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 ■WWUmw^H WUp ti m ■ 
 
 -»•. . . , 
 
 THE 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 POETICAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 TO WHICH 18 ADDED 
 
 Tint 
 
 RULES OF ARITHMETIC IN RHYME. 
 
 BY QBOEGB VAN WATERS. 
 
 p 
 
 
 Capitdat 
 
 TM IMTM Md nounUlM wkMk >w<Mli i 
 Ab4 riTwi ralllat lo lb* itark^M Bood, 
 Aad Wm wmI lakti t ttmr *•*« tprcM 
 rn liai tat Uai apon tigf HMnonr : 
 Batfk Moada la imooCk ubrokta IIbm i 
 • Ml Mar a* Um tpwkUiig tkU. 
 
 
 HmvIim 
 Atimt 
 
 V , 
 
 • * 
 
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 ••• 
 
 NEW YOBK: 
 1864 
 
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 ■^■■•■■■■•■•■■■■HBHHHi 
 
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 mum** 
 
 
 To those who hare not the time to turn over a large volume, who are not pre- 
 judiced against' iniprovotnr^nts in soionoe and literature, who would learn the 
 leading features of a very dilficult branch and Rteep it in the memory, who have » 
 relish for the novel, and a curiosity to know some of the most important and striking 
 oharacteristics of nature and art; in a word, all unprejudiced pad generous minds, 
 to such, this work is rospcolfully dedicated and inscribed by their 
 
 Humble Servant, 
 
 THE AUTHOR, 
 who has spared neither lime nor labor to make it useful and interesting. 
 
 XnUrM a'ecording t« Act of Congrew, io th« year 1849, bj 
 
 GEOUGE VAN WATERS, 
 
 Ih tU« Clerk'i OiBe* of th« Dittriet Court of tb« United SUt<« for the District of Ohio. 
 
 X 4 a 
 
 i7 
 
 Hevifed, tDlarged and re-fntcrfd sf wording to Act of CongrcBS, in the year 1868, by 
 
 JOHN G. WELLS, 
 In the ClerU'a Offie* of the Diatriet Cou.-t of the U/iiUil SUtct, for the Southern Diftrict of New York. 
 
 I 
 
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 i 
 
ot pr8- 
 Lin ths 
 have » 
 triking 
 miads, 
 
 [OR, 
 
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 ir York. 
 
 I f 
 
 i 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Onii of t5i« MtraTaRanca of aulhord.ls in flaftering ihemwlfM UiM thfir own prodnfltlom 
 are nuperlor lo thonn of thiiir rlT»lii, and m»ny,t.) m»k« It appear mors obrioui th»njt may l>o, 
 MMTto turn tha public faTorfn»mthrlrniniprtiU>r'«infrlUi, by Jeff rt* real <ir prfitundH.whlrh 
 theyara careful to exhibit; presf ntinRlholr own at tho nanifitlinfl.ln thfirniont brllliant.'olora. 
 
 But, aToUIIng this eitrama, thn Author of thin work would auk lea»e only Ut ahow thfl n«ed 
 and worth of a rhymlna By»tom, In nocurlng a knowledge of the branch here troai*d of, and 
 leare othem to deride how far ho hte eucromled In the formation of nurh. 
 
 That proper names are more difflciult to n-Uln In the memory, than rommon, U almost 
 superfluous to .nention. In aoqulrliiH: peneral terum, or In the ntudy (»f language, the con- 
 tinual repetition of the same words, and our familiarity with the subjects to which they are 
 appllad. renders It leas diffloult to the mcnio^, than in learning nroper names that are fixed 
 to denote one thing only, and neyer occur unless the objects or things for which thoj stand 
 
 are particularized. ...,.» *. * *v _ . 
 
 Geography is a branch that Is studied by nearW all— but how fbw among the Tast num- 
 ber, who spend years in acquiring a knowledge of it, fter reUln or remember It. 
 
 But the defect is not to be attributed to tho works (itndIod,but to the poverty of memory j 
 the retentlte powert of the mind are not endowed with energies competent to the task of 
 Mistaining so cumbrous a load ; some mechanical "kid is requisite, and hence the utility of a 
 work of Ae present kind. 
 
 The author has endeavored to circumseiibe in as small a spaca as possible the matter 
 here presented, and by so doing has sacrificed ornament to brerlty, which is the leading 
 characteristic of the work. , . . ... »i. . j.« 
 
 From the ''fferent pronunciations that names admit of, and the unsettled difference among 
 the leame<' ' unlearned as to their correct orthoepy, the manner of pronunciation here may 
 by many be ^.emed imperfect, and by a different pronunciation render many of the lines 
 prosaio and disproportionate in meaHure, which will doubtless be an objection offered to the 
 reception of the work ; but such an objection would be unjust and unwarrantable ; it would be 
 utterly impossible to esUblish a system of orthoepy wWch would be sanctioned by all. 
 That of the present work is founded principally on the authority of Baldwin, Wwcester, and 
 Morse— and if theirs be adhered tp, no irregularities of sojind or quantity will be discemable. 
 
 The following, from Joseph E. Worcontcr, will serre to show the impossibility of establish- 
 ing a uniform aystem of pronunciation of foreign names, and also, the high claims of Common 
 Custom (and it might be said with propriety, "Common Sense,") in settling this matter. 
 
 "There can be no doubt but that geographical names, which assume such different forms 
 lin .Mfferent languages, should bo pronounced differently by tlie inhabitants of different coun- 
 tries, and in accordanco with the analogrca of their respct tlvo languages. All the commoL 
 geographical names, such as are familiar to all intelligent persons, have become more or 
 less Anglicized, and thoir pronunciation is more or leas conformed to tho English analogy. 
 Manuof these words may be considered as perfectly i\nglicizcd, and are pronounced as 
 common English words ; but there are many that are only partially Anglicized, and with 
 regard to such, it is often difficult to determine how far, In pronouncing them, the English 
 andogy should be allowed to prevail. , . . . ,. 
 
 " Wiih respect'to theclassof words which aro partially Angliclned. there is a greatdivorsity 
 in the manner of pronouncing them. Some respectable speakers incline to pronounce them, 
 for the most part, according to the EngllBh analogy, while others aspire to pronounce them as 
 they are pronounced in the several languages to which they appertain; and there are many 
 cases in which it is difficult to determine which is roost to be approved, the English or foreign 
 method; but a medium between the two extremes may be regarded generally as a Judicious 
 courae." 
 
 1 
 
 I k«a 
 
 iiiMiH 
 
II ii » ipiwiw»i>«M»iiPf t i i i i » i I I mmmn^^^ 
 
 I iW P i 
 
 - 
 
 ITEMS AND FACTS. 
 
 •♦•••• 
 
 1. The PovncAL Oioorapht is intendod to be used u an independent 
 work, or to acoompftny any of the common ichool geographies and at- 
 
 laaea. ' • .' 
 
 « 
 
 2. It can be learned by children, and in foot by all, to a greater ad- 
 vantage than any other. It combines the usefVil with the agreeable. 
 
 3. It is a work that ia wholly original, which is something that no other 
 school book can boast. 
 
 4. It is not calculated to supersede any of the school geographies or 
 make a change of school books, but is de Jgned as an accompaniment 
 to them. 
 
 6. It is calculated for the old and young, learned and unlearned, for 
 the in&nt school and the oc^ege. 
 
 6. If any one thinks the task too great to commit the whole of the work, 
 to memory, let them leani parti of it^ such as the towns or riTert of the 
 country they are most interested in. An old Arabic proverb runs thus*: 
 " Because you oaimot secure the whole, lose not the whole." 
 
 7. A knowledge of geography cac be gotten ftrom this work in less 
 than a quarter of the time than it can from any other. 
 
 8. in writing this work, recourse has been had to all the school geo^* 
 raphies in use, tui w^ as histories and books of traveL 
 
 • r 
 
 |C •,», 
 
 U' 
 
 
 ' .."j y; * "* ' ■ "- ' ' *Mimhit i>mimimiMmmmmm»i*» 
 
mimmmn^mmmffmmmffmmfmm 
 
 Aw4Y Into A grove yonng Alva itrayad, 
 His task to learn beneath the oooUng shada ; 
 Before him lay an Atlas open wide, 
 Wl^e towns and monntains stood on erety side; 
 Long on iin page his studious inind was plaoed, 
 Bat dark Forgetftilness each name deiiMMd ; 
 At length discouraged, sorrow o'er him presa'd, 
 And a deep sigh oame from his laboring breast, 
 When ]o\ a seraph stood before his fisoe, 
 And beamed with radiance of celestial grace ; 
 In his right hand a golden lyre he held, 
 And 'mM ambrasial clouds poised o'er the field; 
 TIm ast<mished boy could scaioa his presence brook, 
 While the fair Spirit thus his arrand spoke : 
 
 " I am a traveler, on my isrial way, 
 Across the gulf of Tast immensity. 
 I speed my course, ai^ in a moment pass, 
 From star to ttai^— -from woirld to nnlTerae. 
 Chreation's fiirthest skirts I have beheld, 
 And manhalled o'er her wide^mbounded field; 
 A ^tl whMi I winged the rest profound of space, 
 This wpM remote reaired up her clayey £soe ; 
 With rapid flight, ^pon extuided Mn 
 I came and circled loond her tevrene 
 All I beheld—but ere I passed away 
 To other wwlds, I oast mine eyes on '.hue. 
 
 / 
 
n 
 
 INTMODUOTIO^. 
 
 I MW thn t«ftr mil from thy ipArkling «7«, 
 
 And why it roltml, I nm^tl not Mk Hton why ; 
 
 I'vfl ounie my Ixty, to wip« thfl falliqg tnani, 
 
 And gtvfl an n|M«t« for thy grmf and fiMra: 
 
 Thd townii arwl tiiuuntaina whinh iMinoath ma stood, 
 
 And riven rolling to tho dark-blue flcN)d, 
 
 And ialm and Inkna aa th«y were aiirnatl to me, 
 
 I'll aing and hind u|M)a thy memory : 
 
 ilamh Nonnda in ariKxtth unbroken linea shall gUd* 
 
 As fro« and easy as the sqarkliiig tide. 
 
 Whi^n firat I lattnchrwl me down the ethereal Aj, 
 
 Columbia's short^were apread before mine eya 
 
 In duaky fttaturns, for the orb of day 
 
 Biased un the anti|todns, the other way, 
 
 And the pale moon, fair emprens of the night, 
 
 Pat veiled ii>K!ury, on hor uhariot bright. 
 
 And now uf that, wliich lay beneath my wing, 
 
 Hard, raise thine airs, and aid me as I sing." 
 
 Thus having said, ha struck his heavnnly lyrt, 
 
 And sang in aooonts of ealowtial firs. 
 
 < ^ 
 
 
 . .jamTA** 
 
 ■ 
 
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 ' ft-. ^ - ■■iir 
 
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 1 
 

 TH£ 
 
 
 .ood, 
 
 iitU 
 
 fi 
 
 POETICAL GEOGllAPUY. 
 
 I.— OEOOlUrUIOAL DEFINITI0N8. 
 
 Oeogimphy. 
 
 TV rarftM* of tb« lUrth, with M ito lrlb«a, 
 Of M* Md knd, U«off«ph7 d«MribM. 
 
 Th* Aarth. ; 
 
 Thb Kwth ii bat • nigktj b«II proftMad, 
 iu«t At* Mil tw«irtT UlatiMiid mUm •round : 
 Om fourth lb* •«»•• of lUi f lob« ia iMid ; 
 ThtM <*vrtki u« w«*tr m /as aa«l«ntMtd. 
 
 ProM DeflniiioiM. 
 
 OMMiraT.— Oaograpb/ U » d«MripUon of tk« 
 
 (••< mIIm, ud »S« •ir«««ll»r««», •» *UUm» •»<»«■« l^ 
 
 *^?iwLMh1;?«^irft.. rf lb. «r«l. ft UW. u4 «- •»*•' 
 
 **?li^'uVclIllrof th* pt«aM3 thai fW.l»« •rtmni Ih* ••■ i 
 vktak (Irrall 11 iMTferM wMt ta • »»*. II larM romod apM 
 lii Mk MM la ivwiffcai Umn. It 
 ti BlMtr->v* bUKom tImUm. 
 
 II.— DIVISIONS OP LAND. 
 
 ^i 
 
 Dlvlslonfl. 
 
 Of Uad, and ito diTkioM, rMd tho rtorUo ; 
 Ptm^mdu, Cmtmmtt; hUmd$, PrtmmUtnu, 
 4ad ItUmmM* mm! C*fu, And Momium$ high 
 rtliitn. 9Ww, Md ZItMrl*, wot ud diy. 
 
 TIm LMid k dlTidod Into OoBtioosi, Itluda. 
 rimmmUt\m, lt»tiMit, Oavti. M— ■»!— .Ti l wwt, >k-~ 
 •••Mi,tlk 
 
 ._ I ariMl, I* tkaiM«M«t(trattr,lill»4ik«t 
 
 Ikt aiM* t*«t«(*t*M an MkMVa. 
 
 Oontinmitii 
 
 A Cmttrnmi ia » root titanl of Umd, 
 
 When rivtn ran and boundloM pUiat ozpond, 
 
 Whoro moanUiM rito— wh«r« town* and «»«• grow, 
 
 And natioM lire, and all thoir ««ro boatow. 
 
 Two tontintnU only, on ihii globo ato toon— 
 
 B«^Um and Wuttm, aro thtir naaea (I ntm); 
 
 Tho Ka«<«ni Cimtimm l , wo too, diYid* 
 
 In Eiinf$, IfriM, and Aiim wtdo. 
 
 Tho Wmttn CwUmmi wo noit bdMld. 
 
 Wkoro tftrtk and SmOk Awm% 
 
 mam 
 
 i 
 
/ 
 
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 f' 
 
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 'i 
 
 *mm 
 
 8 
 
 POETICAL OEOaEAPHT. 
 
 ' B * 
 
 A ConUnank u * vwt titent of Und, not diridod 
 hj wu«r. 
 
 Th«ra sr* ito eoDttnir.U— Ih* lMt«ra urf WwUra. TtM 
 luUrn Continent eonipr:nt Knrop«, laUt, Md Aflrioa. Th« 
 WM>«rB CooUn«nt eomprtMi North uid SoatJi Aatrlca. 
 
 Iilandg. 
 
 Iiind-;, npon all Mtt, th« watm rarsraoad ; 
 
 In riren, Uk««, wad tut, Md oaMUU fonad. 
 An Ulaiid it » portion of land, nrroundad bv 
 WkUr ; u, Long IiUnd, :■■• of Frucc, l«l« •! Km, ImUbO, 
 Irtlwd, tte. 
 
 Peninsulas. 
 
 A Panlaiak, th« dark ■«• wart cntwinci, 
 8a7« by wme nock that to the majn land Joina. 
 
 A nurrow portion of land, extending into tha •••, ia 
 ealkd a Penlntitia ; f, Malacca, California, f««. 
 
 Mountains. 
 
 Monntaina are Ugh and «l«Tat«d land, 
 That riaea s'er the proTinee, dark and grand. 
 
 . A Kointain it a high oleTation of land, that riica 
 aii^v* (r J furrouodlng cattalryi •■, Wo«nt filial, Mount Hoi- 
 yoke, th« Whita MountalDi, ate. Tb* top ot' a moontaln ii 
 oalled tit lununlt ; tUe bottoai fai tli« (iM>t, or baaa. Whan tiia 
 laid rlwi to a imall hliht, it ii ealM a UU. Tba ipaaa ba- 
 Iwean two hlllior monntaJni la eaUad a Tallay. 
 
 TThon I.*'* land la fltt and I'sral, It It eaUad a plain. Eitaa- 
 ilT* plalna art eallaJ, In l.h« Cnttad Btataa, praSria* ) aa. Hook 
 rralrle, In Rock coudt*, Wlaeooaln. In EJootb Aaarlea, tbey 
 ai a oalled pampaa or llnnai. In Aala, atapnaa i ai, tba wappM 
 •f Itf Im, Id Ihi aoutUimtam part of jllbarla. 
 
 VaU«y8. 
 
 YalleTa are apaoM tween the monntaina apread, 
 uom ^e atonn that aoathea the mountain'a ] 
 
 Safe I 
 
 head. 
 
 YaUeyt are apaeea beiwean monntaina, or billa. 
 Tba7 aM iaaaatliaaa aalM ralaa. 
 
 VolOS.'UXiS. 
 
 Yoleanoaa, tram their eratera, romit flro, 
 . And amcka and laya, in a atream, moat ^rt. 
 
 Yoleanoea ar^ monntaina that aand Ibrth flra and 
 aaraka from tbair topa, and itiMtiaMa aaltad atooaa. Tta 
 opanlng la tba lop, la ealM Uia cral«r. Tba d'aebarga of Bait- 
 ed matter, la eallad aa an y ttoa. Tba «atl«t 'Juvva aut, Is 
 oalladlaaa. 
 
 Oapes. 
 
 A pobt of land extending in the lea, 
 la oalled a Cape ; aa Cape ^mania. 
 
 Promontories. 
 
 Wlien Ugh aboxe the wavea, or dark oeaa Itoarjr, 
 The proud Cap* hanga, tft ealled a Promomtory. 
 
 A Cape ia a point of land extending into tha aaa ; 
 aa Cape Horn, Cape Abu, eta. 
 A al|b Cape is a Promeatory. 
 
 Beserts. 
 
 A Darert ia araat ud aandy plain. 
 Where aweepa the aimoom and the trarrieaiia, 
 Whero ▼egeu.tion neither growa nor thrivea, 
 Where nwiing fiada repoae, and no one U:ftM. 
 
 A Deaert ia a Taat and landy plain, destitnt'; of 
 vacelaUon ; aa Sahara In Attica. Attaiaina In Boutb Amerlea. 
 
 A 4krtila aiwt In a Deaert la ealled an Oaala ; aa tba Oaala of 
 Feiiiaa la Sahara. Tbeae Oaeea In tbe Oeaarla aarra aa raatlaf 
 plaoaa Aw oararaoa that eroia thaa. 
 
 ] 
 
 IIX.— DIVISIONS OP WATER. 
 
 The Water next, of this great globe we m<>ntion. 
 Of Seat and Oramt fint, of vast extenaion, 
 Thee ArclAftia^oti, ai:d Gulfi, and Bay*, 
 And Jaliti and Ckiamelt, next tbe ^e anrveya, 
 Aud Smindt, s.id FVifiU and Roadt, and Harbor* too, 
 With Rwr* rolUng to the dark eeaa blue. 
 
 The Water ia divided into Ooeana, Beat, OnlA, 
 Baya, AtohlpelagoM, Lak«a,Channela, Stralu, Earbora, Hoada, 
 Havaoi, ate. 
 
 Ooeons. 
 
 
 An Ocaan ia a vaat extant cT brine, 
 
 Or aalt aaa water, bouudleaa and aaUiaK. 
 
 An Oeean ia avaat extent of aait water oat aepaiiF 
 tad by land; aathaASIanUeandFaaiftoCMaaa. 
 
 Tha Oeeaa naa by diflbtent aawa, aa tha Main, tbx laa, 
 Daap, snaa, ata. 
 
 I Seas. 
 
 S«aa are large bodiea of the briny tide, 
 By lan«l eneiroled ronnd on every aide. 
 
 A Sea ia a colieetiou of aalt water aurrounded by 
 land i aa tha Cuplaa Sea. 
 
 Arohipelafces. 
 
 A Sea filled full of lalanda, yreH you know, 
 b alwaya called au Arckipelago. 
 
 A Sea filled ftiU of lalanda ia ealled an Aiehipelago ; 
 aa tha Oreoiao Areblpalago. 
 
 Oulft, or Bays. 
 
 A Oulf or Bay, ia wb<)n the wavea expand 
 To wido extent, enoroaohing on the land. 
 
 Whe..'< the aea, or water extenda up into the land, 
 ii la ealled .: Galf or Bry ; aa tha Bay «f nady, Salf of BMh- 
 nia,ata. 
 
 Lakes. 
 
 Lakea are fk«ah water Seaa, and abraya found • 
 By Hand eompaaaed upon all aidea around. 
 
 A lake ia a body cf water aurrounded by land, tbe 
 taaM aa a aaa, aoly that tha water la (Hah iaataad ofaall ; i» 
 Lahalrla. 
 
 
 Sf 
 
 iV " * '***^'* „ 
 
 •rya^ i>„ tu*- 
 
■nUiu, or hilb. 
 
 omitlln, 
 1, moat ^n. 
 
 d Ibith fln avd 
 i«lt«d itoaw. Tt* 
 • i'teharg* of B«lt- 
 Mm Vhivva out, Is 
 
 h«Na, 
 nuuh. 
 
 rV oflaa ho»rj, 
 mPnmomtory. 
 
 ig into tha aaa ; 
 
 In. , 
 he fcnmaaiia, 
 nor thrivca, 
 I no one UT«a. 
 
 ton, desUtnt'j of 
 Id Bo'Jth Amcrimu 
 Ik ; M the OmIi of 
 tU Mrr* M rMtinf 
 
 ytida, 
 y >id«. 
 
 r surrounded hj 
 
 fon know, 
 
 an Arehipelago ; 
 
 « expand 
 the land. 
 
 p into the land, 
 and/, flalf of BMh- 
 
 abrap found • 
 IB around. 
 
 ided by land, tbe 
 ilnrtwdaf laH; i» 
 
 DIVISIONS OF WATER. 
 
 9. 
 
 3trftiU. 
 
 A narrow paiage, like a door vr gate, 
 That lea^ into eome lea, ia aalled a Sfnit. 
 
 A. paaaa^ of water that leads between two eeas, or 
 MitM sT wMtfi , li MlM • ».«» I ae Ihe Stralu of ll*g«llaa, 
 belvsM laaU Amttim sad Ih* bUad of Terra del Foeio. 
 
 OhanuolB. 
 
 A Obannel is a Strait that opens wi je ; 
 
 As the Engtiih CAaMiW, where proud navies ride. 
 
 A Channel is a vids strait ; tti the English Ohan- 
 ael. 
 
 Sounda. 
 
 A Strait so shaUow that its depth ie found. 
 By lead or anehor, oft is ealied a sonn(^ 
 
 When a strait is so shallow that its depth ean be 
 ■MMwed by a Ued sad Uae, it U eailtd a 5MMrf. 
 
 Rivera. 
 
 RiTers are streams, by numerous branehee formed. 
 That from the highlands to the seas ars turned. 
 
 A Hirer is a large stream of water, formed by nn- 
 ■•roiu braaehM, IbM naptlM lata Mm* Me, galf, lake w bar. 
 
 TlM plaee where e rlrtr ritm, la oellwt lie Maree i the place 
 where 11 (mptltt ie oallad lu month. The mhUI ttreeme Utel 
 enplT iaie It are aalled lie breaohaa. 
 
 Firths. 
 
 A RiTer wid'nbg 'tween its banka of earth. 
 Towards ite mouth, ie sailed a F\ritk or Firlk. 
 
 The widening of a rirer toward its mouth, is eallsd 
 a Frith or Firth ; aa Solwajr Frith loSaotlend ; IheFirthof Ihe 
 Rtrer Forth. 
 
 Harbors or Havena. 
 
 A Harbor or a Haven, ia a port, 
 
 Where ehipe in safety, from the storm resort. 
 
 A Harbor or Harcn is a port where ships may run 
 in end find iheller froia the atorm. 
 
 EXPLANATIONS NECESSARY TO THE USE OF MAPS. 
 
 Hemlapherea. 
 
 The world's a Globe, the world we live on here ; 
 One half a globa ia called a Hemufhtre. 
 
 Tha word k*mi- 
 tphert <e formed 
 irom htmi, that cig^ 
 nifiea half, and 
 f«A<r<, globa or 
 baU; so, half tha 
 earth is called • 
 JUmwjiAere. 
 
 The Wetitem 
 Hemisphere in- 
 cludes North and 
 South America. 
 
 The Northern 
 Hemiipbere in- 
 dades all that 
 partof theearih 
 North of' the 
 Equator. 
 
 Ea-Uim and Wulirtt HemitpKtrt* are found 
 Upon the Blap that ahows, the world is round. 
 Northern and Soutktm Htmi»fkert$ beside, 
 One North, one South the Equator ia eepiad. 
 
 The Eastern 
 Hemisphere in- 
 cludes Europe, 
 Asia and Afirioa. 
 
 . The Southern 
 Hemisphere in- 
 cludes all South 
 of the Equator. 
 
 ] 
 
^ 
 
 10 
 
 POETICAL GEOGRAPHT. 
 
 The Equator. 
 
 
 A «irel« dnwn troiuid the Mrth, and gr«atcr 
 Hum Mj paralM, U eallei] tha Equator. 
 
 'Th« Eiualor u « liinoied line, that fuldi 
 Aronnd the earth, halfway betwe«n the pobi. 
 Tliie eirole'e oalled the EquinorAial Lint, 
 For when the Solar ort* doth o'er it ahine, 
 
 'The daje and night* are equal, a* the elpeka 
 And watohce all proclaim the Equinox. 
 
 That part of the earth whieh it jiut half way W 
 twaon lh« North «r<1 South pole*, or tqually dIsUnt from lb* 
 
 EXm, U eall«<l Iho F:<iiiator. It I* tho wannett part of tha 
 f th, aa tha na't nj» ara mora direct ^ Ihia portion than 
 any atbar. It la aallad bj uariuara aliaiilr, Iha Imi, ' 
 
 Tyoptofl. 
 
 Troi>iea are circle* that reetriet the ■an, 
 Whieh with th< equator parallel doth mn, 
 inat tutntq-lhrt* tmd a W/ degree* theT •hine 
 B«th North and South the Equatorial Una. 
 
 The North i* Ctntir called, South Cayrwem, 
 For here the tun doth in hk pathway tarn, 
 And backward trae* hi* step* ; the** circle* show 
 .The limit* of the colar orb below. 
 
 Tropio* are oirele* that ran parallel with the Squa- 
 lor, at tha di4tanc«' of lwant/-ihraa and a half dofrtaa North 
 and Boath of It. Tha eircia North of tha Iqaator, la aallad tha 
 J^tfic tf Canetr. Tha one Sonlh of tha Iqnator, la called tha 
 IV^fa ^ Caprieom. 
 
