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Facts About a Woiiderfttlly Rich Comitry that is Opeti to the Hottie-Seek- ers of the World. -C-f^, . 18 /^ PvMlsked fcy THE 9AULT EXPRESS. Ssalt Ste, Marie. Oat MaNitoulin Island Shbbp Run. INTRODUCTION. There is no desire on the pp**t of any of the settlers in AlgomL who have contributed to the contents of this little work to "boom" Algoma; there is no wish on the part of anyone to painc the country in too glowing colors. There is no wish to lead anyone to think the country is a paradise — or to hide its drawba^^ks or disadvantages. Every country has some disadvantages. It is not denied that Algoma is a rough looking country, a mountainous looking country, a country made up lai gely of hills and valleys. And it is this rough appearance which has given Algoma a bad name, so to speak — which has kept back its settlement in the past. People who passed along the great lakes, sailing from the lower 'ake porfs to Lake Superior, and who viewed its rock-bound coast from the deck of a steamer, said it was a rocky country, "ni)thing but rock ;" and people who travelled on the railroad along the main line of the C.P.K. said the same ; and when and wherever thn word "Algoma" was men- tioned people associated it with the idea of a rocky, sterile country, in which successful agriculture was a physical impossibility. And this mistaken idea still to a great extent prevails. And the only object the compiler has in sending forth this little work is to try and get people to come up here and investigate — ^look for themselves — and people who have so inquired have always found that the worst thing about Algoma (the only di aw back or disadvan- tage it has, some people say) is its rough appearance. They have found that instead of the country being all rock, it is a succession of rich alluvial valleys — vallejs through which many rivers creeks and streams, large and small, flow down from the great North Land to the great I^kes and the River St. Mary. They have found out that the rocky ridges or "bluffs" (as they are called in Algoma), are in themselves a blessing, because they serve as a natural wind-break, and furthermore ^Hm^ as a rul«, these very ridges are covered with tituber ; and that nbort miaaeB and cloY«r generally grow on the same ridgei and rooky bluffs ana make them of great value for nheep and cattle raiding.. Sheep and cattle thrive and do well anyway better on high lands, m a. rule, than on low lands. We read in the oest of all books, do we not, about the "Cattle on a thous3ind hills " ? And they have found that these same rocky ridges and bluffs, covered with timber, as they gener- ally are, hiive a beneficial influence on the atmosphere— that they attract moi^iture and rain showers, and prevent the drought from which level countries where there are no ridges, hills or bluffs suffer so much in dry summers. But the settler who has once lived out on the prairies of the west, and has experienced tornadoes in numiner and " blizzards " in winter, will appreciate the "bluffs" in Algoma for one reason if for no other— t^he first one mentioned-~that they form a natural wind- break. The enquirer has found also that Algoma is the best watered country in the world. Everyone who comes here admits that ; and this fact, along with the fact that the clover is natural to the soil and grows everywhere, proves conclusively that to those who wish to go into cattle, sheep or hog raising, Algoma offers i'^he greatest possible inducements. The enquirer has fc . the soil very fertile, ad evidenced by the big yields of grains, grasst... and roots, and that apples and a great many other fruits are grown successfully here, aad yield abundantly ; and he has found that the climate is a healthy one for man and beast; and he has found that the settler in Algoma, unlike his brother out on the prairies, is not troubled with the "freight question." He lives right along nature's great highway to the sea, and whenever he chooses so to be, can be independent entirely of railways, although one of the best equipped and fastest lines on the continent (the §100 line of the C.P.R.) runs right by him, and has stations all along at convenient distances. But, we repeat, the settler coming to Algoma must expect to fini a rough mountainous-looking country, and must not be disappointed with its first appearance. Another thing he must not expect to commence where his father, the old pioneer in older Ontario or Quebec, left off. He must not expect to find brick houses — a windmill on every barn or a piano in every hoase~~he must remember he is coming to a "new country." But the settler coming to Algoma will not have to undergo the hard- ships which our forefathers in older Canada had to undergo. He will find churches of all denominations, schools, stores, fair roads for a new country, steamboats and railway trains and a regular mail service — all the comforts lad a good many ti the luxuries ai life if he fishes them. >Ie Somo people wourd' not naceeed in any field of immififration no matter how gi oat the inducenientB and opportunities were, and then a^ain some people seem naturally to be discontented people or grumblers and the new settler comini; to Algoma will find probably hero and there settlers already in the country who will tell him the seasons are " too short " and the markets are ** no good " and that the roads are ** no good " in fact that there does not seem to be any good thing about the country. There are some people who go through life with their eyes nhut and who do not appreciate or realise the kindness of the 'Great Oiver of all good gifts." A person of a thankful dispttsi- tion coming and settling in Algoma and who has sufficient capital to enable him to make a fair start in stock riCising or mixed farming would find here a great mai^y things to be thankful for. and for which he would feel gratitude towards the Great Creator, and the man or woman who loves beautiful scenery — picturesque scenery — and who loves nature would appreciate this portion of the Province. People who are looking for level lands or prairie lands or large stretches of land free of stone or rock had better not come to Algoma. They should jfo to the prairies of the West or North West. People who do not like a timbered country should not come here. People who object to the fact of there being timber on the lands — timber which has to be cleared before it can be cultivated or used for sheep raising should not come here. And people who wish to go into grain raising as a specialty should not come here. It is true strains of various k inds have been raided and are, we presume, bein«^ raised in Algoma with good success. This is evidenced by the exhibits of grains of various kinds which are di<;played every year at the Fall Exhibition of the Eastern Algoma AgricU'tural Society, held at the town of Sault Ste. Marie, and probably also at the smaller township or branch society ex* hibitions held through the district. And the fact that grain of rarioua kinds can be successfully grown here is sufficiently evidenced by what settlers living here and there through the District have said in the following pages of this pamphlet, particularly, perhaps, what is said by a mi'ler in this pamphlet, — the name and address of the miller being David Ourrie, Port Iiock, Ont. He apparently thinks wheat can be fiuoessfully raised in Algoma. Still there is no reason why farmers in Algoma should go into grain raising as a specialty. - In fact we pre* sume that it is generally recognized, even in -the older portions of the Province that the farmer of Ontario or of * any part of older Canada for that matter, cannot be reasonably expected to compete in urain raiding mih the farmer of Mftnitoba ftnd the K. W.T.-^-^ firmer vk> it Algoma is par Moetleni a sheep raising country and also a country in which mixed farming can be carried on to great advantage. No better evidence can be required aH to the fact that this should bo a country in which to go into sheep raising or into general farming than the testimony of the settlers already in the District, contained in the following pages and in the exhibits which are yearly shown at the Fall Fairs above mentioned. There is one other point to which careful attention is called and thfj' is that no one can reasonably expect to succeed in the business, either of sheep raising or mixed farming, except his heart is in the business-*- except his inclinations run that way. The farmer or the sheep raiser should look upon the business of agriculture or sheep raising &s a science or profession. He should not underrate his own calling or avocation. Whei*e you find a farmer dissatisfied with the business of farming and who does not like to live in the country and who prefers to live in the town or village, and who does net believe in the old adage "God made the country and man made the town." One could not reasonably expect such a man to succeed ps a farmer or slock raiser, or if he did succeed that he would be happy in his success. Another point which should be emphasized particulary is that no one can reasonably hope to succeed in either mixed farming o** sheep raising except he has suffiident means or capital to enable him to make a fair start in a new country such as this. Of course it h^ been said, and probably truthfully said, that lesR means are required to make a fair start at farming in Algoma than in a great many, if not all, the other fields of immigration, but, still one should have sufficient capital to enable him to make a fair start and one trouble with the farmers so far, who have come to this country, has been the fact that ;. as a rule the farmers who have come here have had very little means at all; as a rule, they have not had sufficient capital to enable them make a fair start or to givo the country a fair trial, and it is not fair to the District itself to compare it or to compare its success with that of other, fields of immigration to which men have gone with capital, — with large means. For instance: wealthy men and wealthy men's sons have gone to Manitoba and the N.rTV.T. with considerable capital, and have engaged in farming and stock raising there, and as the old adage says, "Money makes money;" and it is greatly to the credit of this District of Algoma, and it is a prcof of the wonderful fertility of the soil and the adaptability of our climate to mixed farming that in spite of the great difficulty which, almost every settler in the District has had to contend with— scarcity >f money at the start and the luiclt of 8Uf as suiBoient monej to make a fair start-— that the District has progressed as rapidly as it has and that the settlers who are in the District, have prosperea as well as they have. It is not, perhaps, too much to say that there are few other countries in the world in which, under the same circumstances, settlers could have done so well. One can easily understand what a great drawback it is to a settlor starting in the business of farming in a new country to be short of money. Some men, of course, can make a fair start with less money than others can, perhaps, but every man coming here should have sufficient means to enable him to make a fair start and on general principles we would say the more money he has the better. Of course, in spite of anything we might say in this pamphlet poor men will come here and vill take up "free grant" and other lands, and will engage in fanning — they ^ill take the risk. Seme men will probably consider that even if they have to starve they had better ■tarve here than in the crowded and unhealthy city, and that as long as they have health and strength they stand a fair chance by hard work and saving habits ultimately to succeed. But such men have a very hard "row to hoe." They will find, howevc that other men have come to this District equally poor and have, aftt'* going through, perhaps, considerable privation, ultimately succeeded. Some of the settlers in the District who are now doing well probably for the first few years they were here had to work out in the "shanties" and lumber camps to enable them to eke out a living, and it was only after some years that they were able to remain on their farms all the time. But although such men come here, and if they are good men in every sense of the word and men who will make good citizens we wish them every succesH, yet they are not the men we are anxious to attract to this country. We think it only fair to Eastern Algoma that it should get the same benefit which other fields of immigration have received from the advent of wealthy men and the sons of wealthy men. So far we do not know of a single wealthy man who has settled in Algoma and gone into the business of sheep raising or mixed farming. It is probably a well-known fact that gentlemen from the Old Country have gone great distances from home to engage in sheep raising as a specialty. They have gone in large numbers to Australia also to South America, we understand, and probably to some far worse places than the District of Eastern .Algoma. In fact some times, we believe, English gentlemen have gone to places which were more or less inhospitable and where their ciroumstances and surroundings c^W n<9t I* ft^ijA to b» comfortable. For instanw, fn thttt v^ry !n- ierpsting book, Lord Braswy's "Voyages of the Yacht 'Sunbeam'*^ we rear! of a party of adventurous geiitlomen from the Old Country who were diHcovered by Lord and I^ady