<):. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. 1.0 I.I 2.5 '" 12.0 l.d 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► vW '. r. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OV CANADA G. M. DAWSON, C.M.a, LL.D., F.as., d.„«cto„ ■f. REPORT y. ON THE SURFACE GEOLOGY ^!^^m I Kil ' j ;% '-J AND AURIFEROUS DEPOSITS OF SOUTH- 1^ ■r' I OUI! BY R. CHALMERS %'-■ \ OTTAWA KXCELLKNT MAJESTY 1898 iiiMl in M 1 ;*: I To Georok M. Dawsov, C.M.G, LL.D, P.R.s, Director of the Geoloyical Survey of Canada. SiH,-I beg to .submit herewith a report on the surface geoloj^y and goh bear.ng deposits of the " Eastern Townships " and ad L nt portions of South-eastern Quebec. ■itij.icent I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant. Geolooical Survey Office, Ottawa, I\Iay, 1898. R. CHALMERS. m I* 1 ; ' ii ' 1 % I > ; |::: 1 i: 1 i, ■. i'fi t [l! 1i M ii'! m Note. — 77*e bearings in this report are all referred to the true mer- idian, and the elevations to mean sea-level. 1! ' Ik ilj& RE POUT ON THE SURFACE GEOLOGY AND AUKTFEROUS DEPOSITS OF SOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC IIY R. CHALMERS. Introduction. The following report contains tlie results of observations made l)y nic in Soutli-eastern Quebec during the three seasons of 1895, 189G and 1897. The district included in the report is that wiiicli extends from Lake Chann)liin ani the Vermont boundary north-eastward to ,>. * '' ])i-tnct Montmagn)' county, and from the province line along the New Harap- « \ uniind. shire and Maine border, noith-westward to the plain of the St. Lawrence valley. A general study of the superficial deposits of the I'egion was made, with special reference to the auriferous alluviums of the " East- ern Townships."'* To carry out this thoroughly it was necessary to examine the whole St. Lawrence valley in some detail. Accordingly, con'^iderable time was spent in investigating the glaciation, and the i,,VL.atL'ati(m distributi'jn of the boulder-clay, and in tracing this and other su}>erti- cial materials to the places of their oi'igin. The pre-glacial decayed rock-materials, sedentary t and tran'^ported, lying beneath the IMeisto- •Thi'iiaiiio "Eastern Townships" is applicc'. in a somewhat loose ami general manner to that portion of South-eastern (Jueh'C lying to tlie soutli-west of lleaiiee county anil the seigniory of Lotl)ini «ihi ; TransiHirted, are tlii' .-aiiie after liaving undergone modification by subaerinl and Huviatile agencies, etc. h; !' ;: G .1 80UTU-KASTEKN QUKIIKC. :;!^i ■ Changt'H of l.ivcl. ceno serids, were lik«wise stuclu'd in the sfold-liearing districts, as it is (;hi«^(ly in tlieso I hut tlio precious iiK'tal is found in workable <|uantitieH. Tii(! f^vvnt changes of levttl wiiich took place (hirini^ the later I'leisto- C(^ne, evidenced by the marine fo>HiIs and slioni-linos on l>oth sides of the f,'reat valley referred to, are most interesting (|uestii>ns for investi- gation. These show a differential upheaval, as tiie latest movement, the gradient of which increases in height above sea-level from tiie (Julf of St. [jawi'onee toward the Great Lakes, although apfiarently with .some irregularity. Consideral)h! attention was given to this (|uestion. A large body of facts relating to the subjects above-mentioned has been coll(!cted ; but only such as are closi-ly connected with the various tiuest ions treated of in this report and mainly embraced within the re^'ion undta' discussion, will be presented in the following pages. The exaniiniition of the upper St. Lawrence and Ottawa valleys and region of the (Jreat Lakes is still in progress. Foriiu r Dlwer- Observations on the surface geology of the area specially included in this report were made early in the history of the survey,* by Sir J. Win. Dawson, t and by Dr. Jl. W. Ells, + the latter treating of the glaciation, distribution of boulders, and the po-^t-glacial deposits, in some detail. ilii U Tii|i(it,'r;i|>liy ami ilcva- tioiis. Mountain raii^fcs. ToPooiiAPiiic.vi, AND Physical Fkatukes, Altitudes, etc. Topographically, the region under examination may be described as an undulating plateau with an average height of from 1200 to 1500 feet above the sea; but, in its details, it nevertheless presents highly diversified features. Three parallel elevated ranges traver.se it, which, although interrupted in places, are yet conspicuous throughout, trending in a north-east and south-west direction, and constituting the extension of the (Jreen Mountains into Canada in two or three spurs known as the Notre Dame Mountains. ^J Of the three ranges refei'rid to, the highest and most extensive is that forming the boundary between Quebec, and Vermont, New Hampshire and .Maine. The elevation of this range, at certain passes where railway lines cro.ss it, is .is follows : On the Uraiid Trunk railway, just south of Norton Mills station, l;u;i feet; on the Maine Central railway, at lieechers Falls, 1214 feet; and on the Canadian Pacific railway, at Moundary station, 1S2.') feet. Wlune the old Kennebec road, leading from lliviere du Loup to the ♦(Jeolopy of Canada, 1803, pp. 8S(!-!I30. tXott's oil tlie I'oHc-plioccnc of Cjuiaila, Can. Xat., 1872. The Can. Tci' Age, 18!)3. + Annual ftcport, (leol. Hiirv. Can., vol. If. (X.S.), 1880, pp. 44 51 .) ; i',/(/, vol. HI., 1887, PI.. !I8 101 K. g Annual lU-port, Cool. Snrv. Can., vol. If. (N.8.), 1880, pp. 30-31 ,i. ■n CHAIMM*. '•] TOPOfJKAPinCAL AND PHYSICAL FEATUUES. 7 .1 Stiite of Maine crosHes it the lieight by aneroid is ly.W feet. Towards the head-wiiters of the St. John River thia range is lower, and between the Chaudit're and l)aa(]uani rivers the region has no pronounced hill feature'4, and does not exceed a height of from 1200 to 1500 feet. The higher summits along the International boundary, between fjake •' >«'>•'. >• Chainplain anl Lake 8t. John, often reach an elevation of 2500 or 3000 feet, and are conspicuous features in the landscape, being observ- able from almost every part of the " Eastern Townships.'' The next parallel range to the north-west is narrow and much broken, stretching from Memphremagog Lake to Lake St. Francis, bearing tiie general name of the Stf>ke Mountain range, but known locally by different names, e. ii till' S I if lilt. 6 J 8(»UTII-EA8TKHN QtKIIEC. oast, whilo tlie elevation where the Canadian Pacific railway travoraes it, is from 7'")0 to HOO fnet »in tlio west, to 1700 feet at Springiiill near Lake Megaiitie. Along the Tring and Megantic branch of the Quebec Central railway, the elevation of this plain is from 9H4 feet at Tring Junction, on the divide between the 8t. Francis and Chaudit're waters, to IflTG feet near Little Megantic .Mountain, desc«iiiditig thence to 1325 feet at Lake Megantic. Crossing this valley in a south-easterly direction from Koherlson station, (.Quebec Central railway, 11 Do feet high, on the divide referred to between the St. Francis and Chaudicie rivers, and jjro- ceeding towards the foot-hills along the International boundary, it is found to be nearly horizontal or rather to have only a slight ascent. I'Ut to the east of this, within the ,i :< i:: m m- 10 .1 sout;i-eastki{N quehec. conclusion that the watershed along the International boundary was tho ()ri<,Mnal watershed. It seems to have been the axis ot" a wide range of collateral and subsidiary mountains for long ages, and tho watershed of a number of very old rivers, and these facts, together with other ci>'"umstances, lend support to this view. Tho Cambro- Silurian plain, dissected by transverse river-valleys, rises towards this axis from the north-west, although its present contours may be quite different from those which existed when tho valh^ys weri' being eroded. If, however, the rivers whose ancient courses traversed this interior valley flowed northwardly in their eaily stages, and there is no evidence to the contrary, then it is clear that the attitude which this valley now presents must have been assumed in early Pala-ozoic time, and it may, indeed, have had a greater slope then than at present, the direct courses and depth of some of these valleys strengthening this inference. Tho interior valley referred to, as well as the mountain ranges on Distuiliiince either side, bears evidence, however, of great disturbance and change of of till' roclcs in . , _, -i i i <■ i i • i i i > the iiitirior attitude, llio rouks are tilted and raulted in a remarlcable manner. As valley. showing the stresses to which they have been subjected even in Post- Tertiary times, reference may be made to the dislocations and slips observed in them, in the areas occupied by Cambro-Silurian and Camijriaii slates, in a number of places, since their surfaces were ^Iriated by Pleistocene ice. A few examples of these dislocations may be given. In the southern part of the seigniory of Aubert Gallion, a band Disloeatidiis of slates about five feet in thickness, with a high dip to the south- since the ' ^'^^^ '"^'' been foiced up al)out six feet higher than tho rocks on either ghiciiil iiericul. gije. The displaced mass extends north-east and south-west for -several hundred yards, though somewhat irregular as to height and thickness. On each side nai tower bauds or portions of the strata have also been displaced a few inejics. At St. Evariste de Forsyth, Beauce county, a ridge of slate dipping At St. K\-\r- about S. 30 K. < (iO showed displacements since; the glacial period, iBte (le For- ^ i • t-i- t i i i- . i- i- , ■ i • i i (lyth. as representeil in rig. i., a hand of these tour reet in tliickness having also been thrust up five feet and a half .above the general level of the rock surface. S-E. CIIANOES OF LEVKL IN THE REtilOX. Fiff. 1. 11 J x-w. •i' Dislocations in Glaciated Slates at St. Evariste de Fousytii, Beauce Co., Que. Scale : — 10 feet to 1 inch. The main dislocated band shown in Fig. 1, was traced about fiOO feet, Snccission of although l)rokt>n down in places, 'i'he pressure or shove which f need up this mass of shitt^s seems to have bet'n from tlie soutli. After the first shove there appears to have been a settling down of .\!1 the slates except the four-foot band, followed by another, or perha[is several shoves, each apparently succeeded by a slackening in the pressui'e. The basset edges of all the slate bands are striated by ice which uioved S. 56" E. East of Jersey Mills, dislocated slates with a downthrow of about niMT 1lll>UMt,'liMS I I'f.-^i.stiiit; uiiisses. On tlio loaii leadiii;^ troiu .Slierl^rooke to Stoke Centre, five or six miles tVoiii .St. Francis Kivei', dislocations from two to six inches also occur in the slates. West ot" lliciunond Junction, Grand Trunk railway, a dislocation of three inches was seen in slates, the basset edyes of which are glaciated. On the west side of Orfonl ^Mountain a dislocation of four or five inches in a i;Iiiciatod rock occurs. TIk; downthrow is on the side towai'iis liif MiDiinuiin, that is, on the ntu'lh. Thesf! dislocations and many others of small amount tend to show I lie ohaiiLiPs recently, ami pei'haps, still goini,' on in tiie outer crust of the ciirlii ill a region where it is supposed to have attained a con- sidera]>le degree of staljility. The slips or dis})lacenients are ijuite numerous in districts occupied l)y the Cambro-Silurian slates. A noleworlhy ciitumstance in regard to the local dislocations or slips is that they si.'em ot'ten to have occurred near some ridge or mountain, or mass of resisting I'ocks, the downthrow being usually on the side tiwiirds it, (ir raiicr tiie sliding up of the slates has taken place on the side fai'thcst from it. ^\'ilclller this has been caused by a jiushing up oi the 'oeds against tins resisting mass, or l)y a slight sinking of such mass from cooling and contrjiction, or w Jiether it is due to both causes, lemains to be delcrmincd. The facts serve to show tlif insiability of ihc outer crust even in the latest geological period. Sli.in.-! H"if ii ,.,.jr|. , ll.t.T • ..f in tiji' ri'itiiir Pleistocknh .Mahink Siioi;i:-li.m:s oi- tiii: >vr. L.\\vi;KN(.ii \'alli;y. Jil'sides the local and orogenic cliauucs of knel (iesci'iL'cd, other move- ments have taken place in the Pleistocene [leriod aiVecting not only the whole Ni-rth-east Appalachians, liut also the St. Lawrence valley and the Jyuircntidrs, jinil indeed, tin- \viiol" of I'lastern Canada. Tiuise Were ol a more general chaiacter, although, jierhaps in some places, dill'erential oroiuuenic. J nvestiuations i'ei;ardin;j' these ^reneral oseilla- tioiis are still in progiess ; init enough is known to give us a fairlv ficciirale idiji ot" their ran^e or extent in th'' St. Lawrence v;dley. The d.ila at hind res|)ectinu- the hei;;ht of that portion of Canadian t(;riitory lying to tiie south of the .'>t. Lawrence Jliser reiati\e to sea level during the later Terti.!r\, aj)]iear to demonstrate that it stood considerably higherat that time than at jiresent.* Except in the Lake ".\iinual liipnrl, (i Sur\. fan., \<>]. \'ll. iN..-^.!, |p|.. L''J L'") M. ,lli;y. uove- tlic ;iiid ;ii(!se aces, :illa- fairly iulian to sea stood Lake eHAlMIM. ] PLEISTOCENE MARINE SIIORE-MNKS. 13 J Champlain basin, however, no new facts have been obtained specially bearing on this question. Lake Champlain is 402 feet deep in the deepest part,* and a large part of it has an avera<;e depth of 200 feet. Its mean surface level is 98 feet al ove the sea. Here, therefore, we have what was probably a river valley, or a valley of denudation in the TiMtiary, the depth of which below sea- level (304 feet) may be taken as a measure of the height, of the land in that period relative to its present altitude. S. Prentiss IJaldwin infers that the Lake Champlain district was in pre-glacial times at least from 300 to 500 feet higher than at j>resent.f Be that as it 'nay, the facts are in accord with those observed around the sciboard in Eastern Quebec and New Brunswick regarding the height of the regior in the Tertiary period. On the advent of the glacial period, the North-east Appalachians seem to have maintained approximately the height at ireiglitof tlie which they stood in the later Tertiary until they became enveloped \',','pjiiadi'ians in ice. Succeeding this was a sulisidence, at the maximum stage of i" tl'" glucial which the land in .some parts of the region stood from 800 to 1000 feet lower than at the present day relative to the sea. A great gulf or estuary then occupied the St. Lawrence valley, which formed sl.ore- lines or beaches when at its extreme height, and al^o others during its recession as the land rose. A preliminary table of the elevations of these shore lines on both sides of the valley is give.i in the Summary Hci^jlitmif Report of the Geological Survey for 1897, pages (Wi-tiS, Init the level'.- «l"«i-li>><'''- ings have been made with Jineroids only, bas.d on those of the nearest railway stations. In the present report, a general statement of the altitudes merely will be offered until instrumental levelliiigs have been made at a few, at least, of the principal points. In the investigations regarding these shore-lines, the St. Lawrence valley has been traversed on the ^^outh side, from Metis to Lake On- tario, and on the north from Cap Tourniente. or Ste. Anne de Beaupre, to Lake Nipissing. Longitudinally, this valley may be said to ascend from the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, of which it forms a pait. Slope of St. and in its westward extension the bottom or plain preserves approxi- vtiVi, 'y "loiiiri- mately the same gradient throughout till it enters the Lake Ontario '^"'J""'"y- basin. The tributary valley of the Ottawa also exhibits the same contours westward to Chalk liiver or beyond. From this point up- ward, as far as Mattawa, the valley ri.ses more rapidly. Here it bifur- cates, in one valley Hows the Ottawa River, in the other its tributary, the Mattawa, the latter continuous to the Ni[nssing Lake basin. *R('IK)rt of the U.S. Coast and (icoili'tic Survey for tlio yi'iir i ndinp .Tuik', 1S87, jip. 166-H)(), 172. t Anicricaii Geologiut, vol. XIII. No. 3, March. IH'.M, \>\>. 170 1H4. 14 J SOUTII-EASTEUN QUEJIKC. w i;;;;i :i;'. :in ■ i '1 Slopes trans- Transversely, iho 8t. Lawi'ence valley ascends also from the river versely. - '' nortliward and soutiivvard to well defined limits, altliough to the eye apparently u level plain. The plain abuts against higher slopes, and its maryins can be traced almost as clearly as those of the Gulf of St. Lawrence at the present day. These marj^ins arc not, however, always uniform in lieijjlit ; but appear to have suffci-ed deformation in a number of places. Skirting tiie valley or plain on all sides are terraces, beaches and benches, composed for the most part of stratified gravel, sand and clay, althou,'h occasionally a terrace or bench cut into the boulder-clay is met with. These mark the shores of the sea which invaded this valley in the later Pleistocene. Generally speaking, they form a seiies of three or more, the lowest distinct and continuous, the highest often interrupted. Like the bottom of the St. Lawrence valley itself, these shore-lines have an ascending gradient westward, that is, up the valley. This gradient is rath(;r greater than that of the bottom of the valley, or of the marine plain ; but neither Deformations, is exactly uniform. Local deformations, or what may be termed a 'bulging up' of the sui face, occur in places. Near the border of the plain tliese affect the shore-lines and probably the higher grounds also. Correlative local sags or reduced uplifts muy likewise be noted. From Cap Tourmente on the north and Montmagny on the south, westwai-d to Montreal Island, or to an imaginary line drawn across the valley from St. Jerome to Danville or Richmond, the shore- lines are practically the same height on both sides, evidencing thus far the comparative uniformity of the general uplift. Along the north aide of the Ottawa, their gradient increases from St. Jerome as far westward as they have been tiaced, although a))parently with more local deformation. On the south side of the St. Lawi-ence, the shore- lines seem to indicate a slightly descending gradient from Danville south-westward towards the International boundary ; but, owing to most of the measurements having been made with aneroid only, they probably contain small errors. Metliod of The method pursued in tracing the Pleistocene marine shore-lines tiiicing shore- ^f ^j^g gj. Lawrence basin was to proceed from the known marine fossiliferous beds outwards towai-ds the margin of the plain, and to fol- low those beaches which flank the slopes and face the open valley. Along the foot of the Notre Dame Mountains they are practically cont' 's from the gulf as far west as Richmond or SheiFord ; to the .■ ,1 that they are more or less interrupted, or rather they are moro aitlicult to trace. i OHAIMIM, linos irine fol- [Woy. ; to are '•] PLEISTOCENE MARINE SHOUK-LINKS. 15 J iM All the measurements of heiglits were made with aneroids based on LdcalitifH the levels of the nearest railway stations, except where otherwise noted, ii,n.s wero and ai'e referred to mean sea-lovel. levelltd. Feet. 1. At GasiR' Bay (Annual Ueport, vol. |VII. (N.S.) pp. 22-25 M.) ; height, 225 to 230 2. Xcar Trois Pistolt's, tiirt'f shore-lini's at 240 feet, at ,S45 feet, and at 375 3. Soutli-east of Montniagny, or St. Thomas, three shore-lines at 230 feet, at 4(>5 feet, and at 545 4. At St. Anselnie Mountain, 15 miles M>uth-east of the city of (^uelHC, shore-lines at 540 feet, and by sp. level at 559 5. West of .Ste. Julie in Somerset, shorelines occur at 02uc1m'c and Lake St. .Inhii rail- way, ti'rraci's and shore-lines at (i:t5 f«'et, and at (iOO I'leistoceiie marine shells wero found in this vicinity at a height of ril."> feet iilioir. Iiiiili tide levd, l>y .Mr. A. I'. Low, of this Siu'vey.* 4. At St. .lei'onie, on thu west side of Riviere du Xord, shore- lines at (!20 to (J25 feet, at 730 feet, at 7l>5 feet, and at S'.lo to IMK) 5. Xt)rth of Laehute, shore-lines at (!()(( to (525 feet, at 7-10 to 743 feet, at SI.') feet, at SSu to ilOO feet, and at 1175 (I. .\t Kiii^jsnw re ^[ountain, north of the city of ( )ttawa, terraee.s and siiore-lines oecur at ditferent levels, viz. : at 480 feet, 705 feet (de (Jeer), at HOO feet. 1125 feet, and a douhtful one, not properly levelled, at. . 0(15 Between forty-five and fifty inilis of the Ottawa River, namely, I'lMiiahle from Allumette Kanids to l{apide.s de.s Joacliim is lake-like and in i";%'>'''";itv <>f place.s reported to be 200 fcset deep, or more. If the dejith stated is "'"tli "'' the correct, the bottom of the channel there lies as low or lower than at the Chaudirn; Kails immediately above Ottawj! City, 138 miles further down. This fact with the geneial features of the valU^y as far up as Rapides des Joachim, intlicates that there may have been a local saii; or reduced uplift here. Bctwet-n liapides des Joachim and Lake Nipissing, howevei', the Pleistocene upheaval seems to have been greater than to the eastward. On the north side of the Ottawa within this distance, terraces and oth(!r evidences of suVir.iergence are rare ; but on the south we iind heavy beds of fine stratified sand, with stratified clay beneaih, the whole resting on boulder clay, which occas- ionally rises to the surface through the overlying series. Deposits of this kind are abundant at various places from Madawaska River west- ward to Knocks 3lills or beyond, and are often deeply denuded on the higher grounds ; but on the lower contain marine shells of Pleistocene age. They are especially noteworthy on the Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound railway between Douglas and Rarrys Bay stations, the latter 912 feet high. The .sununits of the sand-hills rise 100 to 150 feet above the railway track, and face the Ottawa valley at an eleva- tion of 1000 feet or more. The same series of beds is extensively developed at Deux Rivieres where they rise to about the same eleva- tion, t They apjiear to be a great development of Saxicava sands S^xicava marking the upper limit of the Pleistocene submergence in this part "' " "' of the country. High-level beaclies, 1100 to 1200 feet occur north of North Bay, HiLih level first observe. .55 i,. t Xm. Ceologist, vol. XVIIL, p. 114. Taper by F. B. Taylor. :;i3iill. Ceol. So. Am., vol. V., 1.S03. Am. Ceologist, vols. XIV. and XVIII. (hit. •ii Rl' 18 .1 HOUTII-EASTKUN yUKHEC, 'i 'ii I m W marine, as first supposed by him, or due to the interruption of drainage by glacier-dams, has not yet been determined. Extensive deposits of sands and silts, implying subniergenoe are spread over this part of the country up to a height even greater than that of the beaches referred to, which have been desciibed in early reports of this .Survey as Algoma sands. These await detailed investigation and study. In that part of the province of Ontario lying between tlie Ottawa and Mattawa rivers and the Groat Lakes to the south, the evidences of submt^rgi'nce have been oidy cursorily examined by me. Elevated Bejuliis iiciitli sand, gravel and cla}' beds lesting on boulder-clay occur in numerous places, and beuclies regarded iis lacustrine by some and marine by otheis, have been 1 raced by Spencer, Lawson, Taylor and other geolog- ists along the north and north-east sides of the gi-eat lakes, Ontario, Eric, Hui'on and Superior. The <|v.estion of the origin of some, if not all of these, is still under discussion ; but on any hypothesis we must postu- hite a considerable upheaval of the region, although, so far as obser- v.itions have extended, one which can be closely correlated with that of til • (Jreat St. Lawrence valley to the east of the Thousand Islands and liapides des Joachim in tlie Ottawa valley. of tlic (ircat Liikfs Coiiclnsidiis ri'.s^K-ctiiij,' UJlllft riiisiiig till' bcaclu'R. The conclusions which may be tentatively drawn from the foregoing facts, with reference to the Pleistocene uplift, are that the general elevation of the St. Lawrence basin, in the later Pleistocene, was unequal or diH'erential throughout, increasing to the westward as far as the watershed to the north and north-east of the Creat Lakes ; but that some portions of the country were raised higher than others, the U[)lift being unequal locally as well as generally. And the hypothesis held by Spencer and Taylor, that the upheaval which raised the marine plain of the St. Lawrence valley and the shorelines bordering it, was the same as that which elevated the beaches around the Great Lakes, seems to be supported by the evidence at hand. In the latter region, the uplifting force has probably acted along several axes not always paiallel to each other, but conforn)ing perhaps ir.ore or less to the longitudinal direction of the basins of these l»odies of water. The period of these crustal movements appears to have been that of the depo.sition of the Saxicava sands, or rather that of its closing stage. ]Much faulting and displacement occurred, and there were doubtless upward and downward complementary oscillations of greater or less amount and complexity, the upheava'. of so considerable a portion of the legion near the Great Lakes presumably implying a coire-sponding downward movement in the basins occupied by these It is not at all improbable, therefore, that it was at this stage of the idilki •] RIVEUa AND LAKE8. 19 J reat the oral i.ore s of been its here of able ig a ^lese the Pleistocene that the lake basins attained in part their present form and dimensions, and sank so far below the level of the surrounding country. In the " Eastern Townships " of Quebec, and along both slopes of Other changes the St. Lawrence valley, evidences of changes of level of another '•Kiistcin and more local kind came under observation. These are best Townsliips.' shown in the dislocations of river- valleys, and in the changes produced in river-courses, causing waterfalls and rapids, and in some cases a total diversion of a river from its old channel. Crustal movements of tliis kind may have been partially effected in the Pleis- tocene period ; but there are reasons for believing that they are also of much older date, extending as far back as Mesozoic, and probably Palu'ozoic times. A description of the changes which have taken place in the contours of the region, as evidenced by the erosion and base-levelling of rivers, necessarily involves a discussion of the origin of river-valleys and lake- basins. Those of the district specially under review will now be briefly referred to. llivEHs AND Lakes of South-eastern Quehec. Abundant evidence has been obtained to show that the rivers and Ch-iiiK""! /'f 1 1 <• 1 • K 1 • 11 1 • PI level evidtitic lakes or the region are of great age, geologically speaking, some or tliem ei) liy drain- having registered the changes of level, orogenic or destructive ■'^^''' to which it has been subjected ever since Paheozoic times. The Chau- diere and St. Francis, the two largest rivers, How transversely to the general trend of the mountain ranges and intervening valleys, and have cut channels through the range nearest the St. Lawrence River down nearl}' to the base-level of erosion. That the courses and valleys of some oftheriver.s, notably the St. Francis, have been affected by orogenic move- ments is certain. Lake St. Francis occupies part of the valley of an ^\- ^'aiici-* ancient river which trenched the Cambro-Silurian and Cambrian rocks. It seems also possible that Lake Megantic lies in another part of the same ancient valley. This river-valley has been dislocated by orogenic movements which occurred in the crystalline range nearest the St. Lawrence and possibly also in that along the International boundary. Wh(!ther Trout Lake, Williams and St. Joseph lakes likewise occupy dislocated portions of the old river-valley mentioned has not been deter- mined for lack of time to make a complete examination, but it seems probable. The drainage of the area around Lake St. Francis now finds outlet by the St. Francis liiver, the upper part of which trends at right angles to the course of the ancient river, and to the lower part of the 2i 20 .1 SOL'TII-KAHTEIIN QUKHKC. Mnssawipi Kivcr. 1 j J j 1 j t Mclii|ihii-iii present river, — a eliange produced hy the dislocjition of the ancient valley due to the ditterential ujjlift of the belt ot Cainhrian and pro- Cambi'iat) rocks to the north-west, as stated. Different portions of tiio St. I'Vancis Hiver valley appear to be of different ages. The Coaticooke and Massawippi rivers se«'ni to have been originally the chief upper portions of the present St. Fraiuis Hiver, although thai portion between Sherbrooko and its source in St. Francis Lake is doubtless also of a very ancient date. The old valley now occupied by Massawippi Hiver and lake appears likewise to have sufftu'ed dislocation, although extending paiailel to the trend of the geological formations instead of trans ver>f the differential or orogenic nioNcments which have taken place in the region. Tliis lake also occupies a portion of an ancient river- valley, extending from the rivershedtothe south of the Internation- al boundary, in the State of Vermont, northward by way of Fraserand Brami)ton lakes; thence by Salmon Hiver to the St. Francis valley. This old valley is tract^able at the ]>resent day aci'oss the valley of the St. Francis between Windsor Mills and HichuKjnd . I unction, passing to the north of Shipton Pinnacle, an(i reaching the great St. Lawi'ence plain at Danville. It can thus be followed for upwards of 85 miles, and is probably older, geologically speaking, than the valley of St. Francis Hiver, which has intersected it transversely at a wide angle, apj)arently at a later dale. Silurian limestones occupy a portion of the Lake Memphremagog basin, showing its pre-Silurian age. The dislocation of this ancient Momf)liremagog valley has also been caused by a differential uplift, or series of uplifts, of the pre-Cand)rian and Cambrian belt which crosses it. The first of these movements probably took place in early Paheozoic time ; but there were doubtless others at later periods. The very latest is probably related to the ig- neous eruptions of the region, and may have been partly produced by them. That thee have been more than one of these eruptive periods is assumed by Ells,* and seems probable as far as regards the diorites and * Annual Report, Ueol. Surv. Can., vol. VII. (N.S.), p. 77 J. liict., vol. II. (N.S.), p. 411. mfH KIVKKS AND LAKKH. 21 J (liiibases. Correlatively with the uplifts there seem to hiivo been (lis- locations and subsidences, as evidenci-d by the ancient lake-basina re- ferred to. The Chau(hi''i't' valley is, apparently, an exception to the ride, but a f'l[iiii'li"r<- detailed exandnation shows that it also has sustained a dislocation and dirteriMitial uplift in one part, with a correspondinij sitg or sul)si- donce in "^.he part of its course crossed l)y the Cainl)ro-Silurian rocks al)ove the Devils Hapids. The axis of the uplift, apparent ('\ en at the jiresent day. occurs in a district of ii.trusive rocks. At the Devils itapiiis, where these eruptivcs have produced the dislocation referred to, the waters now How over bed-rock, and there is no appearance of an old filled in passafj;e of the I'iver on either side. Above that [loint. as far as tlu^ mouth of Uivirre du Louj), the bed-rock in the bottom of the C'haudii'i'e valley seems to Ho lower than it does at the rapids referred to. Mr. W. P. IjK'kwooil infi)rms me that in a Hat just above the last-mentioned jyoint, on the cast side of the Cliaudiere Hivei', he sank a sliait iV leet deep witiiout I'eactuni^ be(lri)ck. Opposite .Jerst^y ciiinniit.,.^. Mills, on the west side of the Chaudit're Kiver, a shaft, the mouth of ^'""*'.v. which is about twenty feet higher than the l(!vel of tlu; rivci' at the nearest point, was sunk a few years ago to a deptli of 77.', feet wiiolly in boulder-clay without reaching the bottom of tins deposit. The diilerencc in level l)etween the (.'haudiere liivc^r at the Dcnils Rapids and at tlu^ point nearest the shaft nientioneil, is. approximately, forty feet l)y aneroid, so that it appears this siiaft has penetrated the boulder-clay to a depth nearly twenty feet lowcsr than the piesent level of the river at the Devils Hajiids without reaching the bed-rock. yiv. Lockwood also informs me that another shaft was sunk near the mouth of the Gilbert River, on the. east side of the Chaudit're, to a depth of sixty feet, but rock was not reached. Sections of the deposits pa.ssed through in the two shafts referred to sunk under his direction, ai'e given on a later page. I'^roni the evidence afforded by these three shafts, it would seem Syndinal that a great basin, or a sag correspond with the view of .■mil ■^iiiiili 1 • • 1 ••,.11 I 1 1 1 1 1 • 1! Ijil.;,.,.;. explainiiijij tlie oriyuiot the loni^, narrow noi'tli-andsoutli lakt! basuis or the region, and of the pre.s(>nt rivers and lakes. The yreat age and persistency of these ancient drainage systems is a noteworthy feature. \ \ ii \w Why tli.'ir Ijllsiiis li:iv.' licit lu'Cli liili nil. In regard to these long north-and south lake-basin.s, the nuestion arises why if they are pre-Pleistoceni;, have they not been filled in and ,1 obliteruted during the glacial period and subs(!quently by sedimenta- tion. Thert! is no doubt that portions of th(! original valleys have thus been tilled in and levelled ofT, so that it is iliilicult, if not im- pos.sible, now to locate their position continuously; but other parts have from certain cau.ses not been tilled up in this manner, and it is thes(; which now hold the lakes referred to. The correlative sub- sidence oi' sag of the wide belt of country lying between the ranges traversing the " Eastern Tosvnsliips "' of Quebec during the orogenio movements already referred to, aLso aided in the formation of these lake basins. That their bottoms have been partially tilled up during the Pleistocene period tlieie seems no reason to doubt. The present condition of the Chaudiere valley between the mouth of Riviere du Loup and the Devils Rapids proves this ; but owing to the scooping or erosive action both of the northward and southward moving ice-masses, as well as to the fact that portions of them never seem to have been altogether filled with drift even during the glacial period, they exist as we now find them, — receptacles for the drainage waters of the surrounding country. up The of the CHAlMtM. dknudatiun ok tiik keuion. Dknudation op thk Rkoion. 23 J Since tliis n-gidti rose iil)i>v») the sen in Silurian or Devoniiiii timt", IdniKlation it has i)(M'!i tluf tiifulro ftf a vast amdiint of (Ictiuiliitioii ami Imso- ',' ,V'' ''ii'V"' Ifvcilini,' tVdiii sul)U('iiiil, Ihiviatili' ami liicusti'iiio iif^ciicii's, as well as t'runi that due to glai.'i.il and marine action. This (U-nudation is well ('xhil)it('il in the inlei ior valley lying lietween the range along the Inter- national lidiindary and Sutton Mountain and its prolongation north- eastward, and is especi dly n-tti^'cahle in tiio great St. Lawrente valley. It is ohservaltle inch'ed, in eveiy pai t of tlu? region under review. The i)ottoni ot' tlie St. liawrente valley is an extensive, denuded or base-levelled ])lain, this and the Carhonit'erous area of New ISrunswick lieing the largest «)f the plains whieh have been reduced nearly to a unifoiinly level surface in I'lastern Canada. The former has doubt- less undergone repeated oscillations of levcU and defornuitions, both regional and local, accompanied by more or h^HS faulting and dislocation since its latest I'ocks wi're t't)rmed ; nev(!rthelcss the,.,i h;ive in most parts presei-ved their <^iiginal posiiion and hor'i/ontality in a reniai'kuble degree. Into the hi.stoiy of tin; causes which pro agencies which have proiluced the [irescnt condition of the surfac(> on the south side of the v.-illey, especi- ally in their bearing on the distribution of the aurifeiou.s drift. It has been shown on a [)revidus page that the rocks of the '' Eastern Tdwnsliips " extend in parallel bands in a north-east and south-west direction, and consist of three series, each of which is characterized by a diiTerent degree of hardness or capacity for resisting erosion, hence the old gneisses and .schists now occupy the more elevated portion.^ of the countiy, while the Ijelts underlain 1)V slates and limestones have sutfered the most wear and denudation. In areas of Canibro-Silurian rocks, although the strata are everywhere tilteil at a high angle, they are, nevertheless, worn down nearly to a ui\iforni surface, which in I iusc-le veil- some places is so level as to resemble a marine plain. This is especi- '"*''■ ally the case on the divide b(!tween the Chaudiere and St. Francis waters, also westward towaids Lake Megantic, and about the source of Dittim River. Comparatively level tracts were also observed on both sides of Coaticook River, and in a number of other places. Crustal movements have doubtless taken place at repeated intervals here throughout the geological history of the region, producing deforma- tions ; but notwithstanding these the agencies of erosion have un- ceasingly continued their woik of reducing it to a base-levelled 24 .1 SOLTH-EASTEHN QUEHKC. suiface. Taken as a whole it now presents, therefore, different physi- ographic features from what it did originally, or indeed, at any inter- mediate stages of its geological history. Cciiiditiciiis 1'he ancient rivei'-valh^ys, dislocated portions of which now only affrctili;,'liv(l- valli'V>. remain, would, however, seem to show that the wide interior \alley above referred to, occui)ied by Cambro-Silurian rocks, must have assumed nearly its present irlations in early Pala-ozoic ages, as tlie rivers have followed a considerable gi-idient for a long time, geologically speaking, until their chaniifls became iuter- rujjted liy the orogenic uplifts shown on a previous page. The denudation and general lowering of tlie surface has been greatest in tli(! drainage basins of the St. Francis and Chaudiere rivers, these having sullicicnt ei'osive power to cut passages for themsehes through the range of mountains nearest the St. L,iwn-nci' (the Sutton Moun- tains) ;ind wear their cliannels down nearly to the base-le\ el of erosion. Th(! other lix'ers flowing in this interior basin, not having such power :)f erosion, hail to seek outli'ts Ijy the Chaudiere and ^ t. i'raiicis, being unable to cut channels for thfiiisclvcs directly across the range referred to. JJetwccn the ern>ioii of these latter risers and the orogenic ft)rces svl'.ich raised the Sulton Mountain range tlieri' wuuid seem to have betai alon^ struggle for tie' ma;,t('iy, hence we lind tli(> old channels of the^e still traci'jiljit' across the uplifted belts or mountain ranges with more or less distinctness. lUit the orogenic t'f>rces seem ultiniately to have If „. ,1 , I'ained thi^ asccndaiiiv and the dislocated ijortiims nf the ancient ri\er- Jiou lilt" h'Hij' ' ^ • \ alleys in tlu; synclinal basins became recej)tacles for the drainage waters, and thus formed the long narrow iiortli-and-south lakes already described. The lakes seem to ha\e stood at consideiably higher levels at one time than thev do now, befor(> wearing down their present outlets. Ail the ancient rivers of the region have thus been forced to cut out new channels for themselves by the orogenic upheaval referred to, except the Chaudiere aiul the Inwer j)art of the St. Francis. liiirtli-aii'l south laki's V'fl'e f'.