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Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvant Atre film*s A des taux de rAductlon diff Arenta. Lorsqua le document est trop grand pour Atra raprodult en un seul cllchA. II est f ilmA A partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A drolte, et de haut •!% bas. en prenant la nombre d'imagas nAcessaira. Las diagrammaa suivants illustrent la mAthoda. 32 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 BULLETIN 100. AUQUST, 1895 Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm EXPERIMENTS WITH WINTER WHEAT, Bv C. A. Zavitz. B.S.A., Exi-kkimkxta I IST. PUBLISUBD BT THE ONTAKIO DEPABTMENT OF AOBIODLTUEE. TOEONTO- TORONTO : Pbintbu bt WARWICK BROS, k RUTTER. 1896. THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENTAL FARM, GUELPH, ONT. HON. JOBN DRYDBN, Toronto, Ont , Minister of iUrrioulture for Ontario. Jams Mills. M.A., LL.D. ».. .. .. p,e.ident. J. H. PANTOir, M. A., F.G.8. . . ProfeHor of NaturAl Hutory and Geology. A. E. Shottliwokth, B.A. 8c Profeswr of Ohemirtry. J. H. Rkd. V.S Profwior of Veterimiry Science. H. H. Dkan, B.S.A ProfcMor of Dairy Hoibwidry. Wii. RtsKii Fwrm Snperintendent. C.A.ZAvm.B.S.A ExperimenUlIrt. G. B. DAT. B.S.A. Agriculturlrt. H. L. HCTT. B.8.A HortiouUuri.t P.O.HABRWON.B.S.A Bwfmlogiet. J. B. RErKOLus, B.A AieiitMit Redden* Mwter. R.HAHOOOBT,B.aA. A«UUntOhemi.t. L.G. J\Rvia Manager »nd Lecturer in Poultry Depwtment R. P. HoLTKEMANK Lccturer ou Apicultuf*. Captain Walwb Olahki Inttrnctor in Drill and Gymnaitica. W0.8t.w*bt.M.D Phy.i,„. ^•tn'""" Stenographer. A.MOCALLBM B^,^ ADVIdORY BOARD. 0.0. Jauxs. Secretary Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Toronto. John I. HOBSON, CA«i>««n ,. .. Moeborongh, County of WeUington. ■ BULLETIN loo. EXPERIMENTS WITH WINTER WHEAT. ■ewon. Abont one-half nf#i.;ff-u College dariDg the iNut .nd the re^aiud^foV LltSire^^^^^^^^ ■eeding. ■election, of grain for «id „«-„/«!• °^ 1^^"\«' ">•"»«»■ of yield and quality of wK cut tTdiiCfrj/o!*^ ^' •°~' *»'• va^ue of «eed from wheat cut at dX^? .^*^ °J "P*"**"' •'»'' "»• bulletin gives a conoiw renort of Vh. « • ' T" °' "^tority. Thi. and it aho give. Z IvCe ,^'2^7'''^ "''1^*\^' theV, te.t^ which have bin conducteJZarmW 'of ye^.^^^ "^"""'^ FlILD OOKDITIONg. fitJ^t-edt^hrntt?^^^^^ were he. to the rear ot the mdn cZ^L h«{ S* "'PS""?®"**! field which dope to the -outh-weat aid ite Son ?. l?^' ?* ^"'^ ^^ • gentle it wa. oon«derably expo^ to?hl !^w ' f*"*®"^*' elevated. Henoe prevalent la.t iK*in '^ ^^l^^ TJ^'J^^ ^^ch were 2 prepared on the bare fallow w.tem.ndr!l!''«* ''^^ *««>. ^^ ton. of farmyard manure I^Icr^in 1894 -k** ' f^**"* •>' «"«»» «n.e Bize. each containing^e,wtTy , of * iS* '''^SL^'"' "^^ **>« -e have been determine! by tM^f'yiS'd.TtheX^*''^ ^ OONDITIOKS OP SkASON AND GbOWTH. in teS^^'it iSaTSj'o'f T^'' ^'P"""'-*- -" ->-- early upon the differentteTSJgTutu^n'C^^^^ ^^ ««-tJ were very frequent .trong. cold w?nd.TnHn?*K ''■''^*°'7- There •now wa. .0 often blown from tKote^i S* "*'''*'• •"^ *»»« there w j;oT.;STorwrrrr tn"'^^^ ^-gth-iif the^iJ^! ccneiderable amount of aleetLwoi ''P*°.»°yP»rt of them, bat a Us hardy varietien. IJetween the 1 2th and 22nd of May there wu LTlter'on throiir'"*'*"'!."" °"« ~'*'"'°" • .ol^LumthT «^r Thi. I. ° T «'°u"'''' ••«?'''