Brassey, and who were endeavor- ing to carry on sheep raining in Rome most wild and inhospitable place towards the extremity of the South American Continent. Whilst it should not be forgotten that a gentleman from the Old Country coming to Algoma with the intention of engaging in sheep raising or mixed farming will find here within easy distances all the conveniences of life and also if he wishes them a great many of its luxuries and it is to be hoped that from this out people in the 01(i Country, who have sufficient capital to enablu them to make a fair start and who are looking for some locality in which to start sheep raising or mixed farming will not overlook the matiy inducements and opportunities offered by this portioN of Ontario to the right kind of settlers. As to cattle raising as a specialty; it has been said that there are, in the valleys of some of the rivers or streams in the District, here and there large stretcher of low lands which would make excellent lands which would be excellent for ranching purposes, but so far and until lately no one has gone into the businoss of cattle ranching as a special- ty in Algoma. I he present owner of the Ranklin Location — lying to the east of the town of Sault Ste. Marie — has, however, turned his large location into a cattle ranch and is clearing the land with the above intention. It has been abundantly proved that cattle raising can be carried on with great success in Eastern Algoma as an adjunct to mixed farming, but it has not yet, we think, been proved that cattle raising as a special t} would pav here — that remains to be proved. No one on the North Shore has, we believe, over tried the business of sheep raising as a specialty. We understand, that on the Manitou* lin Island, lying some 200 miles to the east of Sault Ste. Marie, settlers have met with considerable success in the raising of sheep, in fact, one gentleman of Gore Bay has lately gone into the business AST. Tt would be out of place here to say much about tlife early history of Algoma, even if much were known. The ancien^> legendary history of this new country can best perhaps be heard around same Indian camp- fire or from the lips of some old Hudson Bay clerk or factor. There is no certainty as to the origin of the name 'Algoma." Some suppose it meant "Ijand or I^akes of the Algonquins." The first white men who set foot in what is now known as ''New Ontario" were probably those intrepid voyageurs and self-denying missionaries, the Jesuit priests — those courageous men who risked their lives so often a:?d so freely to plant the Emblem of Salvation all over this continent. The city of Maiquette on the soufh shore of Lake Superior, is called after Pere Marquette, one of these intrepid voya- geurs. And it is believed that som^ 200 years ago, and long before any of the present thriving cities in older Ontario were even thought of, there was a Jesuit mission house and church at the Sault. Then came the Hudson Bay Company, who built a fort at the foot of the rapids of the St. Mary's Kiver on the Canadian side, near the site of the pre^etlt water power canal. The North- West Trading Company also did busi- ness at the Sault for a time, it is said, and built the old '* stone-house " near the riverside. The poet laureate of Canada, M. Frechette, has woven into his verse one little pathetic story about the Sault in the days long gone > y, and it is referred to as follows in the article, " A Poet of French Canada." by Paul T. Lafleur, which appeared in the Atlantic Monthly of August. 1889 (page 198) :— "La Drapeau Fantome is an illustration of the skill with which he "depicts a touching incident. On a pine-covered cape near the Samt "Sainte Marie, whose musica' name our neighbors now vu garise in the "*Soo,' the French formerly held a fort, left in charge of a small body '■of men, at about tlie time of the Session of Canada to England, llie it ^'guards die of neglect and old age, with the ezoepticn of Cadot, an old sergeant. Refusing to believe in the departure of the main body of "the French troops, he remains alone for long years undisturbedi "except by the voyage ura. He even defies a party of English soldiers, "sent to take the fort. Year after year rolls by while the poor eld "soldier faithfully goes his solitary rounds, hoping against hope, and '-finally dying like an abandoned animal. The deep pathos of this "poem, which finds an echo in the occasional slow movement of its "verses, would only be spoiled by quotation." The last few }ears have seen many and wonderful changes and great progress. 1 1 is only some thirteen or fourteen years since the mail service to the Sault in winter, was by dog-team over the ice from far-distant Parry Suund and in summer there was only a by- weekly mail by the steamer. THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE. Now Sault Ste. Marie is within 24 hours' ride from either Montreal or Toronto, and instead of the Indian's canoe on the St. Mary River there are several lines of steamers, many of which equal ocean vessels in both size and equipment. The number and tonnage of the vessels, both passenger and freight, going through the Ship Canals on the Canadian and American sides of the river St. Mary, is very large. Within the last few years the volume of business has so much increased as to necessitate the building of a second canal by the U.S. Government which has lately been opened for traffic, and on the Oartadian side thr: Dominion Government has lately completed a ship canal kpown as "The Sault Stt. Marie Canal." All these canals are ^nlendid j'.*cimens of modern civil eni'inecrinsr- On ih~ '.aoadiaa side of the river there is without doubt one of the s.itsU^sfc water-powers in the world; it having, as one might say, Liik<^ ISipCviur — the largest body of fresh water in the world: an in- land si'i*, —-for a mill-dam. Visitors to the Sault should see the Water Power Canal and the two immense Pulp Mills which have been erected near its outlet. This immense water power is situated right in the midst of the material for its use. Immense for*»«^8 of pulp or paper- iibre wood can be found at different places in the District, and withm convenient distance of the site of the Water Power Canal. And then a,sfain it lies right along the h'gh way of commerce. All the traffic of the Western and North-Western Provinces, States, and Territories has to pass wit4iin a comparatively shore distance of the immense t, an old , body of isturbed, soldiera, poor old ope. and s of this nt of its md great ico to the at Parry .1 by the Montreal ary River an vessels lift vessels, lis on the ery large. BO much the U.S. id on the ted a ship canals are ubt one of night say, rid : an in- the Water en erected tht in the or paper* and within And then le traffic of Territories ie imxneiiat wa^r power. The shipping facilities by water could not be greater and it also has rail connection — the C.P.R. The reader should drop a line to P. Byrne, Esq., the agent of the Government of Ontario, Nottingham Buildings, 19 Brunswick St., Liverpool and ask him to send him or her a copy of two pamphlets published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture. (1.) "Ontario, the Premier Province of Canada, a Review of its Resources in Field, Forest and Mine." This pamphlet contains several beautiful photo- gravures, including a very fine view of the new Pulp Mill, or mills, at Sault Ste. Marie, and a view of the Locks on the Canadian Sault Canal. (2.^ *'Our Northern District." This pamphlet contains a map which will be found to be of great interest to the prospective settler in Algoma as it shows the country between the Michipicoten Gold Fields on the west, and the Ottawa River, which in part is the bound- ary of the Province of Ontario, on the east. Both these pamphlets contain a great deal of very valuable and interesting information. OTHER WATER POWERS. Here and there through the District can be found water powers which only need developing to be made of considerable value. All along the North Shore there seems to be a succession of rivers and creeks, and doubtless in time several water powers will be developed here and there through the District. These water powers could be used for saw mills or for woollen or carding mills. THE MINERAL WEALTH OF ALGOMA. There seems to be no doubt that Eastern Algoma and Western Nipissing as well as, of course, what is known as Western AlgOma, possess very great mineral wealth, copper, gold, galena, platinum, plumbago, nickel, iron and asbestos apparently have been discovered at different points in Eastern Algoma and Western Nipissing. The best mine for the pettier who is a farmer or sheep raiser,* in our opinion, is "Mother Earth," and we advise settlers coming to New Ontario to Stic): to their farmin;y and stock-raising and leave exploring and ''pro- specting" to others. There is one thing, however, about the subject attractive to farmers, and that is this: if Algoma has all this mineral wealth, and no doubt she has a great deal of it, then it insures, one would naturally think, good markets for all time to come, because the del vers after hidden wealth must eat and drink, and be clothed, and, furthermore, in Algoma, unlike any other m uing country under the 10— sun, we Bxe told, mining and agriculture can be carried on almost side by side, and the producer and consumer live almost close together. THE WAHNAPITAE GOLD FIELDS. There seems to be no doubt that the VVahnapitae District, situated about 150 miles north-east of Sault Ste. Marie and commencinn almost side together. rict, situated lencinqf some omisiug field [i%t District, is a result of )f these days picoten Dis- done there, al of future 9lieved by a prove to bo f Saulc Ste. » the Mupply imp" which ts will, one that a good B said that i it is vahv gold fields, goiiia, and the nurth- '■ 275 miles ning prom- sonfidently )f country o~u«las, of Dus Bruce fon, about work this winter opening up the Michipisoten Tsland copper mines. Michipi- coten Island lies about 30 miles in from the north shore of Ldke Superior and about 125 miles north-west from the Sault. People interested in the mineral wealth of Algoma should write to the Director, Bureau of Mines, Toronto, Ontario, and ask him to send to them the Report of the Bureau of Mines, vol. 7, first part, 1898, and they should notice what is said about the Michipicoten Mining Division, pages 101-106, and they should notice the map of the Michi- picoten Mining Division given in that reports. That map, it will be noticed, shows the relative position of the Michipicoten gold fields to the "twin cities of Sault Ste. Marie." Sault Ste. Marie is probably in about the centre of the large mineral between Michipicoten on the north-west and Wahnapitae on the north east and inclusive of thase belts, but, the town of Sudbur> probably will always be the supply centre for the Wahnapitae gold fields as they lie so close to the latter town. The farmers oC Eastern Algoma and Western Nipissing will doubt* less find that as develop>Qent work is commenced and carried on in these two districts good markets will be found for the product which is raised and grown by the farmers in these two Districts, and the more actively the n ining operations are carried on the more active will the markets be it is supposed. As will be noticed in the letter from the Director of the Bureau of Mines to the Commissioner of Crown Lands, dated lOth March 1898 and which is bound in with the Report above mentioned. Some other documents are being prepared and print* ed which will be of great public interest, including the Report by Prof. Coleman of the School ^1 Piactical Science en the Geology of the gold fields of Northern Ontario and the Report of Prof. Willmott, of Mac* Master University, on the Michipicoten Mining Division. When these reports are ready they can also be procured on application to the Director of the Bureau of Mines, Toronto, Ont, MERCHANTABLE HARL-^OOD. In some ^ arts of Eastern Algoma there are fine forests of black birch ai)d maple. Some oak also is found in the District and in some places that valuable variety of maple called curly or bird's-eye maple. Some of the townships lying to the north-west of Sault Ste. Marie, contain a large amount of valuable merchantable maplA and birch, as well as some oak and cedar; elm trees are also sometimes found. As » rule it is belitred thai in Eastern Algoma the hardwood is found on tb^ Ugh liOtd^tid on ibd Isud^ wMcb 9f(i as 4 rate ec/ht/Herod not ts —II— V I Tftloable for agricultural purposes as the lower lands. It is believed that in this part of the Pravince pulp or paper-iihre wood — soft woods — and other varieties of soft woods ate found on the lower lands — the lands which are considered best for agricultural purposes. The hardwood is chiefly found on high lands — the land* which should be considered very valuable lor sheep raising. However, it is believed that, as a rule, even in the hardwood portions of the country there are frequently found flats of low lands containing splendid land for general farm purposes and the probability is that a man wishing l« go into sheep raising on this high land would generally be able to find within a reasonable distance sufficient lower lands — arable land — on which he could carry on mixed farming with great success. Even if a settler were going into sheep raising as a specialty he would in any case probably wish to have a few acres of good tillable lands so that