even in regard to Professor Drummond's evangelistic work, which has, for the present purpose, a preponderating interest. As Dr. John Watson has said, " the biography of Drummond cannot be a chronicle ; it must be a suggestion." In consequence of the con- fidential I ature of much of his intercourse with men, by letter or by word of moutn, and his horror of the attentionb of the reporter and the interviewer, most of the common sources of information have been sealed up. Then, too, certain of the chapters in the following pages, and notably those dealing with his work in America and in Australasia, are not so solidly built upon detailed fact as could have been wished. In large measure, this may perhaps be attributed to the meagre facilities afforded in this country for consulting files of transatlantic and antipodean periodical literature. But as books, " like invisible scouts, permeate the whole habitable globe," it is not beyond possibility that this little volume may by and by come into the hands of those whose personal knowledge could largely supple- ment our somewhat halting account of Professor Drum- mond's sayings and doings in other lands than his own, and time may yet yield a fuller story of these phases of his work. A Bibliography of the literary work of Professor WJA. ■IS'i m IBS ? * PREFACE Drum„,ond and of the literary expresBions which his work at.n.ulated in others, would form, in tself no mean ^onun.ent of hi« fa.e. While the write ln„o claim to have exhausted research in this direction the notes Which will ,e found in the AppendU^ , a fanly comprehensive record; and. as they suudIv information that has not been collected and LbulaS anywhere else, they may add to th. i ,^ volumt'. ^ ''*^"° °' *h" ii CUTHBfiKT UfiNNOX E^)^^B^JROH. April 1901. i^:^fp^^^ TABLE OF COl^TENTS i'HErACK CHAPTER I. Birth— Parentage— Boyhood. u It e-Henry Drumn!.,n,l. s.nior, his father-His birth »t SUrlm^- Childhood - Boyish .sport, _ Schooldays Kir! vii i CHAPTER II. Stuuknt Likk. "^'"S Htr\''r;"''''^ Pl;i>on.athie"-The influence of books -H-s hrst literary work -His humorous iustincts- stuTnT rrrwr ^°"^«''' ^-'^-burgh-HisSw. studen s-Dr, John ^\ atson's reminiscences-Scientific studies at the Un,vers.ty-Sen.ester at Tubingen- -The Theological" -His essay ou ' ■ Spiritual Diagnosis " . '^ CHAPTER III. Thk Moodv Campaign. Visit of Messrs. Moody and Sankoy-Drummond throws himself ato the work-Deputations-He interrupts hi. College J.i lo jis^t the -angelists-Sunderland-Newcastle and Hartll! n!!l i ^ *.^"b''°-Manchester and Sheffield-Liyer. poox— 1 ... His mature oj.inion of the campaign . 24 m .r*. w J .^\ 'i,^->r.r H xU CONTIiNTS CHAITKR IV. TiiK M..OI.V Caiii.ai.in (cmt,„u»,n. t«...i..,t • Vou«« Men', Me..tinK' Kvhmu. iJ. , . CHAI'TKR V. At thk Paktino «» tuk Ways. Hi-ftrt. Marching a-t to l.i« vo,ation-HU r«t...... » n ii Meeting, in tl.« G.iety Th..tre%. 1 n . a '*«'" I IB nun lay i irc.'i-Tlie ui.wt niiwrat.l.- time in his lif- A,.po.ut,„.„t to leclu,.e.l.i,. ou Natural «c JcZ MalU CHAPTRR VI. His CtrAii:. Tl„ K™.Chu,oh ..,1 N.t„„l Sci,,,,, „ „f „„. ,„.,„ ^l^zrzj'i^z::: "•%:' r- *'^"- Ai.an- Decline. PnnupaWiip ->! Al 'Gill UuiverMty CHAPTEK VII. EVANUKLISM IN GlASOOW. iuthe l'le»*iutSuuduyArternoo;,"rnoveii,..„t . CIlAPTi:!: VIII. Moody's Skconi> Cami'aion. i»sc..i.„,,. eSIu :j«-r "■ !° ■""""■'« "'"■ " r%o„d called on to continue the work -Hi r7 cept.on-ni.s ,.rsonality-Mcthod» of work-The per^nll encounter— His message . •» lue personal * • • . CHAPTER XIIL The E..INBUROH Wokk : Irs Developmext. "Drnmmond's Meetingn " _ Denntitmn w-.> ti. -. So 95 ■ l"Ar,« 116 '"^ CONTENTS ■ CHAPTER XIV. Visits to Amkrica. Trip to the Rocky Mountains in 1879 V,-.;* * »r Sankoy-Drun,„,o„,r. ool ent roll "i """''^"'^ Revisits America in 1887 l/v ui "^ ''^'""'^ '"etho.is- S«..er OatheiL^^LIl^itStLil:^^ 'erence at Northtld-The e ! '' rT"^'"^^"^' Con- Chicago. _^'^"^^'"'fe'«l"^»l Alliance Congress at CHAPTER XV. In Australia and the Far East. Dnimmond invited to visit the Ancfroi- /-. .. 1890-Arriv., in Melblne J^)"; tfM^^K^ °"* '"" and Sydney-China and Japan h',"'''^.-^^^^^''""'-"^ problen. of Foreign Missions ^ observations on the • 127 CHAPTER XVI. South Sea Puobi.fms. Druramond visits the New Hebrides-0„ H,» r , South Sea missionaries - An one the ^T^" ^''^'~ exploration . . ^ *'"' '''""'■bals- Scientific • 137 CHAPTER XVII. His Booklets. Publication of addresses wning from nrnm.„ a tt- method -rA« Greatest m^r^ ^f /T T.^'f ^'""'"^ Vobiscum-The Program, I A • ' ■ ^^'^^'^~^^ mthmt a Church ~ TkeChnf ^r''^ ~ ^^ ^'^^ tion of the booklets "''^ ^'^e- World-wide recep 145 CHAPTER XVIII. Misunderstood. CONTENTS XV TACF. understood . ^ '^'^"^0 of heresy-Mis- ■ 152 CHAPTER XIX. 'The Ascent of Max." The Lowell Institute Lpctnrps ii"„f», ■ .■ tionof Tke Aseenfof^Z^^rJrV'''^^^^^^^ -Criticism-Discussed bvthHP 1 \ ''""''''*' '■™^^"*» Church . '_*^"«'^'l l^y tl'e ^^eneral Assembly of the Free ■ 165 CHAPTER XX. Scientific Work. Drummond's contributions to scientific literature Hi, « i ^ -His vocation -iWwraZ law ."^""^f-"'"^"^^ efforts African research-A,."edatfonWPr/ ^''T'"' '^'^"^ ~ ^1 i retiation by Professor Macalister . 175 CHAPTER XXI. With Boys and Girm. . 180 CHAPTER XXII. For the Boys' Brigade. His keen interest in the Boys' Brigade ff„w ■ „ -The letters to '' Baxter ''fndT 7 *^''^"'' ^'''''■"^* address to Brigade Boys ' ^" '^^P^y-"Fi"f ' : an . 187 CHAPTER XXIII. For the Boys' ^mGAx,z~{continued) Conference at Phi-.J aP international Christian Brigade statistic, ^r "P''"'^"""^ ^«'- young men- . 203 4 ^ ' ! ' » XVI CONTENTS CHAPTER XXIV. His Reokeations. Sport mit or donrs-In-Hoors-On hobbie.s-Hi, ar„n«,nt,nn. with general literature . arq-i-mtance 218 CHAPTER XXV. The AniiEST of Life, Professional duties and evangelistic work checked by illness-Hi, pC=. ;?. ra.: "»"■.- '-:" - -'■-««- "" Appendix-Notes fok a Bibuooraphy . Index . 222 ■ 229 . 241 1 *: ILLUSTRATIONS I* hi k Henry Drummonp (1893) From a Wash Dmvivg by Scott. Knvkin. At Dolus Him,, 1888 PKnto by Lombardi. Henry Drummond . Photo by La/ayitu. . FrnvHupiece facing p. 92 •f 218 HENRY DHUMMOND » CHAPTER I. Bihth— Parentage— Boyhood, " AS in every phenomeno,,," ,ays Carlj-Ie, " the of h,. statement when he says that, "in a psychological point of vxew, it is perhars questionable whether from b th and genealogy, how closely scrutinised soeveT satisfy the primary law of biography just quoted if we glance, at the outset of this sketch upon the two generations which preceded him who is Z "ubtt as nrj.?,'" '^' '''''"^ '^ hi« «=^^"e«t years. ^ ' n.?K Tu^'""""'^"^' ^^« grandfather, little more need be said than that, as a nurseryman at Coney Park Bndge of Allan, in the closing years of the eighteenth century, he laid the foundations of the bus „w m ■m M ■J ' HENRY DRUMMOND known throughout the civilised world a, ■• Willi.™ ;W.eer. wh„,„"he f 2, IdtZer: ZUZ need, „f hi3 neighbour, would „U„"„p,S Zt:l ir;h:^;er:;!r7j-«-^^^^^ -3,^n,e„ti„„ „., ^ „„.,, . tol'lt:;':™ ..X?zz\7: ::e/tr;:e'sr rr '- -that is, in or about ISorlhTs acTit^s .'• ''"'"' into another channel. kt Led b ' T:"' "'T'*'* o, .Sunday desecration, comji: ted b^Crsl'lf"" Cambuskcnneth Abbey, and Hndin/ his v b »„^ i^ foundation, published hunl^f "^ ^ ^cr™ of tracts an,l evangelical periodicals '°J"'' in ^;Lt'!rz;;i,T^^^^^^^^^^ -^■■- '''»'-'-•» Hnn. and u,ti:;i:ei;itc:e.n'i"' ^ k BIRTH-PARENTAGE-BOYHOOD 3 management of the Stirling branch of the business. Although he was known as "not the speaking Drummond -to differentiate him from his brother 1 eter, who was active in open-air and other evangel- istic effort-and did not court publicity, he too wns a zealous worker He was a patron of nearly every religious and philanthropic agency in the town. Among the young, particularly, he was a great favourite He inarried Miss Jane Blackwood of Kilmarnock, and; of their family of four sons and two daughters, the subject of the following sketch was second child and second eon Mr. Drummond was of a fine personal appearance and carriage; he had a silver-toned voice; and he frequently exhibited a " pawky " humour. He was wont to speak of himself as the "first gentleman in ' ,ntv" alludmg to the not-too-conspicuous fact that . 3 was the first house passed by anyone crossing the town boundary at that point. On one occasion, when his name appeared upon the programme of a social gathering at which the proceedings were so protracted that his turn had not arrived at half-past ten o'clock at night in making excuse for leaving without delivering his speech, he said to the chairman. " I shall be back in time— to-morrow night." Yet another instance of his pawkiness may bo found in the story that, in sending h.s subscription to a local football club, he sealed his half-sovereign to the back of a Scripture card, and told the secretary that he hoped that the Club would derive as much benefit from the card as from the coin. Henky DKi^MMONn, junior, was born at Glen Elm Lodge. Stirling, on 17th August 1851. As a small child he was remarkable for a sunny disposition and a sweet iTTu . " ^"'^^^tioned in later life as to whether Jie had had any premonition in his early boyhood of the 'i rS^^ 4 HENRY DRITMMOND course which his after life was to take, he said "A real boy never thinks of such things. It is his business to be a boy. 1 was a real boy." Writing, too, of the early days of Professor Marcus Dods, he said " Thev were spent just as boys should spend thorn— with muoii exercise of manliness and muscle, and not too excessive anxiety over Ovid and Euchd." A bright, cheerful boy, Henry was a general favourite and m the cncket-field, angling excursions to the neigh- bouring Pow, and similar ploys, he secured scope for the development of his healthy nature. Imagination, too seems to have found a fertile field in his younc. brain' for we are told that he was fond of playing at back- woods, and camps, and caves, in the less frequented and more remote part of the King's Park, which lies to the south of Stirling Castle. Years after, speaking as an ^old boy at the annual exhibition of Stirlin-^ High School, he told the boys that he retained a vivid recol- lection of Ballantyne's books— especiallv of T/tr Ycun^ Fur Traders—and confessed to a "sneaking fancy still for tomahawks and scalps." It is interesting to note in passing that imagination found a similar outlet in the boyhood of Itobert Louis Stevenson, of whom we are told that games of pirates, played in the open among the sand wreaths to the west of North Berwick were a constant source of amusement. The grey historic castle, perched upon its mighty Eock, and the undulating champaign lying for miles around it, all reminiscent of some of Scotland's bloodiest battles and several of her gayest monarchs, constituted an environment which must also have had its silent influence upon young Drummond Looking back in 1890, at the opening of the New Christian Institute at Stirling, he spoke of himself as a •son of the Rock, and said, " A young man has only to !;vo m Glasgow for a few winters to covet even a single ?^mr^^j BIRTH— PARENTAGE-BOYHOOD 5 week of such a scene of beauty and pictuiesqueness and quietness as the City of the Rock." Young Drumuiond's schooldays were spent in part ac the High School, Stirling, and in part at Morrison's Academy, Crieff. He early manifested that desultori- ness and independence in study which in him, as in many others, were precursors of a life-work in an unconventional chaimel. It was his fortune to be a schoolmate of John Watson— now so widely known by his pseu.Ionym "Ian Macluren " — and of " Geordie Hoo," or. at least, of the original of that pathetic pen- portrait in The Bonnie Brier Bush. James Stalker, too, crossed his path in these schooldays, and laid the foundation of a friendship which was only to terminate with Drummond's life. About the tender age of nine Drummond had his first religious experience. After a meeting for children, held in his uncle Peter's drawing-room, he remained for personal conversation. The chronicler of this incident describes him as a little curly -haired boy, and says, " He was weeping to think that he had never loved that dear Saviour who took the punishment that he deserved. We prayed together, and he gave his heart to Jesus.'' Years after, he told the students of Amherst College in America "that it was at that meeting in his uncle's home that he began to love the Saviour, and became a happy Christian." We get a very interesting glimpse of him at the age of twelve or fourteen, in the account of a meeting held m Stirling by the Eev. James Robertson of Ediul)urgh the famous preacher to the young. Tlie crowd in the Erskine Church was so great that children we^s sitting, not only on the pulpit stairs, but even in the pulpft Itself. When Robertson gave out the passage of Scripture to be read, he turned to Henry Drummond, who had m ^4 i 'S\ 6 HENRY DRUMMOND H i ! ■ : ' i secured a seat in the pi.Ipit, and putting his hand on h.8 head, said. "Now, my lad, you'll read the chapter" Henry at once corapUed, reading in a clear and distinct tone of voice. Another fact that points to a definite religious experi- ence is that, about the age of twelve, he made a con- •scientious study of Bonar's God's Way of Peace. Speaking of this durmg his last illness, he expressed the fear that the book had hurt him, and told of cases in which a book of simUar good purpose had only hindered the access of a soul to the Saviour. In one of Moody's after-meetmgs in London he had said to a girl " You must give up reading James's Aiutiotts Inquirer" She wondered how he had guessed she was reading it But, said he, "a fortnight of the Testament put her right. Another inquirer had said to him, too. Its not so ample as that in James's Anxious Inquvrer. Drummond left school at the close of the summer term in 1866, and upon the eve of his fifteenth birth- day. He was beginning to discover a taste for scientific information. "I suppose," he afterwards said "mv scientific bent wao apparent in a desire to investigate things, to examine the objects about me— the rocks ot the hills and the flowers of the field. My first scientific loves were geology and botany. It seemed to come naturally to me to knock about with a hammer. Then came the problem of a choice of occupation He already believed that he had received a "call" to the direct service of God. He did not know how it was to be answered, but felt that it could not be carried out m the sphere of his father's business ; although he entered that for a time, and could have found in it the work of a prosperous life. Curiously enough, he did BIRTH-PARENTAGE-BOVHOOD 7 not feel called to the ministry, and it was only to pleape his father that he proceeded in October 186G to the University of Edinburgh, and four years later to the Theological College of the Free Church of ocotland. k . : p CHAPTER ir. Student Livk. rVHE course of studies required of cundidates for the *- office of ministry in the Free Church of ScoUand was spread over a period of eight years. Four of these were spent in talking the usual curriculum in the Faculty of Arts at a Scottish University— Latin, Greek. Mathematics, Logic, Moral Philosophy, Natural Philosophy, and English Literature. The remaining four v ere occupied at one of the Theological Halls of the Church, in study of such special subjects as Hebrew. Apologetics, Natural Science Evangelistic Theology, Old and New Testament Exegesis .Systematic Theology, and Church History. Henry Drunimond went to Edinburgh Univprsity In these days Sellar was Professor of Utin, or "Humanity" as It IS called in Scotland; Blackie still discoursed upok (rreek, and on anything else that came into his head ■ Chrystal inspired a profound respect for the intellectu' ulities of Mathematics; Campbell Fraser was in the fhair of Logic; Tait, in that of Natural Science, carried the palm as the finest lecturer in the University; Calder- wood enunciated the elements of Moral Philosophy with metallic conscientiousness : and rugged Masson tugged at the gas-bracket, and spilt his enthusiasm for English and .Scots literature upon such as had ears to hear and a heart to understand. But, in tracing .he moulding torces of those University days, we have to seek else- stitdf:nt life where tliun in the nnoids of cIuhs work ami degree exum illations. Young Druminoad's discursive genius rebelled against the traditional and the commonplace : and yet he was not idle. 'I'he atmosjihere of a Scottish University is always tonic to the intellectual mind, and dormant tastes are bound to br stimulated and developed. Of Drummond's doings during his first term at the University (18G6-67) we Hnd little record. Probably he was enjoying, after his own fashion, Professor Masson's class of English Literature, which his natural bias had led him to attend in that year, although the class was one usually taken out in the last year of the Arts curriculum. It may be, too, that the lad of fifteen re- quired a year in which to become assured of his autonomy as a full-blown University " man." But in his second session, on 22nd November 1867, he was elected to the membership of " The Philomathic,"' an undergiaduate, literary, and debating society, which met and still meets, weekly, during the winter session, in the Hall of the Associated Societies of the University. Here Drummond found, as many before and many since have found, at once an intellectual stimulus and an opportunity for the expression of newly-awakened interest in man and in letters. Throughout his connection with the Society Drummond appears to have rarely missed attendance at its meetin«'s. On 10th January 1868, within two months of his election, he read an essay on "Novels and Novel-Eeadiug." of which it is minuted that it was " highly commended, and favourably criticised by those that spoke." It has been said that Drummond disliked classics. This may be true, but it is curious that twice he led for the affirmative in debates upon the question of their utility ; and it may be noted in passing that, in taking Senior tllM 'If M !!■ * /■ jTV lO HENRY DRIJMMOND Humanity in his fir«t year, he had given evidence of some aptitude. Certain it is that, on If.th March 1HG8 and again on 18th December in the same year, upon' the problem "Ought ClasBicH to be generally studied ? " he led for the atlirmative. and on both occasions secunnl u substantial majority in support. In his second year of membership Drummond was promoted to the committee, and his fertile genius for organisation found occasion for proposing frequent raotious. with the object of improvement in the conduct of the Society's business. Some of these alterations were effected, others were not. One of them, instituting a short interval between the reading of an essay, or the opening speeches of a debate, and the subsequent dis- cussion 18 observed to this day with great acceptance. On 12th March 1869. Drummond led for the affirmative unsuccessfully, upon the question. "Ought the British' Soldiery to be employed in Agriculture or Similar Pursuits in Times of Pe.-- ?» and on 2nd April 1869 it was declared that he was entitled to honorary member- ship, to which he was duly elected. In the third and last year of his active interest in the Ihilomathic Society. Drummond was appointed to the office of Vice-President. In January 1870 he led for the affirmative in the debate " Wu.s the DeliK^e Partial ?" and on the Ist of April in that year he delivered bis valedictory address. Early in his University days, books began to assert a new authority over young Drummond; to call for a broader outlook upon life, and to awaken his imagination to an appreciation of the sublime and the beautiful" Years after, in an autobiographical moment, when addressing the members of Melbourne University Union, he spoke of his early friendship with books, and fortunately a record of his words has been preserved: i STUDENT LIFE II " I wish to tulk to tfi«' dutters, bec.iiisc, wliilu 1 was ut College, I was a .luMi,r myself, and I therefore Hymputhise with tlie dullerB, " lu a certiiin library [ know of in Scotland, the books are divided into two great classes, which are in cases on oppoHite sides of the room. Surmounting the shelves in which one class is ranged there is a stufled owl, while upon the other there is a bird known in Scotland us the ' dipper.' These birds are symbolical of the twu kinds of books. It is about the second class, the ' dipper ' books, the books that may be dipped into,' that I am going to speak. "The 'owl' class is uninviting in appearance, and requires the reader to burn the 'midnight oil.' The main value of these books is not what one gets out of them, but the mental discipline which is got from them ; and no man will ever come to much unless he occasion- ally goes laboriously and conscientiously through the ' owl ' books. In general literature, an example of the 'owl' books would be Gibbon's Decline and Fall; in poetry. The Ring and the Book. Each of these leaves behind a sense of power and grasp possessed by the writer. And so with all these great books. In philosophy, one might class Butler's Analogy amongst them ; in theology, such a book as Dorner on The Po^un of Christ, or Miiller on The Doctrine of Sin. They all leave upon the reader an impression of the size and power of the human mind. I do not think it is necessary to know many of these, but every duffer ought to read one or two of them during his College course. A man is partly made by his friends, partly by his College books ; and many a man is entirely shut up to the first ; many a man to the second. . . . " I think every student should form a library of hia own. It does not matter how small. During my »f' .rL2^9»^^.ji:i.: 12 1 i HENRY DRUMMOND College course I gathered sudi u liLnrv T^ .. • i then, .,,„,,,,, „„„ ...e'J'lz- J;;;;;;:: all the pro essors. 1 wouU especially „r„e tl.is „,m med.caUt„dent,,. Medic,.! „,e/a,.e probably ,e o™ ,n,ber„l cto in the woHd. They know all ab„ , bZ, his ttae '" " "'"'"" '^"°™ '^°'" "•« literature of' ..nlv a ho„l. J , """ " "''"'"" "f Kuskin— pence W en rSrr'''"' "'^' '""■ *"""=» """ h^ ^^e. vvnen 1 look back upon it now I can n-mm laiskm te»,/j< ,„e to ,,„. Me], aie born blind as blind :«:bt;:r""'"" ■"""^"■™ ^^ *- !• *e^ >"» done Bot! f ,r.°''"''''8 '""■• ^■'■■"■- ' »'■«"" l»ve ■lone 60 too, ,t I l,ad not encountered Rnskin I, „„lv -qunes the idea to be put into a man's Zl ' Hi^k.n w,il help a man to the use of his 'eyes ;ut'i, to' r ' p"' "p '" "''^ '" ^ '™ """'"«■ Co , ourd tV°"'u7", '"'"*-'•• '""" ^'»P "' "« «■'« , I , u ,' ""'"' you will see nothing but an rcr,:-ers.-e'^-^^ " Then look at the boulders, with their forests of lichen and n^osses Try to think what like naked rock ! ihere are a few places on the earth's surface where the earths bones stick out, and there is nothh. Lore hchens Gods first mercy to the world.' Do not look m: / .%• .^:* STUDENT LFFR at the general ofTect, l.nt look at tJ.o individual. Look how exquisitely coloured tliey are: look at the imitation of crystalhsation; look at the linish upon their most minute parts; and look at the stability of thes. thin<^s • aey are delicate as a little cigar-ash ; the sun shints u.d scorches them ; the wind blows and moves then. • the frost bites and chills then. ; the rain falls on them" l)ut never washes them away. "I should have gone through the woild and never seen them at all had Ih.skin never taught me to look He taught me to look at the trees when the leaves were oH, and to see as much in them as when the leaves were on. One ..f the advantages this gives a n.an is the possession of a great many adjectives, and it is a man's adjectives, to a large extent, that bear witness to his intellectual power. A lot of n.en go to hear a sern.on or a lecture. Some say, Mt was very nice,' but the thoughtful man will say, ' It was a discerning sermon,' or a well-thought-out sermon,' or 'a weak sermon' Jsow there is nothing that will supply a man with adjectives so much as Xatu.e. What should we know of the word • awful,' if it were not for thunder ? Euskin says, 'No one knows what tenderness is until he has seen a sunrise.' The best idea that one can get of tenderness is the delicate light of an autumn sunrise Let me simply say that if anyone has not discovered the world in which he lives, he ought to get some book that will help him to do this. "The second book I bought was Emerson, and I used always to take credit to myself that I had discovered Emerson. My fellow-students would not read him They always read Carlyle. I could not read Carlyle then. If I did read Carlyle, T fplt T had been whipped whi e, after I read Emerson, I felt that I had been' stroked down. HI M,.|: i, i ! II '■■'J ■ '^MiA: H HENRY DRUMMOND |r " I think a man should read the books that help him. It does not matter what reputation they have got. I think a man should discard the books that bore him. I think what Emerson does for you is to teach you to see with the mind. Emerson never proves anything ; he never works out logic. He just looks at truth, and sees what he sees, and you see that what he sees is right. Emerson was one of the purest and most unworldly men that ever lived. He lived the ripe scholar all the time. He never came down and mingled with the crowd, and took off his gown. There is a scholarly purity and unworldliness about his work. He teaches, for instance, the great truth that a man ought to rely upon himself ; that God has given him a certain number of talents, and that is his equipment to go through life on. He has to stand on his own instincts, and to be perfectly content to be what God has made him to be, and not anxious to be anybody else; and this makes a man perfectly satisfied to be even a 'duffer.' " The next set of books on my library shelf were one or two novels of George Eliot's, which were much in vogue during my College course. I owe a great deal to George Eliot. She 02->€ned my eyes to the meaning of life. There is no better reading in the world than a good novel. In reading a good novel, you are living with good and interesting people, who do you good, I was kept going a whole winter because I fell in love with one of George Eliot's young ladies. Well, I should say to a student that second or third on his list of books should be a few really first-rate novels. George Eliot had a great message to the world, and she deliberately chose the novel form as the form in which she could best teach the world. " I used to like Besant and Rice in those days ; since then, of course, I have tried to read more carefully. ^iiM^Ksii^ ''i:\-S': , ' ^k^ 4 ^^ H':':,"^- ^mm I I STUDENT LIFE IS " I suppose the greatest novelist at the present time is George Meredith. I suppose George Meredith belongs to the same class of novelists as Victor Hugo, whore you get George Meredith and more besides. Zes Mmrahles IS, perhaps, the greatest of novels. "Next to my novels, I had one or two books of humour. My favourite, then and now, is Mark Twain. I do not know a book in our language which can touch the American humour in its dash and piquancy. . I think the very best book of humour that has ever been given to the world is Mark Twain's Selections of Avxerican Humour. That book contains the ' Blue Jay.' I wish I had it here to read to you. ... " I must conclude by referring to one or two books which satisfied another part of my nature. I suppose I am not out of court in referring to these books which satisfied the higher part of my being. I think a man should he developed in his whole manhood. Well, I picked up a book from a bookstall, and after reading a page of it, carried it home— a volume of Dr. Channing's. Channing taught me to helieve in a God. I had always been brought up to know that there was a God. But T did not like the idea. I had much rather there had been no God. But when I read Channing's book, I saw the character of the Deity put in such a way 'that I was glad there was a God. " To the next book on my list I owed the impnssion that God was a man. Of course He was more \Mm a man, but He was a man. I got that from one of F W Kobertson's books of sermons. It was a new revelation to me when I knew that Christ had been a man I went to Robertson of Brighton's ' Life,' and I knew wl,,,t free-lom meant. Robertson was one of the noblen and truest spirits that ever lived. He did not care what he said, so long as he spoke the truth : and my first glimpse :i!i ■^.Hi mi*m= i6 HENRY DRUMMOND ';>.iSi* ' of liberty in tl.e intdlecLn.l lif. I got from reading Iiobertson of Krighton. " -^ xill just say that I remember that one day, when my College course was just finished, I looked over the names of the authors in my library, and I was thunder- struck to discover that almost every one of them was a heretic. / had not sought the hook^ out ; they had fovnd '"c. 1 do not think a man need be afraid of what are called dangerous books. I have learned far more from authors who did not altogether hold the opinions I held than from those who coincided with me. I do not say that one does not owe very much to one's fellow- believers ; but lor the real nutriment of my College life I must express my obligations to such men, and that has taught me toleration. 1 would not ask you to read any of these books. I was only a second-rate student, and I did not presume to tackle first-rate books." Before he left the University, Drummond first smelled printer's ink over two articles which he contributed to the StiThm, Observer. The papers, which were indicative of the recrudescence of his taste for the study of Nature were respectively devoted to a sketch of Alva Glen (its history, geology, and natural history), and a topographical description of Gilmore's Linn, Stirlingshire. The briglit, joyous nature of the lad fascinated his fellow-students and found him many friends. With them he indulged in many pranks and even practical jokes, and one of them alleges that, were the door-bells of the West End of Edinburgh able to speak, they might tell some queer tales. " No power," says his fellow-student Dr. John Watson "could drag him past a Punch-and-Judy show the' ancie:it, perennial, ever-delightful theatre of the people- in which, each time of pttendance, he detected new M STUDENT LIFE points of interest. He would, in early days if you pease. ga.e steadfastly into a window"^ in \he Hi"h Street of Edinburgh, till a little crowd o n. en women regard II"' "'' ^' '^' '""''''^ speculations regarding the ruan-unan.mously and suddenly imagined o have been carried in helpless-how he niet with his accident, where he was hurt, and whether he would re over. ,,,,,, ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ explanation of the gathenng g,ven by some oflicious person to the police man, and joining heartily in the reproaches levelled at sTLs'trH 'Tf' ^""^^^^ bellow -stln testifies that the tall stripling, with his finely -cut features and athletic figure, was j....o.^, .ratal the social he of his College friends. " His breezy sunless the kindliness of his fun and humour, the sparkrof his quiet remarks, and his r .ver-failiig cour'te y and — s of temper, made hi. a favoLte in ^e^;' Drummond possessed undoubted mesmeric powers I 18 credibly affirmed that they enabled him to exact blind obedience from those over whom he btZd tr'L'd '''""rt K'^'^' ^^"^^«' ^- conscientious reaso , he discontinued their use, they contributed to the c ,ertainment of himself and his friends in his student-days. One or two instances may b qTot " On one occasion he hypnotised a boy. and gave him a poker for a gun. "^^ow." said Drummon'd, "Im a pheasant ; shoot me." The lad took aim nd Drummond fell, to keep up the illusion. But the hypnotiser made a narrow escape ; perceiving his " bird " move the magnetised sportsman raised the poker to hit it on the head and would undoubtedly have done so. haS D ummond not de-hypnotised his subject in a hurr^ He obtamed considerable mesmeric influence over a m: i8 HENRY DRUMMOND fellow-student, whom we shall call Smith. One day he came upon Smith refreshing himself at the drinking- fountain in the University quadrangle, and exclaimed, "I say. Smith, you are quite tipsy." Smith went off reehng, as if he had actually been intoxicated. Drum- mond was once asked if he might not use his mesmeric influence to help people to overcome evil habits. He did not give a direct answer, but told his interlocutor an anecdote. In the course of his visit at a house in Ireland, a member of the family was blamed for constantly omitting to shut the gates through which he passed in driving his sister to school every morning. Drummond laid an injunction upon the lad, and enforced it by mesmerism. The result was that the culprit never after failed to shut the gates, and indeed developed such a craze for shutting gates at all times and places that his parents had to ask Drummond to loose him from the spell. A letter from him had the required effect. Having completed his University curriculum in Arts in the session 1869-70, Drummond, along with John Watson, was examined by the Presbytery of Stirling, on Tuesday, 4th October 1870, as to his fitness 'for proceeding to the Theological Hall. This ordeal duly passed, he entered the New College, Edinburgh. Among the students of his year were his former schoolfellow, John Watson, now Dr. John Watson of Liverpool, and James Stalker, now Dr. James Stalker of St. Matthew's Free Church, Glasgow. From the notices of Drummond contributed to the contemporary press after his death by those early intimates of his, and from other sources, there is little difficulty in discovering that his student career at the New College was quite us unconventional as it had been at the University. Both friends above mentioned agree in saying that STUDENT LIFE foZT''^ T ""', '° '"^ ""^y conspicuously attentive to class work or class exan.inations. Another fellow student tells how .« in Professor Dure class of W fiehstic Theology, he used to occupy himself with some modern novel, while the old man was pouring outTis eoul over the heathen." ^ " "tL?^!^'' i^^Portance was it." says Dr. John Watson. that he came m this year and went out that year at the Theological College? While I write I see him standing m that sombre quadrangle, laden with Hod'e^ I^rVt'f'^' '"^ ^'^^^ ^^^"-^«' exclusive of °the Index (which had been bestowed upon each of us bv some philanthropic layman), and rippl'ng with gaiety at the situation_a bit of joyful light J the greyness Very hkely he traded his Hodge-a book which kept Te Wendell h"/'' ''''^ °' '''''~''' ' ^^^^^ ^'^''ono^ Wendell Holmes, or a complete set of Bushnell These TTnL / ' ''"'' "^ ^°g^^«^ Literature at the University on a wet afternoon, and, although a more regular student. Drummond, in his detachment and h genius, was our Stevenson of Theology " Thp^nf ""^ n' ^'' f«»ow-students w^re working at their ofstIS at".rn'^"^^P""""^^^ "^ concurrL course ot studies at the University, this time in obedience to his scientific bent. When the chair of G ol gv w "tst P '''' 'r" ^'^ '''' --"«d student ts first Professor. Here he succeeded in carrying off the medal and received the honour of offer of the assistantship to Professor Geikie-now Sir Archibald Geik. , ,, Eoyal Geological Survey, nfalsold ed ;Natural .iistory was second only to Professor Wyville Thomson's medallist. There is little wonder therefore that, ao Dr. Stalker tells us, while he did not disttguish 'Til 1 4 , .' . ■3' r ' '' ao HENRY DRUMMOND himself at other classes in ths New College, he drove home with a cabful of prizes from the class of Natural Science. Several of the University Science classes had been taken upon the advice of Professor Geikie, witli a view to Drumraond's qualifying for the degree of Doctor in Science ; but, as we shall see, an interruption shortly occurred which practically frustrated this scheme. We must not allow ourselves to suppose, however, that Drummond did not take an intelligent, if super- ficial, interest in the theological studies proper to his preparation for the ministry of the Church. His visit to Tubingen and his membership of the New College Theological Society are proofs to the contrary. In conformity with the practice of many of the best students in Scottish Theology, Drummond joined a party of New College men in spending a summer semester at a German University. That of Tiibingon was chosen by Drummond and two friends. The Eev. D. M. Eoss now of Westbourne Free Church, Glasgow, was one of the party, and he has told us that his fellow-student's interest in theological and speculative questions was of the most conventional kind ; but, looking back in later life upon this episode, Drummond seems to have taken a serious view of these Continental studies. " T studied," he said, "at a German University. Naturally enough, everyone now is influenced by German thought of the best kind. We can't escape it, and we would not wish to, if it is surrounded by proper safeguards— the safe- guaids of time and further work and research. ... We are gratefully looking for light from any quarter." We know for certain that on the return of this German reading party, he Joined several Divinity and lay students in an agreement to read Dorner in the original, at a weekly gathering in the rooms of one or other" of them. As Mr. Eoss also tells us, Drummond was a universal ■V-' •7;'*-' STUDENT LIFE at favourite with the German A,r»,;„„ ,. „„ „ ,. , w.th hi. whole he,„.t into the at ri Hfe the'lrT" and was eueerlv sou-rf.f ..f. u , Jiurschen, for ^"".-'(thL ::,;':„„ L'°fo?"""' "'*"^' to the picturesaue Wlrn.: , T J^' ''"'"''"^'S ^^'^Iks stPin W,.K ,, ^'''''^'^>' excursions to LichtPT, etein. Hohen;:ollern. and the Schwart^waJd Ti ^'''^'^"- Bome dozen Scottish students in T b n. „ that '' "'"'" and we all scored in th^ i • i "^""'"Sen that summer, warm-heartTleu tooj I ■'' """"^'^ *" "» ""^ *« Br„m„,o„d^;Z Br °",™""''"»n with /Ar. iuuu. .xot tnat Drummond imoresspd the. n Theoloffs mth his intellectual power hTh ^ '"""" ^fand^i^;:^tr^rt'^^^^^^^ the charm of hrcEel".^^ '""^^'^^^ ^^ ''' — ^^ ior many years the students of the Npw o i. have been able to air their nuS 1 ^°"^°^ and discuss their diffip,,? , ^^''"° ^Peculations without fear :• pllt'oT ' ^f-^^-«^om and Theological" .wl.K Presbyteries, in "The open Tan' tl e' tutlTtt 7f '''''' '^ ^'^^^ -ond found the con 1 " to thaf T ,''"^ ^'•"°^- curriculum by the "Sm he"' ^^"1 '^'^T was usually present on Priduy niXt. ft \k '^^ ^" had, for a while som^ rim u ^ ' ^ ^'^^^^^ «iembers would ultimately berme'ltti;" 'f """° "'^^'^'^ ^« preacher, or traveller^ jj'"'^'"^^"' ^^"^'^^teur, lecturer, hin; with St^^!:^^^^:;:^^;^- of comparing TUbinge.. that Drummond ga;e« he nZ "'"'" '"'^"^ sample of his quality » in '' unmistakable quality, m an essay entitled " Spiritual •■fi m 4 Z; Us 73 HENRY DRUMMOND Diagnosis: an Argumont for placing tlie Study of the Soul upon a ScientiHc Basis." ' In a single hour," says Dr. Stalker, " this performance inspired his contemporaries with an entirely new conception of his possibilities ; and It touched so high a mark that I was never afterwards surprised at anything which he achieved." The essay sets out with the proposition that " the study of the soul in health and disease ought to be an much an object of scientific study and training as the health and diseases of the body." Postulating that m^^i, not masses, have done all that is great in history, in science, and in religion, Drummond pleads that Christian workers should be taught how to fascinate the unit by their glance, by their conversational oratory, by their mysterious sym'- pathy. "To draw souls one by one, to buttonhole them and steal from them the secret of their lives, to talk them clean out of themselves, to read them'ott" like a page of print, to pervade them with your spiritual essence and make them transparent, this is the spiritual science which is so difficult to acquire and so hard to practise." " If," he continues, " the mind is large enough and varied enough to make a philosophy c. 1 possible, is the soul such a trifling part of man that it is not worth while seeking to frame a science of it ?