^'*d only 22 degree, above ftr* K . Li*** "P"°« ^'■°*^ °''««"^«<1 the growth of the crop contider ably bat did not .eem to da much injar/further tlun thU. .t,ui.iJTu ^^*'' ''*'. ^"r'»'"»>«^» "» •«» excellent opportunity for studying the comparative hardiness of the diflerent varietJe. under test, and some valuable object lessons under this head we eurniah^^^ the thousands of Ontario farmers who visited the CoLoTn the rt^^.:s];:XT' -'''' ^'''' '- ^eing^oa^^^r?: Varieties Tested. One hundred and two varieties of winter wheat were under test The plots, as already intimated, were situated side by side ^nd^ro paths three feet wide. AH the varieties were sown by hand at thJ rate of wo bushel, per acre, on September 6th, 1 894. and the germination was quite uniform throughout. The varieti^ dln^J turnVs'eV'TH'"' '*'^ 1 '"'^' '''''^ waribouTrdaTr:,:^ Thl fin • Ti\»'°°'!«<> of^ runt and smut was small this seaaon The following Uble gives the number of varieties testedTnd rh^th";; :'^ ^"* "^^ '--" ^^' *•- ^^^ aver^ge^/ilfdstr Year. Number uf varietiesl grown each year. Average weifrht <)f gram imt measured bushel. Average yield of— Straw per aoie. Oraia per asre. resul J L *! T^ ''**' ''**•'« •'* S*^*' variations in the averaae S«f i^- *^'^"^°' y«'" *• 8'''««» »«» th« »bovo table The h^hest record m quality and yield of grain was made in 1891 That foTenrvaTt^?l?*"'°''"'^''^ T ^v'" ^°' ' comparison oY the drf! JnlTh Ji ? r T*'*" «''*"'° "•'^«'' ^''^^t'c conditions very favorable for the beat development of the plants. In the vearT 1 ftfl? a^^i^oi much valuable information wa. Obtained i^ rey^lore^mpaJi 5 -Kn'*'?!*''' °' '^^^' " """y "** **>« varietle. were badly lodged. 1890, 1892 aod 1893, there wm a coiiiiderable amount of I^at on ^ff 7'!?fu ''*"'?'' ^"'' " "■"y °' **»« varietiea were much more affected than other, we were enabled to make some valuable com- K!iT\ ao "?" ' ' ^'l® '""■•*"*' *'»™* ''•'" '^^fough the wintera from ifni i-.®'*\^' "* ^®?* '"•"y°' ^''^"^ were very much winter- .u.S'Jh I !♦? "' ''[''**''« ^"'•^ •"** ^'''«*» »»>« '»j"«d ones, ■uatained Iittl. or no iujury. The varietiea of winter wheat which are moat desirable for ciilti- l^*" A Ji"*r"°' ''* J****"*' *''^«'» P^""" *»>« «»^»te.t number of l^Ji • !,'.*"^ '""''^' ?' '••^ q«»litiea. To compare the different vanetiea in thia reBpect is the object of the present bulletin. From TmTL'ILnTl'f.^^^ f^^^ding paragraph, the reader will readily underjUnd that it is oj great importance to have these experiments !.^i? I^"'!"* ^""^ ?? *'*""■"' y**"' **» Ofd®' *<> ba^e the varieties •Objected to various climatic conditions. ClIARACTKUISTICS AND YIKLD8 OF VaRIETIKB. nnJin'°i"°r'"!.**'''®*'°'?**'°*'''«*'^*''*<'*«"»*'«'»nd the yields of one hundred and two varieties tested during the past season. The horizontal rows give information regarding the different varieties, •nd the perpendicular columns furnish a means of comparing the ttTr'^ T'^ri' 'i '^' ^*"«*'«- -'*•» o"* another gtart ing at the left hand side of the table, columns 1 and 2 give the te"rrs^r.% rT''^°'«'^' "*"'*r'i ^ *"^ * ^«^«'- *° their charac- teristics ; 5, 6, 7 and 8 give re«ults for 189.5 ; and 9, 10, 11 and 12 give average results for four, three or two years, or or one year as tioned m the table, we have grown some for six years. otht.