he could grow all the crops he would need for the use of his sheep during the winter and so that he could grow oats an4 hay for his horses and cattle if he kept any, and he would also need a good garden. Of course the settler, before deciding as to the locality iii which to settle, should havo a very careful examination of the property made so that he would kaow exactly how much good arable land he could count on. The selection of land for a farm or a sheep ranch is, of course, a very im- portant question and one would not wish to decide too hastily on such a point, especially as in some parts of the District the character of the land and of the timber is very changeable, one quarter section may contain some very valuable land and a large quantity of exceiedingly valuable timber while an adjoining quarter section might not be nearly so desirable, perhaps might nut be considered worth acquiring at all. As to the value of the birch and m^ple in the hardwood sections of Algoma, the attention of the reader is called to two very interesting articles which appear on pages 16 to 18 of the pamphlet previously mentioned, "Our Northern Districts." As the matter is of great interest to a prospective settler we quote the following parapraph from the pamphlet referred ta:-^ «NEW FOREST INDUSTRIES." "Within the last few ycr.r8 there has been a great change, immense- "ly advantageous to the settler, in the val'ie of the woods other than "pine. For instance, the pulpwcod trade is assuming great proportions. "For this purpose, spruce and poplar, which may b^ said to be the pre- "vailing kinds in these Districts and in which the quantity standin'^ '^ rilbpiy'.Qnhnagfiiitibto, have ncnr artoady so8rkot,-ainl the s0tthnr can -1^ believed ft woods lands — les. the bould be 1 believed there are land for ing t« go »le to find land — on Even if lid in any so that he ep during lorses and Of course tie, should L he would ;on. The 1, very ina- ly on such iter of the jction may Lceedingly be nearly ig at all. sections of knteresting previously |at intere»fc from the immense- lother than Iroportions. Ibe the pre- ly 8tandin'< Isetithnr cat! '•find steady work in cutting and hauling these woods to the sides of "the railways oi the water's edge where a good price is ptid for Ihera. "It is evident, too, that the manufacture Oi the wood into pulp will "soon become a large industry in Algoma and Nipissing, where the "grinding, crushing or other treatment can be accomplished cheaply by "water power, and the carriage of the product and the raw material 'effected by the same means." Another industry that has expanded rapidly in the last few years is the getting out of hardwood. The use of hardwood for flooring and finishing may be said to be just becorainsf general. The consumption has increased enormously o'f late, and as is often the case when produc- tion takes place on a large scale the price to the consumer has gone down conisiderably while the price to the first producer has gone up. In the early days of the settlement of this Province, hardwood that would now be worth the farms it was on many times over, was burned up to get rid of it, or for the sake of the few miserable cents that could be had for the potash leached from the ashes. Even in the Muskoka country, m which settlement dates back some 25 or 30 years, the hardwood had to be destroyed to get rid of it. Now, the settlers around Lakes Muskoka, Joseph, Bosseau, and probably in other parts are getting $6.50 to $8. per 1000 feet for hardwood logs delivered on the shores — a rate which pays handsomely to work for. The Algoma and Nipissing settler will not have to wait long before all his standing merchantable hardwood is as good to him as so much money in the bank. PRINCIPAL FOREST TREES AND THEIR USES. The pine is not sold to the settler with the land but is reserved by the Crown and dealt with in another way, of which more elsewhere. •The species found are Pmue StrobuSt white pine; P, Besinota, red pine; I . Bankiimwy Banksian or scrub pine; P, Eidiga pitch pine. I The black birch grows in these districts to a size which astonishes persons familiar with the tree farther south. Specimens of t^ o or three feet in diameter are common, and occurring as they do in clumps, the cost of handling is reduced to a minimum. At present there is a great demand for this wood as a cubstitute for cherry, which whei. cut properly and stained it resembles so closely that only an experts can tell them apart. The white birch aho grows here to a very large si se. This is nut' the same species as the white hirchf Betufa alha^ vlich giWB jRB a wnttll ^Q^ifrw. ^^ SMrt«m PwvtDCWa awd Nerv En*y?am^ t I i .] '* ■ ' . ■f i * f i js ! 1 ' ^ iii 1 ( ill M ■ I i but is a large straight growing tree, Betula Papyraeea^ fumishittg sheets of bark sometimes large enough in a single sheet to make a good sized canoe. The white cedar, Thiija orxidentalis, is common and grows to a large size. Its wood is soft, light, fine-grained and easily worked. It splits easily to almost any thinness. The Indians use it, split very thin, for lining their bark canoes. It is the most durable of northern woods, standing exposure in the most trying situations. Indoors it is almost imperishable. The consumption is so enormous for fence posts, building posts, sidewalks railway ties, telegraph poles, paving blocks, small boat building and other purposes, that the value of it in the bush is sure to increase rapidly. The balsam fir or balsam spruce, Abies Bahameay grows with a very straight trunk and the outline of a slender cone. J t is a very useful tre^ to the settler, but has no great commercial value. Its resinous juice, hardened by exposure, furnishes the chewing gum affected by schoolgirls, and the Canadian balsam is used ipedicinally and as an antiseptic application to wounds. The hemlock, Abies Cancuienais is a ti'ee of great and increasing value. Its bark is now Iteing got out in vast quantities for tanning purposes, and is worth about $3. to $3.50 per cord according to situa- tion. The wood is of poor quality, but is superior to pine for purposes in which strength is wanted and weight is not an oljection. The grain is coarse, crooked and splint* red. It makes excellent bridge timber, and its cheapness comp&red with pine brings it into use for coverings of roofs, barns, rough flooring, etc. Spruce, black and white, Abies Nigr and A. Alba^ are very abundant their frequency increasing as we go north. Spruce wood is strong light and elastic. For masts and spars it has no superior. Within the last few years it has come into une for paperroaking. It is prob* able that the paper on which this is printed is composed entirely of spruce and poplar pulp. The business of getting out logs fcyr pulp has assumed gteat dimensions. The poplar is a very common tree in the north and is very valuable for pulp wood* The commonest species are, Populus tremuloids aspen^ common poplar the thick bark is used by fishermen as a substitute for cork for net floats; P. balsamfera, balsam poplar, balm Gilead, rough bhrked poplar, cotton wood, white wood, and P. grandidentata, large toothed {oplar. The tamarac, Larix Am^ricanOt is the one native coniferous tree which sheds its leaves in the fall. It attains large Qi;^ ia this duitnot, its. straight . alettder trcmk fdafethig !t "my %^T^t&t- mis^^poiBfie, f I u- Its wood is light colored, stronpr. durable and close grained and has the property of not splitting, so tnat it is much used for mauls, beetle i; etc. It makes good ship knees, railway ties, and ship timber while for joints and rafters it is unexcelled. The oak Quefcua alba and rubra has many uses, its wood being well suited for implements, carriages sleighn and cooperage. The white oak, which attains a height of 60 to 80 feet, is the best variety. Its grain is straight, and the wood light colored, strong, elastic and very ? 'Arable. The wood of the red oak varies moi*e according to the local- ity, and the tree is more generally di£fused . The maple, Acer^ gives a. wood which is very hard and close grained, and is now much used for flooring and finishing in house work, and is highly ornamental when polished. It is not durable w7^ien exposed to the weather, but for heavy furniture, carriages, railway car.s, etc., it is excellent. Peculiar twisted grains are frequently found, called curly and bird's-eye maple, which make handsome cabinet work, and are worth a good price. The sap of the tree is boiled down iato syrup and sugar and a good price can be obtained in the cities and towns for any that can be warranted genuine. The elm is one of the handsomest of Canadian trees. Grown in the forest it is one of the tallest, with a straight stem and an umbrella top. It prefers low, humid soil. Its wood is tough, resists the wedge, is not so strong as oak and less elastic than ash. i t has many uses and is especially valuable for pihng or wharf building. The white or swamp elm, Ulmia Anterieanaj goes very far north and reaches a height of 70 or 80 feet and a diameter of six co eight feet. The slippery or red elm, U. Fulva, is a smaller tree found along streams. Its wood is hard, red- dish and very tough. The inner bark ii mucilaginous and is much used in household medicine as an alterative and for the making of poultices. Kock elm, U. Hacemosay is a large tree. Its wood has fi^e grain, is heavy and susceptible of good polish. It is largely used in making wagons, wheels, agricultural implements and heavy furniture. All of the above tree<) possess cunsiderable commercial value at any place not too remote from market. Having in view the rise that is taking place in their value and the increasing scarcit;y nearer the manufacturing contres, it will be folly fo** the settler to burn up any more straight lo/^s for the sake of getting rid of them. In reading the articles in "Our Northern Districts," from which we have just quoted, the reader will notice that the beech and basawood are also mentioned, The compiler has heard that these two last named varieties of timber are not found on the North Shore although it is said that the beech tree is found on the Manitoulin Island. ^16— W hen a settler is building \m reRidence, eMpeciaUy if he is living in a hardwood section of the country, one would think he wou d use more or less hardwood in the buildini^ and finishing of hiH house, at any rate if he lives within a reasonable distance of a saw mill He would find that birch and maple in narrow alternate strips would make a very pretty flooring as well as heing one that would be very substantial. It would be hard to find a prettier material for flooring than birch and raaplo especially if it is oiled occasionally. CHURCHES, One of the first enquiries which will be made by a right thinking man proposing to settle in any new country vill be as to whether or not there is a church or place in whioh Divine worship is regularly held in the vicinity of his proposed home. It will be remembered that one uf the first acts performed in patriarchal times on the part of the man who was settling in a new place of residence was to erect an altar to God. The simple act of buildmg this altar was an expression on the part of the builder of his gratitude to the great Creator — the great Giver of all good gifts — and p,n acknowledgment of his belief in God and his desire to follow His commandments. A right thinking man seeking a new home would always be actuated by the same spirit — the same sentiment. The settler coming to Eastern Algoma will find all, or nearly all, the branches of the great Church Militant, working hard in the cause of the Master, and they will be glad to notice that with the growth and advancement of the District, and with the increase in its popula- tion, churches or places of Divine worship have been increased. He will notice with pleasure that almost everywhere within this large territory, at any rate within that portion of it which is at all fairly well settled, and even in portions of it which are as yet but sparsely sett'ed, the Word of God is frequently, and in a great r^any cases regu- larly preached by clergymen, priests and missionaries of different de- nominations and in cases where there are not already places of Divine worship erected, services are frequently and sometimes regu'arly hold in country school houses. Some of the. branches of the great Church Militant ma} a'niost be said to vie with one another in their efforts to advance the cause of the Master in this great and growing District, and the greatest praise must be accorded to the arduous and self-deny- ing zeal of the priests and ministers and missionaries who are laboring and iiave labored so faithfully in this District. The town of Sault Ste. Marie is the See town of the Missionary 17 J living in I uRe more t any rate ^ould find iko a very ibstantial. birch and it thinking )7hether or s regularly ibared that part of ihe to erect an I expression reator — the lis belief in be actuated nearly all, in the cause the growth its popula- reas(id. He this large at all fairly but sparsely cases regu- different de- es of Divine gu'arly held ■reat Church eir eflforts to ing District, iid self-deny- ar« laboring Missionary Diocese of Algoma. The present Bishop of Algoma is His Lordship the Right Rev. George Thornloe. D.C.L. The territory known as Eastern Algoma is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Peter- borough. The present Bishop of that Diocese being His Lordship the Right