— a science of it which men can learn, and ^hich can be a guide and help in practice to all who feel an interest in the highest things of life ? " He enlarges upon the com- plexity of soul-analysis. "It requires intense dis- crimination and knowledge of human nature— much and deep study of human life and character. The man with whom you speak being made up of two ideals— his own and yours, and one real— God's, it is one of the hardest poa.sible tasks to abandon your ideal of him and get to know the real— God's. Then having known it 80 far as possible to man, there remains the greatest „;.;ii»"-f"' , . -■Zv, V i STUDENT LIFE difficulty of ull-to introduce him to Inrnself " Th« . of the paper is flt.fficiently indicate7in ih ?** "'°P« 6 uo worKers, he concludes; "One fhin« t assure you of If nnv «. i , "^ ' '^^n reading others o Jr ! "^'"''"P^ '^'« ^"^"Ity of then,.L^ r;ever"be:Lor '^ "'" '^ P^^«' ^^ aaynu.chabourthese hh.s buttr'" ""? '^^ °"^ longing in the world If thf ''°'°""' °^ «P^"'"al incredible." *' '^' P^'^'"^ "^°«^«»t is absolutely and/ru^lt^i/n^htfetwsl 1^' ^^ Edinburgh, the work of fh. . fellow-students were enabled in CHAPTER III. The Moody Camfa[gn. I • l IT is outside the province of this sketch to attempt any adequate account of the great revival of 1873-74. The present chapter, aud that which immediately follows, will be devoted, as exclusively as possible, to a narrative of Drummond's actual share in the campaign. Suffice it to say that the two American evangelists, whose names are now familiar wherever the gospel is preached in the Anglo-Saxon tongue, after lai ling in Liverpool in June 1873, found that the friends who had suggested their visit had died ; conducted a series of meetings in York with compara- tively small success, and another series in Sunderland, with little more ; passed to Newcastle, where tirst the ice seemed to be broken, their singleness of purpose appreciated, and their methods of work approved ; and came thence to Edinburgh in November. Drummon'l, with Stalker and several others, was among those who arranged for Moody's first meeting for young men in Edinburgh ; and from that day he threw himself, heart and soul, into the work, convinced that the Spirit of God was distinctly working through the efforts of the evangelists. In the " inquiry-room " he had .".bundance of opportunity for that individual tiealuieul of persons awakened to an anxiety as to their spiritual condition, which he had so strongly ■--J jmm^ I THE MOODY CAMPAIGN tg desiderated in his essay on "Spiritual Diagnosis." U is upon recoid that he was even to be seen in Princt-s Street, at the I:ej,n8ter House corner, the busiest centre in the trallic, nf the city, distributiiij,' tracts and siniihir literature. " There was nothing," Mr. Moody has said, " that he would not undertake to d.i to help spread the evangelistic work among his friends in the University." The fame of the Edinburgh meetings soon got abroad, and, as the evangelists could not yet leave the city,' "the students went ail over the country hc.hlin-' meetings, especially for young men. and the fire J' revival burst out wherever they went." " I was a great deal with Drummond at that time," says J)r. Stalker, " and I have no hesitation in sayinir that in some respects he was, from the first, the best speaker I ever heard. There was not a particle of what is usually denominated oratory; for this he was far t(.o nmch in earnest. It was quiet, .miple, without art; yet It was the perfection of art; for there was in it an indescribable charm, which never failed Lu hold the audience spellbound, from the fir.st words to the last " Writing in 1894 of the great evangelist, Drummond said : " Xo man is more willing tu> stand aside and let others speak. His search for men to whom the people will listen, for men who, wlmtev.-r the meagreness of their message, can yet hold an audience, has been life- long, and whenever he finds such men he instantly •seeks to employ them." Mr. Moody was quick to discern Drummond's gifts, and induced him to suspend his College course and give his undivided attention to cu-operation with the evangelists in their tour throu.rh- out Great Britain. This arranged, Drummond was despatched with another student, named Stewart, to Sunderland. Hitherto the deputations from Edinburgh had contented themselves with a single meetincr in each i!« ' i *i a6 HENRY DRUMMOND ■ K 5h place, but in Sunderland a further development took place. "The deputies," he has told us himself. « were armed with a solitary address apiece, but. consider- ing the distance they had come, the local committee arranged for two nights instead of one. and the young evangelists had to make the best of the situation by cutting their one address in two. So much interest was awakened in their report, that they were next urged to extend their visit for a third night, and this led to a fourth, and a fifth, and so on for about a fortnight By this time churches were opened and crowded nightly m different parts of the town; and the surprised youths —for they were almost boys— found themselves in the heart of a deep and growing revival movement. How their slender resources lasted out the fortnight remains their secret, but the mere extension of the work de- manded fresh recruits, and one or two of their former colleagues were telegraphed for to come to their heln without delay." ^ From Sunderland, Drummond moved on un- accompanied now, to Newcastle and Hartlepool In October he crossed to Ireland with Messrs. Moody and Sankey. and took part in a movement which was characterised by the Times as "the most remarkable ever witnessed in Ireland." First in Belfast, and then in Dublin, he was principally occupied in conducting the meetings for young men; and he found so much acceptance that, in Dublin, and time and again through- out the campaign, he was left behind by the evangelists to carry on the work until fresh fields demanded his labours. From Dublin he came over to Manchester, and at once took charge of the meetings for young men. "At first." wrote the Manchester correspondent of tb^ Daily News, "the Oxford Hall was found more than large enough for ali who cared to assemble, and W';''^7{^^^ Vsie.'i M I 'i THE MOODY CAMPAIGN 27 when the Free Trade Hall was adventured upon tiiere were a good many empty benches. But day by day the excitement rose, and if there were any hall in the city that would hold 15,000 people it would certainly be failed at every one of the meetings." But on 7th January Drummond had to move on to Sheffield, where he continued until the 28th of the month, "the last meeting for young men being the best of all " Then he followed his leaders to Liverpool. In this city perhaps more than in any other, Drummond's work seems to have borne abundant fruit. A contemporary account of the work in Liverpool written in the beginning of March 1875, may be' quoted : " The nightly gatherings in the Circus, from nine to ten, have been well sustained during the past week, and have been fraught with interest. Mr Henry Drummond invariably presides, and conducts the proceedings with much tact and discretion He throws aside all formalism, and endeavours to give the meeting as much of a famUy and social aspect as possible, m order to remove the natural diffidence that most young men feel in making any public statement about their conversion, which may be very recent or spiritual experience, which may not have been very deep or well defined. While the meetings are free to all who may feel disposed to speak, any attempt to raise controversy on disputed points of doctrine is rigorously repressed. Such a thing, however, seldom occurs. Later, Drummond reported that "for the last few evenings there had been a nightly average of one hundred young men seeking Christ." From another account we learn of a nightly average attendance of 1400 at the Circus. Mention is made of his "gentleness only surpassed by the earnestness with which he carries out and controls this most successful service of grac&" jS HENRY DRUMMOND 11 'I «I "^ "' »Perat>OLS, this time London itself where M ^m Moody and Sankey l,ad already heen gl ' ;„" w tt^ThT ■ '^T'"''-'' h^'' 'hr^e farewell meetings^ with the general public (when, it uay be noted he sH^e from the verse, "Seek ye flrst L kinX o l^od ); with Chnstian working-men in their everyday clothes; and with his favonrite gathering of ladsld Both in the north of London and in the East FnH Drnmmond had a free hand in the conduct of th^ cZ'ofTh"' ""'"^^- ^' ""' ^-' <^-° »r„ °a't h ^ w^ k a'tlT'"'.'"""^ ^™"'°'"' "■"'-'erised tne work at Liverpool as perhaps the most successful and mjde particular reference to the special ISn^ of workmg-men and of boys. " The young mef of g3 m^rC Tr^^- "''''' ■'°' '-» utili edL they pro\y:^ti:ifX--r^^^^^^^ the knowledge that they could win souls to Christ ""^ „ Jr™ ^ ^^" '"'"• '^■■™""'-"> wrote of Mr. Moody's time has on y deepened the impression, not Cly of the magnitude of the results immediately secured, bu C«l ' the permaneuoe of the after etfeets upon eveS he d of soe«l, philanthropic, and religious activity " ^ *^KiiPtr.^ ; .«^^. CHAPTER IV. The Moody OrnvxiG^^^continued). Young' Me„..°c:„M,C h:MTo "oth^M '"'' !." " feature of tha nro„r,™„ ? ""■ ^^V- One d-wer, and" • his ™,r to t "" ^'' t"'"-''™- submitted are of value „ a V"^ "' ""» 1™™^ development at ,« hi^^ ide ? "'' "«8^ "^ evangelic had Irrived at tht tt?' "' 7* "' necessary for malting evf.l- ' "° ''I"''°8y ■'» The heater 3erTr-''"°'""''''' ''"^ ">™- to methods of wo4 it ',"?,"'"" ■""* -■''«^""« representative:- '"""""S '^'^"i"" is malll^RrofaVT'rr' """'«»-'» '"^ a chair- geniality and g od ;e4;"Zlr'"'^'*^ ='=°-'"^' everybody. There Tri' T ' ""™»« sympathy with these'are'th. most ess^tili'""^^''' "' °*" "'»^' -" bo;s^-i^inritTsrp:ir™-'-^-»^". ng • ihat 18 a vital question. In some ■:fA ^:3^r^M.., B! I 30 HENRY DRUMMOND circumstances, I should say not. But it very much depends upon the motive. A young man comes in here who has newly given his heart to God. Away in yonder gallery he sees half a dozen young men, once his companions in sin. They do not know he has changed sides. He knows they have not. Shall he not rise and say to them, 'Young men, you know who I am, and what I have been. I want to tell you that God has been good to me. He has led me to Christ. I mean to try and follow Him. He is a good Master. May God help you to turn this very night, for Jesus Christ's sake ' ? Would not this have more real effect upon them than all the sermons they ever heard in rheir lives ? I know it has had upon thousands. Of course it may be carried too far, but so may everything. If the convert speaks well, I should not encourage him to speak a second time ; at least not ordinarily, or for some time to come. But if he just barely escapes breaking down, and feels thoroughly ashamed of himself when he sits down, I do not think it would spoil him to speak occasionally. " How can we get young men who are bashful and reserved to take part in these meetings ? — In some cases it should not be done at all ; God does not want all the world to be public men. In other cases, these men become the best workers. I think the man who has just to be dragged out of his shell becomes generally of most use. Then, he does it only for Christ. But one should not ask a bashful man right off to take a leading part in the meeting. Let him begin in a small way. Give him a chapter to read, or the requests for prayer; then get him to lead in prayer, and so draw him out. " Should young converts preach in the open air, or some experienced Christian ? — I should think, one of ''immfmiM^^s^Tum.TmMm-mimimm^^^mn THE MOODY CAMPAIGN 3, Tow i. t\Z. '"' '"°" " " '" '^ """■ -" «>« »«- open air !_The best men we have. I think strp.t pr^ching „ spoiled because we think •Anybl ^ do to preach in the streets.' ^ ^ inl-I^r'VT'"''''' ''°""8 ■"'" ^ «P«c'«i to go nto the streets to invite other ycnng men to aVtenH these meetings ^-Every ChristiaJ sh'onrdVrC a^kld onlT^r u' "^ "' » ^-MCA. lately and asked one the members what he was doing in the way reason. Why, he said, • I've never got a call' I took him by the arm and led him to tte Ldow- a „r ., .u !' ' '*"'• "««» yo"' »««; go and rescue room Tdo 'T."'' "'""""^'^ «'»™' H» Wt" e room I do not know what the result was to th! drunkard, but I know that the young manreame the most earnest worker the Association had. utZ tt 11 a lazy Chnstiaa has no stimulus mMn him he mav have It mtkout him at every turn of the street '^ in sfmm °7 "?t!° ""'"^.r^ ""^ ""*"" "' ""^'^ «"^««»g» in summer (—There will no doubt be a great deal of competition, and I would not interfere witHuch „, it Let cricket go on, for instance, but try to get the y°2^ Th ;r tt^uet^^' ""• ^°" - ■"'«^' - -e ^- "Should we have religious addresses at younc. men's mee,.„g« _Yes,most decidedly; but the difficuftyTto ge^t men to gxve them without preaching or becoming 3» HENRY DRUMMOND 1 " Should women be admitted to young men's meetings ? — Obviously not. A young men's meeting is a young men's meeting. Let women have meetings of their own if they like ; only, if they call them women's meetings, don't let them let men in. "Should young men's meetings be varied, or what kind of meetings should they be ? — Meetings for different classes are a splendid thing if the interest begins to droop — one night given up to clerks, another to carters, and another to telegraph boys ; another to policemen, another to cabmen, another to sailors, and so on. " How would you deal with sceptics and infidels ? Is it well to enter into a discussion with them ? — I think not. Certainly never in an inquiry-room. Few who come there are genuine; but one comes across a case of really honest doubting sometimes, worth following up, and entitled to it. " Should loafers be allowed to attend these meetings, when their manifest object is begging ? — I am sorry to say there is such a thing as the ' professional inquiry man ' who gets his living out of it. These men have been ' anxious inquirers ' all their lives, and the young men's meetings are a splendid reaping-ground for them. I am afraid it is the truest kindness to discourage them absolutely. They have been traced on some occasions from the doors of these meetings straight into public- houses. Some of them are very perplexing. I used to think it was almost worth while being taken in ninety-nine times for the sake of the hundredth, who might turn out well. But even the hundredth often turns out to be a more accomplished hypocrite than the others, and one really does not know what to do. "What are the main external hindrances to young men's meetings ? — The main hindrances are criticising Christians and cold Christians." ■vf^^' THI' MOODY CAMPAIGN 33 From DrunmK.n,l's dlda ,.pou points of individual conduct and religion, the following Ly be quoted -- "How should a Christian young man dress ?-That is a g.o.t puxzler to begin with. I should say he o 'ht to f Tth r 1r "'^"i' ''' ""^'^ -nLkabl^a it-so that, after you had said good-bye to him vo, could not tell what he had on at all. ' ^ " " Should Christian young men attend theatres and sanction theatre-going on the part of others JlcUot Hy anything about that for others; I can only speak for myself. I think if a young man can look n his Heavenly Father's face at iTight and sav • To me^ to hve is Chris,' the question 'will never Lull: I dln^'tt!! ^^' T^'? •^°""" '"'" ^^^^'"« teetotallers ?- "Should Christian young men smoke in the streets ?_ one of the questions for each man to settle for n self I know a young man who has spoken in this ^all, who was a great smoker. He was brought to Chnst a short tune ago, and on returning home at n .ht .r..m the young men's meeting he used invanll^to on the way home he overtook a young man. and felt a rnmg desire to speak to him about his soul But then I.e had a cgar m his mouth. Somehow or other it flow. Speakmg to a man about his soul, with his cime.,over at ..ine ; bou-c have CIm.,.!. w..rk ho,!!: fTei^l. '"«'''^'"'"«"^«' ^^'"^'' <•" "ot set them wh J'tl "r ""' ^"■"'^*^'''m '''"''^'•'"P "'^" ^'"' "-ting bre k« up the whole evening, and this is a serious matter when the nieeting n.ay run on for weolao mont-^ayt ought to dojf there is any life ilu : 'ill. lb. kHs /onnulahk the ,neeting ca.i be made to no are invited, who are not Christians (who ; • -lly look on ,t as a kind of nuisance at any rate) - ■ ^er; ^^''y young men are ..ot going to lose a ..uiet ' • or a smoke, or their innings at cricket for i rehgious meeting. ' '' "Then the meeting should be held every nmht It HbouM run right through everything-wet ni^ ' hue n.ghts. long nights, short nights. Do not say We 1 well have ,t three nights a week to begin with-best enll'flr :, '"'' .^"' '' ''''''' '^ ^"" ^^^ ^^^ faith for seven. \ ou see. a young man comes on Monday Highland if you have no meeting for m o" d<. that are the ^■ery men you want to get hold of Ihereore let your meeting be an institution. If ' t mind. Let it l)e an mdihUum while it lasts eha'iman ''";"""'^-^ ^''"-^ ^eal depends upon the Chan man. To young men, he should be a sann.le 'u^u:lT"read 1""1 ^^y^^^^^^^l genial. sym.athe/i atuial, ready. Gentle withal, he should know how to of MfaJd ' '""^ "^"•^' ^°^ ^« -«P-t the feeling: Of his audience more than tiie feelings of an individual. There are men who attract m.n. Therefore, if you have THK MOODY CAMPAFGN -« 39 Imlf a dozen n.on whose hearts are i„ the right place .^l.ooH.. hwM above all who is the n.ont lileaNe^Luv^ m that .uysteriuuH niuu^i^hrr. of .Mtural „m,M.eti«,„ the^u..lue„ce or which .« a« diUicult to deHue ^Z "The chairman should be to the meeting very much what the che/de halo, is to ar. orchentra-fo keeprme aud tune H.h stock .n trade consists of a bIi a hymn-book, a watch vntk a seconds-hand, a cheery smile and an eye 'without any mud at the bottom of it ' as' Kn.erson would say. His duties are at once very sim Je and very difiicult. The dimculty is in bein7siml J I. - h-^ to be unobtrusive. Then it requlrr^^^t vThoi^t T" ""^'"'=%.-'- - --ting by familifrity. without losing ,t m dignity ; and great delicacy o Landhn, to let the syn.j.thetic elemenl in the audfence ew the sense of f.eedon.. and th. discordant oneTa the same t.me the fulness of restraint. He filU tfl post be.t of whon., when the n.eetn.g is over a st In^er would say. • What an easy time of it'the h irm 1 Id Just to sit in the chair and do nothin.^ Whv 7.^!. ' could do that I' A touch so light :;t,r;f;^.^ re tion of all generalship. But. after ull, it is only £od who can sxbdue a meetinee Church, Edinburgh, and acted in this capacity during the winter of 187G-77. His duties comprised occasional pulpit supply, visitation of the sick and supervLsion of the young men's meetings in connec- tion with the congregation. He had the disadvantac^e of succeeding two brilliant friends of his, John Watson°and James Stalker; and altogether this was a chapter in his life which he never cared to have referred to. L. the memory of some who are still members of the congrega- tion, the most outstanding fact of his ministry was a course of six sermons upon the " Will of God." Several of these Barclay sermons have been published in a post- 'Skl^^tKX^^li.i.-^^ AT THE PARTING OF THK WAYS .^7 humous volume {The Ideal Life .• an,l other Unp.MUhrJ Addressee), where tho.e who are interested in tn cinT he levelopment of his theolo.ic.l views will find matort fcha notes of Drummond's addresses to the students m 1885 were identified, by a cultured n.en.be o "he Barclay Chureh, as being strongly renuniseenfc of eertah! sermons preached during his assistantship in 1876 77 entered upon the most miserable time in his life— not seemg what definite work he eould do to earn h bread and yet get tin.e to preach the Kingdom." He 'en,' he n.onth of July in Norway with his friend Rober arbour; and ,n August he took up mission w oric t the minmg Village of Polmont for a few weeks Although he had completed attendance at all the heolog.caI classes, he had not qualified for the forma •cence to preach, which is the seal of theologic 1 fitnl Calhng at the iree Church College, one day. to inquii • as to what subjects were prescribed for the examination or hcence-although he did not want to be hW !! he found some numbers of jVaiure which had been now that his College career was at an end. and gave hem to an engine-driver as he went down the Mofnd Img him that he might find them interesting^^ BuJ science was to open the door of hope for him after aU Two or three days later, the death was announ ed f Mr. Keddie Lecturer on Natural Science in the Free Church College in Glasgow. Here he saw a chance and he wrote to Principal Douglas inquiring wheth L' Prrcir" d"',"" " '" ^'^'"'^ ^- ^^« ^-^-eship irmcipal Douglas encouraged him to do so. He c.ot « very commendatory testimonial fzom Professor Gefkie^ ^111' ^ -^ma^j LiK:?*^j,wa» i:i 48 HENRY DRUMMOND as well as 8o,„c others, and with the help c.f these he was successful i» obtaining an appointn.enJ for one year of iVT ' ^""'°'''' ^^ '^' ^^'"^^'^^ ^^«««"^^Jy of fhe tV' T" fr.''^' ^""'^'"° '^^^'''' th« duties of the lectureship left Urunnnond with a large margin of time at h.s own disposal, just as he had desired. In madl hf^fi . "'■ P''"'^^"^ ^'"'^^" ^' Malta, and made his first acquaintance with the sunny Meditor- ranean In the following summer he crossed to America with Irofessor Ge.kie; but it will be more convenient to refer t. that ai*d similar expeditions in later chap'^ CHAPTKR VI. His Chair. rpHE principle involved in the inclusion of a couz.e -L of Science m the theological curriculum of the Free Church of Scotland wa« accepted by thrOenera! Assembly so long ago as 1845. upon the motfon ' Pnne.pa Cunningham, and with .he' strong s^p^-t o Dn Chalmers. Sir David Brewster, and Hugh Miller and the lectureship upon Natural Science, fhe du teJ o wbch were assumed by Drummond at tie beginn ng the session 1877-78, was designed to lay the fieWs of science under contribution, in aid of the accurate study of the Bible and of Christian apologetics By am.hansing the mmds of theological students wUh the terminology and fundamental laws of scienHfiP thought, it had the further advantage o q^yl'^ them, a greater or less extent, for intelligent sTudy of the literature of science. ^ In the short session of five months, and with four hours weekly for lecturing, Drummond was supposed to teach the first year's students the elements ofZoLy botany and geology, a, well as to introduce his S to the large field of inquiry opened up by the vexed question of the inter-relation of science and religion Uearly, too much was asked both of Lecturer and ising the programme set before them as "a standing "•jx-»ir .^1 T&'w.i-nA.aujfy : 5° HENRV DRUMMOND absurdity." and others have written of it in much the same strain. We believe it is the Rev. A. C. Mackenzie of Dundee who has said that the regulations were pre- posterous. " The course was too wide, the time too limited, and the students too numerous. Everybody was compelled to attend, or else they would pass neither Presbytery nor Examination Board. Some of his pupils had taken the full range of his course in the University, others had scarcely heard that there were such subjects in existence." " After his first lecture " the above writer continues. " I went round to his room and tabled my University certificates. He elevated his eyebrows over them in a way that he had. just percept- ibly shrugged his shoulders, said nothing, but looLd formal attendance.* and formal attendance it was " Another of his students— the Eev. Hugh Black we have reason to believe — while acknowledging 'the anomaly of the Natural Science class, has written appreciatively of the teaching which Drummond was able to give m spite of his limitations, if such a term may be used. "Drummond did a world of good by teachmg them Pome of the general principles which underlie all science, and by making them feel that truth 18 indivisible, whether it be of science or of religion. The lectureship was founded rather with the Idea of taking the sting out of science, and. if need be of fighting It in the name of religion. The situation is changed, and he helped to change it. He taught his students at least not to fear science, and if they could not get a complete reconciliation, meanwhile, they must work with broad, flexible hypotheses, which would keep their mmds from narrowing and hardening. If science is to become religious, religion must become scientific Drummond never would give up the effort after a reconciliation Once a week at College he used to HIS CHAIR 5, give his class special lectures, beginning with the evolu- tion of the world, and coming down to the evolution of life. The^e were intensely interesting, and had a certain apologetic purpose, and were more useful than the mere teaching of the rudiments of science." ^° i^l^A^""' '^*"''* Stevenson of I^rgs ofTered the sum of £6000 to the Fn-e Church, upon condition of their increasing the salary of the Lecturer on Natural Science m the Glasgow Theological College, and raising the appointment to the status of a professorial chair At the General Assembly in May 1884. this offer with the conditions attached, was accepted, upon the motion of Principal Rainy, seconded by the Eev. James --alker. who said he considered that a very good defini- tion of the work of the chair was to be found in the Jabour of the man who then held the lectureship The mc^'on was carried by two hundred and sixty votes to ninety-three. A few days later, on Slst May, upon the motion of the Eev. Dr. Melville, seconded by the Eev. Dr. J. Hood Wilson. Henry Drummond was appointed the first pro- fessor of Natural Science in the Glasgow College In speaking to his motion, Dr. Melville said that Mr Drummond was no mere scientist. If that were all he was not the man they wanted. He was first of all a religious man. and an enthu8ia.st in religious work and then a student of science who '.ad by travel' and otherwise, had the opportunity of acquainting himself practically with u.aiiy varieties of scientific phenomena. Upon authority granted by the General Assembly to Alo ?^^^''^ °^ ^^^'^^"S. Dr,,mmnnd had been, in 1878. licensed to preach. He had also received the ordination of an elder. In view of the rule of the Church requiring professors, as well as ministers, to h. • ,4 5» HENRV DRUMMOND It w .if H "^" '"•■'P''"'^^ '*' '^' "hair brought ked the ulea of bcu.,. i„ ordern. The ceremony took I'lHce on 4th Nov('iiih..r 1884 in fh« f'.Ji. l- h . ,r^T''' ''^"" "rdinution wa« conferred by the local l're«bvtery. by the layi«. on of hands, after ^be you,.g Professor hu.l made natisfactorv reply to he interrogatories pnt to him in conformit'y with the IHW o the Church. The following account by an " Drummond was the last man whom yon could place be X "^"P^'^«" '« ^he part he happened to be playmg. On hi.s ordination day. when most n.en assumed a garb almost clerical, he was dressed like a country sjimre. thus proclainung to fathers and brethren and to all the world that be was not going to allow ordmation to play havoc with his chosen career. Threl ex-pupds of us sat side by side at that ordmation. As the moment approached when he must publicly sign the Confession of Faith we watched bun keenly^ Whal will he do with it? we wondered. It would not have urpnsed us ,f e had blandly turned to the Presbytery und said. 'Keally. gentlemen. I cannot sign this. Can you not grant me a dispensation?' Noth.ng of the k ml He took the pen wkh a graceful ease, and as he did so one of his pupils remarked. • Ah, he's goin<. to rush It. hke the rest of us.' And he did. OrLatio however, sat hghtly upon him. It n.ade no i>erceptible dmnge m his dress, demeanour, or activity. Ordi.Lion was for him not a call to a new line of life but a necessary corollary of the professorship, and he sub- mitted to it only as ' an ordinance of men.' " nii^:^1l HIS CHAIR 53 Ordination ih the Rnnction for use nf the style of "Th.- lievercnd" in uddmss. Imt DiunuiM.nd luTsistently mlled the attention of c(ire8|K>ndent8 tn the fact that he was not "Keverend." ^)r. WulHon telln ,.8 that he wa8 w..nt to dechne. in fun, that lie had no m^jllection of beuiK ordained, and tl.ut he unuld never dare to Ijapti/.. a child. The real reason was, doubth-sR, ihv strairyu- one of fieeking to disarm suspicion of th- professionalism which h, for better or for worse Mssociiited with the cloth, an.l of thus enabling him t.»' -• t alonusi.le of -len whom be thou<,dit he could help in vM rs eoncerniiitr fh,.ir spiritual welfare. If IVofta-sur Drnmmondfi intert-ourse witii his sli.ch-ntt^ w,,8 not calculated to liberate the maji of su..T,ne ui ;l..n,, it was by no means without an eduoat;vv uiHuence. Of two clasH examinations which he held !u the year— the first, at th b ginning of the session, was designed " not to 3 ...^ but to prove ignorance of the mc ' ■.V;.- that everybody ought to know." i' .,. "Stupidity Exam." In the pap" ■ :.\..o. the following would commonly a,,\or :--. or colours are the stars? — Wl-V .- • Why is the sea salt ?— Why is th. v Define u volcano. — What is a leaf ? But it was doubtless in the class excursions that Drummond got nearest to his students. " It was not till one day, when." says the Eev. Mackintosh Mackay. " he took us all on a geological excursion to a limestone quarry some twenty miles from Glasgow, that we got to know him. What fossils we discovered that day I have quite forgotten : I only know we discovered a very live, brilliant specimen of nineteentli-century man • we discovered Drummond. He was unlike all other professors we had known. These had hitherto beetlo > •« r';^: ^ i " i\tJ^ " .3 ^- knowledge, ''.-'"..I. '7 things f " vlled the ^ ':;a. ': ions as 'i wi .; colour .!t;^ ;"''.en? — n 54 HENRY DRUMMOND ii U8 uwful personages, and our interviews with them were few and fearful Drummond disclosed himsef touTL elf ft ^f^^he.day we students had got hold of some empty trucks lying on aside piece of rail which led into thought It would be fine fun to have a run on these trucks. Butwould the Professor like it? We looked sd^ntly to him. To our surprise, the Profesl. tTth a «o einn twmkle m his eye. said he would come in too' As we were dehciously dashing down the incline, the madetL ''", '' Philosophise. What was it that ddt. n '' .f''''''\^^^' we had been somnolently One of the students suggested. 'Because we are doing what IS agamst the law.' 'No,' said Drummond. '! thmk It IS rather the sense of motion. In a train you are Shu up. while here the wind is all about you. and yon feel you are going. In that, I think, the ^tage coach beats the locomotive.'" ^ Drumi^.^J made a practice of asking his class to spend a week with him in Arran. at the close of the ession, for field work in th. subjects of class stud,' entertammg them at his personal expense. The days were devoted to excursions to Goatfell. Glen Sannox and other pomts m that geologically rich' locality. The evenings were spent in talk of all kinds, when the class discovered m their Professor one of the most interesting conversationalists conceivable. The Professor enjoyed these outings quite as much as did his class, a. his letters about them prove. In the pleasant and not unprofitable work of his chair Drummond spent the whole of his professional Me-influencing successive cycles of would-be entrants to the ministry of the Evangel which he loved. Dr HIS CHAIR 55 George Adam Smith tells of an offer of the Principal- ship of McGill University, Montreal, received by Drummond in the winter of 1893-94. and declined after careful Consideration. He never had another appoint- ment: It was as Professor Drumraond that he was known to the end of his life. In his last session he stuck at his post in Glasgow during weeks of fearful pam, until it became quite evident that he had become physically unfit for lecturing, and until one day in Feb- ruary 1895, he went home for ever, to use Charles Lamb s pathetic phrase. i mi . iff ■i'-- I CHAPTER VII. Evangelism in Glasgow. T)EUMMOND'S professional work necessitated his ■*-^ residence in Glasgow for five months in the year • but, as he was actually engaged in lecturing for only' cmr hours in the we.k. he had a large margS of spare time. Many calls were made upon him, especially in later years, but he exercised a royal independence in accepting and refusing the miscellaneous invitations and requests of which he was the recipient For one thing, preach he would not. An ex-student has put on record an interesting incident in this con- nection, and the passage will bear quotation :— "When as an ex-pupil you made the usr.l claim upon him to preach on what was to you, a great occasion he refused you as if you were proposing to confer a great avour upon him, and you could not choose but love him for the way he did it. Once I went to confer this favour upon him. In his private room at College h. received me so kindly that I scarce could muster co°urarummond, of Glasgow. The Divine leading in this matter has been most evident to us all. The ", *! clear, direct, spiritual teaching seemed to coi.^ in ' ~o opportunely, and to lead to decision, and to ^^r';^ strength and firmness in very n.any insLnces. The iL meeting was crowded." From Aberdeen, Drummond went to Dundee ar-i enc. to Dumfries. Note has been preserved of seve'a^ 0^ his addresses at the last - mentioned place "Mr o7cZt ^P^'.^T'''^^'^^^' °" "^^' Three Crosses • Un Calvary we had the cross of Salvation, the cross of meeting he spoke on the words "Seek ve /ir^i tb« kingdom of God." At a crowded meetTng'in £ Free I «i 64 HENRY DRUMMOND 1^ ■r$: I' I . i f'hurch, his subject was " Tetnptation," which he treated " in a very original and distinctive nmnner." We also learn of addresses f»n " The rroj^ranirue of Christianity," as given in Isa. Ixi. 1-3; and "a marvellous address on ' Ix)ve,' from 1 Cor. xiii." At the conclusion of the Dumfries meetings it was reported that " Mr. Drummond's visit at this time has been largely blessed, one of the most precious results being in the spirit of quickening received by God's people." We next hear of his being at Cardiff, in Wales, taking " overflow " meetings, and special services for children and for young men, every day. At Newport, he again addressed the young men. " They as young men," he is reported to have said, " had special difficulties about religion, and Mr. Moody and Mr. Sankey had wanted them to compare notes. . . . One reason why young men were kept back from i f^ligion was that they did not believe in some professing Christians whom they knew. Tliat want of faith might often be justified ; but the life of any Christian person or professor was not the standard. Jesus Christ alone was the standard. Another reason was that they did not want to begin the thing, unless they could carry it through, and they feared they would fail in this. St. Paul met that difficulty when he said, ' I am persuaded that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.' The great stumbling-block, after all, was sin. ' Being saved,' for such, meant, to a large extent, giving up that sin. He begged them to be true to their Bible and their mothers' God." In Plymouth he conducted special night services for children, and then the commencement of his College MOODY'S SECOND CAMPAIGN 65 Bession in GlaBgow put a period to his accompanying his fnendB any farther. As booh as the next vacation Mt m he started for the African travels to which we shall refer in an early chapter. These detained him abroad until the end of April 1884. Arriving in this country at that date, he wns in time for the closing weeks of the eight-months' mission in London with which the evangelists terminated their campaign, and into this he threw himself with all his old enthusiasm for evangelism, standing by his friends to the very last it; I ff^ . '■-'g.'-'*g '■»!