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OUTLINE MAP OF THE NORTH PAOIEIO OCEAN, Showing the Distribution of Diiabled Japanese Junlcs by Winds and Currents; also Direction of the Kuro Shiwo, or Japan as oorreotod by the Observations and investigationa of Professor Qeorge Davidson, U. 8. C. 8. ORAWN QY CWAHI_EQ WOLCOTT BROOKS. OCEAN, I Kuro Shiwo, or Japanese Warm Stream, fidaon, U. 8. C. 8. ■i ! EARLY MIGRATIONS. ORIGIN OF THB Chinese Rage, PHILOHOI'HV OF THEIII KABLY DKVELOPMKNT, WITH AN INQUIBT INTO THE EVIDENCES OF THEIR AMEKlCAiN ORIGIN; Suggesting the Great Antiquity of Races on the American Continent. BT CHAllLEtJ WOLCOTT BKOOKS, Member of the California Academy of Sciences. Read before the California Academy of Sciences, May 3d, 1876. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA: Re-printed from the Proceedingo of the Academy, 1876. 6-77 5 Entered according to Act of Con-^'iess, in the year 1876, by CHARLEH WOLCOTT BROOKS, In the Office of the Librariuu of Congress, at Washington. oi^LiGiisr OF TUB CHINESE RACE, PHILOSOPHY OF THE1I|^ EXCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT:— ' Jnqiiiry into llie Kvideno*^ of their Axnerioan Origini sug- geetinj; a groat AntiQuity of tlie Hviinan Races on the American Continent. BY CHAULES WOLCOTT DUOOKS. In seurching fov tlit> oiigiti of nny race, the careful student is led to the barrier of pro-historic nges, where, amid the scanty remnants of remote an- tiquity, he Hoiks the niissiii}:; links of a chain whose farther end has passed from the vision c>f goncinl observers. All ethnolofjists must recognize the importance of reviewing the early stages of religious belief current among any people, and laws governing its develop- ment, in any systematic study of their earliest origin. Every act of luiin and every chniige in nature is self-recording, and although it may require the wisdom of a God to read the record, it yet exists, capable of being deciplu red, and contributing to history. With the advance of scientific Iniowledge, the human line of division be- tween so-called historic and pre-historic ages is gradually receding. Science and historical criticism are opening many fields long hid in myth and'con- jeeture. Much now classed as ancient mytholngy is but the lingering rem- nants of very ancient history, preserved and distorted by tradition. Most ancient nations in their written histories, have aimed as far as possible to ignore all antecedent civilizations, claiming for their own deified ancestry the origin of all men. IJarbaric conquerors, filled with the spirit of battle, were early deified as gods, their descendants accepted as demi-godn were founders of reijrning dynasties, and naturally snnght protection by surrounding their ori>;in with the supernatural. Transformations are freq'ient in the mythology of all nations, for religion, in whatever stage of its development, ever remains a grand, progressive, moral science. Many ancient forms of pagan worship glided silently into even Christian rites, when martyrs canonized as saints, noiselessly replaced the divinities of former systems. As most early gods were ancient heroes deified, their worship was a nat- g.^^.; PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA uml miinifestution of a low order of pntriotisiu, w hieh selfishly detested all nations but one chosen people. £fti'h nation seems to have created its own god in the image of its highest ideal. Early ideas of God have been success- ively adjusted to the iutellectual cai)acity of each progressive age, whose high- est ideal has ever been the natural limit to its powers of mental or spiritual conception, possible under existinji conditions of divelopmeiit. Modern science and its civilizing arts have refined our personal conceptions and raised our ideal, by extending our limits of comprehension. Our own conceptions of the Great Architect, the Intelligent Mind of the Universe, as ihey exist to-day, are as much nobler than those of the ancients, aH»the mag- nificent enginery of this uineteeenlh century excels the rude implements of early ages. Notwithstanding this tendency to ignore antecedent civilizatious, the most ancient peoples of antiquity, at the period of their viry earliest records, show plainly that civilized life existed before their time. In speaking of civilization at early periods, it is evident we cannot mean that of the printing press, telegraph and steam, as known in the nineteenth century, for no record of any such exists, but reference is made to a high state of early culture among cities of solid structure, with foreign commerce and mechanic arts, in contradistinction to barbaric, nomadic, or pastoral conditions. Great maritime empires existed in very remote periods; and both Alantic and Pacific Oceans were crossed, and races and civilizution widely extended in ages still called pie-historic. ^Vhelher we study the historical records of Arabian, Phcjeniciau, Chaldenn, Assyrian, Egyptian, Iv-'sia.), Central Asian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, Central American or Peririan nations, we are amazed at the antiquity to which they lead us. Many o.iental records now in process of translation, throw much light on the early movements of races. Asia in the far East was long considered the land of ciicLantnient— a name given by sui)erKtition to early science. Astronomy was cnllivatcd in Persia B. 0. 320J); in India, B. C. 3101; in China, B. C. 2952; and in Fgypt, B. C. 2800. Truly, wise men eamo from far east of Greece and Home. In Egypt, India, China, A«neuea and South Pacific Islands, evidences of a primitive civilization are found, which, in some instanc( s, must have run its course long anterior to the age of Homer. Unmistakable traces of a primeval and ante-historic culture of the human race in America exist to mark the lapse of many ages of civilized existence. A knowledge of thtv western shores of the American continent has long existence in both China and Japan. That a restricted communication has existed by sea across the Pacific does not admit of question. When treating of the origin of the Japanese races several historical instances of their early trans-Pacific voyages will be described and discussed. In comparatively modern times, enthusiaslic specialists, versed in Hebrew traditions, have sought to locate the primeval source of all knowledge and culture upon the high table lands of Asia, where thoy pictured the radiant morning of civilization as immediately succeeding the completion of a ere- I I ACADEMY OF SCIENCES nted world, perfected in all its parts, including mnn, the most complex being iind climiix of creation. In a search after the origin of any race, we are first led to define a belief in tlio orifjin of man. I accept the hypothesis of universal evolution by a slow process of cosmic development, from matter which includes within itself the elements of all atmoHpheric, mineral, ve<,'etabk' and animal existence, but latent until its energies are quickened by that progressive life-principle which ceaselessly radiates from the Great Intelligent Mind of the Universe, and is everywhere essential to awaken development. This hypothesis, clearly within the scope of human thought, is able to stand the test of human reason, and now seems tangibly demonstrated, espe- cially in the connected chain of fossils recently discovered and arranged by Professor Marsh, which visibly illustrate, by an incontrovertible record of natural history, the evolution of the eqiws or horse family, anchitherium, hipparion, etc. All material things appear connected together by gradational forms, from the superior mental culture of man, the highest animal, to th'^ protozean or lowest speck of gelatinous matter in which life manifests itself to human per- ception, onward through untold ages of mineral existence and cosmic condi- tions, ever in exact keeping with its pace of progress. All things thut develop have life. Earth has labored to lit itself for the abode of man, and its labors are progress: g successfully. Man came by regular stages of gradation from the monad, and his mental development keeps pace with and is restrained by physical surroundings. Immutable natural laws, universally and eternally in force, do not admit of any sudden, special creation of man, nor do they indi- cate that all forms of animal life could have been created at the same time. What has once occurred will, under similar conditions, occur elsewhere. Man is the result of all interior types, whose capabilities are within him- self, making him a compendium of all created things. Fossil remains, found in diflFerent formations, are plainly revealing the stages of progressive transformation, each successive one having all the attributes of its predeces- sor, with more added. Crustaceous animals are succeeded by fishes, running into the saurian, thence into birds, next marsupials, followed by the mam- malial, up to man Animal development has unfolded, and is continually improving as the physical conditions of the globe are improved and refined, and higher conditions rendered possible. Mind is an attribute of matter, each being instrumental and necessary to develop the other. Goethe says: "Mind cannot exist without matter, nor active matter without mind." The man of cultivated mind has reached more than a mere physical being, having developed within himself a portion of that superior intelligence, the germ of which he inherits from the Mind of the Universe. The human mind is unmistakably progressive, and progression is an eternal principle. Hence, mind, the highest refinement of matter in man, is eternal. Our greatest revelation from the Infinite is in His works, where nature matures a supply for every want she creates. The power to conceive of immortality Pkoc. Cai,. AcAi). Sci., Vol. VI.