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 THE CANADIAN IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 " There is a tide in the aH'airs of men, 
 Which, tai<en at the flood, leads on to fortune : 
 Omitted, all the voyage of their life, 
 Is bound in shallows and in miseries. 
 On such a full sea are we now afloat. 
 And we must take the current when it serves, 
 Or lose our ventures." 
 
 y 
 
 These lines apply with peculiar force to Canada, in the 
 present stage of her Iron Industry. 
 
 Events are transpiring from day lO day in the neighboring 
 Republic, which demonstrate that the Iron Industry of that 
 great country has now reached such magnificent proportions, 
 under the wise protective policy, so well maintained for the 
 past forty years, that American iron masters are able to com- 
 pete on equal terms with the world. 
 
 History repeats itself. As with Fngland at the middle of 
 this century, so now with the United States. Her Iron In- 
 dustry has reached that stage when the Government of the 
 country can consider the question of a reduction in its protective 
 tariflf, with comparative safety to the Industry itself. 
 
 Here in Canada, the Iron Industry, still in the pioneer 
 stage, although under Government encouragement, showing 
 an increase in actual output of over ioo% in the past two years, 
 broadening out day by day, making a place for itself in the 
 home market, and in the face of many difficulties displacing 
 gradually the products of American and British furnaces, finds 
 it:3elf, at the most critical stage of its existence, threatened by 
 a premature demand for a reduction in the current protective 
 duties, which, if acceded to by the Government, will surely pre- 
 vent further progress, if indeed it does not altogether annihilate 
 the Industry, by exposing it before it is yet established to the 
 hostile competition of foreign producers, particularly to the 
 competition of American furnacemen, who have of late been the 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 chief, if not the only competitors for our most important terri- 
 tory, viz., the markets of Western Canada. 
 
 To produce Pig Iron, the basis of all subsequent stages of 
 the Iron Industry, a very heavy initial expenditure has to be 
 made in the prospecting, securing, and developing of mines, 
 woodlands, lime stone quarries, railways, shipping docks, etc., 
 necessary to ensure a constant supply of raw material. 
 
 The establishment of the plant itself demands a heavier 
 outlay, in proportion to the value of the product, than is 
 required for the production of any other staple. It is the 
 experience of almost every iron master, that in the early period 
 of iron making in all countries, the work is more or less of an 
 experimental nature, and as it must be carried on upon a large 
 scale, and if unsuccessful the investment becomes worthless, 
 the risk of ruin to the first adventurers is great. 
 
 It has necessarily resulted from these causes, that to start 
 an Iron Industry on an important scale, in any country, how- 
 ever favorable its apparent natural conditions, state aid, either 
 by a direct bounty, by a heavy protective duty, or by both com- 
 bined, has been found necessary, and it is those countries 
 where this has been effectually done, which are to-day the large 
 producers of iron, not only supplying their own wants, but also 
 those of other countries. 
 
 To deal with this question intelligently, it is well for Cana- 
 dians to review, as briefly as the importance of the issues will 
 permit, the history of the establishment and successful develop- 
 ment of the Iron Industry in other countries, and particularly 
 note the broad liberal policy of protection under which Clreat 
 Britain and the United States alike built up the greatest and 
 most successful iron industries of modern times. 
 
 The national importance of the question will perhaps in 
 some measure excuse a lengthy reference to the splendid equip- 
 ment in furnace plant, shipping docks, and other accessories 
 necessary to economical working, now possessed by our power- 
 ful competitors in the neighboring Republic. 
 
 John Stuart Mill says: " To draw inferences is the great 
 business of lite." In the light of what has been accomplished 
 by wise administration in other countries, particularly in (Ireat 
 Britain and the United States. Canada may be guided as to 
 
N 
 
 THE IRON INDl'STRY. 5 
 
 the bestand surest course for the early development of the great 
 mineral wealth with which God has blessed her. 
 
 Iron is perhaps the Almighty's greatest metallurgical gift 
 to man. Its use can be traced to the very earliest ages. 
 Biblical and secular history abound with mention of the use 
 ot iron by the forerunners of our race. Tubal-cain, born in the 
 seventh generation from Adam, is described in the 4th Chapter 
 of Genesis as "an instructor of every artificer in brass and 
 iron." 
 
 In the time ol' Moses, the Egyptians seem to have been 
 engaged in the manufacture of iron, as referred to in the 4th 
 chapter of Deuteronomy, 20th verse : " But the Lord hath 
 taken you and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even 
 out of Egypt." This expression again occurs in I. Kings, 
 viii. and 51. 
 
 Swank, in his admirable " Iron in all ages," says: "The 
 Egyptians, whose existence as a nation probably dates from the 
 second generation after Noah, and whose civilization is the 
 most ancient of which we have any knowledge, were at an early 
 period f;miiliar with the use and manufacture of iron. Iron 
 tools are mentioned by Herodotus as having been used in the 
 construction of the pyramids. In the sepulchres of Thebes and 
 Memphis, cities of such great antiquity that their origin is lost, 
 butchers are represented as using tools which antiquarians 
 decided have been made of iron and steel. Iron sickles are 
 also pictured in the tombs of Memphis and Thebes, and various 
 articles of iron have been found, which are preserved by the 
 New York Historical Society, and are probably three thousand 
 years old. 
 
 Herodotus in the 5th Century before Christ speaks of the 
 Chalybians as "a people of iron workers." 
 
 The Persians and their northern neighbors, the Medes, made 
 iron and steel long before the Christian era, and so did the 
 Parthiaiis and other Scythian tribes. 
 
 Ages ago Damascus, the capital of Syria, manufactured its 
 famous swords from Indian and Persian steel. 
 
 It may be assumed as susceptible of abundant proof that the 
 knowledge of iron, if not of its manufacture, was common to 
 the people of Africa long previous to the Christian era. The 
 
 / 
 
O THE IRON INIJLSTRY. 
 
 decay of the Iron Industry of these ancient countries probably 
 contributed towards the ruin of the Empires of the East, and as 
 Swank says : "With the fading away of Asiatic and African 
 civilisation and magnificence the manufacture and use of iron in 
 Asia and Africa ceased to advance." 
 
 Following the march of civilization the Iron Industry took 
 root in the West, and has contributed in a very great measure 
 to the wealth of the two most powerful industrial nations of 
 modern times, Great Britain and the United States. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 The history of the British Iron Industry dates back to 
 the days of the Roman occupation, as evidenced by the fact 
 that in Kent, Sussex, Gloucester, Yorkshire, and many other 
 parts of England large quantities of iron cinder, as old as the 
 Roman era, have been discovered. This has been further 
 proved by the fin ling of Roman coins, pottery and altars in 
 connection with the cinder. 
 
 From the days of the Romans down to the middle of the 
 17th Century, the furnaces and forges of England were operated 
 altogether with charcoal as a fuel. Aided by the protection to 
 native iron inaugurated by Edward III, during his reign from 
 1327 to 1377, the Iron Industry made very good progress. In 
 the 14th century the ironsmiths of England had brought the 
 trade to a fine art, aiding thereby to establish the present 
 industrial pre-eminence of England ; locks, keys, hinges, and 
 bolts produced during that period having never since been 
 equalled in beauty of design. 
 
 In 161 5 it is said that there were 800 furnaces, forges, or 
 other mills making iron with charcoal, of which Dudley a few 
 years later estimated that about 300 were furnaces, the weekly 
 product of which was about 15 tons each. 
 
 The charcoal Iron Industry seems to have reached its height 
 towards the close of the reign of Elizabeth, when the trade 
 became so prosperous that instead of importing iron as she had 
 hitherto done, England began to export it in considerable quan- 
 tities, in the shape of iron ordnance. The extent of the 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 operations, however, began to exhaust the forests of England 
 about the beginning of the 17th century, and the British Parlia- 
 ment had to give its serious attention to the quesdon. 
 
 In 1740, the production of pig iron in Great Britain was 
 only 17,350 tons, her Iron Industry at this time having been 
 almost destroyed by the decreasing supply of charcoal. 
 
 About 1750 mineral coal, in its natural state or in the form 
 of coke, came into notice as a substitute for charcoal. The 
 iron trade of England and Wales at once revived, while that of 
 Scotland may be said to have been actually created by this new 
 fuel. 
 
 Great improvements were introduced in the furnace plants 
 of Great Britain, and the Industry from that date forward 
 advanced steadily. 
 
 In 1787 the British Government adopted a strong Protective 
 Tariff for their Iron Industries, the duty on pig iron being 
 placed in that year at 67/2 per ton, with higher rates for 
 manufactured iron. This duty on pig iron was later on in- 
 creased in 1 819, and again in 1825, and the Protective Tariff in 
 this department was maintained down to the year 1845. 
 
 The effect of the introduction of mineral coal, and of the 
 protective duties levied on foreign iron was most beneficial. 
 The Industry at once showed strength, and from that date con- 
 tinued to grow rapidly, until in 1796 there were 104 furnaces in 
 England and Wales producing 108,793 tons of iron, and in 
 Scotland 17 furnaces producing 16,086 tons. 
 
 In 1820, the total production had reached 400,000 tons ; in 
 '825, 581,367 tons; in 1840, ' . io6,4oo tons ; and in 1854, 
 3,069,838 tons, this quantity being tSen estimated as fully one- 
 half of the world's production of pig iron. 
 