 Tropla altnlflaa ratarn : Ibr whaa tha ana arrtiraa aa ihr fraea 
 the Mqnatob' aa althar of tiMaa Unaa, It appaara to atop and re- 
 Iraea lla alapa. 
 
 Tha ann aroaaca tha Equator twiea a year i an the tilt ef 
 Mareh and tha II ai of Sfptambar. 
 
 It la OTor tha Tropic of Canoar tha3lilof. Jaae: which la 
 called tha Summer Solitlea. Thia la tha loBgaat day In tha 
 yaar, ta all Nbrth of tha Bqaator, and the ahorlaat to all Soalh 
 of It. 
 
 The aaa la ever the Tropic ef Oaprleom the tiat of Daeam- 
 bar i thIa la called the Winter Sohtloa. It U the ahorteat day In 
 the year, to all North of tha Equator, and the leageat le all 
 South of iU 
 
 Polar Girolei. 
 
 And of the Polar Circle* now 111 tell : 
 They with the Tropiet are foimd mrai/c/; 
 Juat ttetnly-lhree, otu half, and nothiiig lee* (2S)), 
 Aloof the Pole* ; theee, in degree*, I gacic. 
 
 The Polar.Oirele* r.re parallel with the Tropica, and 
 StU degra«a firoea tha Polea. Th<a, In |[«o(raphlo mllaa, would 
 ba 1410 mllaa, tbadlatance from the Pole to the Circle ; twice 
 thia dlitaaca, or il8!M mllaa, la tha diaaaatar of tha Aratie or 
 Antarelic Circle, or the FrlKW Zonae. 
 
 When tha Sun ia erer tha tropla of Cancer, all that part 
 within tha Arctic CIrale baa eonitant day ; and all that part la 
 tlia tropic of Caprleom, eouatant night. Tha rereraa Uhaa 
 place whao the Boa la ever the tropla or Caprleom, oa the Slat 
 ofOecaabar, 
 
 At the Palea It la day alx OMatha of the year, without later 
 mlaaica ; Ut Ihia length of time (ha ana la vlalUe aboTe tiie 
 boriiaa. The other aix aMalhe ef the year, It la ea*^ ( 
 draary alghu 
 
 dark. 
 
 Merldiant. 
 
 McridlaB* ran from Pel* to PtU ('tie trnc). 
 Cutting th Equator, at right anglca, thratigh ; 
 They're need to reckon diirtanec, cad and w«t^ 
 Am of all other way* hare prared the beet 
 
 Mcridiana are, 
 imaginary 
 Unea, drawn on 
 tho Map, to rcck- 
 ra diatanaa, aaat! 
 or wcat, from any 
 one of thorn. 
 They ran from 
 the North to th» 
 South Pole. 
 
 All plaeca 
 through whiah 
 the *ama merl.! 
 dian paasca haT« 
 noon, or mid- 
 night, a* tha 
 
 Purallela of Z<atltude. 
 
 Now Ftealkla af Ii^titada wall fiaw : 
 
 They are ILtca that paa* around Jt* glob* (ao* throagh) 
 
 Aa panllcl they ^lilk tiwBqaator nn, 
 
 EacUard and waalMrA^ia tta aooM thay tan. 
 
 "r -*«%•: 
 
h C*prie»m, 
 
 iWKj tarn, 
 
 h«M eirolM show 
 
 tkl with th« 'Eqam- 
 k heir dcfrtM Korth 
 Iqaalor, li Mktlad tli* 
 Bqafttor, to etlM th« 
 
 in kTrlTM M (kr frMi 
 ^on to itop kad r*- 
 
 jTMri OB tlM tilt of 
 
 •lof.JuB*: whieh to 
 I loBgwt dkx in Ui* 
 ■horlMt to all 8<ralh 
 
 I tiM tilt of DMcm- 
 totlMihertMtdlvIn 
 Bd lh« loMMt to tU 
 
 I. 
 
 tell: 
 partltl; 
 [hingl«M(2«i), 
 I, I gaew. 
 
 h th« TropiM, and 
 flrkphio mllM, wonU 
 to tha Cirol* ; twie* 
 Mtor of th* Arttle or 
 
 Caoeor, all that part 
 . and all that part la 
 . Tho rarerM takoi 
 kprteora, oa tha SIM 
 
 yoar, without Intor 
 to Ttolkto aboTO tiia 
 roar, It to < 
 
 aboTO tlM 
 OM^dark, 
 
 tude. 
 
 ob«(ao4tluroagli) 
 ith^tanu 
 
 • r 
 P»»lUli of 
 Lftftitud* uf 
 Batt OB Um Ibpt 
 vmi to ImIcob 
 ifatiwoM^ Bortk 
 or woth, of tho 
 
 SBK 
 
 POETICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 U 
 
 latitude and Longitude. 
 
 LoUtiid* b diatoneo from tha Equator, 
 Either north or aonth (let it be leaa or greater) ; 
 The diatanoe, eaet or weit, ia Langitud* 
 From any one meridian, underitood. 
 Both UUitudi and Itmgihide are reckoned 
 In mtnuU* and dtgrtti, aa well aa $tc<md* ; 
 Jnat aiztj geographie milea make a degree ; 
 In EngUab, aixty-nine and Jnat a half yoo aee. 
 
 Plaoea that are under the Equator have no Lati- 
 tado. All plaoM north of tho Bqnalor aro In North hatitudi ; 
 all plaooa roath of Iho Eqiator aro In South Latilndt. Tha 
 groaloit latitndo a plaeo can haro U W dofroe*. Tho North 
 and South Polo* of tho earth aro tho (loljr placoa that have W 
 dogrooi of Ictltudo. 
 
 lioof itudo to rookonod eait and woot. 
 
 Moat na'ton* rookon thoir Inofltado from the BMlropolto of 
 thoir oountry ; aa, tho Froaeh, flrvB Parli ; tho Rnfltoh, fMm 
 Oroonwioh; tho Amorleani, from Waahlngton. TbouKh tho 
 A inorleant rookon maotly from Oroonwioh, tha lamo aa the Ku- 
 gltoh. 
 
 lAllindo and lon(itudo aro rookoned In dogrooi, minntoi, 
 and Moondi. Sixty goographlo mdeo (or ilxty-nlne and a half 
 Kngltoh miloa), mako a dogroo ; ilztj neonUi omki a mlouto ; 
 ■Ixly minnloa ono dogroo. 
 
 Brory eirel* to lappoood to bo divided Into MO dogreai, 
 wbotbor It bo larger or aiMllor. 
 
 The dlitaooo round tho Earth boint tW dogrooo, one half of 
 that dtotaaoo muit bo 180 drgrooa ; one quarter, DO dogrooo. 
 
 The groa t oit dtotaooo that any two otjeeto on the lurfboo of 
 tho earth oan bo apart, to IW dogrioa. To b« tbto dlitanoo, 
 thoy moit bo on oppoiito ildm of the oarlh ; oouMquontly, to 
 pUco eaa hare arar IM dogrooi of leagltude. 
 
 Zonea. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Zones. 
 
 Zooea are dlrialona of earth's loHkeo ; mado 
 By tropifi and the polar eircU'$ aid. 
 There are /Cm xont$ : two lemptral* and oue forrvl, 
 Two frigid tone*, whero wiuter'e eold ia horrid. 
 
 Torrid Zone. 
 
 The Torrid Zone ie 'tween the tropiea spread, 
 Where, twiee a year, the son is orerhcad. 
 
 Temperate Zonee. 
 
 The Temperate Zones are ontlioee parts onrbaU, 
 Whieh 'tween the polar enrves and tropios fitll. 
 
 Frigid Zones. 
 
 The Frigid Zones include both land sky, 
 Of parte which in the polar eirolea lie. 
 
 The Tondd, or Burning Zone, is included within the 
 Troploa. 
 
 The Tempcrato Zones are between the Tropios and 
 tho Polar CIrclei. 
 
 The Frigid Zones inelndo thooo parts of th* earth 
 botwoan tho Polar C'lrolu and the Polia. 
 
 Tho Tompcrato Zonn onjoy a mild, temporato ollnato, bsi 
 twaon tho oxtromoa of heat and ooM. 
 
 Tho lioat in tho Torrid, or Burning Zone, to exeioilTe at all 
 l oa a on a of tho year. 
 
 In tho Frigid, or Frostn Zone, tho eold to inteiife. Wlalar 
 bold! an unlnUrrupted reign tho yoar round. 
 
 Maps. . 
 
 A Map's a pietnre, of the wliole or part 
 Of the eaitn's sorfltee, to be learned by heart. 
 The top is North, while South points to your breast ; 
 The riifht hand's East, the left hand's always West. 
 More Mapo than one, l>oun4<ip for school or eoUego, 
 Is ealled an AUm», and contains mneh knowledge. 
 
 How Latitude and Longitude are ez« 
 pressed on Maps. 
 
 Both Latitude and Longitude, we seo, 
 Upon the Map, in ilgnres. 1 — 2 — 8 ; 
 Upon the side the Latitude U told, 
 WUlo Longitude wo at the top behold. 
 
 Maps aro {netares of tho w1k>1o, or of pario, of tho 
 earth's aurlbee. Tha top of the map ropreeoato the ut Hk t t m 
 
 irl oTa eeoatry t the bottom, the oouthora ; the right kaaila 
 je eaatera ; the laA head, the waatera. A oolleattoB of mape 
 IsealMaaillafc 
 
 Latitndo and longitude aro Topreoented oa Mapo 
 by tcvros. Latitude to uiuallr written an Iho Mm of Ike 
 BMP, while liOBgHade to ■eneraUy al the tot er Ike r " 
 
 QuBjiTioNs are aot inserted In iliii work, from the fact that it was deemed superflu- 
 ous. All the Toaohor has to do, to form a questioD, is to read oTcr any senUneo and prefix the intciroga- 
 tires. •< Whr^ i > - -"' or, » When aro — f " ato., and il becomea a question. 
 
 Ho turns to payc 7, for instaneo, and glaaoes his oyo upon tbo word Geography, in ftdl-foeod lettert (orer 
 Iho poetry that defiaee Geography), asd asks tho queotion, *< What is Oeognphy V Then, " What is tho 
 Xarth," eU. ; and, to anawer tbo qnestton, tho PuiA repeats the pootiy, and ia Us owa laaguago gireo tho 
 I and substaBOO of tho press. 
 
 Tho Teacher, In all instaneeo, ohould oiq^hia tbo lioenaod pooUo phrasos to JuronOo olaasos. 
 
si 
 
 I 
 
 NORTHAMERIOA. 
 
 North AnMi- 
 o» ia noted for 
 tli« Inrgott lak«i 
 of ffMli wAtcr in 
 
 Gapes. 
 
 Com Fareteell, south of Greenlnnd. first rclntc, 
 While Wel'-ting-kam is we«t of l>r»TiJ Strait, 
 Cape LeteU sUtids southcMt of Ks' qin-niiiiix, 
 And North of Bell'-islo Strait, m srami-n know, 
 North of the 0«lf, and South of Ub'-r»-dor, 
 Cape Whittle hoars Law-ren'-e-on sorges roar. 
 Cape Sahle weat, by Nova Scotia's forned, 
 Where Fundy's matohless tiiU is backward turned. 
 
 Then oomes Cape Arm, Cape Cod and Mal-Orbai', 
 Of MassBohnsetto all, as you're nware. 
 Rhode Island holds PoiiU Ju'-dith, Pomt Montwk, 
 Long Island clainu, and Jersey Sar.du Hook, 
 Cape Hen'-lopen of Delaware— Cope May, 
 Of Jersey's shore, by Delaware's dark Bay. , 
 
 Just at the entrance of the Ches->pcake'. _ 
 Cape Charlet and Henry both th«ir sentries keep, 
 Cape Hatleras, then Cape Lookout and Cape Fear, 
 Of North Carolina, in the hut appear. 
 
 Of Florida, Cait-ave-rai, well jou know, » 
 
 With Florida, Sable and Ro'-ma-no, > 
 
 And one St. Blat, near Ap-pa laoh'-ce's flow, I 
 
 Ro-xif beside Tam-pi'-oo next appear ; (Ro-ho,) 
 Ca-louehe' of Yuca-ten', the sailnr ncars. (Oa-tooah.) 
 East of Honduras, Gra'-cia» inautles low, 
 Aj west of Cuba stands An-tn-ni-o. 
 
 As the Western Coast of Mexico wo keep. 
 First Co-ri-ent»' springs upward from tho deep, 
 Si. Lueat nextj and St. Lorta'-ro'a seen, 
 Mor-ro Her-m&-*o then, and Point Man-drain*'. 
 Men-dcf-ci-no o'er forty latitude, [40] 
 While Oxford Cape, tot forty-three is good. [48] 
 
 In iixiy-five, and cast of Beh'-Tin^'i pass, [86] 
 Cape Prtnee ofWalei, heaves up his iCT omm ; 
 Just North of tUs, Cape lMb<m ^ou behold, 
 Then ley Cape and Baf-rowi Point unfold ; 
 And Bet' -Cher, De-nar-ra-tion, Batk'-wat, all 
 Whero the frown oevan aooora the arotie wall. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 Eiquime&Tiz, Et-ke-mo. I MoDdrainea,' Mim-A-cm. 
 Tampioo, Tom-pe'-eo. I Henlopec, Bm'4fi.ftm. 
 Catonehe, Co-tooth. \ Boxo, Ho-k€f, 
 
 the woild, and 
 the home of the 
 oppreaeed of all 
 nations. 
 
 RlvexB. 
 
 Cold Ar-a-bae'-ea Lake, the Elk diiridea. 
 And the Peaet River, to Slavs River gnidea. 
 <Sf/aM Rtver, to SlaTe Lake her tribute paya, 
 And to a Northern Strait, MeJTeiui* atran. 
 
 The Seal in Hudson's ample Bay b raUed, 
 With Churchill, NtUon and the Sntm oold. 
 
 And AllMmy and Mooie, in Jamea' Bay, 
 With Eatt Maine Rwer all their waters laj. 
 
 Red River vnda in Witmipeg her story. 
 Where Sat-ka-thaWan mantlea all her glory. 
 
 RIVBBS THAT CONNECT THE LAKES, ETC. 
 
 St. Mary't from Superior, Huron tttkee. 
 In Lake St. Chur, SI. CUUr from Huron breaks. 
 From Lake St. Clair, Detroit to Erie pourt, 
 From whence Niagara to Ontario roara : 
 From here St. Lawrence to the gulf drirea in. 
 With U-ta-wat, her first and krgeat stream. 
 
 BITBES ON TJIE BA8TBBN COAST. 
 §tt. John'* from Maine, through Bmnawiok Diakea her 
 
 And wi^ St. Croix, rolls into Fundy's Bay. [St. Gray] 
 From Bf aine, Penobteof, and the Ken^ne-heck^ 
 With An-drot-rM'fin and the Saeo break. 
 The Mer-ri-maek, from Hampshire t^kes ita eoil 
 Through Massachusetts' northern, eastern soiL 
 
 CoRfUchetit, in the Eastern Statea is found, 
 With Hou-so-ton-ie wakea I<ong Island Sound. 
 Mohawk to Hudson, Hudem to the sea. 
 From New York State, Job in the Jubflee. 
 
 From Jarsey's shore, the DtlMgare dividaa 
 The Delaware and PennsylTania meada. 
 
 By Maiyknd and Pennaylvania formed, 
 In Cht$-ei^p*ake, the SiM^HS-Aan-MA'* tonad. 
 Here Po-to.fMe driTea onward to the brine, 
 "Tween Maiyland and Virginia the line. 
 Here JUhiqMM-Jbw-Nodk, York and Jmnu are tlihnm 
 Fr«Hn foir r«|fMi«, th^ summer home. 
 
 In 'AI-b»-m«rte, Chawm, and Rcanokt, 
 Virginia'a shorea with OaioUna yoke. 
 
 W 
 
 ii^mmu&ft^iimi^m 
 
 lutmmmtjtttiiiimtiiti .^- 
 
he woild, and 
 ti« homa of th« 
 ippretMd of all 
 Ationa. 
 
 IdiTidM, 
 ler gtiidM. 
 lbat« payi, 
 «witr»Tt. 
 ty U rauti, 
 !e«m odd. 
 I' Bay, 
 aton lay. 
 ratory, 
 II h«r glory. 
 
 AKB8, BTC. 
 
 tnbraaki. 
 onn, 
 ■ : 
 
 iroain, 
 ream. 
 
 COAST. 
 
 iriok Diakea her 
 
 Bay.lStOroy] 
 
 Bak. 
 
 eeUaeoU 
 
 temMfl. 
 
 found, 
 
 Sound. 
 
 |lee. 
 
 lividea 
 
 k. 
 
 med, 
 
 ' tomad. 
 
 brine, 
 
 a. 
 
 warathhim 
 
 la. 
 
 ft*, 
 
 RIVERS OF NORTH AMEBIOA. 
 
 13 
 
 J 
 
 And Pam-li-eo and Seuti in PamUeo, 
 O'er North Carolina, murmur in their flow, 
 From whence Cape Fear to Ocean mntt«r» low. 
 LUlU and Great Pedce; li. re take their eonree, 
 And with San-iee, throuKli 3..nth Carohoa c^uiie. 
 EiltM licre, with Cam-A«-A«' entwine, 
 With dark Sa'WM-nah on the tJeorgian Una, 
 0-gct-rhtt Aita-morha, SatHla, all 
 From Oeorfiia drive, and into ocean fall ; 
 From whence S' Mary'* watee to Oeean atray, 
 With Nat-iaM and St. JoMi in Florida. 
 
 RIVEnS OF THE GULF OP MEXICO. 
 
 From Ooorgia, Hint and CHal-a-hoo'-ehe* lowar,— 
 The VhniakiHKHte bounds hor Wcelem ehore. 
 Then to the Gulf, o'er Florida they etray, 
 Through Ap-pa-laelU-co'-la't watery way. 
 Mo-biU from Aliibama comee, whoee bea 
 The Alahanta and Tom-big' -bte tread. 
 
 And Pai-ca-Kou-U and the hmpid PmtI. 
 From Mi*»i»iippi State, their watert Rirl, 
 And J»fi*«M*t>w here unloatU her etorce. 
 And the broftd Gulf her boiling eurge deronra. 
 
 •Tweon Louieiana and the Texan grwn. 
 Through Lake Sa-bine', here roll* the dark Sa-MW, 
 From Texae, Nf-rhet, Trirt-i-dai, and flro*M, 
 With Co-lo-ra'-do whose loud roar would crat* w. 
 Here Gau- Ithlmtpe, and Nue-ctt ecaaeleu flow, 
 With Itio Grand*, northeatt of Mexieo. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 The MlMlarippi firoin Itaeoa glidea, 
 Where Minneaota feeda her Swelling tidea. 
 Wi«)on»in for tha Eutem Ooaat aurray 
 Then niinoie. Kentueky, T«nne«ae«. 
 Then Miwiiaippi'e loU la next beheld. 
 With Loui*i«na'» moat aonthtaatera flela 
 With I -o-wa* ; Miaaoori'a on the weat, 
 Where, with Arkawaa, Lonliiana'a preaaed. 
 
 BA8TBBN BKANCHB8. 
 To tUa proud tide, from broad Wiaaonda. «odt 
 The Ckip^-^, WiHoium, and tha Ba^ 
 Through Illinola, Reek rinr rolla har ttda, 
 Where IMAwM and fclr JUe-taa'-iia glwa. 
 Oki», htn, from Pennayi'aak apmaa ; 
 Sonth of Ohio it«te her bdlow fbama. 
 Then Indiana atata, and UHnola (ittiMy), 
 Betide lU pathway aa their aitaamplay. 
 The eame dark br«*«r aweepa ViMfenian aarth. 
 And bonnda Ken* i >T <iata npon tha north. 
 In Weetem Tenn< ; ; ?h« 0-W*« kaapa, 
 And HateUa on to M^^aiiaippi aweepa ; 
 In M'MiHippt atate. behold Y;*-*<W, 
 In sigsag path, with Big Bladt m«r, too. 
 
 WESTERN BBANCHBS. 
 FiomMfameaotadriTeathapnrplingJKM; 
 Crota Viitv, •ni Swm, and Elk, and Sjdk aomWna j 
 Then, easting np their babbka bv tha DiUion, 
 Crow rwr aomea, St. PtUn, wad VtrmtUim. 
 WUU Water, Boot, and Upper Jbwa, 
 With Turkey rioer, aing their loondeUy. 
 
 BotaeUaw, thoagk emare>ulr, pwneaneea I-o^-wa. 
 
 JledCwJar than, with ioiea made fcat; 
 
 Shimk riMT next, with dark Dm Moiitt* tha lait 
 
 MIfisOORI. 
 
 FarflromMiMouriT.ii'frr driran. 
 Where the Kooky Mouuuuh , ur their headi toheaT*n, 
 I.eaviiig fiur Minneaota on the eait, 
 Miaaouri roUa to MiaaiMippi'a breaat. 
 
 And Afar-a-mMipringe from the Iron MonntJn, 
 And nina nortbeaat, to Mitiitiim • fo«»'«f™- , 
 A>kaniaa aUte Uye claim to young S/. Francu, 
 Where, from the Rocky MoimtAlne, foame 4r-*aii-«a*. 
 The branehee of the liiat »r<', WhUe and Jean : 
 Both in Arkan»aa, on the mnn are aen.. 
 And, to Arkansoi, with tha tide Neo-nl ». 
 From Indian flelda, Canadian mnrmur,; l..>», 
 O'er Texaa, north, aouthweat tha Ark«n»nn banner, 
 Red riter, cornea j then ponra through Louiwana. 
 
 BRANCHES OF THB OHIO. 
 
 Tween HHnoia' and Indiana, tread 
 The Wa-ia** bUlowe, to Ohio's bed. 
 WhUe rtwr, with her Eut and Wtttam Udea, 
 From IndUna, to tha WUaaA glidea. 
 Ohio aUfce heara, with Jf«-a^iVr roar, 
 Scioto, Hacking, and MuMk-ing-um-tam. 
 Then Beater riter, bom in PennaylTania, 
 Last northern branch, aave one, called M-U-gltarny. 
 
 Ohio itiakt Ma-non-ga-he-la in. 
 That aweapa Virginia and the uAo of Faun. 
 LUtU Kan-ha-vay, then, ia on the ute. 
 With Great Kankaway and the Guv-an^doU$. 
 a Sandy, on Virginia'^ weatcm border j 
 And Licking ritcT, of Kentuokian order. 
 Then oomea Kentucky river. Salt, and Qrettt— 
 Uoon tha hwt, tha Mammoth eara ia aa«n. 
 Wbara Tenneaeea, and »Ute Kentucky, alimbaTa. 
 Tha Cutn-bar-land warblea her watery numbara. 
 In tha aama atatea, and Alabama, too,' 
 Tha Temtuiee unfolda nnto tha Tiew. 
 
 BRANCHES OF THR MISSOURI. 
 
 Among Miaeouri'B branoliea, on tha north, 
 Aia Thmpaan't, WWiama', Pamimn*,mut Earth, 
 From MlimeBotonert tha 5*«y»«rdgMee, 
 With Fiah, and Jamu, and Sum, and r»a«- FToyit, 
 Wtth-JVad-a-ww, turn atiAe Miaaouri, nm 
 Tha PlaUt, Mi Grand*, with r«a«r Chv-artm. 
 Tha Jegtrtm a northern oonraa ia thrown, 
 To Join Uia MaHaan and YeOomtan*. 
 The Y<flo«M<«i««ollaota,inherowneaa. 
 1 Oark F^k, Big Ham, ua Tcngua^hTmOm tJnaa. 
 I LutU JlfiMoaWnext, then Cawwii Ball, 
 CAay-MM, and PUUte, all from Miaaouri ML 
 Lariutt* ia on her territorial bound, 
 Korthof the Indian ehdma and hunting fffonnd._ 
 With branehea four— JBv Horn, Imp Fork, and Blatk, 
 With one Pa-d«»^-<a,oi. the ladhmtraet 
 And aaatward. from the Indian P~»">•^7i« 
 Tha rw<r JEmsaa rolla har thraa-fcrkad tide. 
 
 * BwmtlmM proDOttDOid Ar-ku-Mw'a 
 
m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 14 
 
 r O E T I A L O E O G R A I' n T. 
 
 TIm Borihtn fork, RtpiMmit, behoUl ; 
 Than iM-ymam'i, sna Smaky HM, unfuld. 
 T.t mitt Mid fair 0-if$, pour ft>rth their wmton, 
 Witi) GtuetmtM', MiMuiiri't warbling dmightwr*- 
 RIVRRS OP MICHIQAN. 
 
 From lllohigan, Ui« lU%*ii» ran* to Eria, 
 And Hurom, th«ra har aparkling watara aany, 
 !■ St. CUur RmMT. OrtUtel anda h«r lajr, 
 Asd S*g-i4Ui» ia loat in har own bay ; 
 Withbranahaa CaM, and Flml, and SW^«aa*-««a, 
 Wklah roar, al laat with Hurrn'* billowa, 
 Ami Til-U-ht^mu-M*, with har Ckiffnt», 
 That dilnka tba JPiM, ia loat in aagimait. 
 AwM^U aaitward niM, with ThmtUr flay, 
 What* Hwrm't billowa great tham on tha way. 
 Ckt-bwjum, northward, Uaraa the noiaT alan, 
 Whila Atttf, waatward, aaaka laka Miahigan i 
 Thara, Mm-u-tM, and Noi-i^km-go, run. 
 With fWMT VtKtt*, and flaming Mit»-k*-gcm. 
 Ormti rniT, Ui«n, and tha dark Kal-m*-*M, 
 With one Si. Jo»tpK$, break thair pathway through. 
 
 BIVBRS OP NORTHKRN MEW YORK. 
 Th» Sa-ro-MC ia loat in laka Chnmplain, 
 Bart of tha atata, whara Platttbargh holda har reigR i 
 
 A. Rtg-it, R—kH, and tha rmtr Oruii, 
 With 0«-«aa-fai«i-M, to Si. Um—e* paaa. 
 BUuk rn*r, than, Otvuf, Cnu»*t, 
 Oatarln (Irowna in her lo\id aiinatraltj. 
 
 RITRR8 OP ORRQO!* AND CAI.IPORNIA. 
 