>niu( 1 rails) Muta- tion lit' matiiial. The transpDitation of material by the Chaudiere and St. Fiancis rivers from their upper drainage basins towards the St. {..awrence plain thioiighout their long existence must have been enormous. Xot- withstanding the hirge amount of eroded material thus swejit away, and the conse([uent reduction of the land surface within the drainage basins of these two large rivers to a lower level than in other parts of the interior valley occupied by Ciind)ro-Silurian sediments, yet thick sheets of superficial deiiosits mantle and conceal the rocks from view e\ erywhere within this valley. The hill and mountain ranges j)resent their denuded summits, often of bare rock, above the valleys while '•] GL.VCIATION. •25 J intrusive masses, such as Owls Head, Orford, Big and Little Ilam mountains loom up above the whole surrounding country, imposing in their isolation. The deposits now occupying the surface of the region, being largely boulder-clay, have a preservative ellect upon the rocks, and therefore, except on summits bared by ice-action, and along river-valleys, there must be less subaerial or atmospheric disintegration uoing on than in pro-glacial ages. The glacial iicriud itself was, however, oik; of great denudation, and had a wonderful levelling ellect, sweeping the material off the higher ground and hlling the valleys. This agency and its ciiects upon the dislrilnilinn of the deposits of the region may now be considered. I'ldtfCtive frt'pct (jf (IflMlsitS. (il.AClATIOX. aucis I reave Not- |iway, inage I'tS of Ithick I view ssent kvhile The glaciation of the St. Lawrence valley presents many remaikable (;i;uiatinn of anrincijial striaLion of the province of (Jue- bec east of the Chaudirre lliver and head of the St. John waters, also the striation of New i'.runswick and the New l^ngland States. The strise of the Appalachian glacier have been traced on the south slojie of the St. L.'iwrence \alley nearly from the rntern.itionai boundary down to the foot-hills and in some places to the l)ottoni of the marine plain. Succeeding this w;is the invasion of ice from the north and north- LuMiciitiilc west, — the L-iurentide or Labradoriati glacier of Dr. (!. M. Dawson "''"■"■'■ and .Mr. A. P. Low, — the southern and south-eastern limits of which will be detined in the seciuel. Below the city of (^hiebec no evidences of this ice having crossed the St. Lawrence Kixcr were found. A second glacier or .system ()f glaciers tlowed oU' tlie Lauivntian plateau in a south-westerly direction, the striation }iroduced by it hav- ing been observed principally upon the southern slope of the phiteau and in the Ijottom to the St. Lawrenci- vjilley. This striation is later than the south to south-east striation and is superpnsed on it. « i' 1^ M 26 J SOUTH-EASTERN QUEHKC. Local glaciers. Towards the close of the glacial period, during the melting or retir- ing stage of the glacier systems refeired to, a number of local glaciers crept down the slopes in various directions as they were influenced by the topographical features. Floating iic. The lower slopes and the rock surfaces in the great marine plain of the St. Lawrence valley, have been striated by ice which appears to have been sea-borne anil to have been carried westward, or up the valley. This implies a submergence of several hundred feet below the present level. Tn the following list of stria' each of the three or four systems will be separately grouped in what seems to be their chronological oi'der. The data upon which they ha\e been separated are tht; courses of the strife, with the stoss side noted wherever observed ; the weathered con- dition of the rock surfaces glaciated by the earliest ice as comi)ared with that of those striated bj' the latest ice ; the superposition of one set of striiv upon another on the same exposures, the character of tlie Ijoulder- clay produced by each, etc. The striii' are all referred to the true meridian, and the elevations to mean sea-level. Stoss .side. To avoid repetition, the word " stoss side," though not used, is to be understood with a reverse bearing after each recorded observation of the courses of striie. Where the " stoss side "is not known, or is uncertain, the fact will be stated. Striie of Aiipaiac'liiiiu ioe. Stria proilriinl hii (In Appiilci'h idn SiikI(Iii of Ohicirr:!. No. 1. At Ste. Flavie, N. 'J. Near l')ic i^tation, Iiitercoloiii.-il railw.ay, X. 'JO' W, and X. 30' W. 3. .\t Ti-ois I^istoles station, Intercol(Uiial railway, X., X. 2' ]•;., X. .") E., X. 20' K., N. 24 K., \. .Sf) !•;., X. 40 K.. X. 45 K., X. 50 K.,X. .w E., X. W E., N. (i» H.. and X. 74 E.; also X. 4 W., X. 5 W.. X. ID \V.. X. 12 W.. X. 14 \V., N. 20 W., X. 2(1 \V., X. 32"W., N. 34 W., N. iiii W., X. 4o' W. Tlie <|oiiiin:int eomse is N. 2 E. 4. In the second concession lieiiiiid Trois I'istoles, \. 20 W. Ileiglit 43.-) feet. 5. In the tliird concession, N. 40 W., and X. 5. At Riviere dn Lon|), in the second concession, X. 18' W'., N'. 25 E., etc. 7. On tiieTeniiscouiita ro.id, near St. Hoiiori', X. 40" W. 8. Near Montniagny station. Intercolonial railway, X. 'i2 E., N. (17 E., and X. 72' E. !). South-east of Montniagny station. X. 22 E., N. 52 E., N. (12 E., N. 72 E.; also X. 8° W., and X. Ih' W. Jfiitrht 4(15 f.'et. 10. Ten or twelve miles south-east of .Montniagny station. X. S \\'.. X. 32 E., and X. 42 E. Heiidit 1.400 feet. 11. A mile or more soutii of .St. (lervais village on the road to St. Lazare, X. 38 E., anil X. .52 W. ••] GLACIATION. 27 .J Zi " s :., N. 20' ••S H., W.. X, t(i^ w. Hii.! X. 7L' K.; Iv, 11 nil 12. 13. 14. 15. 10. 17. IS. li». 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 2."). 20. 2S. 2!l. •M. :u. 32. 33. 34. 3r.. 30. .37. 3S. 3!». 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 40. 47. 4H. 4!l. 50. 61. 52. 53. 54. 55. ici^ — Co>it. Further south on tlu' same road, X. 43 E. .Striie of Halfway Vrntwcen St. (lervais and St. l.azare villages, on great bosses, X. 33° K. Appalachian At St. Lazare, X. 33 E., N. 43' E., and X. 7 W. On the road from .St. Lazaro to St. Clure, X. 7" W. (Si'c Xo. 32.'<). West of last oliscrvation, X. 2' W. Two concessions west of St. Lazare, on .St. Clare road, X. 01' W. (Later, S. 87° E.) East side of St. Clare \ iljage, X. 7 W., X. 17 W. West of St. Clare, on St. Anselnie road, X. 22" W.. and X. 25' W. At northi'rn base of St. Anselnie nionntain, 15 miles south-east of Levis, X. 43'' E. Height .%■) feet. On top f,f St. .\nselnie mountain, X. 47 Iv, and X. (■)2 K. Height 0.30 feet. At Ste. Marguerite, X. 7 W. Il.'ight 1,120 feet. In another plaee at Ste. .Marguerite. N. 42 W. On road fiom ]5isson to Sts. Anges, X. 44 E. Ifei^rht, 850 feet. Three niih^s west of W.'st Frampton, X. 27 E., and X. 01" E. Height, 1,400 feet. To tiie soutii-west of West Kraniplon, X. 12 \\'. Further to the south-v.est, on the same road on whieli Xo. 2(! striie were seen X7 W. Some rods further to tiie soiith-west, X. 1 1'-. Wi'll defined. On the southern l)''ow of the same ridge, X. 17 \\' . and X. .'1 K. South-west of ,St. Odilon, X. 0" W.. and X. 4 E. Hetween Colway and I)es I'lantes rivers, X. tl W., X. 4 I'), etc. On road on scmth side of Hiviere des I'lantes, X. 10 H., X. 2t K. Height, 775 feet. Half a mile east of Ste. Iiose church. N. E. Height, 1,4S5 fi^et. On road from Ktcheinin Lake to f "uldaff I'.O., S.,\> E. On the same road nejir-r Ciildatf I'.O., X. 10' W. South-east of Culdalf P.O., X. 10 W.. and X. 1 W. l)oul)tful whether these are earliest or latest. Ahout two miles east of limits of Higaud \'audreuil seigniory, X. 10 W. Simi- lar coiwses occur to the West within three miles of !^t. l''iani.'ois village. Ea,stof .lersey .Mills I'.O., N. 15 W., \. 20 W., X. 22 W.. and X. 2 \V. The last may lielong to tlu^ latest glaciation. On hill slope lii'tweeii St. Kraneois and (iilliert Kiver, X. 17 W. Height, SOO feet. South-east of St. FraiK-is station, (jueliec ('••ntral railway, X. 02 E. Li anotlier place near above ciau'se, X. I I'.. At Mallow, I'.O., X. 20 W., X. 30 W., and X. 40 W. On Lot .'io, Liniere, X. 40" W. East of road hit Ween ,St. Henri and St. I )avid concessions, .Vuliert < lallion, X. 5 W. Height, 020 feet. W«'st of Chaudieie l!i\eratSt. Frani^'ois. I'eauce, X. l! W. Along second concession road W. of St. Kraueois. X. 14 E., \. 24 E. Height 1,120 feet. On same road further north, X. W. .South of 15ias Kiver, west of T'liaudiere, X. 4 K. Hei^rht alioiit SOO teet. On road going from Ste. Marie to .St. .Sylvester, near Hi\ iere I'm aurivage. X. 4 E. East of St. Victor ;ie Triiig, X. 12 E. Height, 1,22.' feet. Tn another place nearer St. Victor de Tring, N. 10" K. West of same place, X. 10' E., X. 20 K. Further west of St. Ephreiii de Tring. X. 14 E. (6Vi Xo. 272.1 Xear St. Ephrem on hill summit, X. 2 E. Xortli of St. Ephrem, on road to Hroughton, X. 12 E., and X. IS" ]•]. Height 1,2.50 feet. i;l i W^ » IS lilt Striit of Appalachtaii ice — Vont. 28 J SOUTH-EASTERN QUEIUX'. "lO. Six or scvun iiiilcK from HiouKlitoii, on same road, N. 1' K. with a 8. (50' E. net mipcri)osi'd on it. Also N. 30" W. H(%'lit, 1,250 ft-ft. 57. About five luileH south of IJrouglitoii station, (Quebec Central railway, N. 2' E. with S. (Hi !•;., striie also. .58. Near I'.roii^'hton station, X. (1 W., N. 12" W., and X. II W. 5!t. On road fioni liroiigliton to Leeds and Inverness, X. !l E. (10. Xear Leeds vn nortliern slope of ranjfe, X. "Jl E. Height, 1,H()0 feet. This course occurs on several exposures liere. GL Ik'tween Leeds ami Inverness, X. V2 E., X. 1(1^' K. 02. Xearbrowof luount.iin lM'forel,iiuof St. Lawrence Valley, X. M E. lI.Mglit, 8it5feet. Oa. South of .Ste. .lulie, near P.ate, X. .52 E., and X. 04' E. Height, l,(Ml(» feit. 01. South-east of Wolfestown, X. 1 ' \V. Heigiit .ibnut 1,2.50 feet. (i.5. On same road, msir XicoIetLake, X. 2 \V.,crossedby alateiS. Iv eourse(X'o. 24ti. ) CO. Still nearer Xicolet Lake, X. 10" W., X. 1-1 W. Height aliout l.OOU feet. Also crossed by a S. E. cmirsi'. 67. Xorth of South Ham, X. 20' E. Heigiit, \m feet. OS. At South Ham, X. 5 W., X. 15 W., and X. 25 \V. Cross.d by .S. E. striie, (Xo. 211.) (JO. lietwecM Soutli Hani and .Marlileton, X. M) W.. ,iiii| X. 15 W. Xumerous. 70. At limekilns, Marbletoii, X. 25 W., and X. ;J0 W. 71. \Ve.-t of St. Koiiiaine, X. 5 \V., X. 10 W. Heigiit about l.lHOfeet. 72. Tud miles east of Eorsytli. (Also Xo. 275.) 73. Half way between Forsyth and St. Ephreni, X. 74. Tluee miles from East Angus, on road to ('Jook^hire, X. 35 E. 7.5. About a mile from (Jookshire. on same road, X. 25 E., and X'. 30 E. 70. Two or three miles south-east of Scotstown, near Canadian I'acitie railway, X. 35- W'., X. 45" W., and X. (13" W. Height about 1,200 feet. 77. Xear MacLeod crossing, X. 50 W., in several [ilaces. 7'S. Xortli of Xadeau (•ro>sing, Canadian Paeilic railway, and east of Lake Megantie. X. 40 \V., and X. 00 W., l)esi(li.s (Xo. IS'.li. 70. On Stoke Centre mad, iioith of St. Francii liivei', X. .55 K. Heigiit. OSO feet, 80. On the same road, live miles from St. Krancis Itiver, due \V, SI. Kurtlur to nortii-east, .\. 45 W. Heigiit. S05 fei't. 82. At slate (|iiairy m ar H.inville, X. IS W. 83. West of Danville. .X. \K . Height, T.Vi feet. 84. At Stoke Lake, X. .55 \V. Heigiit, 800 feet. 85. Siiutli of .Stoke Lake, X. 55 \V. Xumerous. 80. Seven or eiglit miles east of Windsor Mills, X. S.'i W, Height, S50 feet. 87. .Miout two miles east of Windsor Mills, S. S.") W. Height, 000 teet. 88. One mile east of Windsor Mills, X. 75 W.. X. n3 W.. and S. 85 \V. Height, OIK) feet. 89. West side of St. I'raneis Itiver, opposite Windsor Mills, X. 85 W. At Ivings- bury. X. 85^' \V. Height, -500 feet. 110. On the east side of SheH'ord Mountain, X. 15 W. .91. On road from Knowltoii to Sweetslmrg, X'. 20 W. In .iiiotlier place further north, X'. 5' E. 92. Three or four miles from Sweitsburg, on same road, X. S3 W., crossed by a southerly trending set, (Xo. 1511.) 93. Another exposure siiows X'. 83 W., crossed by a later set S. 57' W. 94. Two miles from Sweetsbnrg, X'. 87 W., varying to S. 57 W., crossed by a later set, (X'o. 1.50.) ■1 GLACIATION. 29 J !)5. Soutli-wf'st of "I'innacle," Suttim Mountain on road from Abbott coniiT toStriii-of Riclifoifl, Vi'iniont. N. (12 W., ami S. HH" W. NunR'i'on.s. In other i.laoi>^ Al'palachian in this locality N. 4-J- W., X. ■<•> W., I'tc. (Seo No. 138.) M' - Co„l. 96. South of UhillipsburK, MiHsis(nioi 15ay, N. 3S W. Inii«'rfect. Stritition produccil h/i the iarli< r Ldurmtiili 7. At St. Kiistac'hc, nortli of I'ortncuf, Canadian Pacific railway, .S. 12' K., S. 4'"i Stii.i- of K. Height, J!?') feet. I'ariiiT Lan- !)S. Near Hclair station, Canadian Pacific railway, S. 81' K. (This ic(! moved down '||"f)''"' tlie valley of liiviere du Ca)! Rouge. ) il!t. At (JiMiid' Mere, St. Maurice Itiver, S. 2^ K. Height. (175 feet. 1(1(1. South of MasUinonge Lalve, S. 2S K., and S. I?!! K. Height, (;75 feet. Ml. In another place near Canadian Pacific railway track, S. 18 K. Heigiit, (ioO feet. 102. ]Mn-tiier south, S. i;{ K. and S. if E. 1 [eight, (MO feet. 10.3. At St. .leronie, S. JW K., S. .30" K., S. 8 K., S. 'X E., S. W W., and S. Ki' W. Heiglit, ;H20 f.'ct. KM. On a lioss on liank of Xortli Uivcr, at St. .Ki-onie, S. P2 E. and S. .")(» E. 105. .Vt iron mines, west of St. .leronie, .S. o" W. 10(i. North of St. .leronie, S. 22 E. and S. 40 E. Height, 7;i.") feet. 107. At Ste. Caniille, S. 12 !•;. 108. On tli(^ road from Laciiute to I )\niany, S. 12' E. Height, 47.'> feet. KJ'.I. Xortii of Eaelnite, S. 12 K. and S. :!2 E. 110. \orth-e.ast of Calumet, S. 18 W. and S. 28" W. Height, TlSO fi et. 111. On tile road going north from Calumet station, Canadian Pacific railway, S. 2' !•:. and S. 12 E. Height, 03.') feet. 112. Along Koug(^ River valley, one mile north of tlie ('ana. West of fiuckingham, glaciated bosses with two stoss sides occur, one to the north, another to tlie last : Imt no distinct stri:e were detected. 117. Near Old Clielspa, in (latineau VaUey, S. 10" E. to S. 20 1'.. 118, In Cliichester, opposite I'embroke, S. 2!) E. Heavy. Height, 02.5 feet. 110. At Chii(]>ewa Creek, two or tiiree miles nortli of Xortli Hay, S. 14 \V. 120. On ledges nortli of Nortli Pay, S. 4^ W. and S. \V. Height, CdO to 070 feet. 121. At Klock's Mills liotli the soutlnvard and soutii-westward sets of stria' were observed. 122. .\t Madawaska station (Ottawa, Arnprior and I'arry Sound railway), south- ward striatioii was observed. 123. Half ,1 mile south of Perth, two or three conrsos of striie occur, often in the same surface, the oldest being S. 28 E. Height, 435 feet. 124. Aliout two miles south of Pertli. older stria', S. 28 E. and S. 33 E. Tlie>e are nearly effaced by a later south-west set. Height, 435 feet. 12.5, West of I'atlinrst, Canadian Pacific railway, striie were observed with courses trending from nortli to south, and another set from north-east to south-west. 12(i. .\t Twee,', station, Canadian P.icitic railway, S. 14 E., S. W E., S. 40' E., and S. 1 W. 127. About three miles nortli of Smiths Falls, S. 1" W., iiiseveral places, also S. 3 W. •11^ I ! ' i't! !'! !i!': m m Striie of eurlier Lau- rcntiili! glacier — Cunl. 30 J SOUTH-EASTERN QUEliEC. 128. South of SmitliH Fulls, S. 4 K., S. 1 W., and S. tV W. 129. On Wolf.- Island, foot of Lake Ontario, S. 21' W., S. 31 W., S. 31' K., etc. Hcigtit, LTiOlcet. 130. At Clayton, N.Y., S. 21^ E., S. IV K., and S. G^ E. 131. At .Morristown, X. V., S. 2")' K., and S. 4()'E. On ano'.'icr cxiMwiirc, S. 7' E. On till- liif;lier grounds south of .Mmristown, .S. 8 W. 132. At Nf\ ill's quairy. west of Ogil.iislmrK, X.Y.. S. 5" E., S. IH E., S. 23 E. and S. 22 W. 'I'lif S. iV K, striie are the heaviest. .Siilierposed on tiiese are south-west striie which Uiay be duo to tloiitiiig ice. 133. Alioiit four miles south of Ogdeiislmrg, S. 10' E., in several jilaces. Light. 134. At IVescott. Out., S. 15 E, and S. IS E. Aliotiier finer set (No. 351.) superiiosed on the.se. 134;,. Near St. Albans, Vt., S. 12 E. 1.3.5. ( )ii the south-east side of a ridge behind St. Albans, \t., S. 14 W. and S. 18' W. 13(i. South of I'iiillipsburg, i-ixu:, S. 137. On the ridge just west of St. .Ariiiand station. S ,3,s W., and S. 33' W. 13H. On the road fioin Abbott Corner to Hiehford, Vt., S. ,52 E., and S. 42" E., erossiug N.W. striie. 1.3!l. At funt hills north-east ol "I'innaele," S. 42" E. and S. 27' E. Height, !)60 feet. 140. .Southeast of "rinnaele,'' .Sutton .Mountain, S. 32" E. 141. On tile west side of Pigeon Hill, S. 22 E. 142. Two miles smitl. of St. Aruiand, at International boundary, S. 18° W . 143. A mile (^iist of St. Armaiid, S. 4(! E. 144. At I'relighsburg, S. 27 E. Height. 500 feet, 14.5. .South-east I if Dunham, west of Sweetsburg, S. 40 E. 140. On the road going south from East Dunham, H. 00' E. and S. 05 E; well marked. 147. In another [ilace near by, S. 34 E. 148. On north-west slope of ridge, three miles west of Sweetsburg, S. 72' E. and S. 52 E. 140. In another place on same slo]ie, facing St. Lawrence plain, .S. 28° E. 150. On hill sout;; of Sweetsburg, S. 54' P'. ; another common course here is S. G2' E. 151. At Knowlt 111 village, S. 12 E. 1.52. On summit ui Shelford Mountain, in a hollow, S. 55" E. 15.3. On soiith-we.-t side of Slieilord Mountain, S. 02 E. 154. East of West Shefford, S. 37 E. 15,5. Near Iron Hill, Uronie Mountain, S. .52"' E. 150. In ]:!olton, near (irass Pond, S. 32' E., S. 12' E. 1.57. Near Foster junction, and at South Stukely, Canadian I'acitie railway, S. 12° E. 158. At Eastman station, Canadian I'acitie railway, ,S. 32 E. and S. 12' E. 15!). On slope of Orford Mountain, S 53' E. Height, 1,400 to 1,5(10 feet. 100, On same slo|)e of Orford Mountain, at elevation of 1,800 feet, glaciated surfaces were noted, but without distinct striie or grooves. Above this to summit, 2,800 feet, no glac-iation was observed. 161. Near the foot of Orford Mountain. S. 23' E., .S. 33 E. 1()2. .South of Orforil Mountain, .S. 03 !•]., or N. 03 W.. stoss side indistinct. 103. Along the Canadian I'acitie railway, nortii-west of Lake Memphremagog, S. 23' E. and S. 33 K. 104. Between Memphreinagog and Magog lakes, in several jilaccs, S. 13 E., to .S. 9' W. I(i5. North of Lake Memphremiigog towards ('lierry and Eraser lakes, in several placi-s, S. 14 E. Height, SOO to 915 feet. IfiO. West of Lake Memiihreuiagog towards Orford Lake, .S. 2' W. 107. Two miles south of Oeorgeville, S. 28' W., S. 8 W. Height, 800 feet. ^■^^ CHAlMERt. ] (il-AClATION. 31 J 168. On west side of Lake Memphremngog, three iiiilcM Iruiu north enil, 8. 4' K. Striii'of 12° E. ']., to S. several Ileiglit, '.MIOfeet. H.'iglit, 1,0!K) feet. Height, .V20 feet. Height, aUmt 1,. At Katevale, S. 10' \V. Height, 84.') feet. 177. Soiitli-east of Massawippi Uiver, S. 35" K. 178. At International lioundary, Maine Central railway, S. 35^ E., and S. 25' E. Heigiit, 1,1 IS feet. 179. At St. Mall > station, same railway, H. 45" E. 180. West of Sawyerville, S. (iO E. anet. 180. Soutii of Chartiervine, at foot-liills, S. .55" E. and S. 35' E. Heiglit, 1,750 feet to 1,800 feet. lS7. On road from Dittonto Scotstown, S. SO I'"., and S. 00° E. And on another ledge nearer Seotstown, S. 00' E. and S. .50" K. Height al)out 1,3.50 f(«t. 188. On easternmost road leading from Megantic to Sjiider lake, S. 80' E., S. 7<>"E. and S. 02 E. Near Spider Lake, S. 7<>' E. ]8!t. On second short road crossing Canadian PaciHc railway, east of Megantic, S. 8(1' E. I!t0. East of Agnes P.O., or Megantic, on south side of Chaudiere River, S. 80 E. (numerous), S. (iO' E., etc. lid. In another locality, east of Megantic, to south of last, S. 82* E. and S. tiO' E. Height, 1,540 feet. 192. At north end of Lake Megantic, S. 0(i° E. and S. 56° E. 193. Along the road from Megantic to Ste. Cecile, four or five miles from lake, S. 60° E. and S. 01 E. 194. Near Lowelltown, Me., along Canadian Pacific railway. S. 86" E., >S. SO E., S. 73" E, S. 09" E. and S. (i5' E. 19.5. At Hani] pden Settlement, Que. S. 45' E. Height, 1,565 feet. 19('). I'urther east on same road, near cro.'is roads, .S. (iO" E., and S. 15 E. Height, 1,770 feet. 197. Near McLeod crossing, Canadian Pacific railway, S. 85 E. and S. 52 E. In another place near last, S. 45 E. 198. At Scotstown, several sets, the most distinct being S. (>5'' E. 199. On the Macnamee road, west of Scotstown. S. 60' E. and S. 55' E. Light. Height, about 1,;«0 feet 200. Four miles west of Scotstown, S. 75' K, 201. At Coiiipton village, S. 5.5" K. and S. 45' E. 202. At Cookshire, S. 58" E. and S. 48' E. 203. On seeond cross-road west of Slierbrooke, on north side of Magog River, S. 13' E. Height, 800 feet. 204. At Sherbrooke, S. .54' E., S. 52 E., and S. 48 E. earlier Lau- rentide glacier — Cont. 32 J SOUTll-EASTEHN (jlKnEC. Striii- of 205. Ttiici' niilcs nortli nf SherbrcMke nlanf? (Jraiul Trunk ii'.ihvny, S. M") K. Height ••arlic- Liiil- 4S0 feet. '■','"*•"''' r< , 2<«",. Frciii u\w. to two inilis ca.-t of Sherbrookc. S. 15' K., S. 1' W., ami S. 5 W. Hfiglit, about (KK) ffft. •.'07. Half a mill' fiirtlni- cast on north side of .St. Kranois Kivcr, S. 40^' E., S. .'<5° K. and S. ;^0 K. 20S. Near A-cot station, (.iiii^bcc Central railway, S. S]" I'], and S. 5:^ K. lIciKlit, (140 fret, 'Joil. At j\niction of two roads Icadintr from Sliorbrooki' to .\scot, S. .55 K. Height II'.IO f.'ct. 210. I'roni one to two miles west of Ascot, S. 5(1 K. Hciglit, 850 to 875 feet. L'11. Mast of St. Francis Hiver. on east road leading to Stoke C(iitr<', S. 44 K. and S. ;^0 !•;. Ueifrht, .550 feet. 211?. .\X jimction of two roads leading' to Stoke Centr<', S. 4(!' V,. Height, 050 feet. •1\X Xi'iir l!romi)ton l'"alls, St. I'rancis Uiver, S. 40 K, Height about 500 feet. 211. Further down river, at the same i)lace, S. 'X< E. and S. 20 E. Heiglit, 470 feet. 215. About a mile east of M'indsor .Mills, S. ;!5 E. Height, tiOO feet. (See \o. 88.) 210. Two miles east of Windsor Mills, S. .55 E. Height aboiit the same as last. 217. At Kingsbury, S. 47 E. Hei«ht 5!I0 feet. (See No. SO.) 218. On road leading direct froiu Kingsbury to Itichinond .lunction, north of first bend, S. .55-^ E. Eight. ■210. .Vt -Melbourne. s(juth-wtst of Hichmond .lunctifin. S. 50' E. Height. (185 feet. 220. Seven or eight miles from Windsor Mills, on road to Wiittopekah Eake, S. 41' E. Height, S,")0 feet. 1'21. .'^onth of Stoke Centre, on wist road leading to Sherlirooke, S. 70 I'^.. S. 0.5'' E., ,uid S. 5(1 v.. 222. On the same road, north side of large brook, .S. 01' !■;. Height. 8.50 feet. 223. South of sanip brook, S. .50 E. and S. 40 E. 224. South-west of Itichuiond .Tuuctioii, (iraiid Trunk railway, S. 50 V.. Height, 700 feet. 225. On a northern .slope fiu'ther west, S. 40 W. •J2(i. I'uither west, on Montreal road, S. .50 E. Height, 720 feet. 227. Near Lisgar station, (Jrand Trunk railway, west side, .S. 50 \\. and .S. 40 E. 228. On a boss west of Diinville, S. .51 E. L'2!l. Half way betwei'ii Shipton Hills and D.mville, S. 40 E. Height, 740 feet. 2;iO. East side of Shipton Hills, .S. 22^ E., S. •_'() E. 2.S1. .\t slate (|uarry, south of Danville, S. 74" W. and S. 44' W. 2:«. South of Danville vdlage, S. 22' E. and S. 20' V.. Height, .550 f.'i^t. 233. On hill slope south of Danville, S. 3(j E. and S. 'JO E. Height, 805 fe.'t. 234. On hill facing the St. Lawrence valley at Warwick, (Irand Trunk railway, S. 74 E., S. 04 E., etc. Height, 800 feel. 235 Two miles west of Arthabaskaville. on hill slojie facing St. Lawrence, S. 40' E. Height about 870 feet. I 2.30. At Arthabaskaville, on similar hill slcjpe, S. 8 ]•;. L':'>7. Three miles south of Angus station, (Juebec Central railway, S. 40 E. and S. 35 E. 238. On the road from .Vngus station to Cookshire, near latter place, S. W E. 230. On road fnmi Dudswell station, (^hiebec Central raihv.ay, to Marbleton, east of lake, .S. 32 E. 240. Near Marbleton, on road to South Ham, S. (Ml' E. and S. 50' V,. 241. At South Ham, S. 02 E. and S. 40 E. 242. Within a mile or two of Nicolet Lake, on road to Wolfestown, S. 80' E. 24.3. North of Nicolet Lake, on s.ame road, S. .50 E. and S. 30° E. 244. Two ur three miles north of Nicolet Lake, S. 80' E., also N. 75' E. Light striie. ■1 GLACIATION. 33 .r ,f Hrst lihviiy, l(r K. K. iiiid (■:ist of It stnw. 245. 240. 247. 218. 24!>. 250. 251. 253. 254. 255. 25(J. 257. 258. 25it. 2(!0. 2(J1. 2(12. 2(iH. 2(!4. 2(i.5. •Jfi(!. 2(17. 2(iS. 2(l!t. 270. 271. 272. 27:5. 274. 275. 27(1. 277. 278. 27'.». 280. 281. 282. 28;i. 284. 285. 28(1. 287. 288. FurtluT to tlie north-f-nst, S. 84" K. Light : nmiioroiis. Still fnrtlior to the nortli-caHt, .S. (18' K. (See No. (15.) Five or .six iiiileH Routli-west of Wolfcstown, S. 70' K. H«twi't'n St. Pierre I'laptinte iiiid Stc>. Julie, iiboitt a iiiiU- from lirow of mountain, S. 71" E. Near brow of mountain, on same ron.(l, .S. 80' K. Heifjht, 0.50 to 1,000 feet. Twoortliree miles wewt of Ste. Julie, alon^foot-liillH, S. 54" E. Stoss sitle in- distinct. Height, 7(10 feet. At hast! of moimtaiiiH south of Ste. Julie, on road to St. Pierre BaptiHte, S. 22' E. Height, 080 feet. The same course oecurs in otiier places on this road. South of Ste. Julie village, S. 54' E. South-west of Ste. Julie, amtrng foot hills, S. 70' E. and S. 02" E. On road from Ste. Julie to Inverness, at foot-hills, S. ,50" E. Height, 750 feet. On brow of sl(>pe, going south on same road, S. ,50 E. Height, 805 feet. Si ill further south on slope, S. 40' E., in several places. Just east of cross ro.ads between Inverness and Leeds, S. 20" E. Further south on road to Leeds, .S. 40' E. and S. 3(1 E. North of Leeds, S. 50" E., S. 40" E., etc. (Sec No. 00.) South of Leeds near Harvey Hill, on roaft to Uroughton station, Quebec Central railw.ay, S. 8(1" E. Height, 1,150 feet. At Broughton station. (Quebec Central railway, S. 82" E. At Weedon station, Quebec Central railway, 52" E. Height, 1,170 feet. At west end of Lake .Aylmer, S. 70 E. Height, 1,075 feet. Near Stratford P.O., S. 00= E, and S, 52" E. Height, 1,175 feet. Between .Stratford and Stornoway, S. 50' E. East of Stornoway, in a valley, S. 00" E. At St. Homain church, S. 80 E. and S. 00" E. Height, 1,400 feet. On road from Brougiiton to ,St. Ephrein do Tiing, six or seven miles from Broughton, ,S. 00 E. (See No. .50.) On same road north of P>ra8 Kiver, S. 00" E. Ivast of St. E|)iirem on road to St. Victor de Tring, S. 80° E. and S. C6= E. Half a mile or more to the east of last, S. .'^4' E. (See No. 53.) At St. Victor de Triug, S. ,50° E. to S. 00° E. Halfwiiy between .'^t. Eplirem de Tring jind Forsyth, S. .50" E. Al II >ut two miles east of Forsyth, S. (10 E. {Sec No. 72.) Height about 1,;{U0 feet. At Forsyth (St. Evariste de Forsyth), S. 04° E. on several exposures. ]{ehiud R.C. eiiurcli where dislocated slates occur S. 50 E. On the west side of River Ticrney, S. .50 E. and S. 40° K. Alioiit a mile east of Lambton, S. .50' E. Height, ],;<00 to 1,400 feet. At the south end of St. Francis Lake, S. (10° E. to S 70 E. Near St. Elzi'ar in two places, S. ,50" E. and S. 20° E. Light. Further south going up hill, S. Itt" E. Fine striie. Height, 1,0.50 feet. .\t St. Elzear, S. '.W ]•]., or the reverse. Stoss side indistinct. Height, 015 feet. On road from St. Elzear to Ste. Marie, S. ,52' E. North-west of Millstre.ain, ne.ar St. Francois, Beaiice county, at rear of first concessicm, S. 80' E.. S. 00° E., and S. 50' E. Heigiit, .850 to 000 feet. On west side of Chaudiere River, south-west of the Devils Kapids, in the second concession, S. 70' E. Height .about 000 feet. Other stria' in rear of first concession near here, S. 00° E. At east end i>f road between St. Henri and St. David concessions, S. 47" E. Height, 020 feet. In the southern part of Aubert fJallion, S. ,53" E. Numerous. Strire of earlier Lau- rentide glacier— Cort<. 1% ! IrTTr I f if '' .li il' in .1 80Lr:i-i;.\HTKi!N (^ikhec. Striii' of 2H!). oarlicr Lnii- I'l'iitiili' l^llll•i(■r--^l(»^ 1!!)0. 2!ll. •-'!t2. 2! in. 2!)4. 2!)r.. 2! Hi. 297. 208. 2!)it. 'Mm. 301. 30J. 303. 3(14. 30,5. 30fi. 307. 308. 30!). 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 31(;. 317. 318. 31!). 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. Aliout a iriili' iil«)M' iniiutli nf l{i\ iri-c dii liOiip on cn.-it »'u\f of (JliaudiiTt' llivtr, S. 17 W. At .I.Tscy Mills ,S. 70^' !•;., H. (M Iv, S. '>r, K., iuid S. 4s K. SniiH' place at bank of Cliaiidicn' River, S. .'il.' !•',. and S. 40 K. At Ste. Mai'K'ucrite, euHt of .Jersey Millf. S. 32 K. lleiKlit, 1.170. One or two miles above Jersey Mills, on east side of Riviere dii Loup, S. 112' K., S. 4() !•:. and S. '27' K. About four miles from .lersi'V Mills, on old Kemii'becroad, S. 77 I''., ami S. 72 ]•]. .'''even miles above .lersey Mills on same load, S. (i7 !'!. Heii^dit, about 840 feet. At St. Come, S. (W K., S. 37 K.. and S. 20 K. Ilei^'lit, 'XC> leet. In second concession eastof St. ('ome, S. 17 I'.. lleiKbt, 1,100 feet. Near LanRfvin road, in several places, S. 47' K. and .S. 37' K. At Marlow, P.O., N. 88 K., S. 8(r K. and S. ('.2 K. IfeiKdit. about !M!0 feet. Further so\itli-\vest on Kennebec road at school liiiii>e, .S. "i^ I''.., S. 42" K., and S. .-lO K. Height. l,Or)() feet. On Lot :iO, Liniere, S. 40 K. and S. 32 K. Height, 1,530 feet. On anothir exposure here, S. S7^ K. At Monument stream, S. 40 K., H. 42' E. and, S. .lO K. The S. 4(1 K. striw may lie X. 4(" \V. a.s there is no distinct stossinjf. At Internatioiuil boundary, eastof Tiine House. Kennebec iciad, S. .57 K. or X. .57 \\'., stoss side doubtful, lleipht, 1,050 feet. Along Kennebec road south of binnulai'y line, S, .57' I'., or X. 57' W. Two miles south of lioimdnry, on sanu' road, S. 82" ]•]., S. 72^ K., and S. )!(>' E, About three miles south-west of lioundary, same road, S. 72' E., .S. (l(i" E., S. 02' E., S. 5(5" E., .S. .52' E., and S. 4(i' E. Last two of these coiu'ses light. .Along Langevin road going from St. Come, and before readnng headwaters of Abenaepiis River, S. 75 E. and S. 45 E. Height, 1,245 feet. South of Abena(|uis River, on same road, S. 07' E., S. 47' F,., and S. 37' E. Height, 1,275 feet. Xorth of Abeniuiiiis River on this road, S. (!(»' E., S. 60 E., and S. 40' E. Xorth of St. Francis station, l^ueliec Central railway, in the Chaudiere valley, S. 42' E., S. 37' E. : also S. 17' E. Still further north along (i»uebec Central railway tr.ack, S. 72' E., S. (!(>° E., S. (i2' E., and S. .5(1' E. On soutli side of Famine River, two miles from the Chaudiere, S. 3(1 E. Height about 1,000 feet. In another jilace further east, S. 4()'' E. On the road from St. Francis to Gilbert Itiver gold mines, S. 02' E., and due K. l?etwcen Famine River and Lake Etcheinin, S. 70' E. Height, !(00 feet. South of Lake Etcheniin, S. 7(1'' E. and S. 82' E. IJetween (Jilbert and Famine Rivers, in Fief Cumberl.and, S. (17''' E. Two Uiiles east of St. Francis, Beauce, .S. 47' E. Retween this and Ch.audiere River, S. 75 E. and S. .50' E. Niunerous. Four or five miles west of St. Odilon, S. 87° E. Height, 1,2.50 feet. At mo\ith of Cohvay River, S. 76' E. and S. 72" E. On eastern slope of Chaudiere, between St. .losepli and Colway River, .S. (17° E. Height, .5.35 feet. East of St. .loseph, two or three miles, .S, 82' E. On ro.ad from Risson to Frampton, second concession, S. 70° E. Height, 1,020 feet. At Ste. Mane, S. .50° E. About a mile east of Ste. Marie, S. 4.5° E. Height, 890 feet. Retween Ste. Marie .and Ste. Marguerite to east of first (H)ncession, S. 72' E. .tnd S. 02' E. Height, 1,080 feet. In another place near by, S. 72' E. Height, 72,5 feet. ] fiLACIATION. 35 J XT). West (if St. Miirvfiii'iit.', H. MS' K. ll.iKlit, icj5 feet. Stiiirof .'SL'll. On liill nt Stf. .Miu«iiiTiti', furiiur .St. I/iwrciici^ llivcr, S. 80 K. Jii iiiiDtliiT finlur Liiu- :127. 'I'VM' < nlllt A'.inM^ Wist of St. I,.!/..!!!', S. H« K. ;VJ8. .\t St. C'luii' iiii'l oil roail lowiinix St. liii/.uii', S, 78 K. valley, (i° K., S. Height due E. K. i*iid ight, 72.5 Stri'ilimt pfodiifni 1,11 III' Siroiiil iir l.nli r Luaiunliitr lilwirr jloirin'i miith-iriKliritrd, iir, /I' rhiif)f, i«irllil hii Flitiitiuij Ici . Ill the list of stiiif ','ivcii in Mr. ,\. 1'. liow'.-i ri'iiiirt on tlio (icolopry iind Kronoiiiio j^t .M;ii('iiils of till' district in the vicinity of (^iiiclicc, * ii luiiiiliiT of ooiiisfx \\ itii ii soutli- \, West trend arc recorded from I'lonlioiiniie .Mountain, Fossiiiiiliault, lioiirj; fjoiiis, Ste. K' .\iine l!i\er, etc. Some of tliese were noted liy the writer (hiring tlie summer of 1S'.(7. Others furtlier west were ohserved ns in the foUowinf? list : - ;iL'!). At Si. .rerome, N. 73 \V., X. CC W., N. ?r, W., S. .'.7 W., S. (i;r W., S. 72 W.. iind S. ,'")0 \V. Ileiijlit, ;<2II feet. :ViO. On ii lioss on the liank of North Hiver, at St. .lenmie, N. 82' \V. and S. 72 \V. Jilil. Oil the roiid from St. Jernme to Ste. Camille, X. 82" \V. Height, 440 feet. ;?;<2. .Vloiijflhe roail fni.ii Lachute to Dunany, N. 72' W. and X. 82 W. Hei(,'lit 47.'> feet. 3:«. Xortheast of (Jidmiiet, S. XV \V. HeiRht 530 feet. 334. Two or three miles north of (.'aluniet, S. "8 W. Heif^ht, 450 feet. 335. On the south-ea.st brow of Mount Royal, Montreal, S. 57' W. 33(i. On the north-east lirow, imperfect fjroove.s and striie, S. 32' W., S. 27' W., and S. 22 W. 337. South-west of Ste. .Tulie, on road to Lake Williams, on mountain .slope facing St. Lawrence Valley. S. 45' W., S. l.') W., etc. Height, 7<>5 feet. (.See Xo. 240.) 3;!8. Jlijrlier up on slope, S. 55 W. and S. 30° W. Height, lKX)to 1,(H>0 feet. 33!t. West of Warwick station, Ornnd Trunk railway, on lirow of hill faciiiff St. Lawrence Vall.'y, S 74 W. and S. ()4'' W. Height, 800 feet. 340 On north-east side of Shipton Piniia(,le, X. 8.5" W., S. 8.5 W., and S. 7.5" W. Hei;,dit, 8(K) to 1,(XX) feet. 341. On direct road from Richmond Junction to Kingshury, due W. 342. On tile south-east side of Slietford Mountain, S. 00' W. , 343. On the north-west slope of Sheflord Mountain, X. 75' W. Height, 5.50 feet. 344. On the summit of the .same niountain, near the western slope, S. ^.5' W. 345. On the east sirle of Brome Lake, S. 7.5" W. At Knowlton villajje, S. 75' W. 341!. East of I'igeon Hill, Missisquoi county, S. 78" W. 347. At east end of IV-nuharnois can.al, S. 38° W., S. 33° W. and S. 28" W. Extensive ledge.t striated. Height, from 50 to 75 feet alxjve the level of the St, Lawrence near liy. On the shore of the river interrupted striie and grooves occur trending, X. >••!' W. The ledges grooved in the direction of S. 38 W. have a X. 87° W. course superposed on them, and although no north-to-south striation was seen yet some of the Imsses are stossed on the north side. 348. Between two and three miles west of Valleyfiald, on theliank of the St. Lawrence, S. 45"-' W., S. 51 W., and .S. 34° W. These striie occur on three exposures and have several intermediate courses. Boulder-clay, three or four feet deep rests on the surface of the ledges. One of the bosses shows a stoss side to the north or north-west with older glaciation than the south-west set. The south-west striie trend parallel to the St. Lawrence River. ii;e of later ameiitido acier. ■■ ii * Annual Heport, (Jeol. Surv. Can., vol. V. (N. S.), pp. 48-52 L. 3^ w •||ls'' 36 .1 HOUTH-KAHTKKN (). From tin to loniiiiilfN north of l'rfncott, N. 70 \V., and N, SO W. ;V>1. thiKt iihovc I'rfHoott. on thf liank of thf St. Lnwrfiicf, a hnf m-t MU|ifr|io«'d on thoHf of So. VM. S. tit) W., S. 'J-J \V., and S. lo \V. M'2. Al)ont a mile north of Sniitlm Falls, S. Hi W. X)3, At and III' ill' lianHdowiif «tatioii, (iraiwl 'rniiiU railway, S. Xi W., S. ry_'' \V., H. 10 W., and S. W W. X<\. Aliont tivf inilfM west of IjuiiMdownc, S. .^O W, H'lH. At Nfvin's cpiarry, near ()jfdfii«lMn>,', N.V., H. HO' \V., \. 7H' \V., and on anotlifr f.\|Kisnif S. 7'>' W., and H. (i2' \V. 'I'lifSf arc «M|ifiiHisi'i| on No. 1H2 and ari' tlif latfxt. Sonif of tlifin may he he dnt- to floating,' iff. .Ti(l, At I tf Kail) .Iniictioii, NfW York Cfiitral railway, and ti"twffn that and I'liiliv- dflpliia Junction to tlif WfHt,tlif north caNt toNoiithwiNt stria t ion in dominant. This conrno is also wfll f\hilpitfd on niinifroiis Ifd^'fn alonvr thf St. I.awrenof Kivfr hftwcfii ((Kdenslpuix and MorriHtowii, N. V., and WfMtward, .'d7. On thf liiKhfr Kronnds nonth of MorriNtown, N. Y., Hiif siriif occur, S. S,") \V. :Ci«. At Clayton, N. Y., .S. .5,'<' W., S. '<■> W. and S. r.O \V. On anotlifr fxpoHiiic S. .'■.H W., S. 4iV W. and H. 'io' W.; and on a third Icdjff, S. iW NV., and S. 45= W. Striation hfavy, fspfcially tlif S. o."i' W. and .S. 4ri W. conrscs. iiMl. On Washiim'ton Island, at Clayton, S. ,"■.:. W., S. 45 W., and S. ;!5 W. Tlut two tirnt coninion and Wfll dftiiifil. In many placfs fhcsf stiiif ciohs thf hol- lows in thf rock snrfacf, the ice a|i|iarfiitly not haviiit,' accoiniiindatcd itsflf to thf inc(|ualitifN thfrfof, and thfir trend is closfly iiarallcl to thf course of the St. Lawrence Hiver. UtiO. 'jhree or four liiileH east of ( iaiiano(|nf station. ( !rand 'rnink railway, S. 'M'l W. 3(11. Fivf iiiileH north of (ianaiioi|ne, on the mail to .Seilys l'i:iy, S. 41 \V. in several places. 3ri2. Between tin- last iiientioned point and Seelys liny, .S. 45 \V. and S. 12 \V. A kaine or jjiavel ridjje oeciiis here parallel to the Ktriatioii. 303. Between (lanaiuKpie villafjf and the (Irand Trunk railway station, S. 4'J ^^'. Coninion. Also S. (1(> W. 'Mi. On a lioss near thf (Jiaiiit TrunI; railway station. llaiianiKpic, S. 511 W. ami S. 42 W. The last, m ist coninion. ;o occur hero S. 12 W. to S. 4 I'), within the -pace of six feet sipiaic. These are clearly superposed on all the other stria- and may ho ihw. to recent lake ice. The straiglitness .iiid ])arallelism of the deep (grooves and stria' of the S. 52' W. set indicate rather the action of land than of Hoatinir ice. 360. In the suliurlu of Kingston, S. 4S W., superposerl on which is another set trend- ing X. 82 W. 370. At Orove Inn (piarry, Kliif,'ston. the satiic two sets occur. Mere the \. 82 W. striie are clearly seen to lie the latest. In another place, near liy, this latest ccurKe diverges slightly more to the north, heiiij,' X. 73 W. and N. (18' W, w |iari'iilly jianiili'l to till' striiitioii, iilllioii;,'li no di' W., X, 11 W., X. -A \V., anil X. 1 W. NVi st of the rail- ,!r|,H'iers. way station, X. 11 K., X. ;«) K., X. 'Jl K, X. 17 K., and X. U\ K. ;W0. South-east of Montnia^fny station, Intercolonial railway, sexeii or eij,'ht miles, S. 7« K. and S. SM K. Height, M.-)0 feet. 'M\. Ten or twelve miles south-West of same station, on road to St. I'aiil, X. ">S W., ai.d still fiirlher south, S. 7H K. ;W'J. Two or three miles south of Sto. Iliiii'dine, (,)uel)ie Central railwa>, on road to Stc. Marguerite, X. 72' K. and X. (l:i K. H^tli. Xortli of St. l^a/.aru, on road to St. (iervais, X. 7.: K. and X. Ill'' !•',. Height, SIC. feet. H.s-l. At St. La/are, X. S(l K. and X. (W K. iJSo. Kroni one to two miles west of St. La/are, S. HS' I".. :WIJ. West of St. Clare village, X. 72' K. (See Xos. 27 and :i'J7. ) 3H7. Further down I'ltchemin llivt'r, hub ortwo miles lielow St. Clare, X. 7- I'-. ;4SS. Half a mile south-east of Lake Ktclii'in;n, S. 4H W. ;iS!l. West of St. Odiloii, four or tive miles, X. 2' K., defajing southeast stria' ill plaeis. 3".M). In Watford on south-east side of Famiiio Kiver, S. .S !•;. and S. 2 W. Height, l,0.->(» ft't't. Sill. In St. Thomas, hetween Des I'laiites and Cuhvay rivers, S. li.S K. '.\'.>'2. On road hetween St. ThoinaH and St. .lean, north of Colway Kiver, X. .jll W. W.a. At St. Odiloii, X. 2(1 W. Height, 1, ;{(»(• feet. ;V.M. South-east of Cuhlatf P.O., X. I' W. May he earliest striiu. Doulitful. ;«».■). AtCuldatf I'.O., Craiihourne, X. 74 K. ;{!((1. (Jn the road hetween the Townships of Ware and Watford, on the ninth side of Fauiiiie itiver, S. 12' W. and S. 7' W. Height, l,(lt)0 feet. 397. Between tiilhert Kiver gold mines and St. Frani;ois, on hill slope, X. 27' W. and X. 10 W. Height, 800 feet. 398. Xortli-wi'st of (lill)ert lliver gold mines, on east and west road, N. 27 W. and X. 17' W. ' ,ii ■ 38 .1 SOUTIl-KASTERN QU KHEC. I'l I ■ ill Striw of local 31(it. glacit'is — Cuii. 4()0. tdl. 40L'. 4o;h. 4((4. 405. 40(i. 407. 408. 40i>. 410. 411. 412. 41:?. 414. 415. 410. 417. 418. 41!). 420. 421. 422. 42a. 424. 42.5. 42(1. 427. 428. 42i). 4;iO. 4;?i. 432. 433. Kast of (lilluTt liivcr, I'.d., on hill sIoih' facing Cliandii'ri' Kivir, \. 17' \V. and X. 12' W. llciglit, 8l)0fci'C. .Inst sontli of Faniiiu^ Kiver, on roiul going east, S. 7" W- Fmtiifr cast, 8. 8 K. and S. .5" K. Height alioiit l,50o feet. Near St. .Fosepli, Beauce, X. 0' W. Hetween St. .To.sei)h and Colway Hiver, in Cliaudiere v.iUey, N. ItJ W.and X. 2' \V. These are siiiiei|)Osed on the S. K. course. At niwutli of Colway River, X. (1 \V. {»( Xo. ;118.) On Kennebec road, four niile.s above .lersey .Mills, X. .50 W. Height, ()S5 feet. West .side of Cliaudiere valley, above Devil liapids, and at rear of first con- cession, X. 11 ■ W. On east side of Cliaudiere Hiver, half a niiU' alnive (ireat Kails, X. 85' K, Imperfect. On road between .St. Henri and St. David coiK-essii)ns, Aubert (iallion, X. ;V K., or tile reverse. West of St. Kran^ois, Beauce, X. 11 W., X. ti W. and X. 1 W. Heigiit, 800 orOOOfeet. East of Lainbton, X. 14 K. Height, 1,400 feet. Kast side of Hiver Tierney, X. W. Distinctly later tlian S. K. striation. .\t south end of St. I'rancis Lake, X. 10' W. At St. Honiain church, X'. 84" K. Xorth of Lake Weedon, neaily due N\'. At Weedon village, X. 75^' W. Height, 1,170 fe. t. X'ear Hroiighton station, l^ucbec Central railway, X. Hi W., X. 2 K., and X. 11 K. Height, 1,110 feet. In Ste. Marie, on road between St. Thomas and St. .lac(|Hes conci'ssioii.s, X. '.^2^ K. Height, 1,220 feet. On road from St. Sylvester to Ste. .Marguerite, X. 47 K. Heiglit, 1,H0f. 39 J Ntriii' nupiiDfitl (i) hail htca caiinal bii Flijatiivi or Siu-'iornc hi at tilt clone (if llic (lUuiut I'critid. 434. West of liic, S. oO W. Striie of Hoat 435. Near Trois Pistoles station, Jntci-Ldloiiiiil railway, S. <)3' W. (sliort iiiii! apia- l"^'; <".'