* .'or five n!;?r;„'!;?J^ '•««!»;?J«r for 'our years ; but. to allow a better com- .Tsr prt:^^'"' *'•' ^^^'^^^ '--'*« °' -'y ''^ ^"* '0- y-s tJtLlT'^^''A ""^^'j^" « especially directed to the last column on the right hand side of the table, as this gives the average yield of Z'ilJS!' '^'^•°' ^"'^ """"'^l ^°' '**« "»"'*^^ °f Tears re,5rted upon, and the varieties are arranged in the table according to these avenge yields, starting with the highest and finishing with*the low^t * nn,>irj.MJ ^^'^T* °°* ^^jntw ''heat grower in Ontario but is quite familiar with some of the varieties herein reported upon, as kinds. The following table furnishes an excellent opportunity for each farmer to compare the respective merits of the varieties /hich lit 6 Ohabactkristics avd YiiLDi or 102 Variitim or Wiktkr Whrat. Vorietiei. Grown for four years. 1. Dawsou'* Golden „ Ch»ff Bft. 3. Early Red GlawRon.Ba. 8. Egyptian jBe. Golden Drop b«. Surpriie | Ha. Reliable iBe. 4. 5. U. 7. 8. 9. 10. American Bronze.. Bulgarian .lone*' Winter Fife. Goldon GrodH or Volunteer Standard 12. Manchenter 18. Red Velvet Chaff. . BonnellorLandreth Ru«iiian Amber Walkbrs Reliable.. Democrat Winter Pearl S«>neca or Clawtoii . Red Lion Martin Amber Canadian Velvet Chaff Garfield Hybrid Mediterran- ean New Monarch Mediterranean Manilla Lancaster Rutherford Rogers Fulti Valley . . 11 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 31. Ba. Be. Ba. ,Be. Ba. iKa. Ba. Ba. Be. Be. Be. Ba. Ba. Be. Ba. Ba. Ba. 23. 2«. Be. 26. New Monarch ." . . i Ba. 26. Mediterranean Be. 27. Manilla Ba. 28. Lancaster Be. 29. Rutherford Be. SO. Rogers Ba. 81. Furti Ba. 82. Valley Be. 88. Monette !Ba. I w R. R. R. W R. R. W R. R. W R. R. W R. R. W W W R. W . W, W, R.. R.. R.. W . R.. R. R.. R.. R.. R.. RetulU for 180S. I. .2 ui 6' lbs. Very good 69.9 Good |ft8.8 Good '60.7 Medium. i.VJ. 3 God 67.4 Very good 'ttl.l Veryg-d Ruasian 44. Haumur 46. Red Inver«iblo .... 46. Hpkldinff Red 47. Browick Red 48. 87.Ui 61.8 61.8 61.9 61.9 1.486.4 1.8|86.6 1.827.7 1.6!S6.8 i.6sG.3 .19. u; s.ii ov.u 8 OHARA(-I«RIgT.(« AND VlBLD« OT 102 VaUKTIM OK WiNT.R yyiiKAT—ConUnimff. VnrietiM. Grown for two years.- r,.M. 67. Pri.IwofOmewe,. 08. Turkmh Red 5^' J'^fJp''"" Anib.'r . 70. MclWmm.... 71. Arnold's Hybrid.. 72. rni|)erial Amber... 78. I'oole 74.«Ziminertnan '.'.'... 76. (Geneva . 7«. K«'d May.."." ■!.■■'■ 77. Kmporitiin. . . . 78. New Columbia . 7!). iSimciw Red 80. TuRcan I»land . ..'. 81. Kent.icky Ginnt. .] 82. Kiidy 83. Peni|uit'« VWl vVt Chaff 84. BiMell . . 86. Andrew'n No. 4.. 8fl. (ioldfln Tankard 87. Currell 88. Gurrell'fi Prolific. 89. Hindoatan IK). BulJard'i Vel vrt Chaff Grown for one year. »1. Michifran Amber . . 92. Giant Square Head, 93. White Bearded .... 94. Silver Star 95. Amherst I«lo 96. German Emijeror. . 97. Hunter'g Wheat. . . 98. Pride of Illinoiii . . . 99. Looff Amber 100. Kmlina... 101. Mealy .... 102. Nonpareil .... 3 Heciilta for l((g6. Avarsira reaulti for I numn«ait »:x yeani in sacceuion, but are among the poorest yieldom reported upon in thii bulletin. All our leading varieties of winter wheat, t .Teforo, have J«en obtained from either Canada or the United 8Utea. Mr. A. N. Jones, of Newark, N. Y., has been instrumental in intrrdnoing Home very excellent varieties, among which the Early Ked Clawson, American Bronze, Jonea' Winter Fife and Early Oeneseo Giant are prominent. It is, however, to Mr. Robert Dawson of Paris, Ont, that we must give credit for Dawson'B (Jolden Chaff, a variety which has made the highest average record of all the varieties tested at this Htation during the past four years. Itald and Bearded VnrMlvt Of the one hundred and two varie- ties grown in 18l»r>, fifty-six iKMsoiwed bald heads and forty-six bearded heads. During each of the six years past, the bearded varieties gave a heavier weight per measured bushel than the bald sorts, but in yield of grain per acre the bald wheats came first in four out of the six years In making up this comparison, varieties possessing very short beards were clasied as bald wheats. The following table gives the comparative results of the bald and the bearded varieties for 1896, and for the average of six years. PeriodK. 