 In Oregon, Cntnmlm niakea h»r pillow. 
 And weatwarii, to Paeitln, tlriTea her billow. 
 From Califcrnia, Suertminlo't roll'd ; 
 Southward her aonraa, through regiona rieh with gold. 
 And C«<era<l« Joina with GiU rntrt 
 In C»lif«nmti Oulf, thair waraa roll •itr. 
 
 PRONUIfrUTIon. 
 
 Ohlppawa, • 
 MoUla, • • 
 Sabina, • • 
 ItaaM, - - 
 l(at«hie,> • 
 I)«a Moinaa, 
 St. Croix, • 
 Qila, • • • 
 
 Chipptwau', 
 Moiul: 
 a*hun'. 
 I-lai'-cm. 
 H*eK-M. 
 Dt Mom. 
 SI, Crof. 
 Ot-U, or 
 ffaa-ta. 
 
 Multnomah, JtfuU-Nt-iM. 
 
 Sioux, 
 
 ChaTcnne, 
 
 Lapiatte, 
 
 Lamiiif, 
 
 Saline, • 
 
 Hiaqui, 
 
 Sm. 
 
 AAa-Me*. 
 
 L€-fUl$'. 
 
 .Va-<«M. 
 Hi-»-k*f. 
 
 g«aaaaha««n, 
 
 COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 THE RUSSIAN POSSESSIONS 
 
 Are noted for their furs, and as a cold, drear/ climate, inhabited only by UTagM aai 
 hontert. The popu^tion ia about 50i000. 
 The coast, in aome parts, riseo into snow-capped summits. 
 
 OBEENLAND. 
 
 The coldest, most 
 dreary, and desolate 
 country in the world. 
 Inhabited by a filthy, 
 degraded race of In- 
 dians, called Esqui- 
 meaux. 
 
 Captidn Boss, on 
 the northern shores, 
 found a race of ig- 
 
 norant nativea. who 
 imagined his ships to 
 be huge birds. On 
 the cliffs he found 
 red snow. 
 
 The settlements 
 nri» Lishtenau, Lieh- 
 1 ten/elt, and NtVt 
 Hemet. 
 
 Eaqnimaaq^apaariiig a Walrua. 
 
 BBITISH AMEBIOA • 
 
 Includes New Britain. Canada East, and Canad>( Vest. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, 
 and Ne'wfoundland. 
 
 New Britain is noted for its cold climate, for its saTayfs or Esqnimeauz Indians, aid for 
 its being the ground or theater for the operations of the Hudson Bay Company. 
 
 
 »..■' iiMhwiii»fi,tbinira 
 
 AJbairWt-(W^V -V«ttait.iWjfti';a».%>>..*^A*fc-i.»fe>.< w wa w > li iB[ 
 
mm 
 
 I.IPOINU. 
 
 (IW, 
 
 lillow. 
 
 I ri«h with g«ld, 
 
 •r. 
 
 ih, JfuU-M-IM. 
 
 . U-fUW. 
 
 • LtiAmml. 
 
 • Ht-^-kW. 
 •■mu. 
 
 UTSfM Wi 
 
 nativM, who 
 )d bis ships to 
 (3 birds. On 
 Bs he found 
 
 iW. 
 
 I settlements 
 
 htenau, Lieh- 
 
 and N**» 
 
 Nova Sootia, 
 idians, aid for 
 
 mmmm 
 
 BRITi.HU AMEIIICA. 
 
 16 
 
 Th« natlTM llT« mostly on seal. In traveling, thfy are drawn by a T.ry fins kind of 
 
 ^"?1.:Sl?h*h\Ti^dlng*l;i;u';I.*.^^ the mo«tl,. of most of the rivers, wh.r. th. Indians 
 come to exchange their furs for blankets, guns, beads. &o. 
 
 COUNTRIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 Oanada West- 
 Kingston is found N. E. Ontailo's roar, 
 While west the lake is Hamilton In Gore ; 
 Toronto to the N. W. finds a llome, 
 Am north the lake, Port Hope and Coburg come. 
 
 Oanadia Baai. 
 In the lower Province, Montreal lives ever, 
 Upon an island in St. Lawrence River ; 
 And down the stream, one hundred eighty miles, 
 Quebec to heaven heaves up bur giant piles ; 
 A fortress strong on a high promontory, 
 And famed in song, in history, and story. 
 New Bninawlok. 
 St Johns, apd Frederiokton, New Brunswick keeps, 
 Where the St. Johns along her pathway sweeps ; 
 West of St. Johns, and cast the young St. Croii, 
 St Andrews lites, by commerce her employ. 
 Nova Sootla. 
 Yarmouth on Nova Scotia's wistcm border, 
 Where Fundy't tide rolls up in wild disorder. 
 
 And Halifax, near the peninsula's center, 
 Known for her port where the largest crafts may enter; 
 With vessels of all kinds, this place is full, 
 But chiefly with the War ships of John Bull 
 
 Tho northern shores, which Picton has a seat on, 
 With Sidney, on tiio island of Cape Breton, 
 Are noted for theif coal the world all over, 
 Which mineral freights full many an ocean rover. 
 
 Canad^k West. 
 
 Hotcd M bf inc ih« moat prcxluetiTt, uid 
 b«tt trUlcd of ih« Ilritiah PomcmIom in V. 
 A. ; sir J for th* inUlliKcnM oi iU iiihabl- 
 |»nU. who ftr* moatly uf nn Englith origin. 
 , Th« Mil ia • fln« dark loam, miicd with • 
 Iftgeublc luoula, »nd is unaurpasMd for ill 
 pro<lD«liT«n«M. 
 
 Canada Sast. 
 
 Tb« mlUf »ied portion* li« ia ib« Tallcy of 
 tb« B%. L«wr«n«a. 
 
 U liaa the •linikU of Sw«d«n, tbough Um 
 ikkitud* of Fnin««. 
 
 Tb« rTtntb languag* i* •hitfty ipeksa. 
 
 New Bnmfwick. 
 
 Noted for iU immcLM qnanti^ of lumbwi 
 
 moatb 
 
 Fr« , 
 
 8t. Johni li Ih* lurgwt lowo, 
 
 St. Aadraw* la tha aaeoad In popnlatlaa. 
 
 ntly pina. 
 
 rriiuricktoB, »n tba St. JFohna Rlvar, ia tha aapltaL 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 A peninauU aonth of N«w Bninawiek, hav- 
 ing • rugged atony ooait. Noted for ooal and 
 gypaum. Climate mild ; tabjeot to fc^. 
 
 NKwroCKPLAKD,— A barren, hilly ieland in 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, abounding with 
 .good barbora, and noted for the greatest ood- 
 nahcrioa in the world. 
 
 Ab leebevg. 
 
 ;•> 
 
 fctSidCi-*! ..«.*. -- *-.j,4trt.«»»»*« 
 
 -^f i ti.inw-|it>yj i 
 

 !il 
 
 I- 
 I.: 
 
 H. ■■. 
 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 I 
 
 Noted u b«iog the largest, most enlightened and powerfiil ropubHo on the glob«. 
 Bounded by the Atlantic on tho eaat, and the Faciflo on the wcBt Having an area of 
 more than 2,000,000 square miles. 
 
 I.-EASTEllN STATES. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 In Maine, Augusta, on the Ken-me-beek, 
 Full 60 miles, if right I recullect ; 
 There Hallowell, for granite we'll remember, 
 And Bath, for building $hipi of white oak timber. 
 
 Ban-gor in lumber trades ; as boardt and plank, 
 And takes her place upon Pe-nob-scot's bni:k, 
 0-ro-no, Frankfort, Bucksport, au<i CaRtliie (teen). 
 On the same banks, by the aame glowing stream. 
 
 Portland by Casco Bay, chief town in llainc, 
 InJUkeriet and commerce holds her reign. 
 
 Nvw Hampshire. 
 
 Portsmouth her harbor boasts, and sits supine, 
 Where meets Pi-icat-a-qva the Tolling brine. 
 Up the same tide is found Great Falls and Dover ; 
 Ai on Conneeticnt is fair Ilanovcr. 
 
 And Concord on tho Mer-ri'-maek may rest her, 
 Ai further south is Nash'-na and Manchester. 
 
 \ 
 
 Notctl for lU TMt foTMto oC lumber, for itip 
 building, ud for being Um meet nortbwuUni 
 •t .U io tb* Union. 
 
 It wiM • pnHorMaMMhaMttotill 1820, when 
 it bcoame • trpArate itAte. 
 
 The elinuit« it «uld and hMlthy. 
 
 The ooMt ia rugged, «nd tbe barbon nnmrr- 
 oui. 
 
 A Irnve part is etill eorcred with forc»ta. 
 
 It ia bettor adapted to gracing than agricul- 
 tore. 
 
 Atumtta If Bated u the -Mpllal. 
 nijlowall Hr fruiita qurriM. 
 BsthftiribliiVilMlnf. 
 
 Porileod tor eonaereeaMl aeherieiiaad aabelBglhe 
 Urgeet town la Mala*. 
 
 Hew Hampshire. 
 
 Called th* Granite Btete. Noted for tLe 
 White Monutains. 
 
 The eurfaaa it Icrt-l on the eoatt 
 
 It aboiinti* in riwra, lak«e and raoantaiu. 
 
 The toil ia b< ttir fitted for grating than till- 
 age. 
 
 The elimate ia eold and healthy, 
 
 Ctnfrd It noted at Ih* eapluL 
 
 s 
 
 
 KM^JiSm^ 
 
 <>ilUlHta«nartlw«Mi 
 
 Tn. t'-."r''-'i*-'-"'^^°"'-^'-^^ ■- ' -""-■^■^■— ■ — -**■ 
 
9^ 
 
 B g1ob«. 
 
 ving &n area of 
 
 (lumber, for i'ip 
 nMtt northeiuU-ra 
 
 ttUtiU 1620, when 
 
 •Ithy. 
 
 Im harbon nninrr- 
 
 d with forcnU. 
 day than agricul- 
 
 iri«i,w4MktlatUw 
 
 lira. 
 
 Noted for Uie 
 
 eo*»t 
 
 •nd roounUins. 
 ' graaing than till- 
 
 \ 
 
 N 
 
 
 EASTERN STATEfi. 
 
 17 
 
 ▼craiomt* ^ 
 
 Montpolier, near the conti-r of the atat<>, 
 
 On Onion Rivtr, rulct o'er amali and great. 
 Windior upon ConntdinU miiy reign, 
 Aa Burlington ia found an Likt Champlain, 
 And OUtr Crnk has fiiir Vergennca' upon her, 
 
 Known for the JltH of Commodore McOonough ; 
 And Mid-dle-bu-ry on thia tide may tarry, 
 
 Known for her collet/e and Iter marble quarry. ' 
 
 And Bennington, aouthwott of all, we mark 
 
 Famed for the victory of Qcncral Stank. * 
 
 Maaaactauactta. 
 
 Boxlon and Charleatown both together lay, 
 With Cambridge, bom bj MiiH.sftchuK«tts Bay. 
 
 Lynn, fnmud fur nhoi^H, fur codtiflh Marbichcad, 
 Salem for wealth, gained in the India trade. 
 
 Gloucester for macierel and cov^hing both, 
 And Newburyport, for commerce farthest north. 
 
 Lowtll on Merrimack, a far famed weaver. 
 For which ia known both Taunton and FoU River. 
 
 As Springfield, for her armory, we hail. 
 
 New Bedford and Nantucket fish for whah, 
 
 Plymouth, known for the Pilgrim Fathers' landing. 
 By Cape Cod Bay, in Maasachuselta atanding. 
 
 And Worceater, that 'a near the Bay State's center, 
 Aa a great thoroughfare, we next will enter. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 And Hartford, Middletown, and Say'-brook bide, 
 Faat by Contucticue a unfailing tide. 
 
 New London, Bridgeport, Fairfield and Nno Haven, 
 With Norwalk by Long T$lund Sound are graven. 
 
 Aid Stonington, aoutheast of all, we hail,. 
 That with New London, fish for ttai and whal*. 
 
 lOtaode Uland. 
 
 Among her fisotories. Providence makes her stay, 
 On her own streaiu, by Narra-gan-ttU Bay : 
 
 And Newport, on Rho land finds resort. 
 Well fortiued and noted for h^t^port. 
 From Providence north, Pautucket find* a seat, 
 Aa north of Newport, Bristol next we greet 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Notfd for the Green Mountains, and fur 
 tha Kiilvrprwa of ila hanly tnlialnUiita. 
 
 A lariin |Mjrtion ol it i« ilill rovrml with timVr. 
 
 Ifio villejri ara wall atla|ile<l l<> tillage anil Iha 
 hill* tu graiiiiH. 
 
 'I'lui niaiiufa>-1urra are not eitonaive. 
 
 The climata la rold and the winlfn aevtre. 
 
 Moirrrauaa ii nniiil •• iliu capiial. 
 
 VarjicnnM, ri lirinit lh« plaoa wliera MoDnnnuili 
 Hitml mil hit Ural fur Ihs oalabraltd baltlti on Lala 
 Champlmn • 
 
 Middlabunr, Ibr iia aollafa and flaa inafMaquairiaa. 
 
 Massschuflctta. 
 
 Called the Bay 8uto. Noted for iU 
 wealth, and the active part it took in the great 
 atruggia for the liboity aiid independence of otu 
 oountTf, 
 
 The eaatem part ia uneven, and the weatem 
 mounUiinoua. Mount Tom, Mount Ilolyoke, 
 Saddle Mount and Wachuaett, are celebrated 
 peaka. 
 
 IlnaTim li notnl as the tapliat, and aa tha larfttt 
 town III Nrw Kiigland. 
 
 rharlaalnwn tor iha Hiinknr Ilill Moiiamen« 
 
 Canibrldfa for iii utuvrriity. 
 
 Inrna Ibr tha manuraclur* o( •hoea. 
 
 Mnrbleripid fnr IUcod-fi«hrriri, 
 
 Balam tut III wtallh, obtained in ih* India trade. 
 
 Oloui-aaltr 'at eod and niarkersl Rihtrlei. 
 
 Nnwburyji.in, Iha mott noriharn town in Iha Blata, 
 ror eoininorc), 
 
 lx)w>'li, •• the flrti town in manulkolurine In tba 
 Unilnil Sitiei. * 
 
 N«w Bedlbrd and NantuekrI for whain Aiharlei. 
 
 Pljrmoulh for iha landing of I'ilgrim Father*, 18*0. 
 
 Conneotlcnt 
 
 Noted fur the Ingenious character of its 
 inhabitantii, and for ila aclioola. 
 
 'i'he common achool Aind, in this state, ia over 
 two millions of dollara. 
 
 It has been diatinguiahed for Ha men of genius 
 and learning. 
 
 HABTtoBii and Nsw HAVSKsrs Iha eapitala. 
 
 Rhoda Xaland. 
 
 Noted sj the smelliest state in the union. 
 
 It eonaista moatlv of the ahorea and iaknda of 
 Narraganaett Bay, Uiat give* it great advantsges 
 for navigation. 
 
 Pbovisbmcb ia noted aa ihe eapilal, likawiae for lie 
 manuAiotarea, aa wall aa being the aaal of Brown 
 Univaraiijr. 
 
 Newport, aa a oava) ataUoa, tat ila fertlleatloas 
 and lu ezeellani harbor. 
 
 ^- ...Wwl.^ 
 
mmmKmmmm 
 
 mt 
 
 18 
 
 POITSOAL OIQORAPHT. 
 
 • ' • II.-MIDf LE STATES. 
 Vmw TMrtu 
 la N«w York 8Ut«. wIwm Hudwn m^ tha brine, 
 N«w York and Drooklyn b their iriula combine. 
 On Ihe •i.me Udo, Wert Point wid Newburg •Uy : 
 Poughkeepeie, Hudson, Troy, »nd Albiuiy. 
 Soheneotiidy. with Utle* »nd Boine, 
 Upon the KrU Channtl find a home. 
 Here flymciu* and RocheitUr, wo mc— 
 The iMt la on thn River Oonouvo. % 
 
 Then Drockport oome«, with Lockport in the mow ; 
 A« Buffalo i« found on Erie'* nhoro. 
 
 Froi i Buffalo east, takes Attica her faro { 
 la Oeneuee, Batavia has a share. 
 Then Canandaigua in Ontario vio-iT ; 
 
 A« atandi Geneva ea«t, with Watorloc. 
 
 Auburn is "seated by Owasco tide . 
 
 South of Cayuga, Ithaca is spied. 
 
 Oiford and Norwich in Chenango trace ; 
 
 In Courtland County, Oourtlwid has a place. 
 
 Bath in Steuben, Elmira in Chomung ; 
 
 Owego next, then Blnghampton in Broome. 
 Near Saratoga, Ballston makes hek quartan, 
 
 And both are notad for their miaeral waters. 
 
 Salem in Washington, with Sandy Hill ; i 
 
 Whitehall ia where Champlain's dark waves dlatil. 
 
 Ticonderoga lives by Lake ChampWa, Ireign. 
 
 Where stands Crown Point, and PlptUburg holds her 
 Oswego sits beside Ontario's border ; 
 
 While on th* asatem coast i» Sackett's Harbor. 
 
 A plMoe to Watartown, Black River warranU ; 
 
 Aa Og^msbirgh is found upon PA. Lawranca. 
 
 • 
 
 Now JefMy. 
 
 Trenton, thai takaa from Jeraay'a ahora bar fara, 
 la on Um aMt«» side of JMawart. 
 Than Biwdontown, from Trenton south is seen, 
 with Borifaigton and Oamden down the stream. 
 Freehold hi Mmunoutii, known for Mmunouth baftla. 
 PrkiaatMS H. B. firms Trenton, delgna to settle. 
 
 When t&ymt BMritan pours foftb bar watara. 
 New Brwiswiek stands, nad Amboy makwhtrquartert, 
 
 rslletl lh« Enipii* itsta. Noted for Its 
 eamla, reUnahK ottoiwiv* comnMrea, tnA lU 
 gTMt itoUtkal liilluaiink 
 
 tin populatiun m vmimt iImii tny d«lMr itoia la 
 
 11m route ftom New Yotk to BuBio, m m» 
 ol Um giMlMt Utorauchfcn* Ia lb* world. 
 
 Tha aemmj an liw Hndnn ia of • Mbllais 
 •ml Impoalnt rhaiartar. 
 
 "ha ifaMmUMU <>n Utla rtvar ara gdabratail for 
 «aad *im1 graiutanr. 
 
 ALi.in. nil lh« Mu4Ma, tj noMd M «fca €«|»t«l 
 
 N<w Vuik, •( lb* mouih of ih« lladMin, ■• b«ing 
 lb« l*ri**>, »<Mt •omnMraial, and lin|ior«aHi town In 
 AoMriaa. 
 
 Woi Point fo* In military a«a4amy. 
 
 Wm Siitfl aixl Auliurn for aiala prtiaaa 
 
 Ullea fbc til* Hi«ta Lunall* Atylutl. 
 
 Beh<>n«iiii<l|r fur t'ninii (Villaga. 
 
 ayr«cut« i<)f iu »«li WOT** 
 
 Rnahfdiir flir ll» flouring lailla. 
 
 lAKilipori fc.r li»ro«lir unil •ipon«»» *»Ral lo*»i. 
 
 MaflUo ■■ on« of lh« Hia«l eoinmoroHl town* i* ih* 
 OnlMS Siaia* on tlio lln»» of two ih« tr*«t**t iboroudto- 
 (kr*a lit Am*rloB— Ih* K»la Cniial, and Niagara and 
 Lak* Ontario route*. * 
 
 BalliMMi and Haratnn* for ntiiiaral watara. 
 
 Oawafo •• thi principal port on l.ak* Unlarlo. 
 
 Ilackdl* lUrlior for nballl* fouflil during Ika laal 
 war with I'ron llritoin. 
 
 W«i«riown itor it* iwalnaaa and minufli<itor»a 
 
 Uriaaaburfh aa lying a4)aaaM to Canada Imi. 
 
 Tha dty rf Naw York la OM of Om niort tev 
 puttaiit towna In tlia workl. It ia aitualad al lh« 
 ^oirth of Um Hutlaon, on aa Uuid aboat Msan 
 mUaa in langUi. , . 
 
 It ia tWlatl by vagpab from all MUla of Um 
 wcrM. Mail ataamera am ifaiily aniving Hmhi, ft 
 (lepartini tbr fimitpn porta. 
 
 Broadway b ona of tiia flnaat atraato in Uw 
 world and Um Park PtNHitain one of Um aity'B 
 gnalaal omamenta Amonf Um pubtk builtUnga 
 wa laay umUon Trinity Church, • goUiie 
 m% baviai a sp*" « *»pK •• ■»" '^'-' 
 
 Noted for mannfaeturea, eanala, railroads 
 and Its lavoiaUorMiy MdMila 
 
 The wuUwm part iafaanm and Urinly sMad; 
 tha norUMm pMt, roach and ■MoMabooai (ha 
 
 middia Bsrt la aitnmaly fcrtlb. _ ^ . 
 
 Andaa and psMhaa are laiMl lb tnat abaml. 
 
 anoa'fai Um aoulhem paH. 
 
 TIm PhttiidalpUa Mud Htm Yeik wnfcela sm 
 aoppOwl w** Uisir baat ftato *•■ th» *al* 
 
 Kwmt, on *• IWaaraw, la naMd aa th^.eaj. W^. 
 
 FnahoM lanawifcriSa •^'I'i^STS&TSl 
 Ik* OanilnaBial army uj»l«r Oaa. WaahingMa. 
 
 MMP 
 
 wmmm 
 
Notad for Ha 
 
 BuflUa,»f>« 
 Iha worU. 
 
 1 !■ of t wbliM 
 
 •n giWbrvtail for 
 
 4 llwlMin, ■• iMing 
 liuiiortBHl town In 
 
 lamr 
 lun. 
 
 >nMv« ««mI iMki. 
 Miroill town* I* th« 
 l«frMMMIhutl>u|tl- 
 
 1, and Niaatf* auO 
 
 • 
 ril watnrt. 
 1 1i4k« UnlaHo. 
 ifhl during Ik* Iwl 
 
 il nuniifliolarr*' 
 to Canada Eaat 
 
 (t ia AimImI •( th« 
 
 m all |Mrti of ttw 
 ly wiiving Aom, cr 
 
 iKBt itraaU in Uw 
 I am of Ih* aily'a 
 iIm pubUe buiUinfi 
 ich, • gothie alracii 
 
 ,eMato.rftiIro«dt' 
 
 ) and thinly MliM I 
 ■MOiriainoaii Ika- 
 la. 
 iaad iti giMl almnd. 
 
 I YtA wuhala aia 
 
 I NoM aa •h') eaplMl 
 eafllaii a iaa» k .*«nlw 
 LM7oam««itia,aad 
 a. WaaiuHftaa. 
 
 MIDDLB aTATKI. 
 
 Itf 
 
 From Ambojr north, Elisaba'Jitowii wa vUw; 
 In Morria, Troy ami MorriaUum are two. 
 Upon Paaaaia'a iMnka, NflWRrk hsa growa ; 
 Aa (krtbar up the rtraui ia PatteraoB. 
 
 
 rrrraavRMi. 
 
 Th«r« Sehflj^iii! and the Xhlavart conrene, 
 la Philadelphia, oldeat ohi!<l of P«nn. 
 A<;d Harriaburg, the atate metropoiia. 
 On Soaqnehanaah River, non« can miaa, 
 •Bore Harrubarg, Northumberland may tarry : 
 Aa in LiiMn|« k ona, called.WiIkeabarra. 
 
 Ifaueh Ohunk in Carbon, where the Ltkiffh poura ; 
 Honeadale in Wayne, where LaekmmmH roara. 
 miford, jft Pike, rnd Stroudaborg in Monroe, 
 Soaton where DtUmart wad LAigk flow. 
 Brkmd in Buoka. 'bove PhUadolphU'a landing ; . 
 O h aa te r below, in Delaware ia atandin«r. 
 F^fw Philadelphia weat, tkrt« teort and I«m^ 
 Laneaater. in Laneaater county, view. 
 On BehaylUU banln, ia om called Norriatown ; 
 
 There Beading keepa ; there PottaviUe aita'ter down. 
 
 From Reading weat. ia Lebanon the while ; 
 
 York Uvea in York ; in Onmberland Carliale. 
 
 ProB Onmberland, i»j Ohamberabarg aouthweat ; 
 
 Aa aoath fai Adana, Cktttyaburg may reat. 
 Where Allci^aDj joiwn Monongahek, 
 
 Pittabwg b fgnnd, tiiough anoke and ooal emceal her ; 
 
 THaimi tM rnMabM lr« lltcwiM Mlakrawd Ibf 
 
 »«iil«« l...i«hl •liiiln« lh« H#t,iluli»«, IM all •f «k»k 
 
 i^*w«(k, aoMil Alt Ika nimmuaiara »f thMt turf 
 
 a raii«r««ii, auM kf 111 tauaa manuteauinaa. 
 
 Pannaylvanla. 
 
 Notad for eoal mlnf* tnil Iron manurac- 
 liirm; «n.| m (wing Um cantor of lb« Allivghaiit 
 Mouniaiiw. 
 
 'Ifia nuMitUNiiu aitonil Ihriugh (Iw nikldU «/ 
 iHa ilatii, Ivitting tha rMtitli»M«l«m mmI kiiiJj. 
 wpal«m porlliina Ui»rl, m iiiHliilaiiiig. 
 
 Il la ihe tint maiiuni-tuttng atata in Iha union, 
 aiwl U Ihfl rir haal in minxnila. 
 
 'nm iron nilnmi i< tliia atala am rtraal mtWTrm 
 of wi'allli. ami chlcrly aiipiil; ihe nianufiurturing 
 aataMiahin#nto. 
 
 riwi i'ual bmla ara liMiihau«<ilil(i, yinMiiig nvrr 
 two niillinna of Ion* annually ; «ru| In r«->l linport- 
 «n<^ an<l worth, ara mor* valualila than ih* koI.I 
 mu\«m oT Mitiko, or (Janlornia. On ih* raatarn 
 •W" of tiM) inouMlNin* la ioiin<l iIm anllira<ilf, of 
 hafJ coat ; on Ih* waat liiliiininoua, or aiin coal, 
 fittaliunt ia near Um cvnlcr of Um Uluminoua 
 coal rogion. 
 