Rev. Richard Alfonse O'Connor, Peterborough. Algoma is a "District" in the Methodist Church and the Rev. S. G. Stone, D.D., of Sault Ste. Marie, is the present chairman of the Algoma District. There are many adherents of the Presbyterian Church of Canada residing in Eastern Algoma, and this territory, we think, forms a Presbyter) called the "Algoma Presbytery." Tf the compiler remem- bers rightly, the Rev. W. A. I'uncan, M.A.B.D., of Sault Ste. Marie, was the first Moderator of the Algoma Presbytery. The Baptists have a very pretty little church at Sault Ste. Marie, but at the present moment they have no regular pastor, the former incumbent, Rev. G. W. Downing, having recently accepted an invita- tion to a Pennsylvania church. Any of the above clerical gentlemen, we feel sure, would be glad to give any information in their power to anyone who write them con- cerning the District of Eastern Algoma. SCHOOLS. The education of the young is not being neglected in "New Ontario." Pretty little school houses can be seen here and there along the country roads and it ma} be said that "the school master is abroad in the land." There is a useful provi.sion of the Ontario School Law relating to sparsely settled portions of the country under which a few settlers who wish to form a school section in their neighborhood can, on petitioning the proper authorities, have a "School Section" established and the Ontario Government, we understand, assists these new schools in the sparsely settled portions of the country by a yearly money grant. Of course, if a settler has the means he probably migh prefer to have his children taught in his own iiome, to employ a governess, or, per- haps, where two or three gentlemen of sufficient means settled in the same neighi orh<'Od they might prefer to employ between them the ser- vices of a governess for their families. Two excellently equipped public schools and a Separate school are to be found in Sault Ste. Marie, and a movement is now on. foot for the establishment ef an High School at that point for the accommoda- tion of the pupils of that town and surrounding country who may I ' r!. \ I —18— dexiro higher education than that attainable in tlio public schools. This will give the scholars of Algoma an opportunity of going right up to the Universities without being required to leavs the District for such preparation. There are Universities in the city of Toronto, and in other places in older Canada, some of which are known to some extent in the Old Country. i FLY TIME. A settlor going to any new country, we presume, will mr^t with mosquitoes and, perhaps, black flies, to a greater or less extent. It is said that the mosquitoes found in Algoma are not as large or as troub'esomo as those found further west, but they are sufficiemtly large and vigorous to be very annoying and troublesome, particularly during the time commonly known as *'fly time." There is also a large fly which is particularly annoying to horses and cattle during three or four weeks in the year. We presume a person going to a new country and especially until the country gets properly cleared up and drained, expecis to be troubled during a cer- tain portion of the summer with flies, but we do not think that the flies are worse in Algoma than in other fields of immigration. Every settler coming to Algoma should have foresight enough when building his residence to provide sufficient protection duriug the summer from flies, and the obtaining of such protection is only a matter of compara^ tively very small expense. One should have an extra half window or sash made of mosquito wire. This should be attached outside the windows during the sum- mer time. Then also there should be additional or outside doors made of this wire. It would be well also that these doors should be pro- vided with springs so that they will shut automatically. The doors and windows in milk houses and dairies sould if thought advisable be similarly provided, and the same could be done with respect to stables both for horses and cattle and also the ''folds" for sheep. The furnishing of these additional doors and windows covered with mo8« quito wire would not entail any ver} considerable expense and it \(ould add largely to the comfort of the occupants of the house and also to the occupants of the stables and folds. If this simple method is followed no one need be troubled indoors at all with flies. It is to be regretted thati the settlers in Algoma do not more generally pro\ ide themselves with the simple remedy which has been suggested above. A good many probably depend either upon keeping the doors and win- ic schools. ;oing right >ibtrict for ;r places in in the Old mr^t with :tenv. It is large or as sufiBciemly particularly ng to horses e presume a country gets Jurin^ a cer- nk that the ion. Every len building iummer from ' of corapara^ of mosquito ing the sum- ) doors made ould be pro- The doors it advisable respect to sheep. The id with mos- )ense and it te house and mple method ies. It is to 'rally pro^ ide «sted above. )or8 and win- dows shut as much as possible during the worst days in fly time, or else by the making "smudges" or smoldering flies in the vicinity of the house and stables to keep off the flies. There is one objection to the use of smudges in addition to the fact thc*t the smoke is very unpleasant to inhale, and that is that there is more or less danger of fire catching from a smudge. In fact fires have often occurred from the habit of people setting out these smudges to keep away mosauitoos and other flies. No settler coming to Algoma need be alarmed by an} thing he or she may hear concerning mosquttos or flies if they would adopt the method which has been suggested above to piovide the house, dairies, stables, etc., with mosquito wire doors and windows. It is also extremely advfsable, if not absolutely necessary, that during the worst of fly time, say at leabt during three or four weeks, some shelter should be provided for cattle to which they could resort during the heal of the day. Where it is found convenient the cattle should be allowed to remain in their stables during the heat of the day and go out to feed at night, when they would not be molested so much by the heat or the flies. If the cattle are pastured at too great a distance from the stables to allow them to thus shelter them«ielves from the flies a building should be put up at some convenient place in the pasture field large enough to permit the cattle to go there out of way of the flies during the day time. Such a building would not of course cost much. No humane man would allow his cattle to remain out during the heat of the day at the time the flies are ho bad. For about three or four weeks in summer there is a fly which is a great pest to cattle and horses and they suffer a great deal from this fly if allowed to remain outside during the day time. Of course they can be let out at night when the flies are not sq annoying and they can feed all night. This period known as ''fly time" during which cattle should be housed in the day time, only lastB a comparatively short time] some three or four weeks as a rule. As to horses everyone should provide a "fly net" for his horse to wear during summer, or at any rate during fly time. No thoughtful man would allow his horse to go without a fly net at this time and it might be lound advisable perhaps for one to use a fly net on his horse generally through ti.e summer if it is found to add to the comfort of the horse. Even looking at the matter from a selfish and utilitarian point of view, it pays the owner of an animal to be kind to it and to treat it humanely. No Christian man would wish to act otherwise tbao kindly ^tad hmiMBly td "orccr fow-^oot^d ^ikxkcAiis." if. •«>v*'*>*>**>«>f^*wl M- \ **He prayeth bMt who loveth best ''All things both great and small "For the dear Lord who loveth us "He made, and loveth all." FROM SUDHURY WEST. At Sudbury, the junction betwot^n the Soo Branch and the Main Line, are many large nickel mines in actixe operation. There in also much good land about it and for two or thren stations west on the Main Line. This country is to a great extent settled near the Main Line, but southwards towards the Soo Branch there are still hundreds of excellent homesteads. THE SOO BRANCH. We will now travel south and west from Sudbury alons; the Soo Branch. The Stations between Sudbury and Cutler have much good land all about them, notwithstanding the very forbidding aspect of the country. From Sudbury to Algoma the railway folio vr the valleys of the Vermillion and Spanish Rivers, through j^orges where the rock has been heaved up mightily upon both sides. vVe are now descend- ing to a lower latitude and note some improvement in the climate. From Spanish River to Algoma Mills the settler begins to feel the advantage of having navigation facilities as w^l as the railway. ALGOMA TO THE SOO. Without doubt from an agricultural point of view, the tract from Blind River to Sault'Sto. Marie and Batchawaung Bay^ is the) best portion of Er ^tern Algoma. Each of thd following stations, viz.. Dean Jjake, Dayton, Thessalon, Bruce Minos, Desbarats, tsbester, Echo Bay and Garden River, will develop about them a substantial agricultural town. In some cases there will be more than this. To the north of all these stations is found a large stretch of country well mineralized and having much good soil. Prom Algoma to Michipicoten is one long stretch of mineralized ridges, covering perhaps 20% of the land, upon an average; another 60% of the 'surface consists of excellent agricultural land, and; the balance is taken up with lakes and riVers.' The ' character bf'ihe country is eminently adapted to successful mixed farming. All this -ai— I the Main here is also west on the tr the Main II hundreds on? the Soo 9 much good ig aspect of R the valleys lere the rock low descend- climate. IS to feel the ihvay. 10 tract from yj is thd best " m, Thessalon, n River, will [n some cases jse stations is having much If mineralized |rage; another ind, and. the raoter of the Ing. All this diatHot will grow ezoellent spring and fall wheat. Apples do very well. Many competent judges have pronounced it to be the best grass growing country in Canada. Some of these stations afford greater advantages than others; for instance Theisalon whoso river affords water powers and wliich has to the north of it a large tract of oxcelleiit land has many prosperous settlers to support it. Desbarats stai ion has perhaps more good agricultural land tributary to it than any other individual station, because in addition to its im- mediately surrounding good soil in the Townships of Tarbutt. Tarbutt Additional and Johnston, it is the railway station fur the St. Joseph Islai.d, which is as large as the Island of Montreal, and as fertile, and which is blessed with a good climate. There is a good water power available for manufacturing purposes here, and about one mile from Desbarats Station, witli a level road thereto is one of the finest harbors of America. It is practically land locked and so large as to have been selected by the British (\diniralty as a naval harbor. 1 here is still a largo extent of vacan ' lands near this railway station and on St. Joseph Island. Sir William Logan made an extensive geological survey from Des- barats Lake to Michipicoten and Magpie Rivers, and pronounced it th«n to be one of the richest mineral districts in Canada. Based upon his explorations a base line was surveyed from Chesley Township to Magpie, which can still bo followed. Recent discoveries about the head-waters of the Echo, Garden and Goulais Rivers, and at Michipi- coten fully confirm his report. North of Garden River station are four new townships, whose sur- vey has just been completed, and which are open for settlement. These are rich in mmerals. Wo would strongly advise land hunters to look at these and at the lands about Desbarats. WHAT THE MANAGER op the BANK op COMVIBRCE SAYS. "The Canadian Bank of Commerce opened their Sault Ste. Marie Branch in the month of Apiil 1889, ten years ago, during which time I have been in continuous charge as manager and in close touch with the business interests, not only of this town, but of the whole of the Eastern portion of the District, which embraces to a con- siderable extent the agricultural portion of the coramuni.iy. A glance at'Jbhe j)osition of this town t^n years ago cpmpared with" its present posftiori may not be uninteresting, but I will only refer to a few of the main pointer reiatirrg no the gi'orwth of tire tro'wn and i eg gi'eatly imftroT- .*.-^(:.