-■ I^i*?! MICROCOPY RESdUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) til 150 1^ ■ 16 14.0 2.5 1.8 ^ >IPPLIED IIVHGE Ir 1653 Eost Moin Street Rochester, Ne» York 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 -Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fox ■I CHAPTER IX. "Natural Law in the Spiritual World,' U - 1 SOME people stumble upon fame in the most un- looked-for manner, and of no man could this be said more truly than of Drummond. We owe it almost to an accident that he was drawn into the literary- expression of his epoch-making ideas concerning the iiitsr-relation of Physical Science and Christianity ; as he, in turn, almost owed to that expression the " crystal- lisation " of his distinctive theories upon the subject. Prior to the year 1881, he had never done any literary work, if we except the boyish essays for the Stirling Observer, already mentioned. He has told us himself that he never would have dreamed of writing a book, but that upon the second application of " the unknown editor of an unknown London periodical" he had unearthed and forwarded to him the MSS. of several of his addresses to his Possilpark congregation. These the Eev. Joseph Exell, editor of the Clerical World, had the discrimination to accept and print. Five papers, in all, under the general heading of " Natural Law in the Spiritual World," were published in the journal named, in a column entitled " The Home Pulpit." The first, "Degeneration — 'If we Neglect,'" appeared on 28th September 1881 ; the second, "Biogenesis," on 30th November 1881; the third, "Nature abhors a Vacuum," on 23rd February 1882; 66 "NATURAL LAW IN SPIRITUAL WORLD" 67 the fourth, " Parasitism." on 24th May 1882; and the last, a continuation of "Parasitism," on 28th June 1882 To give continuity to the series, Drummond furnished the editor with the phrase " Natural Law in the Spiritual World" without much thought as to what the title actually meant. As we shall see, the under- lying "principle" asserted itself in Drummond's mind when he brought the papers together. When he came to arrange the papers for publication m book form, the third— " Nature abhors a Vacuum"— was thrown out, manifestly because it would not even to appearance, bear the strain of the principle which Drummond believed he had discovered. The paper is. how- ever, an interesting one, and some representative passages from it may be given here, as it has never been reprinted 80 far as we have been able to ascertain. It bears, as an appropriate sub-heading, the Scripture text— " Be not drunk with wine, ... but be filled with the Spirit." "... The spiritual forces, the pressure of the rival atmospheres of good and evil upon the human soul, may indeed be likened to natural forces; but the organic world is not to be discussed in terms of the inorganic We do not expect Physics, that is to say, to yield us the same analogies of law between the natural and the spiritual as biology. One day men may be able to see a scientific meaning in the attractive principle of love or mean more than metaphor when they talk of the gravita- tion of sin, but Physics for the present reigns prominently only in the inorganic. It reigns as truly, though incon- spicuously, in the organic. But in the spiritual it remains invisible— whether its action be as real or not no man can tell. "We claim the title, nevertheless, to press the analogy of the general principle. And the proposition to be 68 HENRY DRUMMOND 1.1 (I Illustrated is this:— Just as by the constitution of Nature there is no possibility of emptiness anywhere in earth, or sea, or air, so by the constitution of human nature there is no possibility of emptiness in the soul of man. The spiritual nature abhors a vacuum. A thousand influences, some beneficent, some malign surround every human life. Within each life there 18 capacity for a ceitain amount of these influences and with that certain amount each life by its constitu- tion must be filkd. There may be expansion or ro„- traction m the capacity for evil or for good; there may be dislodgment, good replacing evil or 3vil good • but vacuum there cannot be. Nature abliors it. And' the practical effect is plain. If a man will not let good into his life, evil will and must possess it If he would eject evil from his life, he can only do so by lettmg good into it. . . . If the soul does not choose its own content. Nature will. In her abhorrence of vacuum she will thrust elements into it by force and she will choose just such elements as may be at hand, whether they may be good or bad. Her concern IS simply to keep the soul filled— the individual's concern is to keep the soul rightly filled. Nature secures her part of the process— the irresponsible part— with such mfallible certainty that we are deceived by the very perfection of tho law. The noiselessness of its workinr. hides from us its vast importance. -"^^^ come to leave the quality to Nature as well as t.. quantity. We let circumstances take their course. We permit the interests of life to absorb us in turn, all and sundry as they come up. We allow temptation to come and go at pleasure, and one day the soul wakes up to find itself possessed with all manner of evil. Its great chambers have, quite insensibly, become distended V. Ill foul and deadly gases. It exhales sin rather than "NATURAL LAW IN SPIRITUAL WORLD" 69 righteousness. . Most men forgot that what they alow to enter the soul is of us grave importanc as what emerges from it. So long as good is the outcome f om a mans hfe he is deceived into the belief that TZ " ''""\ "" responsibility he imagines is fur he eHlux, not for the influx. And it is often no until the stream of life runs out. foul and turgid tha he remembers what «ecks of scum dropped fn'; the cistern days or years ago. There is no such thine as an unrelated sin in any life. The great fallwhich suddenly stams the reputation of a public name and which the world's charity glosses over as m^dy a sudden s IP is never the first of a series but 'th wh th d H . "'' '^ " ^""^ ^^"« "f P^'^-'-^te sins which did not seem sins, perhaps because they did not see the light. But sin begins in the vacuum chambers of the soul. The wrong Valves are Ilowed to open when the soul grows empty, and the hearlls slowly flooded with vileness and pollution." At first sight it appears somewhat strange that the Cereal World papers, which afterwards formed s -em of the most striking chapters of a book that took the .hg.us world by storm, should actually have appeared TT \- , ""^^ ^^ attributed, in great measure A Paper for the Pulpit and the Pew." first published y Mews. Hodder & Stoughton-oi 28th Sep 1"^ 1881. seems to have had a poor circulation and an inln Sr JZ ./"^f ^P^r^- 1 ««2 it became the ZZl ^y orld and Family Churchman,mdi a month later it droDued if 0^ 4 If 70 HENRY DRUMMOND I I < .1 iff The revision of the Natural Law papers for the press would seem to have first suggested to Drummond that there was more in his title for the group than he had thought. " As it is when arranging his specimens for the museum,' he afterwards wrote, " the naturalist really awakens to their affinities, and sees the laws which group them, so, in arranging my little collection of manuscripts, I saw fci- the first time, with any clearness, the mysterious thread which bound them." He enter- tained, with considerable confidence, the suggestion which had come into his mind, when he recognised the spontaneous manner in which it had emerged. " So varied is Nature, and so many-sided is Truth, that when anvone starts with a theory, be it the most stupendous castle-in-the-air, and proceeds to support it by making a collection of supposed practical applica- tions, he will find innumerable things to favour his hypothesis." To put his new-found theory to the test, Drummond wrote out a rough sketch of the paper which after- wards formed the Introduction to Natural Law, and, in January 1882, submitted it to a meeting of the Glasgow Theological Club, a society of select and limited membership, which met periodically for dis- cussion of theological and cognate subjects. He read his paper with trepidation. But for one dissentient voice, its condemnation was unanimous. One candid friend — possibly the late Dr. A. B. Bruc , someone has suggested — said that it reminded him of a pamphlet he had once picked up, entitled, " Forty reasons for the identification of the English people with the Lost Ten Tribes." The next group of circumstances offering promise of development in the situation, was initiated by a request from Mr. Newman, a member of the Society of Friends, "NATURAL LAW IN SPIRITUAL WORLD" 71 for permission to print the first of the Clerical World papers, at the printing press of an Orphanage at Leominster. Permipsion was accorded, and p-esently letters dropped in from unknown correspondents in- forming Drummond of light and leading received from a perusal of the Orphanage reprint. This unsolicited testimony decided him to attempt the publication of the complete series in book form, and he forwarded the Introduction and several of the Clerical World papers to a London publisher. In three weeks the MS. was returned, " declined with thanks." " A slight change was made, a second application to another well- known London house attempted; and again the docu- ment was returned with the same mystic legend — the gentlest yet most inexorable of death-warrants — en- dorsed upon its back." " To be served a second time with the Black Seal of Literature was too much for me," continues Drummond, "and the doomed sheets were returned to their pigeon-holes, and once more forgotten." The Orphanage pamphlet had led our author into a blind-alley. To cut a long story short, Drummond, having failed to find a publisher, was found by one, in the person of Mr. M. H. Hodder. The papers were overhauled and partly rewritten, and Natural Law in the Spiritvul World, as a concrete whole, was fairly launched in the book-world. It may now Ue taken for granted that there are few members of the thoughtful Christian public who have not made the acquaintance of Professor Drummond's book, and any mention of its contents need, in this place, only be of the slightest character. Suffice it to say that the volume contains eleven papers, of differing interest, and with little co-relation — all, Driginally, addresses delivered by Drummond to hia audiences of working men at Possilpark, in no studied 1' '%vXi 7^ HENRY DRUMMOND ; t .) i! "I spiritual deatl,: thev J LhT '""'■ ""' illuminative illuatrati" „ fL L eUrr^'LT'- 1 research; and thev arp «,r,-ff biological of the Christian evangel, the ^I i-k' ^'''''''' involvpd in f >,« ossilpark papers are not Zk "^""'"" °' n^-mond's introductory Jndidt'd-oTra'C •:"„']• ''''■■"'' " «°' " the .S>«.to, of 4th Au^tt* Of "PP~'.'- '™ '«"'=" i" afterwa:^s wrote that Cre ^iJ^^l^Sf' """"^T" it certainly to make one L io" hut T^^ '" with that marvellous generosity' and ^Z?""^ """'" '".known author for which thfw, ""^f«f<^ '» «> i" journalism wk ?*•"'""'■ stands supreme his own eputation Zl "7- ""''" "''""" '"'™ "»'<«<1 the work oflew Id' "«"■''• ""=h '^■"P'>«sis of .ne among the ""tries r> '"'"'' "■"^'"' '^ While th^ S^ZiZ.: Lr "-^'"^"ness." I^mmmond's fhesis in its e,°tiretv T^, """''• '"="P' volume as "one of ,L „ '"' "^"'y' " characterised the books we Ive read for T '?'""''' ""^ '"S«'=»«™ exception of Drli e;,'°^frj.v * '"'■ """ "" reoall no hook of our tin^,e J;;r:rwe1™rpor "of ••NATURAL LAW IN SPIRITUAL WORLD" 73 >v«Lating the moral and i.ractical tn.tl.s of nAhn„u sn as to make them take fr,-h hold of the mi.ul. u.id vmdly impress the imaginati..„." It hailed Dr.uumond us a new and powerful teacher, impressive both from the scientific calmness and accuracy of his view of law and from the deej. religious earnestness with which hJ sphe're.' ''''''"^" '^ ^'^' "' '''" ™"'"^ ""^ ^P^"^"^'^ hillif l^^f ^y^""''' "''^" ^''' '^"'''^'•''^' «f Dnmuuond himself, that Aatural Law appeared in July 188.'5 but a writer in the Acadcw,,, who would seem to have' had access to the publisher's books, indicates that a first impression of one thousand copies was printed and ssued m the month of April; a second edition, of one thousand, not being called for nntil July. ]ie this as it may, th^ Spectator review really introduced the book to the public, and after its appearance the sales went up anotirr r^'" • ^' '^" '^^«""""^' «f Septendi anothei thousand copies were printed; in October, two thousand; m November, two thousand: and so on The original edition had been sold : t seven shillings and sixpence; but in March 1887 a cheaper edition was issued at three shillings and sixpence; after 51000 copies had been sold at the first-mentioned figure At Thirtr' °^^;?i^«.^°^ Drummond's death it was in its Ihirty-second Edition, completing 119.000 copies, and It had been translated into French, German. Dutch .tnd A orwegian. "The American and foreign editions are beyond count." This was indeed strange fortmle tor a volume concerning which the author wrote to its publisher, before its publication, to the effect that he was encouraged to think the enterprise might not be a ource of loss, both because he believed his extensive acyuamtanee might be taken as a guarantee for the sale of a thousand copies, and because he had even been 1- H 74 HENRY DRUMMOND . .) .^lered the stmi of £40 for the exdu.sive copyright of the Clenail n^uld urtideal It remains for us to refer briefly to the phenomenal flood of cnticsm of which A^atural law was the occasion and the object. It is „ot within the province of a biographer to canvass the opinions and beliefs of the subject of his memoir, bnt he is not preclnded from mdicatin.,^ the extent and influence of the criticism to which these may have been subjected ; indeed he may reasonably be expected to afford this information. Among the bibliographical notes appended to this volume there will be found a list of no fewer than twenty-one books and pamphlets in the English language which were published in criticism of the teaching con- tained m Natural Law, and it is quite possible that there may be others that have not been traced A number of these appeared in a list which Professor Drummond drew up in 1887, and. where the present writer has not been able to lay his hand, upon these books themselves, he has contented himself with im- porting the limited bit. jraphical information furnished in that list. As might be supposed, these books and pamphlets and the innumerable reviews and criticisms which have appeared in the periodical press, vary much in tone and tuxie. Of course, the critics who considered that the gravity of the situation demanded a wide circulation of their corrective comments have almost exclusive posses- sion of the list of books and pamphlets ; but. as Dr. Staker has wittily said,-" The public found out th. book for Itself, by an instinct it now and the:i reveals- and the critics, arriving late, have had to criticise their own constituents, as well as the author " The majority of the pamphleteers take an obscurantist view of the situation, or disparage the author's capacity "NATURAL 'AW IN SPIRHIAI. WORLD" 75 for hu tusk. " Mr. Driunmoiid has written thro\ij,'fiout; in simple un A. In Cknti: • .FRtCA. riUKIOr'SI.Y omnv^h, circumstances had so arranged ^ thenist'lveH ilmt new .f tho gratifying reception accorded to Natural Za.., _Ji by the criticB and the J5riiiHh public, did not reach Drurnmond until niontfi-; had elapsed since the date of publication. Immediately after seeing the sheets of his book through the press, he had left tho country upon an expedition to Central Africa, He had penetrated to the Xyassa-Tanganyika plateau, a thousand miles from the nearest post-ollice, and had • i neither letter nor newspaper for five months, wh , as he has told us, one night (in the third week of November), an hour after midnight, his camp was suddenly roused by the apparition of three black messengers — despatched from the north end of Uke Nyassa by a friendly white-^with the hollow skin of a tiger-cat containing a small packet of letters and papers. Lighting the lamp in his tent, he read the letters, and then turned over the newspapers. Among them was a copy of the Spectator, containing the review of his book. As he once told the present writer, Drurnmond did not realise to the full the sensation which Natural Law had caused until his return home, in the follo^ving year, when his father, who had preserved the different reviews and articles as they appeared, pro- duced his collection with great glee and parental pride. 77 11 1 ^ 78 HENRY DRUMMOND I I Li (1: i-ff . His mission to Africa was " purely scientific." He had accepted a commission from the African Lakes Company to make a botanical and geological survey of the Nyassa- Tanganyika plateau, and, having obtained leave of absence from the College authorities, he had started from London on 2l8t June 1883. Parenthetically it may be explained that the African Lakes Company—founded in 1878— has for its object the opening up and development of the regions of East Central Africa, from the Zambesi to Tanganyika. It seeks "to make employments for the native peoples, to trade with them honestly, to keep out rum, and. 60 far as possible, gunpowder and firearms, and to co- operate with, and strengthen the hands of the mission- aries." It has established a numl)er of trading stations, manned by a staff of Europeans, and many native agents. It has steamers on ine Shir^ and Lake Nyassa. It has developed the industry of coffee-planting in the interior, and is introducing other sources of commercial pros- perity. " It has acted, to some extent, as a check upon the slave-trade; it has prevented inter -tribal strife, and helped to protect the missionaries in time of war." The African Lakes Company, in short, was, for a good many years, " the sole administering-hand in this part of Africa." ^ In due course Drummond reached Zanzibar, to find in this " cesspool of wickedness "— " Oriental in its appear- ance, Mohammedan in its religion, Arabian in its n- orals " —a fit capital for the Dark Continent. From Zanzibar he travelled by steamer to Quilinuuie, and reached the more navigable waters of the Zambesi by a canoe voyage of a week upon the Qua-Qua— " one long picnic." Steam- ing up the Zambesi, he had an opportunity of visiting the solitary spot where Dr. Livingstone was bereft of his Wife. "Late in the afternoon we reached the spot IN CENTRAL AFRICA 79 a low, ruined hut, a hundred yards from the river's bank, with a broad verandah shading its crumbling walls. A grass-green path straggled to the doorway, and the fresh print of a hippopotamus told how neglected the spot is now. Pushing the door open, we found ourselves in a long dark room, its mud floor broken into fragments, and remains of native fires betraying its latest occupants. Turning to the right, we entered a smaller chamber, bare and stained, with two glassless windows facing the river. The evening sun, setting over the far-off Morumballa mountains, filled the room with its soft glow, and took our thoughts back to that Sunday evening, twenty years ago, when, in this same bedroom, at the same hour, Livingstone knelt over his dying wife, and witnessed the great sunset of his life." Farther up the river, the tributary Shird was entered ; and, after some days' steaming and a tramp of nearly forty miles, the Blantyre Mission of the Church of Scotland was reached. While at Blantyre, Drummond made a short divagation with the object of exploring I^ke Shirwa, where he had the chance opportunity of seeing a slave caravan, and some of its horrors, and had the distinction of being to many of the natives the first white man they had ever seen. Pushing on, he traversed, by steamer, the upper reaches of the Shire; coasted up the western shores of Lake Nyassa for about one hundred and fifty miles ; and arrived next at Bandawa, the headquarters of the Scottish Livingstonia Mission, carried on by an able stafi' of missionaries under the superintendence of Dr. Laws. Evidently he had not yet attained to that easy familiarity with the nude which may be inferred from his later message to his friend, Dr. John Watson, to the effect that, at the time of writing, he had "nothing on but a helmet and three mosquitoes." At Bandawe ':n -Bi 8o HENRY DRUMMOND m •I 11: : Sunday services he was a little surprised to find the swarthy worshippers "dressed mostly in bows and arrows." But he afterwards cherished no more sacred memory of his life than that of a conmiunion service m the little Bandawe chapel where the sacramental cup was handed to him by the bare black arm of a native communicant — "a communicant whose life, tested after- wards in many an hour of trial with me on the Tan- ganyika plateau, gave him perhaps a better right to be there than any of us." At Bandawe, with the assistance of his mission friends, he succeeded in enlisting the services of twenty-eight natives for the persoimel of his caravan ; and on 29th September, at Karongas, at the head of Lake Nyassa, after covering the intervening distance of two hundred miles by steamer, he plunged into the Tanganyika forest. There he spent the following months in the execution of his commission, moving from camp to camp, collecting specimens, — geologicaf, botanical, and entomological, — as well as making personal acquaintance with all the romance and hard- ship of the explorer's life, including, of course, African fever. Of an attack of African fever, he has given us the following graphic account: — "It is preceded for weeks, or even for a month or two, by unaccountable irritability,' depression, and weariness. On the march with his men [the traveller] has scarcely started when he sighs for the noonday rest. Putting it down to mere laziness, he goads himself on by draughts from the water-bottle,' and totters forward a mile or two more. Next he finds himself skulking into the forest on the pretext of looking at a specimen, and, when his porters are out of sight, throws himself under a tree in utter limpness and despair. Boused by mere shame, he staggers along the IN CENTRAL AFRICA g, trail, and as he nears the midday camp puts on a spurt to conceal his defeat, which finishes him for the rest of the day. This is a good place for specimens he tells the men— the tent may be pitched for the night This goes on day after day till the crash comes— first cold and pain, and every degree of heat, then delirium, then the life-and-death struggle. He rises if he does rise, a shadow; and slowly accumulates strength for the next attack, which he knows too well will not disappoint him." No member of his caravan could speak English but master and men had sufficient acquaintance with one of the Nyassa dialects to enable them to communicate with one another. This intercourse helped Drummond to arrive at an intelligent appreciation of the possible capabilities of the African native. Two of his personal servants, Moolu and Jingo, claimed his special interest The following passage gives his estimate of Moolu. " Held the usual service in the evening— a piece of very primitive Christianity. Moolu, who had learned much from Dr. Laws, undertook the sermon and discoursed with great eloquence on the Tower of Babel The preceding Sunday he had waxed equally warm over the Rich Man and Lazarus ; and his description of the Kicli Man i-^ terms of native ideas of wealth—' plenty of calico and plenty of beads' — was a thing to remember. ' Mission blacks,' in Natal and at the Cape are a byword among the unsympathetic ; but I never saw Moolu do an inconsistent thing. He could neither read nor write ; he knew only some dozen words of English • until seven years ago he had never seen a white man ' but I could trust him with everything I had. He was not 'pious': he was neither bright nor clever; he was a commonplace black; but he did his duty and never 6 •^""Wfr-K^:: . ^'*-^i'mnri: »■ 83 HENRY DRUMMOND !•' ' told a lie. The first night of our camp, after all had gone to rest, I remember being roused by a low talking. I looked out of my tent ; a flood of moonlight lit up the forest ; and there, kneeling upon the ground, was a little group of natives, and Moolu in the centre conducting evening prayers. Every night afterwards this service was repeated, no matter how long the march was nor how tired the men. I make no comment. But this I will say — Moolu's life gave him the right to do it. Mission reports are often said to be valueless ; they are less so than anti-mission reports. I believe in Missions, for one thing, becaue^e I believe in Moolu." By the end of November, Drummond had completed his survey, and had quitted the Tanganyika forest. Between attacks of fever, he retraced his steps to Bandawe, Blantyre, and Quilimane in turn, reaching the last-namod place in time to join a steamer for the Cap on 8 th February 1884. On the 7th he wrote to jne of his friends at Nyassa : — " My days in this * funny ' country are ail but done. . . . My steamer comes in to-morrow — the Dunkeld, a large, splendid vessel, I hear. I return bed, and by Jingo (not swearing). Jingo is much struck with everything here, but wants to go back, as he says, to Mr. 's ' Donna.' Jingo is a great swell now, in trousers, etc., and will have charge of the raailboat up the Qua-Qua. I gave him a temperance lecture on entering Quilimane, and he has promised faithfully never, never to touch anything stronger than pombe. He says cuchasso gives him frightful pains, and is very bad." A postscript to the same letter contains the announcement : — " Deceased. On the Qua-Qua, on the 4th inst., of rupture of the spout, Mrs. 's teapot. Deeply regretted." Before granting Drummond a passport to leave the IN CENTRAL AFRICA g^ country the Portuguese authorities at Quilimane wanted h.m to take out a "billet of residence" but. as hh would have amounted to an admission that Nyassa vis Portuguese territory, he refused point-blank^ "As have plenty tune," he wrote, " I was quite prepared to He returned to Britain by the Cape of Good Hope spending some weeks in Cape Colony, en route 7nd ultimately reaching home in the bej;ning Tl^rU As we nave already seen, he at once threw himself fno the work of the closing weeks of Mr. Moody's camp^^ He also spoke at the Mildmay May meetings aS^t On boT: th""'^' ''■ ^'^ ^'^^ ^^-^^ «' Scotland On both of these occasions African missions were his whar had impressed him most in Central Africa was that the apathy at home, in regard to miss on s arose from a want of imagination -"from a want of' he sense that the thing was real. . . . They had in act. m regard to missions, very much what they had m regard to Faith. They had a dead faith about mis^ons m heathen lands, and a living faith. Wha he had been taught by these months of wandZw 1?' r bot r ^'- - "-~-: lrltl'% T'"' r ""^^ ^^^^« «^^«t^ted out from ^ntam for the salvation of Central Africa At T c'ritv oT' T'"-''' '^ ^^^^^"^^^ 'y^^ out tt: Siess of it b"^ °"' ' ""^^^ "^^^ '' ^ P^a^e the lone! I H HENRY DRUMMOND ' f at a station, he should be assisted by unordained men, who might be elders or deacons, as the work, for the most part, was like teaching infant classes. Other addresses, to audiences of churchmen and scien- tists and laymen, were afterwards delivered on ditlerent occasions ; and these, with on( ar two additional papers, were collected and published in 1886, in the volume entitled Tropical Africa. Delightfully written, with a statesmanlike grasp of the situation, its earlier chapters are well calculated to stimulate that imagination which he desiderated in his Assembly addresses, and to provoke an intelligent interest in what is surely one of the most needy as well as attractive fields for Christian altruism in the Dark Continent. -^ .«» g -JH^'V. '«bTSf»S*C!V- CHAPTER XT. Among the Uppkk Ten Thousand. i!^i IX strict chronological order, the next great scheme which occupied Drummond's uttentiou and afforded scope for the exercise of his peculiar gifts, was the work among University students, in Edinburgh and elsewhere ; but we may hold over our account of that until a follow- ing chapter, and refer first to an important enterprise, which may be said to have arisen directly out of the publication of Natural Law. From occupying the obscure position of professor in a denominational college in Scotland, he had come to be the most conspicuous individual in the religious world of the day. Thousanas who had read his book, and recognised in it that eshness and power to which the Spectator had called a ention, were anxious to see some- thing of the author himself ; and this was especially the case with the better-class people from whose ranks the clientele of the Spectator is principally drawn. Idle curiosity, which ever keeps the leisured classes on tiptoe to hear or see some new thing, was doubtless responsible for a good deal of this interest in the new teacher ; but in the minds of many there was truly awakened a fresh interest in the spiritual world and in their personal con- cern with it ; while a great many, for whom the older methods of religious thought and life had never seemed other than satisfying, were delighted to observe the 85 Sri Ui VM^nsctxw^jj' "la^ liT itfSi aRFY*^ '•. rA-a.£.2r„- 86 HENRY DRUMMOND ^|!,> >?>. I I w ■I i> li revived interest in spiritual things manifested by their neighbours and townsmen, and wore sincerely anxious to see the sparks of curiosity fanned into a flame of Christian enthusiasm and life. Thus it came about that, in the winter of 1884-85, overtures were made to Drummond with a view to his conducting a series of meetings in the West End of London, under such auspices as might most easily secure the attendance of members of the class which is com- monly denominated the Upper Ten Thousand. In its promotion, correspondei ^e was carried on principally by the Earl and Countess of Aberdeen. After some per- suasion, and the adjustment of a programme of method, Drummond gave his consent, and the following adver- tisement appeared in the Society columns of the Morniny Post, on 25th AprU 1885 :— " Pkofessor Henhy Drummond (Author oi Natural Late in the Spiritual World), will, by request, give addresses at Grosvenor House, by kind permission of the Duke and Duchess of Westminster, on Sundays April '26 (to- morrow), May 3, and 10. Admission can be had by ticket, which can be obtained on application to Mr. K. Thompson, 37 Grosvenor Sijuare." The meetings were held in the ballroom of Grosvenor House, and, on the three days advertised, the room, which could hold over five hundred, was completely filled, and that with the class of people for which the meetings were designed. The presence of such prominent men as the Duke of Westminster, Lord Selborne, the Marquis of Hartington, Lord Sherbrooke, Mr. W. E. Forster, M.P., and Mr. Childers, M.P., was noted at the time. If those who came expected a lecture upon a scientific topic, they must have been greatly surprised when Drummond, selecting a simple evangelistic address, talked to them, on the three respective occasions, upon AMONG THE UPPER TEN THOUSAND 87 the subjects of Christianity looked at from the stand- point of Evolution, and oi Natural Selection in reference to Christianity. Beyond the address, there was no service, with the exception of a short closing prayer, the words of which have been preserved : — " Lord Jesus, we have been talking to one another about Thee, and now we talk to Thee, face to face. Thou art not far from any one of us. Thou art nearer than we are to one another, and Thou art saying to us, ' Come unto Me, and I will give you rest.' So we come, ju3t as we are. We pray Thee Uj remember us in Thy mercy a';d love. Take not Thy Spirit away from us, but enable us, more and more, to enter into fellow- ship with Thyself. Bless all here who love the Lord Jesus in sincerity. Help thos'? who lov^ Thee not, and who miss Thee every day they live, here and now to begin their attachment and devotion, to Thy person and service, for Thy name's sake. Amen." The impression produced by the meetings upon the average member of the class in society that they were expected to influence may be guessed at, if we read between the lines of a piquant article, entitled " Wanted a Religion," which appeared in the columns of the World, on 27th May 1885. From this "human docameut " we take the liberty to extract a number of paragraphs, for preservation. "Never was there a time when those who live in, and, as some may erroneously fancy, solely for, the world, were less worldly, or relapsed more frequently into serious thought. The extraordinary rush which there was the other day for the new edition of the Bible, and the immediate exhaustion of a stock of two or three million copies, may have served to remind us that, after all, religion fills a larger place in the exist- 1 •! 1 88 HENRY DRUMMOND t-nce of the Knglishman than ,iny other object of hummi iiiterefet. . . . The last decade and a half of the nine- teenth century may find it a little difticult to know what to believe; bn*. it in willing to believe almost anything, and it is perpetually on the search for souie teacher who will show it a new form of faith, who will reset old forms in an attrHctive framework, or who will embelhsh them with original illustrations. " If this were not so, iz is impossible that the young Scottish Professor who hus recently been staying in London should have achieved the brilliant success of which he has reason to be proud. Nothing exactly of the same kind has been done before. Society has flocked to All^marle Street to listen to his discourses which have been a dexterous melatuje, tolerably lucid, or abso- utely unintelligible, as the case may be. of half a dozen ologies. ■. . . The exceedingly clever and canny author of Natural Law in the Spiritual World, who has an eye to Iramatic effect far more acute than is possessed by most professional dramatists or actors, and who combines with the facile pen of the practised publicist a scientific vocabulary of infinite resource, stands forth in con- spicuous relief, both for what he has done and for what he 18, from the sensational notoriety-hunters of the epoch. He has eclipsed Mr. Ltiurence Oliphant, who was himself more or less in the same line of business completely; and as for Mr. Moncure Conway, that gentleman was, to use an expressive Americanism, never in the same street with him. . . " Professor Drumraond . . . has struck out a com- pletely new line of his own, in which there is nothing that 18 not digni «d. nothing that is not telling. To be able to collect, even under a ducal roof, on "four (sic) successive Sunday afternoons, four or five hundred people AMONG THE UPPKR TEN THOirSAND 8«, many of then, of the highest distinction, social am\ intellectual, is a triumph of iuKcniouH ingenuity Mr Drummojid has invented ii go8j„.l which, if not entireiy new, has jusi euow^h novelty ahout it to i.i(,„e and interest the fashional.le puMic, an.l which can be per- fectly well reconciled with the somewhat ellete Lut always to be respected, evangel of the New Testament He applies the principle of evolution, the law of the survival of the fittest, to spiritual exist.'ncv. He does not consign to perdition all who fail to lea.l a hi.'hlv spiritual life here. He only reminds them that thel ure not «iualifying themselves for the life to come For the ellect he has produced, everything depends upon his management of his material. Sometimes his r»>ligion and his science have fused their currents and travelled m a common stream. Sometimes they have run in parallel channels. Sometimes their relations have been of a different kind, and the lecturer has employed religion as the gilding of the pill of science, or scitnce as the rationalising witness to religion. But whatever the method adopted, the result produced has been the same; and the audience has departed profoundly im- pressed by the ^ords of wisdom and solemnity is'suinu from the lips of a graceful young man with a good manner, a not ill-favoured face, a broad Scotch accent cad in a remarkably well-fitting frock-coat, and reciting' after his prelection, the Lord's Prayer in a tone of devout humility remarkable for the professors of the period Air. Drummond has, in fact, produced upon his hearers the impression that the teachings of science are, upon tlie whole, m favour of revealed religion. For that they take, not only him, but religion, science, and themselves ^*;er. They have always believed that there was i ,t deal of truth in the Bible ; and now that Mr i^.ummond. with his talk about amoeba, polycietina 'M.:r/i:»;^^"^^:r 90 HENRY DRUMMOND and parasitifltn, tms deinotiHt rated this to be the case, they feel themselvea delicately cuinpliineuted, and they would be ungrateful if they were not amiably diai>08ed towards the rrofessor. " Nothing could be easier, and nothing could be more contemptible, than to disparage or satirise the serious struggle which society is now making to obtain from some one of it8 many spiritual teachers a new revelation, or, if not that, to have its feet directed into the ways of a new religion. Nothing, again, could be easier than to take a more or less humorous view of Mr. Drummond's dissertations at Grosvenor House. Naturally the pro- fessional religionists are a little jealous at his success. The Church papers hint that he 's an amateur and a quack. But then that '~ only professional jealousy. There seems to be xo reason why evangelists like Mr. Drummond should not co-operate with the salaried interpreters of another evangel, now some nineteen centuries old. Or it may be said that Mr. Drummond would scarcely take a leading part in a performance which certainly seenis U> have a good deal that is artificial about it, if he had any store of the sincerity and earnestness which ought to be the attributes of the religious teacher. Upon this it is enough to observe that audiences, as fastidious, as discriminating, and as highly eiucated as any in the world, have been won over by his utterances. That he will produce a moral or social revolution is no more to be anticipated than tha*^^ he will change the future history of the human race. But that he will be instrumental in effecting an appreciable degree of improvement in our social tone is far from impossible. He may, indeed, almost claim to have done this already. He has caused society to talk, not only about himself, but about the subjects which he expounds. After all, Darwinism, as applied to the ii AMONG THE UPPER TEN THOUSAND t)i spiritual world, is .nd meetings was held in Grosvenor House on 3rd, 10th and 1 ,th June 1888, this time in response to an appeal signed, among others, by Lord Aberdeen, Mr. Arthur James Balfour. Mr. G. N. Cur.on, M.P. (now Lord Lurzon. Viceroy and Governor-General of India) the Key. J. E. C. Welldon. Headmaster of Harrow School (now Bishop of Calcutta), and Captain John Sinclair M P In this series of meetings, the attendance was limited to the male sex, ostensibly on account of the limited size of the rooms at Grosvenor House. The interest was quite as great as it had been on the former occasion. Ihe great square room . . . was densely crowded by an interested and representative gathering—politicians clergymen, authors, artists, critics, soldiers, and barristers ' with a large sprinkling of smart young men whose appearance would scarcely have suggested a vivid interest m serious concerns." The addresses dealt, in turn, with the cosmopolitan test of Christianity, the programme of Christianity m relation to human society, and the pro- gramme of Christianity in relation to the individual The meetings again produced a hai-vest of corre- spondence and personal intercourse with men who sought spiritual help. But. only the Great Day will reveal the amount of lasting work Drummond was enabled to do by this means. "^ There were many indirect fruits of these West End meetings, however. Notably, there was the warm personal friendship with Lord and Lady Aberdeen maintained with mutual advantage until the day of Drummond's death. In 1885 Lord Aberdeen was Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh, and Drummond was his guest at Holyrood Palace on the occasion. In February 1886, when Mr. Gladstone returned to power , ..)-■ ill Photo, I«mhirili, /.oi„Uh AT DOLLI8 HILL, 1888. i IS' lj^.l: u r I li 1 -I • ■li I IV. I ii .■h...,?.v^-:,.' :^';- iJli ^r^^iTS^^*!^^^ AMONG THE UPPER TEN THOUSAND 93 Lord Aberdeen was installed at Dublin Castle as Viceroy of Ireland, and offered Druramond an appointment on his staff. This he declined, but he was several times Lord Aberdeen's guest at Dublin, and there made the acquaintance of Mr. John Morley and Mr. W. K Forster. At Lord and Lady Aberdeen's private residence of Dollis Hill, upon the outskirts of London, Drummond had the privilege, also, of meeting with Mr. Gladstone, who formed a high opinion of him, and used his influence in endeavouring to induce him to accept one or other of several invitations to contest a seat in Parliament which he had received. Drummond could not see his way to do this, but he threw himself into the ensuing election campaign in the interest of Mr. Gladstone's party. He was also offered, and refused, the Secretaryship of the Shipping Commission. But when an opportunity for definite religious work was put in his way he had always great difficulty in declining his help. After his first series of West End meetings, he devoted a large amount of time and energy to the formation and early efforts of an Associated Workers' League, which was designed to draw the women of the Wcsi End into organised work for the social and religious betterment of their sisters in the East End. Under the auspices of the League, " slumming " became almost fashionable; and, although many dropped off when the wave of fashion had passed, quite a number of the members of the League received an initiation into practical Christian work in which they have continued ever since. After the meetings in 1888, the "Eighty- eight Club," a society for the young women of the West End, seeking to unite its members in definite Christian and social effort, had a career and sphere of usefulness, somewhat similar to that enjoyed by the earlier Associated Workers' League. " ■' it ■■•'* L ■'•*^--!' ■/*• i f ilir EH t, . 