 In 1889, Great Britain's production of pig iron had reached 
 9.321,563 tons of 2000 lbs. This, with a population estimated 
 at 38,000,000, giving the enormous production of 495 lbs. per 
 head. Of this output Great Britain herself consumes 250 lbs. 
 per capita. 
 
 In considering the progress made it is well to remember the 
 various .Acts of Parliament enforced from time to time by Eng- 
 land to protect her national Iron Industry, by preventing the 
 emigration of her skilled artisans to other countries, by guard- 
 
8 
 
 THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 injf against the sale of her inventions to competitors, and by 
 the imposition of Customs duties upon foreign products. 
 
 For instance, while the growinjf scarcity of wood for the 
 supply of charcoal convinced the (lovernment and people of 
 England, as early as 1750, (before mineral fuel had come into 
 use,) that it would be to their advantage to allow the free ad- 
 mission of iron in its rudest form from the American Colonies, 
 and that as a matter of fact they passed an Act, in that year, 
 setting forth that it would be of great advantage not only to 
 the colonies, but also to the kingdom, that the manufacturers 
 of England should be supplied with pig and bar iron from the 
 colonies free of duty, yet they so fully belie>»^ in protecting 
 their own home industries, that the samc^ACt that made the 
 rudest forms of iron free of duty (because England was unable 
 to produce the material herself), contained the following 
 clause : 
 
 " That pig and bar iron made in His Majesty's colonies in 
 America may be further inanufacturcd in this kingdom, be it 
 further enacted .... that from and after the twenty- 
 fourth day of June, one thousand seven hundred and fifty, no 
 mill or other engine for slitting or rolling of iron, or any 
 plateing forge to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace for 
 making steel, shall be erected, or after such erection continued 
 in any of His Majesty's colonies in .America, and if any person or 
 persons shall erect, or cause to be erected, or after such erection 
 continue, or cause to be continued, in any of the said colonies, 
 any such mill, engine, forge or furnace, every person or persons 
 so offending shall for every such mill, engine, forge, or furnace, 
 forfeit the sum of two hundred pounds of lawful money of Great 
 Britain, and it is hereby further enacted .... that every 
 such mill, engine, forge, or furnace, so erected, or continued 
 contrary to the directions of this Act shall he deemed a eommon 
 nuisance, etc., etc." 
 
 By the Act in question Great Britain undoubtedly en- 
 couraged the production of pig and bar iron in America, by 
 exempting them from duties to which like commodities were 
 subject when imported from any other country, but she did this 
 simply because she had not until that date found a fuel sub- 
 stitute for charcoal. A glance at the Act will moreover show 
 that she imposed an absolute prohibition upon the erection of 
 steel furnaces and slit mills in any of her American colonies. 
 
 Various other restrictive .Acts of Parliament were passed in 
 
 
i 
 
 Till'. lUON INinSTKY 9 
 
 17H1, 17SJ, 17H3 iinU 1793 to prevent I lie exportation to forei^'n 
 countries of macliinery and tools used in tiie manufacture of 
 iron and steel, and to prevent skilled mechanics from leaving 
 En^'land. 
 
 Kor example, an Act in i/H,s, 25 (leo. Ill, c. 67 : "To pre- 
 vent, under severe penalties, the enticinj^ of artificers or work- 
 men in the iri>n and steel manufactures out of the kinj^dom, and 
 the exporli'.lion of any tools used in these branches to any place 
 beyond the seas." 
 
 The penalty provided in this Act read : 
 
 " If any person or persons shall contract with, entice, per- 
 suade, or endeavor to seduce, or encourajje, any artificer or 
 workman concerned or employed, or who shall have worked at, 
 or been employed in the iron or steel manufactures in this king- 
 dom, or in making or preparing any tools or utensils for such 
 manufactorv, to go out of (ireat Britain to any parts beyond 
 the seas (except to Ireland), and shall be convicted thereof 
 . . . . shall for every artificer so contracted with, enticed, 
 persuaded, encouraged or seduced, or attempted so to be, lor- 
 feit and pav the sum of five hundred pounds of lawful money of 
 Great Britain, and shall be committed to the common gaol 
 . . . . there to remain without bail or mainprize for the 
 space ol twelve calendar months, and until such forfeiture shall 
 be paid, and in case of a subsequent ofTeiice of the same kind, 
 the person or persons so again olTending shall upon a like con- 
 viction, forfeit and ray for every person so contracted with, 
 enticed, persuaded, encouraged, or seduced, or attempted so to 
 be, the sum of one thousand pounds .... and shall be 
 committed to the common gaol, as aforesaid, there to remain 
 without bail or mainprize for and during the term of two years, 
 and until such forfeiture shall be paid." 
 
 In addition to these restrictive measures, a glance at the 
 protection afforded to the British manufacturers of iron from 
 17F.T to the close of 1823, will demonstrate to Canadians the 
 fact that England owes her greatness in the Iron Industry very 
 largely indeed to the protection granted to her native industries 
 in the early years of the trade. 
 
 Quoting from Scrivenor's History of the Iron Trade : 
 
 " From 1782 to 1795 the duty on foreign bars was £2 16 2 
 per ton. It rose to £}, 4 7 in 1797. From 1798 to 1802 it was 
 £2, 15 5. In two years it had got to £j\ 17 i, and from 1806 
 touSoSit stood at £'5 7 5;>4d. In the three years between 1809 
 
o 
 
 lO 
 
 IHK IKON INDl'STKY. 
 
 aiul iHi2 it was ;^'5 () lo. and in the five years oiuliiif; with 
 1818 it had been J£,() t) 10. 
 
 " At this date a distinction was made in the interests of 
 British shipping, for whilst tiienceforward till the close of 
 1823, the duty on foreij^n bars was ;£,(> 10 if imported in 
 British ships, it was ^.'7 18 (> if imported in foreijjn. Nor was 
 this all : iron slit, or hammered into nuls, or iron drawn down, 
 or hammered, less than three-quarters of an inch square, was 
 made to pay a duty at the rate of ;£^2o per ton ; vvrouj^^ht iron, 
 not otherwise enumerated, was taxed with a payment of ^,'50 
 for every ;£, 100 worth imported ; and steel, or manufactures ol 
 
 steel, were similarly loaded with a fifty per cent. duty. 
 
 Mr. James Ma. or, the present Professor of Political Science 
 in the University of Toronto, quotinjj from Conrad's Hand- 
 worterbuch der Staats VVissenchafter, \'ol. II I, pa^e 45, and 
 also from various other authorities, >j;ives the following data in 
 ref^ard to the duties imposed at various times by Great Britain, 
 in the interest of her Iron Industry, 
 
 "The duty imposed on pij; iron in 1787 was 67 2 per ton. 
 Duty increased i8i() to 130 - per ton on pi^i; iron. I)uty raised 
 1825 by 10- per ton. Duty altered 1842, 23 ad valorum on 
 pijf iron. Duty abolished 1845. 
 
 " Duty on manufactured '\ron altered 1843, 13 on manu- 
 factured iron and steel, this subsequently reduced to lo/. 
 Duty on iron wholly abolished i8()o." 
 
 Amonjf other measures quoted by this authority are special 
 rates for carryinjf coals to iron works, embodied in the earlier 
 railway acts. 
 
 The period of protection by hijjfh Customs duties extended 
 trom 1787 until i860, j^ivinjj to the Iron Industry protection of 
 a permanent character for upwards of 73 years. 
 
 The restrictive measures cited, althou^-h they were in many 
 cases harsh, undoubtedly resulted in buildinj^ up an industry of 
 great value not only to Great Britain, but to the world at large. 
 
 UNITKD STATKS. 
 
 (ireat as has been the progress made in the Iron Indus- 
 tries of Great Britain, still more marvelous has been that 
 of the United States, especially when we consider that the 
 development of the American Iron Industry has been made 
 very largely within the past thirty years, and a full consideration 
 
o 
 
 THE IRON INDUSTKV. 
 
 I I 
 
 of the facts will show that this rapid growth has been due 
 almost altoijethor to the fact that duriiiff that thirty years, 
 the liovernment of the United States has stood firmly by the 
 policy of protection to the native Industry, and that the f^reatest 
 proyi'ress was undoubtedly made when the protection was at its 
 hijfhest point 
 
 The tirst attempt to establish iron works in the I'nited States 
 was made in i<)ii), the works bein}; located at Kallinj;' Creek, a 
 'ributary from the James River, in Virjfinia. This was un- 
 successful, but during the iSlh century Virginia became quite 
 prominent in the manufacture of Iron. 
 
 In 1643 an Iron Works was started in the Province of 
 Massachusetts Bay, which claims to be the first successful iron 
 works established in America. Several other forges were 
 erected at various points throughout New Kngland, in all cases 
 the fuel used being charcoal. 
 
 In the State of New York the first iron v nks would seem 
 to have been erected in 1740 on Ancrum Creek, Columbia 
 County, close to the Hudson River. This furnace was con- 
 temporary with our own St.. Maurice forge erected A. D. 1752. 
 
 In 1800 the celebrated Champlain iron district was de- 
 veloped, and in 1801 the first iron works in the district were 
 built. .As in New I^ngland, so in New V'ork and throughout 
 the llniied States charcoal was the only fuel used at this period. 
 