^^^^^)a^^■. ■iJVT^^Tjy^-'ig -It- { 1 ; I i i s I) ll i ed condition as a place of residence, or a temporary resort for summer visitorp. Since 1889 the population of the town has risen from a>iout 1500 to over 4000. The Ship Canal hds been built at the cost of some $4,000,000. It is one of the largest locks in the world and has the greatest capacity for length and depth of any lock in America, if not in the world. The water power canal has been developed and utilized. This is beyond any question the most easily controlled water power in America and is destined, in the near futi re, to be taxed to its utmost capacity which is in the neighborhood of 60,000 h.p. Already several large industiies are furnished with )»ower by this great canal, viz. The Sault Ste. Marie Pulp and Paper Company; The Algoma Iron Worki Co.; The Lake Superior Carbide Works and other minor industries. The extensive and beautiful buildings of the Sault Ste. Marie Pulp and Paper Company, charmingly situated at the rapids, in close proxi- mity to tlie Ship Oanal, are worth travelling mil« s to sef . Summer visitors find the neighborhood of the rapids a most interesting and delightful spot to spend a hot afternoon watching the great lake steamers pass up and down through the lock, or if they wish a short trip up the river to Pointe Aux Pins, a staunch little steamer is at their service every two or three hours in the day. The splendid water and light services of The Tagona Water and Light Company are now largely availed of by the residents of the town, many homes being lighted by electricity and supplied with water direct from the rapids which has been pronounced by analysts to be absolutely pure. This Company has also the contracts for lighting the strentp and supplymg the town with water for fire protection, etc. The Disc net of Algoma possesses remarkably rich resources in tim- ber, minerals Bsherie ., and the product of the farm. A gi*eat injustice has been done to this District by casual visitors and travellers depict- ing it as a land of forbidding aspect and barren, simply because it appears so to them from a car window or the deck of a steamor, while ignorant of the fact that thousands of smiling farms and comfortable homes lie in the fertile valleys and uplands beyond the rocky and frowning barriers that mark Algoma's front. I am firmly of the opinion that this District offers better inducements to the intending settler of small or moderate means, than any other portion of the con- tinent. To enumerate all the advantages, however, in detail would occupy altogether too much space but • cannot refrain from briefly referring to a few of them foremost of which Rtand those ^lue to the climate. I venture to. say that people in this District enjoy better hoftlth and are mote txt^^ tliyu m auy other patt of Ckvmif and 4 M —23— for summer from al>out }00,000. It test csapacity Q v'orlcl. led. This is >r power in to its utmost ready several nal, viz. The I Iron Work:^ or industries. 3. Marie Pulp in close proxl- 3e€. Summer iteresting and 16 great lake y wish a short steamer is at .na Water and sideuts of the led with water analysts to be or lighting the ction, etc. sources in tim- great injustice avelleirB depict- nply because it steamor) while nd comfortable the rocky and firmly of the the intending tion of the eon- detail would an from briefly hose due to ihe let enjoy better lU that is saying a good deal. I have never heard of even a partial failure of crops due to climatic conditions and at times when lower Ontario and Que >ec have been parched brown by the hot sun during a season of drought the Algoma meidows remained green and luxuriant, with sheep, catt e, etc., contented, fat and happy in the enjoyment of good pasturage and an abundance of water flowing in the numerous streams;, many of which proceed from springs in the rocks and never fail. NVhat more favorable conditions could be imagined or desired for the production of butter and cheese? There is not a section of the whole of North America possessing equal advantages with Algoma in this respect. I have knowiv one acre of land to produce four tons of hay and a large field to average over three tons to the acre, which establishes the claim of Algoma to be one of the best grass growiug sections in America, if not in the world; and yet with these great advantages in her favor thousands oi tons of hay are imported every season much of which comes from the United States. This fact indi ;ates one of the needs of the District which is immigration ; thou- sands of acres of fertile lands remain :' i an uncleared and uncultivated condition while farm products of every description are brought in from lower Ontario and the United States. We import immense quantities of bacon, butter, cheese, eggs, beef, fruit and vegetables. All these articles cou d be and should be produced by our own farmers. If they were to do this the arge sums of monty which we send annually to other parts of the country and to the United States would circulate in the District and we would not hear so much about the scarcity of cash. Ho^ can money be plentiful if we send it out of the District to buy commodities we ought to produce ourselves. The farmers of Algoma have the best home market for what they have to sell and receive better prices than are paid in any other secti3n of Canada, but the majority of them do not seem to realize it and many of them do not give proper attention to their farms, in fact many of our so railed farmers are not farmers at all, but simply make a pretence of farming, in order to take up some land containing pine or pulp wood which they sell at good prices but which seldom enriches them. What the Dis- trict needs most is a class of farmers who will devote their time and enersjies strictly to the industry of agriculture and this kind of a farmer may be sure of success. Several farmers have gone from here to Manitoba, remained there a few years and returned with somewhat changed ideas as to the relative merits of the two places. In this District it may be said that what a farmer has he can hold. His pro- fits in any one year may not be as large as they are in some other sections but they are certain to be good every year, so he does not run M ! I M i i ! i i : ! .1 >:\i I if i n —24— the risk of being set back four or five years by a complete and dis- astrous failure of crops as often happened to farmers in less favored localities. 1 am glad to know that the Ontario Government is making efforts to bring the great advantages of the District more prominently into notice and I sincerely hope that the pamphlet whicli is now being pub- lished by the Sault Express will be the means of attracting many farmers to Algoma." D. McGregor, Manager, the Canadian Bank of Commerce. NEWLY SURVEYED TOWNSHIPS. Acting under instructions from the Indian Department I recently finished surveying the The Townships of Kehoe and Duncan which are situated a few miles north east of Sault Ste. Mario and contain a large area of excellent agricultural land. The township of Duncan, lying immediately north of the Indian reserve, contains over 17,000 acres, of which 1 1,000 are available for farming purposes, and allowing 160 acres for each family would sustain about 90 families, this is exclusive of 3,000 acres already sold for mining purposes. The land isjgenerally a rich vegetable or pajidy loam soil, overlying gravel and clay and is easily drained. The timber is principally hard wood, maple, birch, etc., most of the pine has been taken off years ago. It is easy of access by what is called the Victoria road running north of Garden River Station to the Victoria Mine which is situate on the north boundary of the township. The township of Kehoe is beautifully situated, lying north of the township of Meredith and McDonald, with the Indian lands' and the township of Duncan on the west. The Echo River and Lake passes through it from a central point on the Eastern boundary to the south- west corner, emptying into Echo Bay on Lake George, L:cho Lake being oil the level with Lake George. There is already a fairly good rojid from the Government road at Echo Bridge along the east bank of Echo River and Lake to the centre of the township where the best land is situ'te. This township contains about 27,000 acres, about 17,000 mres of which are available for farming purposes the balance being water and mining locations. The development of the mineral resources of both these townships will greatly assist the development of the farming lands. The soil is similar to that of Duncan but deeper with more clay surface, and is well adapted for farming. 4 )lete and dis- less favored laking efforts ainently into w being pub- aotin^ manv >F Commerce. ent I recently can which are ontain a large Duncan, lying 7,000 acres, of allowing 160 lis is exclusive id is^generally ,nd clay and is maple, birch, } easy of access Garden River orth boundary g north of the lands and the id Lake passes y to the south- ge, L:cho Lake a fairly good le east bank of where the best acres, about ses the balance of the mineral le development ican but deeper I I i 1 I r ,! 1 ! ij! 1 i i ■ ;!it en »-] cn d u < PL. D O. W < w H H < W H O m CO 'A o < a I— I < H O Z s (O d u Ph D W < W H t/3 H W a H O ! iii o u o w i4 w o w Ua>. fall wheat, oats, pi is, rye, and aU kinds ol t'egotables can be raised with profit to the farinc:. Both these townships are well watered by numerous small lakes and streams most of which are well stocked with fish. THOS. BYRNE, O.L.S. LANDS FOR SETTLEMENT AND LAND REGULATIONS. The Ontario Government have foi* sale and location in *'2Tew Ontario" thousands of iicres of desirable lands extremely suitable foe sheep raising and mixed farming. Some are Free Grant Lands, some 20 cents an acre and some 50 cts an acre — easy 'settlement duties," Amongst others may be named the north-west portion of the township of Prince — north-west of the Sault — and the east half of the township of Vankoughnet-— north of the Sault. This latter half township Ims recently been placed on the market. The cast half of Awoi'es town- ship will probably also soon be placed on the market. The west halves of Vankoughnet and Aweres and the townships of Pennefather and Dennis and some other lands in the neighborhood of Goulais Bay an'ario and Express Orders ©n these Compunics can be canhed there. There is also a P (). Money Order Office at 8ault Ste. Marie, also at nea 1 all offices on the Soo Branch. HOW TO REACH THE SAULT— ROUTES FOR TRAVEL. There are several O'cean S.S. Lines running to Halifax, Montreal and St. John, Ac. From Montreal tlie Old Country settler can proceed to the Sault, if he likes, by rail. Splendid equipped passen^^er trains — C.P.R. "Soo Line" — run through from Montreal to the Sault in about 20 or 24 hours. Sleeping cars run through without change. Good dining car service en route. Or if the passenger prefers he can proceed by rail from Montreal to Owen Sound, Collingwood, AV indsor or Sarnia and then proceed to the Sault by steamer. Some splendidly equipped steamers sail from the above ports. ^ If the traveller prefers instead of taking a through boat he can take one of the "local boats" which sail up to the Sault by way of "the North Channel" or "Inside Route," calling in at the different ports along the North Shore and on the Islands. The traveller will find the trip on the fresh water from either of the lower lake ports we have mentioned to the Sault a beautiful one during the summer season and the scenery, especially that of "the inside route," is grand and picturesque in some parts of the route, and among the large num- ber of small islands dotted over the route it is an ever changing pan- orama of beauty. m I also Agencies ipanics (un be :e at Sault Ste. -^27— lifax, Montreal \er can proceed »assen;;er trains B Sault in about •e. Good dining can proceed by iid8(»r or Sarnia ndidly equipped 3oat ho can take by way of "the e different ports raveller will find ovver lake ports ring the summer route," is grand g the large num- t-r changing jan- WHAT THE FARMERS SAY. In the spring and summer of 1892 a document entitled "Algoma Farmers Testify" was circulated amongst the settlers all over the dis- trict. It was filled up by testimony from hundreds of sottlers. It reads * we have much pleasure in stating that we sincerely believe Algonia today offers the best and greatest inducements possible to farmers and colonists seeking to make a comfortable home for them- selves. Wo confidently believe that any man willing to ^ork and having a practical knowledge of farming or stock raising can do well here, and got on even if he has no money or very little, there being abundance of work in the winter moaths in the lumber camps, mines, etc., and especially do we believe that the fertile District of Algoma offers the greatest possible inducements to a farmer or stock raiser having a little means or sm^ll capital, however comparatively small, anil a practical knowledge of farming. There is, and we believe always will be, a good home market here for cNcrything a farmer or stock raiser can grow or raise. We believe the market prices here are and always will be higher thiin anywhere else. We all of us can testify to the following facts : — (1) The abundance of godd water all through the distiici— creeks, rings, rivers, etc. (2) The absence of drought or of summer fro&tfi; 'pthe absence of blizzards in winter and hurricanes in summer, or grass ■fioppers which are such fjroat drawb.icks in Dakota, the Western and li^orth western States. (3) The fertility of the .soil and the rapid irowth in summer. (4) the abundance of good wood and timber of ^arious kinds all over the district. (5) The fact that directly the snow ?