4S I 'if 94 HENRY DRUMMOND Details might be given of a number of other oppor- tunities which the West End meetings afforded to Drummond ; but, perhaps, what has just been recorded is sufficient to demonstrate that he had a unique oppor- tunity for evangelism among the members of a " difficult " class, and availed himself of it to the full CHAPTER XII. The Edinburgh Students' Hevival. rPHE man whose appearance is the sign for a great -L movement, the evangelist who conducts a revival, IS in common parlance accredited with its initiation;' but when time is taken to look below the surface, and to probe into the beginnings of things, it is always found that the field of operatic-^n h^^s been ripening under influences controlled by Goc Eecognising this, we find it difficult to say where exactly the revival among the students of Edinburgh University, which cropped out in the winter session of 1884-85, actuaUy had its rise. We know, however, that m the executive of the Medical Students' Christian Association in that year there were several men, drawn from different parts of the Empire,— India, Australia, England, and Scotland,— who combined personal piety with a concern for the welfare of others. We know, too, that a group of Scotsmen, similarly inspired, were prominent members of the Arts Students' Christian Prayer-Meeting Association at the time. A centripetal spiritual force had brought these men to Edinburgh simultaneously. The session began with an appearance of more than common interest in Christian life and work, and when Mr. James E. Mathieson wrote inquir- ing whether the men of Edinburgh University would give a hearing to Stanley Smith— late stroke of the 95 Ill t and a bad record and a sin-oatangled or a doubt-distracted present— it was in these that he found his opportunity and did most enduring work for his Master. In effort of this sort he would spare himaelf no trouble. He would journey from Glasgow on a week-day for Hie special purpose of seeing some particular man; and, in fact, his Saturday afternoons were frequently devoted to visiting men, or giving them audience at some appointed rendezvous. It was no uncommon thing to meet him up three flights of stairs in the student quarters of the town, in quest of men at their own lodgings. The following incident, narrated by a correspondent, is a concrete instance : — " I remember one night calling upon A , who was, as you know, a medical student and a great friend of mine. His rooms were on the fourth storey of W '^^iw. «m THE EDINBURGH STUDENTS' REVIVAL »o.i Tfirnice, and it was a climb, wliich winded even the younpest, to reach his den. ' J Bay,' was his first greeting, ' who do y«.u think was here to - day f Druniraond sat in that very seat you are in now.' • I did not know that you knew him,' I said. ' Well, I don't, you know ; although I have been at a few of his meetings. But thi.s afternoon, as I was coming upstairs, I met him coming down, and he asked me if I knew where a chap lived whom he named. I said I did not, and then he looked hard at me, and said, " I Hay, I think I know you. You are A , are you not ? " ' (My friend had actually been persuaded to renmin to an after-meeting, but had not yet made the great decision.) ' On my admitting that I was the man,' he continued, ' Professor Drummond said, " Do you dig here? May I come up?" M , you will hardly believe it, but he turned back and climbed all these stairs again. Upon my word, I felt my rooms awfully f^inall and shabby when he came in ; but he walked forward to the window at once and said, " What a magnificent view ! it is worth climbing so far to see a sight like this." Then he came and sat down in that chair, and looked straight at me. He asked me what I meant to do when I was through : whether I meant to specialise. I told him I thought of going in for general work, and then he said, "Man, go to China : it's a splendid field for young fellows. If I were a medical, I'd go to China." ' ' Did he say any- thing about religion?' I asked. 'No, not a word,' said my friend; 'but, I say, he's a splendid fellow. Do you know, I watched him go down the terrace, and I thought what a magnificent-lookintc chap he was. Think if he had been an officer in a cavalry regiment ! I say, I don't feel as if I could forget that Drummond sat in my rooms ! ' It is perhaps significant that two . I: I.* ^J'.'Ji- ■ > X.' ' 104 HENRY DRUMMOND ' I -mi years later, when A was occupying the position of medical assistant in a country practice, he wrote a letter to me which showed that he had then begur the Christian life. Up till his meeting with Drumi nd he had been known in the University as a pronou ce„S" ■ ^y *"*--^ia£lsiiilirf*».iX€ (*^' THE EDINBURGH STUDKNTS' REVIVAL ,05 of life. " Such tales of woe I've heard in Moody's inquiry-room that I've felt I ,„ust go and change my very clothes after the contact," he once said. Sut (i he did not speak of them, these experiences with troubled souk, gained in Moody's two campaigns, and m his own mission in the West End of London as well as among the students, were all at his command and doubtless added to his exceptional qualifications fo; this difticult and yet most fruitful work. The remaining factor in Drummond's success with the Edinburgh students was undoubtedly his message. Not that his " Gospel." as it was unsympatheticali; termed by some outsiders, contained any novel theological propositions or philosophical speculations. It was a ^mple instrument of a few strings, any one of which migh be found in the teaching of the must orthodox pieacher His addresses were keyed up to such texts as Seek ye first the Kingdom of God and His righteous ness ; "Come unto Me all ye that labour and are heavy laden ; the beautiful prophetic description of the mission of the Messiah in the sixty-first chapter of saiah ; Paul's definition of love, in hfs First Epfs te to the Connhmn Church; "This is Life EternaUha hey might know Thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom Thou hast sent"; or "Temptation" As we have already seen, he had been in the habit of /rnt'"\ * '"'''^^'' "^ '^''^ ^^^ ^^^rs befoie the Edinburgh movement arose, and they served his purpose BO well that in the course of the nine years in wWch .IT' !?. ^"^ successive cycles of students he never pied that a fresh voice should be enlisted: "I have opened uU my tins." he would humorously add. But he difference lay in the emphasis. Making his appeal to the heroic side of a young man's character, he "did p \^r^W^m^ 1 06 HENRY DRUMMOND t ( -■JU I I -■ it '1 without" some features of the orthodox statement of the Christian faith, commonly stressed by gospel preachers. He endeavo'ired to reveal Christ to his young hearers from a fresh and unconventional standpoint, seeking at once their interest and their intelligent concern, and in this he was eminently successful. The simple restatement of cardinal Christian truths, embodied in his addresses, was coloured throughout by a nervous anxiety to avoid suspicion of " cant." This affected his theological nomenclature, his illustrations, and even his vocabulary. "In talking to a man you want to win," he once counselled a gathering of workers at Northfield, " talk to him in his own language. If you want to get hold of an agnostic, try to translate what you have to say into simple words — words that will not be in every case the words in which you got it. It is not cant. Religion has its technical terms just as science, but it can be overdone ; and, besides, it is an exceedingly valuable discipline for one's self. "^ ' a text and say, ' What does that mean in nineteenth-.' English ? ' and in doing that you will learn the ooun that it is the spirit of truth that does one good, and not the form of words. The form does not matter, if it does you good and draws you nearer to God. Do not be suspicious of it, if it is God's truth, in whatever form it may be." Dr. Stalker has said that Drummond " went as far as conscience would allow, in order to meet the doubter and the man of the world on their own ground." In the main, this conciliatory attitude was more exactly one of spirit and phraseology, rather than of definite concession ; an attempt to disarm prejudice, rather than a confession of weakness in the traditional faith. Then, again, science, within certain limitations, and a Christian faith were in a manner reconciled in hia person. A loyal disciple of Jesus Christ, he was yet mwB— ffwn" ^^ m!^m^ mi:i^L'^^^:'A THE EDINBURGH STUDENTS' REVIVAL 107 keenly interested in science and modern scientific theories. He claimed that there had been an ex- pansion of the intellectual area of Christianity; and, in his lecture on "The Contribution of Science to Christianity," maintained that all the achievements of science were destined to do service to his Master. " Sooner or later, the conquest comes ; sooner or later, whether it be art or music, history or philosophy, Chris- tianity utilises the best that the world finds, and gives it a niche in the temple of God." Science certainly supplied him with many an apt illustration; such as that, for instance, in which he emphasised the proposition that Christ could do away with sin. It is all a question of gravitation and environment, he said. A water-bottle could be blown about like a feather in Uranus : at the Equator in Neptune, a man might jump ten feet off the ground. When we said that Drummond's message did not contain any novel theological propositions, we should perhaps have excepted his contention that the Spirit of (iod was nowadays " convincing men of righteousness," rather than of sin. He never succeeded in satisfying his theological friends of the soundness of this view; but there is no doubt that it had a considerable influence upon his own teaching. He was always more ready to encourage his spiritual patients to reckon with the present and the future rather than with the past. In his scientific studies, the department of biology would appear to ha^'-e most fascinated him, and we cannot complete this examination of the evangelistic teaching of his maturer years without recognising its influence upon that. As someone has well said, "He did not warn hi.s hearers against the danger of losintr their soul, but with terrific intensity he warned them against the danger of losing their life. Salvation was a m I..S ,♦*' .t' ^H^W io8 HENRY DRUMMOND ' I biological problem to him, an oiler of the higher life in Christ Jesus to which men were capable of rising. He kept encouraging them, taunting them almost, to enter into their inheritance. He made them feel that they were losing their chance, and would stand as spiritual examples of arrested development." In short, his Lommonest phrase was "youi- life." ... J-.' . -' ■-■■%■■'., •\;»u CHAPTER XIIT. The Edinburgh Work: Its Dkvelopment. I HAVING sketched, in the preceding chapter, the beginnings of the revival in Edinburgh University, and tlie equipment which Professor Drummond brought to the work, we may speak now of what was actually accomplished. While organised effort for the spiritual welfare of the students eventually I- caaie an institution rather than a volcanic upheaval, there is no doubt that the religious awakening in the winter and summer sessions, 1884-85, partook largely of the latter character. The University was moved as it had not been for years. " Drummond's Meetings " were recognised as the centre of a Christian crusade for the spiritual betterment of the thousands of undergraduates attending its classes. In the meetings themselves, it required no great discernment to discover that, every week, there were men present who had hitherto given no heed to matters of religion; and, upon occasions when Drummond called for a demonstra- tion, many of these openly .. nged themselves among the professed disciples of Jesus Christ. At the time, Drummond himself wrote to a friend confessing to " a profound conviction that this University movement is a distinct work of God ; such a work as I, after considerable experience of evangelistic work, have never seen before." As soon as the genuineness of the movement was an :,4| :U M 'I 109 no HENRY DRUMMOND >M^ U J ' I assured fact, Drummond, guided no doubt by the re- collection of his own student experiences in the first Moody campaign, suggested the despatch of "deputations" to sister I'niversities. In turn, Aberdeen, St. Andrews, and Glasgow Universities gave hearty welcome to little bands sent out from Edinburgh to spread the good news. Each such deputation was led by a Professor or Uni- versity teacher, and comprised Christian students who had thrown themselves into the movement as workers, as well as several of those who had confessed themselves the first-fruits of the revival. The Professor would preside, the story of the rise and progress of the move- ment in Edinburgh would be told by one of the workers two or three of the converts would tell in simple fashion of the great change they had experienced, and a short evangelistic address from another student would bring the meeting to a close. In all the Universities thus visited, not once but several times, there were " signs following." Nowhere, however, did a religious conflagration break out in any- thing like the manner it had done in Edinburgh, Of Glasgow great things were hoped : but there, more than anywhere else, after a first great meeting, the fire never kindled. It was the old story of the prophet and " his own country"; the Glasgow students did not take Drummond seriously. One wlio was at the time a student in his own class in the Free Church College afterwards wrote of this lack of appreciation as follows : " The manysidedness of the man was not lost upon any of us. "We used to say that Drummond could ride three horses round a circus without ever losing his graceful balance. The Glasgow horse — a useful sort of animal in his way — was not a patch upon the high- ptepping Edinburgh one, and this again was tame in comparison with the social steed, rather heard of than 'wmitmm'zm&- THE EDINBURGH WORK 1 1 1 seen by us. We could not quite rid ourselves of the feeling that Edinburgh was getting the best of him That influence of his in Edinburgh was always a mystery to us. None of the addresses now so famous were delivered to us. Drummond knew, as few men do where to find the right environment. Perhaps he thought the addresses too kid-glovey for Glasgow. His fame in Glasgow was in truth an echo from Edinbur^rh " Be the reason what it might, numerous attempts'to foster a religious awakening among the Glasgow students shared the fate of all galvanic effort. ioI^-t!"^ ^""^ °^ ^'^"'''' ^''^ beginning of November 1880 Drummond visited Oxford University and delivered addresses to crowded meetings oi' undergraduates. From contemporary press reports, however, it would seem that on these occasions he avoided the " straight " evan^relistic note, and spoke rather as the author of X^tfnral law in the Spiritual World. A year later, under the auspices of Professor Christlieb, he conducted several evangelistic meetings for the students of Bonn University No very definite record of the reception he got, or the effect he was enabled to produce, has been preserved. But if the sister Universities were not ripe unto harvest, other fields were. In the spring vacation, and again m the long vacation in summer, a large band of students, many of them direct fruits of the movement gave themselves to the work of a " Students' Holiday iAIission." In deputations of threes, fours, or fives they visited many of the more important centres of population in Scotland, and even penetrated into England and Ireland, and to London itself, seeking to carry the gospel message to their fellow yn„ng men, and to communicate their newly-found enthusiasm for Christ to others of their own social position, and suffering their own peculiar temptations. I 13 HENRY DRUMMOND iV'>. '■\ v' III,, llltl ■ ■ T It was a little difficult, at first, to brin? local workers to see why they should lay aside recognised methods and prerogatives, and permit the students to carry out tlieir own plan of ciimpaigr but there is no doubt that most was done, in the way of reaching the dil'iicult class aimed at, when this plan was rigidly observed. Of course Drummond was the prime mover in all. The " Suggestions " which were issued to correspondents in different centres who might invite deputations, ueai the imprint of his hand. As they provoke an interest- ing comparison with his paper on the conduct of young men's meetings, written in the days of Mr. Moody's mission, and reprinted in an earlier chapter of the present sketch, and also indicate characteristic features of the organisation of this unique effort among young men, we may quote here some of the principal paragraphs of these " Suggestions to Local Committees " : — " The Students feel that their immediate mission is to Young Men, and that, therefore, the Meetings should, if possible, be arranged in the first instance for Men Only. This is not to be departed from unless in very exceptional circumstances. "It might strengthen the unique character of thi=! movement, and win more attention from the class whom it is desired to reach, if existing Local Committees — Y.M.C.A's, Evangelistic Associations, and others — while co-operating to the utmost, should nominally remain in the background, at least during the commencement of the work. A small Executive might, however, be formed from these bodies. "For many reasons, it is considered desirable that the names of the Students acting as Deputies should not be made publin in any way. They come simply as 'Students of Edinburgh University,' their desire being %j^'-^^\. .^*»iLi THE KIJINBURGH WORK 1 1 to meet their fellow younR „,e>, «, W,t„e«™ r.th.r h«n „, Adv,«ale. Tl.oy will l,e „„.„„„„.„i„| Hy , ;Cta"t;:. "'"'"'""'' """"■"• """ "•" '-" '^« "The Deputies should in all cases be boarded wirh I earnest Christian friends of the work. Ma,; :ah n may depend on the unpre.sions they receive during the time spent with these friends. ^ "The Chairnmn of the Meeting should, where possible, be H la^-man; but, as a rule, the u.tire conducVof the Meeting ought perhaps to be left in the hands of the senior Student in ehar' «f ^^'^^" " withered away We are convinced, however, that the percentage of failures which followed upon Drummonis ellorts was no greater than that which attends the labours of the best evangelists of the most orthodox type • and when we remember the difticult class to which the men belonged, we wonder exceedingly at the splendid and umque work that he was enabled to do in this grea' #1 -- TT^-S? '■Wf v.y. CHAPTRR XIV. Visits to A.MKififA. TN all, Drmnmoiul puid threo visits to North Aniprica ; X in 1879, in 1887, und i.i«tly in 1893. Althou^li' these visits occurred at considerable intervals, it will he suHicient, for our jurpose, to grt.up them together in this chapter. In 1879 he accepted the invitation of his l.-ite teacher in Eart.c..Iarly valuabl... in its wjIiu-hh to his l/.vul fr.end- Hh.j. for LhoHe evft„,Lr,.li„ts. ur.d I.. J.JH u.,al.at,;i devot.ou o the great Kva„K.|. We ,nuke ,.u apology for .,uot...g fro... It, at some length. * "Longfellow the jK.et. We,..lell IlulineH, author of the muuiUihU^ Auteu wandering aniong the solit.ide.s of the Jiocky Mounta.ns, and over the prairies of the great West for the last two ...o..th8, and now hut o,.e short week was leit before my stea.ner sailed for hou.e. Su visit to the Mates 18 complete without a uUgrin.age to Jioston ; and I had made my way, af^er 10,000 m.ies of travel, to the hub ot the universe.' the great centre of the literary ife o Au.erica. It was the city of Lowell, and Lo.,gfellow, and Bryant, a.,.l Kmersun. and Channing and Agassiz. and Holmes. An invitation to meet the bvureate and Holmes at dinner lay before me. Longfellow I had learned u, love f.om n.v youth up ■ Holmes, ever since the mysrery of the three .Johns and the three Toms caught .ay schoolboy fancy, years ago had been to mo a mouth a.id wisdom. And naturally the attraction of these men was a powerful inducement to me to spend my last days in quiet worship at shrines so revered and beloved. But some .SOO miles otl, away by Luke Krie. were two men who were more to me than philosopher or poet, and it o..ly required a moi.ient h thought to convince me tlmi, for me at least, a visit to America would be much more than mcomplete without a visit to Afr. Moody and Mr Sankey. .t was ard, 1 must say, to give up Longfellow^ hn lif^' ii8 HENRY DRUMMOND I •) t ; 1 but I am one of those who think that the world is not dying for poeta so much as for preachers. Eight hundred miles in a country where travelling is a fine art are easily disposed of. I set ofif at once. . . . " Neither of the men seemed the least changed. Since the revival days in the Old Country both had gone through prodigious labour, . . . and I was almost prepared to see the traces somehow marked upon their frames. . . . Yes, there they were before me — the same men, not changed by a hair's-breadth — the same men : Mr. Sankey, down to the faultless set of his black neck- tie ; Mr. Moody, to the chronic crush of his collar. . . . " I can scarcely say I have much to record that would be in itself news. For my own part I am glad of this. When the record of one revival is like another, I am satisfied. We do not want anything new in revivals. We want always the old factors — the living Spirit of God, the living Word of God, the old Gospel. We want crowds coming to hear — crowds made up of the old elements; perishing men and women finding their way to prayer-meeting, Bible-reading, and inquiry room. These were all to be seen in Cleveland. It was the same as in England and Scotland. I was especially pleased to find that it was the same as regards quietness. I had expected to find revival work in America more exciting; but although a deep work was beginning, everything was calm. There was movement but no agitation ; there was power in the meetings but no frenzy. And the secret of that probably lay here, that in the speaker himself there was earnestness buL no bigotry, and enthusiasm but no superstition. . . . "With reference to the plan of operations, one or two things struck me. Although the general methods of the evangelists remain unchanged, there are minor differences in detail. These refer specially to place VISITS TO AMERICA 119 and time. As regards the former, 1 could not but be struck with the small size of the hall in which the Cleveland meetings were held. In itself it was an immense building; but, after the great Bingley Hall in Birmingham, the Exhibition Palace in Dublin, and the Agricultural, Bow, and Cambcrwell Halls in London, the contrast to the squat wooden building — with its four thousand chairs — could not pass unnoticed. I was always under the impression that large halls were a mistake. Churches of moderate si.ze have been known to yield equally great results, as tested by the inquiry room, with large halls; and this has happened so frequently that Mr. Moody will probably never repeat the experiment of having tabernacles erected specially for his services. He is at present drawn more towards the line of working among the Churches — spending a long time in one place, and holding services in the various churches in succession. The first prolonged experimeit which determined him in this direction was made at Baltimore last winter. No less than eight months were given to this one city, and the result was a solid and permanent work, which has told powerfully on the whole community and entire district. . . ." Here we have the practical missioner, busying himself with questions of method that do not give the man in the street a moment's concern. And when we remember that Drummond had been, only a few days before, devoting himself to scientific exploration, and enjoying the free open life of the Wild West, and that he had made opportunity to visit Cleveland at the sacrifice of intercourse with Longfellow and Wendell Holmes (whom he was well qualified to appreciate at their highest value), we are forced to recognise again the distinguish- ing marks of the " born evangelist." I20 HENRY DRUMMOND ■*r. 1 In the interval between 1879 and 1887, when Drummond again visited America, much had happened. The publication of Natural Law in the Sjriritual Wmid had familiarised his name to many thousunds of people throughout the United States and Canada. He had been in Central Africa, and had since published his travel volume. Messrs. Moody and Sankey had been in Great Britain, and had received what assistance it was in his power to give them. The great work in Edinburgh, so closely associated with his name, had now been going on long enough to have become widely known in American University circles. This time he came and was welcomed as a scientist who had declared his confidence in the Christian faith, and as an evan- gelical teacher who had won his spurs in fields where many had been defeated. This time, too, he crossed the Atlantic upon the invitation of Mr. Moody. " I was staying with a party of friends in a country house during my visit to England in 1884," Mr. Moody has written. " On Sunday evening, as we sat around the fire, they asked me to read and expound some portion of Scripture. Being tired after the services of the day, I told them to ask Henry Drummond, who was one of the party. After some urging, he drew a small Testa- ment from his hip pocket, opened it at the thirteenth chapter of 1 Corinthians, and began to speak on the subject of Love. It seemed to me that I had never heard anything so beautiful, and I determined not to rest until I brought Henry Drummond to Northfield to deliver that address." Mr. Moody here referred to his seminaries for Christian workers, at Northfield ; but in 1886 he had been led into work for the University students of America, and had organised a Summer Con- ference at Northfield to whicli undergraduates from some eighty of these have yearly flocked since 1887. VISITS TO AMERICA 121 i Diununojid arrived in time to take part in the first of these "Students' Conferences," in July 1887, con- tributing au account of the work in Edinburgh Univer- sity, and delivering his address on " Tlie Greatest Thing in the World," as well as others which had already proved so useful. After a week's effort at Northfield, and a short time spent with Lord and Lady Aberdeen at Niagara, he passed on to take part in two Chautauquan Summer Gatherings. Suiting himself to his new audience, he discoursed on scientific subjects, lecturing upon "Mount Etna," and on his African scientific observations, and again he succeeded in adjusting him- self to Y 3 environment. An American who was present at Chautauqua wrote at the time : — " Drummond seems to have won all hearts. In a world-wide celebrity his modesty was phenomenal. His is unmarred. Africa was his most engaging theme. The unfortunate im- pression prevails that many English lights have been envious of American gold. Drummond plainly was indifferent to this. It is said that when ofil'ered one aundred dollars at Clifton Springs for his services, he would take only enough of it to pay his expenses to the next station." In Drummond's opinion, this lecturing system was much more effective in America than it was in Great Hritain. He believed that, for one man he could help by lecturing in Great Britain, he could help a dozen or a score in America. If the Americans appreciated his t. tching, there were many elements in their social and business life that appealed to him, and gained his entlmsiastic admiration. He felt as if he were taking " a bath of life " on each of the occasions on which he visited America ; and more than once he said that " a nation in its youth was a stirring spectacle." After his Chautauquan lectures, he returned to North- It 1 1 ; S : Jrj • '.f , M 122 HENRY DRUMMOND 1 L. field, in time for the annual Conference of Christian Workers, which has been a famous rendezvous for the English-speaking world's evangelists, lay and clerical, since its inception by Mr. Moody. The Conference extended from 2nd until 12th August. Again he captivated his audiences, and his addresses " formed a prominent feature." "The easy, cultivated, and de- liberate style of the professional lecturer was of itself an attraction ; and the logical methods of his statements made it easy to follow his line of thought." On the eighth day of the Conference, Drummond's address- on the subject of Sanctitication — suggested themes for following speakers, and Dr. Pierson "confessed that it had "lifted them about as high as they had been at any time during their meetings." At this point the contemporary journalistic light goes out. Drummond had over-estimated the elasticity of the imagination of his hearers. Moody was besieged by applications for the suppression of this arch heretic ; and, for the time, his usefulness at Northfield was in eclipse. But he had come to America on a Students' Holiday Mission of his own, and from Northfield he set forth to make a tour of the principal American Universities, visiting in turn Amherst, Princeton, Yale, Harvard, and Wellesley Colleges, and winding up with the New York medical students. In this effort he was joined by several of his Edinburgh workers. Writing home at the time, he alleged that, at Yale, the graveyard was the only uninhabited spot he could find. He told of a great impression left at Philadelphia, of large and in- creasing audiences, and of the laying of foundations for permanent work. One who had had unique opportunities for seeing the American colleges and student life wrote of this university tour of Drummond's : — " No man who has visited America la recent years has brought to my ^m^ i:.4^ VISITS TO AMERICA ,,3 life 8uch a blessing and inspiration. No man ever helped me to so fully value the wurk among coUege men which I had chosen years before. I remember Vi. M'Cosh's glowing account of his visit to Princeton." The prime occasion of Drummond's third and last visit to America was the delivery of his lectures on Ihe Ascent of Man." It will be more pertinent to refer to that in a later chapter, but here we may glance at various other engagements which helped to fill up a busy programme between the beginning of March and the later days of October 1893, After completing his "Ascent of Man" lectures in Boston— and availing himself of the opportunity for an hour's conversation with Dr. Wendell Holmes— Drummond went to Harvard College and delivered a series of addresses to crowded gatherings of the under- graduates. Thence he passed to Amherst College— which had previously shown its appreciation of his work by conferring the honorary degree of LLD. upon him— and there received a similarly cordial greeting. In May and June he was in Chicago and its neighbourhood sightseeing and lecturing. In July he joined the Summer Gathering at Chau- tauqua. There he redelivered his "Ascent of Man" lectures, and otherwise contributed to the programme "Besides a daily lecture on some phase of the evolution of man, Professor Drummond has on several days made an address at the Round Table of the Chautauqua .Scientific and Literary Ckcle. These spontaneous talks had all the charm of easy and pleasant conversations His quiet disappearance after the lectures, at times not accomplished until a fusilade of questions has been hurled, has been amusing." According to the con- temporary authority from whom we have just quoted .m Am 124 HENRY DRUMMOND ft I ¥ ft:; ;i il I if' Orummond would appear to have had some opportunity for definite religious teaching at Chautauqua, as mention 18 made of his vesper address on "The Angelus" of which a little Danish nursemaid told that it was the hrst English sermon she had been able to understand and she had understood every word. ' After Chautauqua. Northfield claimed his help. There he joined in the " Students' Conference," for the second time, delivering addresses on such topics as " Life on the Top Floor," " The Kingdom of God and Your Part in It " and "The Three Elements of a Complete Life." Bu't there were many at ?^orthfield who had taken fright and although he retained the absolute confidence and warmest personal regard of Mr. Moody. Drummond was glad to leave a comparatively unsympathetic environ- ment at the close of the Conference. Crossing into Canada he spent the months of August and September on holiday proper : making a trip to Newfoundland on a torpedo-boat, and passing the latter month with the Governor - General of Canada and Lady Aberdeen at their official residence in Quebec. In October he returned to Chicago in time for the opening of the second session of the University, and for the meetings of the Evangelical Alliance of the United States, which, in that year (8th to 14th October) took the form of an International Christian Conference in con- nection with « The World's Congress Auxiliary of the World s Columbian Exposition." The general subject of Conference was "Christianity practically applied," and Drummond made several contributions to its delibera- tions. In an address on "Christianity and the Evolu- tion of Society "—really a section of his published address on "The Programme of Christianity "-_ he claimed that while Christ did not give men religion He gave them new and large and practical direction for the VISITS TO AMERICA ing religious aspirations bi fh^ u I , ., "^ K^iiiii men ana Hlwavs from tne »hole world's heart: that Christ ca,„e here to mk" a better world ; ,t wa, an ....finished world ; it wa^ot ,T™ „„r ""' ''""P^' ■' ™» ""' P""=. i' -s n^ good raw matenal. Chr.sts .mmediate work was to enlist men .n a great e..terprise for the evolution of th^ Cd rally tham u.to a great kingdo... or society for the carrv mg out of H.. plans. The ,.an,e by whfeh tWs sS efv" was known was The Kin.jdo„^ of oil. To growTo ta complacent belief that God had no b,.si,.e,s in thl lit world of human beings except to attend to a fe« re iril people was the negation of all .,ligi„,, ,.„t ^^iZZ the soc^l progress of humanity, the spread of riS.t«,u/ ..ess, the gradual amelioration of life the fS„T ,; aaves, the elevation of women, the p^lriflcttion'r llglon, and let then, ask what these could be if no the com,ng of the Kingdom of God „,. earth. I tl Chueh d.d not r.se to its opportunity, it would be le b hi .d The object of evangelical Christia.>ity he said ,.^..' another occasion, was to leaven society' in ev"y drT t.on_moral. social, a..d even political : the sociaU.W Chnsfamty was Christ's side of Christianity. In Ton lerence upon "Athletics as a means of reaching Yo„n, Men, he expressed the firm conviction that the^ waf no moral educator for young men, and especial yZ young boys, better than athletics. " We are very anV" buiir:fn'h'° """^'"^ "'°' °'>™''^'' character in'^L It cannot. One gets the stimulus there- but tb. pr.ct.ce is found in the experiences of li e Ind t is L the experiences of the playground that a whole ho^ of stand that most spiritui: t,*^;"::^ "^SJT^Z Rim i ', U'Ai 126 HENRY DRUMMOND f ' Boul by material instruments." At another diet of the Conference, Drummond spoke in high i^raise of the Boys' Brigade as a valuable social factor in work among the young. We shall see in a later chapter that he had taken up this cause with great interest and zeal. On every possible occasion in the course of his 1893 visit to America he was ready to speak in its favour. Of the Chicago Conference it only remains to say that in Drummond's opinion it secured the very best audiences. The hall was packed every day while the meetings lasted. As soon as the Conference terminated, he set out for home, and arrived in Glasgow in November, in time to resume the duties of his chair, at the commencement of the session. • r •?^ ij '^m^wmmn CHAPTER XV. Ik Australia and the Far East. JT is the peculiar feature of the Medical School in ^ Edinburgh Un.ver.ity that it attracts students from all parts of the world to its classes. There is always^ goodly gathenng of Colonials in each year, and Australia IS never unrepresented. One or two of the young Australians were among the workers at the outset of the Students Movement; and when these, with others who had been drawn into it as time went on, returned to their homes m the Antipodes, they carried with them the news Christian en husiasm in which .he work was carried A V • "J^n^ ^ ''*" ^^""^ ^ l^rummond to visit the Australian Colleges. There was some idea of his a ! compluning this in 1888, the year after his first visit to the ATierican Universities, but it was not until 1890 3, ^as able to devote the necessary time to the In that year, however, he planned a trip round the world with the principal object of responding to Z mvitetion of the Australian Colleges, but including .it. to China and Japan, and completion of the circuit or thr g obe by return across the Pacific Ocean. Canada *nd ae i^orth Atlantic. Setting out in the middle of March, he arrived in Melbourne in the latter part of April, and at once uS HENRY DRUMMOND *■( t 1. HV' |. unged into the plans . .,1 beginnings of a campaign in Melbourne University. The initial steps had already l»een taken by a committee of the students, working in r.mcert witli a former fellow-stude. t at New College the Rev. John F. Kwing, his companion on deputation work to Sunderland in the days of Mr. Moody's first visit afterwards a minister in Dundee and in Glasgow, and' at the tmio of which we write, minister of Toorak Presbyterian Church, Melbourne. Mr. Ewing had been one of the original members of the Gaiety Club, to which reference has been made in ail earlier chapter, and it gave peculiar gratification to Drummond to rejoin him in work on the other side of the world, and even to live under the same roof. But this joy was short-lived. He had been scarcely a week m Melbourne, when Mr. Ewing took ill. and, after a few days suffering, died. Druminond felt the blow keenly ^"^^T. ^"^"^ '^''^^' " '' '^"'^ ^^ 'he inscrutJible ways of God when he realised that it had been given to him, a mere pjissing visitor in Australia, to stand beside his friend, a- ' take his hand as he passed away He fulfilled the aties of chief mourner at the funeral and addressed ; •. Ewing's bereaved flock upon the following Sunday. ^ There are some passages in hit, tribute to the memory of his dead friend, delivered on the occasion just referred to, that may be quoted here,— not so much for their bearing on the lifework of Mr. Ewing, as for their unfoldmg of Drummond's views on the problem raised by the abrupt termination of a useful career ; a problem which his own friends were called upon to face, in his own case, only seven years later. " There are two ways in which a workman regards his work— as his own or his master's. If it is his own, then •i ArtT IN AUSTRALIA AND THE FAR EAST ,^ to do. So he suspected it was io the will of Cod • W, must try to think so too. Work i. .iv nor s„ „„eh perhaps, becau« he wf d „e°d" if ' M^' make work, but work makes men. A„ ' Be, i, „^™ place for making ™„„ey, it is « p,,„, fo/l"^," ""' * A workshop is not . place for making JchinfrvT; littmg engmes and turning cylinders ■ il T! „, ^' . making souls for fitting i„' th'e ,!;» L ^ne s'l ^ " turning out honest, modest, whole-natured me„ So i? » w,th the work of the State or of the Chu "h Th,. . i. mark in Goc^rpZLu^ rr::^^-^ .: -. less for Winning cauTerttn' that m^wtr losmg or winning, should be ereat «„7r' nothing that reforms should d^gTe , course I'n,°°"' won, but because it is not won b^Ts! H, h .1" pA:^otrnr-SSiS ^r heTh^wtirior's'"' •''' """■ ^^'^^ one. I do not propose this, even arrj^^ilt^r o1 ; ill "1 ;!.■« *• i,-"l« S^P^S^?!?