 New Jersey saw her first iron furnace in 1676, and Pennsyl- 
 vania, the greatest producer of all the States, saw the 
 inaugi ration oi' the Industry under the able administration 
 uf Wm. Penn in 1716, the iron produced by one Thomas 
 Rutter Smith, who lived not far frcm German Town, being 
 said to have proved equal to the best Swedes iron. 
 
 In 17.28 there were four furnaces in blast in Pennsylvania, 
 and from that date forward the Iron Industry of the State was 
 assured. 
 
 Space prevents a more minute description of the difficulties 
 experienced and overcome by the pioneer furnacemen of the 
 United States. 
 
 Coming down to more modern days, the following statis- 
 tics, dating from 1854 to i8go will serve to show the magni- 
 ficent development ot the American Iron Industry, under the 
 Protective Tarifi" shown in the list 
 
12 
 
 THE IKON INDUSTRY, 
 
 PROni'CTION OF PIG IRON IN THE UNITED STATES 
 KROM 1854 TO 1890. 
 
 Net tons of 2.000 pounds. 
 
 
 Aiuluaciti' ' < 
 
 Coke and 
 
 
 
 
 * -yl 
 
 
 
 
 
 |i 
 
 and nii.\t(l .; 
 .TiithraiiU' ! ^ 
 
 raw hi- 
 
 < 
 
 Duty on I'ij; Iron 
 ol all 1. inds. 
 
 
 111 < 
 
 Uinilnous. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 <> 
 
 u 
 
 and ciikc-. I = 
 
 
 
 
 1854... 
 
 1 
 •I 339.435' 34^.^98 
 
 54.485 
 
 736,218 
 
 30 per cent. 
 
 1855- ■• 
 
 . 381,866 339 
 
 ^22 62,390 
 
 784. '78 
 
 30 " 
 
 a 
 
 18^6... 
 
 • 443. 113 370 
 
 470 69,554 
 
 883.137 
 
 30 " 
 
 t i 
 
 1857... 
 
 . 390,383 330 
 
 321 77.45' 
 
 798. 1 57 
 
 30 " 
 
 4 i 
 
 i8s8... 
 
 . i 361,430 285 
 
 3 '3 58,53' 
 
 705.094 
 
 24 " 
 
 i \ 
 
 1859. . 
 
 • i 47>.745 ^84 
 
 041 84,841 
 
 840,627 
 
 24 " 
 
 1 1 
 
 i860. . . 
 
 . 519,211 278 
 
 331 122,228 
 
 919,770 
 
 24 " 
 
 h ( 
 
 1861 . . . 
 
 409,229 195 
 
 278 127,037 
 
 73 '.544 
 
 24 " 
 
 i t 
 
 1862.. . 
 
 ■ 1 470.3 '5 '86 
 
 660 130,687 
 
 787,662 $6.00 per 
 
 Ion. 
 
 1863... 
 
 ■: 577.638 212 
 
 005 157.961 
 
 947.604 
 
 6.00 " 
 
 4 4 
 
 1864... 
 
 . 1 684,018 241 
 
 853 210,125 
 
 '."35.996 
 
 6.00 " 
 
 4 s 
 
 186s. .. 
 
 i 479.558 262 
 
 342 189,682 
 
 93 '.582 
 
 9.00 " 
 
 4 4 
 
 i8b6. 
 
 749.367 2,:^^ 
 
 580 268,396 
 
 '.350.343 
 
 9.00 " 
 
 i 4 
 
 1867 . . 
 
 798.638 344 
 
 34' 3 '8,647 
 
 i,46i,()26 
 
 9.00 " 
 
 4 4 
 
 1868... 
 
 893,000 370 
 
 000 340.000 
 
 i,6o3,cx5o 
 
 9.00 " 
 
 t i 
 
 1869, . . 
 
 97'. '50 392 
 
 '50 553.34' 
 
 1,916,641 
 
 9.00 " 
 
 t i 
 
 1870 .. 
 
 930.000 365 
 
 000 570,000 
 
 1,865.000 
 
 9 00 " 
 
 t 4 
 
 187..., 
 
 956,608 385 
 
 000 570.000 
 
 1,91 1,608 
 
 7 00 " 
 
 ** 
 
 .872.,. 
 
 . j 1 , 369, 8 1 2 500 
 
 587 984. ' 59 
 
 2.854.558 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 4 4 
 
 .873... 
 
 i'-3'-'-754 577 
 
 620 977, ()04 
 
 2,868.278 
 
 6.30 " 
 
 4 4 
 
 .874.., 
 
 11,202,144 576 
 
 557 9" 0,7 '2 
 
 2,689,413 
 
 6. 30 ' ' 
 
 * * 
 
 .875... 
 
 908,046 410 
 
 990 947.545 
 
 2 , 266, 58 1 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 4 K 
 
 1876... 
 
 • 794.578 308 
 
 649 990,009 
 
 2,093,236 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 4 4 
 
 1877... 
 
 934.797 3 '7 
 
 843 1,061,945 
 
 2,314.585 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 1 4 
 
 1878... 
 
 .1,092.870 293 
 
 399 1,1 9 '.092 
 
 2.577.361 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 4 4 
 
 1879,. 
 
 ' '.273.^"'24 358 
 
 873 1,438.978 
 
 3,070,875 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 4 4 
 
 1880. . . 
 
 .1,807.651 537 
 
 558 1,950.205 
 
 4.295. 4'4 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 t t 
 
 1881 ... 
 
 '.734.4"-' 638 
 
 838 2,268,2()4 
 
 4.641.564 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 t 4 
 
 1882. . . 
 
 . 2,042,138 697 
 
 906 2,438,078 
 
 5,178,122 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 4 t 
 
 i88v . . 
 
 '.885,596 571 
 
 726 2,689,650 
 
 5,146,972 
 
 7.00 " 
 
 t t 
 
 1884. .. 
 
 • '.586,453 458 
 
 4'8 2,544,742 
 
 4,589.613 
 
 6.27 " 
 
 i 4 
 
 1885... 
 
 ,'.454.390 399 
 
 844 2,675,635 
 
 4,529,869 
 
 6.72 " 
 
 i t 
 
 1886. 
 
 2,099,597 459 
 
 557 3.806,174 
 
 6,365,328 
 
 6.72 " 
 
 4 » 
 
 1887... 
 
 • 2.338.389 578 
 
 1834,270,635 
 
 7,187,206 
 
 672 •• 
 
 4 t 
 
 1888... 
 
 ■! '. 925. 729 598 
 
 78') 4.743.989 
 
 7,268,507 
 
 6.72 " 
 
 4 t 
 
 1889. .. 
 
 . 1,920.354 644 
 
 3<^;' 5. 95 '.425 
 
 8,516,079 
 
 6.72 " 
 
 4 i 
 
 i8go. . . 
 
 . 2,448.781, 703 
 
 522 
 
 7.^54.725 
 
 '0,307,028 
 
 6.72 " 
 
 4 i 
 
•s 
 
 jn 
 
 THE IRON INDISTKV. Ij 
 
 In an able article, " From Mine to Furnace," Mr. John 
 Birkinbine, Past President, Am. ist. M. E. recently said : 
 "The following remarks concerning the progress of the Pig 
 Iron Industry, and a prophecy as to its future, appeared in 
 Vol. XV of the tenth census, that of 1880, which is presented 
 here to show how much more rapidly the Industry has 
 developed than was then anticipated would be the case eight 
 years ago, when it was written. 
 
 " ' In 1866 the United States had reached the production 
 of Great Britain in 1835, that is to say. she was then 31 years 
 behind the latter country, in 1884 she was about 21 years 
 behind England, and at the same rate of increase for both 
 countries the United States will be about 15 years behind 
 England in the year iqoo, and will reach and pass her in 1950. 
 The production of Pig Iron of each country for that year, as 
 determined from the equation of their respective curves, being 
 a little over thirty million tons.' 
 
 "The facts are that in 1890 the United States passed, and 
 has since that time led Great Britain as a producer of Pig Iron." 
 
 In a paper read at a meeting of the American Institute of 
 Mining Engineers, in October 1890, by its then President, Hon. 
 Abram S. Hewitt, he showed a comparative rate of increase in 
 population and pig iron production in the United States for six 
 decades, a.id brought out the striking conclusion that the pro- 
 duction of pig iron has always increased more rapidly than the 
 population, and that the ratio is an increasing one. 
 
 Between 1830 and i860 llie production of iron increased 
 twice as fast as the population. Between i860 and 1890 it 
 increased four times as rapidly, in reality over four times, thus 
 proving that the national wealth continues to grow from decade 
 to decade, at a rate of acceleration of which the world affords 
 no previous example. 
 
 Inasmuch as during ail this lime the United States have 
 imported iron in addition to their native production, it follows 
 that the consumption per capita has also increased more rapid- 
 ly than the population. 
 
 In 1855, according to careful calculations made by Mr. Bir- 
 kinbine, the United States was consuming iron at the rate of 1 17 
 lbs. per head, whereas in 1890 the consumption had increased to 
 rather more than 300 lbs. per head, the whole of which, for th^ 
 
 ( 
 
14 
 
 THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 first time in the history of the country, was being produced 
 within American borders. 
 