|rrds off in the spring the grass is green and that sheep and cattle can asture outside in the woods and commons, etc., until very late in the 11 or early in the winter; that the grass and herbage does not wither get bl''o^^^^ sfrrd jfardh^d thwcrgh ih^ stimm^r as m. (tih^t cotiDtrf^s, 1 ; I m I ( —28-- and that cattle and sheep do extremely well) and will thrive running wild anywhere on the wild grass and horbags which grows so lux- uriantly through the district everywhere; that in addition to the large profit which can be made here in pursuit of general agriculture, this country offers the greatest inducements £or cattle and sheep raising; that on the high lands and the rocky bluffs and ridges, which hero and there are found in the district, sliecp can be successfully pastured all spring, summer and fall without cost; that the rocky ridges and bluffs, which occur here and there, arc covered with grass and herbage very suite ble and nourishing for sheep, and that white clover is indigenous to the soil and grows everywhere, anu that there are thousands of acres of nmgnificant lands along the different rivers suitable for ranching or pasturing cattle. (6) That wheat (spring and fall) does exceedingly well here, and yields large* crops; that oats barley, peas and other crops also do extremely well and yield largely. (7) That the hay crop is enormous, and that we know of no country where larger and better crops of hay can be grr)wn. (8) That roots oi all kinds — potatoes, turnips, mangolds, et/c., do exceedingly we'l, better than we have seen anywhere else. (9) That gardening pays here; that everything which can be, or usually is, grown in a garden can 1)0 successfully grown here, and with a Urge profit. (10) That fruits of different kinds can be grown here in abundance; that the strawberry, raspberry, huckleberry, cranberry, etc., grow here, wild, in abundance; that currants of the different kinds do well here, also plums, cherries, apples and crab-apples, and that a farmer or stock raiser coming to Algoma with a little means an 1 a practical knowledge of farming would bo better off in Algoma in t:vo years than he would be in Dakota or the North West or the South or West of the United States in ten years; and further, by coming here he would escrpe a great many ha**dships and privations, as he would find here roads, schools, churches, stores, etc., and would not have to undergo a great many of the privations which the pioneer in other countries had to undergo. We have much pleasure in stating that we Mill be willing to answer any enquiries which may be made of us as to the great agricultural and stock raising resources of Algoma." The information gathered from "Algoma Farmers Testify" alone is very interesting and conclusive. The people who have signed it hail from all parts of the world. Wa wish we had space to publish the interesting "remarks" occur- ring all along opposite the names and written in the signer^s own ha'nd writing, such aV; : -- ■M 1 I —29— bhrive running i^rows so lux- idition to the ral agriculture, /tie and sheep 1 ridges, which be successfully that the rocky 3rcd with grass and that white anJ that there different rivers eat (spring and ops; that oats d yield largely. 7 of no country 31) That roots ot ceedingly we'l, gardening pays 5wn in a garden Dat. (10) That dance ; that the »w here, wild, in well here, also fanner or stock tical knowledge 3 than he would 8t of the United 5 would escepe a find here roads, undergo a great countries had to billing to answer reat agricultural Testify" alone is ,ve signed it hail remarks" occur- the signer^s own ••It is a good country for farmers." "Good place for root crops and grain; also very good market." "Consider it a good piece to raise stock, grain and roots, and a good market." "Good for rootb, apples, grain, hay, stock, and one of the best markets in Ontario." "Good country for grain and root crop." "Well adapted for stock." "Climate particularly adapted for stock." "Land fertile. Yields wheat, peas and oats. Roots of all kinds do well. Have made more money here in half the time- than I. ever made in the county of York, and the climate is healthier." "Land fertile. Grows good grain of all kinds, grows good roots also. The very best fruits, such as cherries, plums, currants, and apples. Cattle and sheep do extra well here. Have a large number of bees doing well also. I have handled bees for forty years and never seen them do so well." This man also hails from York county. "I like the district better than I ever liked Norfolk. Have done well here. Made more property in one year than I ever made in my life. Want more settlers." "I am getting along well for a man of small means. I don't know where T could get along better if 1 was going to farm." "Like the country well. Which is the best I know for stock raising, as well as grain of all kinds. Came from Township A^espra." A miller says: "Have been running a grist mill for a number of \ years and find the farmers doing well in this part, and also find quality iof grain grown first-class." A man from Pickering, Ont., says: "Can grow good crops of grain [and roots or garden stuff. Have made a good living from the first.' "I like the Island well for its good climate, and its great grain [growing facilities." Another says: "1 like the Island well. Can do better here than I [ever did before I came. I came from Simcoe county " "No place a good man can do better in that I know of. Came from Lrtimesia." "I am satisfied with this place for farming and stock raising. I 'row as good fall wheat and crops of all kinds as in the count v of fYork, which is supposed to be the finest farming country in the Pro |\-inc*0 of Ont^Jd." :^ \' li! I —30— "Catnofrom tho county of Wellington. That county w noted for 8toc:k raising and furniing in general, and I think this is equal to that count)." "I think this district second to none in tho woild for mixed farming." "Cttine from county of Bruce. Rose Township is excellent for both cattle or sheep raising, any amount of wild pasture. 1 think sheep laising would ho very profitable in Rose Township. Sheep ond cattle can run \\il(i through tho woods and wild commons and beaver mea- dows. There am any number of small springs and creeks (containing speckled trout) all over Rose Townsinp, Algoma. I have two orch«rd8 planted, both doin«^ well, hij* healthy tiees. Apples are gointj to bo a great nuccpsi. I l)elieve in a f^w years Algoma will be a good apple country, if farmers will start and plant out orchards." 'My expenses left me in debt when I enrao here with my wife and five children. Now I am well off. Thank God for it. N.B. — I have a horse and bua;gy free for my own use. Came from Warwickshire, England." ' "Came from Hastings, Ontario. I am well satisiie<3 with this place for farming and stock raisin;;^. Came here with hardly any money at all, would not take less tlmn $1 OUO for stock and property." "Came from Wellington county. Well pleased and doing well." Another man writes that he came from the State of Micliigan, ^nd adds: "After having travelled over all tho Western States in search of a home I came here with small means. I am m>w doing well with a good stock of cattle, sheep and horses of my own, a .', thank God, all paid for. I prefer ttiis place to any other." Another man who came from Ontario ecunty, says: "Peas 52, Oats 40, VVheat 30, Buckwheat 25 bush^^ls per acre, this grown on ny own place." "I am doing well and am contented. Came from Ottawa." "Came from Cartwright. 60 bushels of Oats, 20 Wheat, 50 Peas to to the acre. I grow good apples and other fruits. Am doing well." "The above statements are not overdrawn." (Referring to I to 10). "The aljove statements are not near as str<, and "VV<^I1 adapted for slock." "Hav(5 raised tim best wheat hero I over did.*' (Two men n»alushel planted. I ft^el so well satisfied with Algoma and with tho )rospecLs for tho futuie, that T have no desire to return to Eastern Ontario." A St. Joseph's Island man says: 'T came here thirteen years ago without any money, or hardly any. and did iiot know anything about Ithe bush. Now I have fifty acres of cleared land, and a good stock of Icattle and a team of horses." 1 Another man from the same Island says: ''I have worked around §ninos and on railroads and had good pay, but could not save any inoney until I came to St. Joseph's Island. When I came I had ono ^ow and about $50 in cash. Now I am worth $2,000, and T am only Jiere H years." Others say: "Been over tho most of Canada and the States, and St. .Joseph's Island is tho best place I have seen for a man with small leans. Never saw a place where crops grow better." " I came here four years ago. Had |700. Now I am worth $2000. [y P.O. is Carterton." "I camo here thirteen years ago. I did not have |5. Now I havo ;! :1 i I throe Imudred acres of good land, one horse, one yoke of oxen and a good stock of sheep, cattle and pigs. I think St. Joseph's Island is the place to settle in." "I came here ten years ago. I only had $\ when I landed at the dock. New I have two hundred acres of land and am doing well. Algoma is the place for a poor man, or a man with some capital." "I got a free grant lot 13 years ago, and then had only one horse, one cow and no money. Now I have three horses, five cows and a good stock of young cattle, six sheep, three pigs, thirty hens, a mowing machine, waggon, harrow, plow, good house, a bank-barn 36x60, thirty acres cleared, and don't owe any man a dollar." *'I came to St. Joseph six years ago. Was $300 in debt when I came here. By thi«i spring I havo cleared myself of debt, and have in addition got stock and cattle around me, and good land of my own. Am doing well, satisfied and contented." "T used to farm in County Elgin, Ontario. Elgin is considered one of tlic best fall wheat counties of Canada. 1 have on St. Joseph's Island better fall wheat than I ever saw or grew in Elgin County, or that I ever saw anywhere. If anyone thin^ks good fall wheat cannot be grown in Algoma he is mistaken." - A dairyman says in an in t resting letter, too long to publish here in full : "I live in Township Taren torus, three miles frora the town of Sault Ste. Marie. Have been 12 years in A'goma, and can speak from experience as to its climate. I came from Norfolk, Etiglind. There is lots of money in stock raising in Algoma; from early summer until late in the fall cattle can run wild and do well. Can run wild any- where and cost nothing for their keep. Ha} is a Jgood crop, I often have 2 to 2 J tons to the acre. Turnips grow good, carrots also, in fact the roots can't be beat. I never saw better samples of roots any- vhere than I see every fall at the District Fall Show at Sault Ste. Marie. Fruit does well in Algoma, strawberries and all small fruits do extremely well. Wild strawberries and raspberries are abundant. Any of the townships around Sault Ste. Marie would make a good home for the intending settler, if he will work hard and attend to his business. To succeed a man must work anywhere, and the more a man knows practically about farming and dairying Ihe better he can do, the more money he can make. A man coming here without any money, if he works hard and has a knowledge of the b\tsiness, can perhaps get on better in Algouia than in other countries where there is no work or employment in the winter months as there is in Algoma in the woodr and mines and on public works; but the kind of farmers to come here "^k. '>*?. liUe of oxen aud a Bph's Island is the I landed afc the d am doing well. >me capital." id only one horse, 3, five cows and a }y hens, a mowing tarn 36x60, thirty ) in debt when I debt, and have in land of my own. ; is considered one /e on St. Joseph's 1 Elgin County, or fall wheat cannot ig to publish here from the town of id can speak from Etigland. There arly summer until IDan run wild any- od crop, I often d, carrots also, in iples of roots any- ow at Sault Ste. ill small fruits do 38 are abundant. uld make a good md attend to his d the more a man ter he can do, the ut any money, if can perhaps get re is no work or ma in the woodn ers to come here and the men who woUld make themselves independently well oif in a very short time are tenant farmers and others with a little means or ; capital and a good practical knowledge of farming or stock raising ; men who understand it as a business, and who have a little money to buy good stock and implements and ^et well started. The farmers now in Algoraa came without money. I came here 12 years ago with- out any money at all. I don't think I had $12 when I landed at the Sault Ste. Marie dock. There was no railway here then. If the farmers who are going to Dakota and the Northwest with .*?1,000 and upwards, would come hero tliey would do better and be better off, f believe, in two years in Algoma than they would be in Dakota oi' the Northwest in ten years, and they would escape many hardships. My ,*=«post-of!ico address is Sault Ste. Marie; will be glad to answer any inquiries which may he made of me personally or by mail." And so on, scores of tliem, b"t too long to publish here. Among others a yery interesting one from a gent'eman, reeve of his township, who was engaged in sheep raising in Roxborough, Scotland, and Australia, and who compared Algoma favorably with both countries ; If 'I understand sheep raising, have followed it all my life. Since I tjiave been in Burpee township I have never known a case of 'foot rot' mn. Algoma nor 'liver worms.' I don't know of any sheep disease or Rattle disease in Algoma. I never knew cattle or sheep to die in iAlgoma except from accident. Without doubt T believe this is the ,|healthiest place for stock of all kinds and sheep. In fact, speaking ienerally, I think Algoma the healthiest climate in the wor'd. Tlio printers I consider very healthy both for man, and stock and sheep. 