— 7. U U1.I1._.,1UII. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA therefore implieH ability to attain it. This glorioua truth is iustiiii) and recognized by every branch of the human race. The origin of man has been gradually, yet hastily, traced aH the i ..of a constantly progressive life-principle, awakening development in mutter, huo- cesHively evolving from cosmic conditions, minerals, plants, and all the lower forms of aniwal life, up to its climax, intelligent humanity. In man is to be found the highest physical ultimate of matter, endowed with that further re- finement, a moral and progressive spirit, capable of ultimately unfolding his full physical and mental capacities In human evolution, we can but outline the origin of existing physical forms, which periodically change with con- stantly modifying conditions. The immortal quickening principle which we inherit, can only be traced to the Infinite. The animating principle of all existences, appears like a purer and more highly refined essence or form of electric force; equally manifest in mental and physical development, aud exactly adjusted in all its different degrees to successive stages of progressive refinement. Natural law is universal. In the material process of electrotyping, man follows Nature's own method of building up metallic forms. The progressive life-principle of the human mind, in common with endless varieties of electric phenomena, manifests universal consistency in the positive and negative phases of a subtle activity. Some correlation with a Central Intelligence seems reasonably indicated, whence these mutually radiate as developing powers; alike in kind, varying only in degree, of force, purity and refinement. It appears probable that the ancestors of the earlier types of mankind, were evoived, by gradual development, near the oldest parts of continents, along their central summits, upon such portions as first acquired a soil after emerg- ing from a hot primeval sea. Primitive man, at first a speechless animal, may have appeared as a distinct variety of the animal kingdom, in the case of a single pair, from which all human races have multiplied, and differ- entiated according to the surrounding conditions of their local abode. If so, the physical conditions of certain localities have been far more favorable to the advancement of certain races than others, and early human history must be by race and not by 7iations, as communities of individuals come but with the first steps to culture. Within the limits of races best known, languages and families of languages are found, which preclude any common linguistic origin. It therefore fol- lows, that if man constitutes but a single family in the order of Primates, represented by a single genus, the formation of language must have com- menced after the still speechless primordial man had diverged into races, and differentiation had set in. With the development of ideas in the mind, how- ever rude at first, and organs capable of articulation in the body, language was a consequent result, under the operation of universal law. The Great Intelligent Principle of the Universe pervades the entire world, as our mind fills our whole physical frame. The manifestation oftthis principle we call Life, which all things possess in greater or less degree. Development is ever progressive, although mutability appears to mark every advance, yet no breach of continuity has occurred. Every order has proceeded by natural process from another antecedent. The superimposed 4 ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. , I -of llttlT, BllO- tlic lower tn in to be iirther re- }l(liug his ut outline with con- which we and more iu mental Sef^reea to crsal. In method of Hi human manifests le activity, indicated, d, varying ttind, were ints, along fter emerg- ss animal, n the case and diflfer- de. If so, avorable to story must e but with languages srefore fol- ; Primates, have com- ) races, and luind, how- , language The Great IS our mind pie we call ■a to mark y order has perimposed { Htrata which oonHtituto the cruHt of the earth, form n. gauge of relative time, for which human ehrom)logy Hcarcely affords a unit of measure. It is per- fectly certain that during the cretaceous epoch, a comparatively recent period in the world's history, none of the phyHical features ey'tacea, polypi, and polyparia successively appear as elements are advanced to the necessary conditions to sustain such forms of 8 rrOCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA life. Tht' HyHteiimtic development ol Jloni and fditnu, in HUCceHsive ngen, exlendrt in tin orderly chain from their dim and diHtnnt beginninp", t > our own time, through univcrHiil changen of atmosphere, climiile, and oHcillationH of temperature. A continual unbroken chain of organismH ban extended from pala'ozoic foimatioUH to those of our day, governed by law that knoAS no change. Each species has gradually evolved from its predecessor in an ante- cedent ag(>, by a gradual modification of its parts, culminating in the age it characterizes, and fades away in succeeding ones. Change la everywhere the soul of nature. The race which first ocquired the human form, and became properly entitled to be called Man, probably ascended from one original type, which has since diversified, and may in this age be divided into five distinct ■aricties (not types), generally classified as Caucasians — trhltc, Mongolians — ycliotc, Malayans — broicit, Americans — reil, and Negroes — hltck. As white and black are apparent opposites, and science shows the white race to be superiorly developed, it is fair to presume that primitive man was black; subseque.at nations, brown; their branches, red; from these sprang the yellow, and thence the white. Under local changes of utmoRpherical and physical conditions, of climate, food, etc., the original black became modified to a permanent 'own. In like manner one shade and color after another became permanv atly established. As with complexion, so also with stature, symmetry, and strength. Proper use develops, while disuse brings decay. Some anatomists have claimed that color may be produced by the arrest of ntero-gestation, or is governed by its relative duration in races, thus " causing the ultimate portions of the blood to become so assimilated with the cellular and serous tissues of the foitus as to render the body variously colored — black, brown, red, or copper color." Lusus ndtiira' have illustrated this fact. The present of any race depends largely upon the physical conditions of the soil they inhabit. When these remain unaltered, the race cannot advance, unless it can develop, by brain power, sufficient ingenuity to overcome the drawbacks to advancement; such as draining marshes, heating dwellings, importing ice, etc., thus growing, in spite of natural restraint, faster than the Blow process of natural evolutionary changes would permit. Modifications in different types of vegetable or animal life neither progi-ess equally nor evenly. There is no intrinsic necessity that they should undergo modifications at all, unless conditions change, or in the case of man, who invents ways of surmounting natural conditioni. To him the extreme North becomes habitable by the use of warm clothing, artificial heat and light during long winter nights. By a restless spirit pressing him forward and a judicious control of elements, he is enabled to obtain artificial conditions far in advance of the physical condition of his habitation, and thus pre-naturally exalt and develop himself and his race. With the loss of thct.a conditions the highly developed man would perish or relapse into a comparatively barbaric state, to where his development would exactly agree with his actual physical surround- ings. Darwin unmistakably illustrates the tendency of all forms to variations, which when once produced, join in equal battle to survive and supplant their ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 9 live ngeH, 1 our own liitiouH of ,ded from knoA'8 no n nn anto- 1 the ngf , acquired , probiibly my in this iHsitieil as Biins — red, , the white 3 iniin wna iHe sprang oBpherlcal •k becauio color after > also with use brings le arrest of J "causing he collular ■ colored — i this fact, nditions of >t advance, !rcoine the dwellings, Br than the pr progi'ess Id undergo man, who erne North ight during a judicious in advance f exalt and I the highly ric state, to 1 surrotmd- variations, )plant their I progenitors and all otherH. Thi' tltlest will muiuliiin itself and the othera perish, the jxirent and derived forms b .ing equally dependent upon their indi- vidual adaptability to surrounding cimditions. Thus, certain loculities still exist in the condition of ages long past, where inferior ruees yet flourish and tlnd themselves better ott', more competent to deal with ditHeulties in their way, than any variation derived from their type. While conditions continue unchanged they remain unsupplanted by other foriuH, and their type becomes very pronounced. Exact reproductions are rare. Amid infinite similitude there is infinite diversity; and imperfection is a vast lict, which must always be taken into account in all hypotheses. " Anin.al beauty arises from the perfect balance of physical parts and the' li thm u.