_^^'"' rently goiiKfil out), S. 70' W., S. 84 W., X. 75' W., aii.l K. to W., or thi^ ""'"^' '*"'' reverse. Height 100 to 110 feet. 430. Near Levis, S. (i5' \V. Height (corrected) atioiit 1()5 feet. 437. Near Mount Uoyal, Montreal, S. CS W. and .S. liO \V., etc., liy Sir.l. W. Dawson. 438. .\t St. .leronio, S. 82' \V., .S. GO' W., etc. 439. North of Lachute, K. anerioil, there were douhtles.s numerous local centres upon .which it would first ^'ather and from wliieli it woul.l sjiread until the maxiii. ni Htage of acen- niulatinn was reached, much of the ice from these centres prolialily coalescing licfore then. Hence the name " Appalachian System of (liaeiers " seems more applicable to the earlier Pleistocene ice of this region, wlien speaking of it as a whole. i ■k SOCTII-EASTEUN QUEBEC. l'riiV)al)Ic tliickncss nf Aiipalachiaii ict'. and the Stoke Mountains,) evidences of the Appalachian ice having Howed across them and down upon the St. Lawrence plain were observed. The striation produced by this system of glaciers in the " Eastern Townships " does not appear to have been as heavy, as a rule, as that produced by the ice wliich afterwaids came from the Laurentian plateau. What its maximum thickness was on this slope we have no data at hand to show. On the south side of Cranbourne .Mountain it must, however, have reached a thickness of from four to six hundred feet at least, to override the known glaciated portion of the summit. The apparent lightness of this striation is often the result of the weathering of the rock surface which took place since it was produced, and to its partial eflacement by the later ice. The Laurentide or Lnhradorian Ice. I ;li: Laurentide ice, lunv iiiatiiig iiii moving, After the Appalachian ice had reached its maximum extension, and ''!"'>''■ on the northern slope, had flowed down to the bottom of the St. Law- rence valley unchecked by contrary ice movements, a withdrawal or amelioration of glacial conditions seems to have supervened. AVhat length of time elapsed then before the Laurentide ice advanced up the slope on the south-east side of the St. Lawrence River into the " Eastern Townships " region, or whether or not there was a coales- cence of the two ice sheets, we are as yet unable definitely to decide. Although the St. Lawrence plain has been examined with some care from the lower end of the Island of Orleans to Lake Ontario, no glacial products containing interstratified beds have, so far, been found there. And from the fact that the Appalachian ice seems to have moved freely and without hindrance over the region striated by it, together with the fact that tlie Laurentide ice, when it subsetjuently advanced over the " Eastern Townships " region, moved southward and south- ea.stward, in a great number of places at least, as if it had received no check to its onward progress, it seems probable that the earlier ice had departed before the oncoming of that from the Laurentides. As already stated, the earlier or Appalachian striation is found in a num- ber of places to have been weathered before that of the Laurentide ice was superposed on it. Further, the boulder-c!ay in a bipartite division occurs in certain localities in the " Eastern Townships " of Quebec. These facts seem to favour the view of an interglacial period between the two glaciations referred to. But the partial examination of tlie St. Lawrence valley and Laurentide slope carried out during the season of 1897, has not thrown any light on •] GLACIATION. 43 .1 OH, and >t. Law- iwal or AVhat 1 up the nto the coales- decide. ue care glacial there, moved ether anced south- ed no ler ice As I num- entide partite ps " of glacial partial slope ij;ht on the question, and further observations are required. The facts respecting the two-fold division of the boulder-clay are here presented : Boulder-clay, with an intercalated bed, was observed in Ilivii'ro du Twofuld divi- Loup valley, a (juarter of a mile above its junction with the Chaudirre IkVuIcIi rcliiy. in Humphrey Pit, No. 2. Fig. .Surfiici' soil. Boiilder-clay. Stiatitifd bfd. Bouldci'-cliiy, Fine-clay. Sand. Clay. Course .sand and gravel. (■ravel auriferi)us. Section Near Mouth of Rivikke vv Lot p. Scale : — 50 feet to 1 inch. The series here shows, in descending order : (1) unstratilied boulder- clay containing transported boulders, 37 to 38 feet ; (2) an irregular stratitied deposit, apparently lenticular, 15 feet, and (3) unstratilied boulder-clay, more compact than the upper division, boulders not nearly so large, and as far as could be seen, chiefly from local sources, 20 feet. At Le Rocher, in the Chaudiere valley, the series seems to be as follows: (1) gray boulder-clay, unstratilied: (2) a stratified band ; ^'''''^'"''^''■*'- (3) dark or bluish-gray boulder-clay of unknown thickness. Owing to the sliding down of the beds here e.xact measurements could not be made. In a tunnel opened by Messrs. J. E, Hardman and Geo. Macduff, at St. George, Beauce county, the boulder-clay, which is here fifty or ;:i ' ;i! ! m Hi;; ' !;il: St. Fiansher the result (if weathering,' of the exposures after the first ^{lai'iatioii, and hei'dfe the seeoiid was imposed on tliem. The later Lauren- tide striation lias heeii fiiuiul as far east as tli<' hilly dis- trict to tiu! w(!st of the city of (.ituehec, ami is traeeahle thence westward thruu^'iioiit the whole of tiie St. Lawrence valley into the Ijake Ontaiio hasin and lieyond that. It has also lu'en traced alon;; the Ottawa valley to ^lattawa, and seems from the observations of otliers to 1)1! common on the north-east side of (ieorj^ian l>ay and Lake Huron. lOvidences of this ice How are not, liowever, confined to tiio lower u'louiids, hut ha\e been ol)S(!rved on the more elevated tracts as well, i-'rom tiie fact therefore that it occurs over sucli a large area and with such a persistent trend, it would seem that it nuist liave been pi'oduced i)y a separate body of ice fi'om the older Laurentide glacier. .Many of the bossi-s ai'c stossed on both the north and east sides, and wlierevei- this occurs the latter appeal's to have suil'ercd most erosion. Other exposures exiiiiiit light scratching, especially those met witli in the lower parts of the St. Lawi'ence valley, as if etVected by some bi dy grating the more prominent parts of tlui snrfai,'e only, and not Ijy one moving slowly and Mccoiiimodating itself to all the inequalities of the rock surface. Both land and tloating ice seem, therefc.ire, to have been concerned in the jiroductioii of this system of striation. Tn tlie study of the Laurentian glaciation two fpiestions already refer- red to have arisi^n, namely: (1) whether thcjie was a withdrawal of ice at the close of the earlier ad\ance from the Laurentides into the St. Lawrence basin and an interglacial period between this and the advent of the later ice : and (2) whether a change of level occurred in the re- gion during tlu^ interval between the niaximuin extension of the earlier and of the later Laurentide glaciers, and if so, how did it take place l As regar Is the first of these questions we find that some of the bosses exhiljjt weathered surfaces after the earlier Laurentide glacier passed over them and before the second iccvilow occurred. No inter- glacial deposits have yet been discovered on the slope of the Lauren- tides, nor in the bottom of the St. Lawrence valley ; but investigations are still in progress and linal results have not been reached. The second cpiestion may be answered in the allirmative. On a former page it has been stated that a correlative rise of the southern and south-eastern part of tlit; liaurentian plateau possibly took place after the withdrawal of the Appalachian ice and simul- taneously with the advance of the early Laurentide glacier. This movement, if it occurred, seems to have been general north-east Inti-i'^,'l;u'i:il lii'rind. i1 50 .1 H0UTH-KA8TKKN (iUKKEr. How clmiit," •< of tlio (ii'ciit relict's. I'\)r, in tliis reifjon, whnn>v('r striii- pnxliU'i'd hy L.„|.,.,.,|. tliti (ildcr ;;liici('i' liiivo hci'ii oliscrvt'd, tlieir trcMul is iippntxiiualoly tlio sumo, niiiucly, soiitliwiud. Att«!r tliJH ico hud udvuiietMl to its soutlic'ni and south-eu.stern liniits, tlioit! would appc^ur to liavo been u witlidniwiil or uinolioratioM of cxtrciMO iflui-iul conditions, wlii'tlmr rcsultinf^ in a cotnpletf departure of tliis ico fmni tins rej,'ioM or not remains to bo detennint^l. ^V cliange of hsvol, or tilling,' of tlic land, .seems to have occurred fdjout this time also, aci'ompariied by a rocrudt^scLMice of jilacinl condition-^. Tlio changed attitude of tlut region then I)roui,dit about the south-west ice-llow so geiioral in thu 8t. Lawrc-nce valley and to the north of tho (jreat Lakes. Whothor this tilting was dun to a ,sui»siilenco tif the upper .St. fiawi'ence basin oidy, or to a rise of the region towards tho gulf, or to a i;orrelati\(! movement including botii, cannot be fully determined. One thing seems to be certain, namely, that this subsidence attained regional dimensions towards tJie close of the glacial peiiod, and continued until it reached that stage indicated by tiie highest shorelines found on both sides of th(! St. Tjawr'once gulf and I'ivcr, fi'om (Jaspi' to tlie (ireat Ijukes, as recorded o!i pre- vious pages. Before the last withdrawal of ice tVom the region the whole St. Lawrence basin must have been at a low level relative to the sea ; anil whether tho theory of land-ice or llo.iting-ice, or both, be adopted to explain the }>henomona, therj; appears to have be(;n suf- ficient slope south-westward to cause a How in that direction, as no flowage could take place with existing levels. The closing stages of the glacial period, therefore, found the St. Lawrence valley from the gulf to the Croat Lakes, altogether below sea- levol, to a depth of several hundred feet. A great south-westward St. driftage of floating ico appears to have marked the final episode of glacial conditi'iiis, during which the fossiliforous boulder-clay and tho lower jiortion of the Leda clay were laid down. This is proved by the OvCurrenc(! and character of marine fossils, and by tho stoss side of ridges and hills, espci'ially of the isolated traj) hills in tiio St. Lawrence valley, <:. (j. Mount Hoyal, Montarville or JU-lo'il JNIouiitain, Mount St. Hilaire, Montagne de Hougomont, Yamaska, Johnson, Sliefford and Brome mountains which are all abrupt on the north-east sides and slope gradually to the south-west, with terraces, ancient dunes and spits as high often as the limits of submergence, namely frotn ST-J to S!)5 feet. The facts seem to point to strong currents (lowing up the valley, doubtless heavily ice-laden during the winters, and imping- ing against these hills. The submergence continued until the Leda clay and Saxicava sands were deposited. F4.\tc'nt ni: sidcnci' ill Laur( iici' Vallcv. OMAIMIM. 1 fit-ACIATION. r,i ,; Towivrda tlio oloso of tlio (lopusition ot' tho Haxicava sandu, tlio f,'r»'a (lilForentiul uitlicaval was inau^'uiatod, fviilonccH of which are osory- whoro ol)scrval)l() in tlio St. Ijawrcnco baHiu and around tho coasts of I'lastcMii Canaihi. This rising of tho land was ap|)arontly ^ircatost towards tho rffj[ion of th(! Oreat Lakes ; hut was cliaiaotcri/.cd hy sovcral inefiuaiitics or roductions in the uplift, these rodui-ed uplifts boinj; jnon^ pronounci'd in th(i districts wlii^ro the ^^reatest chanf^es of l(!v»!l occurred, as has been shown on pnsvious pai,'es in discussing tho ovidenco roapcciing tho Plcistuccno marine .shorelines, pp. I 'J- It). the St. w sca- stward sodo of the )y the idc (jf N\ I'cnce urit St. d and es and es and pui 875 ing up niping- Leda Locat fflaclurs mirl Floatuiy L'l'. The striic supposed to have hoen produced by local <,daciers and by MoMincnts of floating oi' sea-borne ice in the St. Lawri>nce valley have been studied i,",i| ti^'i'iti," '" in some detail during tho seasons of l.Si).")-'jr)-97, although much more w-- has yet to be learned concerning tlunn. The striation .attributed to local glaciers is distinguishefl fi'om that due to the Appalachian and Laurentide glaciers : (I) l)y its superposition on these, (2) by its more recent appearance, and (3) by its v(!ry irregular courses. A.'i will be seen l)y an e,\amination of the list of striie, (pp. liO-.'VJ) they trend in all directions, the UKJvements depeniliiig wholly upon tiie local topo- graphy. In a number of instances it is impossible o ditlerentiate these from the irregular, veering striie of tho older set sijecially near their margins. In the " I'^astern Townships" of Quebec the plateau-like cliaraijtei- of the r(\gion, and tho fact that the mountains aivd valleys lie transversely to the direction in which the Appalachian and early Laurentifle glaciei's flowed, show that these limited glaciers could only have a very local movement and would often be compelled to follow these valleys and pursue other erratic and ajiparentiy unaccountable courses. The striation attributable to floating ice has been traced from the ( Mianittci' c.f lower St. Lawrence, at l»ic, to Lake Ontario. It is usually confini'd ^(','.'j'.j, '^' '^^' to the valley proper, and is distinguishable from that produced by land ice by tho manner in which the ; wk surfaces have been impressed by it. When! these are uneven, only the higher and more prominent portions have been scratched and worn, while the smaller hollows and iueiiualities have not been touched by the abrading agent. IJossos and short ridges extending parallel to the St. Lawrence River, of which then! are many on the south side from ^Nfetis westward, have been much eroded and polished, and occasionally retain stria- produced by floating ice. The direction of movement was usually closely j aral- lel to that of the valley. Thestriic, although light, are in many places distinct, and are often found superposed on all other striie, showing 4J ! '1 Wh.TI' noted. ->••:> )'J .1 SOUTII-EASTbRX QUEBKC. them to b(! tlie latest. They have been noted at Bic, Trois Pistoles, Cacouna, Li'vi.s, Ste. Julio, .St. JcM'oine, Mount lloyal, Soulanjjes canal, Valleyfield, Prescott, Ciananoque, the Thousand Lslands, Kingston, Perth, and other places. There i.s no escape from the conclusion, tliorcfore, that this late.st sti'iation is duo to floating or soa-horne ice, and that the estuary or gulf which thou occupii'd the valley must have found outlet somewhere to the south-west or west. It is j)ropoi' hero to state that similar conciusi(,)ns to tliesi; wen; long ago reached by Sir J. \Vm. Dawson from his examination of the 8t. Lawi'enc(> \allev.* S.vnii|itic st:it''iM'iit ffliU'lillinl' rc>'inn. SiiDDiKiry of /acts res/wc/in;/ ylaciation. Sum ...ng uji the data in regard to the glacial geology of the St. *'■' Lawrence v iliey, we lind that on the adv(;nt of the ice ago in Eastern "f Canada tin.' mor{> favtjurabii. geographical ami moteorologii-al con- ditions for the development of glaciers in the Appalachian '-pgion com- pared witii tliose which (!.\isted in the LauroiUides, brouiht on a more rapid accumulation of iuc upun the former. Contrary to the view held by many glacialists, the ico did not first gather upon the Laurcntian plateau and then ad\anro as a v'l'eat wa\e-like sheet southwai\i. It seems moie reasonabh; to suppose that it would first accumulate upon certain centres above the line of piM'|)etual snow as the climate became colder. Tiie North-east Appalachians having been from three to ll\e hundred feet higher in the early Pleistocene liau at present, and I'oceiving, evide: tly, a larger amount of precipitati.in than the liaurentides, w(tul(l necessarily goni-rate glaciers more ra[)idiy than the latter. These flowed from the higiior centre or centres in noi'thern New Eng: ind and soullieasterii <^>iiebee radially towai'ds the jioriphery of tlio region lying to the .south-east of tli(> St. Lawrence i'i\ei' and gulf. 0)\ the northern slope this ice seems, in some places at least, to ha\e reached the bottom of the St. iia.vMcnce \alley, apparently unchecked by ice coming from the Laureniides. Whether an inter- glacial wai-m period supervened at this stage is a ijuestio'i which cannot be answered. In the " Lastern Townships '' of (,|uebec boukler-clay occurs in . a two-fold division, denoting two sopai-ate ice movements. On a number of glaciated bosses here also, the stria' produced by the earlier or .Vpiialachlan ico have been weathered l)(>foi'e those of the later Laurentide ice were superposed on them. Further observations are *Tlit' Post-l'lioci'iiH Ueokigy uf Caiiadii, C'liii. Nut., 1S7L', ',)•■' ' ' ] r.LACIATIOV. 53 J At yi'p- required on tlie slope of the Laurentides and in tlie intervening valley, however, before this (juestion can l)e settled. Subsequent to the niaxiimim sta'j^c of extension of the Appalachian ice, there would seem to liave lieen changes of level in the Appalachian region, wliether allecting tiie ancient Laurentides or not is problem- atical. Tlie change was in the nature of a subsidence of the former, which possiljly may have betm accompanied by a correlative elevatf)ry movement of the region to the lujrth of the 8t. Lawrence liiver. Whether tliis last movement took place or not, the io(; from the Laur- entian plateau then advanceil into tlm St. Lawrence valley west of Quel)ec, and up the slope on the south-east to, or nearly to the Inter- national boundary and civpssing it in some places, e.g., in the Lake Champlain valley, at Lake .Memjihremagog, Hall Stieani, etc. The Tliii earli(>r Laurentide glacier was thick-er her(! than to the nortli-east the Chaudicre River, on the nortliern slope of the range nearest the St. Lawrence, evidence respecting its upper limit was found at a height of 1000 or lOoO feet above tiie sea, while on the slopes of Orford .^b)un- tain and Owls Head, at Lake Meni))hreni.!gog, striation was observed up to an elevation of 1800 or I'OOO feet. These and a number of other peaks in the i-auge referred to, must have stt)od uj) as " nunataks,'' even at the maximum extension of this glacier. If, therefore, evidence can be found of this ice having dveri'ldden portions of the range along the International lioundarv, above 1800 to "2000 feet in lieight, tiie fact would tend to show tiiat this range stood rela- tively lower during the invasion of the Laurentide ghicier than at the present day. 'J'his view assists in explaining certain high-level terraces met with near the International boundary described on a later page, and also the deforiiiation or rise of the gravel beds from north to .south observed in tlic basins of Lake ilemphremagog aiul along the Coati- cook, Salmon, and other rivers. After the early Laurentide glacier liad partially or wholly retired from the rcjion, and (specially from the St. Lawienee \"alley, succeed- ing which there was probably an interglacial epoch, a re-advance of ice from the Laurentides again occurred. The changed attitude of the St. j^.^f, Lawrence basin, which had taken jilace meantime, however, caused '"''' the later ice to How south-westward, instead of .southwanl or south- eastward, following thf general course of the valley towards the Great Lakes. The progress! vi; dilVerential subsidence of the region tiien begun appears to have continued until the ice had wholly ilisappeared from the region, and for some time afterwards, during the deposition of the Leda clay aiui Saxica\a sands. The closing stage of the later illi'>s of riiuufn- ,'liiLier. I 1 1 I I M t '4 r T,:inren« irhu'ii'r. :iii ih !!( 54 J SOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC. Laurentide glacier was that which witnessed great numbers o£ local Floating ice. glaciers on botli slopes of the St. Lawrence valley, and floating or sea-borne ico drifted south-westward. The deposition of the Saxicava sands lirought the period of subsidence to a close, and the great Pleistocene upheaval followed. Superficial Diohosits of the St. Lawrence Valley, and especi- ally OF South-eastern Quebec. ■ V ]■ Classification The superficial deposits of the St. Lawrence valley may be closely deijosits*^''" paralleled with those of the Maritime Provinces, described in previous reports of the CJeological Survey. The main divisions are Post-Tertiary and Tertiary (or Pro-glacial), the former being subdivided into the Recent and the Pleistocene. These are represented here both bj' ma- rine and fresh-water beds. The Pleistocene is divisible into an earher and later series of formations, to the latter of which belong the Saxi- cava sands and Leda clay and the deposits constituting the marine shore-lines and beaches of the St. Lawrence valley. This series also embraces the stratified s:mds, gra\els and clays forming terraces in river- valleys, etc., and found overlying the boulder-clay. In south- eastern Quebec, in the auriferous districts these often contain gold. The earlier Pleistocene includes the boulder-clay or till, with moi'aines, eskers,* etc. It is slightly auriferous in some parts of the Chaudiere valley. Pri-glnciiil Turtiaiv bci I,. The Pre-glacial or Tertiary bods ovcrywhere underlie the boulder- ^- clay and other glacial products, and consist of (1) sedentary decayed rock-material, altogether in its original position, and (2) transported stratified deposits derived from this, in the form of coarse oxidized gravels, sands and clays which have been removed from their original positi(jn and woi'n by fluvial agencies. These are the true gold-bearing deposits of south-eastern Quebec. Decay (if rncl<,s (if the I'ciridii. Pre-ylacial Decayed Rock-mati-rlnl, Snh'utary (Did Transported. The facts relating to the base-levelling and the denudation of the region have been given on previous pages of this report. The most potent cause of the general wearing down or reduction of the surface in pre-glacial ages was the subacrial decay of the rocks. Although it is not the purpose of the writer to enter into details regarding this in *Enkf'ra aro long rirl),'(.>s of gravel and sand, sonictinics with boiddcr-clay Iwiieath. They are often called i\sar, or osars, and formerly horse-backsi, boar's backs or kaines, ■] SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 00 J the present report, it may be stated that under the climatic conditions of this country the most important of the processes which bring about rock decay are: (1) the precipitation, and (2) the action of the carbonic acid of tlie atmospliere and of decaying vegetable matter. The changes of temperature which have sucli a wide range in these latitudes must also have exercised a direct influence in producing expansion and contraction of the rocks, producing joints, cracks, and crevices and opening them to the disintegrating agents referred to. The ever-recurring climatic oscil- lations of summer and winter have doubtless subjected the rock-surfaces to very great wear and waste. Tiiis erosion or decay resulted in the Distribution production of extensive sheets of decomposed rock in Eastern Canada in i|,.,'ten'aia pre-glacial ages, and these and other waste products of rock decay nmst have accumulated to a great depth in the long time during which the surface wasexposed to this process, so much sothat they doubtless formed an almost universal mantle overspreading the country. Upt)n the eleva- tions it would be more or less denuded even before the advent of the ice age. The removal of the decomposed materials from the higlier grounds svould tend to give the disintegrating forces renewed power from time to time to act direct!}' upon the rocks, and consenufutly these higher gi'ounds would suffer the most erosion and waste. Some of the jjroducts of rock decay in this region must be of an early date, geologically speaking. They have, however, been so shifted about, and have undergone so many changes, that they have probal)ly altogether lost their original character. Those met with on the sur- face of the rocks, now beneath the boulder-clay, are most likely all of Tertiary age. No great quantities of sedentary material are found in any one place. In valleys and on declivities these materials have been acted upon by the usual atmospheric agarativeiy shallow waters, or, perh.aps, iindei' both conditions — the finer material originally inter- mixed with them having been carried down to still lower levels. The precise age of these pre-glacial auriferous deposits has not been determined, no fossils having yet been found in tlieni ; nevertheless, as stated, they appear to be largely Terliai-y, and were ])ossil)ly con- temporane(>'.iS with the deposits found fiu'ther west, on thenoi'th sid(> of the Green .Mountain range, at ihandon, Vermont, many years ago, which Les(|uereu\', on the evidence of fossil plants and leaves, referred lo the Miocene.* Succeeding tlu! deposition of the yellow, coars<', auriferous grasels above described, consideruMe changes of le\el ■■eem to have taken place which aiUjcfed the region in a I'eiuarkabh^ degi'ce, causing a change in the character of the lieds subseipiently deposited Ijefore the glaciid period set in. The rangt; of mountains known as the Sutton AJountidii axis and its extension i urth-eastward, and also the parallel range of the Stoke mountains, seem to have sustained a greater diller- ential uplift relative to other parts of the region, while the wide parallel basin between these and the range along the International line probably sutl'ered a sag oi' correlative subsidence. In consecjuence of these movements the two westerly ranges (the Sutton and the Stoke mountains) must have again been vigorously attacked by denuding agencies, while the depression to the S(juth-east became the receptacle of a large amount of sediment transported tliither from the north-west, and also from the axial divide of the Inter- national boundary. Along witli this tran.sported material con- '(icilcjjy of Ciiimdii, ISti:^, \,. !)2!l. il' ■] SUPERFICIAL DEFOSITS. 57 J sing !i \nv llie llllOU iiruilel diller- liirallfl |l line iicnce 1 I lie ■y icanie lit her ir liter- con- siderable quantities of alluvial gold were carried thither from the old prs-Ciimljrian i-anges on either side, much of it in a very finely divided condition. From the varying character oi the ( |,;,ni(tti- i^f sediments deposited in some of the river-valleys at this stage, it is «•' li"""t^ evident tliat tlie changes of level have been slow anfl of long duration. The beds graduate upwards from t\w gravels in the bottom to clay, then to sand, whicli is overlain by the boulder-clay. This seems to be the general succession of the pre-glaci;il beds through- out tiie region. The clay and sand deposits denote lacustrine condi- tions, or more probai)ly ([uiet lake-like river expanses ; but these have doubth^ss been merely local in certain parts of river- valleys. The materials of ^he;,e gravels, clays and sands have been originally derived from the sedeiitaiy beds of decayed rock, or from portions of these which had undergone a previous assortment or shifting down stream, As regarils the origin of these stratified, pre-glacial sediments, there seems to have been no general law, the character of the material as now observed depending up((n the force of the currents, the voluiue of the rivers, etc. The coarse l)eds would pnjbably be deposited in those portions of th(! river-channels where the currents were strongest, while in the deeper pans and where there were slack currents, the tine sand and clay would be laid down. From the fact that these tine I! >w sand and clay beds iire wi;ll developed and widespreafl in the valleys of tiie Chaudiere and Du Loup rivers, and occur at a neatly unil'oiiii level from the J)e\ils Ra[)ids in the former to the vicinity of .St. Come, in the latter, it would appear that lacustrine comlitions existed there for a considerable time in Llie later Tertiary, just previous to the advent of the ice age. Whether these conditions were due to a change in the climate caused by the approach of the glacial period is not known, but it seems probable. The gradual increase in thickness of the Cf^t.r ice upon the North etist Ap))alachians would give; a greatei' \-olunie to ,.[(, ,s. the rivers during the summers while this ice was spreading from the higher grounds and Vicfore it reached the lower slopes and valleys. There would then be tiie wati.'rs from precipitation, plus those from the melting snow and ice of the mountain districts, throughout the summer months each season. i''or these reasons the rivers were probably larger than at present for a great part of the year. Hence the greater erosion and clejiositioti of sediments, coarse and line, during the later Tertiary or early Pleistocene, that is, if we ilraw the di\ iding line between those two periods at the Si'age when ice first began to gather upon the mountains, and before it descended into the valleys. The causes of the great accumulation of beds of stratified gravel, S,:;.iiii!\ry of clay and sand resting on the inferior auriferous deposits are, there- it 1. >.-.lfC'(|. n v,ut< 1 I Deposits I the glllfiil lifiiod. BouldtT-uliiV. Druiiiliiis. Murine bdulder-c lav. 58 J SOUTIl-KASTEHN QUEHKC. fore : (1) the diffeiential movements whicli occurred in the region, pro- ducing lakes or lake-like expanses in the river-valleys in which the finer sediments were deposited ; (:2) the greater volume ot' the rivers from the approacii of glacial conditions, and (3) the greater quantities of material at hand in tlii-|>aiiit(' bi-partite division in the " Eastern Townships " of Quebec; but this |„„|i,|u,..[,ijiy. has not been observed as yet in the bottom of the valley, nor on the Laurentide slope, although intercalated beds have been found in it at Toronto by Prof. A. P. Coleman.* Very little gold has been met with in the boulder-clays of tiie auriferous districts of south-eastern Quebec. The reason of this seems to be that but little of the pre-glacial assorted gravels from tlie river- valleys have entered into their composition, the materials composing them having been gathered mainly from the higher grounds. It is, nevertheles-i, made up largely of decayed rock-material. Although no moraines nor eskers have been found in the St. Lawrence plain ; yet, on the slopes, short broken ridges composed of boulderclay, or partly of bculder-clay and partly of coarse stratified and worn de{)osits, have been mot with. Such of these as are distinguishable from drumlinsand kamesmaybe classed as moraines of recession. Kames or kame-like depositsf have been noted, some appearently of K:iiurs. constructive origin, others due to denudational. Tlie greater number belong to the Saxicava sand period, and are usually composed of strati- fied materials, although exhibiting hummocks, ridges, kettle-holes, etc. The principal source of the boulders met with throughout the St. Souncs of Lawrence valley has been the Laurentian plateau, but a number belong to the Appalachians and to the eruptive crystalline rocks of the region. The wide distribution of Laurentian boulders has been effected by several agencies, some of whicli are still in operation. The first dis- l)is|.cr«iiiii. persion of Laurentian bouldei's took place during the extension and southward movement of the early Laurentide glacier, the powerful action of whicli transported them across the St. Lawrence valley and to an elevation of 1800 or 2000 feet up tlie southern slope. Following this was the south-west ice-How, or later Laurentide ice-movement, which likewise effected a great transportation of boulders towards the region of the Great Lakes, and across the International boundary. *Auiwicaii Welogist, vol. XIII., lS!t4, p. 85. tKiumw are short, irregular ridges or lumiiuocks of gravel, sand, etc., tlie materials being much the same as those of eskeis, or osars, Their mode of forniiition is, however, supposed to lie different, but has not yet been clearly defineil. I, I CO .y SOUTII-KASTERX QUEIIEC. ?(;il! Triuis|ic)rtH- tiuii I IV ri\rr A(,'^ large viiUeys, such as the Ottawa, jNIattawa, etc., great accumula- at l!i;;aii(i tioiis of Iniulders occur at certain places. At. ]\igaud ]Mountain, on Mdtuitam. _ . ' , " ' the scnith side of the Ottawa ]ii\'er, not far fnjm its conlhience with tlu! St. Lawrence, we find remai'kable boulder deposits. These were first described in the Oeology of Canada (18G3, page 890) where it is stated tliat " there is a series of jilains destitute of vegetation and covered with boulders." One of these boulder plains on the north- west side of the mountain was examined. It is situated on a sloping terrace, about 300 yarils long from south-west to north-east, which descends in overla))ping or imbricated parts about 0-") feet in that dis- tance. Transversely it is nearly horizontal and about 1-10 yards wide. limililt'is in thfOltaua vallcv. ] supKUKiciAL DKi'osrrs. 1)1 ,1 Tlie height fil)ove sen level, at the ujiper part, is 500 feet. Tlie teinico on sviiicli tlu'so boulders lie, extends al.mi,' the base of a low escarpment to tlie south-east, and the boulders are entirely local, beloiij^in^ to Ki;j;aud .'Mountain. Not a sinj,de l)oulntirely su))merged, ami probably buried in superficial deposits. On the emergence of the lane. which followed, the finei' and lighter materials seem to have lieen en tirely s-vept away, leaving not a vestige of anvthing iait the boulders. Tlie imbricated or overlap[iing condition denotes powerful cui-ri'nts aiai perhaps the action of tloating ice from the west. They had a[)parenth reached their present stabli! situation just as this mountain was deserted by the later Pleistocene sea. .\t Hull, north of the city of Ottawa, another singular bnulder-bed, I'.MiiIdir-hi'ds or seiies of boulder-beds, came under obsei'vation. Tlies(? occup}' short '' ridges tiendingeast and west, or to [j(jints l)elween north-east and south west. Sonu! of the ridges are wide or tiat-topped, and show two kind;- of boulders on theui, one series exhibiting a majority of Laurentian bf)ulders and another of limestoiie slabs. The b adders in the lirst are probably secondaiy from moraines, as a number of them show signs ol efl'aced glaciation. The ridges appear to have been formed at the meeting of the Gatineau and Ottawa waters. Those ridges containiiiv most limestone l)oulders have pmbably bei-n produced by the Ottawn River, and are partly due to accunudation and partly to snl)se(]uent denudation. A section of tla^ deposits in one of tiiese, in descending s. (Mi.n at order exhibits the following: — (1) Sand and gravel, packed with ''" boulders or limestone slabs, of all sizes, fi-oiii fivi' feet in diameter downwards. Most of these belong to the underlying Cambro-Silurian rocks, but some have been brought down the Ottawa apparently fiom outliers of these along the valley. Very few Laurentian boulder- occur in these ridges. The limestone slabs lie mostly in iin ind)ricated manner, as if acted upon by some powerful current or imjpact of floating i l! i "i ' I.. '.t i!' 6i SOUTII-KASTEUN QUEIlKf, ()ri;riii (if tlic licpiililcr 15(iiilclcr-lic(l lit MiittMW:'. ("nllditicilis ill < )tra\v:i \m11cv. ICO from the west. None of theso Hlahs are ylaciated. The thickness of this hod is from ;"> to 10 feet. (2) Dark gray chiy, (Leda clay), con- taining fragments of marino .hIioIIs of Pleistocene age, resting on boulfler-clay. Thickness from 12 to 15 inches. (.'{). J;>oulder-clay from 1 to 2 feet or more in thickness, lying apparently on the rock-surface. The ridges in whicii houldors of limestones |)redoininate are on the south side, and those with the greater proportion of boulders of [jaurentian origin lie on the north, or nearest the (jiatiuo:iu lliver. But why there should ho such a diflerence in the distribution of the boulders on ridges so near each other, for they ai-e not more than from a hundred yards to a (juarter of a mile a{)art, is not apjiarent. The rivers and river-ico may have been instrumental in this regard during the period of deundation or emergence of the valley from beneath the Pleistocene sea. The trend of the ridges is not in the direction of movement of tiiB ic(! from the Laurentian higlilanda — in fact seems to be entirely independtmt of it. Tiiere is little doubt that many of the boidders in tliis locality have been brought thither by floating ice, both sea-borne and river ice, during the great submergence. But Bigaud Mountain and I[uU are not the only places along the Ottawa valley where Ijoulders occur in great abundance, indeed, they are common everywhere throughout its wliole extent. Ascending the valley we find them plentiful at D(!ux llivieres, also at Klock, and thence to Mattawa, at the latter place the village being reall}' built on a bed of boulders. A great accumulation of sand and gravel containing worn Laurentian boulders appears to have taken place at the junction of the Mattawa and Ottawa rivers, which has since been much de- nuded, leaving the boulders exposed on the surface. The succession of the Pleistocene deposits here, so far as observed, is as follows in des- cending order : — (1) Sand and gravel with great numbers of worn boulders, a few of which still show traces of glaciation ; (2) a cl.ay and silt bed, calcareous, fine-crained, stratified, bluish in colour, and with- out sand or gravel, 16 feet. The underlying deposit was not reached, but it is probably boulder-clay. Between ^lattawaand Lake Nipissing,the valley is plentifully strewn with boulders and occupied for the most part with water-laid deposits. The boulders of the Ottawa valley seem, therefore, to have been brought to the surface by the denudation of the beds of which they formed a part, as the valley emerged from beneath the Pleistocene sea during the closing stage of the Saxica\a sand period and these beds became subjected to erosion by the Ottawa Piivev and its tributaries 'Xi eHALMIM. SUF'EHFICIAL DKI'OSITS. 03 J The upper portion of tlio series now occupying tliis valloy may, there- fore, lie partly marine and partly tluviatllo. Wlietlier or not the upper Great fjakes once found outlet i)y the ^ruttawa-Ottawa valley is a question whicli appears to tlio writer to retjuiro further detailed inves- tigation. Although glaciated boulders occur in the i^eda clay and Saxicava sand, tiiis must not lie taken as necessarily evincing the action ec they ate well developed in the wide interior valley between the north-east prolongation of the Sutton [Mountain range and the International boundary. Commenc- ing in the south-westiM'n part of this valley, we find, in the basin of Lake .Memphremagog, thick deposits of stratified gravel, sand and 'yi'^' •^''H'- clay. At the northern end these are terraced at an elevation of from 865 feet to 875 feet above the sea, or 180 feet above the lake surface. Near (leorgeviile, on the east side of the lake, ten miles from the north end, tiie height is from 915 to 920 feet. Further south, near Magoon Point, terraces and benches occur at about 950 feet above the sea-level. At Newport, Vermont, near the southern end of the lake, similar denuded terraces rise to an elevation of 990 feet, or about "295 feet above the lake surface. Whether these dejiosits rise in still higlier terraces and banks along the Memphreraagog basin to the south of Newport, has not been ascertained, but the facts, so fiir as obsei'va- tions have extended, show their gradual rise from north to south. In tlie valleys of the Massawippi River and its tributary the Coati- MM.-s.iwiiipi cook, a sunilar rise trom north to south, was observed in the terraces. ,.iv, rs. At Sherbrooke and Lcntioxville tliey occur at heights of S75 feet. Ascending the Coaticook River, terraces were noted at Coaticook station. Grand Trunk railway, on botli sides of the valley at an eleva- 1; i^ [l! ! 1 1 II ; hidMi I< rllnnl I St. rranci-i Hiv.f, ( 'li:iuili'''l'i liivcr, Mitt. Ill i\ir Stnkf iiioiiiitiiins. fif'lHTHl \ i' (if till SI- (Il'lKl^its. 04 .1 HOUTII-KASTKKN (iUKHEC. lion of lll^t'i t'i'ct. Tlicsc ail! fdt'mcd of sti'iitiliiMl matcriiils, uiKicrliiiri by l)oiil(Ii'i-olay. Xo lianicr (ixists iKilsvccti tlit-st^ liij,'li li-vi-l tfiraces aiul llio ;;n'at St. Lawnuieo plain i,'a]ial)l(> of liolilitii,' in a liody of wattT at tliut olevatioii. At Norton .Mills, furtlior up tliM Coalicook vallt-y, tiTi'acHf.s oi'cui' at ahout tlin same lnM;;iit a.s tlio tailway .statinn tlicre, viz., |.'l()| ft'ct ; hut as these are soiiiewliat uneven, aiiil are ahuoMt wholly siM'i'ounileil liy hills, they may he lacustiinf oi' llu\ iatile. I'locenlin!