3?he air is exhilirating and dry in winter. In summer it is never very hot, the nights are always cool, and very heavy dews are a general -thing. One cause why the climate is moist in summer is the presence !pf so much fresh water in and all around Algoma. The bis; lakes — ireally inland seas — and so many inland rivers lakes, and streams. j'here is abundance of good water for man and beast. The moist Jtemperature keep*? the grass and herbage green and luxuriant all ummer." This gentleman enlarges at length on the fact of the clover being ndigenous to the soil and the great advantage it is to sheep raising. I He says further : "Industrious men have always succeeded hero yen if they had no capital and I can tell you dozens of them in Igoma. As to fruit, T have a good orchard of apples (some are eedlings grafted by me, and some are from nurseries) plums and Iherries; they are aU thrifty trees. My trees have been tearing for 'lome years." . *, 1 •iii It' I*: m !|i !i! |«1 II I i —34— There is an intei*esting letter from a lady farmer in Tarbutt town- ship. She came from Worcestershire, England. The letter shows the money there is to be made in A'goma out of the dairy business a'cne. Wo wish we could publish the letter in full. Among other things she says : " I lived in Worcestershire, England. It was a good grazing county." • "The kind of farmers who should come here, in my opinion, and who would do well here are the working tenant farmers of England. Farmers who have capital in England to work a 100-acre farm, could buy and stock in this country a good farm of i 60 acres. That is, I mean, the capital which would be needed to work a farm in England of 100 acres would buy outright and well stock % farm of 160 acres in Algoma, either on the main land or the islands ; and furthermore, there is already a valuable crop already planted by nature; I meaa the valuable timber of difibrent kinds, hard wood and soft wood, pulp (paper-fibre) wood. This is one of the advantages of farming in a timbered country. I would not want toiive in a prairie country. In a prairie country you have no timber, you have to buy any you need. Hero when one goes on a farm you find valuable timber of all kinds. There are a good many other reasons why a timbered country should bo preferred to a prairie country. The timber is a great protection against the wind also; we have no blizzards in winter or hurricanes in summer, and we have excellent sweet spring water for man or beast. I like the climate both, in summer and winter, and wbuM not m ant to live anywhere else." There are dozens of similar letters from people uU over the north shore and the islands. Amc^g others some very interesting ones from the Goulais Bay, Prince, Pennefather and Korah settlements northwest of Sault Ste. Marie, and from the Thessalon district east of the Sault. Many of the letters deal with the fruit question, and clearly prove that if the farmers will start and plant orchards of the hardy kinds of trees, in a few years Algoma will be exporting apples. A TEKHUMMAH FARMER'S VIEWS. Dear Sir, — ^Your circular to hand, and in replying tc its request I would say that I believe the idea is a good one and I hope will be a success in awakening an interest in the settlement of Algoma with men and women thac will be willing to take hold and work both hand and head to make Algoma one of the most desirable places for a home that is to be found in the Dominion. BMas .35- in Tarbutt town- e letter shows the ry business a'cne, long other things It was a good • opinion, and who levs of England. D-acre farm, could acres. That is, I irm in England of in of 160 acres in and furthermore, »y nature; I meaa d soft wood, pulp of farming in a lirie country. In )uy any you need, mber of all kinds, id country should a great protection r or hurricanes in for man or beast, bu^d not M ant to dl over the north esting ones from ements northwest east of the Sault. early prove that dy kinds of trees, tc its request I I hope will be a of Algoma with work both hand »lace8 for a home Wo are located on the Manitoulin Island, 14 miles south-west of Manitowaning. We have been here for 21 years. I came from King Township in North York, Ont., and previous to this when I was a small boy from Ireland. I had about $2,500 when I camo to the District. I have done fairly well. I took up 700 acres of land first and doubled the dose after a time. I would not advise anyone to get land here unless it was timbered with marketable timber; say good pine, spruce or cedar. In our locality now it U not easy to get much of it in a block that is not taken up. Our bush land has been as profitable as our cleared land to us. A good winter in the bush is as good as a good harvest. We are engaged in farming as a main pursuit but we have in the family a second and a third class school teacher and otheii looking out for something better than farming although it is possible they may be mistaken like many others have been before, for m} part I believe no other occupation to be as independent as the farmer's. We have something over 200 acres cleared. We have a fairly good farming country around here. The island as a rule, is one-third good and two-thirds broken, rough and rocky. That is a groat advantage in some ways to the settlers as it affords a run for stock that cost nothinut of which I made the above improvements with house, barns, etc. For one who knew very little about farming at the commencemeni have done very well, as 1 consider my property with slock at tlso Mosent time worth at least 8-, 500, and as it is well known to all fai'mers that for the first finv years whatever profits are realised goes Iback on the farm until there is sullicient cleared to keep him going Milling instead of clearing, tliei he finds the results of his labor. The land is capable of growing all kinds of grain, but the grain m( st secure is oats, peas and barley. Wheat is not 'grown for up to the present we have no Hour mill in our neighborhood, and besides it pays better to grow the coarse gi lin as the season for growing is short and iat present there is not sufficient forest cleared to pre vent the early (frosts, but as we grow older this will cease as in tiie older counties of iOutario. At present peas, oats, and barley give the best results and las there is a good market foi' oats with the lumbermen, peas and barley [are valuable as feed. All kinds of soft woods Lire abundant — birch, tamarac, spruce and [cedar. In the next township, Clayton, maple, yellow birch, and oak are plentiful; all these woods can be taken out easily in the winter, the average snowfall being 2^ feet and our winteis c!ear and frosty with very little storms of any violence. This country could be s ifely called the home of the dairyman, for it is rich in grass and blupjo'nt crops up eveiy where, and clover and timothy when sown yields wonderfully, The grass keeps fresh until late in the fall. The average crop of hay to the acre is \h tons, Lut in many instances as high as 'Jh and even 3 tons has been cut. Cattle and sheep do well but the hog is the most profitable as disease is unknown to us. Our market is at least one-thirJ higher than in other parts (^f Ontario, as it pays the lumbermen better to buy from us at the higher prices Llian to pay high freightage for six or seven hundred miles. % There is no better place in Canada for a man to settle in if he is willing to rough it for a wliile and "(row with the countrv. A man without money can earn enougli in winter to keep him working on his lurm all summer. Fiuit does not seem to do well just around here. Tn my opinion Algoma is t.head of Manitoba as a general farming country for many reasons. We nuiy not have quite so rich a soil, but when a man takes up a lot here he has botl. the land and material for bui'ding and fencing, in fact he has ever3tliing he neeOfn around him — good water, land and various kinds of timber to build himself a com- 6 '^>».v,. -42 — f()rta))l(! Iiomc. All llial is iiccdod in n stout liourtand willing hniul to insure nroHporil y. il. A. MADDEN. CAME WITH .^2'). NOW WORTH }i?0,000. ^i *" Dkau Htu,— T livo in tho soutliorn part of . v^l«;oma, on the Manitou- lin Fsland, to'.vn of (!ore l>ay. I liavo li\((l iiere 18 years. I caimo from County of SIimcoo, Ont. W*' liad .^25. and a small stock upon our arrival. Wc have done well in the District. I am engaged in farinin.n' altoj^ether. I have 170 acres. There is a good farming country all around nio. On '.. growing is very profitable in this sec- tion. All kinds of grain give a gi'eat yield, it is a great place for growing roots and potatoes, we grow a vei'y large crop. It is nn ex- <'(;llent country for raising catt'e, sheep, etc. Both dairying and cheese making is very pi'ofitahU^ in this section. lUitter about IGcts., Eggs i'jcts. on an average, and a ready market for it a'l the time. It is good place foi- any man to farm or to work out as lie is always sure of very good wages. It is about the same kind of climate as is fouufl down below, and is a very g< od fruit growing count:/. Very fine agricultural district. Would advise furmers to settle here as there is plenty of first-class f -ee land. There is a good wood country and not very far to haul it and always a good sale for it. Our property is now worth between $S,000 and $9,000. We like our home very much and I don I 1 now any place in Canada I wou'd exchange for. it is a rare thing to find a farmer without a buggy and that speaks well for this naw country. Our children have all the advantages of public and high schools and the building of churches keeps pace with the develop- ment of the country. HENRY WOOD. Gore Bay, Manitoulin Island. ANOTllKR FARMER DOING WELL. Deak Siu, — In aucorvlance with your request I give you a descrip- tion of this part of Algoma. T live in the Township of Wel!s. Have been here six }ears. 1 came from Township of Glenelg, County of Grey, lowei Ontario. I had some money and a full set of impleraentB —43— for farming in i\m new settlement, ane remaining pages of this pamphlet to present before our readers such an array of bald Facts as will conclusively show, tha', at the present time, this section of New Ontario holds out more substantial inducements to the saving and in* dustrious homeseeker than is offered in any other part of the world. From twenty to twenty five per cent, of the necessaries of life such as beef, flour, pork, butter, cheese, eggs, etc.— that are ronsumeJ in the various towns and villages scattered along the Canadian Pacific Rail- way and the ^"ault Ste. Marie branch, would be a conservative estimate of ihe quantity of such necessaries that, is produced at home and therefore, prices range considerably higher than in the more advanced portions of the Province, because high freight rates have to be added to the first cost of these food commodities. It would be but natural for a thou'-'htful farmer, who contemplated settling in a new country, to first ask, after he had been satisfied as to the merits of the soil : "What are the facilities for getting the products of mv land to market? " and it must be admitted here, that the absence of such means has been the bar rier in the way of the more rapid growth of our rural population ; bub it is because this barrier is now being removed that agricultural pur- suits in East Algoma will be rendered more profitable than heretofore, and persons engaging in farming may surround themselves with al' the coraf(nts obtainiii>le in the more thickly populated portions jf the Do- minion. An able-bodi'd settler coming to this District at the present time, ought to easily succeed without any very great amount of mean»9, although sufficient capital with which to get a start, is usually a prere- —60- •'I quisite to iiuccess iu any new agricultural country. An industriouH and fcober foreigner, coming here now, or any time during the next two vearfi, would And conditions which are rarely met by persons who have but little more than their muscles upon which to rely for a livelihood for themselves and their families. Land 's plentiful and cneap and there is everywiiore a demand for labor at higher rates of wagt^s than has been known heretofore in East Algoma. Sault Sb. Marie— lying along the St. Mary's river, which separates Algoma from the United States is the District town, and is surrounded on the ea^t, west and north by a country that is rich in mineral and forest wealth, the harvest iug of which is now beginning and must, in the near future, make of this place a manufacturing city of the first importance. The town is situated at tne point where Lake isuperior the i^reatest body of fresh water in the wciid- falls down eighteen feet into the river be'ow, and the tremendous energy thus create*!, is being harnessed to drive the wheels of a number of gigantic industries controlled by a company of American capitalists, whose millions are being invested under the per- sonal supervision of Mr. Francis Hector Clergue, a man of great genius, and unquestionably the most distinguished promoter of huge pnjects to be found on the continent. It is proposed to create at this point a complete chain of native industries, the machinery of which shall be fed by the fo»'ests and mines of New Ontario, and the first of these in- dustries was established about five years ago, when the mills of the Sault Ste. Mario Pulp and Paper Company were built. No paper has yet been manufactured, but that branch of the industry will be com- pleted and in operation parly in the spring of 1900. The pulp works, however, are much the largest mechanical pulp mills in the world, giv- ing employment to close upon a thousand men, and turning out up' wards of 100 tons