\d perfection of their action." It is probable that no (erceptible change has liken place in the "" : ese race for many years, because in that timi tli ' incomplete changes of physical condition in their ciiuntry have not adn ■ ted of it. Wheat found in tombs with Egyptian mummies, when brought fro-.u darkness into sunlight and planted in congenial soil, grew and produced wonderfully, but could never have developed without a change of conditions. Change I < imperative to proKress. A complete knowledge of embryology furnishes an unerring record of the origin and development of any form of aniniid life; for tho embryo of higher types, while in process of maturing, pass successively through a recapitula- tion of all forms by which their species ascended by evolution to their present condition. Since conception, each human being has passed rapidly through modifications, the counterpart of the graduated forms through which his race has been slowly built up, and his present condition reached. Thus, we have a history of human evolution republished in every case of reproduction. M^n, as traced by his embryotic development, commenced, when in dark- nes-<, the cohesion of two or more gelatinous molecules, impelled by a con- stantly-progressive life-principle, united to fonn a microscopic zoosperm, capable of preserving its new condition in a thick and heated liquid. The proportionate duration of early life in warm water is revealed by the first nine months of his existence, during which many successive hut correlated forms are assumed. Dr. Cohnstein, of Berlin, (quoted in t'he Lancet, May, 1875,) "has determined by means of the thermometer that the temperature proper to the fadus in ukro is higher than that of the mother." The hot salt sea in which early life developed, is here typified. The period of atmos- pheric air having arrived at birth, "^merging into light, his aquatic life ends, and becomes terrestrial and aerial. New elements of food are supplied, and the mode of nutrition changed. For awhile 1 is food continues liquid, and he sees, hears, and notices but little. By degrees he arrives at a conscious- ness of the solid world, first rolling, then creeping, seal-like on four limbs, then sits upon his haunches, and finally walks erect, at first trem- blingly, then playfully, but firmly, at last. This reveals how nature required successive physical conditions, to acquire progressive results. Each being owes his present bodily form, to ascent through a parentage, each change cf -vhich has passed away, after accomplishing its intended purpose, a cul- mmation reached by degrees, through countless generations of improvement. In due time, children acquire teeth, and another change of food ensues, 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA and hair usually darkens. A second set of incisor and carnivorous teeth soon mark another stage of progress, and youth succeeds childhood, bring- ing an expanded development of bodily form, passions, and intellectual power. No individual can reproduce until he reaches the full m liurity of the type to which he at present belongs, which prevents the race from receding, by reproducing a lower type. Leaves grow out or drop ofif, but never grow back. Nature never retrogrades; advance or perish is law to the individual. Man can Imitate any animal of his species, but no animal can follow man beyond its developed powers. Many traits, exemplified in lower animals, are successively developed in children, and overcome by proper control; such as gluttony, cunning, and deceit — the latter a lingering trail of weakness, gene- ral with inferior races. They repeat the antics of a very active and mis- chievous race; their first attempts at drawing, resemble the rmle figures made by our primeval ancestry and present wild tribes; furthermore, like "children of the forest," our younger children have not reached the age of self- cleanliness. The impulsive ferocity of youth, and cooler maturity of age, are but char- acteiistic types of human transformation in the evolutionary procession. Our lives acquire a double signiftcauce, when we find we are building an inheritauce for every one of our desceudants, while our race continues. In our growth, we »'t'-evolve, concisely, the story of our race's lineage, as in "the house that Jack 6ui/i," each succeeding verse comprehends all its predecessors. Our present bodies now barely float; for, as man acquired his upright stature, his frame must have increased in weight and hardened into greater rigidity; while ihe pelvis, to sustuiu additional weight thus put upon it, enlarged, thickened and increased his gravity. The head of the human species seems originally to have been large in pro- portion to the body, exhibiting a promising germ thus early advanced, a fact to which the race may owe its present superiority; and, possibly, this early development of the organ capable of acquiring knowledge, may account for peculiar sufferings, visited upon woman, more particularly among the most intellectually developed. The highest type of man has been artificially advanced beyond the condi- tion of some portions of the physical world. Miasuiatic swamps are yet insufficiently '•eclaimed by time, to permit a white man's existence where they continue. Their present condition would involve his speedy illness and dissolution. Lower organizations, congenial to and in harmony with such conditions of physical development, lua.y exist and flourish there; but more refined types of humanity, require the most perfected physical conditions, for their perfect enjoyment and highest attainments. Centripetal liw has cons(>Uda(ed the Chinese into a positive and exclusive people, who delight in ignoring the centrifugal or complimentary force, which induces dispersions. They have long clung to unique customs and dress, resisting change or impiovemout. lu Hieir stereotyped form of lroz?n civiliza- tion, difFeientiatiou has been arrested, and a peculiar type itensitied. Un- alterable fixedness in forms of belief, and habits concreted by centuries, furnishes convincing evidence of great antiquity. Tlii^ black races are ethnologically far less developed, and having no fixed belief to displace, are more readily converted to any religious sect. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 11 roua teeth )od, bring- utelleotual irity of the 1 recediug, lever grow individual, follow man niiuals, are •ol; such us neas, gene- e and mis- gures made e "children ge of self- •e but char- procession, bnildiug an inues. lineage, as ends all its icquired his irdeued into IS put upon large in pro- luced, a fact y, this early account for ng the most id the condi- mps are yet stence where y illuess and ly with such •e: but more )udilion8, lor md exclusive ' force, which s and dress, ozon civiliza- nsified. Uu- by centuries, rjk races are displace, are We cannot avoid admitting that the Chinese are one of the oldest families of the ancient world; yet they are by no means the oldest. Until the seventh century before the Christian era, they were perfect strangers to every form of idolatry. Pure Chinese appear lil:e a race absolutely distinct from nations by whom they are surrounded, dififering in physical characteristics of form* color, and expression ; in language, in their written characters, their litera- ture, and religious observances. Unchanged by foreign conquests, by exten- sive intermixture with any foreign race, they have developed within them- selves, preserving and perhaps intensifying their type; governed and civilized by the principles contained in their own classic literature, and in their pure and excellent book, the Chou-king, compiled fully 3,000 years ago, xrcni their more ancient literature, much as many suppose Moses to have compiled the Pentateuch, or as Heroditus compiled early Grecian history. China Las her ancient picture writings, but no ancient idols. She has her literature older than the Sanscrit races. When the great pyramid of Menes was built, in the fourth dynasty of Egypt, B. C. 3893, we find one vast and expanded system of idolatry throughout Asia, and the countries border- ing on the Mediterranean, all worshiping emblems, more or less types of the sun or solar principle, China standing alone — far back in the twilight of his- tory — is a solitary exception on the continent of Asia. Language is a test of social contact, not of race. Undoubtedly the first expression of human thoughts were by configurations of countenance, such as smiles and