^ »3o HENRY DRUMMOND ', i^i Ih \l ^ \ the inexplicable phenomenon, which Btarlles the Church from time to time, as one and another of ita noblest leaders are cat down in the flower of their strength. But when our thoughts are heavy with questions of the mysterious ways of God, it keeps reason from reeling from its throne to see even a glimpse of any light. " But one diverges into these things mainly because it is easier to say them than to approach any nearer to the man himself. When I think of Mr. Ewing's work and inlluence hero, my soul fills with enthusiasm and gratitude for my friend. Surely few men have ever made a mark 80 great and so indelible in three years and a half. . . . Three and a half years ; well, it was the same as Christ's. Perhaps, even in this, it is enough for the servant that he be as his Master. . . . " The one thing about his personality that I will record is this (but you must all have noticed it), that his faults — and they were so petty as to be scarcely more than amusing — were all on the very surface. You could not have known him three minutes without findin;:; out them all ; but you might know him three years without finding out any more. . . . " Three weeks ago to-day, when he stood here and gave us the lust Sunday morning's message of his life, you remember he preached on the 'Atonement.' He dwelt upon one or two sides of that stupe jdous theme, and promised to lay before us a further aBf3Ct on a future day. I am not sure that that pro nise is unful- filled. Perhaps what he meant to tell us vaxc tliat the principle of the Atonement was a law of Nature. That in the flower living to die for the fruit, the fruit to die for the seed, the seed for the fucure plant, in the butltr- fly living to die for its young, and the young to die for tho bird, and the bird for the beast of prey — in these, ^"^.iiw. IN AUSTRALIA AND THE FAR EAST i.n up and down the whole of God's creation, the one law of life, the supreme condition of progress, the «ole hope of U.e future is Chrisfn law of the Bacrifice of self. If that were his meaning, his .Mormon has been surely preached. The corn of wheat, of which he spoke to us that day. has fallen into the ground and died." * Before his return to Scotland. Drummond edited a I.o8thumous volume of Mr. Swing's sermons, con- tributing an introductory memoir. One passage in It, we think, reveals the characteristics of that type of minister which he considered nearest to his ideal : — [At College] " Mr. Ewing represented that newer type of divmity student ' which has happily become more common m recent years— a type in which without any loss to professional training, or any cooling of the con- secmted spirit, the candidate for the noblest of all callings finds himself first of all called to be the noblest of all men; wh . regards the Church as a centre from which all mov.Muents are to radiate, which can ameliorate and elevate the -.vorld ; as the most practical factor, in fact, in that wider Kingdom of God, whose end is the progress of humanity in peace and righteousness. Upper- most, therefore, with him was the study of all the movements of men, and the phases of human life and character. Hi.s interests, though not -a theological, were rather m the direction of applied Christianity." Of the work ai ong students in Melbourne, Drun.mond wrote at the time : " The meetings have not been in vam Holidays are on fur the ne.xL ten days, and 1 start for Adelaide, 550 miles off. to fill up the time m r n (S ! I 1^ I 1 ■it'* »32 HENRY DRUMMOND u. iiii ! I\ H ■» ' ^ at the University there. Then I return here, and go at it every night." Later, he passed on to Sydney, or " How-do-you-like-our-Harbour ? " as he humorously dubbed it, receiving there an equally cordial welcome from students and teachers. With his meetings in Sydney his effort among the Australian students was brought to a close. He had the satisfaction of seeing what promised to become permanent organisations for the religioias welfare of the undergraduates successfully inaugurated in both Melbourne and Sydney. He had much personal work in dealing with the cases of individuals, and even after he had returned to Scotland he continued to receive letters from young Australians who sought his counsel and help in matters of spiritual concern. From Sydney he made an unpremeditated vc/age to the Nev/ Hebrides and back, and also a trip to Queens- land. Of these divagations we shall speak in a succeeding chapter. Returning to Sydney for the last time, he sailed for the Malay Archipelago and Java, and thence made his way to Hong-Kong and Shanghai. He nearly encountered a typhoon in his passage from Saigon to Hong-Kong. " Talking of barometers," he wrote pictur- esquely, " ours went down to its stocking-soles on Monday, and muttered ' Typhoon.' Three telegrams from Manilla and Hong-Kong had already warned us at Saigon that the monster was loose somewhere. The sea raged, but there was no wind ; weary birds flew on board ; it looked bad. The engines were stopped, and we wallowed all day in suspense. At midnight the glass crept up a line, and we steamed ahead. In a few hnurs we found its trail on the sea, but it had passed on to the North. For thirty-six hours we have beon crossing its path in much discomfort ; but one is glad to escape with this." IN AUSTRALIA AND THE FAR EAST 133 Drummond would not appear to have seen, or attempted to see, much in China ; but in Japan he was fascinated, and experienced one of the strongest impulses he had ever felt. So enthusiastic was the welcome he received from the educated natives, he seriously entertained the idea of devoting his whole life to the evangelisation of Japan, There, too, the native taste for art greatly impressed him, and in after days, in enforcing the need for beauty in common life, he was wont to make an object-lesson of Japan, where the meanest household utensils, he had noticed, were fashioned with an eye for art. On his return to Scotland he delivered in Glasgow and in Edinburgh an address on " The Problem of Foreign Missions," and in this he arranged and formulated the results of his observations during his tour. This address has been published since his death {The New Evangelism, pp. 121-149), and is well worthy of the stu'ly of those who take special interest in the subject of missions. A few characteristic extracts may be noted here : — " Nothing ought to be kept more persistently before the mind of those who are open to serve the world as missionaries than the great complexity of the missionary problem ; and nothing more strikes one who goes round the world than the amazing variety of work required and the almost radical differences among the various mission fields. . . . " To every land [the missionary] must take, not the general list of agricultural implements furnished by his College, but one or two of special make which possibly his College has never heard of. Above all, when he reaches his field, his duty is to find out what God has grown there already, for there is no field in the world >34 HENRY DRUMMOND rifle ; 1, in? where the Great Husbandman has not sown something. Instead of uprooting his Maker's work, and clearing the field of all the plants that found no place in his small European herbarium, he will rather water the growths already there, and continue the work at the point where the Spirit of God is already movin». . " I. Australia. The missionary problem, or the mission churches problem, in these colonies is to deal with a civilised people undergoing abnormally rapid development. Australia is a case of prodigiously active growth in a few directions, under most favourable natural conditions for nation-making. . . . The orderly progress here is complicated mainly by one thing, — a continuous accretion of outside elements, — due to immigration — which creates difficulties in assimilation. The chief problem of Christianity is to keep pace with the continuous growth ; the immediate peril is that, it may be wholly ignored in the pressure of competing growths. "II. The South Sea Islands, of which the New Hebrides are a type, lie exactly at the opposite end of the scale. Growth, so far from being active, has not even begun. Here are no nations, scarcely even tribes. The first step in evolution, aggregation, has not yet taken place. . . . " III. China. Midway between the South Sea Islands and the Australian Colonies, this nation, as everyone knows, is an instance of arrested development. On the fair way to become a higher vertebrate, it has stopped short at the crustacean. There are two complications : the amazing strength of the ekoskeleton — the external shell of custom and tradition, so hardened by the deposits of centuries as to ^wake the evolutionist's demand for mobility, i.e. for capacity to change, almost non-existent. Secondly, which di ectly concerns Christianity, there is a very powerful religion already in possession. These IN AUSTRALIA AND THE FAR EAST 135 two complications make the missionary problem in China one of the most delicate in the world. " IV. If the South Sea Islands are the opposite of Australia, China, in turn, finds its almost perfect contrast in Japan. One with it iu stagnation and isolation from external influences during three thousand years, almost within the last hour Japan has broken what Mr. Bagehot calls its ' cake of custom,' and so sudden and mature has already been its development that it is, at this moment, demanding from the Powers of Europe political recognition as one of the civilised nations of the world. This is an entirely different case from any of the preceding. It is the insect emerging from the chrysalis. Froui the Christian standpoint, the case is unique in history. . . . " Leaving the present machinery to the good work it is doing among the poor, I would join with the best of the missionaries in arguing for a few Kabbis to be sent to China, or to be picked from our fine scholars already there, who would quietly reconnoitre the whole situation, and shape the teaching of the country along well- considered lines — men, especially, who would lay themselves out, through education, lectures, preach- ing, and literature, to reach the intellect of the Empire. . . . " The Church's problem in that colossal continent [Australia] — you are aware it is as big as Europe — is to establish the new civilisation in truth and righteousness. . . . Two kinds of ministers are required to be directly or indirectly the leaders of this work. "(1) Men of the highest culture and ability as ministers for the large towns ; men who are preachers and students. There is no more influential sphere in the world than that open to a cultured preacher in one of the capital cities of Australia. . . . if ■Ml i> I 1 : 136 HENRV DRUMMOND ' (2) The second kind of man that is wanted, and he IS wanted not by the dozen, but by the score, is the bush minister. This man must be a man ; he must be ready, and adaptable ; he may be as unprofessional as he pleases, but he must be a Christian gentleman " CHAPTER XV[. South Sea Tkoblkms. Hi " npHE New Hebrides are a group of small islands, a -i- few about the size of Arran, a very few otheis two or three tin:es as large, the whole of no geographical imporlance. They are peopled by beings of the lowest t;pe to the number of probably not more than 50,000 ; 80 that they are of no political importance. This does not refer to the islands but the people. The islands themselves are of so great political importance at the present moment that the allegiance of Australia to England would tremble in the balance if there were any suspicion that the Home Government would hand them over to France." These words are taken from Drummond's address on "The Problem of Foreign Missions," delivered in 1890, on his return to Scotland. He never made any secret the fact that his principal object in visiting the Islanij in June and July 1890 was the investigation of their political value, undertaken at the urgent request of Australian statesmen who wished to have the benefit of his opinion in making represent- ations to the Home Government. It is now known that Britain and France have since agreed to recognise the political independence of the Islands. A secondary object of his visit to the Islands, and, subsequently, Lo Queensland, was to make inquiry into what is known as the Kanaka traffic, a system whereby i ? n ! V- t = IM, ^i 1 ' r. i if '37 f. , ^M. r.Jr ^%^' -■■ ifiS^ .Jsk .iXtL:: -tfv- ^,.:c,^:: 4 '38 HENRY DRUMMOND J- in f" If I': lit III m natives of the South Sea Islands are deported to Queensland to act as labourers on the tropical sugar plantations there, under conditions which were at the time objected to by some people, upon the ground that they were conceived with too little regard for the rights of the individual native. Drummond's valuable opinion on this subject is clearly set forth in an " interview " with a representative of the Pall Mall Gazette, published in that journal on 18th May 1892. From this we make the following exhaustive quotations : " ' The full meaning of this question/ said Professor Drummond, 'is probably not fully realised in England, except by those who have had the opportunity of study- ing It in Queensland. Below the surface of it there lies a story with a world of interest. It has its deep pathos and It has also its bright side. But the question of continuing the labour traffic with Polynesia is an anthropological rather than an economic question. Try to realise the situation. Here you have hundreds of islands inhabited mainly by cannibals. They are utterly uncivilised, and indeed, for the most part, in the condition in which Captain Cook first found them. Except for a handful of heroic missionaries, a white man hardly ever steps ashore among them. There they are. doing no work, sitting all day long under their palm trees, and hvmg the life of savages and cannibals, except in the few cases where the patient labours of the missionary have had some civilising and softening influence. They know nothing of the outside world. No vesr.:l. possibly has ever touched their shores, and the only white man's face they have ever seen is that of their missionary. Then, one day, a vessel arrives, and a boat is lowered filled with armed men and steers for the island. These armed men are the traders who have come to engage Vi.:ai: k-j^xi-ima^ SOUTH SEA PROBLEMS ,3^ labour. It also lands a Government agent, whose duty it is to see that matters are arranged humanely and on fair terms. This boat is followed by another carrying a further bodyguard, armed to the teeth, and covering the first boat with their rifles at a short distance. °The Kanaka is easily persuaded to engage to accompany the trader for a term of years, when a few sticks of tobacco, a gun, or some other toy ia put into his hands as a present. When, a few days later on, the vessel leaves the island, it carries the flower of the population away with it. There are, happily, a good many islands on which the unwearied work of the missionaries has borne fruit, where the natives are docile and industrious ; but there are many others on which this is not the case. For an unarmed man to land would be certain death.' Have they a common language ? * — ' No ; the dialects are innumerable on these island groups, and it is, indeed, not infrequently the case that several almost distinct languages are spoken on the same island. Each dialect differs widely from le rest, and each is only understood by a handful of natives. On the island of Eromanga, which I visited the year before last, the first missionary who came was murdered by the natives ten minutes after he went ashore. The second also was murdered, and several after him. But th*- work was not, therefore, given up, for the missiona i.-s will not be kept back, and now the missionary whou I found there has been at his post for thirty years. There is a church on the island, and the Kanakas live peacefully together. Can you wonder at the missionaries protesting when some day they wake up to find that the pick of their young men have left their island and gone to the sugar plantations in Queensland ? ' Then, Professor Drummond, do I understand that you sympathise with the outcry against the importation •ill f If rii m ■ f- • 11 ;tfi3 'if '''** m t*^' ■*#"■« jt'ic 140 HENRY DRUMMOND :* 'i* , ft ! ^^^ lASl II I of the Kanakas into Qaeenslantl ? ' — ' Not exactly. . At the same time, it is a question on which there is so much to be said on both sides that I should not like to speak too definitely. What I have told you is a matter of information, not of opinion. On the whole, this is not a problem peculiar to the Pacific. Wherever the white man comes into contact with the black, wherever the product of civilisation has to deal with the child of nature, the same class of difficulties arises. To keep these happy children to their own coral islands and cut them off from the contamination of civilisation may be a pardonable ideal to the missionary. But it is a question whether such a state of things is possible, or possible long. Sooner or later the breath of the outer world must reach them. In too many cases it has reached them already. They must brace themselves for the contact. The drafting of successive bands of natives to a civilised country for a term of years and then shipping them back again to their own island— as the labour-employer is bound to do— might become an important factor in the progress of these races. Every- thing would depend on the treatment they received and the moral atmosphere which surrounded them. The Queensland Government has certainly left no stone unturned to secure that : so far >is legal enactment can protect an inferior race, the Kanakas are saie on Australian soil from any possible tyrminv, violence, or even physical discomfort. If it could also secure that the planter would his duty, and feel an adequate responsibility with rt^ rd to his employees, there would be no righteous opposition to the labour traffic. The question, therefore, reduces itself to the universal moral problem. Given the Ideal employer, the man who will protect his people from moral contamination, who will seek their good and interest as well as his own, and SOUTH SEA PROBLEMS 14, return them to their country wiser and better men, and with some rational equivalent for the labour they have given — then this traffic can do nothing but good. Nor is it idle to hope that one day this ideal may be partially realised. I admit there is small appearance of it at this moment in Queensland. But there is a beginning. It is a simple fact that — with many facts and, I fear, deplorable facts, on the other side — in several cases the Kanakas have been improved by their residence in Australia. " ' When the relations between employer and employed are perfect at home, it will be time to use the moral argument as final against the Kanaka exodus to Queens- land. The world must go on. The labour markets must adjust themselves. If it is inevitable that this human stream from the Pacific should continue to discharge itself upon Australian soil, one very practical thing remains for those who have raised their voices against it— to turn every energy to secure henceforth the righteous fulfilment of the conditions under which the Kanaka is engaged, and especially to ameliorate his lot, and give to it that educational and moral value which hunjanity and Christianity demand. More than ever it must be made certain that the Government agent on board the labour schooner will resist the temptation to play into the hands of the employers, and make it certain that in each individual case the terms of the contract are fully understood by the natives whose services are enlisted. The plantations themselves must be protected from the illicit drink-seller ; and educational and missionary work among the colonies of workers ought to be everywhere introduced. If this were done, and done effectually, the return of the Kanaka to his island home would mean something vital in social and moral influence for his race. At present, though the m '4a HENRV DRUMMOND tl Kanakas are thoroughly well treated by their ma«ter«— on the mere ground of economy this is necessary, Kanaka labour being far too costly to be trifled with- it is questionable whether they gain anything by their absence, either morally or materially. Their hard- earned wages they cannot take back with them in coin, since money is almost unknown in Polynesia. What they do take back is usually a lot of rubbish, purchased in Brisbane at fancy prices, to be distributed among their brother-savages as presents. This, it must be confessed, 18 a poor show for three or four years' work among the cane-brakes. " • On thinking over this whole question it is impossible not to compare the action of the Queensland Government, where the Kanakas are concerned, with their treatment of their own natives. The comparison is all in favour of the Kanakas. The Queensland natives are treated as veritable outcasts. They are not employed; they are driven away from the towns and settlements, and their lives in certain districts are freely taken on the smallest provocation, and no questions asked. Let the Queens- land Government see to these outcasts; it is there where the grievance lies, far more than in the import- ation of the Kanakas.' " Without the co-operation of the missionaries on the New Hebrides, even had he willed otherwise, Drummond could not well have obtained the information he sought. It will be remembered that these Islands were the scenes of the labours and martyrdom of Williams, and that they include the sphere within which Dr. J. G. Patoii has experienced the thrilling adventures narrated in his autobiography. Supported by the Presbyterian Churches of Canada, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Otago, as well as by the ar3»Jxn SOUTH SEA PROBLEMS »4i Free Church of Scotland, a little band of twenty-five men and women have consecrated their lives to the evangelisation of the natives of this group of islands, and are almost the only civilised inhabitants to be found within their limits. TheHe missionaries extended a hearty welcome to Drutnmond, and allbrded him every facility in their power. Under their auspices, he came into touch with the natives. "On Mr. I'aton's Tanna, and saw all his painted cannibals," he wrote home. "But for the missionary with me, I should now be— inside them." We get this story more fully in his address on missions. " Sailing along Tanna, I tried to land near Mr. Paton's deserted field. With me wtis one of the missionaries who has now gained a footing on another part of that still cannibal island. As we neared the shore, a hundred painted savages poured from out of the woods, and prepared to fire upon us with their guns and poisoned arrows. But the missionary stood up in the bow of the boat and spoke two words to them in their native tongue. Instantly every gun was laid upon the beach, and they rushed into the surf to welcome us ashore.' No other unarmed man on this earth could have landed there." On another island, where the missionary, but two years previously, had been wont to see from his doorstep the smoke of the cannibal feasts, the natives brought Drumraond their spears and bov s and poisoned arrows. " We do not need them now," they said ; " the missionary has taught us not .u kill." His admiration of these missionaries was unlimited. "No grander missionary work was ever done than by these New Hebrides missionaries. Every m.m i.s a king." "T have no words to express my admiration for these men, and, I may say, their wives, their even more heroic wives ; they if *lt I . '44 HENRY DRlIM\fOND are perfect missionarien ; their toil has paid a hundred times ; and I count it one of the privileges of my life to have b«en one of the few eye-witneseetj of their work " " People tell us." he said. " that the race for whom our missionaries are thus giving their toil, their talents, their hfe. IS a decaying race, and that in fifty years not one of them will be left— thai I consider the noblest example of the sacrifice of Christ." Drummonde Journal of his experiences in the New Hebrides has been published. In literary method it reminds us forcibly of the elliptical style of Mr. Alfred Jingle, but it aftords a first-hand picture of these coral islands and their inhabitants. The excursions yielded Home opportunities, too, for scientific research. At the time, one of the missionaries wrote : " On the way north from Aneityum, we had the genial company of Professor Henry Drummond.and got a hurried trip to the Volcano on Tanna arranged, which he enjoyed immensely. He says that Vesuvius is nothing to it. We had a photographer from Mellwurne in our company, and he took two or three views of the crater. Just as a group who were being photographed had risen, and we were Htartmg to descend, a good large block of burning scoria came flop down, just on the spot where the group had been sitting. The Professor rushed to see it, with staring eyes and extended hands, but it was too hot to meddle with; so he warmed his hands at it. burnt a biscuit on it, and finished up with lighting his cigar at it. Drummond was wont to say that travel alw-iys gave the individual an 'mmensely bigger environment to think m. This voyage to the New Hebrides must havA made a considerable addition to his own uitellectual environ m on t. frUEETV^S:^ CIIAI'TKR XVn. i Ills J!()()Kli:ts. 1\T0 niu ro.iM altiiiii tin- success which Drummond iU'ljKViMl in liiH evaiiyeliBni, without bwxnuing the ')t jeci of iiiurti iiopuhir iiiiiosiLy, untl being sought after I)' ther of special ;i.i , t. i wh . ', lie felt called to devote himself. To onf^ i, u.;;..-, > . •,;8 assistiince he replied :— " I have never hue! t: ■i'-; ■-*"'**■ fJ<-'« 148 HENRY DRUMMOND ffi In 1891 The Programme of ChriMdaniaj was in turn given to the public. As we have seen in an earlier chapter, this address was in use in 1882. When Drummond first delivered it at the Edinburgh meetings, every student present received a tastefully printed card on which the details of Christ's commission, as set forth in the opening words of the sixty-first chapter of the Book of the Prophet Isaiah, were set down in categorical form. We have already noted that Drummond in this address gave voice to his profound impression of the importance of Christianity as a social factor, the fountainhead of all genuine altruism, and, therefore, a matter of absorbing human interest. The popularity of the subject was attested by the sales of the booklet, which, at the time of his death, had reached 80,000 copies. Ttu City without a Church was published in 1892. It did not command the same sale as any of the other booklets, although a British issue of 60,000 in less than four years was far from inconsiderable. This address, too, was devoted to the social message of Christianity. " The great use of the Churtli is to help men to do without it. . . . What Church services really express is the want of Christianity. And when that which is perfect in Christianity is come, all this, as the mere passing stay and scaffolding of struggling souls, must vanish away. ... The Puritan preachers were wont to tell their people to ' practise dying.' Yes ; but what is dymg ? It is going to a City. And what is required of those who would go to a city? The practice of citizenship— the due employment of the unselfish talents, the development of public spirit, the payment of the' full tax to the great brotherhood, the subordination of personal aims to the common good. And where are tliese to be learned? Here; in cities here. ... No HIS BOOKLETS 149 , Church however holy, no priest however earnest, no book however sacred, can transfer to any human char- acter the capacities of citizenship — these capacities which in the very nature of things are necessities to those who would live in the Kingdom of God. . . . The eternal beyond is the eternal here. The street-life, the home-life, the business-life, the city-life in all the varied range of its activity, are an apprenticeship for the City of God. There is no other apprenticeship for it. To know how to serve Christ in them is to ' practise dying.' To move among the people on the common street ; to meet them in the market-place on equal terms ; to live among them, not as saint or monk, but as brother-man with brother - man ; to serve Gou, not with form or ritual, but in the free impulse of a soul ; to carry on the multitudinous activities of the city — social, com- mercial, political, philanthropic — in Christ's spirit and for His ends: this is the religion of the Son of Man, and the only meetness for Heaven which has much reality in it." The last booklet was The Changed Life, the substance of that address on Sanctification which had such a warm welcome at Northfield and elsewhere. Judged by sales of the author's edition, it ranked in popularity next to The Greatest Thing in the World, and Pax Vohiscum. In March 1897 the total sales amounted to 89,000 copies. We may make a couple of short illustrative extracts to indicate its scope. " We all, reflecting as a mirror the character of Christ, are transformed into the same image from character to character — from a poor character to a better one, from a better one to one a little better still, from that to one still more complete, until by slow degrees the Perfect ■1] % ' 1 »5o HENRY DRUMMOND '.■v.r "it Image is attained. Here the solution of the problem of sanctification is compressed into a sentence : Reflect the character of Christ and you will become like Christ. All men are mirrors — that is the first law on which this formula is based. ... If all these varied reflections from our so-called secret life are patent to the world, how close the writing, how complete the record, within the soul itself? For the influences we meet are not simply held for a moment on the polished surface and then thrown off again into space. Each is retained where first it fell, and stored up in the soul for ever. The lew of Assimilation is the second, and by far the most impressive truth which underlies the formula of sanctifi- cation — the truth that men are not only mirrors, but that these mirrors . . . transfer into their own inmost substance, and hold in permanent preservation the things that they reflect." One of Drummond's own students, now occupying an important pastorate in the United Free Church of Scotland, testifies that this address "marked the turning-point " with him, and many others have found in it a new-born hope and desire to seek the way of holiness. It would pass the wit of man to ascertain with any exactness the total circulation attained by these different addresses. They were translated into almost every European language ; they were circulated widely in the United States; they were also translated into Tamil, Chinese, and other foreign tongues. An authorised German translation of The Greatest Thing in the World is said to have commanded a larger sale than any German publication of the same year. Through these various translations, Drummond's teaching reached a wider public than he had ever dreamed of ; and we have little HIS BOOKLETS i5» , fear of contradiction when we say that no other purely religious book has in these days equalled the more popular of the booklets in respect of total issue and " spread." The teaching of the addresses in these booklets was 80 unconventional and so well-received that it provoked much jealous criticism. We shall have occasion to refer to this in the following chapter. On the other hand, appreciative critics hailed the addresses as containing the very essence and heart of the creed of Christianity, and some of Drummond's own friends, who should hav^e known better, went over the score in welcoming a growth in breadth of spiritual insight and a less individualistic and more social note than was found in Natural Law in the Spiritual World ; when, as he once said, with a smile, T?ie Programme of Christianity, to which particular reference had been made, was written long before Natural Law. m II i jlJJ i m in ^Hl il'. CHAPTER XVIIL Misunderstood. AT this point in the narrative of Drummond's life- fr . """'^ ^" "^^^^ «"itably refer to the several ofThT' r "'"' ""^ '^^ '' «^-^ the direct attack of those who conceived that his teaching was inimi^ to t^e best znterests of Christianity, of thos^ who m,"uled him by inaccurate reports of his addresses, or o those we shall rnnfin! 7 different controversies: thernselves^^^^^^^^^^ ^ g^^-e at the attacks tnemselves. and Drummond's attitude towards them We have already had occision to notice the stTr;. of criticism provoked hv Ar«/ / r "^"^ °^ and tr ^"'" ^^ ^''""' th« ^^lations of Science and Eehgion. was raised again, as we shall see n a following chapter, on the publication of Tke Ze^L) iWan Throughout these discussions Drummond sue o:'tzr:r:T' r "'^^^-"^ -personarpiti : yn behalf of religion, he was willing to take ud thP cudgels against the scoffing scientist/ " Thri„y^ " he wrote (in his review nf Mr ni ^ * -"-"coiogy . . . Hock of rrnh. e ; T , • ^^adstone's Imprcjnahle liocL of ffoly Scripture) ■' hns long suffered under ouite sue system. And it is tinip fnr fHc-' \ i. Lu.ie tor theuiugy to be relieved 152 MISUNDERSTOOD «53 of the irresponsible favours of a hundred sciologists whose guerilla warfare has long alienated thinking men m all departments of knowledge. . . . When science speaks of them [the exponents of scientific theology] it accepts positions and statements from any quarter; from books which have been for years or centuries out-grown, or from popular teachers whom scientific theology un- weariedly repudiates." With equal confidence, he would champion the cause of science as a torch-bearer to religion. " Let science and religion," he said in 1892, "go each in its own path, they will not disturb each other. The contest is dying out. The new view of the Bible has made further apologetics almost superfluous. I have endeavoured to show that in my articles on Creation. No one now expects science from the Bible. That would be an anachronism. The literary form of Genesis precludes the idea that it is science. You might as well contrast Paradise Lost with geology as the Book of Genesis. ... Mr. Huxley might have been better employed than in laying that poor old ghost. The more modern views of the composition of the Bible have destroyed the stock-in-trade of the platform infidel. Such men are constructing difficulties which do not exist, and they fight as those who beat the air. . . . Science has made religion a thousand times more thinkable and certain. It had become simply impossible for thinking men and women to be at rest on the old theological standpoint. The basis of religion was getting very weak. Science and literature, so far from weakening the spiritual part of religion, have strengthened it beyond all belief." But although he was conspicuously self-possessed m the face of criticism. Drummond felt the alienation of the sympathy of his friends, and that most keenly 1i3 ,1 »54 HENRY DRUMMOND ^fl fm if !!• 1 f '. •i- In 1883 he wrote to a correspondent :—" I cannot thank you or honour you enough, for your letter. It did me good . . . In all my poor work I try to be guiltl-ss of ever ; destroying' anything, believing that the true method 18 Christ's, to ' fulfil.' I never therefore seek to be destructive, but constructive, and you are quietly domg this same work. I received your words in your very kmd letter with real enthusiasm. They are as true as they are manly and touching. It is a great thing to live amid such movements— when thought around is is disturbed rather than stagnating, and I rejoice in it. The dehverance from Pharisaism is what we must devoutly pray for in ourselves and others, and iu struggling against this we may understand Him bome day I hope we may have a talk about evolution that far-from-proved, possibly never-to-be-proved, but mere working-hypothesis, to be superseded soon I hope by something more ' fulfilling.' " What exactly was the occasion of the misunderstand- mg at Northfield, to which allusion has already been made, has not been put on record; but by Drummond's theological friends in Britain it has been suggested that the point of separation had somewhat to do with his advanced views on the subject of the inspiration of the bcriptures. His intimate and life-long friend. Dr. John Watson, has written:— "He began with beUeving in verbal inspiration, with holding the complete system of orthodox doctrine, with its use of conventional phrases about religion. He went on to accept the results of Biblical criticism, to place charity above all doctrine, and to carry the principle of evolution to a somewhat startling length. Whether this change con- ciliated another world I do not know, but it certainly deeply ofi-ended his old evangelistic world. That world u. very cohesive and thoroughly organised, with its II. ■• MISUNDERSTOOD ,55 papers, catchwords, weapons, and it did not spare Drummond, till even his sweet temper was tried, and he described his malicious critics as • the assassins of character.' It is almost incredible, and it was. of course, quite inexcusable that any school of religion however extreme, should persecute so beautiful a Christian as Henry Drummond; but it would be unreasonable to blame certain of his former friends because they were alarmed and did not any longer desire his help. . . . Drummond felt himself 'a good deal out of if at Northfield Conference, which was to be expected, and he would have been as much ' out of It' at Keswick Conference in his later years, but the Conference people need not have 'rent' him, and he need not have expected 'a happy time.'" It is alleged that Mr. Moody has been heard to say— "The apes were almost too much for me," but, it is worthy of record that he remained loyal "whUe the religious papers were stabbing Drummond to the heart." Of the different reports of Moody's vindication of his friend, the following is the most circumstantial. " When the Professor was on a visit to Northfield, some of Mr. Moody's associates were greatly exprcised as to Mr. Drummond's soundness in the faith .au aft-r much cogitation they resolved to approach I.i;. ^!o(dy on the subject. A deputation was appointed, Mr. lUoody wb.,s asked to interrogate his visitor. To tlus the evangpl dj. agreed, saying that he would take an opn 'itorit" .r the following morning. The morning came, and with :i the interview. In the afternoon of the same dat- the deputation again saw Mr. Moody, and asked LlmA' he had seen Mr. Drummond. 'Yes.' said Mr. Moody •And did you speak to him about his theologiail views?' 