 Mr. Birkinbine, in speaking of the present and future of the 
 Iron Industry, deplores the fact that part of the development 
 has been brought about by real estate speculations, which he 
 rightly conjectures will exert a restricting influence in the near 
 future. He is however of the opinion that, 
 
 " If political action does not disturb the industry, or if labor 
 troubles do not seriously interfere with the development, there 
 seems to be no reason for expecting that the Pig Iron Industry 
 will remain dormant, but we may rather look for a nearly 
 steady growth, which at the expiration of 25 years will pro- 
 bably make the annual requirements of the United States in pig 
 iron, or its equivalent, amount to between twenty and twenty- 
 five million gross tons." 
 
 These figures Mr. Birkinbine states are the result of a care- 
 ful study of statistics, taken in connection with an intimate 
 knowledge of the present state of development, and a personal 
 acquaintance with the possibilities of various portions ot the 
 country. He says, 
 
 " There will be times of depression like the present, pre- 
 ceded and followed by others of unusual activity, but we may 
 confidently look forward to a material advance, perhaps greater 
 than estimated, but certainly much more pronounced than was 
 believed possible ten years ago." 
 
 IRON ORE. 
 
 The following figures taken from the " Report of Mineral 
 Industries in the United .States" at the iith census, 1S90, will 
 give some idea of the magnitude of the Iron Industry of the 
 United States. 
 
 In 1889 the production of iron ore in the United States 
 including Red Hematite, Magnetite, Brown Hematite and 
 Carbonate, amounted to 14,518,041 gross tons, of a total value 
 
 The total capital invested in the ore mines in the same year 
 is given as $109,766,199. This is all expended within the 
 country on the native ores. 
 
 In addition to this iron ore was imported in the same year 
 from foreign countries to the extent of 833,573 tons, valued at 
 81,852,392. 
 
 f^ 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 15 
 
 :ed 
 he 
 
 he 
 ar 
 
 or 
 
 re 
 
 ■y 
 
 'y 
 )- 
 
 s 
 
 With reference to foreign ore imported into the United Sta- 
 tes, Mr. Birkinbine in his " Production of Iron Ore," 1892, says, 
 
 "While the United States has large deposits of iron ore 
 of all kinds, widely distributed throughout the various States 
 and Territories, still" the low rates of wages in foreign countries, 
 and cheap water transportation rates, have admitted con- 
 siderable quantities of iron ore into this country, in spite of a 
 specific duty of 75cts. per ton, which is collected on all iron ore 
 imported. In the year ending December 31st, 1892, iron ore 
 to the amount of 806,585 long tons, valued at $1,795,644 or 
 $2.23 per ton, was thus imported. All of this iron, however, 
 is consumed near the ports of entry, and much of the ore 
 entering the port of Baltimore is unloaded direct from the 
 vessels to the stock piles. This is also the case with one 
 Pennsylvania furnace. 
 
 All the iron ore imported from Cuba is taken from the mines 
 operated by American companies. Until 1892, but one com- 
 pany was mining and shipping ore from Cuba, but last year a 
 second enterprise was represented by actual shipments, and 
 i8q-? is expected to add at least one more active corporation to 
 the list of Cuban mines. 
 
 It is significant, in looking over the list of imports for 1889, 
 to find that whereas Cuba supplied 243,255 tons, of a value of 
 $533,524, the Provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and the 
 North West Territories combined, supplied (be it remembered 
 under equal conditions as to the tariff) only 4,091 tons, of a 
 total value of $10,697. 
 
 Auain in 1892, statistics show that whereas Cuba supplied 
 307,115 tons, valued at $618,222. Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba 
 and the North West Territories supplied only 8,606 tons, 
 British Columbia 2,749, a total export for all Canada of 11,355 
 tons, valued at $27,340. 
 
 Spain was the largest supplier of ore in 1889, sending 
 298,568 tons, of a value of $621,481. 
 
 These statistics prove that up to the present time Canadians 
 have found it impossible to compete successfully against the 
 negro labor of Cuba, and the cheap labor of Spain in supplying 
 iron ore to the American market. The question Canadians 
 have to ask is whether under uniform frer trade Canada can 
 hope to improve her position as against her Cuban and Spanish 
 competitors. This seems highly improbable. .-Ml the facts 
 
 (' 
 
ll'^ 
 
 ! i 
 
 i6 
 
 THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 point to one conclusion, viz., that Canadians must turn their 
 attention to smelting their own ore for the home market. 
 
 EQUIPMENT ANO SHIPPING FACILITIES. 
 
 The equipment of the American mines and furnaces sur- 
 passes in excellence that of any of the European nations, and 
 the facilities they possess for cheap transportation of ore from 
 mine to furnace is unrivalled. The shipping docks at Mar- 
 quette, L'Anse, and St. Ignace, Mich., are worthy of special 
 notice. 
 
 These docks have been constructed at a heavy cost by the 
 railways which penetrate the interior, for the special purpose of 
 facilitating the handling of Lake Superior ores at the minimum 
 of cost, and they furnish a very striking example of the fore- 
 sight and enterprise of American railroad men, who perhaps 
 more than any other class, realize the national importance of 
 the Iron Industry. 
 
 These terminal facilities consist of shipping docks, with 
 elevated railroad tracks from 35 to 47.5 feet above water level. 
 By means of drop bottoms the ore is dumped from the cars into 
 pockets, thence to be discharged at will by means ot iron chutes 
 let down into the vessel's hold. By this system the ore is rare- 
 ly, if ever, handled, from the time it leaves the mine until it 
 reaches lower lake ports. 
 
 The total investment for docks, specially equipped for hand- 
 ling and shipping iron ore is placed, by so good an authority 
 as Mr. Birkinbine, at approximately $4,000,000 in the year 
 1889. 
 
 rklkivino noiKs. 
 
 Of equal importance is the system of receiving docks, special- 
 ly erected for the purpose of handling ore to blast furnaces, or 
 at points from which railroads radiate to blast furnaces. 
 
 These docks are of various types, generally furnished with 
 swing boom derricks operated by steam power. By means of 
 these derricks iron buckets are lowered into the holds of the 
 vessels. After being filled with ore by the navvies the buckets 
 are raised again, and swung to the point where the ore is to be 
 deposited, or if for distant points, into hoppers, thence to be 
 discharged into cars. The buckets dump automatically at the 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 '7 
 
 point desired, and return to the hold without detaching from 
 the machinery. 
 
 It is estimated that the capital invested for receiving docks 
 fully equals that mentioned for shipping docks, and that one 
 such receiving dock alone costs, equipped, fully $800,000. 
 
 The investment, although large, is well spent, for by means 
 of these facilities it has been found possible to handle quantities 
 of ore, which could not have been moved in any other way, 
 while the cost of handling has been reduced to a minimum. 
 
 Mr. Birkinbine gives the following data as to the cost of 
 handling ore by the new system of receiving docks. 
 
 " The expense of shovelling ore into buckets in the holds of 
 vessels, varies from 10 to 15 cts. per long ton, the rate being 
 controlled by stevedores, while with the improved apparatus at 
 some of the docks, this ore in buckets is lifted from the vessel, 
 carried back 350 feet, and dumped, at a total cost, including 
 labor, wear and tear, interest, fuel accounts reported, of from 
 I to 1.5 cts. per ton. 
 
 " With 21 men in the hold of a vessel carrying 2,000 long 
 tons of iron ore, the entire cargo has been stocked in 17 hours. 
 Other instances are mentioned where with 28 men 2,200 long 
 tons were similarly handled in 15 hours, and 2, 100 long tons 
 were handled by 18 men in 17 hours. 
 
 " In using these improved apparatuses in loading from 
 stock piles to railroad cars, it is not uncommon to have a gang 
 of men shovelling into buckets, and loading the ore on cars at 
 the rate of 8 or 9 tons per man per hour." 
 
 li^ addition to these unrivalled facilities for economical 
 handling of raw material, the American furnaceman works 
 under most advantageous circumstances with regard to the 
 large output of his furnace. 
 
 As an example, one of the furnaces in connection with the 
 Edgar Thompson Steel Works, of Pennsylvania, recently pro- 
 duced the remarkable output for a single day of 623 tons of 
 iron. In a week one furnace stack in connection with this 
 company produced 3,203 gross tons, and in a month one stack 
 produced 12,800 gross tons. That is, in one month, one of 
 these furnaces produced fully as much as twenty-five years ago 
 would have been turned out in a year, from the best and largest 
 of the American blast furnaces 
 
ii 
 
 i8 
 
 THE IRON INDl'STRY. 
 
 With such Splendid facilities for economical working, with 
 ample capital, and many other benefits accruing from a long 
 continued policy o\' protection, the American Iron Industry 
 stands to-day in a perfectly safe position, the trade (aside from 
 the ordinary periods of depression common to all industries) 
 bound to increase in volume, the whole future of the industry 
 linked with the life of the nation. 
 
 C'ONTINHNTAL STATES. 
 
 Following the example of Great Britain and the United 
 States, France, Belgium, Germany, and other Continental States 
 established, and still maintain, high protective duties with most 
 beneficial results in many branches of the Iron Industry. 
 
 Germany's case is especially worthy of mention. 
 
 On the 14th May, 1882, Bismarck, in a speech before the 
 German Reichstag, said, 
 
 " The success of the United States in material development 
 is the most illustrious of modern time. The American nation 
 has not only successfully borne and suppressed the most 
 gigantic and expensive war in all history, but immediately 
 afterwards disbanded its army, found employment for all its 
 soldiers and marines, paid off most of its debt, gave labor to all 
 the unemployed of Europe, as fast as they could arrive within 
 its territories, and still by a system of taxation so indirect as 
 not to be perceived, inuch less felt. Because if is wy deliberate 
 judgment that the prosperity of America is mostly due to its 
 system of protective laws, I urge that Germany has now reached 
 that point where it is necessarv to imitate the tariff svstem 0/ the 
 United States." 
 