scowls, indicating pleasure, dread, or anger. With the inven- tion of complicated f irms in language, capable of complete expression with- out emotion, came deceit, frequently followed by loss of harmonious social relations, and developing combativeiiess. No primitive history, at present known, conveys any reliable account of an aboriginal language much ante- rior to that of China; although that of the ancient people of Yucatan and adjoining American nations, as shown by picture-writings on their monu- ments, appears to have been more ancient. Both peoples, in common with the Egyptians, expressed thoughts by pic- ture-writing and in hieroglyphics. While other surviving nations improved upon this original style, by developing the phonetic; inhabitants of China alor.", became exclusively confirmed in their monosyllabic language, and their marner of vocal communication, is still very peculiar and spasmodic iu sound and utterance. Their hieroglyphics, which, in early ages, expressed a single substantial thought, were subsequently assumed as syllabic repre- sentations, and became synthetic or coinpouii'l forms of expression. Thus, to-duy, 21'' Chinese ladicals are made use of, in over 50,0U0 ideographic com- binalions. To investi^^ate tbi" subject, requires extensive rciiearcli in a multitude of directions — physiological, linguistic, religious, traditional geogrnpbical, and migratoritil — for it is often by their mutual compHrisou only, that satisfactory results are reachad. The wider view we can compass, the clearer our under- standing of general laws. There is in force a law of decreasing vitality, as well as of evolution, both alike depeiuUng upon the refinement of surround- ing conditions. Great disturbances have aliected the earth's surface and all living things, since the tertiary period, when our present zoology fair.y started \ y 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA into being. To all these considerations, must bo added the ancient migrations which the different families of mankind have passed through, nnder the changing conditions imposed upon them by geographical and climatic neces- sities, and thus a systematic ai-rangemeiit of facts is finally indicated Phys- ical geography teaches us that of the two great elements, water and land, the latter, which is matter in a more advanced form, is tar superior in the animal and vegeti that he may have brought them from Peru or Central America, where, among niins still existing, there hftH been discovered much early picture-writing, cloHely corresponding to early Chinese characters, ccmiprisiug the 21(5 radical ideographs now used. Thus, heaven is expressed by three horizontal lines, slightly curved; and earth by a cross within a circle. In disooveiiea at Copan is a figure strikingly resembling the Chinese symbol of Fukee, both nations representing him like Moses, as a lawgiver, with two small horns. Many figures on Peruvian water-vessels, of great antiquity, are identical with those found in Egyi)tian temples; birds' heads, for example, attached to figures resembling a comma, bat intended to represent tongues; and other remark- able coincidences. Either one people learned from the other, or both acquired these forms from a common source. Many physico-geographical facts favor the hypothesis, that it is more rational to conclude that Egypt received them from America, through China — possibly through Fokee, or some predecessor in very remote ages. Recent scientific explorations are reported to have exhumed Chinese sacred mottoes, carved on tombs in Egypt — counterparts of phrases in use to-day — revealing the existence of an intercourse when China was ruled by kings anterior to Moses. The present written language of China is undoubtedly an imported method, advanced from such picture-writings as those of the ancient Peruvians, or primitive hieroglyphical signs of ancient Egypt. Among some nations, men- tal progress evolved a simple alphabet, while others remained content with the increasing complications of ideographic signs, for syllables and objects. Egypt, like China, was tenacious of her individual peculiarities, and long retained her hieroglyphic type. She finally abandoned it, while China clung to but improved it. The South Arabians and their descendants, the Phcenicianc, having an extended commerce established throughout the Indiar, Ocean, with every known shore, undoubtedly passed more readily into a simple phonetic alpha- bet, better adapted to the i^ractical wants of a commercial people. Tablets have been discovered among their ancient ruins, by which the various changes are readily traced. Chinese characters, so long surrounded by the ultra conservatism of an impenetrable isolation, have undoubtedly developed from these common forms of natural objects, and subsequently been adapted to easy and rapid writing, with a peculiar style of brush, and their manner of holding it. The consideration of whether the Chinese people originally developed in Asia or abroad, bears an important relation to the origin of the Japanese race, the subject we are ultimately investigating and shall consider in our next paper. In seeking the initial points whence migrations have diverged, we naturally gather all possibilities, whence we select probabilities, in the hope of finally eliciting absolute truth. We shall be compelled to limit this already lengthy paper to setting forth certain fundamental principles useful in re- search; and to a collection of evidence, the full discussion of which will necessarily remain for a future occasion. Without, in any manner, endorsing the following hypothesis, we shall simply aim to shadow forth a few liossibilities, which the consideration of many curious iacts have suggested during the laborious details of an elabo- rate search. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA How came the Chinese — a people so ancient, so reserved, and so wholly unlike their surrounding neighbors, or indeed any other race upon the conti- nent of Awia — to be thus alone in this corner of a continent, walled in apart from all neighboring races? We may reasonably doubt the assumption of any spontaneous growth in the country they now inhabit. Conjectured migrations among still speechless societies, at an epoch anterior to the formii, tion of nations, are beyond our present ability to trace. We can only surmise ■whether eath continent evolved a type of manhood separately, or whether all higher races have resulted from the various differentiations and dispersions from a single locality, of a common ancestor already developed xip to the lowest types of a speechless animal, tending to manhood. Our best researches indicate an enormous antiquity for man on the Ameri- can continent, and an advance in general form and brain capacity, with, doubtless, a modification of color, since a very early period. In very remote times, there appears to have existed at least two very distinct populations, differing, in fact, more widely than any existing aborigines of the continent. Portions of North America had been occupied by races far more advanced than its occupants when recently discovered by Europeans. Originating, perhaps, at a very early period in the elevated centres of the American conti- nent, wave after wave of races may have rolled eastward and westward, or northward and southward, to a certain extent, only identified in America to-day by slight signs that mark the nearly extinct descendants of the people with which they amalgamated. Dogmatic theology retreats before scientific truth. No one will, at this day, pronounce the self-registering records of nature grave heresies. They are vastly more enduring, authentic and reliable testimony than the precarious text of human narrators. It seems a crime against true religion to hang the integrity of its moral principles upon the validity of statistics in any book which merely illustrates, by historical parables, the early development of its traditional ideas. The innate virtue of its pure principles is unharmed by legendary or dogmatic absurdities. The Chinese have an immense antiquity. They are a peculiar people, very marked in their features, and have multiplied so that at present their popula- tion and area of production are so balanced that any marked increase would precipitate a famine, and thus equalize conditions. They not only practice economy, but enjoy it, having learned in centuries to live upon the minimum and enjoy the maximum of life. All other civilizations and emigrations throughout Asia appear to have moved from Asia Minor, and the high central portions of the North and West. The Chinese appear as an isolated people, and have long preserved the peculiai' type of a race wholly unlike any other on the continent of Asia. Their country is situated upon the south-eastern extremity of the continent, and hemmed in on the west and north by a chain of mountains practically impassable, and now made more so by the great wall, 1,250 miles in length, with which, B. C. 220, they sought to complete their isolation. If this people did not develop from the soil they now occupy, we must search for the most probable mode of access by which their earliest ancestry reached