of dry pulp each day, which is equal to 200 tons of the wet pulp that Is manufactured by all of the other mills of ths United States nnd Canada This immen$«e production of spruce wood piolp, which is really unfinished paper, finds a ready market in Ger- many, Holland, Belgium, France, Mexico and Japan, where there will always be a demand for as much pulp as it is possible to manufacture at this point, because the beautifully clear Lake Superior water used in our process of manufacture gives the Sault Ste. Marie pulp a superiority over that produced zn any other country. When these mills were put in operation anistri2fc afterj the railway had been completed, and the chief aim of this pamphlet'ls, by straightforward reasoning, to induce irdnscrious Englishmen, Scotchmen, Irishmen ani Welchmeu to migrate to East Algoma now, when golden opportunities are held out to them, and when they wo^iH have a chance of maKing money from the start, and could, by the exercise of ordinary industry, be iu independent circumstances within five or six years. As has been before stated, the building of this line of railroad would open up iu the neighborhood of five million acres of new landb. This would mean that the new territory alone would provide homes for upwards of thirj ty-one thousand settler.", giving to each a quarter of a section, i. e. : 160 acres, which is considered a good sized farm in this country, This great tract of territory, which has remained uninhabited, owing to its inaccessibility, is soraposed almost entirely of wooded lands ; the for* ests are virgin forests, where there is to be found an abundance of the soft and hard woods for which there is an ever increasing home and foreign demand at good cash prices, If a market be at hand for the forest products of the soil it is apparent that a farm started on a good soil and in a well timbered country will yield better leturns from the start, than a prairie farm, especially to the settler of limited means \7ho is not in a position to wait for two or three years before he can realize on his labors. A cart*ful computation shows that one hundred and sixty acres of East xMgoma woodland would yield pine sufficient for all settlers' needs; an J 1 ,000 CORDS OP SPRUCE PULP WOOD. 1 000 CORDS OP BALSAM AND POPLAR. 10,000 HEMLOCK, BALSAM AND CEDAR TIBS. 1,000 CORDS OP BEBCH, BIRCH MAPLE, OAK AND ELM. For these forest products the Algoma Central l^ailway Company is piepared to enter into a contract to pay the following cash prices to all se' tiers along its line of railway. Spruce wood, f..o. b. cars, $2 00 per cord. Balsam and poplar, f. o. b. cars, ??1.50 per cord. Hemlock, tamarack and cedar ties, f. o. b. cars, 12 cents each. Hirch, beech, maple, oak and elm, f. o. b. cars, $2.25 per cord. A cons, r vat ive estimate of a settler's profits on his 16 J acres of wooded land would be as follows: SpHic^". l.OfK) CMffN, w«nth f. o h cars. $2.0^\ or a net profit of$l.(M)p"i cor.^ $1000 00 B lis on Hn*, $1 50, mi a n"t jHofit 'tt oOchiiis pet- cord 500 00 H')iiliich 500 00 Birch. bf»H<*h inaplp, oik and elm, 1,OOJ O'-d-, vv »rth f o. b cars, $2 25 per cord, or a net profit of $1 00 per c )rd 1 000 00 Total net profits from wood on 160 acres. . . $3 000 00 By these figures it wil bj seen that an Eist Algoraa pettier would average a net cash profit of $1S 75 on every a;r.3 o? Ian 1 (ileir.jl an J thus be enabled t) provide himself with all the nece-isary machinr>ry and stock wita which to coru'nenoe thw carrying on of practical farmin:^. If th^i a'lvantaijfos which the District has to offer settlers now were to cease when they had c' eared their land of its wool, it would not be rii»ht for us to induce our kinsrnen across the'Atilantic to conn h«re an I lo3itH, kno villi/ tliat th«>y coui I only rem lin temporarily Hippily, ho^vHVtM*, then^ is no sui;h dan-jfei*, and we t\o v pr )po3e co point out to our readers the giouad we have tor the statemeat t)hat after tiie settler has — oy - of of 00 00 00 ^00 00 )0 00 inToo rould and vfeve ^ot be lo our ler has cleared the wood from his land he will occupy a place in one of the most favored farming coinmuuities to be found in the Dominion of Canada. We have said that iho capitalists who control the vast water power atS>iult Sto. Marie intend a;oino; on until a complete colony of native industries have been esta-lished at that point. Their mammoth pulp works are in operation already, bat there are other large industries be- ingf launched, which, when carried to completion, will I ave made the District town of Eastern Algoma one of the i ^ost important manufac- turing centers in the whola Dominion. To discuss these varied indus- tries in detail would, perhaps, be wearisome, but a gener.l knowledge of their magnitude may be gleaned from the following article, which appeared in the Toronto Globe on January 4, 1900, under the caption, "A New Sheffield:" •'Reduciion works, to cost $1 .500 000 00 Chemical w«)rks, to cost 5(X) (XK) 00 AlkHli woiks, to cost 1 500 000 00 Sniphidn pulp mill, to cost 250 OiK) 0(J Steel rail mill, to cost , . . . . 2 500 000 00 Totol $6 250 000 00 "The above is a pretty big budget and calls for an expenditure oE six and a quarter mi lions of dollars. The whole of this large outlay is to be made at Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., and it is claimed that the effect will be to make the Soo the Sheffield of America. Some of the works out- lined above are already under way and will be completed next suumer. The greater part, however, still remain to be undertaken, but will be begun in the very near future. The men wh ) are to expend these moneys are American capitalists and every single dollar thus spent will be foreign capital. The projects which these men have in c«)ntom- plation are of such magnitude that they would be regarded as a fairy tale were it not that the information concerning them comes from a re- liable authority. It was Mr. F. H. Clergue, monasrer of the great pulp nnill at Sault Ste. Marie, who informed the Globe of the plans in con- templation, that will convert the Soo into one of the greatest manufac- turing and industrial centers on the continent. Mr. Clergue was in tO'Vn yesterday afternoon. He gave an inter v ew to a Globe correspond- ent and furnished a number of interesting details relative to the proj- ected Sault Ste. Marie works. "'The Ontario and Like Superior Coiupany,' said Mr. Clergue, 'is the title of the company which is launching these enterprises. It has a capital of $20,000,000, of which 16,000,000 have been paid in. The >-54 - cupilalists couipOHiu^ tlie company belong to JSaw Yoi-k uud Piiiladol- phia. All the capitail which is being invested is foreign money. It is wholly share capital, none of the mouthy being raided by bonds or mort- gages. V\'e are buildinjr reduction and relining works at ^ault Ste. IVIarie that will cost 61,500,0'»0, will give employment to 1,000 men and will haw. a capacity of 1,000 tons a day. The works are now un- der onstruction and will be ready for operation on June 1 next. Wo shall treat nickel, copper and other ores from a 1 over Ontario. These works will give an added value to the mineral propeities in this Pro- vince and \'i 1 provide a market for mineral products. Wo shall draw ore from the district extending from Saull Ste. iVlarle to Sudbury, A ny( ne who has a carload of ore to sell can dispose of it to us and he will be in as good a position a^ the farmer when ho goes to market his grain. "We are also crecfciug largo chemical works in connection with the reduction works, fo'' utdizing sulphur, and producing sulphurous anhy- dride for use n sulphide pulp »nills. Alkali plants are xho beini? Iiuilt for the production of ca^istic acid and bleaching powder. The chemical works will cost $50o,000, while the alkali works involve an outlay of $1,500,000. A sulphide pulp mill costing $250,000 is b ing erected in connection with our extensi'o plant 1 should not forget to mention that we ai'e about to establish a steel rail mill that will cost about $2 - 5oo,oo^. This will have a capacity of a thousand tons of steel rails daily," "What al railway communication with the Helen iron mine in the Michipicoicn district, of which you are the owners ?" "Well, a railway from the point of navigation to the Helen iron mine has been completed, and by the trnie navigation opens, our ore dock, the biggest on Lake Superior, will be finished. Already we have sold 500,000 tons of ore for shipment to the United States and various points In Ontario ne.xt season." The Helen iron mine referred to is situated on the branch line of rail- way now under construction between Michipicoten Harbour on Lake Superior and the main lino of the C.P. R. and from thi^ j)oint eastward 300 miles to the famous Sudbury niokel miocs, valuable deposits • f gold, copper, nickel and iron are found. It is the output of these mines that will feed the great industries at Sault Ste. Marie and give employment to many thousand skilled workmen. The magnitude to which these in- dustries may expand is beyond calculation but it is interesting to know that wherever the raw material for electro-chemical, electro-metallurgi- cal, or other industries, affjrds sufiicient inducement, and the water power is at hand, the forest will be penetrated much more rapidly than —56- mine lock, sold irious if rail- Lake iward gold, Is that rment jse in* know (llurgi- 'water than heretofore and aettlements advanced in new directions. A h illustrating what can he done in thiy direction we may point to the development of a single industry in the wilds of the state of Minnesota, on the opposite side of Lake Superior from Algoma. Upwards of 400 milns of railway have been built, through wjiat was a trackless wildftruess in 1885, lo reach iron ore bedw, the ore from which is shipped to Lake Erie and f-om there railroaded 200 miles into Pennsylvania. This single enterprise has, in mines, railways, docks and fleets of steamers, required an invest- ment of the enormous sum of $250,000,000. With this object lesson before us; with the knowledge that Algoma possesses mineral and forest wealth incalculable in its value, and capital is at hand to develop these vast resources, it is but common logic to conclude that in a very short time East Algoma will have a lar^e urban population. And with a farm of good soil, ])lenty of wood and water and the best kind of a home cash market, what moro could the industrious settler yearn foi. The eyes of the \ ominion are on Als^oma at the present time bocaus'=i it is confident* ly expected that this section of Ontario will show moro rapid develop- moiit vithin the next few jears than any other part of Canada. Last summer the members of the provincial Legislature and a score of press representatives spent two weeks in the District and the country's won- derful wealth in natural resources excited general on thusiasra; and since that time it has been almost impossible to pick up an ea8*:rern newspaper without reading something about the bright future that is before "New Ontario." Without political distinction the representatives in the Ontario Le- gislature now realize the importance of this vast, and practically un- occupied, portion of tlio province, and recognize the necessity of assisting its tpeedy development. That the new government of Ontario, under the premiership of Hon. G. W. Ross, intend that settlers coraiiig hero shall have every a«l vantage that it is possible to give them is shown by the following extracts from a speech delivered by t/he Premier a few weeks ago. This is what he said: **I think we should address ourselves and apply our surplus means to the devel- opment ol the country— first to the development of New Ontario, and secondly to the development of Old Ontario. For instance, if we can *ifjFord it, why not give Mr. Dryden (Min. of Ag.) more money for the educational work that i-^ carried on by means of Farmers' Institutes, county fairs, dairy schools and agricultural colli ges. Little Belgium, much smaller than Ontario, has several ai^ricultural colltges Bel- gium, Denmark, all these central divisions of Europe, know th t their existence depends practically upon instruction in agriculture and in the education of their artisan classes. If our finances warrant it, why not increase our grants to these institutions, and why not increase our grants to the iiubllc and high schools, and our grants for the iminovement of roads, and so on? We live in a progressivo 66-^ uttcntioi. to the dcvelo|0 ^ > TO OUH FRIENDS IN CANADA AND TMB If. fl. 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Write your friends in the Old Country to get copies of the Pamphlet from the Agent, of the Ontario Government at the address given below; . • ' Ji '■ 4 Ml\>vx->.N\ v>.N^ > V^.^■^C>\v^■> u East t> 5:vC[SX5S3SrE3a33333: .\^%%\% * Tq Otir Frtends tii Great Britain and Irelftlfdt As to copies of this Pamphlet, which will be distributed in the Old Country through the kind- ' ness of the Agents of the Ontario and Dominioin Gov- ernments; Help us to get this Pamphlet into circula- lation all over Great Britain and Ireland. One half- penny will pay the postage from any place into uny place in the United Kingdom.' Copies may be obr tained in the Old Country on application to P. BYRNE, Esq.^ Agent for the Government of Ontario. Nottingham Buildings, 19 Brunswick St.^ Liverpool. Or to the Canadian Immigration Agents, whose names appear on the last page of this book.