^ eastward fi'o;n Sheihi'nolvo and LtMinoxsillo alont; the main valley of the St. Fraiii;i;s Uivof, terraeos were also found to asciMid a.s far a-- the divide hetween those water.s and thoso of tlio Cliaudirre Uiver. in tiu! vieinify of Sher-lironke they are, as stated aliove, ahoiil 87") feet hi;^di, while at l.,ake AylmiT they ocvnir at an elevation of from I(i."jO to IU75 feet. Tn till' valley of tht( C'haudii''fe l{i\'Pr,ter!'aees have heen formed alonp both slopes of the valley, aji[iaiently under similar eondilions to those of the terraces deserihcid aho\o. The hei^dit of the ujtper terraces in tlu! Iwwer part of this valley, corresponds with that of the marine shorodiiu's ohsersed on iioth sides of the mouth of tim Chaudiei'e 1 liver, namely, "oO or 7lJ0 feet. As w(! ascend the valley of this river anil that of its principal tributary the I)u l^oup, the terrai;es also ascend and liaxc been traceil up to a hei;,dit of (57') or 900 feet. Hut as the latter are in basins lyiiiij; within the boMiidaries of the river- valleys, the conditions of theii' formation seem to have l)een such that they may be of either liuviatile, lacustrine or marine orif^dn. in the Sutton .Mount.uii laiiue and its extension north-eastward, als(,( ill the Stoke .Mnunlains, \alleys and depressicjns oecur occupied with stratified j^ravel, sand and clay, usually teri'aced, at about the same elevation as the marine shore-lines on the north-w(»st sl direction of Kinnsbui'y. iuid many other places. Takin.ij; a yiineral view of the facts in connection with these stratiti(;d and terraced deposits it appcvus that thosti found in the mount.iins referred to anil near the south-eastern side of the Stoker Mountaiii are practically at the same t^levation as the merine shore-lines of St. Lawrence valley at the neai'est point. From the base of the S. Mountains and their continuation north-eastward, however, tin <■ stratified beds rise, in the drainage; basin of the St. Francis Uiver, towards the south, southeast, and east till they apju'each the base of the range along the International boundary. Wvvg these beds laid down originally in a horizontal attitude, and sub.seiiuently eroded or sri'EKKIClAI, DKI'OHITH. 00 J (lefoiiiuul ? Avn tlmy fri'sli wutcir ov iniuiiu' ? No fossils liivvo yet het'ri found in tlitun except nt'iir Ijittio Miii,'uy liiikf, lot (J, riiiif^e 14 of Ascot, where Mr. A. Michel found '■ friij^inents of hIk'Hs many years ayo, too iiii|)rved, iiiit from a drawing made on the spot" were supposed hy l)v. T. Sterry Hunt, who records their occurrence, to he a species of Mya,* Tli(! lui{,'ht of the hcd from which tlio shells were taken is about GDO feet. Ah regards the <|uestion of the original attitude of those deposits ijniiHtionJof the facts would seem to fiivour the view of a diflerential elevation, the 'n'Ilf,"','f,,s. axial divide of tiio Tntern.itional l)oun' 'irigiii. region along the a.^is of the Notre Dame Mountains were lower relative- ly at that stage than at present, rivers and lakts may have been largely instrumental in their formation. if The second hypothesis, n'lmely, that of glacial dams and glacial lakes, does not seem capable of explaining the facts ; indefd serious difficulties piesent themselves svheri an Jittenipt is made to elucidate the plionoinena l)y its aid, except as regards some local hvds. Only a very brief statement concerning these objections can, however, be given here. In ordei' that these terraced gravels, sands, etc., could be de- posited in waters held in by an ice-dam, we must j)ostulate the existence of a mass of ice occupying the bottom of the St. Lawrence valley, and covering the first range of hills to the south-east (the Sutton mountain range) at that stage i;f the Pleistocene, while the principal portion of the region to the south-east of the I'ange, especially the wide valley in which the deposits referred to mainly lie, was free from it. It is at once evident that this hypothesis is not in accordance witli the physical conditions governing the existence of glaciers. For is it not a matter of observation jis well as of theory that glacier-ice tirst melts and di.sappears from the lower grounds and clings latest to the slopes and valleys among the hills and mountain ranges 1 It may be maintained, however, that ice would occupy the Sutton and Stoke mountain ranges after its disappearance fromthe St. Lawrence valley and from the interior valley between the ranges r(;fen'e(] to. But even if this were the case, it does not seem probable that a, barrier of ice on these mountains would hold in water for a sutlicient length of time to allow the deposition of sediments in a supjiosed glacial lake or series of lakes, to a thickness or vertical range of two to four hundred feet. Such a barrier, if it ever existed could only have l)een of the most temporary character. ie nature of the deposits, their similarity to the terraced beds on both sides of the Sutton Mountain range, and also to those in the central parts of that range, where an ice barrier on the theory of glacier-dams' may be supposed to have existed, their comparatively uniform height fi'om the marine shoi'e-lines south-east- ward through the mountains and into the portions of the intei'ior valley nearest thereto, etc., preclude the theory of a continuous ice-dam oecupy- ing the Sutton and Stoke Mountain ranges and holding in a glacial lake to the south-east. Moreover, it appears doubtfi;! whether deposits of the character met with iiere would be thrown down in hypothetical glacial lakes of the kind, in the seijuencii usually occurring in the terraces found in the region inside the Sutton Mountain range. l-'or the: e and other reasons which cannot be given in detail here, the marine hypothesis would seem to alford a more satisfactory expla- k •iiiiges 1 Sutton wrence •(!(1 to. barrier 1 lake di-ed f the arity , and carrier their ■east- alley cupy- icial jiosits tical 1 the ■] LEDA CLAY AND SAXICAVA SANDS. G7 J Hi tjli-lcvel stl iititii'd Wi'fl III! Miirtli side of tiif St. L;i\vri'iic(.'. nation than any otlier of all the stratified and terraced deposits met with up to a height equal to that of the marine shore-lines on the north and north-west side of the Sutton Mountain range, which varies from 750 feet near the mouth of the Chaudiere River to 875 to 900 feet near the International boundary. And in regard to the stratified beds found at a higher level, the question of their origin will for the present be left open. On the north side of the St. Lawrence River, similar beds occur in certain localities above the level of the marine shore-lines, but they are more uneven and detached than in the "Eastern Townships." They are generally found among the Laurentide hills, and are at different levels, and in many of the valleys they cannot be separated from those of fluviatili! and lacustrine origin. The thick beds of stratified sand, in terraces, noted in many of these valleys necessarily suggest the question as to their source. 7'he existing rocks of the region do not seem capable of furnishing such quantities of sand, and it would seem as if these beds must be due to Paheozoic .strata of an arenaceous nature largely or wholly denuded. The de})Osits under discussion yield gold in the Chaudiere and (; Riviere du Loup valleys, also at Dud'iwell, Ditton, etc. Tin- gold is very fine, however, and very much sc'ittored. Its occurrence in these gravels and sands is due to the assortment and re-assortment which the valley drift underwent since the glacial period. The rivers have cut down into the pre-glacial auriferous gravels and their superincumbent boulder-clay beds, transporting the whole; to lower levels to form post-glacial terraces, etc. In this way the gold has been re-distributed in these postglacial deposits. Some of tliese terraces and valley drifts have again been eroded, and undergone renewed transportation. Doubtless some of the fine gold found in the present river-beds is from these sources. Leda Clay, Saxicava Sand and Mauink Shorelines of THE St. Lawuence Valley. The Leda clay and Saxicava .sands of the St. Lawrence valley were ],.,],, (.|.,^. first described in a ''eneral wav by Logan and his colleagues,* and the '"^^i^ifiua nomenclature now in use regarding them was then employed for the first time by Sir •). William Dawson. Since that early date the last- mentioned author has more fully worked out the Pleistocene geology • Geology of Canada, 1803, \>v. !ll5-928. H PTni >i| 68 J SOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC. ru ! . Character of materials. Trreffular surfaces. MateriMl.s.if slinlT-liucs. of the region, and published detailed results with extensive lists of fossils, etc.* The extent and character of these deposits are now pretty well known, both on the north-west and soutii-sast sides of the St. Lawrence valley, where they are delimited by the marine shore- lines described in former pages of this report ; but to the south-west their limits have not been traced, and whether they reach as far inland as the valleys of the Great Lakes or not is a debatable question. The materials constituting the Lcda clay and Saxicava sands are fully described in the publications referred to above. The former not infre(]uently consists of coarse clay with pebbles and some boulders in the Vjottom, graduating into a dark or blue clay near the summit, usually containing marine shells. The Saxicava sands are generally composed of tine, sti-atified — in some places blown — sands, of variable amount, sometimes reaching a thickness of one or two hundred feet. Occasionally they contain gravel towards the summit. In many places they are found resting directly up(m the Leda clay, but else- where on boulder-clay t)r upon the rock surface. They are very seldom fo.ssiliferous except at the base, or at their contact with the underlying Leda clay, and contain only shallow-water species. The surface of the Saxicava sand beds is not always flat, being occasionally hunnnocky, or foi'med into kame-like ridges and mounds, with hollows intervening which may be called kettle-holes. The latter often contain ponds oi- lakelets. These topogr/iphical features appear to bo tlu; result of two causes, first, that which may be termed constructive — and which may have imposed certain forms upon them during the deposition of the materials; and secondly, destructive, that is, due to subsequent erosion. Examples of this kind of surface are more frequent near the l)orders of the marine area, but were also noted at lower le\els. The materials of the PleistociMie marine slioie-lines of the .St. liaw- rence valley seem to be chietly Saxicava sands ; but gravel, and occas- ionally bands of clay enter into their composition. ^lost of the shore- lines are formed of built t_riaces. In a few places, however, they have been produced b , ave-cutting in boulder-clay. The strati- fied clay in these shorelines appears to be th(? e([uivalent of the Leda clay, although hitherto no fossils have been found in it. Ancient beaches of gravel and sand, behind which a lagoon or shallow channel lay have also been met with. These do not at all places indicate high- water mark, however, being found at different levels. *XotP8 on the Post-Pliocene Geology of Canada, 1H7L' ; The Ice Age of Canada, 1893. IJ FORMATIONS OF THE RECENT PERIOD. 1)9 J The heights at which Pleistocene marine fossils have been found in KlinatioiiH at .1 ;.. T 11 11 , 1 rni 1 i • 1 wllicll llliuillt' the tot. Lawrence valley niiiy be here noteri. Ihe data are mainly fossils occur. compiled from the publications of Sir J. Win. Dawson and from the reports of the Geological Survey. Between Kenogami and Belle Riviere, near Saguenay, 400 feet. (Daw.son.) At Murray Bay and Los Eboulements, 600 feet. (Dawson.) North of St. Ambroise station on the (jid line of the Quebec and Lake St. John railway, 575 feet, with terraces of Saxicava sand, 600 to 615 feet high. (Low). At Mount Royal, .Montreal, 560 feet, with distinct beach at 625 feet. (Dawson, Adams, de Geer). At Magog Lake, 690 feet 1 {siqjva). Near Smiths Falls, remains of a whale, 440 feet. (Dawson and others). In Lake Champlain valley, 400 feet, with marine terraces up to 480 feet. (Baldwin). At Fort Coulonge Lake, 'My') feet. Throughout the counties of Renfrew, Lanark, Carleton and Leeds, Ontario, 425 feet. The above are the highest known fossiliferous Ijeds ; but lower beds are numerous throughout the St. Lawrence valley, and occur at various altitude.s. ' U Formations of the Rf;ce\t Pkriod. The peat beds iind otlun' formations belonging to this period are well developed in some parts of the St. Lawrence valley ; but only those of lluviatile origin can be noted here. These consist of sand, grav(>ls and clay along the river-valleys, the two first formincr "bars," which in auriferous districts contain "colours ' of gold. The gold found in the river bottom at the Devils Rapids, on the Cliaudii're and at (!reat Falls, also that met with in the present channtjl of Riviere du Loup near its mouth, appears to have been brought thither in the recent period. Extensive boulder-beds which belong to this period, occur in the littoral along the lower St. Lawrence below (.Quebec having Ijeen formed Ijy river and coast ice. They have l)een described by Sir J- ^^'m. Dawson. * licrls uf tluj IVCC-llt iicriod. *Hii' froiitisiiieci' in The Tci' Age in Cniiaila. '.'11 m m is'! CJold-beiiiii region ( south-ci 70 J SOUTH-EASTKRN QUKHEC. THE GOLD-LiEARTNG REGION OF SOUTH EASTERN QUE 1 5 EC. The gold-bearing region proper of soutli-eastorn (Quebec, as at present south-castiiii known, extends from ^Meniplircmiigog Lalastern Townshijis," namely the pre Cambrian oi' Huronian (?)of the three mountain ranges which traverse it. The Cambrian and Cambro- Silurian rocks are prol 'ably composed largely of materials derived from the pre-Cambi'ian in theii" disintegration and waste, and the gold they contain, as well as that met with in the alluviunis derived from them probably owes its origin likewise to the same source. Concentrating processes have been in opei-ation ever since. During the formation of the Cambrian and Cambi'o-Silurian rocks there may hiive been some mechanical concentration of the gold in these, as the sediments which wen^ derived from the pre-Cambiian in Cambrian and Cambi'o-Silurian times would naturally contain it in a fine state of di^•ision. It is ditlicult excei>t on this supposition to account for its presence in some areas and its scarcity oi' aljsence in others. lUit the chief concentra- tion seems to ha\ (; been in some of the ({uart/ \eins at a later stage in areas of eruptive diorites and other intrusive rocks, and still later in the alluviums of the river- valleys du ' g the wear and waste of the land surface. In the following account of gold mining operations in the " Eastern Townships ' and adjacent portions of tlie province of Quebec, free use has been made of all previous publications relating to the subject- The literature pertaining to it is somewhat voluminou.s and extends Oii^'iiiiil (if tliu gull Litcratiiri' pcitaiiiiiig to i^dld- mining ill soiitli- eiistcrii tiuebt'c. * lii-|».rt of I'rogr.'ss, (Jcol. Surv. CVn., ISoO-Sl, ji. f!. mm, '■] PREVIOUS HKPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS. 71 J over a period of more than sixty years, but much of it is now out of print and inaccessible to the public, hence quotations and references are fre(|ueiitly f;iven. Considerable new material, is however, added, for whieii I am indebted to a number of gentlemen whose names are given below. The reports and publications which have principally been made use of are as follows : — Sir \V. E. Logan and Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, 1851-52.— llepDrt of Pro- gress, Geo!. Surv. Can. F. T. Judali, Clerk of Crown Lands, 18G3. — Report of the Quebec Government, on the (Jold JNlines of the Chaudiere. Sir W. E. Logan, (Jeology of Canada, 1863. Report of the Select Committee apjjointed by the QueV)ec (-loveinment to ascertain the value of the Chaudiore gold areas, 1865. Sir W. E. Logan and Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, 1865-66, — Report of Pro- gress, Gt'ol. Surv. Can. Mr. A. Michel, 1865-66. -^Report on the Gold Region of Lower Can- ada, in Report of Progress, Geol. Surv. Can., 1865-66. Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, C.M.G., 1870-71.— Notes and Observations on the Gold Fields of (^)uebec and Nova Scotia ; Reiiort oi Progress, Geol. Surv. Can., 1870-71. Mr. W. Chiipman, 1881. — Gold Mines of Beauce. l>r. A. R. C. Selwyn, C.M.G., (Mr. A. Webster) 1880-81-82.— Notes on the Geology of the South-eastern Portion of the Province of Queljec. lieport of Progress, 18S0-81-82. Prof. E. J. Ciia])man, 1886. — Report on the property of the St. Onge Gold Alining Company. Dr. R. W. Ells, 1887. — Report on the Geology of a Portion of the Eastern Townships. Annual Report, Geol. Surv. Can., 1886. Part I. Dr. 1{. N\'. I'-lls, 1888. — Second Report on the Geology of a Portion of the Province of Quebec. Annual Report, Geol. Surv. Can., 1888. Part K. Dr. R. W. Ells, 1888-90. — Report on the Mineral Resources of the province of Quebec. Annual Report, Geol. Surv. Can., \'ol. VI., 1888-89. Part K. Prof. H. Y. Hind. — Unpublished reports on the auriferous deposits, etc., of the Chaudieie and Du Jjoup valleys. Mr. J. Obalski, Inspector of Mines for the province of Quebec. Re- ports of the Conunissioner of Crown Lands, and Reports of the Conunissioner of Colonization and Mines for the province. Besides the information derived from the above-mentioned sources, the writer begs to acknowledge his indebteilness to a number of miners ':!. It ' f '■ ' ' ^ 'i ■ . |! i : ■ 1 ■ i : 1 1 ''' ^^ ^^ M i.' 1 7:^ ,1 SOUTH-EASTERN QUEHKC. Othor sourcis and others who have wrought in tlie gold mines referred to or been tion. connected therewitli. Mr. Wm. P. Lock wood of Montreal furnished Mr. E. D. Ingiill of the Division of Mineral Statistics and Minos of this Survey and tlio writer with a lar>,'e amount of valuable data, accumulated during his extended operations in the (lill)ort River valley and freely placed his notes, maps and plans al our disposal. 1'racings of the surveys of the Gilbert valley made by his son, Mr. Artliur Lockwooil and of the el(!vation and gradient of the valley referred to as levelled by him liave also been obtained. These data together with the position and depth of a number of shafts sunk by Mr. Lockwood, liave enabled us to determine the site of the old pre-glacial river and ascertain its gi'adient in the auriferous district approximately at li'iist. The gentlemen named below have likewise kindly sup[)lied me with valuable infurm::tion respecting gold mining operations in the pai'ticu- lar districts in which tiiey have worked. Ml'. Sanuiel ]3yrne of the American (lold Mining Company has gi\en me an account of the operations carrii'd on in the (iilbert lliver valley by hiin. Mr. Jjouis Gendreau, whose extensive knowledge of gold mining matters in south-eastern (.Quebec has afforded me with a large number of facts collected during his lengthened experience in 13pauce, Dittoii, etc. To the following gentlemcm I am also under obligations for assistance courteousi}' given and for various actsof kind- ness : — J. E. Jlardman, C'apt. ( leo. Macduil", Peter lirown of jMcArthui- iJros. (Ltd.), P. Angeivs, Notai-y, St. Franij'ois, P>eauce, PL C. Doniiell. Clias. Rodrigue and T. C. Osgoo I of the Rodriirue .Mining Company, Dudswell ; F. E. Harrison of Harrison Urook, John IMue, Eustis Copper Mines, E. B. Haycock, Ottawa, Dr. R. W. Heneker, Sherbrooke and others. JlisToHv OF Gold Minixo in Soutii-kastkhn QiKituc. C'ilhrrt River. II „. ^ f (iold is reported to have been first discovered about the year ]823 Histiiryof ' _ ■' pold iniMJiij,' or 18l*4, l)y a woman near the moutli of the Touft'e des Pins, or Gilbert River valley. River, an affluent of the Chaudiere. This statement was presented in a p;;per read before the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, in 1803, by the Rev. James Douglas, entitled, "On the Gold Fields of Canada," but little or no attention was paid to it. Tn IB.'U, a young girl named Clothilde Gilbert, who afterwards became the wife of Oliver Morin, of St. George, Beauce, " taking a horse to water near •=r^l^ 1823 llbeit bited 3bcc, lields !4, a I wife near •] GOLD MINING IN SOUTII-EASTEKN QUEHEC. '3 J the same spot, perceived as she supposed, a stone glittering in the bed of the river, and thinking it curious enougli to preserve, took it houie with her. " Tliis was the discovery reported by Gen. Uaddeley in 1835. *■ The piece he described svas said to weigh 10'63 grains; but he was unaware that this piece had been cut oil' a larger nugget, the weight of whieli was 1056 grains. Mr. Leger Gilbert, father of the gill who found the nuggo't, sold it for 840, a sum apparently much below its value. Encouraged Ijy this discovery he made further search, and on several occavions fouml more gold, but not of any considerable amount. The DeLery family, owners of tlie seigniory of Uigaud- Vaudreuil, in consecjuence of tliose discoveries and of the indications Viunlreuil of gold which the district afl'orded, applied for and obtained letters '''-"""'>'■ patent from the Crown, dated September ISth, 1810, giving them exclusive mining privileges for the pi-ecious n\(t-a\s/or I'vi'.r, within the limits of the seigniory in (juestion, sul)ject to certain conditions, among others the jiayment of a royalty of ten per cent on the gross [)roduce after melting (smelting) of the ores in furnaces, whicii conditions it appear? were never compli(>d with. No royalty was paid to the Government, as no gold was product d in this way. The seigniory comprises an extent of three leagues (9 miles) along the Cliaudirre River, and a deptli of two leagues (G miles) on each side. {'Explorations were carried on by Mr. C. DeLery, and an examination and report on the value of fhe property made by J. P. Cunningham. In 1847, the Chaudicre Mining Company was formed, to which Mr. Dtdwery leased all his rights in consideiation of receiving an improved royalty, amount- ing foi- the first portion of the leasehold term to twenty-live per cent, and for the latter portion to thirty-three and a half {)er cent, but this arrangement not being found satisfactory, the improved royalty was bought up for a fixed sum. This company also aetjuired the right of working in the fief La 15arbe, through which the Famine River flows. The Cliaudiere iliniiig Company began operations on the Toull'e des Karly Pins, or Gilbert River, at a point about (me mile fi'om its mouth, where they worked for several years, but in such a reckless and unscientific way that expenses were not met. They also operated on the Des Plantes River in 1847, and several rich deposits were struck. At one of these, just above the first fall, from three to ten ounces of gold were ol)tainecl daily for several weeks. Dry digging from the gravel hills was also tried, but though gold was found in consideraljle quantity the appliances for washing and collecting were so poor that the attempt was aliandoned. Of the two reports written by Mr. Cunningham, the first, in 1847, Mr. Cunning- was addressed to the proprietors of the seigniory of Rigaud-Vau- "* ifports. *Ani. Journ. Sci. (l«t Ser.), vcl. XXVIII., p. 112. :ii' !'! 1 i: '■■^'<'.i Chaiidii ri' Milling' Cuiniiaiiy. 74 SOUTII-KASTERN QUKHEf. Dr. DdUf,'!: Diii.'riitidiis. (Irouil, Messrs. Cluirlcs and Alcximder DoLoi-y, and related cliiofly to tlie character of tlie rocks as compared with that of tho niininj,' areas of Carolina and Virginia, U.S. He, however, refers to thf finding of nuggets of gold weighing from thirty to fifty pennyweights, which had their angles rounded, hut whidi he concluded had tlieir source in close proximity to the spot in which they were found. The .second rejxirt was addi'ossed to the (Jliawdirrc! Mining Company, in 1850, in which the results of two expei'iments in working the grav(!ls of the (Jilhert arc; gi\cn. The tirst of the.se extended from the 2-1 th of June to the Otii of August. The work consisled in digging sesx'r:d pits or trenches, the largest of which was 150 feet in length with an a^■erage width of twel\e feet. In thes<>, the gravel directly overlying the shites was found to he auriferous, while an overlying stratum, directly hi'iieath the soil, was also found to carry gold in places. Much dilliculty was experienced from the water', and the work was at last ahaiidoned for another jiortion of the deposit. The amount of gold obtained from the lirst trial is said lo have hetn one hundred pennyweights. The second trial lasted from the 8th of August to the 20th of Sep- tember. The coui'se of the stream was changed for a short distance, anil the gold was collected from the old bed, amounting in all to 940 pennyweights, which, it is stated, was the result of about two men's labour for that time. Further exp)lorations of a similar character wei'c made subse(]Ui'ntly, and good results obtained, the examination of a (juartz \ein at this place, which was strijipcd iov 150 feet, showing several line pieces, one of which weighed twenty-tive pennyweights. In the construction of a canal and dam for the purpose of working a second jiortion of the river-channel, one man is i-eported, in the six weeks in which the work contitiued, to ha\e taken out, by pnnning, 380 pennyweights of gold, Fine i)ieces of gold ai'c reported to have been taken at this place along the course of a fissure caused by the decomposition of a vein of (|uartz, while the loose gi'avel Ij'ing upon the slates yielded, upon several trials, more than three grains of gold per bushel of 100 lbs. In 1851 Messrs. DeLerv leased, subject to a percentage, their min- ing rights over the whole seigniory to Dr. .James Douglas iind others of Quebec. Dr. Douglas eventually became solely interested in this lease, and under it mining operations were carrieil on by him and others, under sub-leases, at dilTerent times and at different places. Dr. Douglas's lease expired on September 1st, 1864, and was transferred, in consideration of the sum of $3,000, in .luly of that year to iNIessi's. '■] (iOt-D MIXINi; IN .SOl'TII-KAHTKHN (^UKHKC. r,) .1 nning, have y the upon r niin- otlieis II this 11 and s. Dr. ferred, Messsrs. Hana Hugan it Company, who liegan mining operations on the Gilbert. This company likewise obtained from the Messrs, DeLory a further similiir lease of fifteen years, for wliii'h they a^^reed to pay ■'^'"^,000, 8-,U00 of which were given in cash. l>o;h of these leases were given by tlie l)elA^rys exjiressly without any guarantee on their part. 'I'lie success which attended gold mining operations on the Gilbert OiMiatiimH of Kiscr at this time connuenced in the autumn of 1803. It appears that one of three brtilheis named Poulin, who had been mining with more or less success for some time, discovered rich gravels on lots I'.l, 20, 21 and 22, DeLery concession, Ciilbert River, and being joined by the brothers and others they commerced operations and a large amount of gold was taken out. The north branch of the (iilljert was therefore set apart as a minini; district for a distance of a mile above the forks and a rush of miners set in for that locality. Two spots were selected for work — the upper, on land owned by a man named Viellieux, lot 20, Dcd^ery concession, tlie other about half a mile further down on this branch on the southern half of lot I'J, owned by Uodrigue. Upon these claims, but more especially on the upper, a considerable number of people wrought in \^(>li and obtained in the aggregate, a large quantity of gold. The largest piece reported, and sold for .*?22, was said to h.ive been found by a woman named Parie. Among other in- stances regarding the discovery of gold given by Dr. Douglas was that of a party of six, including two of the Poulins, who ack- nowledged to finding fiftefm ounces in three days, and another party of the same number found six ounces and a half in two days. These miners were all working without licenses, and upon the facts being reported to Mr. DivLerV; bailiil's were sent and the crowd of workers dri\en off. On IJodrigue's property, lot 19 De- l{i>(lrij,'nf's L(!ry, according to atlidavit given in Mr. Chapman's pamphlet, by the Poulin brothers before Mr. lielanger, N.P., of St. Francois, in 1880, three of them with Rodrigue washed in tin pans, from the alluviums in one day, seventy-two ounces of gold. This party is said to have admitted finding ten pounds of gold in e!e\ en days' work with tin pans only. The largest piece found at this place duritiy the season was sold for .S200. The beds on Rodrigues lot were as follows, descending order, — vegetable mould and earth, two or three feet ; gravel and sand ; and lastly a thickness of two or three feet of rock surface ? (rot- ten rock) consisting of slate down to the bed-rock, which is found at about eight or ten feet from the surface. It was in the gravel and sand and embedded in the slate that the gold was found in small pieces and nuggets. After exhausting the bed of the stre.mi they washed the gravel from the banks in a sluice, and are reported to have obtained [jiuluTty. 70 .1 80UT1I-KAHTEUN (iUEHKC. l>.Li TV ( ioM Mining ( nlll- |iiin>' a piiiiiid of (jolil one day, and ten ounces another. UodrijJtue, working with ou(! man only, is said to havo pannoil out in oiid day two ouncos, two ponnyw(!ir;lus and iM;,'ht ;,'rains, %'aluiMl at thirty-eight dollars. The earnings ot" this party for twenty days in eacli month for four montlis of the sununer, averaged sixteen dollars a day p(!r man. Tins .success was not general, howe\er, and many oidy cleared their expen- ses. The bed of the stream, at this place, is composed of a dark fis- sile slate, and the hanks are made up of allernations of sand and gravel. In 1)^64, tht! DeLery (iold Minin;^ Company was formed to work the (|uart/ veins as well as the alli'viums in Uigaud-N'audreuii, under a lease of thii'ty years from the Dei..ery family, who granted the n(!w eomjiany all the rights originally possessed by the owners of the seigniory. This eompany erected extensive >viert. A wooden Hume 1800 feet long with a dam at its head, was constructed to supply water for wasliing the gravels on the Xoi'tl branch. This, although sujjposed to be well and strongly built, was not aljle to withstand the heavy freshets which occur in these streams, and the greater [)arb of it was swept away before it was in use long, and consequently it became a total loss. This con)])any, aft( r the destruction of their Hume, waslied in a trench dug along the river bed fnjm which the water had been diverted, and took out some .'?2,.')00 in giHd, the whole; expen.ses, in- cluding the dam and flume being from twelve to tlfteen thousand dollars. The DeLery (Jokl Mining Company then granted permits to a feu- miners to work on the celebrated lots, 10, 17, 18, 19, '20, 21 and 22, DeLi'ry concession, North IJranch Gilbert Rivei', and during the sunnner of 18G() ]Mr. Henry Powers, with several miners, drove a tunnel across lots 1.5, 10 and 17. A large amount of gold is reported to have lieen obtained along this tunnel, for the use of which each company that operated there paid to Mr. Powers two dollars per day. In the otlicial documents of the time it is stated that gold to the value of .SI 42, 581 was realised, and that two nuggets, one found by li ••] nor-r) mimnc; i\ hoi tm-ka8Tkun qukiiec. 1 1 .1 Mr. Kilf,'our on lot 17 \voi;,'he(l 52 ounces 11 dwts. G grains, and the 'I'li" KilK'nir other by Mr. Arch. McDonald, was worth .■^S'Jl.oG. In the follitwinj,' im^jjiis, summer Mr. Jolm MeUao on a claim of .seventy live square feet on lot 15, DeLery concession, is s.iid to have realized th(' sum of .SI 7,000. From 1SG.'5 to 1S(!(), Mr. A. .Michel, who had previously man.'ij^cd the l'.\;uiiiniitiiin practical working of gold mines in South America, was employed hy A.'.Mk'l'ii'l Sir^V. M I^ugan, Director of the (ie()loi,'i(;al Survey of Canada, to study tlu! auriferous I'c^gion in ([uestion, relative to thedistril)ntion of gold in the gravels and clays, toe.xaminf! such gold-bearini,' (|uart/. veins as had been opened up by mining excavations, to collect specimens of the same for analysis, and to give such an account of the gold mining operations of the preceding two or three years as his opimrtunities might enable him to furnish. Mr. Michel submitted his report in hSllO. As regards the alluvial gold, Mr. Michel pre] )ared a detailed statement of the woi'kings on Gilbert Kiver, St. I'^rnncois, Ueauce, where a small area of considerable riciuiess was found, but at that time limited bed-rock, were covered in many [)laces by a coarse clay corresponding to the unstratilied boulder-clay of the St. L.awrence valley. This clay, as appeared from the t(!stimnny of the miners, and also from e.xperiments made by washing consideral)le (piantities of it in the three areas examintMl by jNfr. ^Michel, is destitute of gold, but is in .some ]>;irts overlain by ii stratum of auriferous gravel, less rich, how- ever, than that below. This boulder-clay was observed resting on auriferous gravel on the Gilbert, and likewise on lots '2 and '.), range K? of Ascot. In many places, howeviM', it reposes directly on the bed-rock with an intervening stratum of auriferous gravel, while in some pl.Mces, as at Lami)ton, near Lake St. Fran(.'is, pits were sunk 30 feet in the boulder-clay without reaching its base. These facts were taken A^'r nf ;uni- as showing that the original gold-bearing drift was of considerable antiquity, and that both it and the overlying boulder-clay had suffered local denudition which not improbably gave rise to the auriferous gravels found in some places overlying the latter. Tn one locality, lot 6, range 14, of Ascot, what was supposed to be the shell of a species of J/ya was found in the boulder-cl.ay. Mr. Michel further states: "Up to the present time the Gilbert (oHn'it l^ivcr. River has been the scene of the most important workings, and has ..^^'11 1 f ■F «l ll ' 1 11 til' , ill ' 1 r.s .J HOl'TU KAMI r,H\ (/llvllKC. Kxp lol mil lis uf -N r. Mi. ll.'l ill r, ill .•It Villi. y- yielded tlio Iarj,'('st miiount of >{()ld ; I tlierot'oro inadi- il. tlin .subjc'ct of II ,s|i(!ciid cxiiiiiiiiiitioii. Ill asL'cndiii;; llic* course of tliis stream, wliic^li is a toriciit at ('citiiiii Heasons, Imt easily exaniiiieil diirinj^ tlu' dry weath(!r of siiiiiinei', we find upon lot 7*5 of rani,'C' I, Xortli cast, tlin remains of w. likings uii(lertak(;n sixteen years since liy Dr. James ItoULtla--, wliii-li then I'urnislied eonsiderahle .|uantities of ;,'oly the Ueciprocity ('oni[).uiy ; it was a i'<'elan,i,'nlui' pii t,\venty-fivc I'eet. hy twelve, opjiosite the juiiclion ot' tlielwo luiinehes i,f I he slfeani, and on the right hank. Tiio sides of the excavation olleit>d the followin;^ 80(!tion in descending' order; -I. Three feet of sandv veyetalde soil, ^'('tidii "f " ' . , liidxcin Int k;. 2. Thi'ee teetof sandy j,'ra\nl. 3. Two f«!et of yelldsvish clay williout boulders. 1. Two to thi'ee feet, of a yellowish elay with boulders o, A bluish clay. This excavation was, F believe, abandoned a few days after njy visit." " Hefoi'e fullowin.i,' the (!ill)ert aci'oss the Ints rich in '.^old, T i'(!s(ilved to examine tho branch comini,' from the northeast. Tt crosses the two concessions, l)e fiery and Chaussej^ros, upon lot H! and has been wrouj,'ht with suc(;ess on the first-named cf)ncession, as I was assured, and as seems to be attesti^l by the numerous workings which 1 observed alike in the bed of the river and on tlu! two sides. Tlu^se workinfjs diminished in number and in im[)ortancp in approaching the concession Cliaussegross, where noiu! of tliem ai(f seen. The case is siudlar on lot 17 of the concession of St. (iustave where "xploi-- ing pits were found only here and there. T'he beds observed in many of the excavations in this vicinity are similar to those which I shall have to describe farther on in giving an account of my exph)rati<)ns on the other lirauch of the (lilbert above the rich lots ; but T may here notice! the existence of a very thin layer of sandy gravel resting upon the blue clay, and covered by another stratum of clay, T was informed that this thin layer contained gold enough to pay the expenses of the excavations, and had been followed as far as possible. " The rich allu\ ions of the (Jilbei't, which were wrought in 18G.T -M'uvidn^ mi 1 1 ./^ I -xi -111 / , 1 11 w '"'■■' l'"*. 1!':iih1 and l.'sf)! witli considerable success (although the results were exagger- -jo. ated by the spirit of sptjculation), are now considered to be exhausted. [This is scarcely correct as it is known that between the drifts in the ancient channel of the Gilbert traversing some of the.se lots, partings exist which have not been wrought |. They were found on the lots 16, 17, 1'. workinij;. Many of these ,s(|uare.s hnvv. been wrou^'lit, with piotit, iind tome have given results of exceptional richness, while the yield in the adjacent scjuaies has been much loss, many not iiaving i)aiil the expenses of excavation. We thus obtain, at the same time, a notion both of the irregularity of the working and the irregular distribution of the gold ovfi- the area. "When in Octoiier, ISOS, [visited the Gilbert liiver for the Hrst time, J found upon llif lots 18. 19, and 20, from 100 to iL'O gold miners divided into comi)ani<'s of frona four to ten. Their workings cons,i.sted f)f a series of open e.Kca\iitions ten or lifteen feet deej), and of dimen- sions ' cirying according to the number of workei's. These open ])its we: d sunk side by side, without niethod or regularity. AMiil : it is certain that lai'gi^ ([uantitits of gold were txtracted from thes; excava- tions, it is equally certain that a great ([iiantity has been lost and left behind. The walls, often of coiisiderulde thickness, which separated the different pits, constitute in themselves a considerable V(.)lume of alluvion as yet untouched ; and if we add to this the gold which was cert.'itdy lost by imperfect washings, it is safe to suppo:;e, that a regular and methodic re-working of tlie deposit, including both the portions, of undisturbed gravel and the refuse of the pr<'\iuus wash- ing;;, would b(! prolita!)le to whoever would undertake the op( ration. The Reciprocity Company in fact planned a work of this kiid, and made costly preparations, .\t a second visit to this place which I made in May, 18G.'>, the construi.'tion by them of a wooilen tluine, ISOO feet long, four feet wide and three deep, was already far advanced, It was supported on tressels of great strength at distances of three feet, with a surniundiiig frame-work. The object of this construction was to carry away from a higher point (li(> waters of tlie strei... tiiu.s leaving its channel dry, and at the same time to fllTord water for wash- ing the alluvions. A! i hough of sutlicient strength nd 'Mjcicity for the v^nlinnry \((luin(> of water, this si-ructure appeared lo nie when ] examined it., to lie unlit to I'esist the floods wliich oceajionally bi'ing rocks and ujirooteil trees down the I'hannels of these onlinarv quiet streams. I reniatked this to my f(!low~ti;i. seller at tii(> liim-, and tlie event soon just illed my fe;i,rs, — for in the month of -luly Last the dam aci'os.'. the I'iver, and a poi't ion of the canal itself, were eariiei! by a flood followitig a violeni -tor'iii. Having repaired thi.^ damage, and ex- pendi'd for the canal and for some buildings a sum (islimated at from •SI 2,000 to !? 15,000, the Heciprocily Company, I am informiii. made an open cutting in the flriod-up bed of the stream from lot lv wash iL-ity tor when 1 ly loi'ini;' iv (luiet iuu5 the the ihiiii e.l by M . .irul ex- at from 1. niailc lot Ml to r must licrp CiiU atteiitinn to a fact \Nhich is not without import- ipi rations in anci' for tlie future nf i.'ol(l nun iu!/ in Lowei' Canada, namelv the s ibterrancan working of the alhivions chirinfi; tiie winter season. This was attempted in the winter of l^tM-ti") iiy about tiiii'ty miners, divided into companies (if from four to six. Ily tlie aid of pits and traliene tl ii'V were ab e to ivirrv on their scare h f :or ''•) hi tl tl le win n'ouudiout ter, and to extract and wash a larg(> cpiant/ity of gravel, in which tlu! «' )ld as so abundant as to richly I'cpay their energy and perseverance. nong otlii'rs was a mass ot ''old weiirhing (jver a Id )ouiid. \V1 It'll I visited liic ( ilheit. m Mi last j I 8()."j ! tl lese ■iubiciraiirau v. orkinifs w^'ie still uointt o.m, and I was able to ex.imino th r le pits, lifieeii in nu mber, and all on lot 18 [DeLeryj, were opened OH the left bank, at distances from iifty to one hundred feet from llirsti'eam, and sunk to the bedrock, a d(!plh of fiom twenty to twenty-tive fe(n. 