their present home. In this stage of the world, all nations are more or less composite. so wholly the conti- (1 iu apart niption of oiijectured thi) form., ily 8urnii.se whether ail lirtpersions up to the the Ameri- city, with, ery remote )pulationH, continent. I advanced riginating, ican conti- itward, or America the people it this day, They are precarious o hang the any book aeut of its larmed by 3ople, very >ir popula- sase would ly practice minimum r to have forth and preserved it of Asia. 3ontineut, )ractically n length, we must t ancestry are more ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 21 The southern and south-eastern portions of China border upon the ocean, and if the earliest Chinese came from an opposite direction they must have reached their country by water. If so, it may account for their skiUed boat- men, who have lived upon the water from time immemorial, and for the enor- mous fleets of junks, generally of large dimensions, which they possess. A taste early cultivated may have come down through many centuries. If we first seek for testimony from Chinese records, we find they ascribe their own origin to the southern portion of China. In order to ascertain how they could have reached there by sea, and the direction whence they probably, came, we must study natural causes, and seek among winds and currents for the first natural distributing agents, whose influence on navigation has been but recently overcome by clipper 8hii)8 and steamers of modern construction. The Pacific is a wide ocean to cross, and fair winds must have been relied upon, for muscles could never have paddled a direct course for such a dis- tance. Where, therefore, is the country, from which they could follow a fair, fixed wind in a straight course, and be brought to land upon the soutliern coast of China, where they claim to have originated? We find iu the South Pacific, between the southern tropics and the equator, a perpetual trade wind blowing from th ^outh-east. Towards the troi)ics, it blows more nearly from the south, hauling gradually into the eastward as it approaches the equator. This constant breeze would drive a vessel kept before the wind, from a point anywhere on the coast of Peru, about in the neighborhood of the Chin-cha Islands, by a slightly curved but almost direct line §18 far as the equator in the direct course for the coast of China. In the North Pacific Ocean, between the tropics and equator, the north-cast trade wind exists, as the almost complementary counterpart of winds in the aguthern hemisphere, likewise blowing more northerly near its northern limit, and uniting in an almost due easterly wind near the equator. Thus the south-east and north-east trade winds meet, and frequently blow into each other along a parallel line, making a continuous fair wind, uniting them at the equator, and consequently forming an uninterrupted motive power, to their western limit. Now, if a large junk were started from the coast of Peru, near Central America, and kept off before these fair winds, there is a strong probability that in sixty days she would strike; the southern coast of China, about where early Chinese traditions place the origin of their race. This evidence, of natural causes, apparently points to Peru as the possible home of the Chinese ancestral race. What has Peru to offer in support of such an hypothesis? In Heaviside's "American Antiquities," published in 1868, we find that "some of the western tribes of Brazil are so like the Chinese in feature as to be almost identical." There is thus a j^ossihilit!/ shown, that the ancestry of China may have embarked in large vessels as emigrants, perhaps from the vicinity of the Chincha Islands; or proceeded with a large fleet, like the early Chinese expedition against Japan, or that of Julius C.'csar against Britain, or the Welsh Prince Madog and his party — who sailed from Ireland, and landed in America A. D. 1170, and, in like manner, in the dateless antecedure of history, crossed from the neighborhood of Peru to the country now known Piioo. Cal. Acad. Sol, Vol. VI. —8. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA to UH iia China. The very name, Chiuc/ta, bus a ChiueHe sound, and readH China, with two letters dropped. For upwards of twenty centuries, Chinese junks are known to have beon l.irge, fast, and strong; their people skillful mariners, excellent carpenterK, and murine architects. They early possessed the mechanical skill to build junks of comparatively great tonnage, capable of conveying large amounts of cargo and great numbers of passengers. If the measurements of Noah's ark are correctly interpreted, she was larger than any ship of our day. Ship- building, as we have shown in a previous paper, is a very ancient art, known long before the days of Tarshish. We have no history of its absolute incep- tion. Monuments on land endure to perpettiate the memory of a race, but ships are of their nature perishable. A race that could build the magnificent temples and pyramids of Palenque and Copan, in Yucatan, could certain I v have their fleets upon the Pacific Ocean, in ages long before any exist ^ record. The construction of a Peruvian or Central American fleet of 1, vessels, in early ages, capable of transferring to China, if not 100,000 peopn , certainly quite sufficient to establish a colony, would require far less skill or enterprise, than that which raised the pyramids of either Central America or Egypt. China had bronzes in perfection during her very earliest ages, and may have introduced them into Western Europe and Asia. Among the most ancient relics found in Peru, are bronze and iron implements. Many Peru- vian and Central American antiquities resemble, not modern Chinese, but their most ancient writings and figures. It is not impossible that Cadmus' alphabet, as well as the hieroglyphicH of Egypt, may have been suggested and developed from the ancient American hieroglyphics now coming to light, showing such similarity and apparent connection, and which many scholars already consider as the early models, not the results, o* Egyptian figures and Chinese ideographic characters. The Toltec race in A* lerica had a god with one arm — so had the Egyptians. The deified Fo— whon they represent with two small horns, similar to those associated with figurf. of Moses, the Hebrew lawgiver — instructed Chib-ca ut the cross and trigrama used on their inscriptions; lese historians ascribe to Fohi many new things, >aint identical figures of trigrams, hke those found itral America. With time and perseverance, it may '; a knowledge of hieroglyphics came from Peru or Central America to Cnina — a people whose growing commercial intercourse may have spread their knowledge to the ancient monarchies of Egypt. The recital of facts may be greatly extended, showing a wonderful chain of evidence, which it is hard to conceive can be entirely accidental and coinci- dental, unless we take the extremely broad and apparently untenablo ground, boldly asserting that primitive humanity, through the action of common laws and natural forces, wherever placed, evolves like forms, customs and necessary results, irrespective of variable conditions and individual fancy or free will. Chinese ideas concerning the Tchin, or original eight persons of a supernatural nature who escaped from the sea, point to an origin from beyond seas, or to an early piscatorial age. B. C. 3,588, Tai-ko-Fokee, a king of China from abroad, was deified. China has lier ancient pictorial writings. Indians in Bogota to \ and in China, the C» among others, how tc among the ruins of C yet be discovered th , and readu have been ciirpenters, cill to build amounts of Noah's urk day. Ship- arl, kuowu olute iucep- a race, but maguificeiit Id certain I V any exist . eet of 1, ,000 peep I, , less skill or America or !s, and may g the moHt Many Peru- !!hiuese, but lat Cadmus' u suggested ling to light, liuy scholars figures and i Egyptians, lilar to those ted Chib-ca inscriptions; new things, those found ance, it may om Peru or intercourse gypt- rful chain of and coiuci- ' untenablo e action of ms, customs vidua! fancy ight persons origin from okee, a king ial writings. AjCADEMY Off S(MKNCES. 28 Fernando Monti'sino, a Spanish historian, who visited Peru and publisltrd bis work from IHOS to 1547, says Peru was thickly populattd, and hml a eata- logut* of 101 monarchs, with notes of the memorable events of their nign, extending to B. ('. 