1896 Aver»ffe of (5 yean, U.1018i)5 A\ertifHi reMultH of bald varieties. Weiglit |H,'r ineaaured biiahel. Ib8. UO.O 60.1 Yield iwr acre. Straw. ton*. 1.2 2.5 Grain. biiHh. 27.1 88.8 Averagf remit* of bearded vai!eti«M. Weight |>t'r nieasured buHhel. Iba. (M).8 61.3 Yield |)er acre. Straw. I Grain. toni. 1.1 2.6 but). 25.1 37.1 Color of Grain. Twenty-nine varieties of white wheat and seventy- three varieties of red wheat were tested during the past year. In five of the last nx years, the red wheats gave a heavier weight of grain per measured bushel than the white varieties, but in 1890 the white wheats gave slightly the heaviest grain. The amber, bronze and golden wheats have all been classed aa red. 10 The following table gives the comparative reaaltg of the white and the red wheats for 1895. and for the average of six years : Average results of white wheat. Average results of red wheats. Periods. Weight per measured bushel. Yield per aore. Weight per measured bushel. Yield per acre. Straw. tons. 1.3 2.6 Grain. Straw. tons. 1.1 2.6 Grain. 1895 Avera{fe of 6 years 18.')0-1S96 lbs. 69.9 60.0 bush. 27.6 39.3 lbs. 60.6 60.9 bush. 26.6 37.7 It will be seen from the above tables that the amount of straw in the average of six years' trials was the same from bald, bearded, white and red varieties of winter wheat. The bearded kinds pro! duced the heaviest weighing grain and the white varieties gave the largest average yield of grain per acre. EXPERIMBNTS IN THB METHODS OP WiNTBR WhKAT GboWING. The foUowing concise reports are made upon different winter wheat experiments conducted in the same portion of the experimental grounds that was used for the variety tests. Some of these experi- ments extend over a period of two and some over a period of three yoftrSt Different Dates of Seeding. During each of the past three years two or more varieties of winter wheat have been sown at three different times in the month of September. The following table gives the average yields for the three years occupied by this experi Dates of seeding. Weight per measured bushel. Yield of straw per acre. Yield of grain per acre. September 2-3 7-9 lbs. 67.8 68.0 66.2 tons. 2.4 2.6 1.6 bush. 31.8 •' 17-19 31.8 26.2 It will be seen that the seedings of the 7fch and 9th of Seotember proauced reauita about equal to those from the seedings of the 2nd 11 and 3rd. Such is not the case, however, when the results of the last dates are compared with those of either the first or the second, as they are considerably lower in every particular. Methods of Seeding. An experiment in sowinj? winter wheat broadcast and with a grain drill has been conducted in duplicate dur- ing the past two years. The results show the yields of both straw and grain to be practically the same from sowing similar quantities of grain by the two methods ; but, in weight of grain per measured bushel, the product of the drilled grain has been heavier than that sown broadcast in each of the four tests, the average difference being two-fifths of a