'i'hey were conneett^d by galleries, one of which drauur. tl til i(^ w hole of tl le wori cairied the waters into ;i pit, from whence tln-y were raiscu l)y ]vii:iips and curried mt > the met Th aiirih'i'ous materi.Ms were washed i.i rockers. :;nerally at^ the boVtum of each pit Some gold was found in the gra el which covered the slates and sandstones, but the greater ptirt was extracted from the ti-sui(>s in these rocks. The same was true in most of the rich work- ins river, and j)arti:'ularl\' on lots lU ;uiil 'iO. wher'- of two niL'S OH I 1; only the lower one was aurife lycrs of gravel, separaSed by a stratum of bluish or yellow fous. The bed-rock, formed of int er- stratilied clay s]at(>s and sandstones, is sometimes broken up I decayed;, to the denth of five or six feet, and it is in the iJntsan 1 between its laminie. w here the gravel h ;is iiciK J' ■tr.ated, and often become indiiiated. riiat the gold has leon found in the ureatest abundance and in the iri'est masses. It i IS inijii ssib!e to form an estimate, even ajiproxi- mative, of the ijtiantities (if ;;ol to exairgerafe the aiiMuinr. T ine of separation bi-tue(> ots I'd and I'l I DeLerv lOtll (jf 1' il.I( which are travtM'sed by \eitis of (|\jartz, w.is indicated -to me as the mipt'i' limit of tlie rich alius ions of tli (iilbert. T followed t I 111 h allii- aiiit.s Ih e course )f the stream upwards, examining both hanks as far as lot ii-l- in tin? iii('ssi(m of St. (tustave ami found in the concession o >f Ch lussegro-s numerous exploring pits, which Ix-came fiitther and failher apart. As :io workintrs had led t. iltcd from thcie multiplie( 1 trials, 1 wa'- natiirallv ticlude that the alluvions aiong this p(^ition of the river wer(5 poor in gold ; but as 1 wished to iissur(> myself .^f this by personal examination, and al 6 so to studv some of tlie facts relative to the ^ 82 J SOLTH-EASTKIIN VlKUKC. D.L.rv. Li.t LM. !)(I,rIV. liui -ji;. alluvions, /lirrcoahly to your instructions, 1 inado aii exi'aviition on lot 1*1 •)t' tiu! concession iJci^ci-y, in thi> lied of tlio river, in a ])lace where an eddy ndf^lit have Ixicn supposed to fa\(iur tin; deposit of particji's of p)|(l. 'i'lio pit was six feet by five, ami was carrieil to the hed-rov'k, a depth of seven feel. l?(;low two feet of sand was a similar thii-kness of ^c:des of ucld. 1 next exaii.ined ■_' I (IteLery), inimtdiately below a sawmill, under whicli I was a-sured gold had bei-n f. und in the iissures of the slate ridges, which here cross the slr(>ani a( three dill'erent le\('ls Ju->t alH)ve the iidll. ;.;i\ing rise lo a fall of 1 '.v'enty ii%<' feet, broken into se\-er;d cascades. .After lia\ing reiiiovcd about I wo feet of sand in the excavation, the yellowish clayey u'ravel was found resting directly on the bed-rock, which was six feet from the surface, 'iiie washing (jf twenty cubic feet of this gravel yielded only two particles of gMld. '•Another excavation was made on lot :.'(> of ilu^ same concession, also in the bed of the stream, and \ery neai' an outci'op of i[uartz twc, or three feet wide which crosses the stream from norlh-easU to south- west. Aftei' removing the sand, the gravel was met with, b)llowed as b('fi)r(^ by hlue clay resting on ilit; beil rock, 'rweiity culiic feet of thi.^ gravel, washed by a 'ocktsr, did not yield a single |iarticle of gold. 'I'riiil on i(.t~ "The last, as well as tlie most important, ot the i I'ials which I made 2. ami L'». on the (iilbert, was on the line between the lots 27 and L'.s of the concession Cliaussegros, on the right li.ink of the stream, and near an exploring pit which was said to i.ave given eneiaiiaging results. I began the excavation -^ixLeen feet s(|uare, but at .i depth of live feet reduced it to ten feet sipiare, thus lea\ ing on t>ach side benches of e.irth four feet wide to facilitate the furtlH.'i' workings. lieneath a loot of vegetable sod was a layer of thr'ee fe(M, of yellowish .sand. Mid anothei- of the .sinne thickness of gr.t\el. 'J'his rested on a bluish clay tilled with buidders ' boulder fhn- j, which, from thi< (MUsc^ and froiii its com •] GOLU MlNIJJd IN SOITJI-KASTKKN VL'-HKC «3 ,1 pactnesa, was very dillicult to excavate. Towards the bed-rock, )iow- over, it lieoanie sandy, and nwve easily wi'ouglit. The thickness of this clay was eight feet, the whole (K^pth of the pit to the rock being thus fifteen feet. Notwithstanding tlie proximity of the stream, no infiltration of water occurred till near the bottom, when two pumps were rccjiiired to keep it dry. Tiie washing by the rocker of tliiily cubic fei't of the gravel ivnin this pit did not yield a single pai'ticle of gold. "It .-ecms then to be established that the rich deposit of this Gilbert 1. 'tL'l. |).- 11- 11-, 1 1- • 1 11 1- 1 ■ !>. I' iv. iimtli- Iviver has for its upper or noi-tnern liimt lot 'Jl or the concession De fni'liiiiit c.r Lery, beyonil which point, so far as examined, tiie .iliuvion'*, although '■"'"I'l"'^'-- g(a»ei-ally more oi' less auriferous, are not workable. The irregulai'ity in the distiiiiution of gold in the gravel is noticealile thr .ugliout the region, liut appears nioiv niarkf'd on the Gilbert th:ui elsewhere. "Although tile greater portion of tl old wiiich ba'^ been found hero Kni: til' is in small grains and .icales, iiias.>es have, as is well known, been found tl .■ •^'iii. ' from ail ounce up to five ounct's, and e\en to n jiound in weight It appears Irj me, from ihe smooth, rounded ;iiid worn condition of its surface, lliat the original source of this gold must be .'•omewhat remote. I have lemaiked that wheic the layer of graxci is found resting on the bluish clay with boulders, it is poor, liut becomes riciier v.hen rc|iosing directly upon the bed-rock ; while in the i;aNe of two !ayer.-j of gravel separated by .-i stratuie vf this clay, the upjier !ay(^i' is generally with- out gold, while the lower is more or less auriferous. The constant ab- sence of gold from these clays which ;'.ri> assS. E., which wa-^ continued until the bed of the stream was meas ured and levelled throughout, Jlis plans of working were comprehen- sive, but were thwarted in several \vays, so tliat he was never able to oi'i'i, It it'll- lit 1 m : . 1 ^ 84 J SOUTFC-EASTKRN QUEIiEC. carry lliciii ful ly into etfect. They enil)raceil (1 ) systeiiiutic ('xjiloratioii hiiiriiif work. ^^ ^^' ^''^ })t>siti ascertain (I) the average yield of gold per acre ; (2) whether the g(jld leads wcnv! continuous thronghel.,eiT l)y himself and others. Til the surveys and explorations which Mr. Tiockwoorl carried on, it was foimd that the present channel of the Gilliert had an average gradient through concessions |)e Lery and St Jharles of tlfteen to eighteen inches per hundred feet. To ast'ertain, amorg other things, tlie gradient of the ancient or j)re glacial river channel, he commenced (iiiuliiiit of his system of exjiloratory shafts. These show a gradient, so far as could be ascertained, in the old river-1 ottom between lots 8 St. t'harles and 21 De Leiy, of twenty inches or nioie ]>er Inindreii f.'et. This old channel is from thirty to eighty feet below that of the j)resent (Gilbert for a great part of that distance. If this slope ol)taine(l iti jire glacial times it must Iwive gi\en (he river retnarkal)!e c(H\centrating power as regards the gohl derived fi-om the rocks within its drainage basin. Before describing Mr. Lockwood's exi)loratory shafts it may be desir- al)l(! to outline very briefly the main topographical and {)hysical features of the (;iibeii IJiverdistrict. Fn doing (hi., the surveys, plans, and levels of .Mr. Ardiiir f.,nckwood, already referred (o, will he u^ed. The (Jiibert River, which is lait a smdl stream, enters llie Chaudiere through a wide tiiluvial (lat, with, a comparatively gentle llow. The- old o'otaiiiei ( iir.diiiit of prt'srlll ' ill |iiv-f;liiciiil 'l'o;pof,'!;i)ilili.':i fratilli'> of (olli.Tt Viillev. •] (iOr.I) Ml.NINO IN SOUTH-KASTKUN i^UEHEC. 85.1 hei'^lit of its inoutli by aneroid measunMTH'nts, based on that of the ih std 1.") feet. Tliis is tlie datum for ^li :'S OH, it (■rage en to lings, t'liced could iuid IS old llj(>rt .u'ial wcr as in. (lesir- aturos ievi'ls iu(ii(!re The atioii at .St. ii 1 '> U'ct ii\i>>\v tlu' si-a. A consti'iclion of the \alley occurs at this point, -ii dyke i>f instrusive rocks crossing it a!i(l apparently causing a wjUerfall. VcMy little gold mining has l)een carried on below this point. Proceeding uji stream we pass from the lirsL i'ang(!, north-west, intn lot i"^, concession St. Charles. Tiie (iili)ert valley then (^vpands, ind at i\\('. mouth ot Caron creek there are llats of cor.sidijraljle extent. A lake-like e.xpanse seems to liave exi'^ted here in pre-glacial times in which (juicksands and other deposits were laid down. 'J"h(>, noithern b;ink o;' the (dlbert, above the lowci- line of .St. Charles X .hIk m concession, maintains a toleral)!y regular (?onlour as far up .•;s the '"' ''^' junction of the noi'th-; ast biancii at least, rising with a unifgros and .St. (lustave, according as the channel and liaison either side rise. The southrrn sloj.e of thetlilbert vidlcy is more irregu- .Sdnrin m lar and broken and not so steep as the north slope. The base of this "•'*''■>• slo]ie is .liso further from the ri\(M', llats ti ')0 feet to 100 ;ind i'\en 1^00 feet in width intervening. It is on this side and i)eneath ihesi' ll.its, I'k.hi.iu ^f etc., that the old ])r(!-glacial channel, containing the auriferous gravel lies, l)etW{>i'n lots S .St. Ch irles and I'l Di' Lcry. Tiie botfim of the present river-valley is, nevertheless, comparatively narrow, and the whole \alley itself forms but a.n insigniilcmt to[)i)gr.iphic;d featuie. The watershed of the (lillM^rl- comprises ;i rugged ;ind hilly district, \\ ;,t.'!>lii(l >>f no part of which exceeds an elevation of li'OD to l-lOO feet, the t''" "•'""■"'f- mean eli'vation not being more than from 900 to lOOO feet. 'I'Ih' broken, une\-en surface, appears to Ik- Largely due to the nneinial dis- Siirf.ic.-. integral iiii\ which the rocks hav(> uiiilergone, these being of dilTerent charactiT and r line of concession St. Charles and pi'oceetl up stream. The two conce.^sions, St. Charles anrl I)(d.ery, leally eonipiise the gohl area of (iilbert River. <1 On ascending the (.iilV)ert iliver from the mouth across tlie first range N, Iv, into the adj.jining concession of St, Cliarles, lot 8, we enter the principal gold district. Mr. Lockwoiid furnished .Mr. Ingall and the wi'iter with much of the data he iiad collected during the twenty-sciven or twenty-eight years he \\oiked in this gold field. Ife also gave us written notes relating to the shafts he saidc, the materials passed through in sinking, the thickness of the auriferous gi'avels, ([uantity of gold extracted, etc. I'he facts in rela- tion to these matters given in the following pages are compiled from his MS. notes as well as from my own observatiotis. The letteis and figures rt^ferring to the various openings are those of .Mr. Lnckwood's plans. S/('. Liii .V, S/. ' '/(fn'/z^.s'.— I )istaiiee from the moutli of tJilbert Hl\{ and 81 H> feet respective! . height of the top of the shafts above datum, l.'IO't) feet. These sh.afts wet.- Mink "about 1'2 feet deep : the Iteds in each in descending order being ( 1 ), mi.xed alluvium, yellow clav and grrvel with I'ohnirs of gold : ('2) blue clay (probably boulder- clay); (.'5) cemented ferruginous gra\ei, coniaining coarse gold and one nugi.'et about two ounces, I foot : and (-1) yellow slate I'ock. A number of pits from two to twelve feet deep were sunk at this point, but the I <;OLIt MININ(; IN SOUTH KASTKKN VIKHKC, Hisults wi'i'c unsfitist'iictoiy. Coiusc ^old was IVtuml "ii tlif hfd-rock oi some of tlicsf.' S/i,ij'/s. /.,,/ S ,S7. <'/,'ir/i.<.-Si). 1, 11 tVc't (Iff'p ; No. -J, ".1 tVpl dc'ii, top 1 1 tVrt iil)o\(' i'i\('r l('\t'l ; N'o. •'!, .'58 feet deep, to[) C t'ect a'.'ove riviT lend. To|> nt' tli>' deepest shaft (No. 2) Wi's loO foet above datum, tlie (lilbert opposite tliese tlirce shafts heinj,' l.'VJ feet. Mr. Luck-wood states "tlie^e tlii'ee shafts wei'e sunk tliroiii.di al)oiit foui'feet of iiiixe.l el lyey alhuiiiiii wuh f^ravel, l-o hlue ohiy (,hoiildere!ay) then tinihered and puddh'd witli i' feet (i inche.-- of line chiy to make them watertiylit ; tlien tJirou,tj;h titu'' clay in thin layiTs, peffectly (h'V, and reniarkai)ly liaid (pipe clay), until the gravel (prohahly aurifiTOUs gi'avel) was sti-uck, when the -.hafts tilled with watei', No. "J so rapidly that some tools had to he left in the botlom. The water overflowed and continurd to dn so up till 189;?. The lesidts gave the information r(M]uiie(l and further work was suspended until a general plan of >pi'rations was deci( Ic.l upi S/iiif'f r.--'rhis was 'ravel and houidei-'-. proKppcting shaft, ten feet deep, in river T shafts itid pits, ihove (diescrihei are a II lot X. concession St. I'harles, an the north side of the (iilWei't Uiver. Mr. Lock\ states that he is of the opinion that th>' old pre-glacial channel is accor( lingh y on that side al this point, altlioagh tl th >e soutii sKii (k ot tiie present river ttirihet S/iiif' inM. Skxit X, i.ni :\ SI. Chi Thi aft ^unk t< •pth of irouull were inehe s oT (ii'v angular 35 feet. The beds p.e^sed t! gravel : nearly 3 feet of alluvium : '-Vl feel of blue clay (boulder-clay) to gravel (probably auriferous gravel), when the shaft Idled with water and overflowed until shaft' .\. w;is suidv (i !^ feel, which draiii"d it." Shaft X., Lot ;.--Thi>, shaft, which sunk 'i-l- feet to gra\t'l, is just below 1 he moil The h of {'aron Creek, on tlie south siile nf the (Jilbert. ri\er at tins iioint i^ 11, Icci (h-^tant ii'om the iunciion with the Chaudiere, and 15 ll! feet aitove datum. The deposits passed tlirough were, "'alluvium with silt, slates, I'lay, angular stone.-, and gravel, 16 feet; then 4 N feet of blue clay (l)oulder-clay) to gravel, when wat'T I'o se I') t)l feet in the shaft. S}Mtl Sii. a. Lot ',. Sl. I 'hurl' .hi^l abo\e t!ie moutti of Cai'oii rvi on the soul h side ot l!ie ' lilbert. This -haft was sunk to adepti 88 SOUTII-ICASIKHX (,>l'i;iiK(' m ;i ii.ii ■■'i Slmfl i«ii lot ' St. Cliiuhs. of .")."J fet't. " Kiver gra\cl uiid sand, 1 t'cet ; soflsaiuiy ;,'i'(i\el, aii^^ular stones and (juartz (Ixiiildi'i's',') ti) wal(M', 2'.l foct. Tln^ <;round was so bad that this sliaft was filh'd svitli I'lay from sliaft Ga. descrihed below." Caron C'?*(?eA'.- -"Shiieed gra\t'l from bed of cmh-U and fium pits on I'licli si. Fail- .«h<>\v and soiik; nii' ' round ,i,'<)l(i ohtaincd for somo distaiici! up tlic stream. 'I'he maliMials wci'c; sandy loam, ^rax'cl, clay and sliincs." Shn/f Xo. /!.i. /../ ;, ^7. Charlrx.- ^Dcpth, lUO' feet, or about !)') foeb bi'lo\i- the level of tlie (iiliicrt, near Ity. I)is1anc-(j from mouth of (TJlbert, 11,0^0 feet; iioiglit of river above ilatum, 1. ')()•;"■) feet. Auri- ferous gravel roaohed at 1*^0 feet Ijeluw the bed of the ( iilbert. A seetiiin of the dep'isils passed tluough, is ,;s follows : (1) " l^oam and i'i\er gr'axci, 4 feet; yl) hard, blue elay with large boulders (bdulder-elay). •">() feet; {'.)) dirk ;^ray sand (cl;iy-slate nnd (juartz), soft and wei,j;j feet; (1) firm g."-iy sand with rough stones and large iioulders, 10 f''et ; (5) gravel and gi'ay san'i, (one large boulder 3 feet in diameter, tilling the entire : haft), 1 I feet : (ll) fei'ruginous sand and ura\'el, very sharp, hard and llrm, with bouldeis, .'^ feet. ytruck bed-rock at '.)? feet, dipping south tiii't'c feet in the bottum of the .shaft. It was a dark-blue r(j>:k, worn peifeetlj smooth." " This was a very (liHleult and dangerous sha't to )iut 'lown. \Ve had to blast boulders in soft wet s.-md, and had onlv tsvo light bineli jiumps, procured for prospecting. We did nut take nji the b'd-iDek, and left gold in the ' reviees : i)U'. we to.ik a,i ounee an.l a half of nice, coarse gold with the gravels. A\'e had to us ■ sti'ong timbers f. r ten feet of the shaft, with e.vtra tliick puddling i'l feet t. vcl." Mr. ;uil, •(i 1)V 'J he shafts, above dosurilKM], near tlie conlluence nt'Cai'oii Creek ami the Gillx'i't, were on \\u', south side ot' the latter. S/iaff (,'., Lot 'J, S/. C/iar/'is. -Tliis shaft was put down on the north ■"-'I'iii'^ '.>" ido of tlie Gilbert in elay and gravel (fluviatile) to a deji'li of about (iiiii.'rt, St. 81 12 feet Cllillll .> IMll- CI >-ii'n. Sh>i/t D., Lot m, St. Chiirli'x. — Deptii. li I feet. !)islance from mouth of (iilbert, U,:2;i7 feet ; heit,'lit of rivei' aii.ve datum, 181'2 feet. ♦ 'Passed t]irou,t,di, (1) drift ; {'!) \.\w clay (liouldcr clay) ; (.'5) gravel an'i sand with iar<;e pieces of angular (piartz ' Shaft ^'o. ;, Lot 1(1 A., St. 67hu-/«.s'. — i)eptli, 70 feet. Top of shaft, 8 feet iibo\ e i'i\ er level, shaft therefore il- feet lir-low the (iilbeit. Sank near a Mull'. I'eds passed throuyii, " ailu\ iuuis and d,irl< slaty s.uid wilii small stones and (piartz and otiier larLfe boulders, - all diy to bed rock ; no auriferous gravel or gold. Xo llowing watei.'' The last three sh.ifts were also put down on t luMioilli side of the (iilljcrt liiver. ,S/t'i/t (A.L.). Lot II, St. C/ior/,'s.-- D.ptii to l)erl-roek. HO f«'<'t : fi's|(V,';.,,',\'.^ ilepth to auriferous gravel, .")G feet. IJist mee from maith of (iilbcrt, IC),.'! IG feet ; height of top of shaft above datum. "JOl -.''i tVet. !*>eMs pji^si'd thri)Ugh: — "Mixed i-oil and stoniis, 1 o feel ; blue elay (b() feet. .Shaft on nortli side of (Jilbirt. }l('i<;ht of tup of .shaft above datum 212 feet ; height of river above datum '10> feet. jieds disclosed in shaft: — '• Cl.iyey s«i], (I feet : clayi'y blue silt with small worn stones and <|uartzand occasional larg(? boulders (probably liouldei' elay). o I feet to bed-i'ock. Xo pump reciuiivd. l>rifli'd east and west 50 and GO feet respecti\-e!y ; Ijut found n<'itlier gravel nor gold. KoiMv surface rose rapidly in both directions. " ShitJ '/, Lot /,.^, Ht. (Jharln'<. — D-pth 2'"i feet. lielow river lev(>l. li, c'eet. "(ir.avelly soil, 1 feet; blue elay (Ijoulder-clay) to b'^d- rock, 21 f(>et. Barren, — neither water, grave! i;or gold."" This shaft was on the s(tuth side of the (lilbert. Sliitjt X,,. II, Lot 12, St. r//f7/-A',v. —Depth GO feet. Height of top of shaft above flatum 2-')0'7 feet ; luught of river opposite, 212'7 feot. "JMi.xed soil and stones, 1 •"> feet : blue elav (boulder-elav) :i7 feet, sand Tf •JO SOCTII-KASTKUV V'KllKC. ill Ij; 1 ^} ' i ■'1 ' i 1 ',' : 1 i:{,S(, Shiifl Il.St ..II l.lt: (■hailrs. mi lot r|,;,rl.-. < Ipci'iit inu- tile St. On: iiiid Ljifui'l til lied r(tcl<, N feel. iMiic t,'<>l(l in Imttoiii j;rii\fls. A drift Idwards ^hat'l No. ll' stnifk iLjohl in .snmll iitiaiitilics." Tills siifit'l is ^0 feel, tVnin (Ik; ri\. r, nii tlii^ sdiitli side. >■/.'/// X<: /.', /,' De Lery, bed rock was taken U|i iind post iiojes for timlierinu' made." " I la\iiig secured these shafts and drifts they were h'ft to he worked afterwards according to a, continuous plan of oiiorratitjns and di'/iinagi! .system from lot 7, 'St. Charles, to Miners" Claims on lot I-'), DeLery concession." ,V/»;/l' X,>. /.;, Ln/ / .', S/. r//rM'/e,y. — Depth K) feet. Distant from river on south side, ".'0 feet. " Soil, .'5 feet ; blue clay (boulder clay) to gravel and water, shos\ ing position of the 'lead,' ;{() f(M;t.' S/iii/f .\'«. /;, A*-/ /.; d. ,SV. r/(rtrA..si.- -Situated on north side of the Gilbert. Height of top of shaft a,bove datum lil'l feel. The deposits were,— "Soil 1 feet, bhu^ clay (boulder-clay) to bed-rock, L'.'5 feet. Bur'ren, stony, no gravels, no traces of gold 'lead'." Messrs. Sands, t)ldson and Miller having ac(pured siirfaci^ rights on lot 11, St. Charles, sank a shaft .'IS feet deep in ISTIi, and although working without auihoi-iiy from .Mr. i,oek wood, took out ;i considerable <|uantity of gold, estimated at o\t;r 100 ounces. Tiiey testified to 20") <)/,. IJ^ dwt. ') grs. taken out in five months. The shaft they sank is nearly 70 feet from the (Jillicit, on thi^ south side. Tiie top is l'U').'! feet aliovc d.itnm. and the (rilbert at tin; iiear- esl point is J'.l.")'.") feet. ,f In lS7f) the St. ( )nge [brothers and live other miners acfpiired a lease fi£ a portion of lot 11 St. Charles, and were given (Jovernment licenses to mine for gold, notwithstanding the letters patent grunted fhti or niiK ■ty feet sou led rock, commencing wor th of the k in the De Lery family in IS id. (Gilbert they sank a shaft 'M feet t( Septemlier, 1870. The dilHculty of keeping out the water was such, that a flitch ISOO feet in length had to lie opened, and a water-wheel conii' cted v.iMi pumps was drisi u l>v this cunt ri\;incc. Ily t hese means J liOM) MINIMI IN SOL'Tll-DASTIiltN VIKIIIOC Hi .1 tln-y wor«; (il)li' In pinscciito llicii'tiijoiatiniis. (ioiil iiiiiiin;,' was I'jii rii'd on licft' for scvci'ui yi'uis, iiltlioii;j,li miilcr ;;rc,it (lillicultics, l'"i'oiu tliis slmt't tlie rt'tmiis show, houoviT, lliai, tin' Si, ()ni;i's look nut 870,000 Wnrtll ot'^nld. N'ui^'Ljt^t'- Wnll ll tVolM i?!'.'.") Ln ."^T 10 cacll WCI'C nlitailli'd. Ill tlio Himit! year, llio Si. < luges also aL'i|iii rod a U•a^»'ot' four acros on lot rj, St. Cliarlt's, situate on tho snutli side of tlic (Hlhrrt, covering' grouiul pid-^pccU'd i)y Mr. lioukwnod. Tho St. OM,i,'t's, .Mr. Lnrkwund states, admit takiui; a regular aNoragf nf •'^•'5.60 a day per man finm .July, lS7(j, to.luly, 1 8>0, and rpcoNcriiig altogether out of tliis prnperty .Sli)0,000 Wnrtll of giild. (Using linwcvci', to vi\rious ditlicultit's witli wliifh they liad to cnntcnd. llicy csfntually snltl nut. Till! great sui'fcs.s of tlir St. Uiiges iMuscd a rush of miners to the (liH)ert, among wiiom were the following comiianiiis :- I'ayni' and ('ha[)man, i'^orgiu, Xorth St.ir, \ietniia, (iendicau and ntluMs, when dilliculties arose hetween the prn[)ri('lnrs nf the ground or surface aiul the proprietnrs nf the mining lights. .Mi'. FiOekwood, to defend his |),tiip,|i,j,.., ,j, interest, applied to the rmvim-ial (inNcrnnient, asking fm' pintiu'i inn. '" ""'"'it-' IHs demand was not, however, complied with ; hut he was advised to tak(! his eas(^ into the civil courts and lest the \'alidily nf his lea^e, and of course, that nf the letters pat<;nt. 'i'his Mr. Lnck-wnnd refu-cd to do, aiul untw after entei'e(l into partnership with Mr. .). X.fiordnn and otheis under t-h(! name nf 'l"he Canada (inid ('nmpaiiy, {''nglaiul, 'i'ln^ ('im:ui:i with Mr. tiordnn as niiinager. Mr. (inrdnn nn assuming control at '^J^'^. '"'"' once iinpeach'-d several of the miner.s working nn the [irnperty leased by .Mr. Lnokwnnd, and Innk them liefnre .Ml-. II. .1. .1. Duchesnay, In- speetnr of the (Jnld Mining IH\isinn of tlu; C'haudiere, which sn e.\as- jierated the men that serious tlisturhances wi^rt^ on the jioint of break- ing out when the (Jovernnieiit interfered. The consequencp was that the objectionable clauses of the mining law wei'e repealed, a new law enacted, and the \alidity nf the letleis patent of I Sid in Messrs. DoLery finally established by the courts in |8S.'). I'.ut meantime, the three shafts which .Mr. f.nekwnnd h;ul put down nii hits II and I _', St. ('Iiarles. and whiili Ik'SiiiI were in gnnd ni'der in b^77, were entered by tht> trespassers, wlm blocked the drifts and interfered in sueii a m;i!uier with his mines that his men had tn ltM\e them. The law agfunst these IrespMssers could nnt be enfoi'ced until 1SS4, when on npeiiing his preiimii.ary works nn llu'se Ints he tnnl; out 810,871.* wnrlii of gnid with thirly-iive men. I'xfme tli(> work was (JoM extract interfered uith he haw these the Canada Gold Com- pany (L'luited), already referred to, under Mr. Gordon, carried on min- ing operations with Mr. W. Moodie in charge. On the neighbouring lot the mine of Mc Arthur IJros. (Limited), formerly the St. Onge property, managed by 31 r. ^\'m. Smart of Martintown Ontario, was being operated. On the north-east branch of the Gilbert, a small company called The East Branch Company, wrought on lot 16, l>eL<'ry, andnu^t with some 3ucce.ss. About this lime also Mr. Morey, of New York, began work on the lot adjoining, which he had purchased from Mr. L. (ieiidreau ; while on the North Branch Mr. Asher, of Montreal, also carried on some explorations. On lots "29 and .'50, concession of Chaussegros, Mr. Wdder, of lioston had reached what was supposed to be the c»ld channel and obtained gohl. From the returns made to the inspector's otlice it appears that during thi^ montli of Octol)er, 1830, the three companies, the Ainsworth, tin- Canada and the Beauce, took out 581 oz. of gold. Thi' new coinjiaiiies established in (iilbert materially (.'hanged the methods of miiniig there. Formerly the mines could not wash the gravel more than one-third of the vear owing to frost in winter and (h'ouglit ill sunnner. 31 r. Moddie, however, constructed machines under sheds which waslied the alluviums with water pumped from the shafts e\"(>ry da}-. Mr. Ainsworth, whose shafts wei'o at a consitlerable distance from the river, constructed a tramway along whiirh the L'ravel was dumped and afterwards washed by the hydraulic ))rocess, when the rains swelled the river. For this purpo.se a ditch over 15000 feet in length was dug to bring the water from a small tritiutary of the Gilbert. The lieauce Company also used this ditch. Among other companies and individuals who olitained leases or began operations about this time were Messrs. Coupal, on the North Branch of the (iilbert ; Mr. P. A. Dupiiy, on lots IG and 17, con- cession De Lei-y ; [Messrs. Cot(', Doris and Clouthier, concession St. Charles : Messrs. Cadot, Bernard and Company ; The Eureka Com- pany, comprising ^lessrs. I'owers, Tomlins<»n and McDonald, in the .same concession ; Messrs. Nicol and Osgoode, on iirst range N. E. ; Messrs. Poulin and Hernard at the l)evils Hapids, and Mr. Spaulding on the old mines of the (Gilbert. lr i ;■ '•J GOLD MININti IN SOUTH-EASTERN l^UEBEC. 93 J (iiirdoii's Miiiiis" t liiiiiis. Sliiift>< on lut lis, l).-I,(.r.v III 1878, Mr. Lockwood put down two shaft«, each al)oiit 70 feet deep, at the "north-west end of the 8t. Onges'yround, lot 1 1, St. Charles and took out considerable quantities of gold." In 1879, tlie Canada Gold Company (Limited), referred to, was formed, J. N. Gordon, manager. From 1st July, 1880 to 1894, a large amount of gokl was taken out of these t.\o lots (12 and l.'Vt, St. Charles), as the returns to the gold min ing inspector show. Mr. Loekwootl calculated that this portion of the yj,.],! ,,f gold Gilbert valley aloneyielded!?oO,000 worth of gold per acre. Mr. (iordon. 1"' "'^'''"• is ipported to be one of the few who, aftfr making money by gold mining in the (Jilbert valley, retired. Allhough he is said to have spent ■S'SO.OOO, yet he declared a dividend before closing operations ludiits. Besides the mining right.s on St. Charles concession, lots 7, 8, 9, 10, | ,,|^ j^^.^j | 11, 12, 1.3 P., 1.3 C and 14, held at one time by Mr. Lockwood, he also Mi- b( tk- purcliased those of lots 13, 14 and 15, DeF ry c(mcession. A reserve on each side of the Gilbert River, one iiundred feet in width, was set aside, and those portions of lots 14 and 15 DeLery, on the east, were laid off in claims (Miners' Claims), and numbered 1 to 82. Two shafts were sunk on lot 1.3, DeLery, — JS'o. 1, to a depth of 70 feet, rea ! ing 57 feet below river level at the nearest point. Here the Gilber' is :. < fct-i above datum, and the distance from the mouth is 19,713 feet. I'lie shaft is on the south side, and about 135 feet fi'om the liver. No section of tlie deposits passed through is given, but the thickness of the auriferous gravel appears to be two o' three feet. Shaft No. 2, furthest up river, was sunk 40 feet, or 35ert, and crops out all along its north bank to the hill ranges in the distance." ti. I Iti '!!: i:; I Miiioi'K' f 'lainii 94 J SOUTII-KASTEHN QUEBEC. »'Iltl ^;( Shaft on Claim 16. — This shaft, which is about 375 feet east of the (lilli»rf, was sunk in very bad ground. Tiie top of tlie sliaft is .'127 t't'i'i (?) above (latum, and tlio height of the river at tlie nearest point is 274 feet. Tlie (lejjth of tlu' sliaft to l)i'droek was 7S feet, and tlie depth below tlie river about 25 f(!et. Tiie deposits [)asM'd through wore, (1) ".Mi.xed soil, \\ U'vX \ (2) yellow clay, sand and stones, 2 feet ; (.'{) blue flay with sonic boukii-rs (boulder-flay), "U) feet ; (4) fine blue saii dwt. atui 2 :,ms., iind eoarse, round, ijohl, 7 f)z. 1 dwt. 2 grs., total, 12 oz. 7 tlwt. and 4 iiv<. "South of claims 17 and 22, two shafts wi-re sunk in similar i,o'ound to that in real' of flaini I<), to a depth oi S.") feet. The bed rock near the liliaft is flay slate ; to the south it wa- a belt of (juartzite. About live feet above the bed-rock, in compact mud, numei'ous ))ieces of semi- fossilizfd wood (small trees) were found, '{"here was a steady flow of water i)assing through the bottom gra\el, showing a liaie, ancient ri\er channel." Shat't on Claim I ', Lot l-'i, Di'Livy. —in regard to this shaft Mr. Lockwood states, "the ground here rises abruptly 30 fee* from the 100-foot reserve. The reserve was full of shafts and old workings for about 500 feet, wlien T began operations there. These had yielded rich, but irregular returns at depths of 20 to 30 feet." This shaft was 69 feet deep, and showed the tollowing series of beds: (1) Mixed alluvium 4 feet; blue clay (boulder-clay) 40 feet; coarse blue s.'ind with small stones and boulders, 12 feet ; heavy gravel to bed-rock, 13 feet. About \^ inches of t\\v. l^ottom part of the gravel, and 18 inches of the open yellow slates gave a line show of round worn gold."' The height of the (Gilbert near this shaft, which is situated about 150 feet to the east of the river, is 27S'7 feet above datum, and the distaiu-e from its mouth 22,462 feet. Claim 14 and half of claim 19 were leased to tlie Poulins. " I'hey got 8100 worth of gold ; l)ut had to abandon the mine, as water was let in by otiier shafts in the 100-foot reserve." A shaft on claim IS w.is sunk 78 feet to bed-rock. "The materials and bed rock and the (piantity of gold obtained were so nearly the .same as in the shaft on claim 12 as to need no separate description.' i. ^ (JOLU MINING IN MOIJTII-KASTKKN yUEHKC. ;•:. .r The pmspcot sliiift un li»t 15 DeLery, .■iiid iil.sotlioso siiiik \>y Nash, MoNnlty, I'riiton and Smith and l)y Smith and Dale, were all biinen and un|ir(itluclive. .Mr. LoL'k wood slaifs that in ••xplunn'' and testing liiest> .Miners' c-lil iili.n Chiims witii tlm I'oulins, Ik; took out very nearly L'tXli) ounces of Koid, ('i |'I,„'i,v"\||^ iVi'ivv....;:!.' !n If^m, Mr. I^ockwood made arrangements to work the al>aiuionod j^round near the line of coneeHsionSt. Charles, up to his old works on .Minors' Claims. The tlr.st ('ngine-.shaft was sunk on lot l.{ DeLery, ^oinj^ do\vn ()*'( feet to bed-rock, and passini^ throujj;!! '(lytifeet of clay .soil and stones ; (2) Hi feet of soft, moist (|uicksanda ; (;i) 150 feet blue clay (b luider clay) ; (i) >> fecu, yello.v <,'Iav, an'^'ular stones and gravel to bed-rock. " " I'lie rock in this .shaft at Otl fi^et was soft contoi-tcd clay-slate in irregular masses. We saidv in it Hi feet, and then tunnelled in the rock northward about tiO feet, and struck .m old drift tillt;d wiih broken timbers and clay. Continied thedi'ift I'J',] feet northward from the shaft, ant. Tested the ijravel from thes(! drifts by a numbi- mining in the (Jilbert vallev, he failed to hnd any ut)iier auriferous g"! 1 '"i*'!!!^' gravels, that i.s, any tleposits lying above the level of the present tli" ^*!m|,..s .f (Jilbert Kiver that offered a fail- inductMuent for the employment of •r 96 J SOUTII-KASTBKN yUKUIOf. lli^" ' i ' Total p>h! won fniii tlic (JillHTt. modern machinery to work tli»'in with profitiible results." lie is coii- vim^ed that no such deposits exist in the Chaudiore district. Mr. Lockwdod ''calculates that the whole ground worked on the Gilbert 'lend' h.xs yielded two million dollars worth of gold."' The ground he iiiinself "worked on the ' lead ', including that opened by the Canada (4old Company, gave forty-five thousand dollars per acre, or from one dollar to one dollar and a (juarter per foot." "From lots IG to 2\ DeLery, r)192 feet measuring along the river, the ground was first worked in the autumn of 1SG2, and steadily from 1863 to 1867, in a partial manner, and mostly in the river's bed and along its banks. Since 1867, work has been carried on irregularly at various times (lately by the Anierican Gold Mining Company). The width of the 'lead' wrought is from 50 to 100 feet, except on lot 16 where it is much wider. At the junction of the east branch, the bed- rock ^vas reached in places at two feet, and in others from two to twenty-four feet, the surface being very uneven." The shallow portions seem to have formed 'luars' on the lower side of which gold was dropped. From lots 15 to 17 the uold was v(;ry coarse, much of it in nuggets frf)ni ] to 1 oz., and some frotn 1 to 6 oz. ; besides others 12, 15 and 20 oz.; the largest were two over 30 oz., one at 35 oz. and another 5U oz.' This was called the Kilgour nugget and was the largest found in the Gilbert valley. Upper p.ur of Mr. Lockwood further states, that -'on the upper part of the main '''^'"'^' Gilbert, 1 made several explorations and obtained coarse gold; near the forks and also near the low swampy ground about 41 and *12 Fraser, 8. E. concession. The gold was coarse and thickly coated with iron." Cliaiiiicl below C:irin Crefk. " Below Caron Creek, on lot 8 St. Chirles,'" Mr. Lockwood says his "chief work was to discover the course of the 'lead" which is enormous in magnitude and extent. Tlie ancient channel does not follow the present Gilbert ; but is on the north side, ci-ossin;,' (juartz veins and cutting into them very deeply down towards the valley of the Chaudicre, w^here a rich deposit of gold will be found." "A good deal of Avork was done on lots 74 and 75, first range; north- east, nearly all on sliallow ground, from six to twenty feet deep, and many nuggets from 1 to 12 oz. weight were found; but the ledge dips very sharply on the right (north) bank of the river, where deep sink- ing is required to refich bed-rock and pay gravel." Coiii-.si' of pre- The foregoing facts go to show, therefore, that as stated by Mr. Lock- glacial cliiin- wood and referred to on a previous page, the preglacial channel of the Gilbert, from lot 8, St. Charles, at least, up to about lot 21, DeLery, CHAIMM. (iOLI) MINIXfi IN SOUTIl-KASTKRN (JL'KUEC. 97,1 is deep, reacliiiitj \)n te^t below tlio pivsent beil of tho (JillxMt ;it the mouth of Caron Creok ; hut i^riulually dfcrt'asiiig in dcptli up stieam *;o tlie junction of the north-cast branch anil bej-ond that. Tii tliis part of the valley he states, t\w ancient channel lies on the south-east side of the present one. Mr. r.i0ck\vond ceased i,'old-niinin[; operations in the (Gilbert valley MoAitlmr in 18i)3-94, and about this time the McArthur Hros. (Limited), ''"'""• *'''''•' acciuired a lease of a large portion of the Uii;aud-Vaudreuil ^^old fields, namely, sections ;?, 4, 7 and !), the latter bein;,' on tlie west side of the Chaudiire and inchidinj,' the .Mill l{iver i,'old (bstrict. On tin- expiration of Mr. Lockwood's lease, Mc.\rthur Jims, renewed it, ac(|uir ing the above-mentioned sections for thirty years. About this time the American (!f)ld .Minin;^ Company under Mr. AMniican F. Wadsworth of Bo.ston, U.8., made arran-.-meiits with IMcArthur li"''' ■"^''"'"^' ' ' '^ ( iiiii|i:iiiy. Bros, to work certain "rounds in the (Jilbert valley. ^Ir. Samuel Byrne wlifiwa.s the local manajfer, has furnished me with the following account of the operations of this company. "The American (lold Mining Company Ijegan activt; operations on opciations of lot 18, DeLery concession, Gilbert River, on June 1st, 18D3. The !'''^'''""l'''">' point selected for a beginning, immeiliutely below what is kiiown as Rodrigue I'^ills, was chosen on account of the sharp cur\e or I'lbow in the river just above, offering a better chance than elsewhei'e to con- struct a cheap temporary dam to retain water' for carryini; .)n t^.vperi- mental work. By this means we hoped to ascertjun the value of the ground per cubic yard, and if results ])!oved favourable, would erect a large h\'draulic plant there. "The first j)iece of ground worked was as I have stated, immediately below the outcro]> of slate forming the falls on the line between lots 18 and 19 DoLery. This bed-n>ck was broken up to a depth of 12 fiH't, and heavy gold, some pieces as much as two ounces in weight, was found in the crevices and between the slates. Tiiis heavy gold was, however, for the most part found resting <>n a hard, smooth rock- bottom, between which and the upper or overlying, nearly vertical slates there was a gritty, gray sediment, half an inch to an inch thick, which held it. T got 82.*) worth of gold from one pan of this gritty material, included in that amount, however, was one nugget valued at 822. " In the work cai ried on in this locality, we sluiced only the decayed rock and about six inches of the gravel above it, because repeated trials had failed to reveal 'colours' in any other part of the material. The 7 V 'lit: i:lil '; • ':i !!il 98 .J SOUTII-KASTERN QUKIIKf. pieco (it ^rouml wuikcil iiiiiiu'tliiiU'ly hehjw Kodi'iigiu- FalKs was fouml t(» contain about 1 100 cubic yards, iia'ludiiijj tln' ilci'aying bedrock bro- ken up a>< descrihod. Out nt" tliis we took betwoen Al.lOO and .ii!l,200 worth of 1,'old, ur al>out 81.00 jior t'ui)i'- yard. "After I'Uttiiij;' a dr'ain lliri>u.;ii wii-it rfinaint-d of t lie falls, we worki'il ill tiio old i-i\or-b"d t'l tin- w st, in t!:iii part adjoinin;^ l(jt 19. This piecti of i;iound measun d about 100 culjic yards, and we took out about !M00 wortii of i^'uld tVoin it, or .'^1.00 fcr (.ubic yard. In 18!M. " [n ISO 1 we ronst ruei^-d .'i Humt- of sullioient flinionsinns to carry the wliolc of the river water, even durin;; tluod;^, ('ntirely clear of tlie works. AV'itli this we l)e!,'an i^rouiidsluiciii;; on the llu^liing system, — a system (ie\isi'd l)y niy-elf. It consisted in damming the waler above the llniiie to 'i eertun level, tlti'ii allow int; il to I'U.sli through tlie Hume which had a grad(M)f i'lHir inches in every ten I'ee.t. Tiie etlect upon IooscucmI grav'l, boulder-clay, etc., was aiii.ost as great as that of a jot of water from (lie noz/.le of a liydraulic monitor, and wt; were abb; to do very uood work ill iliis w.iy. With an average number of lifteen men strip, ing bed-rock in tiiis manner, we dil as much wmk as with twenty-live wheelliarniws in tl;e nrdinary w,iy. " \V<' never knew ex.u'iiy how mucli g1<1>'1> bably about .S."i,.'>00, and the nuinlwr of cubic yards wrought, 8500, we have an average yield of aiiout H cents per cibic yard for the whole." All this was obtained from open work, in the present bed of the Gilbert and on lioth sides of it. Leclirc liwH. The work of the Leclerc Bros, and others, on lot 18 DeLery, re ferred to by Mr. Byrne, was cairitd on for a few weeks only, alter the CHALMIRft HOLD MI\IN(J IN SOLTM-KASTEUN yUKllEC. !)l> .1 It iously tteil to :, just l]ut itions oU.ir.s American (lold Miiiinj^ Compiiiiy hud censed operiitions in iHDt). Tliey run two siiiiill drifts into the risers iiiiik on tho south side and wore reported to have tak«Mi out ^H>0 worth of i^old. Two nU]L!i;els valued at )?5U and ii?(JO, wen-, I was informed, Angers, Notary, of St. Francois, !^'|'j',','|,''j', (."',11',' was fnrnu'd to operate anew certain jiortions of tlie (iilijert valley, imiiy. This cHinpiny hiiving aciiuired the right to woik lots 15, lO, etc., DrtLery, from the McArthur IJros. ( liimited), proceeded toopen a trench or open-cut to drain the anci'-nt river-bed of the (JilbtM'l above the Mcliue sh.ift on lot 15, by gravitation. These lots were wrought tliirty years ago, or more, and pnjved to be tlie richest in gold in this district. Here the Ivilgourand other large nuggets were found, and it issuj)po.scd .Vn (ii»i, that portions of tlu! old river-gravels between the shaft sand drifts still i.|','jij",l',^i' remain intact. It is to leach these that the present scheme was in.iu- guratcd. The great iliiliculty in deep mining in tho tiilbei't and other valleys in Ueauce county is to get rid of tlie watei', and it is believed this method is the most effective and economical hitherto desised for that purpose. I5y last accounts the bottijin of tlm ancient river-bed had been rt^achod near the Mcilae shaft in lot 15, and gold was being taken out. The foregoing facts regardini: gold mining in the Gilbert River valley tend to show that the precious meial has not been equallj' dis- tributed in the ancient bottom :,'ra\els, nor in the loose befl-rock be- neath the.se. Oidy certain parts of tliese were found to be really work- al)le at a profit. From the information obtained it would seem that gold Mudccif occur- occurs in greatest quantity at or immediately below the shoals and reefs |,,,i,i j,', (;■]. of the old river-bottom referred to. The miners claim that the gold was '"''^ viiUty. originally laid down in ' leads,' and that when they find one of these they can follow it for a long distance. But these appear to be often inter- rupted and detached, and even when continuous the gold content is much less in some parts than in otliers. The alluvial gold of the (Hlbert River valley really occurs in paj'ing quantities only in the bottom of the yellow gravel and in the partially decrmposed slates beneath. It contains a certain percentage of silver. Fineness of The assay of a specimen from this river gave Dr. Hunt 1327 per cent " ^'" ' of silver. The fineness of the gold is 20.y4 carats. S r f.