 Wh.'al ia lh<t primipal product of tha •oil, 
 though rom ami other uraina ara raiaed in great 
 abuiHlanra. 
 
 lU population ia aeconJ to nona but N*w Votk. 
 
 Hsvarat IxiUiaa w<ir* fought in tliia atata daring 
 the roToluUonaiy KniKHlo. Val^y Korgn, twenty 
 niilaa northweat of 1'liila.h-lpliia, i« Imawn aa tha 
 piaca where (ien. Waahlngion inmia hie winter 
 quaJtans daihig tha liariuai houra uf the contaat. 
 
 !'*?•!'^'?^ •" '^ *«*q"«haiinak. la Ihe eaaiML 
 
 l-AiladalpkJa I* nkted aa twing Iha largaM wwn la 
 
 Ika ataia. .'ml aaeond In tk* i;nil*d Biaiaa. Ii I* dl*. 
 
 iliiguiahwt tor :•« kamaiM and lliarary InttlMianai 
 
 •oaong wkick ara Ujrard Cbllaaa, fef ornkana, ika 
 
 ihoJ fcriha Wlad. and .«, to, SaJ^adTJIb mV^ 
 
 irawwai Wai«« Worka, wfcleh auppl' 
 
 Pair 
 
 •apply • 
 
 -.A"??'*"* '<*•?• "^ • y«alym pi««a a^cng 
 
 ^ te«^ia«>lahad 4r eaal iiiaaa ia i . *Wni^- 
 
 S^ikT^f"""*"*^ ■'•^''"'" ""^ *^ 
 
 ^Pahe*illa,MMrb 
 
 fer ik*ir «*•( mlnaa. 
 
 a«***f."^fe.' ••.W."'!* *••■»"» »«»». I 
 lAr mllaa from HlilaM|4iia, en Ika aal 
 Il ia diaiinguithad tor lia ananaiT* irwi 
 
 |k>MMi la iHHad tot m torn aulla. 
 
 WilketlMirra tor liie mataaei* nf dw labaMlaaia la 
 Ike WreaiOig ndler, Mrtag limltiiilSS. 
 
 aranotod 
 
 b**eiiM town, lilBaiad alMl 
 
 -'■' ^-' ■kaylbiU ->».r. 
 
 w«rk» 
 
 Tba waria oT townal fnpivaenMRt hi lUi 
 rtaU ha«a gtaaily fiMfliMed tha kitareomaa with 
 tha aartem and waalcm poMlaaa of tha 
 
 Saea 1M4 tha Raian of 
 haa laethad Ha dna I 
 
 a^grA ' j : 
 
 i^yAaMMMUMMMk^*. 
 
I 
 
 f 
 
 pb'lTIOAI' OBOaiAPHT. 
 
 H«r« BimuimWn, »ad one c»M«d AHeghnajr* 
 TMr •tali.m. Uk« in WwUfO VnomyUtaiA. 
 KrM Ui irh«Tr» lAk" Kri«'« w»t«» m'u #»«ri 
 At B«»»«r U«i upon lh« Ohio R«r«r. 
 
 IKlawartt. 
 
 On y^i^y'i 0»**. In D«1»wm«. l« D^«, 
 Whik Hmm(^mM, (dt Wilmington U»e« ortT. 
 
 And Dclnwuro City, with WflwcMite Wr, 
 On tbfl w««l bank of Wfer Vtlamtv. 
 
 »«Uwnv« 
 
 fn t»Mrn.«tl.»i. l*rt *•»• •>•' • fcrtttol ■ *• 
 
 UI.-80UTUKBN STiLTRS. 
 
 Of ll»ryl«n.ri townn, th« fiml « Baltimow 
 Near Chc»np«»kc. nj o.i Pataptco'i «hor«. 
 
 And we»t from BaUimore, mil«« fcrty-*wo, 
 Hai Fredorlcktown Monoe'aq/. in ▼!«» 
 
 On flb*.w'» bank, two miku frow Oh«a-*-p««»* 
 An-nap'-o-U« nk» Ih* powerful «d i\w weak. 
 
 A German wlUement U Ha' g«»»town, 
 Weat of tbo Blue Ridge Is her etaUon known 
 
 And OumJwiUna of PoUmM may abare, 
 •T b weat of aU I'v* owned, a thoroughfiiref. 
 
 And Waahington, three hundred mllea froni aea. 
 On the oaat bank of Potow<M doth by. 
 
 0«)rgetown from WaahSngton, Roe* O*'. difM* 
 Weat of i»«*wi«i AkiaadrUi hid«. 
 
 ManrlaiUI. 
 
 Hstui (at «iw c»i«»t*« ''•'?!.^!*fi,^ 
 
 *Jr#«tHi«^MM»wha*tiMi »*•-«*» »»/ 
 
 bountluiM <>i the Kl.t.. 
 iiu.Uty of wh.*L 
 
 I til* KTtaMai 
 
 Tl- Dtaukt of Columbia mm mM to iM 
 
 *> llnU^ StolH. .'.U»' *!«>««••»"•"■ 
 
 NolaA an tk« klrth-pl"* «' tba I nuMilnl 
 w'«i>iiMl<m. md far liaVinf ^*w ^« vmUmtB 
 to thb IMmi._ _ _, _ ^_. , ii..«u.4« .Bd 
 
 
 Om huaiMA Ihj, tnm lb* mo«lh of Jwm$, 
 In oU Vtaginb. BWiaioi** — h>« h«r cUima. 
 
 RieatiMra k Hia eapW «l VhlW^ 
 N«Mk hM a«aa l«rtw. »« «»3<*» *•, 
 
 _..^. adnsUdlwfgMifa 
 
 7«ktowi ». ««irf s Jl2n?T«i 
 
 Mi 
 
 (yfMWWlHi! 
 

 MOM a»l«. 
 
 
 ■Mi irirn U> tk« 
 li I* UM |rt««M«l 
 
 o«M ID Om 
 
 Km. 
 
 ttmapMsl of 
 n thn twl bank 
 
 )\« ti> iWl oil 
 
 tha Immortal 
 o iK f twt d a nte 
 
 Mo«nt*iM«BA 
 
 •aintnitei «« 
 
 ■httMkf ( Wtt 
 •fabriMk 
 
 Bitidlwfcnimi 
 oTtiMBIiHMt 
 » iMma ■mM' 
 f dock. 
 
 m, m mi. 
 
 i<^!^Kfl^ STltBt. 
 
 H 
 
 iVxm HMnpkiaRiM(l«,«ii(htmik4,ForfolkIiv«|||»i 
 UiKNi A'ittmttlh't fiiir, fltiwing river. 
 
 VorklDwi), tip«m IW* riMr, aiU nioti*, 
 W1i«ro Lord CgrnwkllU buwtd to WMklngton. 
 
 MMrtli f .'•rollmmi 
 
 IU'-Ult{b. in Ibn interior uf N. 0.. 
 l^etu rii%r XcnH, wUom hatm art* or«r fro*. 
 
 Nowb'jrBt t!^« lMg«al tow, •lAndi by ibe yimn; 
 
 Of Ca^ /Tffff riiMr, Fey'-cU^-villn nikfcea «M. 
 
 And WJIniingion comTii In tba lUnia n«it. 
 Up II^M ^MT r«v#r, milwt — ^jvat thiriy'iii. 
 
 iMMlli CmrollBtu 
 
 Oolttn<bii% RtAod* ujMin the Con ga rt/ ; 
 And tii^orgvCown dwctta upon th« Ort<a Ptdtt', — 
 A» Churkitou liriw jiMi Mron inilM (h)m Mft. 
 Hunbuiif. bj tb« <Sa vnn'-n/iA, k(j«tM her •Utiun, 
 laat At th« huital of itwunboat nat Igfttion. 
 
 CMiortla. 
 
 Wbera rolla em'-nfi waTca, to MU'-l»dg«-TUl« ; 
 Aofpifl*. wbtiro SttmMiah.'i walcra ipiU ; 
 On thm uuoa Ud«, Sarannab mount* bar bluff- 
 Say, MveateeB frum a«a, for (hal'a enough. 
 
 AtalHumiu 
 
 Ob AhimmU breaat, Monlgomerj 'a limg ; 
 Aa Ti3»-c»-k>o'-aA haara Black Warrior* t aong. 
 Mobile i« weat the mouth of JMiU Hit; 
 Aa Bkkely Uvea npcn the other aid*. 
 
 JftckKs, ia Mbdadppl, dWuka tl»« /Vorr; 
 I V w I yWt wftUm round Oolnmboa ftul : 
 A»i Natohei «alna • rWng bluff her ae^|— 
 O'er MUtttt^ppft wvn, tRrae hundred faei 
 On fh« MHM #^> b«1ow ii>« dark J!uoo. 
 IVom jaidnon, west, Yicka-burgh ia in the vhw. 
 
 And N«w Or-kana' o'er Loaiaiana arnflea, 
 (Jp Mitti»i>ippi'» atream, one hundred milea. 
 . 'BoT* New Orkiwa <»« Jiuadred, ten, at moat, [110 
 la Ba-toa Rouge, a military post. 
 
 Wortfe Cai-nlbm. 
 
 fur ll« Gold MiBM, that yintd 
 
 C^MMot timit^iy 1 mi, •!■•, fin «h« llwuiMi 
 ramp, ttiirty mil** Iihm| (ml i»n imiIm wkla. 
 It ia Uim umI wimI^t, iTir Mity 'it wvcnly mUt« 
 ft<«n )ii« ruMt. Ill Um liiUriiir, it k tUtljr ) Mul In 
 Um woatern |W|1 It I* nioimlairi<ni«, 
 
 'ttiia HiaUi haa no (<mnI tiaiiKMa. 1'ha raa«* mi 
 UmiI wtlh auMl iMia ami raafc, llkal ramlar n««i£» 
 
 Ntiaiaa, noar Ika nanWf nrika Blala, ifllM <iasi«tv 
 NawtMni la ii.iMil aa ika laffatt Mwtt ID thii ^'••'■ 
 M llminfinn, tk* alu«f emnmanial >I*|m!M, la iioir j i< 
 iMiufl tka irrninaa uf an aitaiiaiva Una a( ittlnMa. 
 
 •otttb OarolliM. 
 
 Tha mallaat of tlio Hauth«rn Rt«t«a } 
 noUkl tnt ih* opuhmoi umI Imkiwattml ckuactor 
 (^ Ita |il«iilara. 
 
 roi.uoaii. Ill* rapltNl. la imlad Ibf lia naamaaai 
 ('liarladiiii ii ii.<i«<l aa iha laiiitlufUia AUMIIa aiilaa 
 in IM Bouihain Nialat 
 
 Oaorgia. 
 
 Notad for ita productlona of riea and 
 oolbm, M wall aa Cw noM niinaa. Tha minm 
 ara fuuml In liia northern |«rt 
 
 In lurfiwa ami aoll, it niaamblmi (So ('amlinaa. 
 Imligu rna onra raiaiHl in larga qiitntiliM, but 
 niltini haa now lakan Uui iaaj of all iithar prmlurta. 
 Hugar rana la raiaail to auoia ailaiil In tha 
 aoutharii part 
 
 Miu.*><uaviu.a, tha aapllal, haa a plaatanl atiaatloa. 
 Raivannah It wMad aa balng Iha largaal Mwn in tha 
 luia, ana aa havUifl a tuga akaia tfiiMrrni 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Noted for ita fertile aoil, and rapid tan 
 eraaaain popalalkm. 
 
 Cottim la tha ehkt agifeultiml product. 
 Moarraapraat, on fUa Alabama rlvar, la tli« eayital 
 Meblla la aala4 In lia aiunat*a mwi araa. 
 Tuitalaaaa, tha MMivar aapltal, la a iaanahim mwb 
 
 Hitaatad moctfy la the baaia or tha ma. 
 tUnt riw,. wUdi koHMli it aa- iha wutL 
 
 inthaUBiaB. 
 Tka aatliani f gutm i» laaal, wad tha 
 
 Ifaaff^ iia aafitaltlaaw Faail naar. 
 laSf^all^^ 
 
 
 IionWana. 
 
 Notwi for ita great commeroial advantagaa, 
 and aa Um ckkf aofa' growing alata in Iha Uami. 
 It ia a l«>w and Iml tnMst, and at tha aooihara 
 part fcnaa thadallaof Iha graat Mlaiiidpfl. Tha 
 waHn oflhe rivar wa hiftvr than tha aummndiBg 
 oomUiy, and ara kaot frnn mat flawi ng by l aaaaa. 
 
 
 ■riMMadiarflMfMUUM diibaAaudh* 
 
POBTIOAL OlOfiRAPHY. 
 
 ThajHW niMfdiii Lo 
 
 And AleMiMiri», tor ka twde in eo«»», || 
 Open iW t*»w, mMtnol be foigotten i 
 
 iUA N«tch.l-tecb«, w old Fwmoh town we enler, 
 On tlM wm* iidt, near Lottiriana'i center. 
 
 
 nifMd in LoviaUnn, ta 1845^ WM 
 
 ..Jh WW « 
 
 itk. Hi 
 
 ROlldA. 
 
 M lIM If M*w T«rk 
 
 8e«M m neitii. 
 
 In Florida U Tal-la-W-eee timA,^ I 
 
 The aeat of rule, on elevated gronnd, 
 
 And PenHMi-co'-la stands, . fiur to the west, 
 And of the Oul/ ports she is deemed the best. 
 
 Upon the eastern coast, St Augnstiae [auifui-tem' 
 Oldest of towwr, beneath a sky serene. 
 
 FtoMDA is the native state of the S«"»H«JeS2?: 
 
 S. iSt«mtti«n pit of Jh. United State* It f«««^ **«■»* 
 to bJS brt^«Sij to tte Umt«l,8.rt~ in 181». 
 
 ft?tiirSrftoS«^ofi|«^^ 
 PwjiMol* i» noted »« m«»of^wr rtrtMi, ma for iU hutw*— 
 
 ths belt in tSe Oidf of Maiiea. 
 
 Austin, ftom CS)to«»fo, shikes heV thiwt, 
 And o'er the Iione Stwrifeigns supreme and first. 
 Bas-trop', La Grange, Cohimbuo farther south, 
 With Mat-a-gor-da at flie river's mouth. 
 
 Sa-Wne' U at the moulh of dark SaMmt, [ta-bm 
 And CW^ves-tom beside her bayja seen. 
 Houston, northwest of Galveston, we view. 
 On a small stream, odl'd £tf<do Bajfou. 
 
 Ve-W-ca, where the Sratos meets the brine^. 
 A pjace <rf much resMt in summer lime. 
 
 Go'-Uad, » town on &m M-kf-^Ua snore, . 
 When Vinnhi died, with fidl ftwr hni^iMd more. 
 
 
 OOSOLA, 8BBUN0LE OCOBir. 
 The ikove out ta » *»pMe«ot*lte« of 0™*MSl 
 
 IEhM* vfMHWinoat Oobm, 
 
 Sana. 
 The Lone Star— noted for its* wld In- 
 
 ^?t^Sd^« »d«!><«d»tiMto1n|^t 
 ' ■nd.in 1848, it WM enneMd to the CMIMiw» 
 
 TexM contrfne eboat Mx tiaeo MinnMtim^ 
 totyeePennejflTMiifc • ,,^. ■ ' ^_ 
 
 IV diirf mdMiions sin i.ii||j^li*a«f«i *% 
 fumr, com tnu wheat .' .... . 
 
 It ebowrfi in liiiflUo»Mrt ■»* **> k""^ 
 thit wwn oter iii til* ^*» 1^ ^^ 
 
 The iduOiitaBte an ■oB^jr BOBiliii U. Wii» 
 
 Sl^ii, i/ih» mew « «— etel riwgn 1« *• 9mm. 
 
 Tilenie is iwlr* ■• • IWMMt men. _^', '. 
 
 , o3bSte'ifflt>raie.eMg«wteofOii»awl«.^ 
 
Mp> 
 
 imm 
 
 «'«« .Wt t w ^ J"*** 
 
 wMMtMnta 
 BMMncbaMi 
 
 IV. -WESTERN STATES. 
 
 Twiee tliirty milM. up the Arkatmu' billow, 
 O'er the north bank. ArkanMi makes her pillow. 
 
 Arkansas State to UlOh Rook lays claim, 
 That bf^Arkantat met writes her name. 
 
 Van Burea, near the Indian Territory, ^ 
 Up the $anu tide, in woven in the glory. 
 
 And Bates' -villo slumben on the river White, 
 Ai, ta the northwest. Fay'-ette-ville we write. 
 
 Arkansa^i 
 
 Lies wtft of the Mississippi, and aotad 
 fcr hodpring*. 
 
 ItWM wlmittod into the Union in 1836. 
 Along tha MiMiMippi. it i* low oml unhsslthy. 
 IIm iiitaiior i« elevated, and enjoyi a aalubikNM 
 lie. 
 sbMinda wi^ laige riven, ^i-. 
 
 LntM Koca, Hm aapHal, ii on Arkasiaa nver. 
 
 ArkanMi la nolad aa Ittinf iba oldait lawn In tha 
 atale; aeltierf by Iha Fianek in 1088. lu popalaltoa 
 ta MMatly daaeaataia of Fiauek and Miana. 
 
 TenneMee. 
 
 OBUV. 
 MarOe»U^ 
 
 «^!rfSUiii«ad 
 ■iadea of Fleridl^ 
 HddMml>rbhM4 
 
 » lts<i!apld in- 
 aaing (x^ bun a 
 
 mtiMslnKlSSt 
 lhalIidNKl8M«' 
 
 "#W*^**«**^' 
 
 M,taa|wttafa|^. 
 
 NMhTillet of TkmnnsBB, la known (oaUnd 
 
 ly the Oraat Bendof JUatr Cumhirland. 
 
 a 0«l-la-tin near Cum ttr lan i ia aean, 
 Clarkarille, on tkumhrtani, ia down tha atream; 
 Aa South ftoiu NaahTille. FnoUin takaaherfbione; 
 From IfMhville EMtiaatationad Lebanon. 
 And where Dutk Jtiaar rolls her pariinfrtll, 
 ColamUa atanda with one called Bhel-by-vllle. 
 In RDTB-aa>roBS, as Mnr-IVevB-bo-ro umilea; 
 Near Fagr.«tte-vflle, Pn-laa-kl UTea iu Uiua. 
 
 Noted for the Cumberland Mountains ; Tor its healthy climate and fertile soil, 
 divtiiaa, V the Carabeifauid Idbnntahu, into Eaat and Wait Tenneasee. 
 
 Xmtnokjr. 
 
 Where roUa the <Mo, Msys-Tille let ai freet ; 
 
 Kinnton in Roami; and Athena in MoMiMs; 
 KnoifiHe in Kaoz; aa OraenTille Uvea in Ouiir. 
 Mempbia, aeenra tnm Mu»i»»bni'i wataia. 
 South Weat of all makea a h^h M^ her quarteis. 
 
 And Pnr-djr, Bol-i-Tar, andRa-ieiah. three. 
 Stand with La Qranjj^ in Waarmii Tsiniiiau; 
 Where Somerville may learn her pedigree. 
 And North of theae Brownavilla apd Jaokaon trace. 
 Where Trenton oonea, and Pa-ris finda a plaee. 
 
 It it 
 
 fat 
 
 Paria, in Bovm-Boir, makes her auarlers yei| 
 While I^slngton ia aUtioned in TaT'Sttx. 
 And Nioh-o-na-TiHe, In Jsa-iA-mas, we mark; 
 Veraaillea in Woodtomdi WiH-ehea-ter In Ci,ibbi 
 Rieh-BMid la BlABiioii; iriiiU to Gaa^'BAao, . 
 The town called Lan>oaa-t«r, we neat award. 
 Stan-fard ia Lw.««ii>a; DauTille then tai Botu; 
 Aa Har^rads-borg ia Mmaa Uvea the while. 
 
 Then TavloraTille aad Shepardaville we greet, 
 Whifa tpringfleid makea in Waaataotw her siat 
 In Nkuok BaidilowDi Oraeaaburr Uvas in Gaiani 
 Aa Ha-ri-oB atandi with Leb-a-non. betwaaa. 
 Calami^ la A-aaiai aias-eow ia BAa-aaai 
 Aa Bowlinf Orean her atatioa makia in WAaaair. ■ 
 And Ru8<a8l>vine, Elk-toa aad many mora, 
 With HopUnsfflle aad Priaoelea join lha seen. 
 
 S«ttl«d by Daniel Boone, in 1769. It is noted for its delicbtfiil elimata and Am nO, 
 (ks Manaiath Cava, and ibr tha brave aad haspitable eharaelar tt ita inhaMtaata. 
 
 In BaACK-BH, there Au-gna<ta finds a aaat. 
 New-fort and Cov-ing-ton are aide by aide, 
 Where .JiaafcwMf Rjpir joina her parent tide. 
 War>aaw ia wbera the Ohio MUowa range 
 Wlfli Car^rfU-taa, one Bedford and La Gnn; 
 Here Laa-iB>villa. the hirgaaitawn, hi aeen « 
 With Biaa-4M>barg, that'a (hriher down the atraaas} 
 Aad flBwa»viBa, haia in BUaotoa County, raaka; 
 Aa Ow-en-btKro monntaOia VaKaw.BMikar 
 Than HeaWtor-aaa aad SmiUi-huid, each, are passed; 
 As eaiB«BPk^««ah hi tha atansa tast 
 
 DrBBkfert la by txMiaAf» pvrHnf riili 
 lalhBBan' Waat, is aa« Med Shd-byvillei 
 OS cigaW H B la Uearrt iB!li0a«i.AaCBr>4isla; 
 As Hfaaas aaas Cya*dy-a>aa saUla. 
 
 Of Indaaa 8tai«, the luUag MtM, 
 Dpoa Wkt IMk, ii In'^di-an-ap'-o-lis. 
 
 Hnown for her vineyards, by the Okio't tide, 
 Where lives New A&any, is Ytraj a^ed.. 
 
 Bmallest of the Wect«n States, tboafh 
 oBtsTdiaaMatfeHaaand BnaunoB 
 
 .ItnsiflMBiOMafaiasBlka,Mil , 
 
 The psMia of Ms sMa, as «mI as hi si flf Iks 
 Weaism ifolsa^ am dda^y saiplsysd b 
 
 '^'*>**»»»*Mfil. ^^fc^..- 
 
 KMH 
 
 ^■A^^^^ att i. ^»i M 
 
 
34 
 
 FOBTICAL GlOOBAPHy. 
 
 On Om tarn tUU, mtkt* MsdiMm Ur Iftir ; 
 Where, from CJolumbus, drlre* U»* . Atlroad oar. 
 With Lawrenoeburg let Ounbridge Oity mis ; • 
 Thongh apace divide* theia, milea, jurt aeTen^ dz. 
 ViiMMMi^ T«i» Hurt*, idd Oojtaalo^jwiMk tto«Art«] 
 
 Th«% NpU kwiMt thm, I^MMMt li knoimt 
 llMKHuIPwa, V/ihmk, anl Hunliiiftaa. 
 
 Bottlli Said iswiMM m. Jmpkt UUo«n biMh( 
 Aa Mkhim Citjr MittM ibo»« Um LoAc 
 
 OoloBibaa raigna apon Ohio'a aoQ, 
 
 While at her feet Seuicft watera boM. 
 
 With Btenbenville, and one called Marietta, 
 
 On the Ohio tid», k Oindnnali. 
 
 And SIdnej, Troy, and Dayton, find a home, 
 
 Upon Miami' t banka. with HanUtoa. 
 
 Cleveland ia north, where Sri* obanta her ditlj ; 
 
 Ai, weat from Cleveland, atanda Sanduaky City. 
 
 Lower Saadoaky, where 8€mdfak}f$ billow 
 
 Givea Tiffin, and Baeyma, each, a {mIIow. 
 
 In Ot-t»-wa', Port Clinton, finda a spot; 
 
 Horon, in Erie, moat not be fatma^. 
 
 Hmm^mA Maa^tM, wUb M««BtV«Moi^ Wn 
 - Blli,MMlb;w!ril>Woaiflwli««iB Wagriw. 
 
 PtaM Bill, MMlk ; wMto wooMW aw 
 
 And MMAor Wqriw ii MBWrnm *■ 
 
 A% Bflrth, ¥•*», Mia Byri^ ■»«. 
 MoiAOHl «r 4 wlMN taM ttM dHk 
 
 Okarid<] 
 
 And Peftyabotg Bvee by the Mcmmm Mrtam; 
 WkM«. fciihar dowB, Ttolada^atanreta beam. 
 t(ndirMtW«t,aMWWI, 
 
 ,mmtkiti 
 ZmmvOI*, o'«r J faW yitMo : 
 MsOoMiilfTilla ia aaatod down the 1{d«. 
 
 SS^^H? 
 
 Wtm Oterdnd. mm*, alngthe tow^pctt aide, 
 
 MlMi Md Iterita ti« iStanriaa ^iaw i 
 Urn Boivtf aad PfaOadd^ «M» : 
 Po^ooloB Mxt. then Bawaih, Clulvrtti.— 
 Tkk hMt ia wImm Afeto^a wnvaa diaiD i 
 
 In com. mhmt, Mf, imt mi f^ m 
 faivMlwawMiMkwMt hdtf Iha tmk aM- 
 Mwry In dw EiMm Buan. 
 
 I»u«4Ni.ii^ « Will r«k, «r Wfcto fhw, 
 
 In Km tUM. 
 Mkiiigui City iiUw «il7 |wd 
 
 Oblo. 
 
 Called the Buck Bye Stat*. Itiad*^ 
 Ma or mo>nt>in% Owi^ hUly «d imiate 
 riBiia<h»wl»«yofth»oaoiby. . . ^ 
 
 LinM pniifai «• bond at Ika hMd WMM rf 
 
 Iba Bdoto and MnAbifian. 
 into alata h noMd far pMftwaMh mm i 
 crmmIb Mnolalian. 
 UlMBttoaadibaOWaiHw gifa il p«al a<. 
 
 iTwaiiaMllMiaalalaaal'fW.yct.iB ftM tt 
 to Iha ihU rtala in Iba Uoioa. 
 