pound. Different Quantities of Seed per Acre. In 1894 and in 1895, two varieties of winter wheat were sown broadcast on small plots, at the rates of one, one and one-half and two bushels per acre. The larg- est yields of both grain and straw were obtained from the thickest seeding and the smallest yields f'om the thinnest seeding during each of the two years. The we ; of grain per measured bushel was nearly the same from all the plots. To determine the proper quantity of winter wheai to sow per acre, in order to obtain the best results upon different farms, the individual wheat growers can best experiment for themselves, as so much depends upon the ferti- lity of the soil and other conditions. The Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat as affected by cutting at different stages of maturity. Five plots each of the Dawson's Golden Chaff and the Early Genesee Giant varieties of winter wheat, were sown upon the same date in 1893 and again in 1894. These two varieties reached the stage of maturity at which wheat is usually cut in Ontario, on the 19th of Julv, in 1894, and on the 18th of July in 1895. The two wheats were cut at five different periods during the two years, as follows: July 4th, July 11th, July 18th and 19th, July 25th and August 2nd. During both years, the greatest yield of straw was obtained from cutting on July 4th, and the heaviest weight of grain per measured bushel from cutting on July 18th and 19th. The yield of grain per acre was largest from tho last cutting in 1894 and from the second last cutting m 1890. The lowest results in yield of grain per acre and in weight of grain per measured bushel, were obtained from the cutting of each variety on July 4th of each year. Value of Grain for Seed as affected by cutting at different stages of maturity. Dawson's Golden Ohaff and the Early Genesee Giant varie- ties of winter wheat were both sown on the same day in 1893, and a plot of each was cut on July 4th, 11th, 19th and 25th, and August 2nd, 1894. The first cutting took place about two weeks before, and the last cutting about two weeks after, that stage of ripeness at It which wintor wheat is usually cut. A quantity of seed of each ^nlLT ^^'''J'^f ^'^l* ot the five different cuttings, and thTse ten equal amounts of grain were sown uiH>n a similaf number of ZrZl/^lZ'^'^'- I^^' V''*' '"^ ^«95. the p"ts were all fhinl 1 . * "^®' V"^' •*» **»« *""« °f each variety, it was found the l^t cJS St °' ^'^'^ P'" *^" "•- produced^y the seed of nrnrfn^L y !u '^'^ P'^V^"* y««r, and the plumpest sample was produced from the seed of the second and third cuttings. Selection of Seed. Several experiments are beinir conducted in mosttluabi:' «'f '°'" r' I ^'* '' ^"l »- «>"« Le Wo e tie most valuable results can be obtained from this line of experimental Co-opEBATivE Experiments with Winter Wheat. Fifteen varieties of winter wheat, which have been the most successful among all the varieties tested on our experimental ground, have been distributed over Ontario within the past thref years These have been sent out in sets of five varieties eLh Tve thousi and eight hundred packages of winter wheat alone have b^en dl. tnbuted during the three years, and comparative tests have been made upon more than eleven hundred Ontkrio farms. ThrsvsTem of co-operative experimental work was established by the ex-studenS other'f±""^l*r* ^°"'?