-i ^ n 100 .1 SoriII-KA8TEU\ i/UKUKC. Jili'iire (III Limp. Allnviiil „'(ilfl Tlif! Du Ldup aftractr'd tlic iiltcntiiin of p)l(l seekers at an ill l{i\i,itev, a Col■ni^ll niiner, olitained tlie i'i;j;lil to wash for ;,'oId on tlio Mats of the l)u Loup foi- alioiit ti-n acres from its junction willj the Cliandiri'e, and some extensive operations wei'e cariied on. The Mr. o.itiy's results of .Mr. Oiitey's work ha\e lieen puMishod in the reports of the (!ooloi.;ieal Survey of Canada.* :l,(Vi;$, leaving a profit of Slf<2. In this account is, howe\er, included S">00 lost by a tlood, which swept away an un- finished dam : so that the real ditlerence hetween the amount of the wages and the value of the gold obtained siiould lie stated as 80)^2. The average price of the lahour em|iloyed was sixty cents a day. From the above statement it would seem that the.se gold-bearing gravels could be profitably wrought, if they proved auriferous through- out. Tin- raiiii'la Another attempt was made to woik these gravels by tlie same corn- work 'tn\W)L' I'^^y '" 1>^''>-, w-hen about five-eighths of an acre of ground was washefl at the same place, the total amount of gold obtained being 2880 pennyweights, valued at S2,49G. Of this ."507 pennyweights were in the form of fine dust mi.ved with the iron sand. A portion was also found in nuggets or roundeil masses of considerable size. Nine of these nuggets weighed togethei- 4(i8 pennyweights, the largest of which was 127 pennyweights, and the smallest 11. Native platinum and iridosmine were obtained in the washings, but the (piantities were so small as to be of no economic importance. The season for washing the gold extended from the 2 tth of May to the 30th of October, and the total expenditure for labour was i?l,888, leaving a profit of $608. As a certain amount was, however, expended in constructing wooden * Kopdrt (if I'roffivHH, (it'll). Siirv. Can., isr)l-ri2; (iculo^'y of Canada, 18(>3; Annual Report, (ieol. Surv. Can., vol. IV. (X.8.), 188H-8!), part k. w ■1 (iol.I) MINMM; in SorTII-KASTKHN i/IKIIK.C 101 ,1 conductors, suppdsfd to lin .nailalilc for siniu' years, for l)riiij;iiig \val(>r from a si>;all stream, a distaru'c of aliout I'UO feet, pr.tjwi'ly cliar^faliii' to (•(iiistruftioii account, tlio at'iiiiil pi'i'lits for the year would lie al)oul ■*l!S(t, It tliiis appears that I'rom an acic ot tin- '^I'avcl, witli an a\i r- ago tliickne.ss ot' two l'i'((t, ■f'^^li.'S woi'tli of ^'o!d was taken, while tlie expoiiso of laljour, etc., after (ietlucting all tlial wa^ not directly einj>ioyed m ext raetiiii; goltl, was !<-,'^^>7. leaviiii; a net |irotit of 81, •'''"''' 1'"' re-- lit of a week's working at tlii> jijace, under the iiispeeijon of a meniher of the (Jeoio^ii^al Survey, dniing the . eason nieutionod, sliowed a yiei I of 1 l."> pcnnyweii^'hts of gold, valued at 8!'2I, wliiU; tim wages of the miners during thai time were StiO, show- ing a prolil of ^T)!. Assays of the l)laek si.iids from the ISiviere du Loup show tiuit they eontjiin a eoii-idetidile anxiuiit of gold wliiili was not taken into account in the ;diove eomputation, >o th;it the net profit might lie thus incr"a^<'d. Mr. Oitev gives a list of nugget^ obtained in this locality in IS.li. witii their wcighis: .June 7. l-Ui'',j pennyw(!ight8 to the ton, tlie gross value of which would be about £30 [$iu]:' ; Annual Owing to the gold becoming scarci r, and the licensees, (the Ciinada \\\nU Iw Minini' Companv,) havini' got into difficulties with the owner of the ^"l"""''' adjoining lot, they had to cease operations. \\'y Mr. CliiKls, notary, of t^uobcc, tor liim. The Napiuiee company nt'vcr furnished any returns ami were not very 8uct!e.xsful. In June and July, iHli", a Mr. Maynard, of ISostun, US., had a num- ber of nuMi «iii|)loyt'd ill eiittin;,' u tunml at Jersey Point, .so as to tra- verse st'Viial of tlic (|Ufirt/ veins wliieh hero occur in llie .sJaUis. This tunnel w.is about one luinilred and lifty feet long, se\eii feet hi,'li and six feet wide and \sas tiniliered and seuui'ileven miles in length opet\i d along the west side of Kivicre du f-ou]! to ol)tain Ji sutlicient su]iply nf water for this [lurpese. 'Ihis was com[)Ieted in 18Sl', and .iive a head of Mboiit ITjOfeet. The washing of a gra\el bank on the east side of the river aiiotit a (|mirier of a mile from its mouth then commenced, and was continued until the autumn of l.^S,"! when the work, owing apparently to imperff^ct facilities for sav- ing the gold. ha\ing pro\etl unsuccessful, \\as closed. No returns showing the actual amount of gold obtainetl by Mi. Humphrey are availabU?, but it is known that the company lost heavily. .Scctidii in livdiaiilic pit No. -J. All examination of this jiit (called Humphrey's h^'drauiic [lit No. '2) was made by me in hS'.'o-iXi (see Fig. l', p. 13). This pit alibids a section slioMing the character and se(|uence of the pre-glacial and glacial deposits in the I'liaudiin- district superior to any other met with. In descending ordi'r the following beds are exposed:-- (I) Surface gra- vel and sand, I to ;') feet ; (!') unsiratified boulder-clay, containing gla- ciateil bouldt-rs from five feet in diameter downward — some of them foreign to the locality, .57 to .'58 feet ; (.'3) irregularly stratified boulder- clay, or a deposit made up of coarse clay, apparently in lenticular beds, with glaciated boulders ami pebbles, 15 feet ; (4) unstratilied boulder-clay, more compact than JS'o. 2, — boulders not so large, and a greater number from local rocks, liO feet ; (5) dark-gray, unctuous, stratified clay with arenaceous layers, ochreous in places, 1 to 3 feet ; ';■;■' • iOI.D MININO IN SOUTH KAM'KIlN Vl-'KKlit'. lO.i J '• grn tla- ((!) gtny, stnitiCh'd, in-Iironus siiiul, ('i|iii kwirid' of the iiiinorH), CDntiiiii- ini; a lew pi^Whlcs, \'2 to 11 iVcl ; (7) coiiijiju't, stiiU'tii-il i-liiy, witli viirif;.'iU(!i| liuiids ami ail (icciiHioiKi! iiiyt'f of sand, tlif wliole Ix-d lull of joints. hiciikiiiL; into rlioinlioidiil sluiped j>iecos, ('J>il"-fliy ) (1 fci't. {•ivisioriM Ti, (I and 7 inaititain a strictly Imi'l/iintal Hliiiud)' as ^ccn on tilt) west side of tlic pit, Imt tin- iHiltmn nf Xu. 7 rests on the Mirtai-o of a ;^rav('l-l)(>d which slopoH sli^^jlitly tu tlip lun'tli, /. r. away iVmiii tin; river, (lie slo|ie, Ix'iii:,' aliout t.\n t'cet in f.>rty ; (S) ,H'ay s',ralilied gra- vel, luiitaininjf nnnicious jicliMef- and a t'-w watcr-woi'ti liauldcr-. in the liot.iini there is a sindlicil ei;,'lit or nine inciifs thick, witli scnrccly any houlders or ppl)l)|(>s. '\'\w materials are iionf,daci.ited and hicid, and the strata dip northward as in the overlyinu; he '. These ^'ra'.cl.s and sands are siiulilly auritei'inis ; wIlmJc tiiickne-^i, .") feet. (',)) Hard yellow oxidi/ed ;^ravel. stratiiie.i, strata dipping as in tlie two last divisions ol' the si'ties, oontaitiinL; numerous worn l.ouldeis from two feet india- inoier downvNard, non-f,'laciated, smd all of local ori'.'in. 'I'll' h ittoin of tills iMom'iier- of the ^.L'ries was not stn^n, hcini; covered liy d('i)ris from the facf of the liaiikantl Ity tailin;,^ ; hut it apparently rests on lcd;,'es whii h crop out iti the river-!ied near hy, and is prohahly as low as these. 'J'his ;;r;i\fl seems to lie auriiei'ous tliioujlioiu. hut cs[ie' ially sn..n the surface of the hed rock ; lhi<.-kne-s. L'>! to .'it) feet, 'i'lie material com- posing tuf.'se pre-^laci il licds appears ;o have hecn carried down fiream in the direction of the flow of the ]ifesent itlvieiedu Loup. (10) Non- j:laci;iled rock-surfaces, hroken and jaygeel, with i^old in t he '-rcNices. This section e.vhihits seveiai notfwortliy tVatures, as, for example \uii\M>rili,v (1) the hipariitc ilivision of tlie liould"r-cl.iy, ("J) thcifreat thicknosof this ki-ciIoii. the pre-^lacial deposits, ahout 4") feet, and (3^ the change in the char- acter of tliest! from the i)ottoni to the sunnnit, denf)ling change-; in the conditions of depo^tion and of drainage. The lower coarse heds have apparcMitly hecn laid down in rapidly (lowing mil shallow v.atcrs at a time when the gradient of Hi\i('re du Loup was considerahly greater than at present, as referred to on a pjeviou.s i)ag:', while tiie (day and .sami beds in t.iie ujiper part must \vA\r heeii i|e[>ositi'd in (piicter and deeper waters. The changed condition-' of deposition ar;.' t'-^plii 'I'lle (.,,„|||,j,,„^,,f only (m the theory of differentiMl changes of level in the region, as 'l'i"'-its. already outlined on a previous page, viz., an elevation of the hill langes nearest the St. Lawrence (the Sutton Mountain iinticline and the Stoke Mountains) and a correspon 'ing suh-idence in the large central belt occupied by Cambro-Silurian rocks. About three miles above the mouth of Riviere du Loup, on the east Section in hank, Mr. John Blue, of tho Kustis Copper Mines, sank a shaft fifteen ^'j^^f t «'ink by m f \l T ,!';: ilijl Huiipliicy'.s liit Ni>. I.' I'n.f. Hiiiil. W,.ik l.y 104 ,1 .SOUTIl-K.ASTK.KN (^UKIlKC. feet or mi»ie in ileplli ilui'iiii,' the imtimiii of 1'*>0."J, disclosinj; tlie fol lowiiij,' sf'iie.s of beds, in descending order : — (1) liiver alluvimn . (2) diir!<-i;i;iy hoidder-clay ; (U) gray stratitled clay, hard and liritilc, and (1) gi'avel and boulders, evidently preglaeial. Colours of gold and parliclfs of (luieksih er wer-e found in the gravel. Tn a gra\cl tcrraci? east of this sliaft, on which the small Presby- ti'iian ehurih stamls, gold occurs in fine jiarticles. The niateiials of this terr'.'ie and t heir gold content appear, Imwever, to be secondary, and due lo post-glacial riser action. A shirt distance aliove this and near the niniith of (loldstreani (shown on tiie (leological Survey maps as (Irand Jluisseau) is the e\ca\alion known as Humphrey's i>itNo. 1, This is where Mr. A. A. Jiumphrey oj^ratcd in ISSO, Ix'foi-e co!n])Ieting the caind. Th(! wash- ing wr.s perlormed by the ordinary process of sluicing and it is re- porttMJ that consideralile (ju.mlities t>f gold were oluaineii fi'om this pit. Of these operatio!is nr» authentii' n-'count is a\-;iiiable as to the (piantity '-f gold taken from the gravels, nor of the content per cubic yard : in some places, it is stated, one doHar's worth was taken, in others not more than ten eents woith. During t!ie ojieravions of .\lr. iiunipincy on l;i\iere du Louj), -Prof. 11. v. Hind imide an examination ot the alluviums of this valley and prepared a report on them. The report was not publi-lie>i. It deals exhaustively with the gravels, theirorigin, i'nd the niodcof oeeur- rence of the gold in them : but wh.it he took ;or the boulder-clay is, it seems to me, orlv the coarse iluviatile bouldei--beiis. ,V'iout the vear 1 Sll"2, Messrs. (iendr(;au and I lavcotlc comiuenced '',''"''''■•"!'""' woik in th(> lower i)art of liivieie du Loui). They lirst examined the Ha v<< ^l'- '''" , ' . , (livau. isiic, course, and t'orTiied a small cumjiany umier the name of the <.^Hiel)ec CfMiiral (luld I'^ields Company. This company lias sunk .s((veral shafts on the west hank of the |)u Loup on lots 9 .■ind 10 of the i*'ennelit^e road rann'e, section A of Jeisey, in an endeavour to locate the old river-hed and ti-st Va' auril'.'rous character ui the gravels. The hi-d- rock was struck at depths of .ihout U) feet. Operations were carried on will] six or seven men and 1 lie coin)iany was supplied with pumps had it heen fouiul necess irv to use them. Mi'.'Jendreau informs me t hat tine yold, and also nuf,'u'i'!s weighing; ;il)out an i.unce were found in the gravels at t!ie hotlom of a ilU-fool shaft. Work was suspended in the autumn of 1S97, until the pumjis were p,it in place and other jirepara- tiiins made for deep mining. Aloii:^ Uivitre du Luuo and its tributaries as far up as the Interna- '•"''' f'l'nul tion.d boundary, gold seems to have been found in the alluviums over- l.Duldci-ciuy. lying the boulder-clay. In ,-,ome insiances it has also been met with in till' recent allu\iums, or in tlie tlai.s along the streams which traveise the region, (iood indications (jf gold occur in the (!rai;(l lluisseau, (also called Miostream (jr ( Juldst ream). (Ji'anil Condie i'd\er, m-ar Ht. Come, has also furnish<.'d the j)recious metal. Tlie Metgermette w;is prospected at the time Logan, Hunt and Michel examined the dis- trict, ami it is said a goo.i deal of goM svas u:i>1kh1 from the gi-avels of this river. I'sualiy it occurred in the bt;ds of th;' streams : but in the case of the .Metgermette it was met with in the banks of stratified gra\-ei at heights of iifty to one luuivircd and fifty feet above the river- channel. The St. Lawrence Miidng Company owned mining lands in the f this livci- t'nuu an early dale, willi trtMjueut inti-rniptions. The first record of worl: [letfonned hen; was that by Dr. .lames Dougl- as, under the DeLeiy patent. When the Cliaudien! Minin;;' Company accjuired the right of working the Seigniory of lligaud-N'audreuil, in 1H47, the mining rights of tief La Uarhe, through which the Famine ISiver tlows, were also included. It rloes not seem, however, tliat any regulir, systematic ojierations were begun in the valley of this river till the year 1^64, or later. In that year leases were granted to Dr. James Heed and Geoi'gts Desharats in con- cessions three and foui-, Townshij> of Watford. During 1SG2 and 1803, Dr. Keed had explored this portion of the Famine and found " rich diggings "' and some good-sized nuggets nf gold. In conseijuence of this, twenty-two licenses for goul mi?iing were issued in' the t^Hieheo Government in 1801 and 18(5") on the Famine lliver, and mention is made in the report ol the Select Committee on the Canadian (iold I'^'iehls (180.")), printed by order of the Legislative Assemi)ly, of the presence of gold in lonsidei'aliie ([uantities tlicr •. Ca]it. llicharils and Air. I'lcemer liiid carried on explorations for some years on the Cunilx'rl.md, a branch of tnc l'\imine, joining it from the nortli- west. and gold was also fuund on the Aiien,ii|uis, a iir.uich coming fi'om tlu^ cast. Cfi.pt. Uichards sank shafts to the i)ed-rock along the C'tiniberland, and is reported to iiave found gold, but no retui'iis showing the amount obtained are availaljle. Aiiout til" year 18S(>, the St. Onge I'ms. beuan oj'crations on the Famine. They dnive two tunnels into tlio north bankaliout two miles abo\ ve the moutli, or three-nuarters of a mile below the in;un falls of that river, and obtaini'd iiold. .V section of the li.'iis there exhibits the foil owin^f series -(1) 1^ U'ccnt river-grasel containing iriuiy pf!;lj|es and boulders of all si/os up to two feet in diameter : i'l) lioulder-elay : (3) gray stratified clay ('[)ipe-clay" of the miners) from three to four feet : (1) yellow gravel, cont.iining boulders and resting on the decayed rock-.surface. This gra\el is ([uile similar to t hat of the l{ivieri> dn fiOup sections, and is auriferous. Its thickne.s.s is not more than five or .six feet. The bed-rock (decayed) C(,nlaiiis i;old in the er(>vices. GOLD MlItlNG IN SOUTII-EASTKKN VUKHKC. I'ig. 4. 107 ,1 T-n^ Hixfi-jri-avi'l. ri(iulilcl-ol:iV. ri|...-clity. (iiurifi'iDiis). Hnttcii nick, >l;ltis licilfatll, Sixrriuv i\ Bank ok Famink Kivhh, Bkaick Co., '1 to .'» ^Iii.ks iuom ITS MOCTII. SCALK : — l(j fret to 1 iiicli. The St. Onu'e Hnis. ran their tunnels in iilong the surface of the I'ock, wliieh is very Utile aijove the level of the Faniine Uiver but it would iii)])eiir that tiie.se tunnels were entered by the river water in time of Hoods. Whether the woi-k proved a Hnanci.al success or not, it demonstrated that tlie yelluw, pre-glacial gravels and decayed rock-sur- face (if tills river also contained gold. lilacic, wrinkled, fissile rusty slates, dippin'4 8. 'iO' F. en(;atii tln'se, however, rotten ruck was noted. The upper falls are caus' d by a trap or diorite dyke crossing the rivei'-valley in a north-east and 'south-west direction, the river not having woi'ii down the channel to its ba.se-levol of erosion since the eruption took place. This dyke, like othors observed in the district, also e.vtends parallel to the cleavage of the slates, which di[i >S. iv <7-') lo f^O . (iold occurs in the yellow gravels here. Since the St. Ong'- Ilros. wrought in the Famine HiMsr valley, no Nn recent regular go'd mining has been eai'ried on. Some of the farmers occas- ionally wash ur sluic(! for gold ahjng the bed of the river, and not infrequently obtain as much as pays ex[ienses and ailbrds wages during the time spent in this work ; but no deep or undergr lund mining has been attempted since that above-mentioned, l)y the St. (Jiiges. wcii'k (if iiii- iMirtauci'. I :!.- pi '1' li 1' f: ■■:' ! !f i:;:: 108 .J .SOUTH-p;A.STKliN (^i: KISKC. Jiivlrrr fli'S J'fnilfi'S. RivitTi' (1 I'liintfs. Michel's port on f woik. W.irK- IV- suiiii'il ill lS7il-Sll. '"* This river is witliin tlio limits of the Dc Lciy seigniory, and appears to have l)eon first exjilored for L^old in 1817 by Dr. .laiiiivs Doimias. re- -Mr. A Mifhol, whose report has been already n^ferri'd to, thusiiesciibes " -^ the Rivii're des Plantes and its charai'ter as a ^old-bearing disti'ict.* "The rivrr is bounded from ihe upper to the lowei- fall by liigh banks, and from its juaetion witli the Chaudii'ro to the f,'reatt'r fall, more than a inile from the hi=2, 500 to .~?3,000 in gold. .M')re than two ye us since, in the month of October, bSG;}, I spent several days in the (?.xaminalion of this stream. The washing of pans of gravel from its bed generally yielded grains of gold, with ih(! black .-fand which onJinarily accom- panies h in this region. 1 know that a company of five /ui/iitdu/s, by labouring for twenty days during the months of July and August last, at a point on this stream a little abose the former working of Dr. Douglas, obt;un<'d between eight and nine ounces of gold fr. fiver -bank. M fiOLI) minim; in SOUTIi-KA.STKHN i^Cl.llKC. 10!) .1 Tn 1^84-8."), .M(«Hsrs. II. Scwell, I'kkoii and otiicrs, from .Moiiln-iil, begiin ioc'fitiii:' tlie old I'ivcf-ohiiiinel soint! disijiiice e l).'l ■low >|H rati(iii> 111 issi-s:.. ..owcr Tlio been pi-e- •e des unnol ■d of been the iiiid real, timo, )iink, tuM 'ht ill 1u(.-m1 Mr. Miickcnzic's works. A .'^Imfl \*;is sunk in the th of tliirty foet, and coiisi.sted of sandstones, slat(!s and dioritcs, with about four feet of well worn j;ra\('l, ci'inented witii clay rcstiniL; ujion it. The roek-sui'faiT was followed fur some distance by drifts iind a rusty coarse L?oltl in payiiiLt quantities found. Owin;.' to tli<> want of proper appliances foi- niiniii;,' and sluicing and to iithei- causes not known, this attenijit at developing thr mini's on Rivirr(! d<'s Piantes was ai,'aiu ab-indoned. When T examined the valley of Hiviere des I'lantes in \s\)li and 18(10, there was no ;:old niininj,' goiiin on. 1 1 was evident, however, from tlie abandoned workings, that most of the mininj; carried on hero in former years had been in gra\els of post-ylacial. Iluviatile oi'igin in the narrow jiart of the vallev situated from half a mile to a mile abov tlif river's mouth. In the upper' half mile of the auriferous portion of the valley, however, pre-is and north of (Jilbert lliver. The superficial de- posits in its valley are very deep, and would require shafts, etc., to reach the auriferous gravels, if there are any in the bottom. No rock exposures were noted till approaching the source of the river. 110 .1 , m '* SOUTII-KASTKUX Ql' KHKC, AliU Jiiver. Mill IJiv.r Wiiik on .M(iili>(.'rrt 1.S.SJ. Mill liivor ia a smfill stroam which (lows iritotlie Chaudit-re from the west, just abovo tho villaj,'e of St. Frdn<;ois. A trihulary called 3Ieule Creek joins Mill Jiiver aliouthalf a niilefroiu its inoutli. It was known from an early date that ijold occurred in these streams, but no mining was attemi)t(;d until Messrs. McArthur, C 'ou pal and Com])aMy began operations there about the year l^Si). I'rospecting for an old channel commenced some time afterwards, or in ISSCi, in the valley of Meule Creek. In September, 1SS8, J tr. K. W. Ells of this Survey visited the locality and reported that it liad l)een tunnelled along tlu^ ancii'nt chan- nel, which is on the north side of the i>resent stream-bed, a distance of o\er <)00 f(!el, openings having b.'en made for ventilation and the Old cliaim •!. easier working of the mine. 'I'he old channel was found to be rich in gold, imtthe ditiiculties ciuountiicd in mining, owing to the quick.sands and the unevenness of the rock surface beneath were very great. Dr. Ells slates* that " at the time of my visit in Septemlier of that year the (Mid of the 'unnel at '100 feet was thirty I'eet lower than the pre- sent bed of till' sti'eam, which was about sixty yards to the east. The l)ottom of the old channel contained a good (Jeposit of well-rounded, worn gravel, cemented with sand and clay, fi-om which nuggets of gold from -SIO to f^l')'.'> in value had been reported. Ditliculty in washing the gravel in order to save the tine gold was expeiienced, the system of sluicing not being properly arranged as regards fall and other appliances necessary for obtaining the best results." Work was eventually closed after taking out upsvards of s4,000 worth of gold. It is reported that the company spent .91>^,000 in exploiting this mine. ('Imr.K'liT (lcl)(wit>. Mr.Oh;ilski'! oljser\ iitiuiis. The deposits disclosed in the tuniiel were found to be, in descending order, — (1) (Jravel and sand; (2) boulder-clay ; (3) fine sand (quick- sand) ; (4) gray silt and yellow gravel, about four feet thick ; (o) rotten rock, three to four feet thick, in which most gold was found. The total thickness of the whole series of beds in Meule Creek valley- is from SO to 100 feet. In tunnelling along tlie rock-surface beneath these, the great diiliculty was in keeping the o)>enings free from water and (juicksand. Mr. J. Obalski, Insjiector of Mines for the Province of Quebec, who examined these mines as work was in progress, thus reports on themt; — " The auriferous layei-, which appears to be the old bed of des Meules Creek, has been struck at a depth of 80 feet by a shaft wliich traverses •Annual Keimrt, Geol. Siirv. Can., vol. Til. (N.S.), 1887-88, p. 101 K. +Miues and Minerals of the I'roviiicc of (^ifbcc, 1889-90, p. G!?. •] OOI,I) MININ'f} IX SOUTir-KASTEHN (iUKHKC. Ill .1 •JO Id til 1.". Sictiiiii i)f li.'ls nil Mlllll Cif.'U. Kit.. 12 Kilo \2 the slates iiniiv.'< east side of the vilja^'e of St. (ii-oryc-. Wliilf Mr. A. A. lluinjihrey was carryiii<^oiigokl miiiiiii; in the Ui\irn'(lii Loup vallt-y iti'twoeii KS80aiul UriPM., l.H.s;isi;, 1883, tiie St. ( )iige Hiotiu'is jirospected this stream meeting with favour- aide indications. After operations wei'o elused on iIk; \h\ Louj) in tlio autunni of 188.'?, Mr. iiumphiiy i'lincd tln' St. Onge lirothers, enterinj^ into a pariiiership to earry on work alony ihe v.illey of Slate Croi'lc. Several shafts were sunk t,o lest the ;,'round, and tinally ..ne was selected and [)ut down to a depth of Kio feet. Nearly a \ car was spent in sinkinjj; it, (uviii: to llie larye (|Uantities of (piicksand met with. A layer of aurifenms i;ravel was found at the above tlejith, restin:; on the bed-rock. .Mr. Humphrey left the company in 1886, as the mine was not provinj,' leniunerative, and the St. Onges.afterattemptiii}^ to carry on the work themsel\-es,at last abandoned the property, evidently from lack of capital to contiiuu^ o|ierations. The, mine; was subse(juently sold for debt. I'r.f. Cliu].- iiimi'.'k rcimrt. Dr. Klls's (.1). scrvatioiis. In June, 188(1, Dr. E. J. Chapman, of Toronto, examined and reported on the St. Onge gokl mine on Slate Creek for Mr. William A. Allan, of Ottawa, Unt. Although speakiii:,' encouragingly regarding it, he stated : 'During my stay of three days at tho mine, 1] oz., 2] oz., and I oz. (in all 4i ounces) were taken out of three small jiortions of ground. It is not pretended, howevi>r, that the present yield is sutlicient to cover the mining outlay. IJut it is assumed, and I think with good reasim, that the drifts are at present in what is jjrobabl^', if not nece.ssarily, the poorest part of tho mine." Dr. 11. W. Ells, of this Survey, who visited Slate Creek at the time Messrs. Humphrey and St. Onge were at work, thus reports on this mine* : — "By the kindness of Mr. A. A. Humphrey, Manager of the St. Onge Gold Mining Co., the following statement of strata passed through in the last shaft sunk on the old channel of Shite Creek, is here pre- sented : — *Anmml Rtport, (ieol. Surv. Cim. v(.l. HI (X.S.), ISSG, i>\<. 49 .Wj. IJOMI MININfi IN SOI TII-KASTEUN liUKllEC. ii;i .1 nund. cover 'iiHon, y, the I'-.t. Iifiulder-cliiy, liduMeis, both native and foreign 10 Siiud 2^ I'.dulder clay I'O Stratified <-l.iy, without pehhles 00 Quiclvsand, small pehblea and iine gold . 40 Sand and f^i'avcl, eontaininj^ gold in (|iiantity, often coarse 4 KJG.l It is cNident tVoin tin; aliovc talilc that these old channels had not finly liccn exea\ated, hut had been partly filled up, and the sti'eatns diverted to their present courses, lung prior to tli latter by a \'ery consi- derable! inter\al of time.'* Since tin; St. Onge IJrothers ceased operations here in IHO'i, no fur- ther explorations have been carried on at this place. In 1895, Messrs. Ilardnian and ^lacdutT' began a new search for the > i|" i.iti.nis <' '111 ancient channel of yiate Creek. Starting from the bank of the Chau- diere at St. Cieorge, the}- push(?d boliUy into the rising ground to the east, in ahnost a direct line towards the St. Onge shaft, about a mile distant, (ireat dilliculties wi^re experienced in keeping the tunnel open owing to (juicksands and water. These (juicksands and the over- lying bould(!r-clay would occasionally rush into the works and fill in the upper end of the tunnel in such a way that it would take several days to clear it out again. After going in some 800 or 900 feet, it was discovered that the tunnel was too far north of the present stream and possibly of its old ]ire-glacial channel. Work was susjiended in the autunni of 1896. The .succession of deposits disclosed in this tunnel is here given in "^•'t'n descending order. The section is one of the most interesting met with in the Chaudiere valhsy. * Tiiero seems to 1k' some dmilit .is to tlie correctnoss of .some |iiiits of tlii' aluivcsec- tion. Sixty feet of stiMtitiiMl clay witliout pclililes, isa deposit ditfi'i'dit fniiii iiiiyotlu'r known to UK' ill this le^fioii, mihs? in the maiiiif iiron of tlie .St. Liiwrciii.-i' valley, and I am, til! n'fnii', inclined to tliink there aic other s\i))(livisions included in tlii.s. The same remark apiilies to the IkmI df i(uicksand Id feet thick. 8 ■•. M.H^hltf, i,>!C)-!n;. 114 J M t y'l ^^ SOUTII-KASTKHN ylKHKC. I'll,'. ;>. Siii'fiu'f Miil. I'nmldi r-cliiv. StnititiMl Ipcil liiiulili T cliiy. Striitiliid cliiy I «... ,:i' I .1 I t HSl' (lUltl' t ni\ Strutiliril JJI'.IM'I, (."iiiirsi' >lat>' liiiilcrial. Uiilti'ii ruck (yellow smikI). Mm i""^^^>-"'^^'"*'- "Sji|iroliti'." SkCTION ok DkI'ohIT.S in II AliD.MANS Tl WKJ,, Ht. GeOROE, P.KAicK Co., (,>ui:. ScALi: : — Approxiiiiately 10 feet to 1 inch. (1) Surfiici- soil: (2) lioiilder-c'lav witii ;iti interciilated Iviiid of St nil ill I'd flay, or stratified boulder-clay ; (.">) stratified clay and sand ("pi] e-clay -.nul quicksand ") : (4) coarse, -^tratilied, gravel and ]iehbles and a few Ixdilders one or i. .vo feet in diameter — colour.s of gold occur in this gi'avel : (5) a local bed of coar.se slaty material, with thin, broken quartz bands running thi'ough it. This is apparently decoiiipo.sed slate, originally thrown down as talus .'it the foot of a slope or of a boss, altli(jiigli now very compact : (0) line, yellow sand with oclireous streaks througli it, passing into I'otten rock beneath, the stiata being in the same position as in the solid rock ; (7) non-glaciated slates, dipping south-east at a high angle. The most remarkaV)!e meinbcM' of the series is nunil)er (fi), which is unlike any other bed met with in coivnection with the gold-bearing deposits of Iteauce county. .Material of this kind found in the gold fields of the Southern Ap]ialacliians, where it is (piite abundant, has been named .mprafile by Dr. (!. \<\ Becker, of the I'liited States Oeo logical Survey.* The occurrence of this rotten rock mantled by other pre-glacial beds in the east bank of the Chaudicre, in a position exposed to the full force of the Laurentide ice as it invaded the district and *8i.\t('(.'iitli Aimual Heiiort U. S. (JcologioU Survey, 18!t4-!)0, \). 289. 1 liOLI) MINfNfi IN HOt'TII KAHTKUN yUKIlKC, 11.-) ,r moved from north-wost to soutli-east, evideiiccH the slij,'lit erosive action of tlio PleiHtoccnri glaciers in some porti'»riM of the " Eastern Town- sliips ' of (./utfliec. Tin: /Iran, /'otrr, Soinson atul fi'iissr/in ,Sfrf'i. Ciold was found iji tlie alliiviunis of the IJras Itiver at an early date, its occurrcnco there Iteiiif,' noted in tlie (leology of Canada, IXM. It was traced I'long tliis stniani for a liistanco of twelve mili-s from its mouth. Helow the fall, which is about thrtn- miles from the mo\ith, a good deal of prospectinj^ and washini^ has Ijeen done ; l)iit no regular systematic e.\[ploitation has yet been attempted. In the valley of the I'ozer Kiver. somc^ exploratory work by Mr. Humphrey led to th»! discovery «>f an old channel. .V shaft about 40 feet det'i) was sunk near the line between the lir^t and second concessions, passing thiough, in descending order: sli'atilied gi'avcl, boulder-clay and yellow gravel. Whether the latter proved auriferous or not T <'oulil not learn. The bottom was not reached, as water cami? into the shaft so rapidly that the work had to beabandoned. Nothing seems to have been done there since, although gold has been panned from th(! gravel of the river-l)ed in several j)laces. The Samsoi\, a branch of the Chauclicre, entering it about "JO miles east of Lake Meganlic, has been prospected for gold, and is reported to have given prcmiising indications. Actual mining had not been undertaken there, however, at the time of my examination of the region. The (losselin Stream in St. Victor de Tring, was explored many years ago. .Mr. Kennedy .sunk a shaft (JO feet deep, and reached the ancient channel, but the results of this woik were not ascertained- Cold was found in tlie gravels and sands of a number of the branches of the P.ras River, in the Township of Tring, but beyond prospecting these nothing has been attempted. Itivir. lliNcr. Stream. ( HISSflill .Stri'iiiii. Mnin Chandlir''. Valley. Although it is generally held that the valley of the Chaudiere lliver M;,i,i riian- itself must be, in some parts at least, rich in gold, yet alluvial mining has ''''"' ^-'"''y- l)een attempted only in a few of the shallowci- portions of its bed, namely, at the Devils Rapids, near St. Fram^'ois, and at the Big and Little Falls, three miles above the mouth of the Du Loup. At the former place, where the river is confined to a narrow, rocky channel, a con- 8i I'm < ll n 1 I ii :|: MiclHl'M ( MiTVIltinliN l».viN Conditions at C'hiniiliiTf Falls. IIG J SOirTII-KAMTKUN ylKIIKC. Hi(lciiil)lc uniounb of gold Iiuh bcoii t'diind from time to timo in jf tlu^ slates. I was assured that tho alluvial j^old is found in greater abundanci! and in larger pieces in its \icinity. " I observed at the Devils Rapids an excavation on the right bank and about twenty feet distant from and below tho Kennebec road. Here, on lot 5.'$ of range 1, north-east, a gallery was ojiened, having the slate-rock for its floor, and continued for about 200 feet in a hard alluvial conglomerate cemented by clay. According to the information given ine, the whole amount of gold obtained in this working was only about Sl^O. "Cold has also been found in many places in the bed of the Chaudiere at low water, and I do not doubt that companies willing to incur the necessary expenses, might work with profit, certain portions of this river between the rapids just named and its junction with tho Du Loup." At the Chauditire Falls, already mentioned, gold has been washed from the gravel and sand, in the river-bed in considerable ((uantity from time to time. Tho conditions of its occurrence there are not e river flowing over Rapids Rt'ixirt of I'rogress, Gcol. Surv. Can., 1H(>3-G(i. pp. 54-55. of the CHAUWM. ] (iOLr> MININii IN Honil-KAHTKUV QUKIIKO. 117 .1 l(!(ln{('s unci rooky bcdx, in the crevicus of wliii-li tho niont gold is to \ni fo\mii. On till" wt'st luink of tlic rivci' a gi'fut, accuiiiiilution of yt'Hovv j,'i'avt'l oLcui's ovfrliiin l)y l)oultl('rclay. \ iscction of tin- licds licit-, from tlio furfai'o ilownwards, is an follows: — (1) stratilicd gravel and loam; (li) houldrr ilay ; (.'1) the yellow stratilicd i,'iav«'l rcfi-rrnl to, fonlaiiiiiii.' MUiiicrous lioulilcrs of local rocks; (J) rock. Thi' lici;,di' "f the liaid< is about 1 lit) foct, and the lliickne.-s of llu; prtvglacial yravci from 40 to 50 feet. The latter was washed for ;,'old, and found to lie ft'olily aui'ifcroiis. This gravel cxtcnfls aioo!.; the b^mk here for a quarter of a niiic or nioi'e, lying U|iun a rocky llooi- abuut oO feet abo\(( the level of the liver. In the dee|)-lying iii)iLioiis of this Chaudicre valley, altluaiyh some l.iii,. Uucwn attempts liav(! been made to tind the auriferous beds by siiafts, very 'l' '" ^'"^ little is yet known concerning them. It apptiars, however, that the ancient channel has ."iill'ered deformation in pre glacial and also in post-glacial times, foi'. wliihs the ruci; surface ai the |)"vils Kajiids is exposed in tlu; channel and there is no evidence of an ohh^r or de(?per course for the rivei on either siile, yet above the rapids, the ancient valley, as it now stands, is considerably below that hncl. Indeed, it would seem th.it the river-bed at thcM; rapids must have sustained a tianswrse local iijilift, with perhaps a coi'relati\e sub- sidence of a belt of country crossing the l-'haudii-re v.iliey betv, een that point ajid the moulh of the l)u Loup. The ascent of the river fi'oiii these rapiils to the last-men' ioned point, is from t.") to 50 feet (aneroid), and sluifts have been sunk in three places in that distance as described belo.v : — On the east side of the Chaudicre Uiver, on a Hat just above the Sliiifts sunk Devils Kapids, a shaft was put down under Mr. Lockwood's dii'ection. iVvi'is The followiim series of deiiosits was tiassed throui'h : — l;iii'i'ls& Kcct. 1. .Surface siiil inixcil w iili siuid auil licivv riser j,'i'a\c'l, iil>i>ut l.'i -. Kivcr sanil ami t?ia\c'l, tiiicr tliaii aboNc, aliout 4 H. Iiluc clay, witli a few li.iuMcrs nf no great size Ipioliatily bi)uli'U'r-clny) alioiit Uti •t. Clay anil sand with siuall stont"*, aliimt 'Jl ra Water coming in rapidly, the sliaft had to be abandoned. Neither yellow gravel nor bed-rock was reached, nor was any gold obtained. Another shaft was sunk by Mr. Lockwood's men on the east bank of the Chaudicre and near the mouth of (iilbert River, disclosing the following beds in descending order :- (1) " Loose heavy gravel, about !m m I '1-; r ' ,1.;.: i; llIlM'!'' ' (^.Iji ; 118 ,1 HOlTn-EASTEHN tiUEnKC. (ii'cat (liptli (if old cliuii- lul. 10 feet ; (2) blue clay, (possibly boulder-clay, thickness not given); (3) close (compact) hard clay, a few feet (ai)paiently ' pipeclay ') ; (4) clay, mixed with siiiul and fine gi'a\el." At a depth of about GO feet water came in so rapidly that the miners had to abandon the shaft. The bed-rock was not reached here either. On the west side of the Chaudiere, opposite Jersey JNlills, a shaft 77i feet deep was suidc in n, terrace, the level of which is 18 or 10 feet above that of the river at the nearest point. The bottom of the boulder-clay was not reached in the shaft. Evidently an old pre- glacial channel of the Chaudiere exists here, wliethei- occupied by the auriferous Tertiary gravels or not, remains to be determined. The above sections correspond roughly with those observed by me in other parts of the Chaudiere valley, and show also the great depth of the ancient channel of the river in this part of its course compared with the present one. But the facts, while showing the depression or sag here, do not throw any light on the (|uestion as to tlie existence of gold in the river bottom, ilr. Lockwood informs me that, so far as he is aware, nothing is known as to the aurifei'ous chaiacter of these deep-seated beds. The opinion i)revails, nevertheless, that the deep-lying portion of the Chaudiere valley Ijetween the Devils llapids and IJig Falls, must have been the receptacle for a large amount of gold, carried into it by the Gilbert, Famine, and l)u Loup rivers from the east, also by the Pozer and other smaller streams from the west, but this has yet JJittic.ulty i)t to be proved by boring oi- .some other means. If auriferous gravels exist e.xploriitioii. there, the fact that they lie wholly below the level of the rock-barrier at the Devils liapids, renders the exploration of those in the old river bed in this part of its course one of vei'y great dilliculty, and only depo- sits of considerable richness would be likely to pro\ e remunerative. Cliarac harrier Devils Kapiils tcr iif at In proof that the barrier at the De\ils llapids is merely a local one, and the result of a transverse uplift in this part of the valley of the Chaudiere, it may be stated that at St. Francois village, below tiie.se ra- pids on the west bank, a shaft was sunk some years ago to a depth of 60 feet, or alwut •")0 feet below the level of the rivei' at the nearest point. Mr. Phillipe Angers, notary, of St. Franrois, informed me that he obtained the facts in regard to this shaft at the time it was sunk, and that the bed- rock was not reached nor any gold discoveied. The rock ill sifii is exposed on the east side of the Chaudirre a short distance fur- ther down, and the pre-glacial valley of the river appears to be close to the foot of the bank or hillside on the west for two or three miles immediateij' below the Devils Rapids. /en); {3) t GO feet he shaft. 5, a shaft 1- 19 feet [1 of the old pre- ;(1 by the gd by nie 'at depth ■onipared •ession or existence so far as of these loep-lying and Big J, carried east, also is has yet ivels exist ;k-barrier old river )nly depo- rative. local one, ley of the ' these ra- depth of e nearest li nie that sunk, and Tlie rock stance fur- je (.lose to iree miles i ? m ut : 1: i" i' M P X y. y.'-^ r. 3 1 GOLD MINING IN SOUTII-EAHTKHN QUKUKC. 119 J 31f. r.. Blancliet, of the Registry OHice, St. FratK.'ois, had a shaft Sunk just at the foot of the rapids, on the west side of the river, reacli- ing a depth uf twenty feet or more without finding l)ed-rock. Water coming in very fast the work liad to be stopped. Oxidized gravels were struck, hut no gold. The fauts go to show tliat the pre-glacial valley of the C'haudirre' innnediately below the Devils IJapids, is also very deep. Ciold has not been found in the alluviums of the Chaudiere valley occnrcticf of below liisson, two or three miles north of Beauce Junction ; but it ^''l'''' ^I',''"'"' occurs every vvliere al)o\e that, very nearly to tlu^ suui'ce of the river, .function, and also in the valleys of the tributaries. The pay-gravels are, how- ever, so far as known, embraced within a liniitcd area, not mure than eigiiteen miles long l)y five or six miles wide, and, iiuloed, maybe comprised within even a still smaller space. < *f the total gold jiro- duction of the C'haudit re or Beauce district, amounting to two million dollars or more, a million and a quarter, or perhaps a million and a half, ha\e been tak n from the alluviunw of the (Jilbert Uivcr valley alone. Akhuugh till' district as a whole, cannot be compared with other well- known eold producing regiosis, its accessibility, and the reduced expense with which gold mining can be prosecuted, are <;onsi(ii'ratioiis altogi^ther in its favour. It is n(jt supposed that the alluvial deposits are e.vhausted, though so much has been extracted ilui'ing the last lifty years. Ev(!ii in the tiilbert \alley there must be many partings and walls between the old workings, still intact, that are as rich as those p(jrtions wrought in former years. The (iilbei't Ri'auce .Mining Com- pany of 8t. l'"rancois, recently oigani/ed, ojjerating in the ancient allu- viums of that valley, proposes to test these ami has already di.ine so with some success. Ileviewing the facts in regard to the occurrence of gold in the |',ist-Kl:ici:il valleys of the t'haudiere and its tributaries, ii woulil seem that there 'V"' '"^'''*^'"'^''' .' (|l'|ll)Slt!