 C«.«n»«», (ka capM, to ikaalad «te m^ 
 baafcarthaSetoloriw. !to idla waa Niariad in 
 ltl9,MiliaaMl«nbab|^ 
 •a anlfaa wiUafaaik 
 
 OMbiiMli, ataalid on IhaOUa ftw.iafta 
 
 ■oolkwart part af Aa iMa, to aaa arte hMrt 
 
 BBDdMB Mid RHMiV VWB ■^MBHHi^V^ ^^H w^^^w 
 
 ^^^LalawTiwIa. tya«%lB 
 
 i| la !•••, 
 
 BaMa ad Laia Siia mM. iw «>?•■ 
 ITTt. inm'-^ M Wt iahaMMiit la IMt, 
 
 tfn iMd naahai aa l([|^ aa fMM taai • ma 
 ZmI teakpaW^aMaaii MMea _. 
 
 idiftoari^la' 
 «i<a«i.l«i> 
 
 
 •SB 
 
 RH 
 
»WH|«I«VWMIMV*' 
 
 96 
 
 POBTIOAL aSOQRA.PHT. 
 
 jSif!» 
 
 SpriQgfieli is c»pit»l of Illinoia, (DUnoy) 
 When rirer 6in'-ga-mon her notet employ. 
 C9il-oft'-go reign* the chief of all the oI«d, 
 With Little Fort beside Lak« Miehigm. ^ 
 LiO<i|qx|^nd Ju-Ii-et' with Dresden, twain, 
 Are ndR^cAgo, on the daric Dtt Plaint. (De Plafat) 
 
 m 
 
 KbA MnoU, to OU»-wa may roar, 
 
 P«ni, P*<»-fW^ w»<l Ha-wn-M— Cwr : 
 
 Thm UMnbtownoomei^ and Mer«^(HiUi'i Mto ; . 
 
 All ew>t thb tkk, \t Curtolton, in Gro«ne. 
 
 Oa-le'-oa, noted for her mines of load, 
 Northwest of all, by Fever River bred, 
 Rock Island, first on MUiutippi view. 
 And then the Mormon city, called Nan-voo. 
 Then Warsaw comes, and Qiiincy next we rhyme ; 
 And Al'-ton, noted for her eoal and linu. 
 Kos-kas'-kia, a French town further south, 
 With Cairo seated by Ohio'i mouth. 
 
 And Hhell^vilie, VamlAlia, and Carlulc, 
 Along tha banka J Mr Kaikadkia amile. 
 Monmouth and Knoxvilia mar each olhn raat; 
 Maoon r.-v^ Carthage, from Proiia, wait. 
 And Rwbvilla, WoodviUe, and Columbua, tfiiong; 
 ' Near (4idncj,ia the plaoatbby all belong. 
 
 From Spiing&eld, weal, haa Jaduonrilla her fate ; 
 Known for the eollege that ie alationed there. 
 And, by the W(^ba$h, DanviUa dla herdown; 
 While, on tha Ohio tide, ia Ouwnretown 
 
 And Jefferson (Sty on a high bluff smiles, 
 Up the Minmri tide twice sixty mSes, ( 1 20) 
 On the same tidc^ jost twenty from its mouth, 
 Bt CSiarles is oni the north bank, not the south, 
 And Indeiimdehee, ynaAM al haCh Iwid her, 
 Fmd wbiiMe iot Santa "Sif leaves many a trader. 
 St L?M»» « the MUHttippi 's leea, . 
 DowB finia lessor's iaoi;th xailee Mnwnteen, 
 Froil IXtm Orleana, twelve hundred xif the tide, 
 Waiaaffs tirgest town, ICasouri's pride. 
 And from St Louis, ■ctvMty miles southwest 
 F«^'*dihre% knowa ibr^her J^Mcf the best , 
 
 rralria oa Fir*. 
 
 Tha prair*! «rf «ka Waatara Biatai ara ayary yeai 
 •wpl OTBT by Sra. Tha »law, whan ijia tall graat li 
 thoroaghly dried and \U Samai aia aldMl by aatraoi 
 wind, u ona uuly mafniScant and ubnme. 
 
 Noted for rapid increase in population, 
 and great fcrtUity. 
 I Agriculture ia the chief employment of the 
 
 ^Uad ia found at Galena, in the N. W. part of 
 the atate, in great abundance. 
 
 The canal, comiecting liake Michigan with the 
 lUinoia river, ia now complete. 
 
 BramofiiU), the caniwl, ii on tha Sangurapii rWer. 
 
 Chicago, ona of the lar|;«it lowBi ia (he Wait, li 
 U tha head of t*lie Miohigan. ^ ,, • 
 
 Nauvoogon (he Miaaiulppi,li noted ai tha Uomoa 
 Oitr. 
 
 A'togii noted for tta eoal and liota. 
 
 Oalelh for iia lead m?nea. 
 
 The largest state In the union, with the 
 •soeplion of Teua, and noted for ita great mine- 
 
 IW IMOUI60fla ' 
 
 This stale liua weat of die Miaui^, aiid b 
 intanectad flein weat to eaat bj the Miaaouii 
 rivv, the mat<(iftatai7 of the MMaaipoL 
 
 Tba tt&m dT Mi btm, salt, Mai, tee., nt 
 ineihanalible, iai cautOMt the wedlfa of the 
 
 Inn HmoMa h a nMMornne inn, MO fitat 
 high, and two milea In eireott. FHot Knob ia 
 another taaii 600 ftat high, and Hues aulea in 
 dicnit 
 
 • (bslSi- 
 
 JstnasMT Vin, 04 ospilal, is <m 
 MoH; flMhoDdnd sod twan^ milaa wfi 
 
 91. fiO^ fa «iM sf Hw bn<Mt town in As 
 WMamSMMsaad MdaUr to Iwawanear 
 
 • PiaaaBnced in ta^M FNa'4<| ia SpaalA, M^a^t*. 
 
 . i tiittii i rtam i iiirrfr i ftt i i ftiWii«iite M 
 
lUi tM If try yMi 
 iMn the <«ll gTUi'ii 
 M*ldKlb]r*lU0li| 
 I MbDme. 
 
 » in population, 
 
 iployment of the 
 
 be N. W. pert of 
 
 Michigan with the 
 
 h« StngRinpii rWer. 
 «■ in the Weit, li 
 
 oteduiheMoraioa 
 
 union, with the 
 for its graet mine- 
 
 i bj the MiMMiii 
 
 •It, hM, «e., art 
 the weeHfa (Of iha 
 
 . IfQBti ^^O fen 
 
 . Pilot Knob ia 
 and Ihiea aulea hi 
 
 [UI, k oa a 1^ 
 Daiea«qp«tolai> 
 
 |tat town in A* 
 to baeona one «f 
 
 WS8TXRN STATES. 
 
 W 
 
 ■ae IMiaae Ipeariaf fUk 
 
 The Bae Indien* in Uit* (tat* subtiii hy buntinf, uappiA( aad ftaUaf . 
 riM abo7e eat npraiaau tkam t|Mirlac fiih 
 
 TowA City aitt the fint in atete, 
 Up her bix ntream a cypher «&d an eight, (80) 
 From the state liintts forty miles or more. 
 Is Burlington, on Jflssiiafepi'* shore ; 
 And north of this is Bloomington espied, 
 With Davenpoii upon the western side ; 
 Ga-man'>ohe nekt, then Boll'-vue and Dubuqe', 
 Known for her lead, beside this gieiit brook. 
 
 WUcomln. 
 
 Between ^o kkes holds Madison Jier rule, 
 And of the Badger Sti^ is capital.' 
 Beloit and JanetviHe on Bock Mmr bide, 
 As Pnd-ric-du-Chien drinks MiisUaipjii's tide ; 
 And Mineral Point is near Potosi bred ; 
 These two are not^d for their mines of lead. 
 Lake Michigan, Sue-bojr'-a-gan gases o'er, 
 Milwaukee next, Ba-cine' and Soathport four. 
 As Wau-ke-sha'^in from Milwaukee .track, 
 On WlA^««o lUfkif F6nd di Ufi!", ■ 
 
 And North,^«fl» *i^ <** J'^ jB^ sweeps, 
 Upon QiMttMig^ %«^'B»7.her staUon keeps. 
 
 ^TU» tniitaiyfiwMrthcCOdMpnHa,«)d between the Rodty 
 
 KiaiMniinilhanofieOoeaQ. It ie natei fiw lieing Iha gnat 
 
 WaMi ^mcn of dia thdied Slatei { aa we» aa for the enonnoiia 
 
 gnmOi of ila fteea, which an BMMtimes foonJ MO faet high. 
 
 TIm aoii, weal oftba Caicada Bai«a, is rapneenled as axtiameljr 
 
 ^^^ O^ standi hi a CartUe Taltey Mar Iha bib of WUhuMMe 
 ihar ; ft eaahdna spwudi of 600 inheUtanta. 
 Aataia-k war urn aiouth of ColiunUa liwr. 
 
 ^piwn. 
 
 The Northweat State of the union. 
 Noted for it* iertilitjr anil ieati vainf*. 
 
 It ia bmindeil on the oaat by the Miarieiipal 
 liter, which arparatea it from the italai ct IlUnde 
 Sfht W«con»iii. 
 
 Tm >ctt ia uneonuaoniy foitile; larn crape of 
 aim, oata, wheat. *!!.„ an raked wUi Wi UMla 
 
 The kad minee of Ihii slBti>, witfi &oee of 
 WkeonkniinakaBd MiaM>Hri,aM tha iMwiS 
 hlhawaiid. 
 
 bWA Pnr. the eapital, i* on Iowa ri«ar. 
 
 Burlington k noted as being faTorabiy ittaatod 
 for trade. 
 
 Dubuque ia hi one of like groateet kad dklrick 
 in the world. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 The Badger State. Bounded on the 
 eael by Lalie Michigan, on the went by the Mi*. 
 ai«nppi river. Theaa watera give it great fiuilitiea 
 for conrninrcs. 
 
 It ia notn] for iU valuable lead niincR, ita foitiia 
 adl, licauUAil oak opcninga and nuiuorous fina 
 piairiea. 
 
 The loulhem part of tne iMte preeenk ona of 
 the bert farming dktricta in the union. 
 
 Ilie popuklion k a multibiioua mail of 
 Eun^wana and Amerkana. The fanner ate 
 duracteriwd for tiidr industry and temperate 
 habiU; the latter for auperiof inUdigence and 
 entaiptlH. 
 ■ MtWMX, beiWMn TWrd and Foardi lakaa, ii the 
 
 iniwaekM, Iha larfiat towa la the Male, ii noted 
 fttin rapid wivaiteaaSMta ia waaiib, peralaiioa aad 
 iiayMana«k 
 
 <■ Callfomia. 
 
 reeileii lo 
 
 Oold Mgiing in CaliteaA 
 
 This country v?8 oaea clained ky Mesk^bnt 
 
 DHitmi Slatwi bj- treaty, ia ISMt It 
 
 liea bMwwtn ih* Raaky Mouataiaa oa the aaai, ead 
 
 tlM Paeili Oeean m laa vraM, 
 
 liis neied Ibr ihavattomnuty eTaaM In 
 Ittbeider*. The gold ie dug fnwiaMaMai 
 roclTi, and Cnua dw aaad iotlM bedi of Iha 
 
 widan 
 
 jiainaand 
 rivoiB. 
 
 garrfWri. 
 
 Ji 
 
38 
 
 POETICAL OKOOBAPHT. 
 
 MEXICO AND GAUTAMALA.. 
 
 M«xlc«. 
 
 TIm Oty of Mtzico. 
 
 ItU 
 
 MOMO It OM of ih* Mutt eltiai on iha Wawarn ContiiMnt 
 ■itamMd MTCii tboutuid Aci above the laTal of Iba Ma, on Uia taMa landa. 
 Upon Iha lealli ara M*n lema of tha loAiaat paakt of iha Oordillarai, and 
 amoaff ikam Popeea(apall,a larg* volsaoo ikat la omwnad wiik parpawal 
 
 HOW. 
 
 And Mezioo, high on the table lucU, 
 In the interior of the proYUcie atanda, 
 Abore the sea fidl MTen thooMnd feet. 
 Adorned with temples rich and straeturea great 
 Fair lakea are there, arrayed in evergreen ; 
 Wigbi mountain peaka upon the aoath are aeen : 
 There Popoeiltapetl amokea all below, • 
 From ita high anmmit, covered o'er with mow. 
 
 I fntad iht itandnev,^ 
 
 luir Um lihOT oftM kBMWB WWld. 
 
 It WM ODM tiM Mt* 9t • foymtA tinpir*! 
 mnf wktok fntUui • *••• «f ktafi, ttnaMl 
 "tteJioBttamuia,'' . 
 
 It wu InTMM and «oiMMnd bv CortM, a 
 SptnUb adTanturar, In lOSi; and baeam* a 
 provliMs of Spain till IP2I, whan it waa (>•• 
 eUrad tndependant. and a repnbllMn fom of 
 governmtnt eatabUJicd. 
 
 Ita Oir nT Ywa Onk 
 
 I *r to OMto^ aa* llM VOIaa, aM of 
 
 Tam flkw is MHA fcr to Okatfa or laM WM VOIaa, OM of auMigaat 
 to«NiM«iJiAMoaai»S«MW » MM itTwMtalmbrg 
 gaUa* W A t m lf Mil l o S n aS r i MlM K ito IM Haxiaw «». tat 
 
 kriMMr. 
 
 lParWoMa>iwiHii>fco«MMacodaeeaat, 
 la YaNA Chrw, ttreft InalNd mikii itleaat 
 BnrtliaMi ft<n Mezioo^ fldl'eiih^ nOea, 
 ilHMdfNr Iier elmrdiM, La Ps^bla amtlea. 
 •0*<l^'oa, on diii «OBt«^ two tepdred, ataiidi, 
 £ifa&M Iqr onMOM ladiaii temda ; 
 WUla aoath, o«m, e^ty, Ae-a-pnl'-oo keepa, [180 
 For Iwr harbor knofwtt by the PaieifiedMpa. ' 
 In Hm iafaniflr, OaarBa«aa''to aUMa, [fimHi a mht* 
 Vn& Za«-art0'«eaa saw tha rilvtr labaa. 
 
 •W»ki^-«a. 
 
 UadarTaOM war iKSum Vaitad 
 ptaaMaaiaf tka Bapi)bUB. 
 
 iMOMMI 
 
 urnkwrmM 
 
 will JSgtt—i toaSr Mt > d w . 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ji i i n ii iri i i ii mw i ii i '' 
 
 iia>iii.iiiii:iii.^iM<w'»» 
 
^1 
 
 >i 
 
 hn ud goM, 
 
 MMiMNihta 
 
 iild. 
 
 powvrAd tmpirat 
 
 tf klafi, MmM 
 
 md brCoitttpM 
 I ; ukI IweaiiM a 
 when it wu d** 
 >iibUMn fom of 
 
 IMOMMI 
 
 
 IIBXIOO AND OUATAMALA. 
 
 30 
 
 1lM PjrrMM of Okol«la. 
 
 mWofdlMh. It It onli-MO »•« idAl but MIenfth ua braaddl'm 
 13» A•^ whIU III* Rcypiian PfiMi7 is onliTTM A«i. On tu tM wm 
 k umpr* MU««UMt 10 UM ton. It wm bnlii of ■nbarai brinli. 
 
 Qoe-ro'-ta-ro, for beautj, haa renoim; [l«-ni-la-r0 
 Aa, for her pTramid, Obo-lu'-Ia'a lounrn. [«o-/»'-/a 
 
 And Mat-a-mo-raa, on the Bi-p Grande. Irt-o-frand 
 Juat ^uM the atream from Teiaa, takes her atadd. 
 Re-aa-n de-la Pabn'-a'a bloody ground. 
 With P«'-lo Al'-to, Bwth of this ih found. 
 While west fitm here, twice eighty miles away, [160 
 On San Femando'a bank, is Monterey, [mon-fo-ra 
 
 From Monterqr, southwest, behold Saltaio, 
 Near Baa'-na Yia'ta'a battle field her piUow. 
 
 From Ifai-a'mo'-raa, aoath, Tampico smiles, 
 Along the ooMi tiwo hundred dghty millB. 
 While wist from lieie, San Louis Potosi, [liupotom' 
 Upon Ttm-p^'to livwr makes her stay. [iam-p«t-eo 
 
 San Salrador, near the Pacific coast, 
 For indigo her trade i« noted moat : 
 
 Old Ouatamala, onoe a splendid city. 
 Though of earthqnakea now they aing a moumfnl ditty. 
 
 New Owtaonl^vflfe-aBd-twenty milea [<6 
 RfAMli^ to«| ;i» imm tei eanineree smiles. 
 
 "r.'t.^ 
 
 Toleuie 
 
 «|vjiM4 TiMnditwMhiudfa 
 
 «iitlfAHWH»caiiM BMM Hmr 
 
 
 I. AjuttMlns, m.AMmi*tmf. 
 
 hmAb |iw»S i. 
 
 Lm Puebia it CunoiM for ill hnhtiiil ehuicliM. 
 
 Ouaca, SCO milM a E. of tht dljr of Muico, 
 ii inlubitod I7 buMk and triliM of Indiana. 
 
 Aeapuleo it noted for ita bcauUAil harbor, which 
 b Iha moal captciMH in tha world. 
 
 OtMHuaM dad Caoataeaa ar« in the vidnitT 
 of the iUw mima 
 
 Quarataro ia wowad aa one of tha ohmI 
 beantiAii lowM inMniea.. . 
 
 Okohda Is iMfd l>r \f» wooderftd pynuuid, 
 . mof Qttbuml ntkiL 
 ' Amm da la Palma, Palto Alto, M<ntM]r, 
 aad BjMoa Viaia, ai* noted tat victoriea safaMd 
 bf Iha Uabad Sislar mi^ undar G«i. Taylor. 
 
 Tha mid miMs of Maiiea are infinior to 
 lna« or Bmil, Para and Siberia ; but the rich- 
 naaa of ite lUvwr tainea \» without a parallel, and 
 hatra pndocad nota of the dWor coin than all 
 <faa iM M Die world put together. They ai« 
 moally found hi the Ticinitiea of Ouanaxoato and 
 Zacalecaa. 
 
 Tl^ Mexican Mint ia capable of alamping fron 
 76,000 to 9100,000 in one hoWa t^ne. It ia 
 eatimated by aoii%that the whole amount of 
 money coined in ihii eatthHahrrMt ezoeeda three 
 bUliona of doUara. 
 
 Lowim GALiroBHiA ia a nairowpaninanh b 
 (he northweatem part of Mexico. It ia bounded 
 on the north tnr Upper Calilbniia, or the eaal 
 by the Gulf of OtlifiMnia, on the aoutb and weat 
 hj the Pacific Ocean. The anil ia of aandy, 
 dry natore, and the papulation amalL * 
 
 MbMfbr 
 
 
 VKtieaaoea and tn- 
 
 ■ad fcT: niMHak nOna 
 
 k«taaa«fiaiMl hr0paUWllM,and heM 
 as a Bpanidi juofince until 18SI ; v^mo it do. 
 claied iteelf independent, adopttng a repobUcaa 
 font oT ge>fanu|Mnt 
 
 8a* eUKTABoia, tba taglte^ 1m ritnated in a 
 ym fofUe ralley, and ii noted ftr ite axtinNa 
 tiaaa b indigo and'tobaoeo. 
 
 OMOaateMala'a^diiMBjidtyaaaarthauaha 
 b 177S. Uhaa MMlabad aavanl dMcl» ««■ 
 Ite Water VoksMi. * 
 
 Baubb Bsmaaturr.— lUa 
 
 IdiliriMd and ii owaad by Ite BiilUi, for Ite 
 p«mn of eoMbf Iag«ooA aad oateganjr. 
 tt aiteoda aloBg tii^Bar ^ Haadoiaa 160 
 II ia intelfad bgr ■tgnea, Ibdhna Md a 
 
 fewwMtea. 
 Baubb, Ite espiiak ir a etasil tenia. 
 
 astaaa 
 
 mm 
 
 BBS 
 
 ^^ 
 

 I 
 
 1 
 
 SOUTH AMBKICA. 
 
 Uommera* «f Ik* Andti, eaniad by MiUm uid }mu t 
 
 Noted as having loftier ranget of moantains, larger riven, a greater number of 
 volcanoes, more extensive pltJns, richer mines of precious minerals, and sublimer 
 natural scenery, thanatny oUier division of the globe^ <e^' 
 
 
 Capes. 
 
 C(UM Vfh, im, \if MaiHMwj'-lM ituida, ' 
 MoH noitlMni iwint of N«w UtMMdi'i Uiidi{ 
 Orange auA AMA. in Jlfly kmgHuile, 
 Above Um liM, nMT rraudh tiukn* brood. 
 Fk» iouUi, ylie wwl of thirty. Cape ». Sogue, [Si.Rokt 
 EMtwMil oimI, in AB»«-ai/ fli-« cloka. 
 'TwMo twanty umI Um kne mUmI Caprieom, 
 ai. Thtmai md C«m fK-or both an bora. 
 From Ihif^-flim to lorty, m we |o, 
 Am CoHeittm and A. itn-M'-n>«. 
 
 CteM /fim, HMT fiftjr-iix. tUadi by hk part, 
 Ok. 'lW4»drMW'gtf • waaMni-eoMl. 
 
 And a, PrmrtU-m mA Cape JMmm flay, 
 On llw DwStni ooMt of naUi Amorin. 
 
 ■i« fonnd 
 In JU-« dela PU-taf* chonneT bonnd. 
 
 And UnMrum mm] Paramuiy, 
 
 RiTcrfl. 
 
 Tha J\ir« IMrt Md CMMmC-nnUI, 
 WHb JV-* IV-gn, in ttw AtfuKfe ImIL 
 ThoCM^HV^ralialMr] 
 
 B«M« Ami. utth Uw duk 
 . ._ Im« Afa* and VariM^ ttronc 
 
 FABAOCAT AVD BBAHOBM* 
 
 ftfll or B«H«K WMt orFiAMaqr. 
 hAvMoriiia bofBipoaadtothaMa, 
 O** Ban-o* Aym te rteh and aHiM hooMb 
 
 Tha IW«wiM^ 'M >» d^ ^>»!*** *T'v^ ^ 
 Roairi Ptong^r. telli aoMli and aartdMoiad.^ 
 RoBtlWvMM'.aadaiaiitiaaiiilMttido; V 
 
 miiiiidiiH ftaai AnMMMiU'a jpraviNea wMa. J 
 ^T«M« BMaaa Ayiaawd Mia U>ag«7> 
 NaMri ftnttta iMm a ii«ar aaksa bar wiv I 
 
 ■ABTUH COASt Of HUXO. 
 
 And aptward flrom Iba A m aaa n k n ooaal, 
 In th« anw dam, ih* Diamm^t wa«aa m loat 
 Tha at. /VtMMMo and <8ii4r«Mfc than 
 With ana FmMMt-4ha. In Oa dacpa appaar. 
 
 AHAsoa Ain> DiujioBis— sormagui. 
 TVeonVifW, waited wllli ArH^guJf/, nOa oa 
 In P»rtf tida, or noodi of Aaaian. 
 Xbi'-«w, 1\hm^^ and MhW** toH^ (atefw) 
 With /V-nw^ in dM j1mmmhm<m bad. 
 B»«ir, JMb^No'-rf. JUm'-ta, mad da* Oii s ^ a w, 
 Join in JfiMMna (hw Bolivtafa riton. 
 And !IUVIi .Vtim, and dw A'4v ran, (AiT^) 
 yVm IUmh^ lanHiiMa AMMk. , 
 And fhm Fani,noriln«aKlilw Usi^ 
 WHb daik thMM-gt, tho aaM walan haiL (««Ui^«a) 
 
 IRNMmA IBAMOUS. 
 
 ftoB Iq-ntrdor', jna-laf>-aa aonthvaid foas^ 
 And Aii'-jw thara yim, FwUmmf-* flvwa i 
 Ai-M'tw too, tiMl ddrta bor limitB aartb, 
 mm IW-ign Irom BnaU bara aunbal fortk 
 WUlo from Para, and aontb of Bq^mrdoi', 
 Qoaen AwuKon traada Ama a nwi a o'ar. 
 
 Mvns aoHra or AHAsoa. 
 
 M^fo'tti, a uH Mm f , and J to warwiw b (immWih) 
 Wilb £M»««»4a, ftaoi OaUiHi bonnr. 
 
 Fn» V«n-»«Mr<la, 0«»wMa'« loHadj 
 , i^'f«dMra.aaartbaiBbnacb,baholdt 
 Two brandxa maia^ we from Cban^'da galMr. 
 Jfc''^ tooaia, Ornkj^-H ia Iba odwr. 
 And fiwn Onaada, whiaa UM«/-toa atom 
 llw Jig'.dtaJir-M Nik «Mi CWas in bK aim 
 
 i 
 
irnnber of 
 1 ■ublim«r 
 
 1 
 
 vkii 
 
 ranui. 
 faoa 
 
 itefw) 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 ns 
 
 
 '•«•) 
 
 r 
 
 SOUTH AllBRIOA. 
 
 31 
 
 TOWNS AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 Rio JMi-«l'-ro, In « country fair. 
 The capital, that^rcathei Braiilioo air. 
 
 And Per-nam-bu'-oo Urea upon that ahore, 
 With Mar-an-hank' an^r St. SalTador. 
 
 And Rio Orande, aomioiu for ita bidet, 
 Where oTor Palot Lakt the trader glides. 
 
 If ot«l M btlBf tha larfMt of the South 
 AoMTicwi pruwlBeMi fcr rich gnU «aii diMnooa 
 ■»«••, and fir haflM bMii am* (rrwiMd by u 
 ButDpMa mmi4t,n h paiwn. 
 
 Ill UM ia nwarM aa high m ihna milUona 
 Of aqiMra isilaak 
 
 BimU WM . colony of PortHtaJ iU ISlt. when 
 it waa daelaral an tadapantlonl Kale, and Padro 
 tilo aou of the Ung of Portugal waa, by (ho 
 
 DiaoMiid WuklMg la Bfuil. 
 
 m««i*.irf rtwMi of Braai m ih* motx imponini in 
 >Ueli Uxy an waakad mm Om Mad. 
 
 Tejueo, t jr ita dJamonua booght and told ; 
 And Villa Bi' m, for h^r ninea of Gold. 
 
 th« warltl. 
 naaMr in 
 
 OMTgetown, Om Kagliah oapitel, naj tarry 
 Along tlM mouth of rim Ikm^f^ta, 
 
 And :l^nr-»-mnr'-a-bo m Dfttoh we name. 
 Full eightoea milea up the hot Smrhmn. 
 