 Bismarck gave to Germany a protective policy with some- 
 thing of a permanent character, and the result has been the 
 building up of a great national industry in that country. 
 
 In 1834 Germany and Luxemburg, included in the Zollve- 
 rein, produced only 1 10,000 metric tons (2,204 '^^O '^f P'S iron. 
 In 1881 Germany and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg pro- 
 duced 2,914,009 metric tons (2,204 lbs.). In 1890 the produc- 
 tion had increased to 4,637,239 metric tons. This increase in 
 pig iron has been accompanied by an enormous increase in the 
 output of coal and lignite. 
 
THK IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 '9 
 
 As an illustration showing' Germany's progress in the manu- 
 facture of basic steel, in i8go England produced 503,400 tons 
 of basic steel, (iermany, Luxemburg and Austria produced 
 •.695,472 tons. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Canada's " Natural fitness" for the successful establishment 
 of the Iron Industry is beyond question. 
 
 The earnest work performed by the Geological Survey of 
 Canada, and by private prospectors, has well established the 
 fact that throughout a very large part of her vast territory 
 (three and a half millions of square miles in extent) she is rich 
 in iron ores of almost every variety known to metallurgy. 
 
 Commencing at the Atlantic seaboard, Canada can claim in 
 
 lAPli MRETON 
 
 Extensive deposits of Hrown Hematite, Magnetite and 
 Spathic ores, lying side by side with coal fields of great 
 magnitude. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 The I.imonito, Specular and Spathic Clay iron-stone and 
 Hematite of Pictoii county, Specular ore in Guysboro county. 
 At Londonderry an immense vein of anchorite holding Brown 
 Hematite. 
 
 Between Truro and Windsor numerous deposits of Brown 
 Hematite often highly manganeferous. 
 
 A range of Kerro-ferous strata extending from Digby to 
 Windsor, embracing Red Hematite and Magnetite of Nictaux 
 and Clementsport. 
 
 Throughout the whole of this district mineral fuel and fluxes 
 occur in close proximity to the iron mines, affording exceptional 
 facilities lor economic furnace practice. 
 
 Ni;\V BRINSWKK. 
 
 Magnetic and Bog Ores, with coal fields at Grand Lake and 
 elsewhere, and a plentiful supply of hard wood for charcoal 
 purposes. 
 
20 
 
 THE IRON INOl'STRV. 
 
 gUEBEC. 
 
 The Bog and Lake Ores of this province are probably the 
 most extensive deposits of a like nature in the world. The ore 
 bearing area extends from the borders of Ontario in the West, 
 to Gaspt' in the East, and on the other hand from the Eastern 
 Townships to the Laurentian Range of mountains, embracing 
 the historical Three Rivers ore district. 
 
 Good deposits of Magnetic Ores are found throughout the 
 Province, especially in the vicinity of Sherbrooke, Leeds, 
 Sutton, St. Jerome, and in Pontiac County. 
 
 An inexhaustible growth of hard wood, suitable for the 
 manufacture of charcoal is everywhere found in close proximity 
 to the iron deposits. Limestone for flux is most abundant 
 throughout the Province. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 i I 
 
 Vast deposits of Ore exists throughout Ontario from the 
 Ottawa Valley to the head of Lake Superior. 
 
 The ore is of many varieties, Magnetic, Red Hematite, 
 Limonite, Specular, and occasionally Bog ores, all more or less 
 rich in metallic iron. 
 
 At the recent World's Fair in Chicago, Ontario exhibited no 
 less than 120 samples of iron ore taken from her various mines, 
 all these samples averaging 60 and over in metallic iron, and 
 many of them exceptionally free from impurities. Most notable 
 among the localities sending exhibits were the Ottawa Valley, 
 including Lanark, and the Kingston and Pembroke Districts, 
 Madoc and other points in the County of Hastings, Haliburton, 
 Coehill, and other locations in the County of Peterhoro, East 
 Algoma, Thunder Bay District, including .Atak-Okan Range. 
 
 In the matter of fuel, Ontario, like her sister Province 
 Quebec, possesses most extensive forests of hard wood, admir- 
 ably suited for the production of charcoal. 
 
 She is also rich in fluxes. 
 
 MANITOBA. 
 
 Deposits of Magnetic and Bog ores on Lake Winnipeg, with 
 an abundant growth of hard wood suitable for charcoal in the 
 vicinity of the mines. 
 
 p ^^^iiiMaiJiim& 
 
 iKarriiHrijiiiMii'i^f^"''.'^ ■■• »m 
 
TtlU IHON INDl'STRY. 
 
 at 
 
 i 
 
 RRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 While the work of exploration has necessarily been limited, 
 yet the Magnetic ore deposits at Texada Island, and Cherry 
 Creek HlulT are already fairly well proved by actual work. 
 The ore from these mines has found a market at Tacoma, 
 Wash., U. S. 
 
 British Columbia is very rich in both coal and wood, the 
 outputs of her collieries at Nanaimo, Wellington and Comox 
 showing a steady increase in tonnage. 
 
 Kdw Material. 
 
 While in the actual work of proving and developing her 
 mines Canada has up to the present accomplished com- 
 paratively little; yet the careful preliminary explorations al- 
 ready referred to make it most evident that in raw materials 
 Nature has unquestionably endowed Canada with everything 
 necessary to success. 
 
 Market. 
 
 Satisfied as to the possession of raw materials, the next 
 most important question for Canadians is a market for tht 
 finished product. All facts and figures go to prove that for 
 many years to come Canada's natural market for iron products 
 lies within her own borders, side by side w<th her mines and 
 forests. 
 
 According to the best authorities, Canada uses to-day up- 
 wards of 250 lbs. of the products of iron per capita. This on a 
 population o\' say five millions means, roughly speaking, an 
 annual consumption of f)oo,C)Oo net tons. In his report of the 
 "Bureau of Mines of Ontario" for i8<52, Mr. Arch. Blue 
 estimates the consumption to equal (aiTier making all due 
 allowance for waste in converting pig iron into finished iron 
 ar.d steel) say, 604,252 tons for 1891-92. To better reali/e the 
 accuracy of these figures, it must be remembered, for instance, 
 that Canada possesses to-day not less than 15,000 miles of 
 railway, standing high among the nations in this particular 
 regard. When her 15,000 miles of railway line is laid with 
 standard 72 lbs. rails (the rail of the future) she will have at 
 113 tons per mile, in round figures, 1, 500, ocx) tons of steel rails. 
 The average life of a rail is 15 years, therefore renewals are 
 
22 TMK IKON INDl'STRV. 
 
 being made continually, and asja matter oi fact the Dominion 
 is using in this department alone, 100,000 tons of the product of 
 iron annually. 
 
 r3uring the past year one oi our great Trans-Continental 
 Lines alone imported 36,000 tons oi steel rails. 
 
 The Canadian Railway Companies, if they follow the exam- 
 ple of their American rivals, will heartily support the production 
 of steel rails from Canadian ore by Canadian labor. The 
 revenue to be obtained from the carriage of raw materials to 
 the furnace, and of the finished product to the market, as well 
 as through an increased passenger trailic, will more than com- 
 pensate for the extra price the\ will be called upon to pay for 
 rail equipment during the first few years of the industry. 
 
 All the rails used in Canada to-day are of foreign make. 
 
 As a further illustration, the Roiling Mills at Montreal, 
 Hamilton, Swansea, New Cllasgow, N.S., and elsewhere, are 
 producing annually, at a fair estimate, 80,000 tons of the pro- 
 duels of iron. Unfortunately the raw material for this great 
 output is very largely foreign, although there is no good reason 
 why within the next few years every ton of this should not be 
 supplied by Canadian labor from Canadian ore. 
 
 Our iron founders use annually about Ho, 000 tons of pig 
 iron in castings such as stoves, agricultural implements, and 
 machinery of all classes, one-half only of the material used in 
 this class of work being the production of Canadian furnaces. 
 
 Aside from these leading lilies the country consumes each 
 year a large quantity of such products of iron as band and hoop 
 iron, special quality bar iron, steel boiler plates, steel sheets, 
 sheet iron, chain cables, slabs, blooms, bridge and structural 
 iron, railway fish plates, rolled beams, nail and spike rods, 
 wire, locomotive tires, iron and steel for ships, steel ingots, 
 bars, and other forms of iron too numerous to mention, but 
 almost wholly the product oi foreign labor. 
 
 In railways and shipping, Canada pretty well holds her own, 
 proportionately to population, with either (ireat Britain or the 
 United States. 
 
 Possessed of the necessary raw materials, and reasonably 
 protecting her own home market, there is no reason why she 
 should not in proportion to her population hold an equally pro- 
 minent position in her Iron Industries. 
 
 ^jk 
 
IHK IRON INDl'STKV. 
 
 2.1 
 
 The history of the Cunadian Iron Industry dates back to the 
 CMablishment of the St. Maurice Kor^res by the French Gov- 
 ernment about the year 1737. This was followed at various 
 periods by the erection of iron works at Batiscan, L' Islet, Hull, 
 Baie St. Paul and Mosiac, in the Province of Quebec. 
 