*. are two kinds of auriferous gravels there- — the post-glacial, feebly auriferous, as a rule ; and the pre-glacial, usually oxidi/ed and contain ing most gold, especially in the bottom. These are fiamd thioughout in the river-beds of the aui'iferous ari;a. The post-glacial gravels and sands containing fine gold in small (juan- Snlintary and titles, overlying the boulder-clay, wherever found hert>, whether in ter- ■';'""i't.'''l races or alluvial flats, are mainly such as have been as.sorted and re-a.s- sorted from the pre-glacial, yellow, auriferous gravels of the river- \alleys. The latter, as has been shown, ai'e of Tertiary age or older, and consist of two kinds, sedentary or residuaiy l)eds, or rotten rock /;/ .>,(///, that is, decayed rock-materials which have not been removed from their original I; ? 120 .1 SOUTH-EASTEKN QUEIJKC.'. I i il Gdldat intci- MH'tioii i)f 1 i\c C'hiiliiiil-. Origin of tl gold. situation : and inodifivcl, worn, jissorted and re-assortod materials, often overlyinj^ the sedentaiy lieds, wiiioii liave been removed from their original situation by almosplieric agencies, rivers, etc., and in the course of transportation lia\(j had tiie materials worn and rounded. These are usually coars(> and oxidized in the liottoni, and liner towards the summit, changing into clay- and sand-beds. The.se modified deposits are, of course, sti'atilied, in this showing their mode of origin, and the valley.s of south eastei'n (juebec appear to have been occupied to a grealei' or less depth with them at the close of the 'I'ei'tiary peri(Kl. The glacial period then ensued, when the boulder-clay was thrown down, often in thick beds, and m.mtling all the sands, clays and gravels described. At the clf)so of the ice-age, when the glacit'is retreated, the rivers began to clear out their ancient channels, — a process which is still going on. few, if an}' of them, having yet reached the base-le\el of erosion. In those portions i^f ri\er-valleys wliere erosion lias extended to the old auriferous l>eds beneath the boulder ilay, these have been attacked, and the materials have been ti'ansported furthisr down the valleys either in tei'races, or llats, or in the river-bottoms. In some portions i)f the \;illeys thrse defjosits have been again eroded and have undej'gone a furthei' reassortment. Thus hiis the gold now found along the pie-{"Mt river-conrses been distributeil, the coai'ser in the bottom, the liner in the iianks and terraces. Ft has been observed that wheic the latest chaimels intersett the ancieni ones, these transjtorting and coiicentrating processes ha\e had the greatest effect, and that just below these intersections the must gold occui's in tiiR riverliottoms. It appears furllKM" that the same mode of (iistribiilion and concent i-at inn prevailed in pie-gluv'ial .lues. the gn ates! (|uanlilies of gold ha\ ing been found, according to ^Ir. W. P. Lockwdod and others, at and inunediately below certain shoals nr bars in the ancient ^■ilIley of (liibert l»iver. I 'I'. A. H. (.'. Selwyn writes in r< chiet' reason why th(> rich sjiots where it [alhnial gold, has hitherto beiui worked are so limited in extent is that they represent the places where the old channel or river-bed has been intersected by the existing one, and cut into down to the bed-rock, re-distributing its contents along the present riv«'r-coui'se, and thus enriching, for a limited distance, the I'ecent alluvicjns." ( )f the origin of the gold in the Chaudii'i'e district veiy little is known, as none of the alluvial gold has yet been traced to its. soui'ce, and no gold-bearing <)uartz veins with more than a trace of the precious metal havi' iieen discovered. I']\'en in the richest gold producing district — l{r|iiiit I if J'rogrcss. (J (.•:m., 1S7II-71. IMEHt.] (iOLU MI\IN(; 1\ HOLTH-KASTEHN VLKIiKC. 121 .1 the (Jilbort liivoi' — althougli it is i,'eiienilly liekl that tiie gold there is entirely local, the precise' locality oi- source whence it came has not hitli(irto revealed itself. Dr. Selwyn says, in the reiiort already ([uoted : "The worn and comparatively heavy character of much oi the gold wliich has hitherto Ijeen procured tVoiu the shallow washings in the Cliaudici'e district, does not, 1 think, indicate that it has been derived from distant sources, su much as that it has licen subjected to repeated and long continued abrasion in the drifts. " 'I'hese remarks ai'e applicable to every part of the Chaudicre district in which alluvial gold occurs in workable (piantities. I'>ul, of course, this view can only be regarded as provisional, until gold has actually been found in the rocks in proximity to these idhniumsin such tjuantity as will show that both they and the gold lia\(" been (leri\('d from the same source. Lifl/e Dillon A'in'r. The alluvial gold mines of Ditton are situated on the Little Ditton, a l.itiir iJitton branch of Ditton River, which is the west branch of Salnuin River, an upper tribiitary of the St. Francis. The principal mines here are the Po[)e mines, called after the late lion. .J. li. l^ope, and are located on lots .")9 and 40, lange D, Ditton township. Mr. Pojie carried on niin- ( m,, laticin-. ing here for many years, and is reported to have exti'aeted from the j';^ ';!^'Ji,'|' ' gravels of this stream, just above the bridge on the Chartierville road, "ili' rs se\'enty-tivo thousand dollars worth of gold. Here, as in the Cliaudii'i'e area, the gold occurs Im the lower part of ccjai'se oxidized gravels, and in decayed rock, principally slates, beneath. The bed of the stream and the terraces and tlats for the spact^ of half a mile, were wrought Ijy Mr. Pope, who sometimes employed from ten to fifteen men. A few- large nuggets and a good deal of coarse gold were found. About the ycav IS.^1 or ls,v,") howescr, Mr. Pope ceased opeivitior.s, but desnltoiy mining lias been oai'riod on at intervals since. The mines were sold to the Ditton (iold ^fining Company (Limiteil), of Toronto, in 1891, which began work a short distance above the bridge, on the giound from which Hon. J. H. Pope had ol)tained such (juantities of gold. Not meeting with success, this company soon abandoned the property. This pro- pertv, consistiii'f of a lar^e tract of iindier lands as well as the minintr rights, formed jiart of the estate of Mr. I'ope, and is now in jiossession of oiu^ of his heiis, Mi's. W. P>. Ives, of Sherbrooke, (,>uebee. Mr. Obalski, Inspector of Mines for Quebec, thus reports concerning i>,.,„„.f i,y w(n'k carrieil on at the Ditton Mines: — "In Seiiteinber, 188n, three Mr. ol.aKki, parties of miners, numbering ten men, were digging on small claims, and on one of these I saw S'-iO worth of the precious metal, including a piece worth 81'">, collected in a single day. I J ! m ;> M ', :' "IT Hi K<|iort hv Dr. lOlls,' ISSd. suits, ,f (luiirtz lis savs. .Sluk-iliK ill lS!Hi. 122 .1 SOUTn-EASTEKN QUEIiEf. Each pun washed on this stream, as well as on the Dilton and Halnion rivers shows gold, and T was assured that the metal had also been found on several of their tributaries, among others on lots 5 and G of the VlITth rangeof Ditton, and 4 and •"> of the i Vth range of Ches- ham (Salmon liiv(>r) where some small workings have l)een begun.' Mr. Pope, during his life-time, and also tlie present owners of the mines, usually gave a few parlies liberty to work on their own account in different piirts of the valley, without exacting any royalty or rent from thein, such work, however, being mostly in the nature of jn-ospocting. "On account of the slight depth of the alkuiums covering the l)ay- gravel, these works are easily executed, open pits or cuttings being sutlicient, and shafts being rarely needed.'"* In reference to the Dilton gold mines, l)i\ i-^lls thus reports : — "That attention has not been directed to this locality is in a hirge measure due to the fact that svhat is regarded as the most jiromisiiig field for work, is entirely in private hands, and no royalty being in conse(]Uenc(,> \nm\ to the Government, no ollicial returns are available as to the umoutit of the precious metal obtained. Alluvial gold has, however, been found there and worked for many years. The place where operations have been moi'e particularly carried on is on the Little Ditton stream, on lots "JM and -4, range IX., Ditton. Nuggets ranging in \alue from 850 to ^loO are reported as basing been fuund- Tliough a considerable amount of work has been done on this stream and a large (juantity of gold obtained, no scientillc nnning has l)een attempted. The ground being generally low, the facilities for getting rid of the tailings are very poor, and in many of the trials the bed-rock does not apjtear to be reached. From the specimeris already obtained, and tlie generally favoui'alile results of the work already done under unfa\(iurable circumstances and with ordinary appliances, it is evident that much rich ground must exist in this vicinity." t The writei' made an examination of the Little Ditton valley and the upper portion of the l>itt. M. t Aiinuiil lici"irt, (ii'cil. .Siuv. C:in., vol. 11. (N..S. ), ISSli, yt 51; j. CMALMIRI ] (iOLD MlNINc; IN .SOrni-EASTEHV QUKBKC. lL'3 nugget, weighing an ..unce, wiis fuuiicl at tlie bottom of tiio gravel close to the bed-rock. The cliief auriferous deposits occupy this position and are partly residuary and p irtly stratiHed. They are' rusty s,rt and oxidized, as is also the upper porti(jn f.f the rock beneath. Tiiose are all evidently pre-glacial, although the buulder-clay is rarely .seen in contact with then, in the Little Ditton valley. Overlying them are alternating gravel and sand beds, as shown by th(. following section exposed on the north side of the rivr about a quarter of a mile above the Chartierville bri(l"e 1. Loain or river wash from 2 to 4 feet thick. 2. Gray gravel, packed full of pebbles well roumled, from inches in diameter downward : thickness about 1 foot. 3. Sandy gravel with two layers of pebbles, the same size as in No. 2, the whole very dark or black from the pn-sence of iron or manga, nese, thickness from S to 3 feet. 4. Gravel, I'usty, oxidized, packed with boulders of all sizes up to 2 and 3 feet in diamet.-r, from -JJ to 3 feet thick. o- ^'layey gravel and sand with a few b julders from C. inches to a foot in diameter, rusty in places ; thickness from 1 to l}. feet. 6. Coarse gravel, ochreous, with round boulders froin G to 9 inches in diameter in the up])er part, bui angular ami embedded in material reseml)ling rotten rock in tlu' lower part. This rests on jagged, broken rotten slates, non-glaciated. The gold is found in the lower portion of No. 0, and on the rock-surfaces, as well as in the clefts beneath. Fi- G. riMiuii or ri\ci-\va.-li. i-a\cl (aurifcrou.s). ._Ii.<.';i/3,,i '>"ttrii fiiiK- (aurifiTiius). \'ih4:t^ Slat.-s, yU:. •Section in Little Ditton Rivkk Vallkv. ^'cAi.i::— S feet to 1 inch. !? !■ l->4 ,. ,SOl TII-KANTKHN i,ili;ilKO. luiukl(i-il:i\-. All the miitcrials t'.\c(']pt tlio lowtM- part of No. tj ace stnitilicd. Till! tliieicne--s of tii(i nfncriil imMiiljL-rs of the scries difFers goini^ up stream, some of tlioin Ucinj; absent In another pit iniumdintely above tlie one in which the seetimi was measured. Tlw> ai)sence of boulder-clay in the bottom of Little Dilton valley leads to the presumption tliat all the be of tiie gold in this pai't of the Ditton valley has not yet becm traced, lias it been i)rought down stream from the pre-C.'aniljrian at the Intei'iiational boiindary live or six miles tlistant? Against this \iew there is the fact that a uumbur of large nuggtits, — one valued at •■<138 — liav«! been found at or near the Popci mine, which could hardly have been transjiorted that ilistanee by the river. If we suppose, on the contrary, that the gold is derived fi'om the Cam- brian rocks, the fact has to be boriui in mind, that a number of speci- mens of ([uart/. from veins in the part ^, occupied by thick deposits of boulder-clay overlain by stratified of Dittcii unci I J I J Little Ditton. Fnrttici'dccui'- ivnci's of j,'(ilii('ac as it' tlicy had been laid down in a lako or in tlio sea. No barfier exists at pi'csiMit to the north capable of hoidinu; in a body of water at this elevation. The upper porl ion of the valh^ys of both tins Dittonand f.ittl(> l)itton rivers arc? burie(l in ihe^e deep sediments as far up as the foot hills. N(» .\(.it. rials r -111 • 1 • 1 ■ !• • 1 ,• ■ 1 ll'l'ill. LaurcMitian iioulders were met with m this (list net, the siip(>rticial materials i)eing mainly such as have accunndated in this particular locality fi'oin tlu^ decay of the underlying' rocks, to,i;etlier wiih that transported northward from th<( mountains alony the rnteriiational boundary, which ai'c here 2500 to .'5000 feet hii^h or more. Tlu M,,(|c cjf m- iiui'stioM arises, therefoi'e, has the ''old foui\d here accunndated in the '■'"""''it'."" alluviums dui'inu; tiie decay of the rocks and undergfine transportation l"'"'. north-westward as the sediuKMits were traiisporte(l and depositi'd? Different relative local levels have existed and these may have ell'ected a greater erosion of the Iwuls in 'I'ertiai'y and Post-tertiaiy times, aiul brou,i,ditabout such a reduction of the surfact; of the region and especially of the ancient barrier or barriers which held in lakes, if any ever existed, as to have obliterated them. l^>y the.se changes whatever gold was in the rocks, and in the decayed materials which gathered on the surface, would gradually lind its way into tlie river-valleys. Hut whatiivor changes occurred, the fact remains that we have here a remarkable accumulation of sediment.s along tlie foot-hills and in the old river-beds in the bottom of which gohl occurs. The sediments when cut into and transported greater or less (Hstances by the jjost-glacial rivers, ha\e thu.s left, by concentration, considerable ([uantitiea of gold in the shallow portions of the beds of the several branches of the Sahnon and other rivers in this part of the " Kastern Townships.'' DudsireU Diblrirt. The Dudswell district is one which has only recently come into i)uCiMt,'sli'V WvunU. ■ Cold ill c|u:iit/. fi-ii';Miiiii - \V(.rl< (uiili(;>t work in tliis district wus tliiit lM'f,'un l»y Messi's. IJudiiyur fuul M(itlii(Hi on the Ihill Stivam, lot 11, vnn^ii VI., Duilswell, in l.S'Jl-'JJ. Two sliiit'ts from forty to Hfty ffet dt'cji \\v\i' Mink to lied rock. Tlii'so were not, it iippciirs, [uit down in the deepest |i!irt of the old t'lifinnel, and t'oMse(|iiontly when drifting; svus utteinpted uiciit amount of money and lahour here the works wer<^ clnscd. It is said one nugget woi'th S'.K) was found in the gravels of this stream in iSi)."?. .Messrs. iiodrigue and .Matliieu after- wards jirospeeteii otluir .streams {lowing oil' I)udswell .Mountain. Ihiding gold on almost e\ery one of them. Hut as Kingsley IJinok seemed to atlord the best results, they continued operation^ t iiere foi' some years. In l() had been found a short time previous. Gold had been found in sevei-al place.i along the sti'eain-hed. itespecting operations here, Mr. Olialski thus reports: — *"Uold has also been found on the upjier portion of the stream. Some prospects were also made on the neighbouring streams, esjiecially llari'ison Brook. The valleys of the streams run- ning dowti from Stoke .Mountains are rather narrow and shut in. Tt has not been proved that the auriferous alluvial area is extensive, but there is an important fact to be noted, and that is that several jiieces of (juart/ weighing one or two pounds, ct)ntaining gold visible to the eye, have been found in the streams . . . These jiietes are generally yel- lowish in coloui'. Three years ago, on the Hall Brook, a large block of stone very little rolled was found, containing many visible specks of gold. This rock was a kintl of ipiartz conglomerate with average grain, crossed liy narrow strips of (juartz.'' No work lia.s been going on at Hall Stream since IS!'"). In the four streams west of this, however, namely, liowe, Kingsley, jNIaynard or Harrison, and i>ig Hollow, more or less alluvial mining has been in progress every sunnner, though with varied and uncertain results. On Kingsley i'.rook a good deal of work has been done, first by sluicing in tlie ordinary way, and latterly by hydraulic washing. Several thousand dollars worth of gold must have been obtaineil, though the exact amount cannot be ascertained. Messrs. Kodrigue, Mathieu, Coupal, Hayemal, Sotero and otheis operated on lot 3, range IV., Dudswell, *R('l)ort of the Coiniiiist^ioiii'i' of Ci (Is, (•iiiOu-e, IS!); J. p. •J fi(ll.l) MINING IN SOUTH KAHTKHN fJIJ KUKC. 1-J7 .1 until rs'.IC), while Mohhin. ().s;{(hji1 iiiui Hull wrduijlit ou hit 1 of tiits same riiii:,'f>. Sevt-rul i,'no(l sjiois wt'ii- t'ouiid, tlioui^ii tli«,' ^^ohl wiis soiiunvlijil iriVLjuliuly distributed. Tn tln' Millcy of i'wini^'slcy itrook t.li" di-posits, f^'iacial aiid j>rt' uliiciiil, siH'iii to liiUi- uiidei-;,'om' similar dciiudalinii and assoi i niciii. to lliose of Littlo Ditton Uiv^T. Hero, 1io\vb\oi', th(T srldom cxiicd a tliickiiess of tliifc i>v four fi'ct. A section of tlie Iteds in (lesceiuiiriL; ltH ui Kiii;;-liv l'.r..ok. ■ In Maynard (Harrison) Brook the succession of the deposits and .Mavniiid mode of occurrence of the gokl are very much the sanu^ as in l\ingsley Jlroolc, except that the lieds are rather deeper, and the valley witler. re put in, principally to work the gravels. Mr. Dfinneli started on lot 3, range IV. tlrst, exteniling his operations uji the valley of Kingsley Jirook. On the occasion of my visit, in the summer of 189(5, he informed me that he was finding gokl in paying quantities. Kight or ten men were then employed. Though sluicing the gravels from the lower part of the valley upwards, his ultimate object, he stated, was to discover the aurifei'ous (piartz or mati'ix, which he hopi'd to do as he uncovered the rock-surface in the progress of his work. The boiler was large enough !t I i:Kl i 1 ^ ' ( IjiCl'iltlllllS ,11 ]^U7. I!.,.\V.- lirnnk Hnll DclKlsitS of fhii'tly ])n.-i- tfliiciiil. 1-28 ,1 H()UTlli:\HI'Kli\ V> '•'■HH<' to t'lifnisli |)()\vni' to drive a •")0 or (lO-Ntainp mill, iim when f^'old was discovci'cd in tiin rock'. Later it was fiiiiiid that iIk^ uiiiicr two or tiirt'c tVct of tlic vclnsts and slates in tlic lioMoia of Kiiiifslcy lirook \all<'y ln'inv ilicaycd, iiiid full of joiiils ami crcNiccs, contained (|nit(* an apprecialjle amount, of j^'old. Mr. Doiini'd set aliout mininj^ tli(!>e, and sank liin sluie<^ lioxes into tlio decayed rock some dcptli. The discovery of alUiviai i{old in these rock- (issuiTs and operuni,'s implied, he claimed, an aiinmnt of woi !< willi profilalile ri'sults which 1 he ;,';\is('ls alone (onld not all'ord. In the sunnner of |S1>7, iho Kodiigue Minima Company was still carrying,' on opei'ations, l>nt (iiil not seem to he nu;etin,i,' with t-ho success that was anticipated. Thf; occiii'i'ence of the i.'old was found to ho ii'r.'gnlai' ; walci' Iteeame scarce in the nudsuinmer munlh--, and ilie large hoidders met with in the \alley were found ti; i)(^ a ser'ious hindram'o to hydraulic work. Attempts were made to ohviatf these ilillicult-ies, lii'st liy raising the dam, ami second liy blasting or removing the boulders by derricks. In the autumn of that yeai- the Itodriguo Mining Conij)any sold out to anotlier IJoston company. On i{owe IJrook, from one to two miles north-east of Kingsley Jirook, lot 8, range TV., Dudswidl, alluvial gold nuning was ]>ro.mH'uted during the season of IcSDti by Messrs. Hayemal and SniiTo for some months, who i'e[iorted gold in paj'ing (pnmtitie.s obtained by sluicing. A cleanup witn(;ssed while visiting this stream seemed to prove tliis statement, about >^3.00 worth of gold being obtained as the n at of thre(>-fourths of a day's woi'k by one man. The gold was coarse and unworn. This stream is larger than King.sley P.rook, but the gradient of the valley is not so steep. Tiie depth of the superticial deposits seems to be about S or 10 feet. During the summer of 1S97, some pr'ospecting was done in tlie valley of l>ig liollo\\' l>iook, which lies to the south-wivst of Maynard, (Harrison) Brook, but tlie particulars were not ascertained. Tlie deposits in th(> valleys of all the streams flowing oil" Dudswell, or Stoke Mountain seem to be closely similar to e;ich other and to have the same origin, that i.s, they are maiidy post-glacial. Boulder-clay was observed only on the slopes of the \alleys, and the only material met witli which may be pre-glacial is a dark rusty gra\ el, forming a liard-pan, in detached masse.«, lying immediately on the sur- face of the decayed rock and containing a little gold. This material, seen in several places in the bottom of Kingsley Brook, is often so compact that a pick is required to remove it. It varies in thickness from three inches to a foot or two. !>*« ••MiMm I <;ol,i) Mivivn IV sill Tit-i;\sTKiiv (jiJK.iti'.c. I -JO ,1 All the f»ti\f)i' iimtorials (ircn|iyirii; tlm Milltn's i)t' lliosc sttfaius uc iiHHortJMl iitKJ Ihiviiitilt', uiid contain lumldci's of vm ions (liiiicM^ions, t'orcii,'!! to tJii' lofiility, sonu^ tVoni fi\i' to ii-ii tVct in (liaini'tfr. (Iravols |ii<'(|iiniitiat(', l»ut ix'casiodally <'liiy ami ^aiid ocoui'. It is in tlic liot loin of' lli('s(' tiial tlic most ;,'ol(l is t'oiiinl. Alluvial <^f)l.ll<.'cl. Lainhtov, sits township of Tianihton many years a^o, hut |,: only in small <|uantities. Mr. Michel visited this locality durin;^ his M examination of the gold-lields of south-eastern Quebec, liSd.j-OG, and " reported on it thus : — "I made an examination of lots 1, "2 and 3 in ranji;efi A and 15 of Lainbton. Particular r(!<,'ard was had to a stream which travers(!s lot 1 of range A, running northwards, for the reaxm that some ten or twelve years ago explorations were made, resulting In the discovery of considerable iiuantities of gold. At the commence mentof my examinations, 1 found in tlu; bed of the stream, in a place which had not been worktnl, and almost at the surface, a small mass of gold, diti'ering entirely in form and in size from that generally found in the region. A largo and deep excavation at this place, aiid the working of a large ai.iount of the materials exti-acted, gave no m(jre gold like that first found, but only a f(iw rare and fine particles. "The ex('e|itional fact of the presc^nce of this mass of gold at the surface, which I mention without comment, can have no bearing on the value of the alluvions which T have examined in tliis township. Although richer than those of the ^lagog Kiver, I am persuad(>d that they cannot be wrought witli profit. 1 found, nevcrthele-s, an appreciable ([uantity of fine and scaly gold in the gravel from a large numbei' of excavations on tlie lots already mentioned. The auriferous gravel here reposes upon a yellowish day, which holds l)oulders and great masses of rock, and is so thick, and at tiie same time so hard and dillicult of excavation, that I did not think it wortli while to carry the excavation to its base. 1 was infoinied that pits thirty feet deep 9 ihititiiu. -ifMitioli'". , I ]J^ kit .ill li ;i-()(), |i. (13. Ihid., \>\t. (>.'{ and H5, \\ 1 ? > I'll ifli I I 132 .) HOUTII-EASTKRN (^lUKHEC. -iu:. ! ijjjl , I ■ I KNainiiiatii ;it (.!990, corresponding to 81.81 per hour for each labourer. As, however, the working had been abandoned at the time of Mr. Michel's visit, he had not the means of examining it. An examination of lot 19, of range V., of Orford, was also made by Mr. Michel, as it presented a special interest owing to dis- coveries j'cported to hav(> Ijeen made on neighbouring lots, several of which had been sold at high prices as containing work.able auriferous alluviums. Mr. I\richel .says:— "The explorations which T made upon the lot above mentioned were not very satisfactory, altiiough gold was found in three out of five trial-pits sunk pretty far apart in tlie beds or on the banks of two rapid streams, which run parallel to each other lengthwise through the lot, and fall into the Magog River. Beneath a layer of vegetable earth the argillaceous gravel is found resting directly upon the slate. The gold is distributed irregularly and very sparsely throughout this layer of gravel, whose thickness is extremely variable, and dill not seem to be more abundant nor in larger grains on the bed-rock than elsewhere. One of the excavations, however, oll'ered an exception to the conditions just described. It was sunk to a depth of twenty-nine feet, and after passing through two or tlu'ee feet of vegetable soil and a similar thickness of aurifei'ous giavel, presented a mass of extremely compact ])luish clay inclosing boulders, and con- tinuing down to the bed-rock, wliich consisted of while ([uaitz and black slate. Thirty cubic feet of the gravel, washed by the rocker, yielded a few small j)articles of gold, but not a trace of the precious metal was found in tlie residues from the washing of twenty-live cubic feet of the bluish clay extracted from various depths. It contained, however, small crystals of black fei-ruginous sand, besides numerous i)oulders anbbles of divers colours.", . . . " It would appear from the results of my examinaticm'*, as wfll as from the information received from the country people wlio have sought for gold in this vicinity, that although the alluvions of the Magog may be said to be aurifeious, the precious metal in them is in too small (]uantity to warrant working." Mr. Michel's okservations and conclusions, it may lie remarked, hold good to the present day. [;E.MARKy ON TlIK (lOLD HKAHIXr. ALLUVIUMS. 133 J As, iclicl'.s J/dstairippi Lake. Alluvial gold in small quantities has been known foi' many years to occur in the valley of a small stream flowing into the west side of Massawippi Lake, on lot 14, range VI., Hatley, Stanstead county. Mr. Charles Rodrigue prospected and wrought the gravels of this stream for gold, but was unsuccessful. In 1894 or 1S95, Mr. Wm. Jamieson, of Magog, Que,, who had acquired the mining riglits of this property, did some sluicing and reported having extracted about 650 worth of gold. It was then purchased by an English company, represented by Air. James Stark, of Liverpool. In May, 189G, when the writer visited this region he found Mr. Stark at work there with twenty two men. Some gold was found in the gravels, but not in sufficient quantities to pay for working them. Mr. Staik's oV)ject was, how- ever, to find it in the matrix. Broken quartz seams, with sulphide minerals, traverse slaty and talcoae rocks mapped as pre-Cambrian. Specimens brought to the otlice and assayed for gold in the laboratory of the Geological Survey failed to show it. Work was discontinued After a few months. The stream along which the alluvial gold occurs, runs entirely across pre-Cambrian rocks, and the gold appears, therefore, to be derived from tliese. It is rough and apparently has not travelled far. The valley of the stream is not unlike that of Kingsley Brook, Dudswell, and the mode of occurrence of the alluvial gold is also much the same, except that the beds are of less thickness, nor did I observe the oxidi/ed hard-pan in the bottom. This similarity of character and conditions can be observed throughout the Stoke Mountain Range, wlierever gold has been found. Gkxerai, Ousehvations on the (ioLn-iiKARiNCi Alluviums. Allu\ial ^(ilii at ISlitssawippi Lak.-. A: In the foregoing pages an .attempt has been made to collect together ,,^ ■ ^^^ and co-ordinate all the information possible to be obtained respecting tin- t;old-lKn the alluvial gold of South-eastern Quebec. As has been shown by a generally. number of geologists and mining experts who have studied the alluvial deposits of this region, the original distribution of the gold in the pre-glaeial river-beal hardness of the rocks, and their power of resisting erosion. The degradation of the surface from these agencies must have been enormous, amounting to several hundreds, perhaps several thousands of feet, entirely changing the appearance of the country ; the existing residual forms of relief being, in no small degree, the result of this denudation. Regional and orogenic movements have taken place during these ages, the effects of which are evidenced in the mountain ranges as well as in the folding and crushing of the strata, and the dislocations of the river-valleys. The records of the earliest of these are nearly all lost or so imperfectly recoided that it is not possible to reconstruct the original physical features of the country. Coming down to the Tertiary period we can, perhaps, form some conception of the appearance of the region, though in an imperfect manner, if we suppose it stripped of all the boulder-clay and overlying deposits. Except as regards some of the more prominent hills and summits, the surface of the rocks would be mantled by a thick sheet of their own debris. On the slopes and in the river-valleys this material would be largely denuded, and portions of the decayed rock- material would form stratified beds, especially where it had under- gone modification and transportation by fluviatile agencies. Tt is to 1 I HKMAKKS ON THK (lOLD-HEAKINil ALLUVIUMS. 135 ,» these m(K^ifyin^' agencies that the concentration (j£ the ^olil in the river-bottoms is clue. The larger and deeper valleys of the " E.istern Townships" evidence thick accumulations of these deposits. In the Tertiary period there would seem to have been a steeper gradient for the old rivers of the " Eastern Townships "' tlian at present. The dislocated portions of their valleys, referred to on a foregoing page, and the fact of the old channels having been more deeply eroded than the present ones, are evidence in support of this view, their erosive action apparently, having been, more powerful. If the gradient of the Chaudiere River, for example, were the same now as at the period of the deposition of the yellow auriferous gravels, the river and its tributaries would prol)ably have cut down through these to their ancient base-level during postglacial time. But the differ, entiai or orogenic uplift of the whole Sutton Mountain axis, or rather of that belt of country occupied at present liy eruptive rocks, extending from Lake Mempliremagog to the Chaudiere River and north-eastward to Cranbourne, took place apparently some time in the Tertiary, chang- ing the drainage of the wliole district to the south-east. This was probably only one of .several o.scillatory movements tending in this direction, but when it occurred, the uplift referred to was evidently suHicient to cause a po!iding of the rivers in certain parts of their courses. Tn the valley of the Chaudiere we have evidence of this ponding in that portion extending from the Devils Rapids to the junction of the Du Loup, as well as in the lower parts of the Gilbert, Famine, etc. Considerable quantities of fine stratified clay and sand were laid down at this stage (pipe-clay and quicksands) usually resting upon the old stratified auriferous gravel, locally known as the yellow gravel from its highly oxidized condition. These beds seem to have been deposited just before the advent of the glacial period. The original pre-glacial gradient indicated by these dislocated val- leys seems never to have been restored, although there is evidence of the North-east Appalachians having been from 300 to 500 feet higher than at present in the later Tertiary and early Pleistocene, as shown on a previous page. After a considerable deposit of these tine clays and sands had been laid down, glacial conditions supervened, and ice began to form upon the surface of the region anfl to move in the directions shown by the stria' already recorded. At the close of the glacial period the whole country was evidently at a much lower level than at the present day, as shown on page 50 .J, and the sea not only invaded the St. Lawrence valley throughout its whole extent, but also the valleys of its principal (iradient nl livers in Tertiary and Plfistocfiic It^ I ■ I'ri-Pltisto- ct'iie days ami samls. 1 130 .1 SOUTII-KASI KUN l,it i;iiK('. ill i '"' tributaries, such as the Cliaudiure and St. Francis, and thick deposits of material, constituting the Leda clay and Saxica\ a sands, were laid down upon the boulder-clay. On the rise of the land which followed, fluviatile beds have been superposed on the series in river- valleys, often to a considerable tlepth, especially in those of any size. As the materials of these lluviatile beds are partly derived from the boulder- clay and pre-existing formations, they usually contain gold in aurifer- ous districts, although seldom in paying (|Uiintities. Im-frular From the oKservations of geologists and mining men in the auriferous gold in tlin :Lrea in ijuestion, it has been ascertained that the alluvial gold is not alluvium-. regularlj' distributed in the ancient river-bottoms, some portions being rich, while others do not yield the precious metal in remunerative (juantities. This distribution does not seem to follow any rule or law, although probably there were reefs and shoals in the old river-chan. nels, which proved to be resting places, and immediately below which the particles of gold would find shelter from the foi-ce of the currents. The richest gold-bearing spots are often isolated from each other, and consequently what is termed a *' lead " is seldom continuous for any distance. Even when it is supposed to be continuous, interruptions are not infrequent, the " lead ' being taken up or renewed on one aide or the other and continued on again for a further distance. This irregularity causes the miners to infer that some river-bottomg have two or more "leads." But the fact merely serves to show how unequally the gold has been distributed in the alluviums, and proves that the distribution was governed by the strength of the Qj^y^p^^jfflij^ currents and the form of the river-bottoms. Where the currents slackened, or where theie were shoals or reefs, the particles of gold v.ould be most likely to be dropped. The occurrence of gold in the crevices of the rocks under the river-beds, and especially between the folia of slates which are more or less tilted, is a somewhat diiticult problem to solve, although one common to many gold-bearing districts. Only on the supposition that the particles of gold have been passing over these rock-surfaces for a very long time, can it be conceived how such a number could become lodged in these rock-crevices and openings. The movement of the gold particles must have occupied a prolonged stage of the rivers history, oi' a series of successive stages which must have extended over a very long period, even geologically speaking. During this time there seems to have been a constant movement of the materials occupying the ancient river- bottoms — at one time dejjosition, at another erosion, the latter often reaching to bed-rock ni places. By these processes the gold particles would find the lowest level and become lodged in the clefts of the 1 OHAIMIM. UI•:MARK^S OX THK uebec liindriihr. containing gold are differently constituted from those of other '".•'!'"^"' known alluvial gold mining regions, except, it may be, in British Columbia the Yukon and Siberia. Helow the boulder-cia}' and (juick- sands, the beds are practicallj' the same as in most other countries, consisting of clay, sand and gravel, becoming coarser and more oxidized towards the bottom. The boulder-clay, (]uicksaiuls, etc., usually mantle and conceal all the auriferous alluviums, and are appai'ently greater hindrances to alluvial mining than even the lava beds of Australia atid California. Kither in sinking shafts or in drifting, they constitute the great (irawi)ack to the exploitation of the deeper alluvial mining of r>eauce county. This fact, together with the scattered distribution of the precious metal in the gravels beneath, already referred to, are con- f 1^8 .1 SOUTll-liASTKKX (illKIIKC ■t-f m \. It chiefly in tli shiiUow bed ditions wliicli loiidcr gold iniiiiiig lu're pi-tfiirioua and uiicertain. In the anuient pie-Ldauial chaiuiL'ls, the gold has, of oouise, been luoro or less concentrated ; but when it i>< eon.sideied that these often lie below the present water-courses, and that tunnels or drifts at these levels are likely to leceive a portion, at least of the drainage waters, the ex- pense of exploration is great and only alluviums of '•oiisiderable richness can prove i-emuneiative. CddiiiiniiiK ^old "lining in the region in (juestion has consisted largely in the exploration and washing of the gravels in the shallower beds, and but little has been attempted in the deeper portions, or where the aurifer- ous deposits lie below the level of tlie present river-beds, except in tlie (iilbert valley, where alluvial mining was carried on at various depths from 30 to 80 feet below the channel of the present rivei-, as shown on a pievious page. The future exploration of these deep-lying de- posits seems to be the direction in which mining efforts should lie, especially in the valley of the Chauiliere and the lower parts of the main tributaries. Although great local ditHculties present themselves in attempting to explore these valleys in the particulai' localities mentioned, they would appear, nevertheless, to offer an inviting and ample field for the mining engineer and practical miner. While the prevailing opinion in regard to the>e tleposits is that they are rich in gold; their auriferous cliaraeter siiould be sutUcicnth' tested before development work is undertaken. If the gold bcai-- ing gravels were known to be equally I'icli, or to have the sanu- value throughout, they might be opened in the most accessible locations at the surface and worked thence downward : but these auriferous beds do not all seem to be e(|ually rich, and, moieover, .some portions a,t least, will likely be found not to contain gokl in paying quantities. The necessity for exploring ami testing them belore commencing work is therefoie evident. To effect this exploration adequately, it would seem that boiing machines might be utili/.eil to good advantage, especially in the Chaudiere and Ditton distriet.s. With appliances of this kind the position of the old river-channels, in which the alluvial gold is supposed to have been concentrated, could be located at less expense and in much less time than by shafts or tunnels, the thickness, and probably to some extent the paying char acter of the auriferous beds beneath made known, and the advantages or disadvantages with respect to drainage ascertained before commenc- ing actual mining operations. Preliminary exploration of this kind therefore seems to be neces- sary to prove the gold contents and show, if possil)le, whether the.se lioi'iiig inachiiii SOrRCK OF TIIK ALI.UVIAI, (iOI.I). 139 .) would warnuit tlie expenditure nooeHsury to work the deep-seated iiuiit'- eroUH deposits. Some portions of the deposits, it is evident from the great expense attendinf; their exi)loration, will require to be very rirh in gold in order that they may be proKtably mined, while in other places there does not seem, as already stated, to be siiHicient gold to l)rove remunerative under the most favourable conditions for extract- ing it. A thorough study oi these, and of the mode of occurrence of the gold in thera, drawn from actual tsxamination, are desirable, and in this investigation the experience of the old miners who have spent a large poi-tion of their lives, and in some cases considerable sums of money, might be made use of to advantage. Knowledge and skill are, however absolutely necessary to success, and these if acquired from a study of the peculiar phenomena of the region itself, will prove to be the most serviceable. .SOUUOE OF THE AM-UVIAL GoLI). Although the gold-bearing alluviums of South-eastern Quebec have SmiKfuf ih.' been wrought and studied for more than half a century, by geologists, ' "^"^ *"'" ' ' mining engineers and others, and a considerable mass of literature relating to their distribution and mode of occurrence publislucl, yet very little is known concerning the true source of the gf)ld found there. Logan and Hunt regarded its source as being in the oldest rocks of the region. In the CJeology of Canada, 18(53, it is stated : — "The source of the gold appears to be the crystalline schists ot'luNotro the Notre Dame liange ; tiie materials derived from their disintegra- tion, not only constitute the superficial material among the hills of this range, but are spread over a considerable area to the south of them. These same gold-bearing rocks may be traced south-westwardly, along the great Appalachian chain to the southern United States, and arc supposed to belong, for the most part, to the Quebec group."