 Okyenoe. weU lwtii«l, k eaaUf all, 
 UpM n kbad. nd belongi to GmL 
 
 And Boenoa Ajnea la on Za Plaia fomd. 
 The ehlef emporium of the proviQce it>and ; 
 
 Sea Jtt'-aa with Ifen-do'-n let qa claaa, ' 
 Beeraao eaeh atande upon a momOamp^M. 
 
 Oor-do'-ra i%8B acUve trading town. 
 And Sal'-ta, for her m»d«s, haa much renown. * 
 
 Ban Oar-Ioa and Ckmceptitm make their ataj. 
 With foir Aa-snmp'-tion. on the P«f-»^wy. 
 
 In Urugnay, waa Mon-tt-vi'-de^ bon. 
 On the X. i»fa*i are her garmerti won. 
 
 paodc of DmsU. mada Emparor. Tha p^puk- 
 ■on ia about flva iniltkma; Um graatar put of 
 whkh «ra n«Kro«o, hrkl an tlavM. The com- 
 waica ia gnatar than any other country in Boath 
 America. 
 
 Rio Janeiro li iba moM popnloua elty ia Boulk 
 
 in Mai.""''*' "*' ^** ''■'"^ e«rrit» on a gnat trad* 
 
 •nd Villa Hica of .iha gold difirial ^^ "'"noi j 
 
 Ottlana. 
 
 iJfk*?' 5" ''?.'■"« }•»• <"''y PO'tlon of 
 oouth America alill nndar the cootiol of Euro. 
 
 PMmpowara. 
 
 IllanaailT nndar tha Equator; and on tha 
 Dnnemca ri»ar, and other paita, ia Mid to be 
 nnhoaltby. 
 
 flilail"''*'^ ^ ^^^ ^"*^' ''"^ "^ 
 ^^ land aloof tha coaat la W»rt and artwnaly 
 
 Tha ana la aatiinaiod at 100,000 to 160.000 
 avaramilaai ' 
 
 Paramaralio. oapiiai of Oalek Oalaaa. la aiahiMB 
 ■it* ^ *• "»«'• •' «*• •"rinaii rtrar" *■*•" 
 •a rlSS?'*' ""'"'^ •*' *~^' **'**^ •»••**• 
 
 Boenoa ATrae. 
 
 with Iha laaao ftr Ihair Udoavl 1^. 
 
 Vailed Fravineea. Ii on* of i^ IbmZi ZZl_.^# 
 A» BMMtli of Um Wo da la Plata ■ -^" - '^? '**^ 
 Iba Hpaaiarda aa early aa IdBS. 
 
 I ia wall buill, and 
 Jtwaaibaad^ >;/ 
 
 Pangoaj and Vncwy. 
 Nued for a plaat called natte, or Ftta- 
 
 
 -T, — , ..»» ".""^ ■» "'"M aonntilaaaf 
 IfaMiiayiiaaladaalhariBaWoaliJILilLUL 
 
 I 
 

 S!r?ii!r..ni< li o«!Iirm, ••»•■ -.!•• *i«««ii, ta l-M- . 
 
 Oft-no'-cMS from tha earthqu«k« rwtt» wryitw*, 
 Of elghteen-twelre, th»t oort Un tiiouiwid Utm ; 
 Thi«« thouwuid fc«t •!»• cUmbi Ui« mount to he«T«n ; 
 La Chtty'-r* is her port, mUM diitut, BeTen. . 
 
 Th«r« M«r-»-o»y'-bo, to hwr Uke alliod. 
 Wiih Ott-m»B|^, that noXim »boTe th« Ud*. . i 
 
 Bgbt tboauDd fact lad mtcd hmtdrnd mm; 
 Btands Bo-|0-t»', o'er K*w Ghreiwda'i Aow ; 
 By Ayote'f rough, Mflbg ttt* W liitt. 
 Jut fifteen mUes nortlMMt the CbtarwI. 
 
 Fnm logot*'. eoBiliwtil, •"omt A* mowtolM, 
 P«Nd Po-W w' W«mf)bi'-<»'* Brtmanriii f""^ 
 
 Upon the northern eolrft, ti CVr'*- - 
 Wbwf rom the (7A*« «!, Md . 
 
 AiPrA-n-na' iknf the MWlh; , , 
 Upon the lithBrai, imkA, h FiDtte Bello., 
 
 And ▼•l-p»-nd'-«> ojp«i her ^wrhflr wM^-- 
 The port fcr fitan-tl-n'-so nwr »ier iHe. 
 
 Oo."ai«'-bo of k«r aopper minee nay boMt ; 
 At HoM'-eo, fcr h« rflver 'i Tallied moet 
 
 OQBAPIIT. 
 
 NQt94 M th« bIrlhplKw of BoliTM, Md 
 fa U« (MBM Of iJ«li«% flwrt .uDport toiy fcJJ* 
 
 famih. ehW MtW- of Mpoft Uh-««M« 
 of «»w 40«,W)0 •<««• mljm. 
 
 dtliow, which imJ« Mi «•»— '"*'^J5^!S 
 Uk«»hoNlbo#l^l.*«w»l»« ftche-i «* 
 
 faUHilni quaUly MM ■«>• 
 
 W«w CkeaeAa 
 
 NoUd W •mbreelBf the Iithmua of D»- 
 •Imi umI M IvtM won n*o (>«mm. U bm •■> 
 
 total— WWW"— fWf^^^ ^*'™^ 
 
 ibMUMTiN» 
 
 OUBL " 
 
 Noted fcr iti deMfhrtU ethMW, Mjdit 
 
 MHMftli 
 kabMTlMi 
 
 I 
 
wj 
 
 Uma. 
 
 Pvni waa in- 
 
 ♦••W by FnitM-k 
 lltonn, « Knunich 
 •"•wBtaiwr, lu the 
 ymi I Ml. ||« 
 
 »*•• (ba i<M», <w 
 
 P»i»in«; v»h<» ot 
 for*! fiHT hw frt-o. 
 tloiti, u mm h ^cW 
 MwoulillUliiiorgo 
 ronni in liia (inlar*, 
 ImM a* high M he 
 couM nwh ; whirh 
 wiM nu iiMtiMtr dtt- 
 ti»«ml ()iaii tlic 
 Uooii ihinrty Pi«ar> 
 ro mndrinnail iha 
 iiiiiiM-ml kinii 10 a 
 cruel ilcath. 
 
 At Iba tiiM of 
 Pizarru'H in*aiiiiin, 
 th«PenivbiMwuf« 
 flra wonhJpcn. 
 
 'J*Im miiira, afv 
 
 eunUnglolfiairlni- 
 
 >U<i«i.waafcaii>kd 
 
 bj Mamw C*|MU, 
 
 iariw IClhoTlUfe 
 
 etatmj; who « (l«i 
 
 •IVMnnet wax <M 
 
 • himU klaoa in 
 
 l.aiMTitt<caoiL Ha 
 
 ■vonmI bimapirantl 
 
 will la La diiUren 
 
 of the aun, nanl 
 
 down •> eiili||)it»fl 
 
 mJ d iUro Iha na- 
 
 nona. (la iaufhl 
 
 Kwncnagrfenlnm 
 
 nnd other imAd 
 
 •ni^wfailalhMwttl 
 
 inalnidad th« wo- 
 
 mm to apioning, 
 
 iMaviag and vttar 
 
 #WMalietAba. 
 
 ' ~;^;^'~-^~"'y~-;~-"ff'-'\ i n I 'l -i , „ , ; „ u 
 
 P' 
 
Si 
 
 POETICAL QKOORAniT. 
 
 0.-.I M «K.,tHK. -«.» n..l-. W «l.l.>n. « »•'« "".r^t, 
 
 rwTtLt of V*^» to ui.f.»or.b». U, n«.tai4ton. •.«! ""h «« 
 
 Miki or Aim; »r *hkfc . mnX «t «» b '«^~\'*iT*' ^ 
 
 rqMiUlar. 
 
 i)-ilio aiHl Um Ami**. 
 
 Quito l« Mstcd on her motint^n thron*. 
 Nin« Uimwnnd fwt, and in » burning mm: 
 Perpetual upring around tl»oa« •ummita kMp. 
 And pure U»e lephyr In lU gentk awefep. • 
 
 And Guayaquil, chief port of Equadi»r, 
 From thli u ■outh, along th* aurf i>«at abor.. 
 
 ■•Uvla. 
 
 La Plata, In bo-llv'-l-a, wc aee, 
 Much noutl for iu aplendid acenery. 
 A» Po-to-ai' la known for ailver min''js [po-t8^»*$ 
 La Pa«', from Polosl, norlliweatward ahino. 
 
 La PiAT*, or Choq«l-«^ •»» e-pifl rf !»««»»•. W noted for 
 ttafia«i<lidto«ieryfcw«iainlU»Wh«y. .^ ,, 
 
 poS: T^S ;rric.».u: far th. .^^ -*»•/• •''jj: 
 
 El «hi i-«»»wi It. »» » »^?Jij^^sli,2ita^ 
 
 •^'T *f ^•'T^Jz.^^VrZ^, ih. lallMt and mo- 
 
 ^ 1>*M«I ty >t» Rin«»'- •' to e«tet»f»M 
 3d, M «« i'li-W... rrwuii IWo. J1- 
 •trMto «• wwto unii r»f«MM- '" "■"* mW-.* a 
 llM uw.li U th. <lr».» ISu.r«. mw. ..f «h- Uff.^ 
 ,nd (!•».( ir. An»rii. . In Umi mtaUI. of whl-h )■ 
 . |«r|« kmnUiii h*«kn« t bren- •taluo irf r.nio 
 
 <;i«uw 5fi« iwU .mith*.** "^ !.•'»'•. to notad 
 
 o* • n«tiil«W.nt U-tiiiO. oT lh« Hun. Ih» mUifUn 
 ^w u( whlrh la i>»ri< "n lh« fon-R.Mn» p«|« 
 I (hMiira VpIU«, l«>«»»<*n Cuw" aixl I.Him. hM 
 the hl«l.«* »l««tio.. >4 any l«»wn on Uw (Iota, 
 «r«imu. r«lu.». which to pr ..-!Jy •• hifh. IW 
 nliiM of qukh-U»M mm onoo «DuioiO oT root 
 
 Bqaadoi. 
 
 Noted aa lying under the tquator, enJ 
 far font-tiilnt o.n«i of iho lofti«« p^k- rf |t- 
 Andr*. H to di»W«.l Into thrMi |>«iUi Mu^Joc, 
 Ciuay«<|uil ami A«u«v -,, „ .. 
 
 FrtiuiMlor f«iii»»U .if U. .« UiiJ*. 1 no oUmatt 
 1. ItM dnft 111 th" '^W ••"• "-™«>l<» •P^"«' 
 «b« y««r round. Ii to ralW Oio E»oirotn«tuHo. 
 
 BoUTla. 
 
 Namod In honor of (lenernl BolWar. t^* 
 Ubormlor .rf mort of MouU. Aiwrk*. N.tod ftif 
 eonulnln* ih. IoWm* K«k« °'»'« ^"^i •"«» 
 for th« MJ»l«r«<"l mini"* «iJ rota*. . 
 
 Ito Moa to e»iiin.UHl ot 400,i)00 oquaro miloo. 
 It to rough and mounUliioui-. 
 
 Bor.lo, U>. I.i»h»rt proh "f lh« Andio. U,m.» 
 ^A 10 Uio bi«Mli-of 9S,3I»0 feet, or ..«.rly 0»o 
 mUoo Uah. lUiinanl, ll.e •K'>ii.1 hi»lMM peak of 
 SJiWoIaam UonUiiont, to «4,3ftO foot 
 
 « flMt. n war. oloft 
 I iba lil|h*M paali* of 
 Kdaa. MMi il«*c*n<la ■« 
 a«» oaly IB puraoll of 
 
 rST S worU } »Mr aTorag. hiBht bdng ri. fca* and a hall 
 
 FSOMUKCfiaTIOII. 
 
 OwTMiaU. Omt-aJml. 
 RtoJaMho, KioJ'OM-ra. 
 
 BnooM Ayiaa, 
 
 Quito, • • 
 Uma, - • 
 
 U-ma. 
 
 Tk* OMidM to iba larpM 
 bW of tha air ; ami '"»••"'*;• 
 
 ilKla«B flwi n war. aloft 
 
 ■b««a Iba ' 
 
 Iba Aodaa. 
 
 Iba f»la» 
 
 Ttia 0»n4ar 
 
 Pdod, •l«»««>J >M«» «^ •»»»• •»•»•«««' 
 Ih. ar..tocl.br.lod fct lu ^h ijKroc ■On.i 
 The city U ailuaiad on tho w«* lUo of Mowit 
 t)«TO <(• »*o«od, that «i.Uino tl- pi«4o« -rtal. 
 Tho, WM» •rat dtocoTorml Uy on •«*?". *™»> 
 puiwdiw a U»a up tho dwiivity. counht lioMrf a 
 buiiK, whifh Win torn up by ilie roota. .vtmM a 
 »^ iDMM of «l»or. 
 
 'ITio woiltico of th«w minoo from 1M« to 
 1800 omounlod to 6M,»M,508 Spaniah doNm 
 U P-, northww* of Potoai. to Um> F"J«W 
 tomi of Bolitia. 'I'ho lofty anmmiui of SomIo 
 Mid IllimMii. •» ta*! ftom tUa pJaoa cwwnad 
 with ataraa) Miow. 
 
 
 < ■i ii i ww»'ii i»#SWW*W(P*'WIP'~ 
 
Inia, la luiteJ 
 
 (■Of, of r*ru- 
 
 (lui rvnialna 
 
 I, lh» liiUirtirt 
 
 MDg M|« 
 
 lul Lima, hM 
 9(1 th* (loto, 
 u lit(h. lu 
 iroM of |r«al 
 
 quator, and 
 t pulu of tU 
 rUl K^uaitor, 
 
 11m rlimate 
 imblM ■pr^ng. 
 MgTMn'luMo. 
 
 IBolWtr.iK^ 
 :«. tit*td Sw 
 M Aiuka; dao 
 
 •qoan 
 
 roilM. 
 
 I Ante, towns 
 t, or »Mriy At* 
 Mglirit prak of 
 I fact. 
 
 IIm OM44Mr. 
 wvt Um l***l of 
 li rit«w nlnw. 
 t iiik of Moonl 
 • prwiuw aMlai- 
 an imiian, who, 
 caufhtlMiUdra 
 I rooU, .'vtmImI • 
 
 m from IBM to 
 
 igpitniih MIkn. 
 
 k the prindp^ 
 
 immiu oif 8or«to 
 
 b plM* dOWMtl 
 
 OiM«n.Ui 01- north. .i>,». th. wrr». .d,,n^,. 
 
 Whil. ,M,rth .nd w«lw«i, «,ml..7-«;v fiin^i^ 
 t«oulh»«« of .11. «. r,„,,^ .hi;.« .fa,, • 
 
 And «a V. •Mith, /V^ *,uiheMi o? HiMi,,; 
 Whil. on (h. «Mrt, .V. «„,,„, fl,„,. , ,,, 1^ • 
 
 Whil* north of t-'or.lo., t.ipe C,^^ timT 
 And luljp MU Iter Spar.(i.vfn-(o imU*. 
 
 u/K 1*!!'*'/,""'^ ^"Z" ^"'■^-f'on l*hoM. 
 
 Wh« iM of dl. .-«. ^^<g^ ., ,„^,^ ""• 
 ■iTcri. 
 
 BlYaM or lULAND. - • 
 
 wSTJ.^"*^"*'^ '»•» H»« Kiver Foyk, 
 I «z!f" ""'"'• "no" fl«»hini( w.trra Uill • 
 JH^^/ *■''•""••. «««w.ni roll. th« Haunt, [tcin 
 
 BBMftwaid. in wiven WMt. l»hoi.l (hn Wor-rw./ 
 l»faeW«r th«!. wvl L«. in ch.rtti.1. narrow. 
 
 Sovthwartwly ber waT« Ilia Shantum I'^kea. 
 
 BIVHW OP ■CUTLAKD. 
 
 rwwn ««!» and EntUAman iha llwla a hfd J 
 ^Th«i oMaaa Iha Far/i. tha Tby. and flartiinv Aa> 
 SUII (brtW north, with A^ aiid ,5m^1 ^' 
 
 TU C/y* fliae graato tia. then Iha ^j^ and aU , 
 
 r.'l'il'/"'' '^'^ •**'*' ^'*-'"^ •oolhw.rd PM 
 Wllh htk and /jrf^//, U«uid to Holway rrich. 
 
 MIVKfU 01- KMULAMD. 
 
 Iha TV'!' and 7#»* coma dr.t th^n with Iha ff.iinW. 
 
 lh.M with III. Tk„mt», fr..m Uritun'. iiMtom coaat 
 Af» liiirriiol on. .ml In the North H»» lost 
 lo Uia Uriliati i;ii.nn.l WMtwanl rolla Iha Sntm. 
 A* Aiirttj/ lo Ml. 0,.,w|a'. 8trait is drivao. 
 
 or rORTt!OAt AND rPAIII. 
 Northwird of all, apon tha HpanUh •hart, 
 nia Afin ^/, w.tt« to tha Atlantic pinir i 
 Ami haw tb« 7>M« -r,, ami tha Tuifut dnto. 
 With Ou<jr-rf,-rm^ Torlugsl amlHiiaini 
 n»n (.U4t^tal^ui„.fr AnHl».lu-«a Mnda, . 
 And Lhro in Iha Madliamnaan antk. 
 
 or rRAKc'i. 
 
 rh« LngliiOj ( hanml nmllow. up tb« Hatji, 
 Thai runs Aoni Frainw whera I'aria hoMs bar raigA 
 
 RHUfl AND BRANOHn. 
 
 Tlia RhiM from SwiUariand makea bar fiisi adnw.. 
 Then northward mri.*_|,i.dnR the .hois, of Franea i 
 In Oeimany mhI Hollan.1 thrn di.'. Mfn, 
 I akinR from (»«.rm«ny Af«^.'«C and A%n« , lmmn\ 
 From Hdlniid, .Vrt«^ l|..t ii>,>i.ten. Ueliium's ekitb 
 tfltning from Fr«nf«_lhB nrovinc* of it* lirth. ' 
 
 1 hf Abm, th« VVewr and tha Kll^ ,n Imrriad 
 O m Uerraan .horn, and in lh« North «ea buried. 
 
 or nrssiA and pkuaau. 
 
 Prom Pruaaia (o iIia IJallic, 6Wfrr gUdca, 
 As Witr'^h4M riYsr in her chomiel hidas. 
 
 KmVuVo Matre. with AWfii«n'» waters tKruL 
 uy Prusaia nurtured and by RiHia M. 
 
 u 
 
POETICAL OBOQRAPHY. 
 
 Of UTUlVO AWD iWlDHI. 
 Fnm Laptand, Au'-ni$ mmVui Um BothnU'a roar ; 
 Whas Ihr'-ne-a, Ca-Ux and LuUi'-a ihoww, 
 Wllh Sietr Dal, from Bwdkn't wintry ahqit. 
 
 or BUUU. 
 
 DiMM ftom Roab on to Rig* ^0(0% 
 L»do'<n L*« to Pinlud, JWm« «* —' 
 
 Car Rtwfa^i (bom into the Whito S« dMV. 
 riwB the «ne firtd^ with .n tarjarta ■»*«, 
 POAo'^ nma into tha Aretie OAaiijS 
 Vi4m and Ut«W aoak tha Oaaite Saat 
 
 Tha uSTla Buropa-a •««f» ^PJ^ja. „-^ «- 
 And lC«Aan'» wmt«k tha BWi 8«iB wrtw |Ma^ 
 AaiJWi and D(w«e,naar tha Ai* ■«•«». 
 
 Fma Rmm; to tha Stack Saa'a lagiRt main. 
 
 or aoRWAT. 
 The (^AwMiKi roUaher down tha Narcay caa^ 
 And in tha Strait of Cat4»gat ia la*. 
 
 DAMCBI AID BRAMOni. 
 Uara A»i-«*e oomaa, the tida that 8wi« and OarM* 
 And Auatrian and Turk, aU hoM M eonnBoo. 
 
 A northwn brnnA tha Jttaar i'ruM la ia«i, 
 Tha bouiidary lina 'twaan Rual and Ottooaan. 
 
 ■xpTmio vno thb ABoainrLAao, 
 ADuiAtia AKD ifXBinnuujaUJi. 
 ,„»^ am -SfrMwa with JWartiao go 
 fwiDTa*«jrto«ioArthipelato» 
 
 jfawwa W a atf H ^ ^*'' ''^ '''"^ ^P^' 
 FoaiM whent tha Adriatic wataia grin. 
 
 fram Italy hora comaa the riwPo/ 
 Wbila waatwarJ, Amo and tha Itter (tow 
 In Maditarranean, with tha VMuMto'. 
 
 mdbiri 
 
 TOWNS AND COUWTEIES. 
 Bi;.ltltb Empire* 
 
 Th. «M p«-eHU, nd .Ith a. exertion otCtln., *•»»« WOWS' JSS itirf'!!*. 
 
 the burden ef 8,050,000 tona. The« am navigated 'jy 180,000 aaaman. 
 
 Bngland. 
 
 The BOuthOTB part of Great Britftto; the 
 •eat or the Britiah Binpira ; and notod aa the moat 
 important atoto in B«w~^m exerting Ihogreat 
 eat^oanca«pon *« deilinlea rf the cwilaad and 
 
 ""Emdandabounda in beautiftil and tatorertlng awn*- 
 wrSaagriOTHuw ia miperior to that «f my ««*• 
 
 ^ coontry^n the worll In no part «f »ta w«U 
 bwMlth more unequally dirtnbutod. The gorem- 
 
 mMit ia a limited hcreJUaiy monordiy. 
 
 "^national .kbt b $4,000,000.000 5 tha fato«- 
 
 of which i. *««0.<><».«<?"""'»**yiri^?,JSi5!w 
 
 moch aa the whole arpenditurea or tha UWtedBtaiar 
 gowmmenL 
 
 WiOM. 
 
 A rooah, nigged, and monntalaoM countrt, 
 waiorXlanffnoted for iU miue. of to*Uron^ 
 ^ Md coal, and aa giving the titSe of - Pnnca 
 S^dlrf^to tU Engli*«wawign'i eUert aon. 
 
 Lo.B«. tha cipi^. ontha [^'^^^'^ 
 fw« lu month, i. the l«»ff*«tr «V ^^IZ 
 the globe both in extent and popOatlon. B owa» 
 ,bow»»«inawmileainaiafc Among Ita rnMie 
 
 WlndMfCaaOa 
 
 On England's shores. London is finrt sunreM 
 The queen u£ towns in commerce, arts and trade. 
 
 Andliveroool npon the Mer^eif lay, 
 The port for Ireland nnd America. 
 Manchester, east of Liverpool we enter, 
 cotton manufactnnng 'Us the center. 
 
 Of 
 
I fflobe. 
 Jiaf Miite, 
 I, Om UaF o' 
 and Mtonl of 
 ndiindifliiMt 
 
 rorld. > 
 
 is number; of 
 
 Britftin; the 
 od uthe nHMk 
 tting Iho giMt- 
 le cnilicM ud 
 
 iterMtingi 
 it of Miy coun- 
 ive mtnofactiip- 
 It <tf the worid 
 The goTon- 
 
 & 
 
 .. ; dM faltMMl 
 
 , or ai^ tiniM aa 
 w United 8tMB^ 
 
 iaotts eountrf • 
 iM of lewl, iion. 
 th!e of "Prinoa 
 '•eldetteon. 
 
 bwn«^60 aitm 
 r on tiie Sua i( 
 Mm, It ceiren 
 Imong it* faVSc 
 
 ^^ - EUROPE. 
 
 For wookn factorie*, I«eda fint ia olauod, 
 Am Binuingham for hardware 'a niMorpassed. 
 
 37 
 
 fiheffleld, for cutlery may wear the crown, 
 For stockings, Nottingham and Leicester's known. 
 F&r watches CoTentry is famed the while ; 
 Swau-se-a, for copper works comes in the file. 
 Bristol is noted for her wells so hot ; 
 As Hull, upon the Humher finds a spot 
 Portsmouth is found upon the southern coast. 
 With Plymouth, for her sea wall noted most 
 Windsor and Warwick, for their castles named ; 
 
 Oxford and Cambridge, for their schools far famed; 
 
 Scar'-bo-roUjgh, Bright'-on, Cheltenham, and Bath; 
 
 Chief watering places, all beneath my palh. 
 
 •cotiaad. 
 
 Throned on her hillb, for science first in place, 
 Is Edinburgh, Scotia's metropolis. 
 Loith is her port, beside the Forth we learn. 
 Upon whoso shores is the fiamed Bannockburn. 
 Proud StirUng here displays her warlike dress. 
 As north on Mkrray'i banks is In-vcr-ness'. 
 
 Fair Ab-«r-deen, between the Dee and Dm, 
 For building ships has gathered much renown. 
 
 Qhttgow is found upon the Mm- Clyde; 
 'Oreendck, her port, is tw«ttty down the tide. 
 
 Pualey from GlasgoiT^ west miles eight or nine, 
 la noted for ita cotton goods ao fine. 
 
 On Scotia's eastern shore, b«ho|d Dundeo', 
 fi^tmning her canvas on the banka of Toy. f 
 
 Known aa the abode of Seotia'a andent kings, 
 forth <m the Ihy, linen and cotton spins. 
 
 Kreland. 
 
 flefen miles ia Dublin from the Irish Sea, 
 On L^tjf't banks, she rules o'er bond and free. 
 
 Gal'-way is west, aa Cork is to the south, 
 WhUe Limerick lives far up the Shannon't mouth. 
 
 Bel&at north-east may at her linen toil ; 
 
 buUdinie, ue.St. Paal'e Chndi, the Tower, Waet- 
 nuiMlar Abix^y, end Bank of Engluid. 
 
 The bfidgea of London, are works of enat kbor 
 and eipme*. 
 
 Tbs Tunnel, nnder the Tbamee, k one of the 
 (leat achioTcmenta of ait 
 
 Sheffield haa the nvMt noted cutleiT in the world, 
 lliiitol ia noted for hoi minga. 
 