'No,' said Mr. Moodj, 'I did not. Within half an hour of his coming down this morning he gave 1'^ '5« !3 : HENRY DRUMMOND me such proof of his being ,,oH«PH8ed of a higher Christian life than either you or I have, that 1 could not say anything to him. You can talk to him yourselves If you like.' " Of the friendship of the great evangelist for Drummond. Mr. Moody's biographer says— °' He believed in the man with all his heart, and though he could not follow him in all his theories, he knew him to be a Christian ' who lived continually in the thirteenth chapter of First Corinthians.'" Desire for esteem and for public notice was foreign to Drummonds nature, and throughout his life he made a persistent struggle to withdraw himself from public platforms. This trait is well set forth and exemplified in the following account, written, while he wa.s still alive, by a journalist with whom he was on intimate terms. ij III ^ . fit n Few public teachers act as thoroughly in the spirit of the precept 'Hide your life, but show your wit' I'rofessor Drummond likes to do his work as quietly as possible. In his native Scotland he is rarely seen at great public meetings, not because he is not asked to take part in them, but because he prefers the bypaths of platform life. . . . I sometimes think that the institution of the reporter has played a large part in driving Professor Drummond into his shell. It would be wrong to say he hates the reporter, for I don't believe he is capable of hatred toward any man ; but it is quite allowable to say he hates reports. If you can promise him your meeting will not be reported, you have won half the battle in securing him as a speaker." The same writer goes on to give an instance of Drummond's modesty. While acting as editor of a northern religious paper he received a letter from fct: '.A.;. ^S^SS^^ffSPS^^^^SS'lSSS^^^S^?' MISUNDERSTOOD ,57 Drummond which explains itself. '• Just seftn C ,h most excellent piece of work. But it revives an awful threat you nmde to go on from C. to D. Now I want to beg you, in all seriousness, not to do that. Goodness knows, I am sick enough of myself without that further humiliation. But apart from all that. I am known to be one of the supporters of the M- C and this kind of log-rolling won't do. If any expense' to the paper has already been incurred, I will pay it a dozen times, but you really umst choose another victim. I ask this as u personal favour, if you will not listen to other argument, and I rely on your humouring me in this, even though it be against your convictions. ... I am thought to be a kind of harmless lunatic ; my book on Natural lata is supposed to be a castle in the air ; I am believed to have a bee in my bonnet, and altogether to be affected by a mil^ kind of insanity." If Drummond disliked having his addresses reported, he abhorred the "interview"; and even in America,' where this phase of journalism had its birth and is carried to extraordinary lengths, it was found impossible to make " copy " of him. " He would be an audacious interviewer, indeed," wrote a New York Tribune press- man, " who would make a venture for personal informa- tion, and the amount obtained would be comparable to some of the atoms described in the lectures, with a Inrge credit in favour of the infusoria. In this particular, Professor Drummond is utterly elusive." "Attempt, as adroitly as you may," wrote another journalist, " to lure the Professor into the autobiographical strain, and he becomes as silent as an oyster." Sometimes the would-be interviewer was " bowled " in the first "over." Drummond told of one amusing incident of this sort, which occurred upon his second visit to America. 9v r^-' p^ i.-f*-i»_ ^.^^^. Wit:' Tism MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CKART No. 2) ^5 1^ 1^ i^ IS. Hi Hi 1^ 1^ 1^ la Im III 2.0 ^ APPLIED IM/1GE 1653 East Main Street Rochester. New York U609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288- 5989 - Fo. Inc '58 HENRY DRUMMOND ie (> ! i II? " The day before sailing from New York, I was called upon at my hotel by a representative of one of the great New York dailies. On being shown in, he at once began — " ' You are the author of a book called How to Mal-c Love'l " I said ' No." " ' What, did you not write that ? ' " ' No.' Are you quite sure it wasn't yon ? ' " ' Quite sure.' " ' Well, that's strange. However, you are goincr to lecture to-night ? ' = o Well — I am going to talk a little.' " ' To whom ? ' " ' The students.' " ' Where ? ' " ' In Chickering Hall.' " ' What about ? ' " ' Well, — about — Christianity.' " ' Ah ' (whipping out his notebook). ' JVhat is your opinion of Christianity ? ' " Clearly this man was the sporting editor." " I then found," added Professor Drummond, " that I had an engagement." In having garbled and disconnected reports of his utterances given to the public in unrevised and scrappy newspaper paragraphs, Drummond early made acquaint- ance with the misfortune which is the lot of the teacher or preacher who happens lo strike a fresh and indi- vidual note ; and he took every precaution to secure the exclusion of the reporters— " these irresponsible mis- creants " as he humorously called them in one private letter— from his Student.' Meetingo. For his pains, he MISUNDERSTOOD »59 drew on himself the attack of an Edinburgh newspaper, and also of the Australian religious press. He was accused of striving to conceal his teaching from the general public, as if it had been something occult. Nor was he absolutely successful. With an eye like a lynx, he was quick to " spot " a reporter, and have him dailt with before he had time to leave the hall, but that did not prevent the appearance of various paragraphs, which were none the more sympathetic or exact for his ex- pressed dislike of their publication. In the discussion on his teaching which took place in th.' Free C:,urch Assembly in 1892, Drummond intervened at one point to repudiate the accuracy of alleged quotations from his addresses, and told the House that, if he was right in thinking that his critic referred to an Edinburgh evening news- paper, " the reports which appeared in that newspaper of the addresses delivered to the Edinburgh Students during the winter were an utter perversion, and, in his humble opinion, a wicked perversion for purposes of journalism, of what was said at these meetings." It is only fair to add that, after a personal call which Drummond made upon the editor, this newspaper ceased to question the wisdom of the suppression of reporters, and even published one or two articles in which the work among the students was spoken of in an appreciative and kindly manner. From the days of the first Moody campaign a prominent evangelical weekly newspaper adopted Drummond as one of its men, and lost no opportunity of making copy from his addresses and any letters or articles he might write. But, from the date of the crisis at Noithiieid in 1887, this exponent of ultra- evangelicalism threw him over, and thenceforward published anything that belittled the value of his work. In 1888, a student at Edinburgh University wrote a f 13 \ t'1 i| /a; mm 7: f ! i6o HENRY DRUMMOND 1* )} '|i ill 1 TTt 4 ! letter to the journal in question, attacking Drummond's teaching at the Students' Meetings, and this was published. The writer belonged to a well-known family in the inner circle of London ultra-orthodoxy, and, although he was only a unit among the thousands of Edinburgh students, and individually a man of stereotyped creed and the narrowest possible outlook, his mischievous missive did its work, and went a long way to alienate the sympathies of hundreds of the Christian men and women whose friendship Drummond had won in earlier days. At the time, Drummond wrote, " I did not care for the kind of attack personally, but I am very jealous just now that th^ Edinburgh Students' work should not suffer. I defend that from the scoffer." Fortunately, attacks of this kind had no influence in the sphere in which he was workiiw. There is a touch tf the subjective note in the words in which he referred, in 1889, to the alleged heresies of Dr. Marcus Dods. "One cannot talk to children without being real ; and one cannot be called a heretic without being honest. ... On three distinct occasions the cry of heretic has been raised against Dr. Dods. Whether just or unjust, this is never a comfortable thing; and though such charges must be sometimes necessary, both for the relief of conscience and the protection of truth, it is surely oT.e of the cruellest features of the strained theological situation, not only that a public man takes his life in his hands every time he opens his lips, but that he is liable to have his influence marred and his mind troubled for years by any spark of suspicion regarding him that may be idly dropped on the combustible elements of religious intolerance." In 1890, a strongly adverse criticism of Drummond 's address on missions was published by the religious journal to which reference has already been made. In a MISUNDERSTOOD i6i letter which he wrote to a friend at the time, he points out that the writer of the communication just alluded to "pretends that he has my address before him. He even says, ' read in their connection they mean more than this.' Now, if the things quoted ?iad been read in their connection, no such construction could ever have been placed upon them. There was no account of this address published that was not ab- breviated to one-fourth by the reporter. A column appeared in the A and was copied into the ^ C' by the clever editor, who changed it into the first person to make it look as if it was his own reporting. But the newspaper impression of the address was entirely false; and the D 's im- pression is equally false. I did not say the things quoted. . . . The effect of this address was just the opposite of that indicated, and I have heard already from several whom it has sent to he missionaries abroad. Indeed, no address I ever gave brought in such fruit in this direction." In the same letter he con- fessed how much this attack had pained him when he wrote: "I regard it as a great evil when I am made to lose tiie sympathy of God's people, and the article in last week's D can only have that effect." In May 1892, certain members of the Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland broke the monotony of the routine proceedings of that Court by indulging in a heresy, hunt. Professors Dods, Bruce, Candlish, and Drummond, were in turn impeached: in every case the result was the discomfiture of the attacking party. Drummond was, perhaps, least severely handled. The booklets and addresses to students were this time brought under review, and Drummond undoubtedly took the wind out of the sails of his critics when, as II 1 63 HENRY DRUMMOND ;'i we have already seen, he repudiated the accuracy of the reports of the addresses challenged. Two of Drunimond's intimate friends have written of the general charge of heresy made against him, and their words may he quoted here as an indication of the appreciation which he won from those who knew him liest. 1. The Rev. D. M. Boss has written: — "The ordeal of criticism to which the man and his teaching were sub- jected for years gave Drummond an opportunity of revealing the strength and beauty of his character. No bitter word did he ever write or speak in reply to his most merciless or ungenerous critics. ... I know how some of the attacks, imputing unworthy motives and traducing his character, made Drummond's sensitive nature wince; but not only did he not break the silence, but he nourished no bitter grudge in his heart. One instance of his magnanimity to an opponent may be worth recalling. A very able theologian had reviewed, in the pages of an influential journal, the booklet The City ivithout a Church, not only in a trenchant but in a somewhat pei-sonally bitter fashion. ' What ailg So- aud-So at me?' was Drummond's comment to a mutual friend; and when he was asked a few weeks afterwards by an American theological college to recom- mend a Scottish theologian for a cnurse of lectures, he named his castigator." Dr. John Watson adopted an equally emphatic tone in an article which he contributed to the North Americc/n Review. " You might as well have beaten a spirit with a stick as prosecuted Drummond for heresy. . . . When one saw the unique and priceless work which he did, it was inexplicable and very provoking that the religious MISUNDERSTOOD 163 world shoukl have cast this man, of all others, out, and have lifted up its voice against him. Had religion so many men of beautiful and winning life, so many thinkers of wide range and genuine culture, so many speakers able to move young men by hundreds towards the Kingdom of God, that she could afford or have the heart to withdraw her confidence from Drummond ? Was there ever such madness and irony before Hea\3n as good pef^ple lifting up their testimony and writing articles against this most gracious disciple of the Master, because they did not agree with him about certain things he said, or some theory he did not teach, while the world lay round them in unbelief and selfishness, and sorrow and pain ? * What c&n be done,' an eminent evangelist once did me the honour to ask, ' to heal the breach between the religious world and Drummond ? ' And I dared to reply that in my poor judgment the first step ought to be for the religious world to repent of its sins, and make amends to Drummond for its bitterness. The evangelist indicated that, so far as he knew his world, it was very unlikely to do any such becoming deed, and I did not myself remember any instance of repentance on the part of the Pharisees. Then, grow- ing bold, I ventured to ask why the good man had not summoned Drummond to his side, as he was working in a University town, and knew better than any other person that he could not find anyvvhere an assistant so acceptable or skilful. He agreed in that, but declared at once that if Drummond came his present staff would leave, and that two men could not do all the work ; which seemed reasonable, and, besides, every man knows his own busuiess best, and that evangelist knew his remarkably well. . . . Never did my friend say one unkind word of the world which condemned him, but it may be allowed to another to say that if anyone wishes > ? f 111 . :l- 'i3 1 1 i64 HENRY DRUMMOND ill to indict the professional religionists of our time for bigotry and stupidity, painful and unanswerable proof hes ready to his hand in the fact that the finest evangel- ist of the day was treated as a Samaritan." ^^ We believe it will be rea.^ily conceded that the word misunderstood " ought to be written over each one of the grounds of attack upon Druramond to which we have referred in this chapter. The scientists placed no value upon the spiritual aim of his teaching, and had no desire that science should contribute anything to re- hgion The theologians, professional and amateur alike, feared the Greeks, although they brought gifts." Much disservice had been done to Christianity by men who spoke in the name of science, and these theological critics had not that intimate personal acquaintance with Drummond which would have disarmed their suspicion of his making an attempt to hinder the cause of the Evangel. The casual visitor to Forthfield. in sympathy with but mayhap not as great of soul as D. L Moody was misled rather than helped by Drummond's scientific terminology and illustrations, and failed to apprehend his purity of purpose and singleness of eye. The re- ligious newspaper took the word of a sohtary medical student upon a point of theology, and did Drummond great despite by publication of an absolutely erroneous account of the address on missions. The Free Church Assembly was asked to condemn him for heresy upon the strength of "malicious" reports in an evening news- paper. All this was blind treatment ol the man who had said— "I have only one passion, that is Christ" and whose daily life ani conversation were absolutely consistent with this all-taibracing confession of faith CHAPTER XIX. The Ascent of Man.' IN pursuit of his special studies in biological science, Drummond, as early as 1886, conceived the idea of writing a book on the " Ascent of Man," but while his friends occasionally got hints from him that the pro- ject had not been entirely dropped, it was not until some years later, when he accepted an invitation to deliver the Lowell Institute Lectures in Boston, U.S.A., in 1893, that he definitely committed himself to a public statement of the results of his research and study on the subject. When he arrived in Boston in April 1893, he found that his lectures were to be a centre of great public interest. A ring of speculators had even bought up a large number of tlie tickets for the lecture course, and these had been sold at fabulous prices. He had supposed that he would have to talk to " a handful of fossils," and had brought from Glasgow a specially pre- pared budget of lecturer, written in his driest and most abstrusely scientific vein. " To his surprise, he found that instead of addressing two or three score of scientific specialists, deaf old gentlemen, and matter-of-fact ' blue- stockinge,' all Boston and the suburbs seemed determined to get within the doors ui the Institute. The plac<'i was besieged. His appearance in the city was a great popular event; and the astonished Professor straightway 165 ■ -A , lib ■V; _ f III U t ^1 m 166 niiNRV URl'MMOND *4- barred hw door at the Hotel liruuswick. and devoted the greater part of his Boston visit to th« re-writing of all the lectures that he had brught with him " The demand by the public was so great, indeed, that he had to re-dehver each lecture to a second a.idience on the Jay following its first delivery. At Chautauqua, too. and. we believe, in Chicago, he was able to niake further use of the same lectures. ne Ascent of Man was published in May 1894 Although It had a large sale, it never commanded the pub.ic interest which atten.led Drummond's earlier books. This was partly accounted for by the issue of the book' dt a net price. Drummond disapproved of the discount system, on the ground that it did harm to the booksellers. The discount booksellers, on the other hand, declined to stock the book, and it suffered in consequence. But, apart from the question of price comparison with the circulation of Natural Law m the Spvnt^ml World brings into relief the conclusion that while that work, in consequence of the ,S)>.'c^aior's review was hailed as a serious and almost successful attempt to rec(mcile the teachings of science -ith those of orthodox Christianity, the religious public, in the course of the decade that had elapsed since its publication, had arrived at the more mature judgment that Drummond had failed to make out hia case— as he himself was almost prepared to r.dmit— and it was therefore less likely to look to a fresh scientific work from his pen in the hope of his commg any nearer the solution of the problem. The smaller sale may also be attributed to the fact that this book is more purely scientific than the others and deals, in the terminology of science, with the laws' of biology and kindred departments of knowledge. While the whole has a religious motif, the discussion of questions distinctly related to revealed religion is k-pt ^^m'^u •'THE ASCtNT OF MAN" 167 strictly to its proper place. In Hhoic, the book does not Rppeiil to a large percentage of the CliriHtiim public. Drummond considered the book his mo; f import- ant contribution to the scientific literature of the day, and aiii his critics, fa\ourable and unfavourable, agreed with him in this. In his Preface, he confesses that Evolution is assumed as a working-hypothesis through- out. There, too, he explains the field to be occupied — " the Ascent of Man, the Individual during the earlier stages of his evolution. It is a study in embryos, in rudiments, in installations ; the scene is the primeval forest ; the date, the world's dawn. Tracing his rise as far as Family Life, this history does not even follow him into the Tribe ; and as it is only then that social and moral life begin in earnest, no formal discussion of thefiC high themes occurs." In an extended intioductory chapter Drummond sketches his attitude towards Evolu- tion, and goes on to emphasise the need for recognition of the great principle of the Struggle for Others as a factor in Evolution. This is the kernel of his contribution to the question, and the keynote of the book. With ample acknowledgments to previous workers in this department of science, he sketches the Evolution of niau, and incidentally of lower forms oi life, claiming that Evolution is " the story of creation as told by those who know it best." He alleges that the danger is that, in applying Evolution as a method, il may not be carried far enough. " No man, no man of science even, observ- ing the simple facts, can ever rob religion of its due. E~ligion has done more for the development of Altruism in a few centuries than all the millenniums of geological time. T it we dare not rob Nat are of its due. We dare not say that Nature played the prodigal for ages, and reformed at :he eleventh hour. If nature is the garment of God, it is woven without seam throughout ; fn* i68 HENRY DRUMMOND Ni i» iift l. if a revelation of God. it is the surae yeslc-rday. tcday ui.d for ever; if the expression of His Will, there is iu It no vanahlouoss nor shadow of turning. Those who see great gulfs fixed— and we have all begun bv seeiug them— end by seeing them filled up." In his chapter upon " The Dawn of Mind " he draws extensively upon his unique opportunities for studying human life in its most primitive forms in Africa in AustraUa, in the New Hebrides, in the Malay Archi- pelago, and elsewhere; and. if the Evolutionary scheme which he propounds is not his own. he brings a wealth of first-hand observation towards the illumination of the question. After discussing " The Evolution of Language " he contends that " if Evolution reveals anything if Science itself proves anything, it is that Man is a spiritual being, and that the direction of his long career 18 towards an ever larger, richer, and more exalted life On the final problem of Man's being, the voice of Science 18 supposed to be dumb. But this gradual perfecting of instruments, and. as each arrives, the further revelation of what lies behind in Nature, this gradual refining of the mmd. this mcreasin ^,riumph over matter, this deeper knowledge, this cfflorejoence of the soul, are facts which even Science must reckon with." In picturesque and adequate terms he describes the accepted data upon which the Evolutionary theory of "The Struggle for Life" meantime rests, and then he proceeds to open up his theory of " The Struggle for the Life of Others." " The Evolution of a Mother," and " The Evolution of a Father." This, as we have already indi- cated, forms his own particular contribution to the teachmgs of Evolution, and is the raison-d'itre of the volume. A few representative quotations may best serve to give some idea of the drift of hia line of thought. "THE ASClvNT Ol" MAN" fC-H) " With a liody ulonc ^^llll is im aiiiniul : lln- Iii^'lu'Ht auimul, y«'t h pure aniiM.il ; «tru(,'gliiit: for its ovn iiurmw life, living for itH Bninll and surdid ends. Add a Mind to that und the advance iH infinite. Thn Strnj^gle for Life asBiuut'S tlie aug^nt form of a strug^,'le lor li«,'ht : Jie who was once a eavajje, imrsuinj? the arts of tlie chase, realises Aristotle's ideal man, 'a hunter after Trutli.' Yet this is not he end. Kxin'rienee tells us tl ■ ^an's true life is neither lived in the material tra . 1 the body, nor in the hi(;her altitudes of the intellect, but in the • irm world of the allections. Till he is equipped witn these, Man is not human. He reaeliec hia full height only when Love beromea to him t..^ ath of life, the energy of will, the suwimit of desire. There at last lies all happiness, and goodness, and truth, and divinity. . . . " The Struggle for the Life of Otliers is the jjhysio- logical name for the greatest word of ethics — Other-ism, Altruism, Love. From Self-ism to Other-ism is the supreme transition of histor' . . In organising the physiological mechanism of K oduction in plants and animals. Nature was already laying wires on which, one far-off day, the currents of all higher things might travel " The factor of Reproduction is thus seen to be funda- mental. To interpret the course of Evolution without this would be to leave the richest side even of material Nature without an explanation. . . . See how full Creation is of meaning, of anticipation of good for Man, how far back begins the undertone of Love. Kemember that nearly all the beauty of the world is Love-beauty — the corolla of the tlower and the plume of the grass, the lamp of the firefly, the plumage of the bird, the horn of the stag, the face of a 'voman ; that nearly all the music of the natural world is Love-music — the song of the nightingale, the call of the mammal, the chorus of the m i :^ #1 il ';■! 170 HENRY DRUMMOND t-' * A >, ,' « 1' i ,1' » * ' < 1:^ \\ Sm insect, the serenade of the lover; that nearly all the foods of the world are Love-foods — the date and the raisin, the banana and the bread-fruit, the locust and the honey, the eggs, the grains, the seeds, the cereals, and the legumes ; that all the drinks of the world are Love-drinks — the juices of the sprouting grain and the withered hop, the milk from the udder of the cow, the wine from the Love-cup of the vine. Eemember that the Family, the crown of all higher life, is the creation of Love ; that Co-operation, which means power, which means wealth, which laeans leisure, which therefore means art and culture, recreation and education, is the gift of Love. Eemember not only these things, but the diffusions of feeling which accompany them, the eleva- tions, the ideals, the happiness, the goodness, and the faith in more goodness, and ask if it is not a world of Love in which we live. . . . " No greater day ever dawned for Evolution than this on which the first human child was born. For there entered then into the world the one thing wanting to complete the Ascent of Man — a tutor for the affections. It may be that a Mother teaches a Child, but in a far deeper sense it is the Child who teaches the Mother. Millions of millions of Mothers had lived in the world before this, but the higher affections were unborn. Tenderness, gentleness, unselfishness, love, care, self- sacrifice — these as yet were not, or were only in the bud. Maternity existed in humble forms, but not yet Motherhood. To create Motherhood and all that en- shrines itself in that holy word required a human child. . . . " When Man passed . . , from the frugivorous to the carnivorous state, the Father had the additional responsi- bility of keeping his family in food. ... He is not only protector but food-provider. It is impossible to "THE ASCENT OF MAN" 171 believe that in process of time the discharge of this office did not bring some faint satisfactions to himself, that the mere sight of his offspring fed instead of famished did not give him a certain pleasure. And though the pleasure at first may have been no more than the absence of the annoyance they caused by the clarnorousness of their want, it became a stimulus to exertion, and led in the end to rudimentary forms of sympathy and self-denial. . . ." From the point to which the foregoing quotations bring us, Drummond goes on to trace the formation of the human Family, which tended further to develop the virtue of unselfishness. " A man cannot be a member of a Family and remain an utter egoist," he says. In the Family, too, the word duty at least received a first imperfect meaning ; and the father, in some rough way, formed " an external conscience to those beneath him," and dutiful obedience introduced the rudiments of a sense of Eighteousness. In a final chapter, Drummond seeks to show an essential identity between Christianity and Evolution. Both are methods of creation ; both have for their object the making of more perfect living beings; both work through Love. " Evolution and Christianity have the same Author, the same end, the same spirit. There is no rivalry between these processes. Christianity struck into the Evolutionary process with no noise or shock ; it upset nothing of all that had been done ; it took all the natural foundations precisely as it found them ; it adopted Man's body, mind, and soul at the exact level where Organic Evolution was at work upon them ; it carried on the building by slow and gradual modifica- tions ; and, through processes governed by rational laws, it put the finishing touches to the Ascent of Man." ' "11 I- 1' mt 17a HENRY DRUMMOND \[ mu r The critics received Drummond's book in a serious spirit. Almost without exception, they gave most (iareful consideration to the propositions which it contained. One and all were agreed in praising its lucidity and style, as a piece of literary work. But few of them were prepared to go beyond this. We give a list of the principal criticisms and reviews of T/ie Ascent of Man in the bibliographical notes appended to the present volume, and we believe that to anyone who may take the trouble to examine the pamphlets and articles there cited it will speedily become evident that Drummond's leading theory was received with hesitation by all, and hardly accepted by anyone. But his discoveries were always derived from intuition rather than from reason; and, although we can only speak from the lay point of view, we may suggest that Evolutionists may in time, by laborious work, reach the point which Drummond attained without being well able to say how he got there. To the more conservative men in the Free Church of Scotland it was a matter of real concern that one of their professors should have given the unqualified acceptance to the theory of evolution which they thought they discovered in The Ascent of Man, and no fewer than twelve overtures on the subject were brought before the General Assembly in May 1895. Principal Kainy moved for a finding to the effect that this book and its contents did not warrant the interference of the Church. In the course of an important speech, the Principal reminded the Assembly that "they had to consider the doctrine of evolution, in regard to which he should suppose everybody would be disposed to say there was certainly something in it. How much there was in it, and what the limits of its application were, was a question on which a very great difference of •♦THE ASCENT OF MAN" »73 opinion would disclose itself if all their minds were unveiled on the subject; but this principle of evolution, at all events as a working-hypothesis, had in a very remarkable way taken possession of the scientific minds of their time. There was no doubt about that, and there was no doubt that the most Christian men — lie had been very much struck with it in the case of some scientific men now gone, whom he had expected, just because they were old men, to be the men to stand out against it — had gone into an acceptance, and cordial acceptance, and application of the doctrine of evolution, and very considerably wide applications of it, in a way that showed with what force and strength this disclosure, this conception, this method, this way of looking at Nature had commended itself to scientific minds. He was speaking of very decided and well-established Christians. That was not a reason why any of them should adopt it, or make it a part of their own in- tellectual belief ; but it was a reason why they should feel that they were here dealing with something which had come into the world of knowledge and of science in a way that called for very considerable caution and circumspection on the part of Christians and Christian Churches. . . . Ho thought this book was conceived by a man who was mainly occupied with theistic and ethical results in the interests of truth and religion, and who thought he could disprove an atheistic and non-ethical view of the world." In seconding Principal Rainy's motion. Dr. Stalker said that Professor Drummond had himself to blame. " There are," he said, " few writers who take less trouble to reconcile their views with current opinions ; indeed, the Professor does not always take the trouble to reconcile with each other the elements occupying different corners of his own mind. He is an intuitive thinker, who sees single m 1^; m '1? m. v ■ % if ^ i^N t • f »74 HENRY DRUMMOND points in isolation with extraordinary clearness, and can describe his visions with unrivalled skill; but he has not the logical and systematic faculty which makes contradictory things intolerable." After some discussion, the motion proposed by Principal Rainy was carried by a majority of one hundred and twenty-three. Thus, for the second aad last time, Drummond escaped from per- secution within the borders of his Church. m nd he :e8 )n, by 'or !r- CHAPTER XX. Scientific Work. HOWEVER Drummond may have been received by the men of the scientific world, there is no room for doubt as to our right to designate him as a man of science. The bent of the man's mind was scientific, and when we review the contributions he was able to make to scientific literature we are further confirmed in our view. At the outset, we are reminded of the distinctly scientific tastes and proclivities which he developed in youth. Unlike many others of scientific temperament, his appreciation of art in letters and in life was a keen one, but this did not interfere with a marked bias towards scientific research and study. His earliest essay in writing for publication, the work of his 'teens, was the description of a naturalist's examination of a glen in the neighbourhood of Stirling. At the Uni- veisity, his favourite class was that of geologv, and from it he carried off the first prize, gaining the same time the personal esteem of his teacher, Pr ssor Geikie, and offer of the post of class assistant. At New College, the class of Natural Science yielded a crop of prizes. When the opportunity arose, he chose the vocation of Lecturer on Natural Science in preference tn that of the Christian ministry, for which his general studies had ".n n r •75 176 HENRY DRUMMOND *(i' ■!f| \ i" ' * ill m ||B ^ ^ kili.Liii^ been intended to qualify him. Then, in 1879, he was the chosen companion of Professor Geikie in his survey of the volcanic phenomena of Western North Americfi. In April 1880, at an age when distinct merit and acknowledged scholarship could alone have justified his nomination, he was elected a Fellow of that eclectic corporation of exact scientific students, the Royal ociety of Edinburgh, — Professor Geikie, Sir William Thom- son, Professor M'Kendrick, and Sir Robert Christison, all accredited scientists, standing as sponsors on the occasion. In 1883, Natural Laio in the Spiritual World was hailed thrpughout the English-speaking world as the most powerful demonstration of the possibility of laying Science under contribution to Religion that had appeared since the publication, many years before, of Dr. Chalmers's Astronomical Discourses. Neither theologians nor scientists were willing, ultimately, to acknowledge that he had succeeded in demonstrating the identity of the natural and spiritual laws ; but no one could deny that he had given evidence of sufficient grasp of the ascertained facts of science to enable him to restate them ia a lucid and masterly manner. In the following year, 1884, he established a further footing in public esteem as a man of science, when he brought home the fruit? of his explorations in Central Africa. At the Royal Society of Edinburgh, at the Geological Section of the British Association in 1885, at the Royal Dublin Society, and elsewhere, his lectures on the white ant, on the geology of British Central Africa, on the mimicry of African insects, and on other cognate topics — afterwards brought together and published in Tropical Africa — were received as valuable contributions to the reserve of those data for wh>.h science is ever in search. By this time his evangelistic work had begun to make SCIENTIFIC WORK «77 lari^e and increasing demands on his leisure time, and to develop in him a bias towards the study of sociological problems ; but his visit to the Vew Hebrides and Queens- land, in 1890, gave him fresh opportunities for studying primitive man in his proper environment, and of adjusting his Evolutionary views in the light of hard facts and first-hand information; and, if his Ascent of Man is adjudged inconclusive in its main contention, it still remains a luminous contribution to the exposition of Evolutionary processes of thought, and findings ad interim. At the least, Drummond would seem to have proved himself no mean exponent of natural science ; as well as an observer of uncommon insight, when he had oppor- tunity for making use of his gifts in this direction, his principal limitation lying in the infrequency of such onportunity. While we recall these facts, and make the deductions they would appear to warrant, it may be well, in conclusion, to cite the opinion of Professor Macalister, as we find that recorded in an appreciation contributed to the Bookman in April 1897 : "Judged by the value of the research embodied in these works, the scientific results of his life- ork are small. What he has done, however, shows th he was capable, if so minded, of carrying on original research. Here and there one meets with passages in his works, such as the essay on Termites in his Tropical Africa, which show him to have been a thoughtful observer, who was able not only to note phenomena, but also to see their bearing on larger biological and cosmical problems. Had his lot been cast in the field of laboratory work, I have no doubt he would have shown that he possessed most of the qualities requisite for success in original research. It is, T think, to be regretted that he did not 12 178 HENRY DRUMMOND m lilt iff ! ill i n M ■ ■ . il t give more time to such direct scientific wort which would have been the best discipline for an imagination which tended to over - exuberance, and would have restrained him from allowing his fancy to range further than the ascertained facts of science warranted. " In his writings Professor Drummond gives to the reader the ini ression that he was a man greater than the work which he has done, who is not to be measured only by the nature and amount of that work, but one from whom something greater might well have been expected than what he had actuallv achieved. His second book was, in my judgment, a gr at advance upon its predecessor, and I had hoped that it was but the precursor of some work of more permanent philosophical value, but i* was not to be. His books attracted the public attention by their unique blending of the most thorough-going evolutionism with as thorough- going an evangelicalism, as well as by their fascinating literary style and their happy illustrations of the themes on which he wrote. In his Natural law in the Spiritual World, he took a series of those co-ordinations of phenomena which are called laws in the unsystematic phraseology that does duty for philosophy in natural science, and used these to illustrate certain phases in the spiritual life of man, magnifying the resemblances, and treating them as analogies. The aptness of his com- parisons and the attractiveness of his style concealed the intrinsi<^ weakness of the thesis, and made the work interes<"ing even to those who are unable to adopt the underlying hypothesis. In like manner he has treated the central idea in his later and more mature work, the evolution of an ethical altruism from the natural parental storge, in an equally attractive and elaborate fashion. " But the great work which Henry Drummond has done is not so much the treatment of the actual SCIENTIFIC WORK 179 hypotheses set forth in his books, but he has made it easier for those within the Church to realise that a man may be an evolutionist and yet consistently hoid fast his belief in Christianity, that his zeal and success in evangelistic work, especially among young men, may be really strengthened thereby." CHAPTER XXI. With Boys and Girls. rpHE boy, of any age, and of any class, found a -L "chum" in Drummond, and he, in turn, never wearied in observation and investigation *of the genus boy. The ready understanding at which he and his young friends speedily arrived can best be attributed to the essential boyishness of the man. Throughout life, his schoolboy instincts retained their pristine ingenuous- ness and bloom. His intimate friends testify to his capacity for the enjoyment of fun, and that always goes a long way towards the establishment of the friendliest terms in a juvenile company. If Drummond was in the house, children were wont to consider no one else of equal importance. He had a rich repertoire of conundrums and stories of adventure; there were few indoor or outdoor games with which he was not familiar; he would l-"'er the lights, and tell thrilling ghost-stories which had irresistibly funny denouements. Of his social qualities, one who saw much of him has written : " To the child in the nursery to whom he brought a doll's perambulator, to the student to whom he gave an imaginary set of class examination questions, to the tired mother whom he sftnt out for a long drive whilst he kept the house to receive callers, tj the visitors with whom he played ' Assassins ' or ' Up Jenkins,' his coming i8o WITH BOYS AND GFRLS i8i was ever like Hunshine uu u cloudy duy. He wanted bean bags to entertain u company of students, and wrote on a post-card : — ' What are Beun Piuj^h made of ? — Muslin, Flaur ' Wincey, Tool, Jane, Toint-lace ? — W^hat is the size of Bean IJugs ? — What kind of IJeans is put into Bean Hiiga ? — Yours Leguniinously, H. D.' In exchange, we received from him the 'Giant iSueeze,' ' Kocket,' etc." I ii*i p- The following examination questions and accompany- ing letter were sent by him to a young friend on hearing from him that his brother was being examined for entrance to a public school : — "My dear Sir, — Your esteemed '»ider to hand. I enclose thrae papers which I trust will be suitable. The person being examined should have a wet towel round his head, and be fed hourly on lucifer matches, as the strain of answering will be great, and calls for much renewal of phosphorus. — Yours respectfully, "A. Adrikn Auld." EXAMINATION PAPERS. Domestic EcoNoiiv. One Hour. .