* At VtSt.FiaiRis. that time native gold had been found " in small giains with galena, blende and pyrites, in a well-defined quartz-vein, cutting slates which were supposed to be of Upper Silurian age, (^since refeired to the Cambrian), at the rapids of St. Francis, on the Chaudicre. In Leeds, ],,■^^^u. at Nutbrowns shaft, masses of native gold of several pennyweights are found with copper-glance and specular iron-ore, in a vein of bitter- spar, and small grains of the metal have also been found imbedded in the white garnet-rock described on page 496." "The gold of Eastern Canada appears not, however, to be confined to the rocks of the (Jueljec group. Although it occurs in these with the copper ores of ■* y reliable and competent as^ayers, which although all'ordiiig uk lely tr.ices of gold in many instances, yet serve to siiow that the rocks of the district really do contain the precious metal. When Mr. A. Michel made his examination of South-eastern (.Quebec, (ItSti;) to 18Gt)) he collected a number of spicimens of (piartz in the auriferous districts wiiich were assayed by L)r. T. S. ilunt, of the (Ic-ological Sui'vey. IJrief desciiptio!is of the quartz veins su[iposed to be auriferous, examined by him, and of the assays of specimens there- from by Dr. Hunt are taken from their reports and here presented.f In the seigniory of lligaud-N'audreuil, Mr. Michel found on lot J^3, range I., north-east, a vein of (juartz running north-northeast, witli u south-easterly dip. The ma.ss was not homogeneous, but composed of a net-work of small veins of quartz impregnated with oxide of iron. A portion of this (juartz sent to Boston was reported to have yielded at the rate of ••r'.J" worth of gold to the ton ; while another assay on the spot by a Mr. Colvin gavt^ slOG to the ton, A mechanical assay, by crushing and washing twenty pounds of the quaitz, of which specimens weie furnished Dr. Hunt, gave five very small paiticles of gold. Dr. Hunts two a.ssays (No. 1) yielded no trace of gold. Jii St. Cllil^ll^ On lot 21, concession St. Charles, a large (juartz vein wa-^ also seen following the strike of the rocks north-east. This vein thethicknet-sof which was se\enteen or eighteen feet, was divided by joints into irregular masses, separated by ochreous and earthy matters, though apparently compact at the liottom. On the noith side a vein of brown decayed material was noted, having a thickness of from four to twelve inches, and running parallel with the quartz vein. A portion of this quartz assayed at Toronto, it was said, gave .SK>C worth of gold to the ton, and another assay by ]\Ir. Colvin, 8JJl worth. The certified assay of Dr. A. A. Hayes, of I'.oston, yielded, for the i juartz of this vt;in, !?77.r)6 in gold and S'2J>i> of siher to the ton. Of live assays of this quartz l)y Dr. Hunt (No. 2), four gave an average of only six dwt. thirteen ' IJeology of Canada, lS(i3, \>. 51!) uiid \>. 74;"). •|- Re|i())t of I'rogi'css, (Jcdl. .Siii'v. Can., IStlM-dti. 'I'lic iniiiiljcrs in paMiitlicsf.-*, 1 to 12. arc ttu! .'•aiiu' as in l)r. Iliuifs iciioit on the roult of the assavs. tlUi MJUIU-'i: OK Till-: AM.UVIAI. I.OLK. Itl ,1 I II I'Ull}.!' I, \. K. l,Mt I'.t, St. Cliuil yi'iiiiis of <5okl, - i^G.T*) : whilo thti lit'th. in wliicli a liir<,'e scale of gold WHS s(M>ii in siftinj^, iind was added to tlui assay, yielded at tlie ivito of four ounces eij,'iitoen dwt. . .SlOl.L".) ; th(s average of the live assays being 82r).(iG per ton. Oil lot (jj, of range 1, north-east, aa outcrop of a (puirt/ M'in nccnrs, in which asuptu'ftcial opening had heen made. It was reyiorted that an assay of the ([uartz, Miad(( in New "N''()i'k, gave •■^lo in gold and !^2'2 in silver to the ton of rock ; hut Ijy an assay of Mr. C.'olvin. it gave not less than 810G to the ton. Two a.ysays by Dr. Hunt (No. .'5) gave no trace of gold. A small opetiing on lot 19, of the conce.ssion St. Charles, exposed a vein of (piart/ in slate running north-east, di[)ping south-east. The vein has a thickness of twenty-four feet, and an iiregular jointed structure similar to that on lot 21. An assay of this quartz by Di\ Hayes gave ><70.95 of gold, and 82.00 of silver to the ton. Six assays of this (No. 4) were niade by l>r. Hunt. Of these, the mean of four gave four dwt. twenty-one grains of gold ."^5.03 ; and that of two others, in which, as in No. 2, a scale of gold was seen and was ground up with the powder, was three ounces two dwt. = .'?64.07. Average of six assays is thus S24.71 to the ton. From lot 39, of range I., north-east, a speciman of an outcrop of quartz, was assayed by Dr. Hunt (No. 5). Two assays ga\ e no ti'ace of gold. An outcrop of quartz on lot 20, concession DeLery, hasa bieadth of In ciniLes-.iiiii three or four feet, and runs north-east. The mechanical assay of twenty pounds of this quartz gave Mr. Michel no trace of gold. The vcMii of (piartz crossing the Gilbert on lot 20, concession of DeLery, seems, according to Mr. ]Micliel, to be an e.xtension of that met with on lot 19, concession !St. Charles. The course of this vein is also north-east, with a dip to the south-east, and at the outcrop, where it is se\ en or eight feet wide, it is divided by material derived from the wall-rock into two distinct veins, which evidently tend to unite below. The quartz is cavernous and the materials associated with it are generally ochreous. Mr. Michel submitted twenty pounds of the quartz from the right bank of the Gilbert to a mechanical assay, l)y pulverizing and washing it, and found in the residue twenty-two particles of gold, very minute, but visible to the naked eye. The assays of this quartz by Dr. Hayes gave from 616 to 618 to the ton. Two assays of this quartz (No. G) by Dr. Hunt, yielded a mean of fourteen dwt. sixteen crain."-- of gold ~- 615.15 to the ton. ir! [4-2 .1 .SOUTH KAHTKUN l^UKUKC. Ill IMIIUI' N. i;. m On lot n.'l, r(in;:{t' I., north i^iHt, |{i;^au(l-\'iiuilnMiil, iilrniuly incntiom-d, foinprisiiij,' llic bank i;t' this Cliaudii 'n* at the hi-vils Itapids, tlieie ain nuiiKM'ous JixpoHUi'es ot' the na-ky strata. Amonj^ tlit'se is a sti'on;» liand of sandstone (according; to Mr. Michel) with ii nortli-eust strike, the strata hi'iiis; tiavorscd hy niunerous little veins ot' ([uartz running east-sou thoast, and ain(»n,i.f thciii a well niai'kcd vein a t'oot in width. 'I'o the cast of this sandstone is an oiitorop of c|uart/ exposed fni' a distance of twenty or thirty feet, divided by joints filled with forei>,'n material. /V nieehanical assay of this ([uartz liy .Mr. Michel failed to show a trace of ij;old, while the assay of tlu^ same ipiantity of tpiartu from ontorops on lot .")1 A, <;ave live small particles of ;^(>l(l. Dv. Hunt states in re;,'ard to this (No. 7) on lot 5;», ran^'e I., north- east, that two a.ssays yave no trace of sjold. I'.uMoc Cni K, Another (piaitz exposure having been ob.served on lot .^D .\, range r., north-east, near I'luldoc Creek, Mr. Michel examined it and states that it was an incoherent mineral mass, consisting of (piart/. mixed with the encasing day-slate and sandstone, but ajiparently forming a vein lunning north-east. A mechanical assay of this material gave him six very small scales of gold. Two assays of this (No. 8) from lot TA) A, range I,, north-east, gave Dr. Hunt no gold. On lot 9, range I., of the seigniory of Aubert-Delisle, a vein of (juartz extending east-north-east, and dipping south-southeast was found in the bottom of a pit twenty-five feet deep. It is imbedded in slate, and divided by an admixture of the wall-rock into several parts, one of which is four feet wide. A specimen of this sent to Dr. J lunt (No. 0), on two assays gave no gold. On lot 30, range I., Aubert-Gallion, a vein of quartz from which a specimen was obtained and sent to Dr. Hunt, failed on two assays, (No. 10) to yield a trace of gold. A vein of white quartz, partially explored, occurs on lot 7fi, range I., township of Liniere. It has a width of five feet, and runs with the strike of the slates north-north-east. Mr. Michel was told that visible gold had been observed in another small vein at the bottom of the pit, and that an assay of the (|uartz made at New York gave ^54 worth of gold to the ton. .Specimen (No. 11) from this vein, sent to Dr. Hunt, gave, on two assays, no gold. A shaft to the depth of twenty-five feet was opened on lot 2, raii;.Te I., Liniere, very near the International Boundary, on an outcrop of Aiilirrt' Di'li-l.'. Ailln-t ( 1,1111011 Liiiii' CMtlMIM. HOritCK OK Tin; AI.M'VtAt. fJOf.Il. \U\ .1 ''II 'f^ r. Hui ('•< tlio results of these assays with those | the mechanical as.says] mei\- tioncd by ^[r. Michel, wo shall set^ fuitiier proof of the irre^^ularity with which .i,'old is distributed in tiie i,MnL;ue. The ipiart/, from several <»f these veins has been (examined by Dr. A. A. Hayeks, of Hoston, whose results, which are worthy of the hi!,'hest confidence, are ;,'iven by Mr. .Nfichel, to^'ethoi' with other assays by persons unknown to mo, but probably reliable. The ijuart/ of No. I had yiven in Boston i^'M, and in another assay made on the spot $10() of gold to tlie ton : the mechanical assay also yiekhnl a portion of goM to Mr. Michel ; while two assays of another sain|)l(^ from the same vein t^avc^ nu? no trace of the precious metal. Again, in the ease of No. L', Dr. Hayes obtained $77.50, and Mr. Colvin .'?")4, while one assay of the same vein yieldeil ine not l(;ss than 8101. 'J!) ; and four y. Crusliing t'or gold licre, howevcf, proved un- successful and was soon abandoned. Tn 1S70, Dr. Sclwyn, a'^ Director of the < leological. Survey of Canada, examined and re|ioit(>d on tlie gold-fields in Quebec and Nova Scotia, and niake.'s the following observations concerning the quartz veins of I5eau<'(( county. "The (|uartz veins of this disti-ict ha\e already been c.vaniined and reported on, and their auriferous character has been established. T examined the outcrops of several of these from which samples wore taken bv Mr. .Michel and carefully asssayed by Dr. Hunt. Xo efforts appear to have Ix'en made sini-e the date of the reports above refei'red to, for their further development. The result of Dr. Ifunt's assays was certainly not \ery encouraging, l)ut when compared witii other assays made by Dr. Hayes, of Boston, they only serve as he I'e- -.arks, to pro\e th.e irregularity with which the gold is distributed a the gangue. "Some i)f the vei;s are well situated for woiking, and so far as can be judged from the \ ery limited extent to which any of them have yet been opened, there would be no dilliculty in raising Inrge qviantitics of i|uartz. (.'onsidering the heavy and often nuggety character of much of the alluvial gold of the Chaudiere district, it is in the highest degree improbable that none of the vfuns from the abraded portions of which this gold has without doubt been derived, should be sutticiently rich to yield a fair profit to well flireeted enterprise applied to their ex- ploitation, and it seems extraordinary that so little has hitherto been done in this direction. '* Gold is reported from the Handkerchief settloment, seigniory of St Giles de Beaurivage, also from the copper lodes of Harvey Hill. Traces of gold iiave been met with at Thetford, and Mr. ^lichel reports find- ing gold b}' a mechiinical assay from lot 8, I'ange A, of Laml)ton. Assays of specimens of 'ry sinall. Xo attempts have been made to work these (|uartz veins since. At Dudswell, in the Stoke Mountain range, visible gold has been Cnkl in found in the matrix on lot 1, range VI., township of Dudswell. It was i'Ji'|[i!,\^."ll first discovered in a thin quartz v(un, fi'om one and a half to two inches in thickness, truverfing a mass of altered arkose, which cc .sists principally of ([uartz, felspar and talc. Iron-pyrites and othei' sul phides ai'c found in this arkose, which appears to form a wide band in the pre-Cambrian schists, cropping out as a low ridge or boss. Whether the pyritous minerals occur throughout the whole mass of this rock has not been ascei-tained ; but specimen from that part inclosing the thin (piartz vein carrying visible gold, assayed in the laboratory of the Geological Survey, yielded •3.") of an ounce of gold to the ton =- $0.40. Some exploratory work was per- formed here by Messrs. Harrison, on whose land the gold occurs, and by Mr. John Arinstronir, of -Marlow, who leased the property. * GfoloKy of C'luiiulii (l8(i:i), \,. :<-M. t Ui'port of till' Cnuiinissiniiir nf Cmwii r.:ui(l,s fur !.■••• ■.;<;■« I V • 14G J SOL'Tll-HASTKRN yUKIiKC. Mill u>t frfiiii Subsequently, as this mattor appeared to he one u£ considerabli^ DiuNwcll. interest, the writer was insti'uctetl to again visit this place, and obtained several hundred pounds weijiht of rock, consistint; iarj^el}' of small ()uart/. stringers, but including the arkose matrix and rej)resent- ing material that might Ix; obtained in quantity. By the kindness of Professor .J. B. Poller, of AIcGill ITniversity, this was submitted to a mill test, with the following results :— Wci^'ht of rock tested : vaiiner I } |i. e., valui' S..",'i 1. Tailings frmii vaiiner !IS| ii.c., value o. fii ,. Total value of roek .Sl.Cc' Professor Porter also notes that, as assays of the rock gave from $1.00 to nothing to the ton, the gold must exist in particles of appreci- able si/e scattered through it. Previous to the discovery of gold in these rocks, piei'es of <|Uart/ and conglomer'ate, generally yellowish in colour, andcoiitaining visible grains of gold, were found in the gravels of .several of the small streams (lowing otr Dudsweir Mountain. In 1892, a boulder of this rock, very little rolled, was found in Halls Stream. Numerous angu- lar pebbles have recently been discovered containing specks of gold. Considering all the facts, it seems (|uit(! evident that the source of the alluvial gold obtained hei-e is in the pre-Cambrian rocks of this mountain. Xear Tn the Stoke Mountain range, near Sherbrijoke, gold occurs in small Mierhiouke. (piantities in as,sociation with the cojtper ores, Mr. John Blue, man- ager of the Eustis copper mine, informed me that traces of gold as well as silver were found on assay in tlie copper mines wrought by him, the value being about tifty or sixty cents to the ton of rock. In other places in these mountains, esjiecially near Sherbrooke, and in the township of Ascot, gold lias likewise been met with in the copper ores. Massauipi.' On the west side of Massiiwippi r,ake. on lot !i, range VII., Hatley, f'"l^'' gold is reported to have been found in the i-ocks in minute cpiantities, in the valley of a small stream in which alluvial gf)ld occurs. The pre-Cambrian schists here carry a iiumbei- of broken quartz seams, which in places, contain sulphide minerals, ehielly iron-pyrites. The (juartz veins are irregularly interbedded in the talcose or chloritic .schists and slates. It is quite evid(Mit that here also the pre-Cand)rian rocks must be the source of the gold. ] SOURCE OF THK ALIATVIAL COM). 147 .1 In the Ditton district, very little exploration for auriferous l>itti>n. quartz voins has taken place. IMr. Obalski reports an assay of a speci- men of quartz found thei'e by Mr. Nagant, of Quebec, as sliowiuf; an appreciable amount of gold. During the summer of 189.">, the writer collected specimens of (juartz from .some of the veins crossing the Little Ditton valley, at different points above the Chartierville road bridge. These were assayed in the laboratory of the Geological Survey, and found to contain neither gold nor silver. Gold has, however, been reported to occur in a (juartz vein near the source of the Little Dittdn, but the writer was unable to \ erify this. Across the boundary line, in New Hampshire, it has been discovered at Plymouth and Bridgewater in rocks of pre-Canibrian age. The f"regoing facts serve to show that gold has been found in the *""^''''^ "'■""'' gangue in a number ot localities in the"'Lastern Townships, and is oi Moid in tin- not confined to rocks of one age, having been met with in the pre-Cam- " ' ""' brian, Cambrian and the Cambro-Silurian, although in very minute (fuantities. Its occurrence in the districts mentioned, neverthehvss affords good gr(Miuds for supposing that tlie gold of the alluvial deposits has been ilerived from the rocks of the region, and is consequently of local origin. The comparative abundance of the precious metal in the alluviums of certain parts of the region where auriferous quartz veins occur, as, for example, in the Gilbert valley, at the Devils Rapids of the Chaudicre River, and near the junction of the Du Loup with the last-mentioned I'^ver, would seem to indicate that it exists in some undiscovered portions of these rocks in greater (juantities than have hitherto been met with, though whether in paying quantities is pro- blematical. As stated on a pi'evious page, the view lield by Logan and Hunt regarding tbe primary source of the gold in South-eastern Quebec, was, that it occurred in the crystalline schists, or pre-Cambrian rocks of the Notre Dame range. Since that time the ([uantity of alluvial gold found principally in districts occupied bj' Cambrian or later rocks, has led to a change or extension of the views of geologists rttgarding its source. The (iilbert. Famine, Mill, DesPlantes and other rivers travers- ing rocks of Cambrian age, in the valleys of which so much gold has been found, prove that its .source is near, and is in these and their associated rock.s. From the (luartz veins, found in con^iiderablo number in the places mentioned, specimens were collected by Mr. Michel, and assayed by Dr. Hunt, as shown on a former page, and since that time additional samples have been obtained from various portions of the 101 |1!; II' w ; • . i ti'- U8 J HOUTlI-ICAHTKItN gCKiiKC. .'itticultics cc- iiiiititit;- rij-'iii of gi Cambrian and Cambio-Hilurian districts, sunic of wliicli Iiave been assayt'ci in the laboratory of the Geological .Survey. I5ut althougli yielding traces of gold, in no instance have the results l)een such as to encourage the expenditure of i'aj)ital in working tlu'.s(> ruins. The source of the gold met with in the alluviums in Ditton, Emberton, Chesham, and along the International boundary ncji'tli-r-astward to Lake Megantic, and beyond, may also have been in the pre-Cand)rian rocks which extend along the watershed. Near the bounilary, however, gold has been met with oidy in very small quantities. And although a con- siderable amount has been extriicted from the alhiviums of the Little nitton valley, none appears to hav(! been discovered in the rocks theie. except that noted by Mr. Obalski, as already meationeil. ill In endeavouring to ascertain tlie origin of the goltl of the "Eastern ,1,1_ Townships'' of t^tuebec, a region in which practically no quaitz uiiniii'; has yet been carried on, great ditliculties i)resented themselves, owing to the alniosb entire absence of information regarding its mode of occurrence in tlh> rocks. Indeed, it was found th;it very little pi'ogros had be(wi made in our knowledge of its derivation since the time of Logan and Hunt. While the assays given al)ovo are doubtless in the main correct, the results it will be seen are meagre. (Juarlz veins are numerous and occur in rocks of all ag(!s here, but few of them are found to be aurifei'ous. Their origin is a problem icijuiriiig a much larger body of data than is yet available for its determination. Owing to the fact that the rocks are everywhere covered with a thick mantle of boulder-clay, it is lujt surprising that our knowicd,!:!' concerning these veins is so limited. It seems probalile, however, from the differences in their appearance and cliaract(>r, that tliey belong to different g(,'ological ages. The great majority are interbetldctl or parallel to the schistose or siaty cleavage. Those found in the pre-Cambrian schists are often broken, interrupted, or lenticular. In the Cambrian rocks they are thicker and more persistent. The laiger rmmber of (juartz veins are entirely barren, these predominating in the districts occupied by Caml)ro-Silurian slates. The sulphide (piartz veins are to be found chieily in Cambrian and pre-Cambrian rocks. The results of the investigations so far carried out indicate that tlu; gold occurs only in these (juartz veins or associated with them, though seldom met with in visible ftn'm. In regard to the original source of the gold as delined by Logan and ilunt* it would .seem that the ancient pre-Cambrian rocks, having fur- (ii'iili.gy cif CiiiiMihi (ISC,;)!, ji|,. ."ililiimi 7;i'.l. ] SOflK'K or TIIK AM.IVIAI. COM). lt!> .r nished imuli of the materiiil constitutinj,' the Palioozoic sediments, it seems pos.sible that they may likewise have yielded gold to the latter in ii Hru! state of division as they were washed down into the ancient sea hottom. The niat,oi'i!ils eoiiiposing the Caml)rian and Camhro-Silurian having been thus derived, were probably carried both from the north- west and from the south-east pre-Canibrian ranges, as denudation and waste proceeded. There is a possibility, also, that the gold of these early Palieo/oic roclvs, if any existed in them, may have been concentrated to .some extent in much the same way as in the alluviums of later geological ages, and, if so, it would be somewhat unequally distributed in the sediments. This may be one cause of its occurrence more abundantly in some areas than in others. Prolxibli- Relation of Gold-buariinj Hacks and Diorilrii. The rock.s of the " Jvistern Townships" have undergone a great amount of sheai'ing, plication and faulting, and the sliiti>s everywhere dip at a ,,,',|',i"j,',' 'ifocj",'. high angle. Desides the lateral pressure to which they have been invu-. subjected, eruptive; masses have been thrust up through them, produc- ing, in some localities, marked changes in their character and physical relations. These eruptive Hows are floininant in the belts of Cambrian rocks to the south-east of the Suttoii Mountain anticline, though also noted in local areas in })re-Cambrian and Cambro-Sihirian districts, and seem to ha\e Ix-cn repeated at intervals throughout the geological history of the region. Dr. li. ^^'. Ells states that " it is probable that the diorites of the several localities havt> come to the surface at widely diiYerent periods, for, while some have evidently exercised a metamorphosing action on t.li(> Cambro-Silurian strata, at other places the lower Ijods of the Cambrian an; largely made up of their debris."* Although it is held tliat gold is more likely to occur in those portions of auriferous districts in which intrusive rocks prevail, nevertheless for the reasons stateauce county which have yielded the most gold are those traversed by numerous diorite or diabase dykes. Intrusives also t)ccur connnoidy in those poitions of the Stoke Mountain ranue in which gold has been found. The (Jilbert and Mill River districts are nuich intersected by dykes of these rocks, and considerable faulting and lissuring appear to have accompanied the * Aiuninl K>'p"rt. (Jinl. .Siirv. Can., veil. I [. (X.S.), ISSIi. \,. 41 .1. 'i V. )\ 1) ( H ii ■ i ,1 J f 1 : I ! ^ ^^^' ^n :f iJr. KlIsV ilfscriptic (liurit. s. ino ,1 SOUTIl-EASTEKX yUEUKC. outflows of igneous materials there. The basin diained by the Famine River also contains numerous diorite or dial)ase rocks. Similar eruptives t'xtend along the mountain ranges, especially the Stoke and the Sutton mountain anticline throughout the greater part of the " Eastern Town- ships." Dr. Ells has thus described them : — ^" Dioritic rocks are found at many points throughout the Townships, sometimes in masses of huge e,vtent, as in the Big and Little Ham mountains, and in the ])eak.s along the westein side of Lake Mem{)hrenjagog ; at otheis, as bosses and (l);kos The largest and most important areas are found in a belt whicli can be readily traced from the Vermont boundary, north-east for over one hundred miles, crossing the Chau- dit're llivei-, and extending into the townships of Cranljourne and Ware "The course of the principal Ix'lt is generally northeast, following the prevailing trend of all the formations : but in Clevelund and Ship- ton it assumes a transverse twist whicli also affects the pre-Cambrian and other formntions in the vicinity, and changes the strike for some miles in the townships of Wotton and Ham to an almost easterly- course. The prolongation of the Melboui-ne and Shipton ridge, which appar- ently terminates at the Little Ham Mountain, after an interval of about live mile-; occupied by slates and sandstones, re;ippears in the Big Ham Mountain, which is on lot 2, I'angc XL, Ham, and rises boldly from the somewhat llat country arounes I. and 11., Clinton, the other on lot 25, and adjacent range VII., Clinton. They ai-e appirently part of the chloritic slate series, and m:iy belong to an earlier date than many of those of the central and western area.'* The probable age of the diorites has al.so been lef erred to on page 149 i. The superficial or areal dimensions of these dioritic masses is variable, dykes from only a few feet or yards in width to great masses, of the ,i'i,„ite niiissfs e.vtent of IMoose .Mountain in Cranbourne (see Geological Survey map) being met with. In theChaudirn* valley from the Col way lliveraiul Uras du Sud Guest to the junction of the Du Loup, they are quite commom. The Devils Rapids, just above St. Francis, are caused by one or more bands of tliese eruptive rocks crossing the Chaudicre valley. East of Jersey Mills, in Ste. .Marguerite settlement, diorite bos-es were observed. Further west, along the up|>er waters of the St. l-'rancis and in the vicinity of Pudswell, as stated, diorites occur, and here gold lias been met with in the alluviums and also in the rocks. The gieat band of eruptives continuous with the serpentines and dioi'ites of Colcraine and Thetford, passes to the north, as has been shown by Dr. Ells. Goid-beaiing rocks are thus found in a number of places associated with the great band of eruptives described, i t seems to be also in rocks Cuinuidt'nc.^ traversed by these that silver, iron and copj)er ores, chromic-iron, 'jficfriiyi^!,'!!!,^) asbestus, etc., are met with, iri(!gularly distributed in a broad mineral- '■•uptiMs. ized zone. So far as known, nearly all the precious metals and ores lie within this irregular belt, except such as occur near the New Hampshire and Maine boundary. .Vlong the International boundary in the townships of Emijerton, Chesham, Woburn, Clinton, Ditchtleld, and as far as Risborouj^h, •lold seems also to have been furnished to the alluviums by the erosion and ,,VksiiiMr waste of the Cambrian and pre-Cambrian rocks. Diorites or diabases ''"f<'"tti'iiial ^ ^ bi)Uii(liti\'. have also come up through these ancient rocks. Cold is reported to have been found in a (juart/ vein at or neai- the source of Little Ditton * Aniiii;il lirpMit. r,vn\. S\u\. Can., \ul. II. (N'.S.), ISHC, \i]>. .'j'.t, 40, 11,. i. llr] '■£ Sourcp itt(in i,'>iUl. T'liiiMiry sourci' (if fj:(ili of " KilStClll ir>2 .1 HOUTIl-KAHTKHN t^U KIIF.C, Uiver, also in llisboroui,'!] and Marlow in as.soruation witii tlie silver or f,'alena ores met with in those localities. Tho pre-Cainlirian source of the gold, and the conditions of its origin, especially in relation to the jiresence of dioritic intrusives, appear to be similar here to thfise of the great belt to the north-west described abuvo. Tn the Little Ditton valley, which is almost wholly within the area of Cambrian rucks, the source of the alhnial gnld is jiroblematical, unless it is derived from the pre-Cambrian of the International bound- ary. Specimens from four of the ijuart/. veins traversing Cambrian slates in this valley, assayed in the laboratory of the .Survey, gave no traces of gold. As, however, the alluvial gold occui's most plentifully just abo\e the biidge (m the ro:id which leads from La Patrie to Chartierville, it would seem as if its source must be local, in the Cambrian rocks. The country is densely wooded on both sides of the river, and no explorations could be made beyond the valley. Towai-ds the sources of the L^itton Hiver, in Embei'ton, Ches- ham and Clinton, alluvial gold has, h(jwever, been found in the gravels south of the limits of the Cambrian area. Co-ordinating all the known facts respecting the conditions of occur- rence of the gold bearing veins and the dioi'ite group, it would .'■cem that they have a very close relation to each other. At Dudswell the gold was found in an arko.'.e, possibly conglomeritic. In every other instance whei-e it is known to occur, its invariable associates seem to be quar-t/ and sulphides, and diorite locks are met with in the vicinity. The coincidence between the belts of these eruptives and the districts in which traces of goUl have been met with is, to .say the least, remarkable. The primai'y source of the gold of the '•Eastern Townsliips " seems therefore, to be the crystalline sciiists of pre-Caiubrian or Jluronian age, which were invaded bv dioriles and (jtlier intrusives anc ()«iisii|is. yielded material to the basal Caml)rian conglomerates, and were also probaijly traversed by quai't/ veins. These schists liaving fur- nished by their denudation a considerable portion, perhaps the chief portion of the materials constituting the Caml)rian f.nd later rocks, if they c(jntained gold, it would be transported along with other minerals, and disseuunated in a very tine state of division in the sedi- ments of Cambrian and Cand)ro-Silurian age. After the consolidation of the rocks, upheaval, crumpling, faulting and nietamorphisin would seem to have taken place, and the gold would proi)al)ly be brought up in solutions in these and concentrated along with silica and the metallic sulphides in the faults and fissures, thus forming auriferous veins. I '1 ■J SOUIICK OF Til!'; ALLUVIAL (H)l.lJ. 15.". .1 of Tn till' latest geul()gii!(il ages, suljaei'laliietiiniliusuxidizcci ami ciian;.'*'!] llie I'dcks into soil (I'otlou rock) to considcrahie dopllis. The ((uart/ veins and their contents would also suffer similar dceay with tlie slates, sandstones, etc., and a great reduetion of the surfaei' und(iubtedly followed wherever there; was sullicient slope to allow the- materials lo he aii'ected hy drainage waiers, in the removal and trans|ioriation of this sedentary material, whatever gold was iu tiie (|uart/ veins and in the products of rock decay would he concentrated in channels or river-hottoms in the gravels in which it is found at the }ir>'sent ilay. In the auriferous districts of siaith-eastern (iHielier, tlicre has thus lieen a prolonged concentration of the gold throughout several geological ages, by mechanical, chemical and other agencies, bringing it more and more into an available economic form, the latest being in the alhuiums of tlie pi'esent liver-valleys. The gold-content of the fioubtless, been entirely lost in a verv fine state of comuunution. ! I 11 m :t !■' n j; ii. si il . W' m I- lis- M'l'KNDlX I. 1 .-).-) .1 APl'KNTUX T. The followinf; statistics havo het-ii compilnl from infoniiatiDti furnislicd to Mr. K. J). lnf,'all, of this Smvey, In Mr. Win. P. Lock- wood, of Montreal. "(jokl extracttifl i)y Win. P. Loekwood from the lirst jnoporty ac(iuir(l & Co. from pfospcctiiitr >hiifts on .M imis ( .'lainis 18, and drivi s for l.'iO iiieii. complete and in perfect order, making large returns, when they were driven from tlieir Work. 'J'hirty-tive njen in the mimtli ofOetoher, took out 1H7.'S. Loekwood it Co. oiiened three siiafts on Lcjt 12 De Lory, with full working plant for Canada d'old Company, and obtained 18'.tl-0:i'.i;>. Loekwood & Co. from two shafts, one inclined tunnel and tramwav, obtained 1!I04 dwt. grs. !7 IT) l.'ii) i> to lO'.l !t7(» 4iS 3604 1." •2\} " Copy of sworn returns of gold extracted from the property of the Canada Gold Co., from the 1st of July, 1S80. St. Charles, McArthur Bros. . ■' La Santa Anna . . " L'■ I,.'iy. L'f IJ. liri'uvillr Mf;, Cii. of Ontiirio.. ll 7 In i:;. ci.iiviK.vdoid M^'. (',, i:iii lo -i St. ('Iii\il..< •• iL'. (n.i. ■|'lii.ricii\ (' till 7 II l)i' Lfi'.v, '• i:i. < 'miiictiiii, (lilwnii iS: Kin^ Tiii i; "jn " •• Mi'DojiiiM, Towns ,t I'.itviii. . 17 I" « T;iilii.u- '• " H. ( li.i^. LioiiMi- -j: li •Jii •• I'M'inic. Mi;. »t .MillinK<'o If.'l I L' l.\ .lolm Mi-liiu- I."- 7 11 " •■ Hi. K;i~( linini'lifc. •• l!.nl..'iV Cic " •• 17. ClliUldirrr .Mr. Co " '• 7 i'^: 1'^. .Saiiil-' nml S|iiiiilililip '■ " ]S. \ iituiiii Co ■_'i). .I,,s. |{..,.(1 St, Charleys, " !•_'. ( Iri.-iiMc I )ioii l:i. Hn-li .M.Cilli.s " " " .Iran Lif,.|,i>- " " '• .V. Walker " '■ l-.'.^- 1".. K. Knitoii |)i". ii'- Uaiiids. !,. Ulaiiclal St. (.'liai'li'^ " II. .la.i. Kori;!.- " '■ ■■ ( iilliiil 'roiiilin-ioii '11 A I-J. St.(»iiK<' >V <'!.■ " " •• I'ovvci'.i, I Siiick iV ( '< |)c I.iry, '• l;i. \-.Co\ipal vt (Jo " IS. I,. ( iindrcau Ist Ui'iiui-, .loliii ;\Iu.\iih()ll I!i\i"rc df.'i l'lauti>, liilly PouliiiiV ('o St. {'Iiarle.s Lot 1:.'. ( 'aiiadn (lold Co (iiijil dii.«t and luiijpt.^ liou^rlit liv liciia.ult, i'otviii ami otluTs fidiii |iarlif.i worlanj,' within limit- Ci'l'tiliod Sill .lllllr. i.S'<7. (Sitfuid) II. .1. .1. i)(CHi;>\AV. .1. (i. .M. I'. (Ci.y.) "(iold oxtractwi from tlie <;i'ouii(ls of Win. 1'. Lockwoorl .<• Co., from IS70 to July 1st, I'^JsO, by tlio jktsous iiiiiiied ;i- follow V! III 11.' 1 -. 1 17 1 HI .J., .'i ^1 > ir, I'l 1 1 o 'ralliliir-i 1 1 II 1 III •Jl 1 1 II 'r.iilin^r.- 11 1 II 11 II.'^ II ,") (Mil i:; i:t 1 in ti Tailiiiurs 10 • > L'O • I. I n 1 1 II (1 .s o i; Ciiii; II •Jl L'Sl - II 1870 to 1877 Saudi. Uld.-ou & .\lilli-r. tluvi- of Mr. l,oi-kuood'> ro^^iilar AiorkiiiuM, from lot 11, St. ( 'li.iili'-, ir- porti'il in the tir.st live months I'li.. |s .'i Made no returns afterwards, Imt ohtaimii , it lia.-'t. .. :.'iM) (i u Total. lori IS .-, :'^r' M AriT.VHIN I. in: J )s7i'i tu IS77. I .'mM iilitiiiiiril a- iilii.\»' Mjiti"! Ii.v SaiuiM, <>!il.-iiii .iiul MilliT, \iiliii'(| iit \S7>< to .Inly I, ISM). .I:itl< St. OiiK'''. f Ml'. Luck win Ill's fnri'liKil, wliii wurkfd for him .s yraiN, .jdiiU'd lii- iniitlicr iiiiil nIv :iiiiii'r.i, aii'l li:t\ ini^' iiiiulc iiii'iini,'i.iii*'iit.< witli faruH 1,4 Inr ImihI mi hnt II, ,St. Chaili-', (ili- laiiicil ( liivmiiuiril liciii-c, aiii| sliow ii n^luni m1'. . IS77 tn .Inly I, I'^Sii. 'I'lic St. I )|if,'iv CLiiiiiii ncsl uiiikiii|,'Mii I,,ii II'. 'I'lii'V Wi'li' Ijdllll'lM nf ( liHi-nillH'llt piild IllillllHi liciIKfS, mill stiiti'd that thi'y Willi ill (jTiilil 'I'ht' i^'i'iiniid uni-k.il uiis iihimt fmir m i'i..-, whii'li ..'lloWH till' ilM'l'a^;!' yield iif jfiilil, a-i l'i)iiii'tiMl liy .Mr. LiiL'kuiiiid. t.i 111' aluiut •'"'.■i(t,■ tnnk mit, with forty men, iilmut M iimiee-i nl' woM jn y day. or ■III averatfi. nf sii.Cid pei' man. In additiiin tn llii ,tliii\e the -umii ( iiiMi'iim.sit. returns fmm .lujy Isl, ISSII, t<> \XX',<, >liiiWa |i|nilil(;- tinil nf Tutiil. r.'.'tio X 7:i,iMMi .«lli;i,iKio •*liiO.Mfi •^ ■I3.'..' .") HllTi 37 38 ; (10 . !» 2.") ; CO : ()4 '■ 40 07 (» 78() none, none. 70 I. i i 03 ; '37*': 201 • none. none. o8 00 •I 2r, (iO 04 2015 208 0* i 212-7* 212-7 '■■ 212 7 i 212-7 I 01) 0; 05 -Oj 70 -0, 201-5 218-5 23il-.-> 210 ;■, 212 218 7 222 7 250-7 253 -tl 273 70 40 78 78 01 I 31 Gi 56 55 03 35-0 00 78 *.\ppro\iniate ele\iitirms. 240 240 278-7 27 1-0 24!» 322 7 327 CH«Ulc»i 1 DIX IT. \ppi:\i)i\ n. 159 J l!IVi:i!, CIIALDliliK DISIIiK T, Qli;. ChaudiiTt" rivers, approximately .".;;") iV>ot alxn-f sea-level. AIWIVK DATl'.M. 'J'"l'"f |.,.,| Uiver iit I"'.v i ,,,,,,1. Mcamst I trniv..]. I '""-I- : point I ilevclloflJ TirllKuks. ft. 117() U8(; ft. ft. I IMIO '' ".'.'.'.\ (■'J''"'''^' 'S!» 7 do do do do do do ()\ertlo\ved. N'"t bottomed, works destroyetl li\- tin-. A. Lofkwood i*t ("o.. N'd. 1. ,-, .^ '" " ^'"- -, about >aine a> Xo. 1. Unfted from shaft into the hill to the lead. 'rnnnelled into hillside above the ditch, alioiit l.") ft above river, omi srnk shaft to bed-rock. .'4 ft. Test shaft. ;„;. :,.■•' 1:^. ^',; '\ * '"• ^'"••<. »"■•"■ li"" "f 1 1 it iL'about saim. a.s 1 fc L>. ''"^ *' I :\\. I', r.., near hneof 12i\: l:<. N'o jiarticuhu>. ■M\ : i>4(l JJepth of shafts from top of timb,.rs Sl' ft. -'■' ' -^'' flo fl>' do 4.Sft..chainage2(t2;i7 to here. \. h. Line of 1.") & 111 f I !i\ m IGO .1 S(»l TII-KASTKHN Qf KliKC. Tho furcgoin^' talilc is ii)L'om[)l('t(', the. data tor sduio ot' the shafts not liaving- been tVjiiished. Tiieiv an? also some discrepaneies, noted by Mr. Ingall on the M.S. in liis po.sse.ssion. Taken along with ^Ir. AViii. P. Lockwodd's i'c]i()rt (]Uoted in previous pages, howevei', it gives a iiiiiiiber ot' \alual)lp iletails regarding the old workings of the (.Jilbert valley, now all Tilled in and closed. APPENDIX IIT. Notes (in till' cliainagc and le\els uf the Gilbert River, St. Fi'aneois, i'eauiM' cduniy. (^hicliec by Arthur Lockwood. 'i'he datum is the junction of the (Jilbert lliver and the Chaudit'i'e ol.") feet aljo\e sea by aneroid, based on the height of St. Francois station, (iHiebee Central lailway. From this point also the chainage was rcekoncHl. following the sinuosities of the river. Chainnge and Lescls ivm tlic mouth of (iilbert itiver to Lot 1". iJeLery Concession: — - C'liiiiniigi' llast liiif mI' 1>i vAWiiv. S.K I. 'it 7. St. ( 'liai'lfs cuncc.-'siiiii • I'l^t licliiw iiinulli of ( 'ariiu ( 'ii-rk. but 1(1, .-^t. ( 'li;lllcs. l-(illrl--.ii.ll ■• II. •• i:!, Dibnv " 1.-,, " ■ r>.'v.-; ft. ft. S.142 lad-i; 11.tl.-| l.'il'2 11.. Mil iMi'.-i 1 l.L'lt? isr2 iti.;ii(i 2in-:i l!l.718 224-I) 22.4(12 27N7 i'^-oni Lot 15, i)i'!^('r\' Concession, to tlu; ('ranliourne line: — I Cliiviuap'. I.evi K. I'l'iip •' .Mouth of X.i;. I'.lallrll, Lot ll'., jIl'LcfV Line (if liOt.« Hi .(lul 17. I )cLiiy. Foot of Aiiicricaii (iolil .Miiiiii'T (.'o. s \\oil;s, !■". W'ailsuortI \- Co.. f.ot l.s Line of liot.- IS anil 1'.. D.'bciy \ . V 1- I ... . I .It 1 1 I I I'odt of (l.aiii . .Vl Inii' ot l,oi~. -.1 I _1. jli'J.ciy, Line of Lots •_'! ami 22. Hcl.crv. Foot ot falls Toll of filll.s l''oot, (if falls and raiiiiis at sau -mill, almiit liiw of Lots 22 and 2;t, Dcbny. ... 'I'dp of falU and ra|iiil.> aliovc nn-itioncd. Koot of siiiall tails. I.ol 2."i, I l.d.cry I.owir sidi (if 111 idgc at inad lii'tuccn Lots 25 iuid 2(i, Dt'Lcry . . Alio'it line of ( 'onc('s.siiin Olians.sc^'ros " St. < iustiivc bower side of bot ;il. Klil.siT, S.K On liill at Atkinson's dam, hot 4;t, l^'rascr. S. !•; lb -ad of s\vaiji|i at ('i-anliouiiic line ft. 22.(Hiil 2:<,ii(;7 2;!,!I'.I2 21.,'i2'.t 2."),M'.t 2:1. SI II 2(;.7:.2 27,0! n 2S.S2-[ :is7-.-i ;-iitii-2 41.-I-S 42;->-.'i 44,"r!i .V!4-2 (;iC.-2 7ti'.''?i "■'(I'll ft. i:.l"J im-:j •jiir;! L'-J4'0 [.ev.I'-. tt. L'St -0 oi4-:> ;u 445 •!» 534 '2 GlG-2 70i>-!> 721 I'd I. 1 '■ f: ;r ! ■ h I I t GEORGE M.DAWSON, C.I I Legend Boundaty of arra covered hv r.n-frentide. ice ,ndary of aita .ivv^n-d hv .ippalaoliMirv irr. ^ Strict of Afvahfhi^n uv ,, Stru,. of e^l'»- L-""-^t''i'' •■'«• .^^ Stii« of l^'- 1.""^""''' "■' \„.^y .V«^ of ^-^"^ '•■' __ Boundary of area, of principal GEORGE M.DAWSON, C.M.6..LL.0.,F.R.S..DIRECTOR Tl .Sl(b(t>inli c E ' M \i (D H ir x , / / Vll \' M <) N T-M I J ■ IV ' \ s 1 \ "- /•■7Y 'X \ ,< T \ / / ,_ J\\ T 1 h ly v.. ■I 'f' ■ y . yjsfp^"'-"-"'"" Y\ 'Z^'^^-Sh^^^ y2>^ / jC^"'' '■' '' V' I -^\ NORTH /■-4 1 H ..- - r- , , q; 1, A X 1)^ ''^ ^^ ^k w / ^\ i^ _4 ^ — 7« — w '>"arT'^'^^ \)>^ Y A /jN.-\ » H K S ''lTXY ; 'itletHtuw *'*'**! - N 7U^\A--- M A Boundary of area, of pnnctfitd Gold nccurrlaieeji Gold Jooalitiu / K I N i; W I (' K h(a m /' V II A . M s H eyi T O X ' ^ m ' ^ /? //^-^A: ' '37' ■ \ ^^ /*[i' TO ^~>Bs^bu ii.nwn7ii^\-U^' : Sftf'r/}finiJi*' ^' Mi/, ( i J '■i Ik'(K -^M' <)( K '-'»' H-o/' X -= <) K F <) H 1) ITfnno.vyU/r, T () Nf 0^. •iT \ -r-' Z***'^--^^-'—^- _, .Vat* r(jri77/r^ I y ir >s-- () V y im. A <; o « ! II A I LiK V 7f /v -v-\- ,X A n ARFoui) ■ v.! \' ./i^ X "ab^"^ ^*<>^ i"^ ■ I ini^n E F o i?-p. I ^■— ;-:^i^-'A. \-?i- Xr^..^., , V <. M A >1 .. I .'u 72' ;«»' GOLD AREAS A \^^, SOITHEASTI Natiiial f 5ca/« 5 M; ^s -W I if. s;:'Iiv O W /'( "^jiiiVT "^ if/ \ ,-4! ^/ ^---^ V^ 1 • , / I V <> I' 'I- sm? •' \ ^ - ,T ; " -^i" "".7 " ,^ ^ ••<.. .•-v.y X E '^V A >l P H II I e E ;u>' rORC+TO UIH f.'J : GOLD AREAS AND GLACIATION OF SorniEASTKltN (H'KHKC Natiifal Sciili- s„„'„„„ Scale 8 Mites to I inch IP J> JO ticolotficaJJv Aurifvr'l Ity li i'htthitrrs. Aivompanviittt Part J i'nI.S Nrw Serifs; {.MM r3=#r ~?'MUe