 Plymouth i4 noted tat ita imiMnao tuaakwalw, 
 that coat fA,000,OtiO. ' 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 -l.*^««^ '^S England, aeparatod by the Oram- 
 fton HlUa into two paiu ; Nortii and Sooth, or the 
 llighlanda and the Lowlands. 
 
 It abounda in wiU and mMime reeneiy. 
 
 The Highlanda are mounlainoua, the l/swlanda 
 more level, mmI belter adapted to tillage; 
 
 The Hi^ndera are brave, hoapJuUe and ind*- 
 pendent, and poaaeai a nide and UwIom kind ot 
 chaiacter. 
 
 KiiiHarnna in the capital. 
 
 I<<^h ii the port of Edinburgh. 
 
 BannockLum, on the Forth, k noted for the 
 wctory of Orttce o»er the army of Edwanl II. of 
 England. ' 
 
 Stirling, on the aame riTer, ia a itnmgiT fortified 
 town. 
 
 Dundee, in the eaatem part of Scotland, on the 
 lUrer lay, m noted for the manufiicture of canvaa. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Ireiaad, called the "Emerald lale," "Green 
 Eia>.' A largo iaUnd weat of England. The 
 naUve bnd of the IrUi. "^ " 
 
 The-iur&ee ia uneven, hut not moanWnoua. 
 Iwga and marahei cover one tenth of Us aur&oe. 
 Tba peat bog* aupply the fad. 
 J^*V. 0^ wiMat, fiax, Ac, am extawively • 
 
 PWatoea eonatitote the diief prodoet. and brfbie 
 the potato nt of kte, foi^ 4ha prio^^TfiMlfor 
 die poor, lieknd haT^ aoi^^cm^ 
 llaBngllihmlai.lbrcentniJeapit ^*^ ^ 
 
 vJii "itj?? .1"** '^^ «W«&ia, wai4i- 
 
 iMBrted^ hoqrilshie. tat prodigal and pMriooata. 
 
 FooMiflha an (;athoBea, and the raaaLdvFtot- 
 
 As I^Bdondeiry Uvea upon the Foyte. 
 
 Madrid, the capital, on table-lands. 
 In the interior of the kmgdom stands. 
 
 Fair Barcelona smiles above the sea ; 
 In manufiustvrea and in commerce free. 
 
 .. ^'^JtH^l' I** ^"'"^ hsa ba« la a aiarv- 
 iai and depioMble condilian, flwra the idtan <7Lr 
 
 ^^'AatuS^*^ i. - *. li%. -«« 
 
 CWwayia m the woatem p«tt of the Irfand. 
 Limerick la on the Shannon, in the interior. 
 Belfcat ii noted for th« mimmfai^mi^ qf fine "tma. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Noted for Ha aalubrioua climalc and pfetanaqm 
 aeanuT, and u having been one of the leadbig Mr- 
 en of Eurape; but now one of the moat foebia and 
 adn^MitBBt. —-»-«• 
 
 TU aoi ia ftMila. but pooiiy eniUvalad. Hw 
 
 . ..-^-.-«wi:.. ;tnr i nnnt i ) i inLj J 
 
t 
 
 38 
 
 poet;ioal qkography 
 
 Tliero Al-i-oant' und C«r-tha-ge-n» rest. 
 Of Mediterranean ports the last ia beat. 
 There Mal'-a-ga for fruiu and wincB ia known, 
 On Andalusia's southern shores her home; 
 
 Cadis, her bulwarks o'er the Ailantio roars, 
 North-west tho'Straits, where strong Gibraltar peers. 
 
 North-west of all Co-run'-na lives, the station. 
 For ships of Britain and the Yankee nation. 
 Fer-roV stands here, where Spain her navy gathers, 
 Near where Cape Ortugal the dark sea weathers. 
 On the Bttjf of Biieay, whence the wool of Spain 
 ExporJtcd is, Bil-bo'-a finds a reign. 
 Valencia *a noted for hor silk^ fine ; 
 Xeres is known quite well for sherry wine.(ie-rci) 
 Se-ville', Grenada, and Cor-do'-va lower, 
 All splendid cities once, of Moorish power. 
 Portugal. 
 Lisbon, with wiues and fruite where Tagus fills 
 The Atlantic bowl, is thifoned on several hills. 
 St. Ubes, south-east of Lisbon makes a halt, 
 And from ihe sea-wave manufactures salt 
 
 inMtaiMf 
 
 conuMraa and nMinSctaiM an ia a nuglMtad rtale. 
 It ia aeMntod from Fnnoa hj tha Ihrnanaaa, 
 among wnidi are founU numeroua .inonkB and bannita. 
 Tha liohail portiona of Amaiiea onca betoaaeil 
 to Spain, though Cuba and Porto Kico ara all that 
 now remain. . „ ,. 
 
 ' TIm other ooloniee ara tha Philippine, Carolina, 
 and LaUione Manda in the Pacific, aild the Canary 
 Wanda in the Atlantic Ocean. Theae aia her chief 
 aoOrcea oC national revenue. 
 
 Mavbih. the capita), b aitaaiad on the tabManda 
 in tha interior. 
 
 Barcelona, on the Mediterranean, ia noted for 
 commerce aiid manufacturea. 
 
 Cartbagena ia noted aa being the beat port on tha 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Mahiga. in the province of Andaloria, ia nolad 
 for ita rich winM and (ielicioua firaita. 
 
 Cadis ie ilrongly fortified. 
 
 Corunna ia noted for the badla af Oomnna, between 
 the Franch and Engliah, and aa tha port or sUtion 
 for packeta of Great Britain and thw l/nited Sutea. 
 
 Fenol ia noted for a naval atetion; Bilboa for ita 
 commerce in wool; Valencia far ita ailka; Xeras 
 for ahorry wine; Seville, Grenada, and Conlora, aa 
 important Mooriah dtJM, 
 
 Colariira. 
 
 Coimbra, 190 mile* iionh.ewt of LUben, !• noMd fiir iia Vaivaraity. 
 The palM* of lb* ITnivtrelir, one* tb* rttidene* of lb* kiaga, la eaa 
 of dra tn«U boUdingt in lb* plac*. . 
 
 And north of Lisbon, next Co-im'-bra see. 
 Much noted for her university. 
 
 Oporto, on the Dwro makes resort, 
 Known the world over for a wine called Port. 
 
 Paris, in gardens, -palaces and pride, 
 Fashions and gaiety, is now outvied. 
 Lycms in manufacturing takes her throne. 
 Just at the junction of the Kumt and Saon$. 
 Mar-seille^ in commerce is by none stupaased, 
 Bordeaux in^ wines, much mcmey has amassed ; 
 
 Th* Pro^mtoryor Olbraliar eoiMtitaM lb* attongert 
 fonreMin Uie wofM. It ia ibrM aUk* hwg. balf amil* 
 wids. an< 14W A*l bigb. Il eoitiinaiid* Ih* •nlrane* w 
 th* M*4iMrraa*aa & U ia lb* po«*Mi«a ef arcal 
 Briiaui. • 
 
 PortngaL 
 
 Portngal waa enca the moat fomniaicial atata of 
 Earope/bot ia now reduoed to inaignifieanoa. 
 
 The didkte k temaikably mild and haahhy. 
 
 Agricuhnre, manufoeliuea, education, and iaanrove- 
 menta of every kind, are in a backward co nu i t M n . 
 The only Inoductiaaa of fanportanoe ara wina and aalt 
 
 Liaaoir, the capital, ia Mtuated co the Tagua. 
 St. lAiaa b noted for aah; Coimbra foritaunhai^ 
 dtf ; Oporto for tha prodndioa of Port win*. 
 
 Franoa. 
 
 rt she has acted 
 
 Noted for the Important part she hai 
 b the aflUra of Europe, and aaliaving lately 
 a Repuhife, the- only one of eaoaaqiianca 
 Eaitem Ceottnoat. 
 
 Tha climate of Franoa b mU and aahibriova. 
 
 tha 
 
 
t Pjimn»m, 
 
 a asd hennila. 
 
 n)O0 bmOQffM 
 
 CO an all mat 
 
 line, CuoliM, 
 il the Canary 
 I are her chief 
 
 Ibe tabteJuida 
 
 ia noted fiir 
 
 Mt port on the 
 
 mU, k BoUd 
 
 runnai between 
 pott or station 
 Jniled Sutea. 
 Bilboa In ita 
 I ailka; Xeiw 
 d Uoniora, aa 
 
 let the Miongeil 
 
 eu(, hair a mile 
 
 the tntranee le 
 
 tMiea ef Qrcat 
 
 nereial aUta of 
 
 ficanoa. 
 
 iheah hy. 
 
 n,andiBprow- 
 
 ■raid eo nu i t M n . 
 
 Mwinaandaalt 
 
 thaTHOik 
 I IbritaunHaik 
 Oft wine. 
 
 ■h« has wted 
 ig lately beooma 
 iquanoa on tba 
 
 and lahiWova. 
 
 
 BUROPE, 
 
 39 
 
 H»Tre, fair port of Paria on the Seine, (hay'-r) 
 Toa-lon' and Brest, as naval atationA reign. 
 Boche-fort' and I'Orient on Biscay's Bay, (lo-re-ong) 
 Are naval stAtions too, where ships may lay. 
 Bay-onne', neor Spain, for bayonets long known, 
 Calais', that oft has bowed to England's throne. 
 Boulogne, south-west from this her station finds, 
 Bott-en', upon the Seine her ^tton spins. 
 
 RoMla. 
 
 St. Petersbnrgh is 60 from the Equator, (60») 
 By yitva'e banks she rules, and none is greater. 
 Cron-stadt, a naval post where Finland boilv 
 West from St. Petersbuigh just twenty miles. 
 An^ south of Petersburgh, is Nov-go-rod': 
 Though fallen now, she boasts of royal blood : 
 llie proudest city once of all the north. 
 Godlike in power, imperial in worth. 
 Pol-to'-WR, known for Charles the XII of Sweden ; 
 Whoso fate we learn when history we're readbg. 
 
 C-des'-sa, by the Black Sea, takes her seat. 
 And from this pla^e exports the Russian wheat ; 
 
 And Ni-ca-la-jef ' there joins tlie catalogue, 
 A naval station, seated on the Bo^. 
 
 •Known ibr her polnees, and for her heU, 
 Moscow in the interior may dwell. 
 
 As north of all Archangel's loir is made, 
 Riga on Itiffa (hdf may boast her trade. 
 
 And by the Caepian of the Russian clan, 
 On Veiya'e southern bank, is Astracan. 
 
 Known for her battlements, and for her wall, 
 pf Poland, Warsaw reigns the capital. 
 
 The RQHiuiak in nnenl. «ra robust, well ahapad, and of 
 imttyooodeomplacbna The dreai of the highCT ranks an 
 after the Frencb and Enfflidi fa iona; and all wear a 
 cover ing of Air for aiz monUia of the year. Teiaons of both 
 sowe wear t ctms on their breaat^ which ia put on when 
 thrr are baptised, and never hud aaide while they li?& 
 
 The following are the Sovenigna of Ruaaia, lowing the 
 yonra of their acceation to power : 
 
 Peur the Great, uetnilon ia 1698 
 
 CMheriaaL, • . 1786 
 
 P*Mrn» . ) . 
 
 The vineyard* yi«ld 830 milHea Rallona of wine 
 annually, and <iccupy Ave million acraa of around. 
 The principttl rojoniee are Algeria, SeMgeJ, and the 
 liie of llourbon in Aftica; Martiniqua and Gnada- 
 loupe, in the Weat Indiee; French Guiana in South 
 America; andTondichorry hi Au. » 
 
 P^aia, (he nr '"pii"! of the |ir*n«h lUpabUe — ika 
 paragon of muliionn for iha world — ii on the Stine 
 
 Lyoni, imiad for manuAieturti, ii at ihr Juneiioa of ite 
 Rhone anil Biione. ' "^ 
 
 MarMilleiidioieit Ibr eonimcree ; Bordeaoi for wlnaa 
 HaTr. at ih« porlof Parit; Coulon, Rochtlbri, and llrS 
 ai naval (laiionii Baronne at iha plaeo when bayonen 
 w«r. firal OMd; Calari a* having repeawi^ bo,n in the 
 poMMioa of Oreat Britain; Rouen & eouM awaaA7 
 
 RoMlon Bmpliw, 
 
 Bom*, 
 
 It comprises nearly one half of El 
 one thini of Asia, and a part of North Americik 
 It eitende half way round the earth, and compn. 
 henda one aevepth of the land'a turftce. It ia, gm> 
 arally, a level country, and iu cliaracteriitie fcaturaa 
 are vaat plains and majealic rivent 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Russian Europe is notiJ for its great power 
 and impottanoe. 
 
 The inhalatanU are RuMdana, Pdca, FInna, Tar- 
 tans and CoaNcka ; the latter fonn a most aiiciant 
 part of the army of Ruaaia. 
 
 The Emperor ia at the head of the church, and ia 
 styled tha Autocrat trf' aU the Ruaaiaa. 
 
 The military flirce, or army of Rnaaio, is the 
 wgaat by iar of any in Europe, and ia a gnat oUact 
 rf tmor and anifaly thnMglMat ail As EMtam 
 tontineni: it amounia to aeaily KOttyBM men. 
 The naval foRio eonaiais of SOO vaasah, M <# which 
 are ahipa of Ihs line. 
 
 The great body of tha Rnaiiana is MM into 
 twodaaaea:nobieeandalavea Tha lamer Nva in 
 grMi aplmdor; the latter are tha piO|Mity of the 
 w*w** «• the ■■"■ 
 
 Anne, 
 
 Klluheth, • 
 
 riterlU., 
 
 Oatheriaea, 
 
 Paul, 
 
 Alaxaroltr, > 
 Miehoia^ 
 
 1730 
 1740 
 1741 
 I7«} 
 
 u«a 
 
 17M 
 1801 
 1« 
 
 Twenty-two milliona of aerfe or alavas SM said (o 
 be o^ned by the Autocrat himaair. 
 
 ..S'm^I"""'^,"- '•'" •■n"«'t •" »» k«*» ef Ike Neva, 
 
 ■^ f.^vntif"^'*^ (qaaier, • om efthe meei 
 splcndiil eilici in ihr world. ^* 
 
 Novgernd, though now in a decayed «aia,waaeMe 
 the wat jf a grtai r-public. — > wm «mo 
 
 Poluiwa i« remarkable, in hliiorr, for a treat. baitWi 
 foaghl benreen Charl.« XII of Swi^a. tmH^i^ 
 Onatof Ruwia,inwhieh the latter gained a eemplete 
 
 .. *!?,r*'^ wai l-ornt by the Rniiana, In ISIS, to prevent 
 ill folluis nii« Iha bandfof tha French. It waiealbbriiiwi 
 roriii mammoih ball, the largral ever can, Um weight of 
 which was upward* of ISO tons. """B"' "• 
 
 Lapland 
 
 Noted as being the most northern countrr 
 ,S""*P^ K w owned by Ruaaia and Sweden. 
 Tha inhabitanta are called Laplandeivoi I^apB^ 
 
 They aia a siropla, inodfauiva nm; atrictly honoat; 
 
 andKvetoagraatag*. InatMimihigfiMwaieaad 
 
 BVI Mt. 
 
 ' 
 
 u 
 
40 
 
 POETICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Bcpubllc of Cracow. 
 
 Or»'-cow, beside Vuttda, takes her poet, 
 Kno^ for the mound of Kos-oi-iu'-ko mo-i. 
 
 « Swedonf. 
 
 Stock-holm, ih Sweden, ia the brightest etar. 
 On seven emoU isles, 'tween Baltic and Ma-lar'. 
 
 At Ootha'i mouth, whose fountain head is Wenner, 
 Fair Gottcnberg npreads her coramorcial banner. 
 
 Of Fah-18n'8 copper mines, go road the story. 
 And then, for iron, look at Dan-e-mo-ra. 
 Ju fur, Tor-ne-a trades ; she's north of all ; 
 
 uarls-cro-na, south, a naval staUon call. 
 
 Norway- 
 
 Bridge and Mountain torrent in Norway. 
 
 Christiana on the Norway coast is laid ; 
 Iron and lumber is her wealth and ti-ade. 
 Upon the western coast, is seated Bergen ; 
 In lumber, tar and fish, her commerce urging. 
 
 Dron-theim' is north of this, along the flood— 
 Of Norway's ancient kings, 'twas once the abode. 
 
 pnuila. 
 
 Berlin, of Prussia, stands upon the (%rM, 
 A branch of £lbe, of royal pedigree. 
 
 Bres-lau is found far up the river 0-der, 
 And known for linens, near the Polish border. 
 
 And Konigsbui^ is seated on the Pre-ffol, 
 Whose place or rank, in days gone by, was regal. 
 
 Next, Dant-aic, on the VU-tu-la, we greet, 
 Great mart of Poland, for exporting wheat 
 
 Bapabllo o? Craoow. 
 
 Noted for a mound raised to the memorv of 
 Kt,ff..{..iirn, which is aOd iiMt in higbtli, and S7S fe«t 
 in diameter at the baM. 
 
 Bweidon. 
 
 Noted for its numerous lakes. It is a level 
 country, with the climaU* of 'Janada Eatt, and has 
 about 8,400 milM of iia coait. 
 
 It hat Taluable minoe of iron and copper. 
 
 HanJly oneliirtieth of the land ii tilUUe. 
 
 The higher cbwiee of tlie Swedce are intcllinei.t, 
 brave and hnepitaWe ; but luiuriou* and oetcntaUoue. 
 
 The peaeante aie elinplo, kind and rtrirtly lionort. 
 
 The comptoiion of tho Swedee U ruddy; the hair 
 flaxen ; and their beanie and moweUchee ha»o been 
 deecribed by traTcleie ai alraoet white, and in beauti- 
 ful Iwepini with their blue eyee and rich coniplenoM. 
 
 llTOCKHOtn, b«lwof n BeWe and Melar, 1» ihe capital. 
 Denemora h«» ih« bent iron '" *• 7«"''> . 
 Faklan it noted for copper, and Tornea for nir. 
 
 Charlet XII, of Sweilen, waa one of the greatoit 
 of modern warriort. He came to I'-e throne in 1607, 
 at tho ase of fifteen. In hit eev. nteenth year, he 
 fouaht the combined arroiee of Ruttia, Polan 1 and 
 Denmarit, ani« gained OTor them a decitivc victory. 
 In hi. flret l«ttle when he heard Uie histuig i>( the 
 bulku about hit ear he exclaimed, in a rapture, 
 << That tfaall be my nmiic.'' 
 
 Norway. 
 
 Noted for lU rugged mountains, coW (^ 
 mate, gigantic pinee, and for the tcmfic whirlpool 
 on iu coAtt, called the Malttrom. 
 
 It it united with Swe^n under one government, 
 thongh each atate enjoya ila own coMtiluUon, ita own 
 
 lawt ani? legidature, . , -, , u . 
 
 From laSOtolSU.itwUunitedtolkmniirksbut 
 
 lince that time it hat formed a part of Bwclcn. 
 
 It it one of the moat mountaiiiout countrtei In 
 Europe, and abounds with romantic and tuhUroe 
 acenery. 
 
 CaaisTiAKA, the aptd, ia«hoted fa iron and 
 lumber. ^ . , 
 
 Bergen, upon the wettem man, cwtiea on a great 
 trade in lumber, tar and fith. 
 
 Pnuwla. 
 
 Noted for iU rapid rise from a small sUte 
 to one of the ftnt powera of Europe. 
 
 It waa formerly an electorate of Oennany ; Bran- 
 denburg the baait : East and Vl^eat Prui^ were first 
 ■ddod; Siletia wat wrested UromAurtik; Poeen 
 from Poland i and a part of Pomcrania from Swe. 
 den; and Saxony, Wettphalia, Cleveaburg and the 
 Lower Rhine, were added in 1815. 
 
 The principal rivert are all nayigable. 
 
 Amber ia foujid on the tborea of the Baltw. 
 
 The army b the beat diaeipUned in Europe. 
 
• •. 
 
 e roemorv of 
 
 I, MKi S7ft fMt 
 
 It !■ a level 
 Eatt, ami hu 
 
 ;opper. 
 tiiUU*. 
 
 •re intelliKCiit, 
 lid oatrntatioiM. 
 I itrirtly honest 
 ruJJy ; the hair 
 :hM haro been 
 I, aiid in beauli' 
 ch comidexiana. 
 
 r, ii ih« capital. 
 
 rid 
 
 ta for flu. 
 
 of tha greateat 
 throne in I6ft7, 
 teeiith year, ha 
 ■ia, Foianl and 
 ikciaivo viclary, 
 ,e himing uf tM 
 ^ in a rapture, 
 
 :aini, coM c]U 
 terrifio whirlpool 
 
 one govemment, 
 Mtitution, ita own 
 
 to Denmark ; but 
 of Bwixlon. 
 oua countriei in 
 (ttic and iublima 
 
 tad fiir iron and 
 earriaa on • gnat 
 
 01 a until itate 
 le. 
 
 Oennany; Bian* 
 Pcui^ were firat 
 a Austria ; Poien 
 srania from 8we> 
 lev«A)urg and tha 
 
 gable. 
 
 r the Bhitie. 
 
 1 in Europe. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 41 
 
 Oo-logne, upon thoMint, with Dutch nuty trade, 
 A water, called Cologne, the long haa made. 
 As Frankfort on the Odir koepa her fairs, 
 On Elbe, is Mag-de-burg, prepared for wen. 
 As Luther lived in Wittenberg— in Thorn, 
 By Vi$-tu-la, Copernicus was bom. 
 Aix la Oha-pelle and Til-sit both, we find, 
 Are for important treaties borne in mind. 
 
 Aiutrla. 
 
 On Dambe'e banks, o'er Austria stands Vienna, 
 Upon a fertile plain, she rules o'er many. 
 
 Prague rules Bohemia, on the tide Moldau; 
 Her bulwarks frown upon the fields below. 
 
 North of Vienna Aus'-ter-litz appears. 
 And of Napoleon's victory wears the scars. 
 
 By tlie Adriatic Gulf »» tlironed Tri-este, 
 Well fortified, of Austria's ports the best. 
 
 And near the Adriatic, *mong the number, 
 I'-dri-a, for quicksilver mines, remember. 
 
 Buda and Tctih. 
 
 Dada, on the wwt baiik or the Danube, it conaected with Peeih, on 
 the catlern bank, by a bridge of boau. 
 
 At Bu-da's baths and palaces, now look 
 
 By Danube'e western bank, upon a rock ; 
 With this, connected by a bridge of bouts, 
 Pesth, on the eastern bank, her trade promotes. 
 
 Schem'-nits and Krem'-nitz, 'mong the mountains 
 Well known for mines of silver and of gold, [old, 
 
 To-kay*, for wines ; as Presburg, well you know. 
 Was Hungary's capital, some years ago. 
 
 Lem-berg, for inland trade ; of Polish birth, 
 Wie-lic«'-ka from her salt mines draws her worth. 
 
 N 
 
 German States— Ba » aria. ^ 
 
 Bavaria waves her bannort >y the r-ter, [«-««r] 
 Bavaria's capital, she's known to be, sir. 
 
 Ita a^ftem of eommon aciiool tduoaHon b eonrid- 
 •red the beat hi the world. 
 
 Baatix, the capital, oi. the 8nr«e, « hnndi of Iha 
 Elk), ia one of the moat ipiendid citira in Europa. 
 
 Konigaburg waa once tha capital of the whoU 
 kingdom. 
 
 Frankfort, on the Oder, ia noted for Aiin. 
 
 Magdeburg, on the Elba, ia atrongljr fortified. 
 
 Wittenberg waa tha mndance of Luther. 
 
 Thorn waa thti roaidenie of Co^micua. 
 
 AU la Chapella and Tilnt are nolad for tnaliM, 
 
 AoatzUL 
 
 One of the most important states of Europe: 
 one third larger than Franco, and Iwica aa laiia a* 
 Great itritniii and Ireland. 
 
 It ia richer in mineral* than any other EuroMaa 
 atatc. ' 
 
 11m Archducbr of Aualria ia Hie original bBi4a 
 of thi* Emntro. Hungnrv waa obtained in 1488, br 
 m^uTiage; Oalliria in 1793, by the diemenibenne^ 
 of Poland. I'he Italian provincea were annaxad 
 in 1816. 
 
 VuNif^, on a fertile plain, and aituated upon the 
 Danube, ia the capiul. 
 
 Prague, on the Moldau, a atrongljr fortified town, 
 ia the capital of Bohemia. 
 
 Auatcrlitx, norih of Vienna, ia noted for a gnat 
 victory of Napoleon over tho Auatriana. 
 
 Trieate, by ihu Adriatic, a atnmgly fortified town, 
 haa tho beat port in Auatria. 
 
 Buda, noted for liatha, on the Danube, ia con- 
 nected with Poath, on the enafcm aide, by a bridge of 
 boata. 
 
 WieUczka, a town of Poland, if noted for 
 niinea. 
 
 KreMolu. 
 
 KreiQnitz and Sehemniiz, among the moentaiui of Hon. 
 gary, aro noted Ibi gold and »il»eF minee. 
 
 .^ 
 
 Oermau BtatM.— Ba^atia. 
 
 Bavaria, in the seutheastern part, is, next 
 to Auatria and Pruaaia, the nw*: impc.lani aUta in 
 Gcrmonr. 
 
 The Black Forcat and the Alp, two manea of 
 mounUina, f.irm one principal foature of ihia alate. 
 They are bleak regiona, with little wood or venluie. 
 
 Agriculture ia in a backward atote, and nwnufiietuiM 
 have been neglected. 
 
 Bavuia, on the Taar, ia tha eapitaL . 
 
 
 ■■^ttjaifs ^^nnnW iSjfV 
 
43 
 
 POETICAL OROGRAPHY. 
 
 For watclioi known, inrentioni, toyt and books. 
 At Nuremberg, the traveler often look*. 
 
 Blenheim; on Danube, and the Ilo-hen-Iln-den, 
 Prom Mtt'-nich, east, the war-horw once recUned on. 
 
 iRxonjr. 
 