2,ur)5. Hawks, in his Peruvian anticiuitios, says that before the Spanish concjuost, in the most eminent period of the dynasty of the Incas, the vast finpiro of Peru contained eleven million inhabitants, which rapidly diminished, until the census of 1580 shows but «,2M0,()0O, and now the valleys of the Peruvian coast contain barely a fifth of what they contained under the Incas. The total present population by census of 1875 amounts to only '2,720,735 souls. A light native is still called a t'h'mit-Cltold. The feast of souls practiced in Central America appears to have been derived from the same source as that of the i>-.cient Egyptians. The Jesuits of the Propaganda report these ceremonies as anciently in practice in China. The ruins of ancient temples found in Central America resemble in form, space, and massive walls, icitfiont muf, the most ancient temples of 1-gypt, and many of the carvings are sin; larly alike. Traditionary historic s among the difterent groups of the Polynesian Islands indicate that the Hawaiian race came there from the south. The Hawaiian Islands are nearly in the direct line from Peru to China. While the majority of Hawaiiaus are probably descended from Malays, their early traditions tell us of the landing of men belonging to a race whiter than their own, upon the southern island of Hawaii, many centuries ago, whom they were at first inclined to consider as gods, but who finally settled among them, and fiom their wisdom were elevated to high positions. These men undoubtedly came from Central America or Peru, and may have been from the ancient Peruvian empire, or the later kingdom of the Incas, or from that early civilization whose traces yet remain in Yucatan. It has been sufficiently demonstrated that even frail canoes and boatst either by accident or design, have performed voyages across wide oceans. In 19} 9, Kotsebue found at Radack group four natives of the Caroline Islands, who had been driven eastward in p canoe 1,500 miles. In 1849 men came from Honolulu to San Francisco, 2,300 miles, in whale boats. And more recently th? boisterous Atlantic ocean has been crossed from New York to Liverpool by a solitary man in a dory. A dozen of the crew of the clipper ship "Golden Lujht," burned in the South Pacific about 1865, just west of Cape Horn, reached Hawaii in eighty- one days, in a whale boat under sail, and would have run upon the reef at Laopahoihoi, but for natives who swam off to rescue these exhausted people, all of whom survived. While we have cited facts showing it reasonable to suppose that early Peru- vians or Central Americans may have come to China, by the aid of continu- ous fair winds, it is no less necessary to show the almost insurmountable dif- ficulties which exist during a greater part of the year to impede their return by sea. To beat back against strong trade-winds and the long regular seas of the Pacific, would be a task in which th'^y would surpass our beat modern clippers, which now can only make the voyage by running far north and crossing from Japan to the coast of California, upon the arc of a gi-eat circle, 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA HI aucl sailing thence southerly, close hauled on the wind, to the neighborhood of Tahiti in the South Pacific, which must then bo crossed in an easterly direc- tion, south of the trade winds, which in turn enable them to make no 'MUf< and reach the coast of Peru. Such a return voyage would require the most skillful knowledge ot winds, coasts, and scientific navigation, such as we have only possessed in comparatively recent times, and would also require exceed- ingly strong- and weatherly vessels. There seems, therefore, less likelihood that any Chinese ever reached Peru in pre-historic times by such a route. Intercourse appears to have existed more recently, but how far it was recip- rocal remains '■'^ be seen. If it was commercial it was more likely to have been, as recipiocity is the foundation of trade. In our search for objections to the theory we are exploring we however, find other possible channels of return communication. During the south- west monsoon a fleet of junks might possibly have left China and followed the Kuro-Shiwo, or warm stream that flows along the coast of Japan, with sum- mer winds across to the northwestern coast of America, near our own harbor, and thence gradually have worked its way southward to Central America, keeping along in sight of the coast until it reached the calm belt around Pan- ama. The Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg makes this fitatement: "There was a constant tradition among the people who dwelt on the Pacific ocean, that people from distant nations beyond the Pacific formerly came to trade at the ports of Coatulco and I'l'dndjui, which belonged to the kingdour of Tehuanto- pec, in Central America. Baldwin tells us, in his "Pre-historic Times," that " the traditions of Peru told of a people who came to that country by sea, and landed on the Pacific Coast. These may have been from the great mari- time empire of the Malays, whose dialects have permeated almost every island in the Pacific oceans. Lang says: " South Sea Islanders exhibit indubitable evidences of an Asiatic origin." The continent of Asia affords more facilities for reaching Polynesia than America, although stragglers from the latter have doubtless added to its island races, and thus created a mixture of customs which, to some extent, may in- dicate a partial derivation from both. Probabilities favor Asia, both from certain afifiuities of tongue, striking resemblance i?' manners, idols, and phys- ical formation. Commercial intercourse, although not direct, existed and was maintained between China and Egypt, B. C. '2000. Chinese traditions claim for their people the first use in Asia^ of ships and the earliest knowledge of navigation and astronomy. Their people first acquired the mariner's compass and be- lieved the sacred magnetic influence proceeded from Heaven, which they located ir the South, and from which they claimed to have come. To this day the heads of Chinese compasses point south. In Peru, the oldest civilization was the most advanced, and had the highest style of art and mechanical skill. " Her people had an accurate measure of the solar year; a knowledge of the art of writing; and made paper of hemp or banana leaves B. C. 1800." The aboriginal Peruvians have had their dark, as well as bright, ages in history. They may have retrogi-aded while their possible ofi'shoot, the Chinese, progressed. Young colonies often grow and prosper, while their progenitors reach a climax and die out. Dis- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 25 [bborhood irly diree- no "'iiif^ the most 18 we liavii re exceed- likelihood mute, was recip- y to have however, the south- llowed the with Biiiii- vn harbor, America, oiind Pan- There was )ceau, that ade at the Tehuantc- mes," that ry by sen, jreat mari- ?ery ishiud udubitable uosia than its ishiud t, may iu- both from aud phys- uftintaiued for their navigation 18 aud hv- k-hich tliuy To this the highest measure of r of htnip had their ided while nies often out. Dis- solution is the countercharge, which every material aggregate evolved, sooner or later undergoes. Evolution aud dissolution bring to us ever changing, but eternally advancing forms, in their cycles of transformation. The establishment of a race may be possible from a single pair, of strongly marked distinctive characteristics, whose descendants have continually inter- married. Hebrew patriarchs founded nations, aud nations thus springing from a single man of pronounced character, whose descendants remained united and isolated, have often developed strong and peculiar personal char- acteristics, which have pervaded and stamped themselves upon the race thus descended. Mixed or cosmopolitan races, never possess uniform charajisris- tics as clearly defined. It seems more reasonable to infer, that a fleet from the neighborhood of Peru may have reached China with the first emigration, jDcrhaps bearing a hero-sovereign and an invading army, which, once landed, found China agreeable, and, being unable to return against those perpetual winds which brought them so swiftly, were compelled to establish themselves in new ter- ritory. Writers on Central America have expressed a decided opinion, that the peculiar character of its ancient civilization, manners, customs, and general structure of the ancient language, point very strongly to a common origin between the Indo-Chinese nations of Eastern Asia and the ancient civilization of America, which appears, in some remarkable particulars, to have been of an Egyptian cast. The Coptic or ancient Egyptian language, however, seems to have been ii.onosyilabic. Hieroglyphic writing is of thi-ee kinds: figurative, symbolical and phonetic. Hubert H. Bancroft, in his Native liaces of the Pacific States, Vol. V, f. 39, says: "Analogies have been or thought to exist between the languages of several of the American tribes and that of the Chinese. But it is to Mexico, Central America, and, as we shall hereafter see, to Peru, that wo must look for these linguistic atiinities, aud not to the northwestern coasts [of America], where we should naturally expect to find them most evident." Count Htolbtirg, quoted by Humboldt, is of the opinion that the Peruvian cult is that of Vishnu — one of the Brahmin trinity — when he appears in the form ol Krishna, or the Sun. Mexican kings, who reigned previous to the Spanish conquest, all added TziN to their names as a reverential affix. It resembles in sound a dynasty of China— the Tsin dynasty— which reigned from B. C. 249 to B. C. 205. Tai Ko Foki, the Great Stranger King of China B. C. 3588, or later Hoang Tai, may have landed from such a fleet, and been called by conquest, or through the reverence of superior knowledge, to reign over them. The descendants of these early settlers may have remained