 Furnace Kalis, Normondale, Marmora, Madoc and Hough- 
 ton, in the Province of Ontario. 
 
 Woodstock, in New Brunswick. 
 
 Moose River, Nictaux and Bloomfield, in Nova Scotia. 
 
 In course of time each and everyone of these enterprises 
 had to succumb to the competition of foreijcn iron, then admit- 
 tedfree of duty into ("anada. 
 
 In addition to the difficulty of competing with the more 
 advanced industries of other countries, Canadian pioneer 
 furnacemen labored under many grave disadvantages. The 
 records in every instance speak of small outputs, lack of capi- 
 tal, lack of shipping facilities, mismanagement — good and 
 suflicieni reasons in any country, or in any branch of industry, 
 for ultimate failure. 
 
 In nol a single case has it been shown that lack of raw 
 materials necessitated the closing down of a Canadian furnace. 
 If is true that an almost absolute want of proper shipping 
 facilities in these earlier days made it troublesome and costly 
 to procure raw materials and deliver them at the furnace, but 
 this ditticulty has long since been removed by the easy shipping 
 facilities afforded through the net work of railways now in 
 operation all over tiie country, not to speak of the perfect 
 waterways and splendid system of canals now possessed by the 
 Dominion. 
 
 Passing over the pioneer stage, we come to perhaps the 
 most important epoch in the history of the Iron Industry in 
 Canada, viz., the introduction of the Protective TariflT on iron, 
 which came into force in 1887. The tariff as then framed and 
 still in force, was based upon the American tariff of import 
 duties on iron and steel and their products, in the proportion 
 of about two-thirds of the said .American tariff, and unquestion- 
 ably the Dominion Government designed the tariff with a view 
 to protecting native Canadian labor against the cheaper labor 
 of Kurope, and the better equipment of the United States. It 
 was evidently the intention of the Government in doing this to 
 
24 
 
 THK IRON INni'STKV, 
 
 afford a*, least approximately an equal ratio of protection to 
 labor in whatever branch of the Industry it was employed, as 
 tliis IS the system upon which the American tariff is undoubted- 
 ly based, and the only system possible of complete success. 
 
 Unfortunately the Dominion (lovernment made one mistake, 
 viz., the admission of wroujfht scrap iron, as the raw material 
 for the manufacture of bar iron, at a less rate of duty than 
 puddled bars, blooms and billets, with which it came into com- 
 petition. This exception is, as Sir Charles Tuj.per once said, 
 "the one blot" on the tariff, for it has ever since deprived 
 Canadian furnacemen of a home market for their forg^e iron, a 
 class of iron which in the order of thinj^s they must necessarily 
 produce from time to time, and which should be used by the 
 Canadian Rollinfj Mill men as their raw material for bar iron, 
 either in the shape of puddled bars, or soft steel billets as the 
 trade may demand. 
 
 The admission of scrap iron at a low rate of duty has 
 resulted in two evils. First, it has retarded the progress of 
 the manufacture of pig iron from Canadian ores, inasmuch as 
 the iron masters cannot afford to produce puddled bars or steel 
 billets at competitive prices with cheap wrought scrap. Second- 
 ly, it has caused the Canadian Rolling Mill proprietors to make 
 investments in special plant for the manipulation of scrap, and 
 brought about a condition of affairs in the Rolling Mill busi- 
 ness that will be greatly disturbed by any sudden change in 
 the tariff with regard to the admission of wrought scrap. 
 
 It is the plain duty of the Government to rectify the mistake 
 it has made, but to do so with due regard to the vested interests 
 of all sections of the Industry. 
 
 This may be done in several ways, for instance, by naming 
 a definite date, say within from three to five years, when 
 wrought scrap, the present raw material for Canadian bar iron, 
 shall be placed at the same rate of duty as puddled bars or 
 steel billets with which it comes into competition, and that in 
 the meantime a sufficient bounty be granted, either to the 
 rolling mill companies on such iron and steel as they may pro- 
 duce from the products of Canadian blast furnaces, or to the 
 blast furnace companies direct, as an inducement to them to 
 produce steel billets and puddled bars, so that they may shortly 
 be in a position to supply the mills (at a reasonable living profit 
 
THF IKON INIM'STRV. 
 
 *s 
 
 ti> tlu'insclves) uiih :ill I lie raw niateriiil necessary for the 
 niaiiiit'ailuro u( bars and "IIkt linished iron. 
 
 It IS Hit improhiblo but thai a comprehc-nsivi.' arranj^ement 
 on some >iah lines would result in the rolling mill companies 
 considering the question of j^oin^ into blast furnace work on 
 their own accoinit, with most benf(?»ial results to the whole 
 Dominion, or they may adopt the course of erectinjj plant for 
 the manufacture of steel hillels and puddled bars from Cana- 
 dian pi)>; iron. 
 
 in the face of many diHiculties the pijf iron industry has 
 continued to make creditable pro^'ress since 1HH7, and especially 
 has this been the case within the past two years. 
 
 .\t the close of the calendar year iHqi, the total production 
 of pig iron in Canada was only 23,H()i tons. Within 18 
 months, that is to say, at the close of the fiscal year iSya, the 
 output had increased to about 31,000 tons for twelve months, a 
 y^ain of upwards of 1 10 . Sixty thousand tons will be a fair 
 estimate of the output to the close of the present fiscal year. 
 
 The following will show the furnaces now in blast, with 
 capacity and output : 
 
 LONDONDIvRRN IRON CO., LONnONDHRRV, N. S. 
 
 Description of Piitiil, with Capacity. 
 
 Thirty-six thousand acres free hold land, 
 Ore Mines, yield from 50,000 to 70,000 gross tons. 
 Limestone Mines, yield from iJ,ooo to 15,000 gross tons. 
 Railways— about \i miles. Company's own property. 
 Two Blast I-'urnaces Capacity about 40,000 gross tons. 
 One Rolling Mill Silent, capacity about 8,000 gross tons. 
 One Pipe I'oundry Silent, capacity about 3,000 gross tons. 
 Nuinber of men employed about 330. 
 
 Maximum number which has been employed when running 
 all departments full, H07. 
 
 Make of Pig Iron iS()2 - 28,032 net tons. 
 Ore charged (partly bought)— (74,430 net tons. 
 Coke charged — 41,00b net tons. 
 Coal charged (all bought)- 1,740 net tons. 
 Flux 14.Q07 net tons. 
 
26 
 
 THK IKON INDUSTRY. 
 
 The Londonderry Co. purchase from outside sources a very 
 larfje proportion of their ore and coke. It is therefore alto- 
 gether fair to credit them with the hands employed in the 
 production of this material, in all some 450 men. This gives a 
 total at the present time of 800 employees connected directly 
 and indirectly with the operations of the Londonderry (\i. 
 
 THK NKW (.LASGOW IRON, COAL & RAILWAY CO., 
 FKRRONA, IMCTOU CO., N. S. 
 
 Ore Mines -Limonite and Hematite, yielding 60,000 to 
 75, OCX) tons per annum. 
 
 Coal Mines. 
 
 Limestone Quarries. 
 
 Railways The property of the Company, about 13 miles in 
 length, connecting the furnace with the mines. 
 
 One Blast Kurnace-65 f'- High, bosh 25 ft. bin., hearth 9 ft. 
 bin. Capacity 100 tons per day. 
 
 Battery of Coppe kilns. 
 
 Number of men employed 425. 
 
 '■-on produced in 181)3. for nine months campaign- -22,^00 
 net tons. 
 
 Ore -about 50,000 net tons. 
 
 Coke- 30,000 net tons. 
 
 Flux 13,000 net tons. 
 
 The Company purchase all the coal required for the operations 
 of the furnace. Last year they bought, washed, and consumed 
 qo,ooo tons of coal. It is only fair to credit the industry with 
 the men steadily employed in the fuel department, viz, 150 men 
 and 30 boys, giving a total average of 625 employees in 
 connection with the I'errona Works. 
 
 Allied with this Company, and as an important consumer of 
 its forge iron, is the 
 
 NO\A SCOTIA STHLL & FORCH CO.. I.TH., 
 OF NKW GLASC.OW, .\. S. 
 
 The following descriptions will s'xnv the great importance of 
 this Steel Industry. 
 
 The Plant consists of: -- 
 
 Two Siemens .Melting Furnaces, 20 tons capacity each. 
 
THE IKON INDUSTRY. 
 
 27 
 
 Three Giis Heating Furnaces, 
 
 Kive|;Reverberatory Heating Furnaces. 
 
 Twenty-six" Reversing Cogging Mills with train of live rolls. 
 
 Heavy Vertical Hot Billet Shears with live rolls. 
 
 One 20' Plate Mill. 
 
 One 16' Bar Mill. 
 
 One 12' Bar Mill. 
 
 One 9" Guide Mill. 
 
 Ten Fairs .Shears, 40 tons and smaller. 
 
 One 5-ton Steam Hamer, with 15-ton Hydraulic Crane. 
 
 Four smaller Steam Hammers. 
 
 Machine shop 175 ft. x 75 ft. with 30-ton travelling crane 
 commanding whole shop, equipped with 24" Slotter, 6 Drills, 
 (one a 9-ft. Radial, 5" Spindle) 9 Lathes, one of which will 
 take in 50" over carriage, and 8" x lo' in the gap, will take 37 
 ft. between centres, small shapers. etc , etc. Power is supplied 
 by some 50 steam and 10 hydraulic Cylinders. Entire works 
 are lighted by Arc and Incandescent Light Plant. 
 