^1 m •f I u 1. What is the retail price of sausages! 2. Name the two best brands of shortbread. What is Ix)ng- bread, and how does it differ from High bread ? 3. Discuss the following : " Has the Discoverer of Chloroform or of Bean Bags done most for humanity 1 " 4. How would you ■ vopeuce if you got iti Su})tract a halfpenny froi ■ ^nce and parse the remainder. i t I * I < '■ i\ i i8a HENRY DRUMMOND HmoBT. 0n9 Hour. 1. Give a short life of Piggott. 2. When wa« Major Whittle borut Contrast him briefly wi,a Wellington, Napoleon, General Booth, (lenerul Tom Thumb, and the General Supply Stores. 3. Who was lA>rd Fauntleroy? and name his chief battles. 4. How long did it take 1» ute to climb the mountain, and what is the .nhortest time it has ever been done in ? Who first beat Dante's record 1 5. Are you a Home-Kuler, and if so, why not. Pbtbioloot. One Hour. 1. What was the number of your bed in the Fever Hospital t State the rea^ion. 2. Of what hyf^ienic substance is it recorded that " He won't be happy till he gets it " 1 3. Where was your face before it was washed 1 4. Define the term '"^otyourhaircut"; and say if Red Hair is Hair-reditary 1 Drummond took a deep and intimate interest in the work and schemes of the Onward and Upward Associatior, founded by his friends Lord and Lady Aberdeen for the stim-Uus of homely gifts and graces, and simple Chr'^tian jnety, in scattered households. He was always ready with suggestion and help in regard to the cond- et of the organ of the Association. Onward and Upward, and when a periodical was projected for the very young children in the homes reached by the Onward and Upward Association, he brought his familiar acquaintance with juvenile tastes WITH BOYS AND GIRLS 183 to beftr on tho Bolection of "features" for the new inugiizine, deliberated with \m friends in the choice of a suitable title, and rejoiced when that of Wee lyUlie Winkie was tixed upon. In the winter of 1891-92, durir the temporary absence in Canada of I^dy AU'itloen and her little daughter, the " editor " of Wee Willie Winkw, he even undertook the interim editorship of this bright little periodical; writing editorials to suit the tastes and limited development of his young readers, drawing upon his stores of puzzles and conundrums, getting up competitions, ami, fitially, contributing to its columns his one essay in the realm of fiction — the artfully art- less story of " The Monk.y that would not Kill," with its sequel, " Gum." Two or three short quotations from his editorials will best demonstrate the ease with which he could suit himself to his little readers. " What is the use of a wind-mill on days when there is no wind blowing ? Very lit' , only if they are well made the least puff will se- them spinning. But if the wind is really ' on strike ' you can always have the com ground, or the pump worked, by having a water-miil in reserve. They are eas'ly made out of ' bobbins.' Ask your mother for two or three old reels, and set to work. Have bands of tape from the axle of the water-wheel — made of the biggest ' bobbin ' with ' floats ' let into it — to the other ' bobbin.' You can add a saw-mill, and a lot of other machinery if the water-wheel will only work well. " Of course you must ask special permission to be allowed to play with water. If there is no burn near your home, perhaps you will be allowed to try it in the • sink, ' or in the bath. But don't get wet and catch cold, or you will not be allowed to read Wee Willi* ^i 184 HENRY DRUMMOND 't^ Winkie any more for putting such ideas into your head. " This is the best time to make skeleton leaves. You have to soak all the skin off, and leave nothing but the framework on which they are stretched — like taking the cloth off an umbrella and leaving the ribs. But 1 diclare I am talking about water again. See that you don't soak your clean pinafore." " We got a great fright the other day. A letter came from one of our small correspondents with the word ' Imeedyit ! ' glaring on the corner of the envelope. Thinking something dreadful had happened, we tore it open, to find that it was only Alice P 's white mouse which had broken loose and eaten a bit of a Shorter Catechism ! Well, Alice (age — 6), that was certainly a most sensational incident, and we are much relieved to know that it was nothing worse. We hope mousie read the Eighth Commandment as he browsed along. If the mice tribe in general would only learn the Eighth Commandment it would save us a great deal of breaking of the Sixth." ° " It is most kind of those who get prizes to write such pretty notes back to thank us for them. This courtesy is so good a thing that we do not like to tell anyone not to do it. But we must make a bargain. To spend so large a proportion of the Prize in acknowledging it, is almost too much ; and we shall henceforth never expect more from our prize-winners than a half-penny postcard. We would not ask even this, only it seems a good rule with older people that money should always be acknowledged when sent by post, and little men and little women may find this an easy way to learn it. A good habit acquired is worth at least a half-penny." " A Christmas tree should be a profound mystery to everybody in the house till the very last moment. Then, WITH BOYS AND GIRLS '85 when you pull the curtain, when all are assembled, and wondering whatever it is to be, you will see what u surprise you give them. " We would not be ' stuck ' if we were you, even if you cannot manage to get a tree. Why not viake a tree ? We think it would be capital fun making a tree — with sticks, and green tissue paper, and things. We hope if any of Wee Willie Winhie's clever boy or girl friends try it, they will write a full account of it, to be printed in our magazine. We are even wicked enough to hope that someone will not have a real tree, so that we may have the pleasure of reading how they made up for it." At the time that Drummond acted as editor of Wee Willie Winkie, he also assumed the editorial charge of Onward and Upward itself for Lady Aberdeen. In the second and following seasons of the Edinburgh Students' Movement, Drummond inaugurated Sunday Afternoon meetings for Edinburgh schoolboys. The original intention was that oniy one or two gatherings should be held, but his reception was so enthusiastic that he was constrained to continue them, especially as he believed that he saw " signs following." A meeting for schoolgirls was also organised; but, strangely enough, his success with boys and young men was not followed up when he addressed audiences of the other sex. Social position made no difference on the intensity of Drummond's readiness to avail himself of opportunities for getting alongside of boys. He paid frequent visits to a boys' club in the slums of Edinburgh ; and, one winter, in the temporary absence of the teacher of the club's Bible-class, himself carried on its work for a number of weeks, dropping in after his meeting for students. For the lads of this club he promised to write an " Association " book, on the lines of his cricket book, 'f ■ IV mu 1 13 '1 i86 HENRY DRUMMOND 1^1 A^ m !i 1 in II' Baxter's Second Innings, but this purpose was never accomplished. One who visited the club in company with Drummond has furnished us with the following description. "I shall always remember him sitting there faultlessly dressed, and a contrast in almost every respect to all these poor chaps ; and yet absolutely one with them, and somehow making each of them feel entirely at his ease and eager to talk. If he showed any ' method ' on this occasion, it was this — getting these fellows to talk, so that they all felt ' in it.' Then, after a bit, Drummond talked himself, but all in line of the conversation already established. The club had just distinguished itself at football; and "^rummond simply gloried in the fact — without in the ^east over- doing the thing — then passed on so easily, in his own wonderful way, to speak of Christ ; how there was that way of getting distinction by self-sacrifice ; how Christ's name was above every name. The scene of that low- roofed room and these poor lads — left with a new wonder in their hearts, and a new hope about them- selves — will always remain in my mind as something where it was quite natural to find Drummond in the centre." The lads of that class " simply adored " Drummond. They were wont to comment upon his wonderful eyes. We have still to give some account of Drummond's extensive work for boys in connection with the Boys' Brigade, but that may well form the subject of a separate chapter. litll CHAPTER XXII. Fob The Boys' Brigade. AS an ideal method of evangelism among his friends the boys, Drummond welcomed the Boys' Brigade as soon as he heard of it, made the acquaintance of its founder, Mr. W. A. Smith, of Glasgow, and familiarised himself with the details of its operations. Second only, perhaps, to the Students' Movement, in later years, it commanded his active and untiring assistance, both in work among Brigade boys and in advocacy of its exten- sion, on every opportunity that offered itself. It is fortunately in our power to quote extensively from Drummond's speeches and writings on the subject of the Brigade ; and, as Uir as possible, we avail our- selves of the facilities afforded. The Brigade first came to his notice in 1885, about two years afte its inception. From that date onwards, he took the keenest interest in its working. He became its honorary vice-president. He was a frequent visitor at headquarters, ready with advice and suggestion. He was willing at any time to address a company at Bible- class or drill parade, always stipulating that, if possible, he should get the boys to himself. The 1st Glasgow (that of Free College Church Mission), 5 th Glasgow (Renfield Free Church Mission), and 76th Glasgow (Hillhead Baptist Church Mission), were the companies most frequently assisted in this personal manner. 187 •1*1. . ' f Hi m i88 HENRY DRUMMOND ,1 Baxter's Second Tnninys, a cricket allegory, was written for the Brigade, and served to bring him in touch with all its boys. As those who have read this charming little book will recollect, the temptations of the individual boy were its theme ; and to put its lessons to a practical use, Drummoud invited the boys of the Brigade to write letters to *' Baxter," narrating their chief temptations and their experience of the best way to meet them. The invitation was put in the form of a Christmas-gift book competition, prizes were offered, and the directions to competitors were as follows : — iff »i " Begin the letter ' Dear Baxter,' and write just aa one boy would write to another. " Be as long as you like, or as short, only be real " Never mind books ; write out of the book of your own life and your own experience. " Say exactly what you know and think, and do not be afraid to say anything. " Do not let anyone help you." The first of these competitions was held in 1892, and, in all, three hundred and fifty-nine letters were received. Drummond himself acted as judge. After the prize list, the following letter from Drummond appeared : — "68 Bath Street, Glasgow, " 2Qth April 1892. " My DKA.B Comrades, — It's awfully good of so many of you fellows writing me. I never thought before that other boys had the same temptations, or so many of them, as I have. I do believe every boy thinks that he is more tempted than anyone else, though of course that can't be true. Anyhow we have each our hands full, and I r ean to fight like a tiger for the rest of my FOP. THE BOYS' BRIGADE l8<9 life. At first it was dreadful to think that temptation would go on to the end of the chapter, but I am sure I almost hope it is true, for I never felt so happy as T do now. Since I got a little into the way of standing up against it I just feel like General Gordon. Sometimes I could almost burst. " I don't mean that I always win, for I am sorry to say I do not. I came a very bad cropper last week, and was almost giving it all up, but somehow I got pulled together again. I suppose I was getting too cock-sure, for that's about as bad a thing as could be. I'm getting on Al just now, though I don't want to say much. If there's one thing I hate it's a prig, and I hope you won't think I'm trying to make myself out a good boy. A fighting boy — that's what I am. I once used to smoke to r.iake me feel like a man, but I've found out that the way to feel a man is to stick up to temptatii Smoking just makes you feel an ass. I shall perhaps smoke when I'm twenty-one, I don't know; perhaps not. What's sin for a boy is not sin for a man, though I daresay they're better without it. Anyhow I can always feel a man just when I like, smoke or no smoke. " I'm not so down on companions as some of you fellows seem to be. I was once in a bad lot, and then I cut them, and got into a new set. We thought our- selves very superior, and wo-ild scarcely speak to the others. But I began to think it shabby to leave all these fellows in the lurch. They were good-hearted fellows at bottom, and one of them was so comic that I don't think I ever liked a boy half so much. One Sunday night when I was thinking that perhaps each of them had the same secret ficht going on under his waistccau that I had, and the same conscience telling him to keep straight, I felt a kind of lump in my throat, and a longing came over me to make up to them and VI- 1 f V igo HENRY DRUMMOND ' ' » ' f IP II m try to get them to join us. I began with the Comic, and you should just have heard his chaff for the first week or two. But somehow they began to swing round a bit, and by and by they were all on our side but two. I think it's low not doing something for other fellows, and I don't think I ever got on so swimmingly as that time. I am very glad that Comic became a Christian. I think he is now more comic than ever, and if only the dull fellows are going to become Christians I don't think I could stand it long. I think the fellows who are best at everything, specially games, should be Christians. " But I am making this letter too long. Our Captain, besides making eighty-seven against the Wanderers, is very clever. I don't think there was ever anyone so straight. I don't believe he knows it, but he does heaps of good. If he writes you a letter, there's a blue crest on the top, and below it the words, ' Be thorough.' I'm sure that's what he is. I only once got a letter from him in my life, and this was all it said : ' Private. — PRAY UKE ANYTHING.' I used to think that prayer was rather rot. But now that I have begun to fight it has become real. I can't pray long at once, but I think it's like lightning and doesn't take time. A Life of Chriai did me a lot of good. Somehow when you think of Jesus Christ you cannot be mean or bad. I never thought the Bible was fit to read before. Some parts, I honestly admit, are dry enough — that is to me — but there are some splendid bits. I hope if any of you have any other tips you will hand them on to me. I don't know much yef. Your letters have been a great help. It feels quite diflerent fighting when you know that there are thousands of other boys all at it too. It was awful lonesome before, and I'm fearfully grateful to you all. — Yours very gratefully, "Fred Baxter." i>.'-IS FOR THE BOYS' BRIGADE 191 " P.S. — If any of you fellows would like to write me about anything I hope you will do it. Probably I couldn't answer your questions, unless you are a small boy ; but I would hand on your difficulty to the Captain. I think he knows everything. — F. B." " These were genuine productions, fresh from the virgin mine of boys' minds," he told the mothers of the Onward and Upward Association in 1894. "The boys thought they were writing to another boy, and un- burdened themselves freely, so that the letters repre- sented the actual dissection of the boy soul. Amongst other things they were to state in these letters what influences chiefly kept them from going to the bad. Not one boy out of them all mentioned his minister. I do not propose to qualify that, or to explain it away, or to say how many thousands of boys in the country are being and have been influenced by the ministry. I simply state the fact. About a dozen of the boys referred to the influence of their master in business ; a number of them referred to the influence of their captain in the Brigade ; almost none of them alluded to their fathers, but multitudes of them referred to the influence of their mothers." Baxter's Second Innings was later published in book form, and found an even wider public. A copy sent to a daily paper was handed to the sporting critic for review, so little did title or get-up suggest a " religious talk." Of this published issue, 30,000 copies had been sold at the time of Drummond's death. His address to a church parade of the Eastern Division of the Glasgow Battalion, on Sunday, 21si< April 1889, has been more than once issued to the boys of the Brigade as a Christmas-gift book, under the title of First. This ideal address gives such a first- tga HENRY DRUMMOND H hand and authentic illustration of Drummnnd's method of approaching the boy on religious questions, that we may be permitted to give it very full quotation here. After calling attention to his text (Matt. vi. 33), Drummond continued : — " I have three heads to give you. The first is ' (ifiography/ the second is ' Arithmetic,' and the third is ' Grammar.' Geography "First. — Geography tells us where to find places. IViiere is the Kingdom of God ? It was said that when a Prussian officer was killed in the Franco-Prussian war, a map of France was very often found in his pocket. When we wiah to occupy a country, we ought to know its geography. Now, whcie is the Kingdom of God? A boy over there says, 'It is in heaven.' No ; it is not in heaven. Another boy says, ' It is in the Bible.' No ; it is not in the Bible. Another boy says, ' It must be in the Church.' No ; it is not in the Church. Heaven is only the capital of the Kingdom of God ; the Bible is the Guide-book to it ; the Church is the weekly parade of those who belong to it. If you will turn up the seventeenth chapter of Luke you will find out where the Kingdom of God really is. ' The Kingdom of God is within you' — within you. The Kingdom of God is inside people. " I remember once taking a walk by the river near where the Falls of Niagara are, and I noticed a remark- able figure walking along the river-bank. I had been some time in America. I had seen black men, and red men, and yellow men, and white men : black men, the Negroes; red men, the Indians; yellow men, the Chinese; white men, the Americans. But this man PPP FOR THE BOYS' BRIGADE «93 looked quite different in his dress from anything I had ever seen. When he came a little closer, I snw he was wearing a kilt ; wl^en he tame a little nearer still, I saw that he was dressed exactly like a Highland soldier. When he came quite near, I said to him, 'What are you doing here ? ' ' Why should I not be here ? ' he said. ' Don't you know this is British soil ? When you cross the river you come into Canada.' This soldier was thousands of miles from England, and yet he was in the Kingdom of England. Wherever there is an English heart beating loyal to the Queen of Britain, there is England. Wherever there is a boy whose heart is loyal to the King of the Kingdom of God, the Kingdom of God is within him. "What is the Kingdom of God? Every Kingdom has its exports, its products. Go down to the river here, and you will tind ships coming in with cotton; you know they come from America. You will find ships with tea ; you know they are froui China. Ships with wool, you know they come from Australia. Ships with sugar; you know they come from Java. What comes from the Kingdom of God ? Again wo must refer to our Guide-book. Turn un Tiomans, and we shdll find what the Kingdom of God is. I shall read it : — ' The King- dom of God is righteousness, peace, joy ' — three things. 'The Kingdom of God is righteousness, peace, joy.' Itighteousness, of course, is just doing what is right. Any boy who does what is right has the Kingdom of God withm him. Any boy who, instead of being quarrelsome, lives at peace with the other boys, has the Kingdom of God within him. Any boy whose heart is filled with joy because he does what is right, has the Kingdom of God within him. The Kingdom of God is not going to religious meetings, and having strange religious experiences: the Kingdom of God is doing I ■I. 194 HENRY DRUMMOND " ♦. 111 i v:^^ what is right — living at peace with all men, being filled with joy in the Holy Ghost. " Boys, if you are going to be Christians, be Christians as boys, and not as your grandmothers. A grandmother has to be a ChriHtian as a griindmother, and that is the right and the beautiful thing for her; but if you cannot read your Bible by the hour as your grandmother can, or delight in meetings us she can, don't think you are nect'HHarily a bad uoy. When you are your grand- mother's age you will have your grandmother's kind of religion. Meantime, be a Christian as a boy. Live a boy's life. Do the straight thing ; seek the Kingdom of righteousness and honour and truth. Keep the peace with the boys about you, and be filled with the joy of being a loyal, and simple, and natural, and bo>-like servant of Christ. " You can very easily tell a house, or a workshop, or an office where the Kingdom of God is 'not. The first thing you see in that place is that the ' straight thing ' is not always done. Customers do not get fairplay. You are in danger of learning to cheat and to lie. lietter, a thousand times, to starve than to stay in a place where you cannot do what is right. "Or, when you go into your woikshop, you find everybody sulky, touchy, and ill-tempered, everybody at daggers-drawn with everybody else, some of the men not on speaking terms with some of the others, and the whole feel of the place miserable and unhappy, the King- dom of God is not there, for it is peace. It is the King- dom of the Devil that is anger, and wrath, and malice. " If you want to get the Kingdom of God into your workshop, or into your home, let the quarrelling be stopped. Live in peace and harmony and brotherliness with everyone. For the Kingdom of God is a Kingdom of brothers. It is a great Society, founded by Jesus FOR THE BOYS* BRIGADE I9S Christ, of all the |M>oi)lt' wlio try to live like Him, and to iii:(kt' tin? world Itpttt-r and swocter and hapjii«'r. Wherever a hoy is trying' to do that, in the house or iti the street, in the workshop or on the football field, there is the Kingdom of God. And every hoy, however small or obscure or poor, who is seeking that, is a member of it. You see now, I hope, what the Kingdom is. Akithmrtic. " I pass, therefore, t< the second head. What was it ? ' Arithmetic' Are there any arithmetic words in this text ? ' Added,' says cne hoy. Quite right, added. \vhat other arithmetic word ? ' P'irst.' Yes, first — 'first,' 'added.' Now, don't you think you could not have anything bettor to seek ' first ' than the things I have named — to do what is right, to live at peace, and be always making those about you happy ? You see at once why Christ tells us to seek these things first — because they are the best worth seeking. Do you know anything better than these three things, anytliing happier, purer, nobler ? If you do, seek them first. But if you do not, seek first the Kingdom of God. I am not here this afternoon to tell you to be religious. Y^ou know that. I am not here to tell you to seok the Kingdom of God. F have come to tell you to seek the Kingdom of God /?/'s/. Fir4. Not many peojde do that. They put a little religion into their life — once a week, perhaps. They might just as well let it alone. It is not worth seeking the Kingdom of God unless we seek it fi)'st. Suppose you take the helm out of a ship and hang it over the bows, and send that ship to sea, will it ever reach the other side ? Certainly not. It will drift about anyhow. Keep religion in its place, and it will take you straight through life, and straight to your li 196 HENRY DRUMMOND i> { U Father in heaven when life is over. Hut if you do not put it in its place, you may just an well have nothing to do with it. Kelif^ion out of ita place in a human life i8 the most miserable thinjj in the world. There ie nothin<» that requires so much to be kept in its place as relij^ion, and its place is what ( Hccond ? third ? ' First.' Boys, carry that home with you to-day — Jirxt the Kingdom of God. Make it so that it will be natural to you to think about that the very first thing. " There was a boy in Glasgow apprenticed to a gentle- man who made telegraphs. The gentleman told mo this himself. One day this boy was up on the top of a four-storey house with a number of men fixing up a tele- graph wire. The work was all but done. It was getting late, and the men said they were going away home, and the boy was to nip off the ends of the wire himself. Before going down they told him to be sure to go back to the workshop when he was finished, with his master's tools. ' Do not leave any of them lying about, whatever you do,' said the foreman. TI. ■ boy cliiuljod up the pole and began to nip ofl' the ends of the wire. It was a very cold winter night, and the dusk was gathering. He lost his hold and fell upon the slates, slid down, and then over and over to the ground below. A clothes- rope stretched across the ' green ' on to which he was just about to fall, caught him on the chest and broke his fall ; but the shock was terrible, and he lay unconscious among some clothes upon the green. An old woman came out ; seeing her rope broken and the clothes all soiled, thought the boy was drunk, shook him, scolded him, and went for the policeman. And the boy with the shaking came back to consciousness, rubbed his eyes, gut upon his feet. What do you think he did ? He staggered, half blind, away up the stairs. He climbed tlie ladder. He got on to the roof of the house. He w FOR THK BOYS' BRIGADE •97 feathered up hw tools, put them into hia basket, took them (low , and, when lie got to the ground iigiiin, fainted (h'lul iiwuy. JuHt then tlu' imlicenian came, saw tliere was something seriouHly wrong, and carried him away to the inlirmary, where he lay for sonie time. I am glad to say he got better. What was his first thought at that terrible moment ? His duty. He was not thinking of himself; he was thinking about his master. First, the Kingdom of God. *' But there is another arithmetic word. What is it ? • Added.' There is not one boy here who does not know the difference between addition and subtraction. Now, that is a very imiwrtant difference in religion, because — and it is a very strange thing — very few people know the difference when they begin to talk about religion. They often tell boys that if they seek the Kingdom of God, everything else is going to be suhtrocted from them. They tell them that they are going to become gloomy, miserable, and will lose everything that makes a boy's life worth living — that they will have to stop football and story-bookf?, and become little old men, and spend all their time in going to meetings and in singing hymns. Now, that is not true. Christ never said anything like that. Christ says we are to ' Seek first the Kingdom of God,' and everything else worth having is to be added unto us. If there is anything I would like you to take away with you this afternoon, it is these two arithmetic words — ' first ' and ' added.' I do not mean by added that if you become religious you are all going to become rich. Here is a boy, who, in sweeping out the shop to-morrow morning, finds six- pence lying among the orange boxes. Well, nobody has missed it. He puts it in his pocket, and it begins to burn a hole there. By breakfast-time he wishes that sixpence were in his master's pocket. And by i »■♦ 198 HENRY DRUiMMOND I ( r "v^^^HHy S 1 jlli^H 1 * |AH 1'" ^^^^^B \ ' i ^m^^^s '. ^^^Bi p^^^^si ', f^'^H' ^■B: tv~,^J^^^ . i ^ c'^'ia^^HB 1 m ^0k^.~''4H WM and by he goes to his master. He says (to himself and not to his master), ' I was at the Roys' Brigadi. yesterday, and 1 was told to seek first that which was right.' Then he says to his master, ' Please, sir, here is sixpence that I found upon the Hoor.' The master puts it in the ' till.' What has the boy got in his pocket ? Nothing ; but he has (jut the Kingdom of God in his heart. He has laid up treasure in heaven, which is of infinitely more worth than that sixpence. Now, that boy does not find a shilling on his way home. I have known that happen, but that is not what is meant by 'adding.' It does not mean that God is going to pay him in his own coin, for He pays in better coin. " Yet I remember once hearing of a boy who was paid in both ways. He was very, very poor. He lived in a foreign country, and his mother said to him one day that he must go into the great city and start in business, and she took his coat and cut it open and sewed between the lining and the coat forty golden dinars, which she had saved up for many years to start him in life. She told him to take care of robbers as he went across the desert ; and as he was going out of the door she said, ' My boy, I have only two words for you — " Fear God, and never tell a lie." ' The boy started off, and towards evening he saw glittering in the distance the minarets of the great city, but between the city and himself he saw a cloud of dust ; it came nearer ; presently he saw that it was a band of robbers. One of the robbers left the rt at and rode towards him, and said, ' Boy, what have you got ? ' And the boy looked him in the face and said, ' I have got forty golden dinars sewed up in my coat.' And the robber laughed and wheeled round his horse and went away back. He would nut believe the boy. Presently another robber came, and he said, ' Boy, what have you ' FOR THE BOYS' BRIGADE 199 got ? ' ' Forty golden dinars sewed up in my coat.' The robber suid, ' The boy is a fool,' and wheeled his horse and rode away back. ' 1^7 and by the robber captain came, and he said, Boy, wii.it "i -.ve you got ? ' 'I have forty golden dinars se-'.ed up ill my coat' And the robber dismounted and •vit his hari over the boy's breast, felt something round, counted oue, two, three, four, tive, till he counted out the forty golden coins. He looked the boy in the face, and said, ' Why did you tell me that ? ' The boy said, ' Because of God and my motlier.' And the robber leant upon his spear and thought, and said, ' Wait a moment.' He mounted his horse, rode back to the rest of tlio robbers, and ( ime back in about five minutes with his dress changed. This time he looked not like a robber, but like a merchant. He took the boy up on his horse, and said, ' My boy, I have long wanted to do something for my God and for my mother, and I have this moment renounced my robber's life. I am also a merchant. I have a large business house in the city. I want you to come and live with me, to teach me about your God ; and you will be rich, and your mother some day will come and live with us.' And it all happened. By seeking first the Kingdom of God, all these things were added unto him. " Boys, banish for ever from your minds the idea that religion is subtraction. It does not tell us to give things up, but rather gives us something so much better that they give themselves up. When you see a boy on the street whipping a top, you know, perhaps, that you could not make that boy happier than by giving him a top, a whip, and half an hour to whip it. But next birthday, when he looks back, he says, ' What a goose I was last year to be delighted with a top ! What I want now is a cricket-bat.' Then when he becomes an 200 HENRY DRUMMOND old man, he does not care in the least for a cricket-bat ; he wants rest, and a snug fireside and a newspaper every day. He wonders how he could ever have taken up his thoughts with cricket-bats and whipping-tops. Now, when a boy becomes a Christian, he grows out of the evil things one by one — that is to say, if they are really evil — which he used to set his heart upon (of course I do not mean cricket-bats, for they are not evils); and so, instead of telling people to give up things, we are safer to tell them to ' Seek first the King'om of God,' and then they will get new things and jetter things, and the old things will drop oil' of themselves. This is what is meant by the ' new heart.' It means that God puts into us new thoughts and new wishes, and we become quite different boys. Grammar. " Lastly, and very shortly. What was the third head ? ' Grammar.' Right, ' Grammar.' Now, I require a clever boy to answer the next question. What is the verb ? ' Seek.' Very good : ' seek.' What mood is it in ? ' Imperative mood.' What does that mean ? ' Com- mand.' You boys of the Boys' Brigade know what commands are. What is the soldier's first lesson ? ' Obedience.' Have you obeyed this command ? Re- member the imperative mood of these words, ' Seek first the Kingdom of God.' This is the command of your King. It must be done. I have been trying to show you what a splendid thing it is ; what a reasonable thing it is ; what a happy thing it is ; but beyond all these reasons, it is a thing that must be done, because we are commanded to do it by our Captain. It is one of the finest things about the Boys' Brigade that it always appeals to Christ as its highest Officer and takes its im i^sxtc 'mnn axsfSBumsmrs: :=r-'=«0iir. 'n a vvt'ck-night — not on a Sunday. Instead of calling tliese boys 'boys,' and setting them down in a row before him to hear him ])rose, instead of spending all the time telling them to ' stop,' ' keep quiet,' ' hold your books up,' and so forth, ho stood them up in the middle of the room and called them ' soldiers.' Then when he issued an order, every boy in the room instantly obeyed it. He felt that, as a soldier, he must do so, and was delighted to do so. After they met a few nights, to keep up the delusion a twenty-tive-cent cap was furnished them — at their own expense — and a fifty-cent belt : that is all the equipment necessary to form a company of the Boys' Brigade. In yoiir country I have seen several companies, and was very much astonished at the gorgeous liveries you use — especially to observe that the equipment of the offices included uniform, epaulets, and swords. We do not allow that. Neither officers nor boys wear any more ' uniform ' than I have named. We want to makn the Brigade accessiijle to the poorest boy and to the poorest officer. We want also to ket'p down militarism. We do not want to allow the boys to think they are soldiers beyond the one point. The cap and belt is all we find necessary. We can make a Z-^'/y for seventy-five cents. That is all the cost to us, except, as time goes on, a dollar for a ritle (warranted not to go otf), which is generally provided by the officers and their friends. The reason we have the rifle is because a boy is a volatile creature who needs constant change. After he has been drilling some time, unless you get something new, he will become weary, and possibly leave ; but by introducing changes you can keep him interested from his twelfth to his seventeenth year. " You will -'^k me, perhaps, ' What object is that to ao8 HENRY DRUMMOND h 41 the boy ? ' Well, in the first pluce, it teaches the boy ii number of ordinary virtues. When the boy comes upon the ai)[)ointofl nif;ht, if he is rot there to the Kecond ho is locked out. Military discipline is kept up in the strictest form. We have found that strictness almost to the point of hardness is a necessity, and, althouj^h it may scorn hard to the boys, it is by far the best way in the end. Every boy who is a second late is thrown out of a chance for the good-conduct badge. If he conies with a dirty face, he is turned out to get waslied. If he misbehaves, he is told he must be court-martialed or put into the dungeon, or something else equally terrible to the military mind; and the mere threat is quite sufficient to ensure good discipline. The old way was to bribe a boy and coax him, to tell him how much you wanted him; but these Brigade captains tell him they do not care, and do not want him, and pretend that they are aoing the boys an enormous favour coming there. That reverses the situation, and the result is the boys come with far greater avidity. Then, when the boys' drill is over, as a rule there is a short prayer, it may be the ' "s Prayer. Every boy takes otV his cap at the pra^v.. — perhaps for the first time in his life — and so he learns reveren.^e. If on the street, he has been tiught to salute when he meets an officer. Thus he is taught courtesy. In this way the boy learns respect, punctuality, obedience, and a large number of other virtues; and you can understand how after five years, with that kind of discipline bearing down on him, these things will be gradually engraved on his character. " At the end of each drill, as I have said, there is generally a short prayer, but in addition to this, in most cases, there is a short address. The captain stands before his boys and gives them a straight talk r^. C'^vAJ#«dfu '..i;.; H- ■*.' Ui l .