^ ' *'"*• *»»'°"S»> -P««t«d req-fests frl ?o?n in r ' ?' '^r**''°'? " "^^"°^«^ '° all interested persons to nland tt ^'''^' ^^^ '^^""^^ ''"^^' °" '^"^ ^^^^'> been very gratify n*^fh«^ ff "^erous experimenters have become much interested in the different experiments undertaken. For detailed reports of KeZroTST -P«"--5?.*he reader is referred to th'Kua Keport of the Agricultural Experimental Union which is printed along with the report of the Agricultural College. From "monTten conclusions given in the report of last year regarding these roira tive experiments with winter wheat for 1894. the followTnXo aci z^Tni^ti^^s r ^iff ;^f r JS as among the ele^'en varieties tested in 1893 » 2. "Dawson's Golden Chaff waa decidedly the most popular variety with the experimenters in both 1894 aid 1893 " ^^ All the varieties of winter wheat dUtributed over Ontario each extotlt^hf ^'^ '•'' ^°P,''f *l ^" °" Experimental Department on exactly the same sized plots that are used throughout the Province 13 OONCLUSIONS. 1. The average results of winter- wheat growing on the experimental plots for six years in succession are as follows : Weight of grain per measured bushel, 60. 6 lbs ; yield of straw per acre, 2.5 tons ; and yield of grain per acre 38 2 bushels 2. Dawson's Golden Chaff gave the largest average yield of grain per acre among fifty-three varieties of winter wheat grown at the Ontario Agricultural College for four years in succession ; also among nine leading varieties tested over Ontario in 1804, and among eleven leading varieties tested over Ontario in 1893. 3 The varieties which possessed the stiffest straw among fifty-three kinds of winter wheat grown for four years in succession, were Dawson's Golden Chaff, American Bronze, Pultz, Velvet Chaff and Red Russian. 4 The varieties of winter wheat which proved the hardiest in 1895, among one hundred and two varieties tested, were Dawson's Golden Chaff, Stewart's Cham- pion, Siberian, Jones' Square Head, Turkish Red and McPherson. 5. When winter wheat was sown later than Sep- tember 9th, the crop was much poorer than when the seeding took place on or before that date. 6 In 1895, the varieties of winter wheat possessing bald heads and white grain gave an average of 43 bushels of grain per acre more than the varieties possessing bearded heads and red grain, but in average weight per measured bushel the latter surpassed the former by 1 3 poimds. Distribution of Seed for Testing Purposbs. In the following table will be found two seta of winter wheat varieties, which will be sent free, by mail, in half-pound lots of each variety to farmers applying for them, who will carefully test the five kinds in the set which they choose, and will report the results Either uatvesu nest year. XixB seed rfin u€ sent ou\j lu tuc oruor xa which the applications are received, as long as the supply lasts. 14 Two sets of winter wheat for Cooperative Tests. ^^^ *• Set 2. Dawson's Golden Chaff. Early Red Clawsoit. Jones' Winter Fife. Rurprine. American Bronze. Dawson's Golden Chaff. Early Genesee Giant. Pride of Q«nesee. Bulgarian. Jones' Square Head. Each person wishing one of these sets should write to the Experi- mentahst Ag„cultur.l College, Guelph, mentioning w/2hJtZ deavre. and the grain, with instructions for testing aid b ank forms on whK.1 to report, will be forwarded free of cost tohis addrZ until the supply of grain for distribution becomes exhausted. Sebd Whbat. The Dawson's Golden Chaff and the Es^ifyflSiesee Giant varieties of winter wheat were grown in the