clannish, keeping apart, as an entirely distinctive race, from the Miauts or original aborigines, naturally following the customs of their forefathers, and thus have increased and grown into a mighty nation, unlike all people around them. During many centuries of growth, China, like Japan mid Corea, became a sealed empire, when no possible admixture of foreign bT jod could occur. It seems to have become an established habit with these nations to periodi- cally close their ports to foreign intercourse. Some similarities of race exist between some types of the Coreans aud Japanese, while the Chinese are IwlJ^^Ji^ n 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA quite singular and unlike. Their oriental peculiarities, which strike the casual observer, are their dress, shaved heads and queues, habits, odor, and guttural language. Chinese are the only nation on the continent of Asia that use chairs and tables. Isolated nalions, like hermits, cannot escape being distinguished by eccentric habits. Now, if the high civilization of Peru, which was in full tide B. C. 1800, and probably many centuries before, crossed to China in very early days, bringing its accurate measure of the solar year, and the arts of making paper and writing, all the necessary mate- rial was furnished China for the production of correct and reliable historic records. In reviewing Chinese early history, we have found that, B. C, Tai Ko Foki, their Great Stranger King, introduced a knowledge of these things, with hieroglyphic characters, and first divided time for them into lunar months and solar years. And we have shown that the authentic com- prehensible history of China begins with his reign. Now we inquire, did Foki, with all this valuable knowledge, come from Peru B. C. 3588, and settle among a pre-existing people, perhaps similar to, if not the aboriginal Miautz, long since driven from the plains of China into the almost inaccessible fastnesses of its mountain barriers? A knowledge of days already existed among the sun-worshipers of Asia, who doubtless kept their records in days; but the introduction of a scale measuring by months and years placed their history on a looting we can comprehend; and the introduction of the art of writing enabled them to perpetuate it by enduring records. When we discover the measures of time, used to gauge ancient histories before these improvements were introduced, we shall doubtless find their records reasonably authentic. We have as little understood their stupendous figures as strangers conceive the value of a Brazilian rea, some 1000 of which, make a sum equal to the United States dollar; and accounts involving such currency bear the formidable aspect of immense sums, to the uninformed. With advancing centuries, the measure of time doubtless lengthens. After the children of Israel left Egypt, where the solar year was known, records of extreme longevity disappear, and ordinary terms of life are ad- hered to. We should judge euutiously, and refrain from any interpretation at variance ^\•ith human reason and common sense. The lunar changes, without doubt, were employed in the measurement of time in all warm cli- mates before the introduction of the solar year. The colder the winter, the more marked the year became as a measure of time. Day and night would naturally suggest themselves as the first measure. Peruvians, Chinese, Egyp- tians, Hebrews, Japanese, Polynesians, and others, all attribute great long- evity to their earliest ancestry, until the introduction of higher mathematics and the solar year. The oldest histories preserved to us become what in our day we call au- thentic, when their nations acquired, the art of writing, and divided time in n regular and uniform manner, by the solar year. The first and fabulous epochs of most histories begin vith dynasties of deified warriors. The tendency to deification exists among ail early nations, and we need not go out of our own history to prove it. Edmond the Confessor, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who died as late as 1242, was canonized as a ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 27 strike the odor, iiud it of Asiii lot escape ization of es before, ire of the sary mate- le historic lat, B. C, of these them iuto entic com- 3ome from simihir to, China into irs of Asia, of a scalu ng we can id them to es of time, ntroduced, ive as little value of a ited States e aspect of le measure as known, ife are ad- erpretatiou changes, warm cli- winter, the ight would lese, Egyp- ^reat long- athematicB ve call au- I time in a s of deifiod ns, and we ifessor, the mi zed as a saint, only a differentiated form of the same tendency. The gods of antiquity were partly impersonifications of natural forces, and partly deified men. They often bear the same relation to facts that shadows do to forms, being at worst but simple distortions of the truth. Few nations can examine ini- partially the substratum of their ancestral religious creeds. How often do we find in dogmatic theology the imprint of early paganism? The Hawaiian nation is supposed to have a considerable antiquity. From time immemorial there have been persons appointed by the government to preserve, unim- paired, the geneology of their kings, which in 1863 embraced the names of more than seventy. Allow an average reign of twenty-five years, this would throw their history back 1,750 years, to A. D. 117 or earlier, say to about the Christian era. It was a custom throughout the islands of the Pacific to extermiaate their enemies, either by killing or setting them adrift in canoes. The latter prac- tice not only led to the peopling of the various Polynesian islands, but was also a cause which led to cannibalism, for want compelled the exiles to sub- sist on each other, and a taste once indulged in, was continued by survivors who succeedeed in reaching some island, and thus cannibalism became estab- lished. North American Indians have never been cannibals. When Spaniards first visited America, the western equatorial regions of the continent were the seats of extensive, flourishint,' and powerful empires, whose inhabitants were well acquainted with the science of government, and had evinced considerable progress in art. Roads fifteen hundred miles long, remain in Peru, relics of the past, as ancient as the Appian way. In very remote times social etiquette was observed and universally respected. The early Peruvians constructed suspension bridges across frightful ravines, and moved blocks of stone as huge as the Sphinxes and Memnons of Egypt. They built aqueducts of baked clay and coustructed dykes and causeways, and preserved a memory of past events by picture writing. They had a lan- guage of ceremony or deference, with reverential nouns and verbs, with which inferiors addressed superiors, a feature of resemblance to the Chinese in Eastern Asia. Euius of extensive cities and fortifications are now found in Yucatan and regions of Central America; the elevated plains of Bogota and Vundinamarcn; the open valleys of Peru; and the lofty, secluded and highly fertile tracts of Chili. These colossal remains of ancient primitive civilizations are passing from the memory of a degenerate offspring, who now behold with indo- lent amazement these interesting relics of their illustrious predecessors. The origin, history and fate of these powerful nations of America, who have left behind them such colossal memorials of an ancient civilization, is a study of profound interest. Stones, thirty by eighteen by six feet, are squared and hewn and reared with utmost exactness. Their style of arch is peculiar. Temples, pyramids, tumuli, and fortifications, with remains of buildings of singularly massive architecture, often exquisitely carved, betokens a civilized anticjuity. It seems impossible that these people should have passed from the conti- nent of Asia by Behring's Straits, for no traces of any such people remain anywhere along that route. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA [ Pyramids of remote antiquity are found in India, Chini\ and Tahiti, as well as in Egypt and South America. Those of Egypt are in the best state of preservation and perhaps therefore the most recent. The learned Bavarian, Dr. Von Martins, regards the evidence incontroverti- ble "of the existence of the nborhjines of Atnerica long anterior to the period assigned in Hebrew chronology for the creation of the world;" a race whoso utter dissolution manifests that it either bore within itself the germ of ex- tinction or attempted an existence under most fatally unfavorable conditions. Dr. Clarke says: "No race of human kind has yet obtained a permanent foothold upon the American continent. The Asiatics trace back their life in Asia so far, that the distance between to-day and their recorded starting-point seems like a geologic epoch. The descendants of the Ptolemies still cultivate the banks of the Nile. The race that peopled Northern Europe when Greece and Ilom4 were young, not only retaiu.s its ancient place and power, but makes itself felt and heard throughout the world. On the American conti- nent, races have been born, developed, and disappeared. The causes of their disappearance are undiscovered. We only know that they are gone." It re- mains to be seen if the Anglo-Saxon race, which has ventured upon a conti- nent which has proved the tomb of antecedent races, can produce a physique capable of meeting successfully, and advancing under, the demands that our climate and type of civilization make upon it. This is an interesting query. If Wj have been utterly confounded in contemplating the stupendous monu- ments of Egyptian magnificence, which continue to defy the ravages of time, what shall be said of remains of more ancient pyramids and colossal figures in America, of a style and character analogous to those of ancient Egypt, whose very stones are crumbling to decay, and on whose flinty sides verdure has crept over the dust of ages, until ancient and gigantic forests have ac- quired root-hold, and grown over their very summits? Many an Alexander and Napoleon of pre-historic times has gone to his rest, and left no record, capable of enduring to the age we live in, to mark the glory of his empire. Many mummies are found in Peru, enveloped in bandages of fine clutb, while the bodies of kings are admirably preserved by means of a secret known only to the royal family. In the far distance of remote antiquity, successive peoples have risen to importance and passed away, long ages before the birth of those from whom the faintest ray of civilization has remained to cast even a feeble reflection of its pale light upon the fading pages of our most ancient historic records. A period has undoubtedly existed, in the primitive history of our earth, when the necessary equilibrium between its external and internal forces has been lost. When the external pressure on the crust became diminished by the sublimation and recomposition of external elements, which, when refined and advanced, were unequal iu density to the expansive force of igneous ma- terials confined in the interior mass. The solid enveloping crust of our sphere is the medium constantly acted upon, by these contending forces, iu seeking a state of equilibrium. Geologists direct us to many prominences in which the upheaved strata, on one side, is abruptly broken, and on the other, gently inclined. Such ruptures could not have been gradual, for in places the whole combined strata is fractured, depressing portions, and rais- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 29 ing others to iiiiineuse heigtts. Earth's surface, to-day, bears unmihtakable evidence, to every thoughtful student, that eruptive catastrophes have mate- rially changed its geological features — especii.lly the levels. Many areas, formerly submerged, are now dry, and known as alluvial formations. Heaa have changed pcsition, and rivers acquired new coxarses. New land has been formed, and mountain ranges reared by upheaval. Recent deep-sea sound- ings of the U. S. steamer 7'i(s(Y(/vi/y<— commander, Belknap— clearly illustrate how largely the bed of the Pacific Ocean — once but an extended valley, 4-un- ning, i^erhaps, from the Arctic to the C.iribbean Sea — may have augmented its area by a comparatively moderate depression. During the glacial period, im- mense icebergs were produced at the poles, and as they increased in bulk, during a succession of cold winters, they accumulated an enormous volume of water — human life is considered to have been extant at this period — and when a succession of warm summers, produced by the perpendicularity of the earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic, succeeded in reducing these huge accu. mulations of polar ice, its volume retired, covering many valleys not previously submerged. This conld have given rise to the legend of a Flood, which may have occurred, but could not have been universal, for a sufKcient amount of water docs not exist to cover the highest mountains, and submerge the entire earth. A sudden and eruptive convulsion of earth's crust during the tertiaiy, near th(> close of the cretaceous period, whether separate or conjointly with a flood, must necessarily have destroyed a large majority of paitinlly developed men, struggling to evolve the higher human types. Tortions of Asia, Africa, and Australia are supposed to have been elevated; while Europe, the extreme north- ern portions of America, the Caribbean Sea, and the beds of certain oceans were depressed. The etlects must have been most forcible around the poles and south of the equator. Dead river beds which cross the highest mountiiiu ranges of the Pacific Coast, and yield so largely of gold to hydraulic washing, clearly confirm radical changes in the physical conditions and levels of this coast. The surviving remnants of these catastrophes, in Asia, Africa, Yucatan, and a few scattering tribes of North America, thenceforth appear as the pro- genitors of all living nations. It is only from this period, that we can hope to trace the early history of humanity. Previous beings, if in harniony with physical conditions, must have been generally in the incipient stages of hu- man evolution. In Central America alone, we find ruins, whos»; hoary an- tiquity seem to claim for its inhabitants the earliest civilization of which any traces remain. It is fair to infer that the pyramids of Yucatan were antedi- luvian and escaped inundation, as did the cities of Palenque and Copan. These elaborately constructed cities of Central .America exhibit conceptions of beauty which, as early specimens of a gradually unfolding art, appear to antedate all similar structures extant. Plausible groundfi of inference exist, that the earliest manifestations of cul- ture known to us, was among the primitive settlers of Central America, who, having acquired mechanical invention, art, and the rudiments of science. Pnoc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. VI.— 9. / 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. \ built dwoUingH nnd temples, which yet eudure «8 testimony of their progreHs, Although their minds were doubtless umniltivated in those higher branchtw of knowledge and refinement which ensures perpetuity to uiitiomil life, they seem to have led the world in the early use of langnag(i, and the adoption of picture-writing to record and communicate ideas. The sun, which was long the national emblem of Central American nations, is the absolute basis of mythology. It seems probable that Yucatan once ex- tended over the present bed of tlie Gulf of Mexico, including the West Indiim Islands. The Caribs may be a degenerate remnant of some aboriginal race. The ancestors of our North American Indians were very uncultivated in their physical, nnaital and social condition. Long before Egypt, the progenitor of Greece and Europe, was settled, the inhabitants of Yucatan appear bj' their monuments to have been well ad- vanced in general intellectual attainments, and to have led all knowv '^ations in art and science. Why may not a branch of this people have emigrated to China ai i Egypt, and there have become a large and advanced nation V Many things unite to prove that China, at the opening of her treaty i)orts to European trade, was unmistakably retrograding in (he physical as well as social organization of her people. Her highest prosperity is thought to have been reached about the reign of Genghis khan. Agassiz tells us that, geologically considered, America is the oldest con- tinent. If 80, why should we not look to it, as the spot where the human race first gained ascendancy, and acquired its primeval home? If its primi- tive races have died out, and stone ])yramids crumbled beneath the dust, is it not a strong argument in favor of her antiquity V In Asia, traces yet remain of original races, whose earlier civilization in America, under different physi- cal conditions, /k/.s hud time to culminate, dissolve, and -/ddc from sight. When, in the early development of America, progress was sufficient to facili- tate emigration, why may she not have furni.shed population to At^ia? In submitting this (juestion, with evidence calculated to warrant further study, and outlining various channels for investigation, W(- aim to attract for it that scientific attention which, as an ethnological problem, it fairly deserves, hop- ing some satisfactory answer may be attempted, before facilities for interroga- tion yet available among American aborigines, shall have passed away forever. This imi)erfect collection of facts is laid before the Academy in its present condition, not in any way to ask for present endorsement, but to awaken new sources of inquiry among thoughtful ethnologists, which may ultimately lead to a discovery of the truth. A large mass of additional facts bearing upon this subject require more labor than I have yet found time to bestow, and would also unreasonably swell this already lengthy i^aper, which is offered as a simple inquiry, suggested to careful and technical scientists, who, by comparing physical, embryological, and linguistic characteristics, pertinent histories, and traditions, may in future establish or disprove the possibilities here shadowed forth. .n iiatious, u ouce ex- est Indinu 2;inal race, ed in their Si(u Franrisr.fi, Californio. ai ^ f»'j till sUiiu kin Hiidrojiolis Kioiit iiiuuntuiiiK <;ol(i