 Output 100 tons of Steel Ingots per day, all of which is 
 worked up into bars, sheets, axles and other forgings. 
 
 Over 97,000 Axks of this Company's make were supplied to 
 Canadian Railways. 
 
 This Company employed in 1893 an average of 425 men at 
 the works, , and expended in wages to this staff $185,471.00. 
 Aside from this they should be credited with the labor necessary 
 to mine and raise the average quantity of coal required per day, 
 in all one hundred men, giving a total of 550 men connected 
 with the Nova Scotia Steel X: Forge Co. Ltd. 
 
 The Company consumed 36,000 tons of coal in 1893. 
 
 It may be mentioned also that they paid in 1893 for freights, 
 inwards and outwards, $86,667.61 . 
 
 THK PICTOU CHARCOAL IRON CO.. LTD., 
 BRIDGHVILLH, N. S. 
 
 Ore .l//;/c.v— Brown Hematite and Limonite in the immediate 
 vicinity oi the furnace. 
 
 Wool/ Sitp/)/v-- The company controls 8,500 acres of hard 
 wood lands, yielding principally yellow birch, beech and maple. 
 This land is situated 15 miles from the furnace. 
 
2« 
 
 THK IKON INDUSTRY. 
 
 One Blast Furnace 55 ft. hifjh, 1 1 ft. bosh, built of red 
 brick. Capacity 5,000 tons charcoal iron per annum. 
 
 Charcoal Kilns ig Beehive kihis, capacity 50 cords each. 
 
 This Company has barely commenced operation. So far only 
 700 tons of iron have been produced. Working full blast how- 
 ever it will give employment to 300 men in the woods, mines, 
 and at the furnace. 
 
 JOHN McDOUGALL & CO., DRUMMONDVILLK, QUK. 
 
 Orcs—Vio^ ores secured within a radius of r 2 miles of Drum- 
 mondville. 
 
 Charcoal J'uel—Soft wood, principally balsam and spruce, 
 secured in practically the same district as the ores. 
 
 Two Furnace Stacks '^o\\\ built of stone, 35 ft. high. 
 Capacity about 6 tons per day each; 200 men employed. 
 
 At present the whole of the output is used in the manufacture 
 of car wheels at the Company's Works in Montreal. The 
 campaign is therefore largely regulated by the requirements of 
 the car wheel department. 
 
 THE CANADA IRON FURNACE CO.. LTD., RADNOR 
 FORGES, CHAMPLAIN, P.Q. 
 
 Orf.v Bog and Lake. The Company control 100,000 acres 
 of ore bearing lands in the districts of St. Maurice, Three Rivers, 
 Vaudreuil, Joliette, St. Ambrose de Kildare, Point du Lac, 
 Gentilly and Beaconcour, including the important deposits of 
 lake ores at Lac-a-la-Tortue and Lac-au-Sable, which the 
 Company hold in fee simple. .Also magnetic iron mines at 
 Sherbrooke, St. Jerome, and other points in the Province oi 
 Quebec. 
 
 Wood Supply — Free hold and royalty rights on hard wood 
 lands extending throughout the country north of Radnor 
 Forges. 
 
 The supply of wood is practically inexhaustible. The Com- 
 pany's location at Grandes Piles securing to them practically 
 the " Key" of the St. Maurice River, and the control of most 
 valuable hard wood lands on either bank of the river for seveif^5;i/p>«?) 
 milesof the navigable waters of the St. Maurice. The wood is^^'^ 
 principally hard maple, birch and beech. 
 
THK IKON INOUSTRV. 
 
 a9 
 
 Charcoal Kilns— A battery of 1 1 kilns on tlie furnace prop- 
 erty at Radnor Forges, capacity 55 cords each. 
 
 A battery of 14 kilns at Grandes Piles, capacity 55 cords each. 
 Charcoal also made in pits in the .'wedish manner. 
 
 Limestone Quarry— The Company owns what is perhaps 
 the most important limestone quarry in the Three Rivers dis- 
 trict. This lies within 50 yards of the furnace. 
 
 /Railways— A railway line from Piles Branch, C. P. Ry., to 
 the furnace. This together with switches is three mile« in 
 extent, all the property of the Company. 
 
 Car fV/ieel S/iop— Located at Three Rivers. 
 
 Furnace Iron shell, height 40 ft., bosfi 9 ft. diameter. 
 Crucible and bosh from mantle down is encased and protected 
 with a Russel Wheel & Foundry Co. water jacket. The 
 furnace is complete with all modern accessories. Hot blast 
 stove, Drummond pattern. Steam and water power. New 
 Weimer blowing engine, also complete auxiliary plant, blowing 
 engi,:es, steam and force pumps ready for use at any moment 
 should the permanent plant become disabled. 
 
 Capacity— i,o tons per day of high class Charcoal iron, 
 specially adopted for the manufacture of chilled car wheels. 
 
 This iron stands an average breaking strain of 63,000 lbs. 
 per square inch, the test being on standard bars 1 " x 12. 
 
 During 1893 the Company produced 7423 net tons of charcoal 
 pig iron. They made all their own raw material, not alone for 
 the production of the quantity of iron named, but also for 
 sufficient stock to provide for a largely increased output during 
 the present year, 1H94. 
 
 The average number of men employed is 650, with about 400 
 horses. 
 
 During the winter months when the Company require to cut 
 all the hard wood necessary for the year's production of 
 charcoal, and when they take delivery of a great deal of the ore 
 made during the summer months, they often find it necessary to 
 employ a staff of upwards of Hto men, with about 550 horses. 
 
 Of the large staff of men, at least three-quarters are drawn 
 from the ranks of the farmers and habitants, and the operations 
 are carried on by them over a very large torritorv. 
 
 Politicians will do well to notice that each and every one of 
 the Canadian blast furnaces are located in rural districts, and 
 
3° 
 
 THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 that in a very peculiar degree the pig iron industry is one closely 
 identified with the interests of the farmers. 
 
 The coke furnaces of Nova Scotia draw a large proportion 
 of their employees at mines and furnaces from the farming 
 class. In many instances the farmers take work in the mines, 
 while other members of their families look after their agricultural 
 interests. The charcoal iron furnace especially may well be 
 classed as a farmers' industry. For example, in the case of the 
 Canada Iron Furnace Co. already cited, out of a staff of 850 men 
 employed at the present time, 700 at least of the employees are 
 farmers or habitants, who work for the Company during the 
 winter months and in their slack seasons, between seed time 
 and harvest. These men find that the arduous work of clearing 
 their land is no longer unprofitable, as it has been in the past, 
 but that on the contrary they are now able to derive a very good 
 living from the earliest days of settlement by supplying wood to 
 the charcoal kilns. 
 
 Another ready source of employment is the raising of ore on 
 portions ot their own and neighboring lands, which would 
 otherwise be wholly unproductive. 
 
 The successful re-establishment of the Charcoal Iron Industry 
 at Radnor Forges has greatly improved the condition of the 
 farmers of the historical Three Rivers district. They now find 
 steady and profitable employment on their own land at all 
 seasons, a steady market for their fariii products, and ample 
 work for their horses. 
 
 During the present season the Canada Iron Furance Co. are 
 using in their camps and ore fields upward of 500 horses, 80 per 
 cent, of which are the property of the farmers. 
 
 This close identity of interest between the farmer and the 
 manufacturer is also characteristic of the work done at Drum- 
 mondville, in the Province of Quebec, and will no doubt prove 
 equally true with regard to the operations of the Ficlou Charcoal 
 Iron Co. at BridgevilJe, X. S. 
 
 It will be largely in the interest of the farmers of Ontario and 
 Quebec if the Charcoal iron Industry is allowed to grow and 
 prosper. What has been poi^sihle in the case of Sweden is 
 equally possible for the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, where 
 the raw material and the market lie side by side. In 1890 
 Sweden had in blast 154 charcoal iron furnaces producing 456, 102 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 3« 
 
 metric tons, an industry of which that nation may well be 
 proud. The utilization of the hard and soft woods of our 
 forests, at present waste material, would be of incalculable 
 benefit to the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and above all 
 to the agriculturalists of these provinces. 
 
 Next to the farming class the Railways of Canada would 
 perhaps he the greatest gainers by the establishment of an iron 
 industry. In the case of the Government Railway, the Inter- 
 colonial, it is safe to say that the combined operations of the 
 Londonderry Iron Co., the New Glasgow Iron, Coal & Railway 
 Co., and the Nova Scotia Steel & Forge Co., furnish one-fifth of 
 all the freight business of the railway in question. 
 
 The Piles Branch of the Canadian Pacific Ry., on which the 
 works of the Canada Iron Furnace Co. are located, is perhaps 
 the best paying piece of line possessed by that great Trans- 
 Continental road, and this is very largely due to the fact that 
 every pound of raw material inwards to the furnace and finished 
 product outwards to the market contributes to the revenue of 
 the Railway Co. 
 
 It is quite plain that any policy that would serve to cripple 
 these iron industries loill be severely felt by the Railways. 
 