- I L -W¥ FOR THE BOYS' BRIGADE S09 of fivp or ten minutes upon any subject, it may be in ronnection with their Bible h'Kson. They have a Bible- clasB in connection with each company. Every company must be in connection with a Christian church, the Y.M.C.A., or some other suitable organisation. It is not allowed for any man whr baa no such connection to start a company of the Boys' Brigade. He must do it in co-operation with some suitable association, and this gives the organisation stability and standing. " The Boys' Brigade is a religious movement. Every- thing is subsidiary to this idea. It may not always be brandished before the eyes of the boys themselves in so many words, and it would not be wholly true to the type of boy-religion to over-udvertise it ; but at bottom the Boys' Brigade exists for this, and it is never afraid to confess it. On the forefront of its earliest documents stand these words : ' The object of the Boys' Brigade ii the advancement of Christ's kingdom among boys, and the promotion of habits of reverence, discipline, self-respect, and all that tends towards a true Christian manliness.' That Hag has never been taken dc .1. ' A true Christian manliness ' — that is its motto ; and the emphasis upon the manly rather than upon the mawkish presentation of Christianity has been its stronghold from the first. " Contrary to a somewhat natural impression, the Boys' Brigade does not teach the ' art of war,' nor does it foster or encourage the war spirit. It simply employs military organisation, drill, and discipline, as the most stimulating and interesting means of securing the attention of a volatile class, and of promoting self- respect, chivalry, courtesy, cs])rit de corps, and a host of kindred virtues. To these more personal results the military organisation is but an aid, and this fact is continually kept before the officers by means oi the m I. 210 HENRY DRIJMMOND ' f-. M\. mi^ r iiuiK^zino which is isHiuul poriodically from headquarters, uH well iut by the olHciiil coriHtitution of the oi^aniflation. With the ofhcers, 8aturat<'d as they are with the deeper meaning of their work, feeling as they do the greatness and respoiiHibility of their commission, it is an idle fear that any shoulil ho far betray his trust as to conceal the end in the means. As to the retort that the end (•an never justify such means, it ia simply to bo said that tlie ' means ' are not what they are supijosed. To teach drill is not to teach the ' art of war,' nor is the drill spirit a war spirit. Firemen are drilled, policemen are drilled, and though it is true the cap and belt of the Imys are the regalia of another order, it may be doubted whether drill is any more to them than to these other Hons of peace. That the war spirit exists at all among the boys of any single company of tb? Brigade would certainly be news to the otHcers, and if it did arise it would as certainly be clucked. One has even known Volunteers whose souls were not consumed by enmity, hatred, and revenge ; and it is whispered that there are actually privates in Her Majesty's service who do not breathe out blood and fire. Besides this, what is known in the 'Army Eed Book' as physical drill is more and wore coming to play a leading part in Brigade work, and the governing body may be trusted to reduce the merely military macliinery to the lowest possible minimum. " The true aspiration and teaching of the Brigade could not be better summarised than in this further •luotation from its official literature : — " ' Our boys are full of earnest desire to be brave, true men ; and if we want to make them brave, true. Christian men, we must direct tliis desire into the rigiit channel, and show them that in the service of Christ they will find the bravest, truest life that is possible FOR THE 140YS' BRIGADE ail for a man to live. We laid the foundations of the Boys' Brigade on this idea, and determined to try to win the boys for Christ, hy presentiii',' to them that view of Christianity to which we knew their naturt's would most readily respond, being fully conscious how much more there was to show them after they had been won.' " There are at least two points where religious teach- ing directly comes in. The first is the comjwiny Bible- class. Every comi)any being connected with some existing Christian organisation, the boys are urged to attend whatever Bible-class exists, and in most cases they do so. But wherever no existing -Interest is in- terfered with, the captains usually provide a class of their own. These special company classes now number about two hundred, with an average attendance of over four thousand boys ; and that this side of the work is receiving special impulse is iilain from the f^ict that last year saw the birth of over Hfty new classes. " In addition to these Sunday classes, nearly every company reports an address given at ilrill on the week- night, with more or less regidarity ; and each parade is opened and closed with prayer or with a short re- ligious service. Once a year also it is beewming an increasing custom for the companies in i)oj>ul«»us centres to have a united church parade, where Khey attend divine service in ' uniform,' and hear a special sermon from some distinguished preacher. " But though this is the foundation of the Brigade, it is by no means the whole superstructun The Brigade has almost as many departments of activity as a boy has needs. It is clear, for instance, that, in dealing with boys, supreme importance must be attached to main- taining a right atiitude towards atnlelics. And here the Brigade has taken the bull by the horns, and formed a special depart mert to deal with amusements #• n 312 HENRY DRUMMOND !♦ r iliii. — a department whose express object is to guide and elevate sport, and by unobtrusive methods to get even recreation to pay its toll to the disciplining of character. " One or more clubs for football, cricket, gymnastics, or swimming have been formed in connection with almost every company, and the honour of the Brigade, both physical and moral, is held up as an inspiration to the boys in all they do. The captains are not so much above the boys in years as to have lost either their love or knowledge of sports, and a frequent sight now on a Saturday afternoon is to witness a football match between rival companies, with the lieutenant or captain officiating as umpire. At practice during the week alno he will act as coach, and the effect of this both upon the sports themselves and on his personal influence with the boys is obvious. The wise officer, the humane and sensible officer, in short, makes as much use of play for higher purposes as of the parades, and possibly more. The key to a boy's life in the present generation lies in athletics. Sport commands his whole leisure, and governs his thoughts and ambitions even in working hours. And so striking has been this development in recent years, and especially among the young men of the larger towns, that the time has come to decide whether athletics are to become a curse to the country or a blessing. That issue is now, and in an almost acute form, directly before society. And the decision, so far as some of us can see, depends mainly upon such work as the Boys' Brigade is doing through its athletic department. Were it for this alone— the elevation of athletics, the making moral of what, in the eyes of those who really know, is fast becoming a most immoral and degrading institution — the existence of the Boys' Brigade is justified a hundred times. " Not content with keeping its eye upon its member- FOR THE BOYS' BRIGADE ai3 ship on the athletic field on Saturday, the Br^ade in xnany cases completes its work by superintending the longer trades holiday in midsummer. Summer camps lasting for a week at a time, are becoming widely popular. . . . Anyone who knows how difficult it is for a working lad to carry out a really satisfactory holiday on his own account will appreciate the value of ^^'" Aether very interesting department is ambulance work Courses of lectures by competent medical men are given to the'boys. through which they receive plain instruction in the 'Laws of HealtW ' First Aid to the Injured.' and ' Stretcher Drill/ These courses have been eagerly taken advantage of wherever they have been tried, and in the great majority of cases the pupUs have satisfactorily passed an exammation at the close Last year in the Glasgow Battalion alone over two hundred boys passed the St. Andrew's ambulance ex- amination. It has happened on more than one occa- sion on the football field, that the ambulance boys were able to be of immediate and valuable assistance. In one case they set a I: 'oken leg with «uch skill as not only to earn the compliments of the medical statf of the hospital, but to ensure a very rapid recovery on the part of the patient. In a street accident where a workman was very seriously cut by the falling upon Ihn oTa plate-glass window, a Brigade Boy stepped out oS the crowd, and with a stone and his pocket-handker chief slupped the bleeding just in t«"« ^^.^^ ,^^;, sufferer's life. Three cases are now authenticated of Brigade Boys having been the direct means of savmg life by knowing how to stop the bleedmg of an artery. « Reading and club rooms have also been formed by some companies, and are proving a valuable social and educational intiuence. Ko doubt these will spread aa '•ki 2T4 HENRY DRUMMOND ir i ■'iiiiif ill ill the Brigade gets older, for it is the poh'cy of the executive to leave no region of a boy's life unpro- vided for, and in many city districts some such refuge from the streets, or even from unhappy homes, is a necessity, " One of the best devices to preoccupy leisure hours is the formation of instrumental bands. Few of the recent developments of the Brigade have met with more success than this, and a taste for music has been widely spread among the boys. . . . That the music furnished by these bands is not mere noise is shown by the fact that the civic authorities in at least one great centre have given the Boys' Brigade bands a place in their summer programme for music in the public parks. " These, however, are only a few of the more formal and public developments of the Boys' Brigade work. Behind all lies the supreme moulding force — the personal influence, example, and instruction of the officers — manifesting itself in directions and in ways innumerable and varied, and in results which can never be tabulated. There is no limit to what a good officer can do for his boys. He is not only their guide, philosopher, and friend, but their brother. In distress, in sickness, they can count upon him. If they are out of work, or wish to better themselves in life, they know at least one man in the world to whom their future career is a living interest. In short, throughout life they have someone to lean upon, to be accountable to, to live up to. He, on his part, has something to live for. He is the pastor of boys, and, if he is the right man, of their homes. Great and splendid is this con- ception — that every boy should have a brother, every home a friend; not missionary, nor ministering spirit, not even woman, but man, a young man, himself in the thick of the fight and helping others, not because he is li FOR THE BOYS' BRIGADE ai5 above them, but because the same powder smoke envelops both." Drummond's views of the Brigade as a field for the efforts of young men may best be obtained from the following paragraphs in his speech on that subject at the first public meeting of the Brigade. We quote from the report in the first number of the Boys' Brigade Gazette : — " I should like simply to say that I honestly believe it would have been worth while founding the Boys' Brigade if it had only been for the sake of the officers. ... I would defend the Boys' Brigade because it opens a new and altogether unique door for that vaster aristocracy of young men of the more educated classes, who have hitherto swelled the ranks of the unemployed. The unemployed, as a rule, belong to the dregs of society, but those of whom I speak are the flower of our country. Whatever be the cause, many of these men are in revolt against the ordinary forms of Christian work. Some of these forms are too narrow for them, others too artificial; others are un- suited to their qualifications or uncongenial to their tastes. The young man is almost as new a discovery as the boy in religious work, and it is not to be wondered at if he is a little particular in choosing a suitable sphere. Young men are as coy as girls about Christian work ; the least suspicion of unreality or sanctimoniousness frightens them off, and they feel a certain sense of inability — a sense of the greatness and sacredness of the work which makes them shrink from touching it. But be it right or wrong, be it modesty or mere iiiatidiorisness, the fact remains that hitherto many men who cherished a real desire to help on the lives of 4» 2l6 HENRY DRUMMOND ; I r. ^1 i wl iii^f others could find no congenial place in the current evangelism. No man had devised a practical scheme for linking those men heartily and sympathetically either with the Church's activity or with other forma of Christian wor^; and this spendid enterprise has been initiated just in time to save hundreds of the best of them to their Church and country. . . . "Probably what interests young men in this Boys' Brigade is the naturalness of the work. It is absolutely natural for a young man to be mixed up with boys. It is natural for him to take up their cause, to lay himself alongside their interests, to play the part of the older brother to them. He altogether understands them ; he knows all their ways and dodges, and has been in all their scrapes. A mother does not really know a boy in the least. She has never been a boy. But the young man knows the boy through and through. He is the one man in the world, also, whom the boy in turn worships. So the young man is in his place when he offers a kindly hand to these his younger brothers. Then there is the dcfiniteness of the work. If you set a man down among the 770,000 people in Glasgow and tell him to try and do them good, the vagueness and vastness of the problem will paralyse his efforts. He will either do little, or, aiming at too much, accomplish nothing. But give him ten boys and say, 'There is your life-work — to guard and lead these boys.' That compact piece of service is at least within his reaeli, and he will brace himself to attempt it. May I add that not less inspiring than the dcfiniteness of the work is, perhaps, the charm of its indefiniteness ? No captain when he begins this work knows where it is going to lead him. If he is a true man, it will take him to the boy's home. He will get to know the boy's father, and he will get to know the boy's father's views, surround- m FOR THE BOYS' BRIGADE 2i: ings, and occupation. Presently he will become in- terested through this in social (luestions ; for the first time he will touch them practically, and feel their acuteness. He will perceive that religion must become a wider word than ever he supposed, and that the most burning problems for his Christianity are these very social questions which his boys and their homes have raised for him. But this is only a part of the reflex action of the Boys' Brigade work upon the worker. The rich always owe more to the poor than the poor owe to the rich, and the officer will owe to his boys the calling out of sympathies which he scarcely knew existed, the exercise of talents which were slowly wasting, the development of his whole character towards a nobler and stronger manhood. The Boys' Brigade will keep him young to the end of his life. That is a great thing. But greater than all these, work of this practical and personal kind will transform the worker's whole life into a mission." It is surely ample justification of Drummond's high opinion of the movement as an evangelical agency among boys that there are now 3319 officers and 41,096 non- commissioned officers and boys in the effective strength of the Brigade in the United Kingdom, while throughout the world— in Britain, the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies, India, Ceylon, and the Republic of Columbia — it has an estimated strength of 1700 companies, 5800 officers and 75,000 boys. m W.K i li I', CHAPTER XXIV. His Reciseations. WHILE it might almost be said that evangelism was Drummond's principal recreation, seeing that it absorbed a large part of the leisure time which the duties of his chair left at command, we have not got so far with his life-story without giving various hints of his indulgence in pastimes which had little more serious object than the refreshment of mind and body. A man's use of his spare time is often an index to his character, and we think it right to devote a short chapter to Drummond's recreations. Out of doors, salmon-fishing, deer-stalking, and, when he got the chance, the pursuit of " big game," all had considerable fascination for him. Salmon-fishing was once characterised by him as his besetting sin, and he missed few opportunities of indulging in it, either in our Scottish Highlands, or in Canada and the Wild West. He was also a very good skater. Eambling, too, as might have been expected in one of his scientific turn of mind, had great attractions for him. As an onlooker, he retained a well-informed interest in and knowledge of cricket and football, and was frequently to be seen on the grand stand at International matches. We have already seen how he disported himself indoors in the company of young people. Left to the companionship of those of maturer years, talk and " the ai8 riiVHI HIS RECREATIONS 319 consumption of infinite smoke " had probably the largest place. Next to that came chess, to which he was keenly attached from boyhood onwards. To relieve the tedium of his Australian vyage in 1890, he took ad- vantage of the diversion afforded by the study of some of the intricacies of the game. Philately at various times reasserted the influence which it had held over him in his boyhood ; and, on his own confession, other hobbies claimed a passing interest. " My house is full of dead hobbies," he once remarked, when conversation turned upon hobbies ; " you think you will come back to a hobby, but you never do." The friend who has recorded this autobiographic scrap continues : " There is one hobby which he has managed to keep full of life, and that is the collecting of old carved-oak furniture. Hall, dining-room, and study bear witness to the vitality of this hobby, which is fed with the proceeds of magazine articles. Pointing between the clouds of smoke to a handsome oak cabinet in the study — sacred to tobacco, cigars, and pipes — he confessed, 'That was an article in Good Words' and then, indicating a massive oak table in another part of the room, he added, ' and that was an article somewhere else.'" In the highest s'^nse, a man's extra-professional reading may be classified a^nong his recreations, and, as Drummond was widely read in many fields of literature outside that of science, we may glance here at the books and authors that, at one time or another, he acknowledged his indebtedness to. We have seen in an earlier chapter that Euskin, Emerson, George Eliot, Channing, Eobertson of Brighton, and Besant and Eice, provided his staple literature in his student-days. At that time, too, he made the acquaintance of such classics as Lamb's Essays and aao HENRY DRUMMOND r Carlyle's Sartor Reaartua. He read widely in poetry, in the works of such authors as Cowley, Pope, Byron, and Russell Lowell, and found nourishment and intellectual suggestion in Browning's Eing and the Book. To the Autocrat he rendered willing homage. His indebted- ness to R. H. Hutton's Essays was frequently acknow- ledged, and he was wont to declare his opinion that Hutton's Essay on " Goethe " was the finest piece of criti- cal writing that had been produced in the course of the nil teenth century. He used to recommend his students to read Hutton's Essay on "The Hard Church." "A man," he said, " may be a Broad Churchman, or a High Churchman, or a Low Churchman, and in any of these positions I can find points of contact with him; but ' the Hard Church ' is the worst of all heresies." Other books mentioned by him as having influenced him in early years were The Eclipse of Faith, Shairp's The Poetic Interi^etation qf Nature, and John Pulsford's Quiet Hours. In later years he added the appreciation of George Eliot's poetry to his previous admiration for her more important novels, and in George Macdonald he found " a real teacher." George Meredith, Victor Hugo, — " whose writings contain as much as those of George Meredith, and more," — and Eckermann's Conversatiom qf Goethe were also included in the spoils of his mature reading. From Browning he never parted. In humorous writing, his tastes varied. At one time Mark Twain was his acknowledged favourite ; at another, Artemus Ward held the place of honour. From first to last, these various authors helped to foster a quick and sensitive taste for literary art, gave him guidance to a graceful and lucid style of writing, and qualified him to meet on one side more the numbers of men whose lives he sought to influenf^e for good. HIS RECREATIONS aai Most probably this schooling was all innocent of \itil> tarian purpose : without much anxiety or effort on his part, his reading supplied his mind with the recreation it sought, and, at the same time, furnished the equip- ment of which he could make such good uso. ;.r.i I a 1 1 ■■1 n CHAPTER XXV. The Arkest ok Life. IN response to a request for assistance in a religious effort in which he had taken some interest. Drummond, on 3l8t January 1895. wrote: "I have delayed writing, owing to the fact that I cannot yet decide whether I can come to Edinburgh this winter at all. It is by no means certain— that is all I can say. Please mention this to no one. as I have not yet told anyone that the matter was in doubt." It is now known that he had been suffering a good deal of pain for some weeks before the letter, from which we quote above, was penned. At firnt the doctors attributed his illness to rheumatism and tarrh of the stomach. Although he Manfully faced his cLiS for a time, sometimes gettincf a " ruff" from his students when they saw that he was suffering, it was only with the assistance of his friends that he got through the duties of his chair for the session 1894-05, and in April 189o,oa the advice of his Edinburgh physicians, went to Dax in the V\ -.nees. A stay of three mouths at that sanatorium did nooning to restore his health, and he returned to Scotland in July. Thence he was removed to Tunbndge Wells, with the hope tha. he might winter in the South of France. That hope was never realised. He gradually beceme weaker, suffering great pain with Uttle inter- THE ARREST OF LIFE aaa mission ; his disease seized on the muscles and framework of the trunk of the body, and he became so helpless that lie required the constant services of an attendant, and was seldom able to li-ave his bed. His malady baffled the most skilful medical men of the day. It was ultimately diagnosed as a chronic disease of the bones, hitherto unknown to British physicians, and supposed to have been contracted in the African forests more than ten years Ijefore. To a man who had never known a day's ill-health, this sudden tiery trial of pain must have been dreadful ; but. from all accounts, his friends never heard a murmnr. "His illness," says the Kev. D. M. Itosa, "was but a fresh opportunity for the revelation of the beauty of his character, and the charm of his personality. To the last he kept up his interest in what was going on in the intellectual and political world, and his interest in the movements of his friends was as lively as if he had been the strong caring for the weak. His sickroom was, as I have salt., a kind of temple, where one was made aware of the sacred beauty of a spirit that had triumphed over earth's sufferings and disappointments. ' Here I am,' he said to me on my last visit to him in December, ' here I am, getting kindness upon kindness from my friends and giving nothing in return.' Little did he suspect how much he gave his friends in an hour's talk from his air-couch." One of his student-friends after- wards wrote: "The past two years of his suffering, marked by continual patience, unselfishness, and uncom- plaining endurance, appeal to me even more strongly than all his years of active service. They served to draw out the deepest aifection and respect of my whole nature. The past years have been reviewed by me in these few days, and my heait is tilled with the memory of his great service to me. of his constant friendship and •«' '^' ■mt^m^s^MiW II 224 HENRY DRUMMOND of my life hud "His V - ' K088. " ^ Christm. ird I I sympathy. ^ ^we him more than 1 do any other mortal, and I some! ant shudder to think of the prohahlc courfle ' not come into it twelve years ago." humour never failed him," says Mr. tmas 1895 he sent his friends as a . j.hotograph of him.self in a hath-ehair, with thfc• ^ and distributing of stories." Dr. Johi "Aii'stH, 1 .1 b a welcome received from Drummonc . " i ■ .n • A\ me, please ; I can't shake hands, bu I've .■. .. up a first-rate story for you." " Partly," commenta i >c. Watson, " this was his human joyousnef-a, to whom the absurdities of life were now dear; partly it was his bravery, who knew that the sight of him brought so low might be too much for a friend. His patience and sweetness continued to the end, and he died as one who had tasted the joy of living, and was satisfied." In the autumn of 1896 a very distinct improvement in the condition of the sufferer was manifested, — an improvement real enough to lead the patient himself, in hopeful spirit, to say that he would be at his work again before many months had passed, — but his body was too feeble to withstand the effects of a chill which he caught in March following. "A relapse on the fourth day before his death gave the fatal signal, and quickly following messages prepared us for the worst. Then came the final word from his friend and physician ; • Henry has crossed the bar.' " Drum mond died on 11th March, and four days later his relatives and many of his friends gathered in Stirling to pay the last rites to his remains. An impressive luneral service was conducted in the Free North Churc*" «M»i^^ K » ^ ssible to fill. So singular a combination of gifts as he possessed will not be found twice in a century. And happily ii 336 HENRY DRUMMOND li- lt m W 1 i I « '^ i- 1 Hi ; there went along with these exceptional gifts an instinct which forbade him to tie himself to the ordinary methods, or professions, or labours of this world. Not more original were his qualities than his mode of using them. He lived out his own— a natural, human life, untrammelled by all conventionalism and professionalism. He recognised with remarkable pre- cision the work he could do, and never suffered himself, even by the ill-advised entreaties of friendship, to be drawn aside into any labour or sphere into which his own qualities did not call him. In nothing was his strength of character more habitually or more con- vincingly exhibited. The detachment from the ordinary methods and engagements of our professional and social life, the independence with which he broke out a path for'himself, largely contributed to his influence. . . . •With no apparent effort, certainly with no shade of ostentation, he won the confidence of those who sought his help. The novel type of religious char- acter he manifested, unlocked the reserve of men who had been accustomed to shrink from the sancti- monious and professional guise in which religion had previously appeared to them. The sense, the breadth, the quick humour, the sincerity, the eagerness to be of service, which were apparent to all who were even slightly acquainted with him, lent a new attraction to religion. " The help thus afforded to individuals, the strengthen- ing and deepenmg of religious convictions throughout our own and other lands, the fresh impulse given to Christian faith by this one man's work and char- acter, the good he has left behind him— these things are s'imply incalculable. Not only as teacher but as friend was Professor Drummond unusually widely known, and to those who enjoyed his friendship it was THE ARREST OF LIFE 227 one of the richest elements in their life. To anyone who had need of him, he seemed to have no concerns of his own to attend to, he was wholly at the disposal of those whom he could help. It was this active and self-forgetting sympathy, this sensitiveness to the con- dition of everyone he met, which won the heait of peer and peasant, which made him the most delightful of companions and the most serviceable of friends. " His presence was bright and exhilarating as sunshine. An even happiness and disengagement from all selfish care were his characteristics. Sometimes one thought that with his brilliant gifts, his great opportunities, his rare success, it was easy for him to be happy ; but his prolonged and painful illness has shown us that his happiness was far more surely founded. Penetrate as deeply t^ you might into his nature, and scrutinise it as keenly, you never met anything to disappoint, any- thing to incline } "U to suspend your judgment cr modify your verdict that here you had a man as nearly perfect as you had ever known iiiiyone to be. To see him in unguarded moments was only to see new evi- dence of the absolute purity and nobility of his nature, to see him in trying circumstances was only to have his serenity and soundness of spirit thrown into stronger relief. " And at the heart of all lay his profound religious reverence, his unreserved acceptance of Christ and of Christ's idea and law of life. Little concerned about the formalities of religion, ashamed of some of the popular travesties of Christianity, he was through and through, first of all and last of all, a follower and a subject of Christ." H M i !■ APPENDIX NOTES FOR A BIBLIOGRAPHY I. PUBLISHED WRITINGS AND ADDRESSES 1. Books and Pamphlets. 2. Magazine Articles and Reviews. II. BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, MAGAZINE ARTICLE.S, AND REVIEWS, IN CRITICISM OF PROFESSOR DRUM- MOND'S WRITINGS. 1. Ceiticism of "Natural Law m th* Sj-xeitual World." (a) Books and Pamphlet*. (b) Magazine Articles and Reviewi. 2. Criticism of "The Ascknt of Mam." 3. Miscellaneous. III. BIOOEAPHY. 1 - t ! * i 1 1- : 4 \ H n I ■ 1 1 1 i i i ; . • ■ M ik 1 - 1 i NOTES FOR A BIBLIOGRAPHY Drun?Taon(i, I. PUBLISHED WRITINGS AND ADDRESSES. 1. Books and Pamphlets. Natural Law in the Spiritual World. By Henr- F.RS.K, F.G.S. London. 1883. ovo, xxiv, 414 pp. Tropical Africa. By Henry DruTumond, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. With Maps and Illustrations. London. 1888. 8vo, 228 pp. The Unsearchable Riches of Christ, and other Sermons. By John F. Ewing, M.A. With a Biographical Sketch by Henry Drummond, LL.D., F.RS.K, F.G.S. London. 1890. 8vo, xxxiii, 309 pp. The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Man. By Henry Drummond. London. 1894. 8vo, 444 pp. Baxter's Second Innings. Specially reported for the School Eleven. London. 58 pp. The Greatest Thing in the World, and other Addresses. By Henry Drummond. London. 1894. 8vo, 286 pp. Note.—Thia volume contains five Addresses, previously published separately, viz. : — " The Greatest Thing in the World." 1889. "Pax Vobibcum." 1890. "The Programme of Christianity." 1891. " The City without a Church." 1892. "The Changed Life." 1893. »*« :^^mwmF^(^' w^f:mmmr. \i m ,3a APPENDIX The Monkey that would not Kill. Stories hy Henry Drum- moud. London. 1898. 8vo, 115 pp. The Ideal Life, and other Unpublished Addresses. By Henry Drummond, r.RS.E. With Memorial Sketches by W. Robertson Nicoll and Ian Maclareu. London. 1897. 8vo, 314 pp. The New Evangelism, and other Papers. By Henry Drum- mond, author of " Natural Law in the Spiritual World," "The Ideal Life," etc. London. 1899. 8 vo, 210 pp. Addresses. By Henry Drummond. Introductory Note by D. L. Moody. Chicago, n.d. 8vo, 122 pp. Stones Rolled Away, and other Ad.lresses to Young Men delivered in America. By Henry I)ruminonh>/fprian and Reformed Review, Jnntinry 189.'), 6 : 136. (Henry C. Minton.) Westminffer Revive, OctoUr 1894, 142: 431. (Thomas E. Mayne.) (3) >riSCKI.I,ANI!Or8. Rpconcilifttion hrforc Rost. Professor Drnnimond's " Pax Vohiscnm" nnd "The P.-acn of rinist.' A Rovicw. Hy Frank II. White. London. 1891. i Pamphlet.) The Foundation of Rock or Sand— Which ? A Reply to " The (Ireiitest Thing in the World." P>y deneral Sir Robert Phayre, K.C.I!. London. N.P. 8vo. The Strangest Thinj? in the World. "A Gospel with the Gospel omitted." By Charles Bullock. London. 1891. 8vo. Henry Drunimond and his Books. By Henry M. Siuimons. \Xew World, Boston, September 1897, 6: 485.) Henry Drummond as a Religious Teacher. {Sjirrfator, 30th April 1898, 80 : 595.) Piofessor Drunimond. An Appreciation. By .1. K H"dder- Williams. {New Century Review, 1897, 1 : 354.) »38 APPENDIX \h i^. Wi ProfesBor Druramond on MisHi.ms. {Chnttian, JUt November 1890.) The late Professor Dnimmond's Popularity. {Ar(vteiinj, 29th January 1898, 53: 114.) ITT. I^IOGRAPHY. The Lif« of Henry Druinnion.l. I'.y deorge Adam Smith. London. 1899. 8vo, 469 pp. an.l Appendix. An P:vening with Professor Druminond. By Hamish ILmdry. {Youwj Man, August 1894, 8 : liS-O.) Ilcnry Dnimmond. By the Rev. .T.^hn Watson, "P.D. (Ian Maclaren). {Nortk Anieriean Rpview, May 1897, 164: A^o/*".— Reprinted as a Memorial Sketch in "The Ideal Life," with certain omi.ssions. Henry Drumni md. By James Stalker. {Expnntor, April 1897, Fifth Series, 5 : 286.) Henry Drummond. By W. Robertson Nicoll. {ConUmpnrari, Rerieu; April 1H97, 71 : 502.) ^Y(,/e._The same article appeared in nrufian Lit'm ture, Litters Living Age, and Krlerti,- Ma'jazhi". It was also' reprinted as a Memorial Sketch iu "The Ideal Life." Portraits of Drummond. See M'Clure's Magazine, 1:1; and 2 : 437. Professf.r Drummond. (Bookman, Oetolier 1892, 3 : 14.) Profes.sor Drummond as I knew Him. By Kev. D. M. Ross. (Tenqde Magazine, July 1897, 1 : 723.) Professor Drummond at Chautauqua. (The Critir, New York, 15th July 1893, 20:41.) Professor Drummond. By Arthur Warren. {Woman at Home, Apni 1894, J : 1.) la NOTES FOR A BIBLIOGRAPHY 2.V» ( \V""t rroicnmr Drummond. By Ono who know« Him. miruter Bndijfit, 22nd .June 1894.) I'rofcHBor Henry Drummond. By an «>U1 Student (H. B.). {Woman at flnmfi, Juno 1897, ^ : 742.) Prt)feHHor Henry Drumm..n.l, F.R.O.S. ("«>.). By W. J. T)awK>n. ( rounf? 3/an, Manh 1 891 . 5 : HO ) Professor Prunnnond's Reliniou. \\"v\xm^. I'-v D. M. R<«^. (Expositor, May 1897, Fifth S.-ri-'s, 5 : 39U ) Prophet of the Nineteenth Cent,., v. A. By Rev. D. Suther- land, Canada. {HoioiUic /J.f.>/r. New \ork, May 1892, 23 : 4fi8.) Science and Religion. A Tal: ss ,\ P...fes.- hrunuaond. By Raymond Blathwayt. {(J,- Hit 7'., «;;/*/., 3.d December 1892, 18 : 160.) The late Professor Henry Drum-mad. My tW Rev. Profe^nr Marcus Dods. {Stwimt. Ed.nhurKh, 18th March 189- . New Series, 11 • 299.) See also the following Obituary Notices :— Academy, 20th March 1897. Bookman, April 1897, 12 : 7. (Alex. Macahster.) AthencBum, 20th March 1897. Critic, 20th March 1897, 27 : 19^. Primitive Methodist Quarterly, July 189 <, 19 : 466. A.-. hi Isv "'ill wmm wm INDEX Aberdeen, Earl and Countess of, 86, 92, 124. J 8-2. Addresses, in 1882, 63. In 1885, 105. Africa, exploration in, 77 ff. African Lakes Company, 78, 83. African Missions, on, S3. America, visits to, 116 ff. Kocky Mountains, 116. Moody and Sankey at Cleveland, 117. Second visit (1887), 120. Nortbfield, 121, 122, 124. Chautauqua, 121, 123. American Universities, 122. Third visit (1893), 123 tf. Harvard and Amherst, 123. Evangelical Alliance Congress, 124. Amherst University, U.S.A., 5. Analogy, Drummond and, 46, 76. Anxious Inquirer, James's, 6. Arran, 54. AsccrUof Man, 165 ff. Assembly, Free Church General, 83, 159, 161, 172. Associated Workers' League, 93. Australian Colleges, visit to, 127 ff. Balfour, Mr. A. J., 92. Barbour, Mrs. George, 43. Barbour, Rev. RoVrt, 44, 47. i6 " Baxter," Letters to, 188. Baxter's Second Innings, 186, 188, 191. Bibliography, Notes for a, 229. Blantyre Mission, 79, 83. Bonn University, 111. Booklets, 145 If. Bookman, 177. Books, 219. On the influence of, 10 AT. Boston, U.S.A., 117, 165, 203. Boys and girls, with, 180 ff. Boys' Brigade, 60, 187 ff. Speeches on the, 204 ff. Statistics of, 217. At funeral, 225. Boys' Club, interest in, 185. British Association, 176. B;'tcher, Professor, 97. Canada, 124. Canal Boatmen's Friendly Soc etr, 61. Cannibals, South Sea, 143. Chair, Drummond's, 49 ff. Charteris, Professor, 96. Chess, 219. China, 132. Clerical World, articles in, 66, 69, 71, 74. Conduct and religion, individual, 33. Wmmmmmm. 242 INDEX mi Hi M i ! Conduct of a Young Men's Meet- ing, on, 34. Criticism, Druiuniond's attitude towards, 153. Curzon, Lord, 92. Dawso.v, Rev, \\\ J., 145. Degreeof LL.D., 123. Deuney, Rev. Professor, 75. Dods, Rev. Dr. Marcus, 58, 60, 160, 161, 225. DlUMMOND, HeNKY — His parents, 2. Birth, 3. A real boy, 4. Schoolmates, 5. First religious experience, 5. ■ Early scientific bent, 6. Choice of occupation, 6. Goes to Uni .'i^rsity, 7. Practical jckes, 16. Mesmeric powers, 17. Scientific studies, 19. Study at Tubingen, 20. On "Spiritual Diagnosis," 22. Suspends studies and joins Moody, 25. Deputation work, 25. In Sunderland, 25. In Newcastle, 26. In Belfast and Dublin, 26. , In Manchester, 26. I In Sheffield, 27. j In Liverpool, 27, 29. In London, 28. On methods of work, 29. Evangelism his master- passion, 41. Return to College, 44. Assistant at Barclay Church, 46. Polmont Mission, 47. Lectureship, 48. Malta, 48. Ordination, 52. Xot "Reverend "63. Possilf^rk Mission, 58, 63, 67. Brooniiulaw Mission, 60. With Moody, in 1882, in Glas- gow, 63. In Aberdeen, 63. In Dundee, 63. In Dumfries, 63. At Cardiff, 64. At Newport, 64. In Plymouth, 64. In London, 65. Xatural Law, 66 ff. West End meetings, 86 S. At Holyrood, 92. At Dublin Castle, 93. With Mr. Gladstone, 93. Among tl e Edinburgh students, 97 ff. His personality, 99. His methods of work, 101. The personal encounter, 102. His message, 105. Appreciation, 114. In America, 116 ff. In Australia, 127 ff. In China, 132. In Japan, 133. In New Hebrides, 137 ff. Booklets, 145 ff. Misunderstood, 164. Ascent of Man, 165 ff. Scientific work, 175 ff. With boys and girls, 180 ff. Boys' Brigade, 187 ff. Recreations, 218 tf. Illness, 222. Death, 224. Drummond, Henry, senior, 2. Drumuiond, Peter, 2. Drummond, William, 1. Edikburgh students* revival, 95 ff. Edinburgh University (1866), 8. " Eighty-eight Club," 93. INDEX 243 57. GldS- lents, 2. rival, ,8. Evangelism, Drummord's niaster- paiisioii, 41. Evangelism, the crime of, 59. Ewing, Rev. John F., 44, 128 ff. Examination pajiers, jiaroflic, 181. Excursions, class, 53. Fevei!, African, 80. First (address), 191 If. Gaiety Club, 44. Gaiety Theatre meetings, 44. Geikie, Sir Archibald, 19, 47, 116, 176. Glasgow, evangelism in, 56 ff, Glasgow Theological Club, 70. God's Way of Peace, Bonar's, 6. Gordon, Rev. Frank, 44. Hobbies, 219. Holmes, Oliver Wendell. 117, 12-3. Button, R. H., 220, Japan, 133. Jingo, 81, 82. Kanaka traffic, 137. LECTuniNO system, on, 121. Licence, 51. Literary style and method, 146. Liverpool Convention, 29. Livingstone, Dr. and Mrs., 78. Livingstonia Mission, 79, 83. Longfellow, 117. Love, address on, 64, 105, i47. Macalister, Professor, 177. M'Gill University. Montreal, 55. Melbourne University, 10. Methods of work, on, 29. Missions, the problem of Foreign, 133 ff., 160. Monkey that would not kill, The, 183. Montreal, M'Gill University, 55. Moody, n. L., friendship of, 40, 62, 155. On Druramond, 25. Visit to, 116. Invites Drummond to America, 120. Moody Campaigr. (1873-74), 24 ff. Moo