 Perhaps the greatest difficuity that has stood in the way of the 
 advancement of the Canadian Iron Industry up to the present 
 time, has been the uncertainty of the tariff, and political cries 
 of "Commercial Union," " Cnrestricted Reciprocity," "Free 
 Trade" and " Revenue Tariff" have served to frighten capital- 
 ists, so that Canadian iron masters have found it very difficult 
 to obtain investors for the carrying forward of the work on a 
 proper basis. When the difficulties are all considered it is 
 remarkable that the Industry has reached even its present 
 stage. 
 
 The United States at the present time presents an example 
 of what uncertainty regarding tariff changes will do. During 
 the past six months business has been completely demoralized 
 in the iron trade of the Republic by the fear of a possible change 
 in the duties. This in face of the fact that both parties in 
 Congress are known to be more or less protectionist in theory 
 and practice, the difference being only one of degree, whereas in 
 Canada politicians are most extreme in their views, and the battle 
 against protection to native industries has been waged in and 
 
32 
 
 THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 out of Parliment during all the term that the so-called National 
 Policy has been in existence. 
 
 With such a neuclus as the existing establishments afford, 
 with unlimited supplies of raw material, and possessing the 
 best of all markets- -a home market -the Canadian Iron In- 
 dustry cannot fail to expand rapidly and safely, probably as in the 
 case of the United States much more rapidly than the population, 
 if only the Government of Canada will establish confidence in 
 the mit d?= of capitalists by, in some manner, giving a degree of 
 permanency to the present protective tariff. Minor details will 
 from time to time require adjustment, but the broad principal 
 of protection to an industry for which Nature has so eminently 
 fitted the Dominion, must be endorsed by both Government 
 and opposition, giving a fair period of time in which to secure a 
 full development of the industry, so that it may meet, on 
 something like equal terms, the opposition of its powerful 
 competitors in the United States and Great Britain. Without 
 this the industry will be restricted, and in time of depression 
 such as at present, the iron masters of the United States will 
 simply unload their bankrupt stocks into Canada, with the end 
 that a healthy Canadian industry will be an utter impossibility. 
 
 It is a notable fact that during the past four years the 
 increased outputs of the Canadian furnace has led to a decreased 
 cost of production per ton of iron, and Canadian makers have 
 now forced foreign agents to lower their prices fully $3.00 per 
 ton from prices asked four years ago. A well maintained 
 tariff for some years to come will have exactly the same tendency 
 as it had in the United States, viz., to strengthen and expand 
 the native industry to the point where Canadians can control 
 the entire trade of the country, and yet sell to the consumer at 
 as low a price as any foreign competitor can do in nis own 
 country. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 The question of a proper location of Coke and Charcoal 
 furnaces will be settled by the natural fitness of each Province. 
 Nova Scotia, possessing as she does a great wealth of mineral 
 fuel, must continue for some time to come to produce the coke 
 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY. 
 
 33 
 
 iron required by the country. It may be urged that she is far 
 removed from her best market, viz. Ontario. However, Nova 
 Scotia is in as good a position in this respect, and ought to be 
 in regard to freight rates, as her present greatest competitors, 
 viz., the furnaces of the Southern United States. Within the 
 past two years Nova Scotia has made great progress in the 
 erection of modern plants and improved appliances. She must 
 continue on this course, for the time is past when iron can be 
 successfully produced without improved appliances both in 
 construction and modern methods of operation. The blast 
 furnace must meet the consumer's wants, in quality of iron and 
 technical knowledge and administrative ability must be joined 
 together in Nova Scotia just as in the United States to secure 
 the increased output, and high quality of iron which the times 
 demand. Quebec and Ontario will afford a splendid field for 
 the development of the Charcoal iron industry, and this depart- 
 ment will become more and more important as the forests of 
 the neighboring Republic and Sweden are depleted. 
 
 It is hardly feasible under existing circumstances to success- 
 fully establish coke furnaces in either Ontario or Quebec, inas- 
 much as these Provinces would have to depend upon importing 
 their supply of fuel from the United States. Such an industry 
 would be of little value to the Provinces or the Dominion inas- 
 much as by far the largest proportion of labor required in the 
 manufacture of iron is that connected with the mines, both coal 
 and iron. Certainly the Government would not be warranted 
 in granting a bounty for the establishment of an industry 
 contributing as largely as this would to the labor of our 
 most important competitor, the United States. 
 
 There is a reasonable hope that in due time Nova Scotian 
 coal will be profitably coked at Montreal, and other centres of 
 population, through the utilization of by-products. When that 
 time comes, Ontario and Quebec will be in a position to operate 
 blast furnaces economically with mineral fuel, the product of 
 Nova Scotian mines, thereby adding another link to strengthen 
 the confederation of the Canadian Provinces. 
 
 For the immediate future the charcoal iron industry offers the 
 best and surest field of operation and investment to the 
 Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. 
 
 A full and unbiassed investigation into all the facts concerning 
 
34 
 
 Till-: IKON INDISTKV. 
 
 the successful establishment ol' the iron industry in other 
 countries, and ot'tlie circumstances attendin}^ the work already 
 done in Canada, leads to the followiiijj conclusions: 
 
 First That the Canadian iron industry has greater and more 
 just claims to the good will and support of the Clovernment and 
 people of Canada than perhaps any other of the great industries 
 of the country. In tobacco, sugar and cotton, splendid progress 
 has been made, yet these industries, whilst of unquestionable 
 benefit to the country, all contribute more or less to the labor 
 of foreign countries, by using raw materials of foreign growth, 
 for which nature has not fitted Canada. The iron industry is 
 altogether different, being purely Canadian from raw material to 
 finished product. Nature has richly endowed Canada with 
 everything that goes to make success in this special line of 
 enterprise. It rests with the Government and the people of the 
 Dominion to foster the industry to a perfect development. 
 
 Second- The Dominion Parliament must immediately adopt a 
 course that will give confidence to investors, b\ demonstrating 
 that the protective tariff and bounty will be well maintained 
 for some time to come. The (lovernment must rectify judi- 
 ciously ;iny errors that may have arisen, and must seek at least 
 approximately to gmiit a uniform protection to labor, in ivhattmer 
 branch of the industry it may be employed, be it at the mines, 
 furnace, rolling mills, iron foundry or machine shop. 
 
 Third -The Provincial (iovornnients must take steps immedi- 
 ately to encourage by every reasonable concession the develop- 
 ment of the iron industries now within their respective borders. 
 
 In Quebec and Ontario every facility should he granted by 
 the Provincial Governments in the way of privileges for the clear- 
 ing of hard and soft woods from Crown lands. This course 
 will not only strengthen and buildup the charcoal iron industry, 
 hut will bring about a rapid settlement of Government lands. 
 
 Hitherto settlers have avoided the forest lands of the Kast, 
 in favor of the more easily cultivated prairies of the West. 
 Kstablish the Charcoal Iron Industry in Quebec and Ontario, 
 and the settlers will find a sure and profitable return for labor 
 expended in clearing the wood, an inducement that will make 
 
 i 
 
THK IRON INi .VPRY. 
 
 35 
 
 the biishlaiuls of these Provinces more attractive than the 
 prairies of the West. 
 
 The section of the different provincial mining laws, providing 
 for a proper expenditure in the development of mining locations 
 within a given time, should be strictly enforced, and if possible 
 the obligations made even more stringent than at present, so as 
 to ensure a fair amount of work being done promptly, and 
 prevent as much as possible the " locking up " of valuable 
 mines by speculators. 
 
 Where the owners of locations are too poor to carry on the 
 work of development in a proper manner, then the Provincial 
 Government should do so by some equitable arrangement with 
 the owner. For this purpose the Provincial Legislatures should 
 vote in each year's supplies a reasonable sum ot money. This 
 would serve to bring about a business-like development of some 
 very valuable mines that now lie dormant, and must in time 
 bring a very profitable return to the Government by the settle- 
 ment of Crown lands. 
 
 Further, it would tend to prove to capitalists that the ore 
 supplies are all that they are claimed to be, and ample for all 
 requirements. 
 
 The Provincial Governments require to deal with the whole 
 question in a business-like manner, strictly enforcing laws that 
 will tend to an early development, but at the same time they 
 must be heartily in accord with the Dominion Government in 
 granting every legitimate encouragement and facility that will 
 tend to build up so valuable an industry. 
 
 Fourth — Canadian bankers, capitalists, and men of affairs 
 generally will do well to give the native industry more attention 
 in the future than they have in the past. An industry that is 
 peculiarly Canadian in every branch, drawing all its wealth 
 from Canadian soil, is surely worthy of their legitimate support. 
 The fact that the earlier iron industries of this conntry failed to 
 succeed under the most adverse circumstances is no reason 
 why, under existing conditions, undeniably more favorable, the 
 industry cannot be made a thorough success, not alone afford- 
 ing a great field for the safe investment of capital, but indirectly 
 benefiting other existing Canadian industries and interests, 
 aiding toward increased population and national wealth. 
 
36 
 
 THE IRON INni'STRY. 
 
 Let the Canadian Government and people go steadily onward, 
 and by every energy and sympathy build up great national 
 industries and interests, neither doubting themselves nor their 
 resources, but rather cultivating in every department of trade 
 and commerce, and in the hearts of the people, that national 
 pride in national products so characteristic of Knglishmen and 
 Americans. Following such a course Canada must soon 
 develop not only in her Iron Industry, but in every department 
 of national life. 
 
 1 
 
 I,;