 For her picture galleries known, now look at 
 Be«id« the Slbt, a» Saxony, she route in. [Dresden, 
 
 In fairs and commerce, let fair Leip'-sio reign. 
 As Meis'-scn, on the Slhe, makes porcelain ; 
 
 And Frcy'-berg, by two hundred mines surroxindad, 
 Has there a mining institution founded. 
 
 ' '^ llanovor. 
 
 Upon the L*ine, from Oio western shores, just over, 
 Well fortified and strong, is fair Hanover. 
 
 Up the same tide, has Oottingen her post, 
 Known for her university the most. 
 • A North Sia port, for vMScls great and small, 
 Em'-den is on the Ehns, northwest of all. 
 
 Wlrtomborff. 
 
 Stutt'-gard of Wir'-tem-berg, as first may shine, 
 Upon a branch of the fair flowing Rhine, [dress. 
 
 On Danube's banks, Ulm wears her shining war- 
 O'er Europe, noted for a mighty fortress. 
 
 Baden. 
 
 Carls-ru'-ho, jiear the Bhiru, rules over Ba'-den, 
 Whose shores. *:»h Man'-heun. farther north, are 
 •laden. 
 
 Small €9criuaii State*. 
 
 Mentc, on the river Mine, mrmUtd printing; 
 Of war, her bulwarks se^ni to be a hinting. 
 
 Weimar, the capital of Saxe Weimar, 
 Has been the abode of many a learned dreamer ; 
 
 Je'-na, southeast of this, her place may fix, 
 Remembered for the firay of eighteen 'six. [1800 
 
 Fre« Cities. 
 
 Frankfort, known for her Federative Diet, 
 Lives on the J/i/yne— a place of fiurs and quiet 
 
 Hamburg, upon the Elbe, has fixed her station, 
 Where vesstm come to trade, of every nation. 
 
 Uttk «* Ho*MmU«l««, wh«« **«- — - 
 
 « of hb (ptiU tictofi*, to comin«mortW|l 
 
 I ^Jinaiublimsaisd jiowtof iongjOi wMca 
 
 Ik. „^»m\nt •• ••» '■'''•'^ ' 
 
 On Llndwi when »ha «« wm km, 
 All Woodlci* itjf lh« untfoodcn mmhW. 
 And dark a» matet miM the flow, 
 
 or lirr, rolling rapidlv. 
 But timlen ww Mother vight. 
 When the dr»un be«t at de«l ol nlgh^ 
 Commuidind flraa of death to Ufht, 
 
 Tha dariuiaai of her aoenaqr* 
 
 Saaony. 
 
 Tlie smallest kingdom In Europe, though 
 tha people an tha bart educated. • 
 
 AgriJuttuw and roinint «Miij km tha oecupatioa 
 of the InhahiUnta. ^^. 
 
 The *aon ahufp ara notod *» ihdrBae wo«. 
 
 Comro*rw awl manufactttwa a» •»»*«'t;-^,. 
 
 DiMOUi. on ilw KIU», i» iiowd for «• plowre fanejlti. 
 
 Ltlptia I* lurtwl ft>r niira. 
 
 I lainTut iiuUuiiioa. 
 
 Ibriu 
 
 BanoTsr. 
 
 Hanover became a kingdom In 1818. 
 
 It it mortly ati exten.ivo plain, with gentle ruwng 
 
 Sound., and nearly dcsUlute rf mounUina. 1 1.e 
 Hrts Mountaina are rkh in minoa, which are ex««n- 
 iively wi ught 
 
 Smra on a branch of lh« Rhine, '• il*» e«P'«l' ,, 
 SSdin he Km*, » U.. principal port tor Uie North 
 
 ^OotttaSin,oi» ih. Ltioa, U jotcd tor lu unitroTttif. 
 Wlitemberg. 
 
 Noted as being the best cultivated psft of 
 Germany. ■ 
 
 Erected into a Idngdom in 1800. 
 lit mountaina are ricli in minerala. 
 
 Baden. 
 
 A narrow but fertile plain on the east side 
 of the Khine. , . 
 
 CABLaaoat, ia the capitaL- 
 
 Small GNinnan States. 
 
 'Hkssx Darmstadi conaistt of Uirea sepa- 
 nlTSttkU; two north, ««i the oth« ««rth irf .he 
 
 Saxe Wmiiab is noted for lU high raiik In 
 
 lUicraUue and the arta. w_«-h 
 
 -«» acted for a real haul* between thflFwn* 
 
 and Pmwiana, where Napntoon gamwl one of Ws 
 
 peateat vietoriea. 
 
 Free Cities. 
 
 Mentz. strongly fortified, is noted as boipg 
 the pince where printinf; waa mvented. 
 
t MONM 
 
 moimnoniMil 
 
 «p«, though 
 
 Iha ooeopatiot 
 
 flae wooU' 
 
 euir* fmOniet' 
 ittiaci, it noMd 
 
 181S. 
 1 gontle riung 
 lUiiUin*. Tlie 
 bieh ue extm- 
 
 i( ihc e«pH<il ^ 
 ,rt for th* North 
 
 M uniTortltjr. 
 
 mtcd part of 
 
 the eut side 
 
 tarn. 
 
 )f tliree scpt- 
 haf Mnilh of *Hc 
 
 Nhigfarwikin 
 
 woen thfiFrandi 
 iMd OB* of hii 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 8«»t«d upon her weatcrn bank*, i» Bremen, 
 Noted for commoroe, aird, of towni, a freeman. 
 
 Lu-beo', though in obwuritj iinmorwd, 
 In the famed Hanieatio League, wa« fir«t. * 
 
 •wKxcrluid, 
 
 d3 
 
 itmoti duareuiiif. 
 
 Of Switierland'a towns, Bcme stands upon the 
 Lau-aann«, upon Geneva, has her fure ; [Aar ; 
 
 These two, with Zurich, on her lake or sea, [zu'rick 
 Are.notcd for their splendid scenery. 
 
 Known as the place where paper first was made, 
 And for her school, Basle on the Mine is laid, [bale 
 
 8cauff-hau'-Ben, for a cataract of the Rliine ; 
 
 Lu-oeme', where towers the forest tree, sublime. 
 
 Known for her council, of religious make, 
 Constance, i theast of all, is by the Lake. 
 
 Belfffiun. 
 
 EiX^^ ' ' '*"' '"'^ wm-Mrcial dUc In 
 Fii*i,Krn«T, the capital of GermanT. I. noted fat 
 tive Diet, or Congrew aMsmblo. 
 
 Swltierland. 
 One of the most mountainous countries of 
 
 uCn,^^ ^r '•• '"''''"^ ""J romantic Z.5r. 
 
 Iliadvklad into iwuuy-lwo cantorw, which ara 
 aach uukMn.1'.: -.public, united togeUwr fo^^ 
 purooio of common Jcfonaa. "'mum 
 
 The country aUnd. will, lofty mountain., car- 
 •red wiih pctpctuul mow $ gl.c'oia, or lakea of Ice : 
 torrenu that roar and foam dc wl the n)ck. 5 «. 
 •▼alanchoa, or immnnso ma«ea 01' atiow. 
 
 B«""«. Uc«i,!,g and Zvnicn are th« capital* of 
 8w.tMrl.nd i the, arc not*,! fu, the grandetu of their 
 
 Daile, noted for ita u.iivcrwty, and aa the plaos 
 where pnpcr wa. Rm made, i. on the Rhino. ' 
 
 the Khine " '""" "'" **''=''""«^ «■>««««« "f 
 
 Constance, by Lake CoMtanco, U noted for its 
 eccicaunticnl cuuncd. * 
 
 Tiia UATiKir or THt thrki Tatia.— The 
 three founder, of the HelveUc confcdemcy are thought 
 to aloep in a cavern near the Lake of Lucerne, ft 
 w .up|K«ed that If Switzorland i. ever enchained, they 
 Will arue and vmd.cate her right*. 
 
 Wheii Uri'i berehnn woo<lf wave rod. 
 Ill the burning; liamloi's ligln j 
 ov" ,. I" ''" cavern of the deud, 
 Sh«ll ihe uleoperi walk In miifln. 
 
 .ill" ''■•'' '"'* ■''•'"'• Pioad hep, 
 " b«n Hway th* holm h« flung. 
 And vldly up the Mto • 
 Prom iku flaihing billow tprunf 
 
 Thejr shall walt« heiidn ih« forsM sea. 
 In the ancien. (urli llify wor«, 
 
 lif^'i'ryj'.l''."' "" *?!!?• ""• "■■«•• »• n»^ 
 
 Un the aruili's mooiil^ghi shora. 
 Aiui their voictt (hall b« heard, 
 And be answered wiih a shout. 
 Till lie echoing Alps are stirred. 
 Inu Ih- -' — '• — •-•-' ^ 
 
 Anu the signal firaa blaze out 
 
 »t. 
 
 Belflum. 
 
 Brussels. 
 Brast^la, ia Balgiun, la nelad tbr carpets, laee, eamblets, *e. 
 
 BnuMls, in Belgium, on a branch of SeheltU, [eieU 
 In carpets, lace and eambl^, long has dealt. 
 
 Noted for its fertility ; its high aUte of 
 cnltwation ; and for lU being the most thickly popu. 
 Uted of any counlty of Eumpo. 
 
 The Belgians were formbriy called Fleming*. 
 
 Belgium once belonged to Austria, and then to 
 France. In 1816 it whb united with Holland It 
 became a aeparate Sute in 1830, when Leopold t»>k 
 the throne. ' 
 
 Baranu, the captUl, b noted for iU cupetiL hoe. 
 eaffibl*ts,'ftc. ' ' 
 
 
POETICAL OBOORAPHY. 
 
 From DruMcU. north, in milw, junt tweptyftve. 
 Antwerp, upon tho Sehddi, her Iriwlo may drive ; 
 Of her cnthedral, there i» much renown, 
 Tlmt climbs tho heuvenn in feet, four, forty-one.(44 1 ) 
 
 Glicnt. for ft treaty known, wc next wiU scun. 
 Just thirty milcn Boutliwcst of Amsterdnm. 
 
 Nino milon from Brussels, south, U Waterloo, 
 Where met Napoleon hU orerthrow. [quarteri, 
 
 Liege, known for fircnrma. makts the MtuH her 
 
 Mech'-lin for lace, and Spa for mineral wat«ri. 
 
 Tour'-noy nnd Mons along the French fronUor. 
 Bafc in their battlements, need nothing fear. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 And Copenhagen stands on Zealand Ule : 
 Ai, by the Elbe, Al-to'-nn jeigns the while. 
 F.om Copenhagen, nortli, on Zealand's shore, 
 Where vessels pay their toll, is El-si-noro'. 
 
 nolinnd. { 
 
 m 
 
 In proportion to Its exU>nt. HoUiUia is ons of tho !» 
 
 and gn^at.-Ht conirocrciul ^9^'" •"" .^ ? '!nt,M ««. chieflt i 
 
 The foreign tenitorieslxaoiigint; U> Holtatid »«> ''»«°y 
 In ill EMt IndiPS f.ml iiiclu.lc i<art of UiP wlsmls of J»}S, 
 
 S"m or S Ouiana- j" t!.o Wert luda* th^m^« ^f 
 St KustoUii, OnrMcn. Saba, and rajl of 8u Martin i.. in 
 Africa, soveral forts on the ooost of Oumoa. 
 
 InHolland,ncarthecoBst,Haguemakef her claim; 
 As, thirty miles northeast, is Amsterdam; 
 The last stands on an arm of Zuy-der Zee, 
 Known for canals, where boate pnss merrily. 
 
 As Rotterdom is seated on tke Meuse ; [mue« 
 
 Harlem, by Jhflem Laic, of flowers makes uio. 
 
 As a naval depot, next, remember Hushing. 
 U-trecht', for peaoe, where river Rhine U blushing 
 
 The StnicH off Ilaly.— Sardinia. 
 
 Much noU'd for her silks, beside tho Po, 
 Tu-rin rules o'er Sardinia you know, (tu-reen') 
 
 Gen'-o-a, built upon a mountain's ride. 
 Still of Columbus makes her boast and pride. 
 
 Here, Al-es-san'-driii and Ma-ren'-go's known, 
 The last, where fought the great Napoleon. 
 
 Antwarp k noted fcr lU cathedral, lh« 
 
 which ii 4 It *»»»>»«»>• ^^ .w It ..^ 
 
 Qheni >■ Ui« |A«* where peace brtwMM the Unitsd 
 
 HUlM ami (IreM Utitain Wiu r.«iclu.lva. 
 
 WaleiliHJ w fiunouii for one of ibff greutcrt Iwtllri 
 
 ^IMXMiigtsliKtsanfroinUyron' W'aleilooi 
 And th»re w a« mountiiii In hot haitc, «!i« ateed, 
 Tli» mutt' '"'K ""luodriin, aiKl ihr -laltrnnjoaf 
 Want poiiriiig CorwurJ willi mimanoui tiMicU, 
 And awiflly fonniug in Uif t*t\k» of war. 
 Laatnoon behvld thxin fidl of luity lif«, 
 
 The ■ddnight brought tho ►igiial aouiid of •tnre.- 
 The moni, the iwafahaUng In af nw.-lhe day 
 
 3r"u».^K'.«-eXwKi.h when rent, 
 Th» earth i« coverr.l thteli with ethef clay. 
 Which iur.mn olay shall eover, ««wp«d "'J P*"*. 
 Rider aiid horw, Wend, tor. in one red burial blenU 
 
 XMbmark. 
 
 Denmork comprises the peninsula of Jut- 
 land, the duchic* of HoUuin and LaHenberj, together 
 with Fuen and Z. uland. wlUi tl.e fu»ei«i poesfemona 
 of Greenland, Iwland. Fonie Uland^ *c. 
 
 The soil Is fertita aii«l weU atl«pt««l to paaturage. 
 . The atmoaiilMrre la tliiclt and cloudy, but generally 
 nlubriouK and healiliy. 
 
 Tlio Dane* ate honctt and well educat*«l. 
 
 •i'he principal source of influence U thw slate, is 
 the ronmiim.! of the enUanre to tlw DalUc. It cxacU 
 a toll of ail iliiiie that pa« in and out ol tint ».*. 
 
 Corai«»A8«!«, ou ihe UlaiTd of Zealand, U Uia capital. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 The land of the Dutch, formerly called ike 
 
 Netherlands. . , ». ,_. j .u. 
 
 This is a flat, level country, Ulow the l*d «»• 
 ie« • which is kept from encrooching snd ow>r«»Wing 
 the laud by incana of dyk» ) or emliankroents. 
 
 Canals servo the purpose of atrccta, and «• the 
 Iriahways for the commerce of the kingdom. 
 
 'fho Dutch are th« most invclerate imokeis In Um 
 
 They have colonies in South Ameiioa, Wsk At 
 rica, Java, and other A«ialic island*. 
 
 AMsrKBnAM, the capital, on Zuyder Zee, te noted 
 for iu canals, that oorvo the puipose of rtneta. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 A peninsul* ra the southern pwt of Europe ; 
 noted M having Iwm tho siat of the Roman Bmpjrt, 
 Hof tbeToii., wd ..Ih. kndof sculptui., paint- 
 ing, architecture and music • 
 
 Tt i. #.«ing«lshed IflwWise for its miM climate, and 
 •a being the meet dclightlul countnr of Europe. 
 
 It is now divided tate several diBfcwnt atates oi 
 governments, tho prindpal of which ai« as foMows: 
 
 1 The kingdom of Naples, or the two wohW; 
 8. The Stateaof the Oiuircli. 3- OrsfiJ ""**?,^ 
 Tusc«>y. 4. Tho kingdom of Sanluila. ». IU* 
 kingdoiB of Lombordy and Vonioe. 
 
Um $\Am of 
 
 HI the UnUcJ 
 
 •aWat Utllri 
 la of Euroi<« 
 
 1* W«l«rlooi I 
 
 ttlA *U««i, 
 :r ring car 
 
 irar. 
 
 b. 
 
 d of •tlife,— 
 hottay 
 
 sh when ront, 
 
 clay, 
 •d and pent, 
 d burial blent. 
 
 liuk of Jut- 
 nbarg, together 
 igtt |Maar«iona 
 
 to paaturage. 
 f, but generally 
 
 ucateil. 
 
 U tkii atate, ia 
 lallic. Uciacta 
 1 ol that a;«. 
 , U tha capital. 
 
 irly called t2i« 
 
 r thefaedof Iha 
 
 and ovorflgwiog 
 
 nkroenla. 
 
 ita, and «• the 
 
 ingdom. 
 
 e amokaisln Um 
 
 nerka, WaaCAC 
 
 del Zee, ia noted 
 of atraeta. 
 
 Murtof Etirope; 
 I Koman Empire, 
 raculp<un, peint- 
 
 ndM climate, and 
 I of Europe. 
 liflBtcnt alafea « 
 h an M followa 
 the two Bidliee. 
 Grand Duchy of 
 lardinia. 6. The 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 45 
 
 Vpon Sardinia'a ial«, behold SM-aa'-ri 
 High to thfl north, while south is one Cagl ia' ri. 
 
 Lombardy aod Tealce. 
 
 For hor Cathedral known, th« fair Milan , 
 Upon'tho west of Lombard) wo scan ; 
 
 Venice, boaido the Adriatic imllea. 
 High U) the h«ad on oorenty-two unall iaiea. 
 
 Aa Virgil'a birth place, next Man-tu'-a know, 
 That kcopa hor station on the rolling Po. 
 
 Lo'-di in west of this, a warlike town. 
 Where Bonnpiirto a splendid victory won. 
 
 StateM or the Cburcli. 
 
 Rome, by Iho Tibtr, keeps her ancient neat. 
 Known for her tomplcs and her struoturcs great; 
 Her columns, arches, monuments wo hail. 
 But the far famed St. Peter's first of all. 
 As fnir Bo logn-a keeps tlie northern border, 
 An-co'-na, to the south-east, boaata her harbor. 
 
 TWO Two Slcllle*.- 
 
 Nii(j|«*. 
 
 ii.7,2';''n, I' I'T """"• ^«"";""- ^•• •«««>«» noted fcr U>. beauty of 
 
 Near Mount Yesarius lot NapVs stay, 
 Long noted for the beauty of nor Bay. 
 
 Pu-ler'-mo sita on Sicily's fair isle, 
 And there Mcs-si'-na and Ca-ta'-ni-a smile* 
 
 its Syracuse ia known for aucient s^ilendor, 
 The win« cup to Mar-sa'-la we may tender. 
 
 ■ardlnU. 
 
 Th« kinjplom of Sardinia embraces (h« 
 laiaml nrHanUiiia, oiid the nocthwfttom pariof IteJa 
 
 'Iha latter haa a Una ^il and inlld climata. 
 
 itie liland uf Hanllnia liaa an area of about 
 
 10,000 aquar^ milea ; it la a trUla mmUn than MIellr. 
 
 , A large nortlon of the aurfatv k hilly and rhmu^ 
 
 tainoua. U nmducea ewy »arle«f of froiu ««-.».- 
 
 loaoulhem Kurojw. --ww- 
 
 Tuaiii, tlie capital of BunUnia, on Itie Po, ia noM 
 for ailka. ' ^^ 
 
 Oenoa ia noted aa the birtbplara of Cohimbw. 
 
 Marengo for a great victory of Napolaoa over Iha 
 Au.truuw, iu 1800. 
 
 Zioaibardr and Vanlo*. 
 
 Lotnbnrdy and Venice, or Austrian lulr. is 
 aituated betwt«en the Hivcr I»o und tlie Alpa. 
 
 It ia one of the Imt cultivated statea ofltalr. and 
 belonga to Austria. ' 
 
 LoTiibarily U in the wr«t and Venice in the eaal 
 
 Mitiv, in the waat of Louibardy, U noted for ita 
 catliiylral. 
 
 Vciiico Li aituated on aeventy-two amall iainnda, at 
 the licnd of ihe Adriatic, or Oulf of Venice. 
 
 Miintu;! ia noted aa the liirthplaco of Virgil. 
 
 Lodi fur one of Napoleon' a moat aplcndid viclotiap. 
 
 Statea^of the ^buroh. 
 
 Home, the moat celcbratud city on the globe, 
 la lllletn milca from tlio moulh of Uie TiUir, Among 
 tlie aUucturea and momimcnfa of greatiieaa, that 
 etriio iho inii-rcst of travelora, ia the grea* bt. i'atsr'aL 
 tho largcal cathedral ever built 
 
 Naples. 
 
 Naples, or the two Sicilies, includes tha 
 aomlirrn part of Italy, the ialond of Sicily, and the 
 Lipari lalca. 
 
 I'hoao enjoy a warm climate, and ha?e ■ ft^lUo 
 aoil, that producca the greatmt variety of graina and 
 fruita. 
 
 The iiilpnd of Sidly waa fomierly called ihe Qx*. 
 nary of Italy. 
 
 Agriculture and minufaclurea, notwithataudiog, 
 are in a very backward atate. 
 
 Nkftu, neven milea from Mount Vesuvhub k 
 noted for iu lieautifui bny. 
 Svraciue ia rioted for ita ancient aplenJor. 
 Maraala, for ita delidoua wines. 
 
 Qranti Duchy of Tuaoaay. 
 
 0*>o of the most populous states of Italy. 
 
 rhe pcopin iiv iiiJuMriaua i:<d entcrpriaing. 
 
 Manufo jturoa, aa wcH ii« agriculture are flourishing. 
 
 FLoamci!, on tho river Amo, ia noted for painting 
 and aculpture. 
 
 Pisa, for iu leaning tower, 1 90 feet high, and 14 
 from a perpendicular. 
 
 I 
 
OBOORAPHY 
 
 OnuU 9mthr or Twcaay. 
 
 rtoraM*. 
 FWMM*, ill**!** on Ik* Af nn, !• m)W<« fcr IW 0«ll.ry of jf^-UM* 
 
 Flor'-ence l« Mated on th« Anto'i b»nlu ; 
 In tculpturo and in pwntlng, high the r»nlM. 
 
 Pl-ift U noted for her leaning tower ; (po-ift) 
 Leg-bora', near by, in commence boaiU her power. 
 
 SinaU StMtcMi. 
 
 1lo-de'-na rules iho Duchy of Moden* ; 
 Onrraru thcio, for marble 's known to many. 
 Ajacclo blooms on {3or«ica'i rirh coa«t, 
 AM aa Napoleon's birth-place lot it boart. 
 
 MoDlMA la the ctpltnl of Mwlona. 
 Cmto» U noted for kU bcouiiful marUlo. , 
 
 Ajaccio, on Iha WwiU of Come*, i« notoJ u tto hWhptoM of 
 Ntpoleon. 
 
 Turkey In iUirope. 
 
 Near BoB'-pho-ru«, in sight of Asia's shore, 
 Constantinople hears Mar-mo'-ra's roar ; 
 Well fortified, her harbor lot her boost, 
 Her mosques and temples, but seraglio moat. 
 
 And A-dri-an-o'-ple sits in ancient Thrace, 
 Upon Ma-rit-ta't banks her tradbg place. 
 
 
 Turkey lo Biuope. ^ 
 
 The seal of the OUoman Kmplr*'. snJ Ae 
 moot «m»h*(»»ofn .ouniit <M Kurow". 
 
 It to liil««l**^' *»»•" n»~"'™^ ^tUT, M« 
 
 '*"t'u m.-«N »««• "^ h «»- "•""•* •"*' 1;"^'^ 
 
 It luw • fcrtil* "Ml. «"• '""J '■'»'"•" • ■'"' " " 
 Ul«fm) rt^mnuinl wouW |« ooo of lb- »«-« eam- 
 
 Irioo 111' Euroiw. 
 
 Tho court U r»lW tU OUonuwi Portr, ot HuUime 
 
 OoiitrAiri»i»ri»!, m tho •ouU.M«t«m p«rt of 
 Rufopo, upon tho B.«|J.ofU.. i«n.r Am. o".! Ui« <*• 
 <rf M«rra'.r«, U cufl of tho niumt dlM« af fcuropo. 
 Tho •on«lu», Of iflipofiol ?•»««». •• • "'X "• "*"• 
 
 Oreece. 
 
 One of the moot dlstiii«ui«hcd countrJee on 
 
 Iho globo. NotaHl f.* iU (jiriU •nUiUily, ond fM 
 havina bwri iho rjkJlo of Ow orU ond tcijma* 
 
 h hno IoU'It l«?n rwiw.) fr.Mtt Tutkuh ihroWoss. 
 by Um eomUncI oUI ..f I«u«m«, Fmnco oikI Enf- 
 Und I tiul i« HOW in • proojiorouo condlUon. 
 
 Amies* bi ii"tod (at Ua snli'iuity, utd ImportMMe 
 
 In former tlmo*. . „# .w« •r„.fc 
 
 N«»«'ln.' l« """J Uh tho .WnicUon of tho rofk- 
 yi flort, (VU)»«» UOth. 1897. by Uio comiinod «ooto 
 of the Kronch, En|lUh ond RuiMono, undo* Admlrol 
 
 ^"ilZ^\ I. notod 0. belf tho pU«. of Bynm'i 
 doothi April IBth, ISM. 
 
 Alben*. 
 
 Aih»ii«. th# •■•pn«l "f <!"•«•. w»« «»• ofth* mow OOU- 
 h«i«d J^i« of oiuiqui-y. «• wtt. ui«l.»«l» Ito «•» Of 
 
 Ctreece. 
 
 Atli'-ens, in Greece, a town of age and fame, 
 Berido the Oulf Egi'-m writes her name. 
 
 Hy'-dra, upon an island takes her rest ; 
 
 Na-po'-li has a harbor called the best : 
 
 And Navarino is remembered yet. 
 For the destruction of the Turkish fleet. 
 In 18-27, when Frank and Russ, ( 1687) 
 And Britain, all combined the Turk to crush. ,, .„„„,.,. -. -: -.^-^ 
 
 And MU-so-W-ghi. last of all. bes.de ';i'l;- :5r.!i? 'Wii'V'S: O^'V^l^ 
 
 The Gulf rn-tras', — the place where Byron died. | u>wni m orewe- 
 
 Towa of Hyra. 
 
 Byra on ill* iflaail of »yr*, in Ui* Gr««!*n Arf hip^afOi 
 ■ " and I 
 
 r 
 
 
 A 
 
 the 
 inti 
 of V 
 
 ( 
 wi 
 
 N« 
 
 A«i 
 
 J 
 
 Wfc 
 
 Aa4 
 
 FM 
 
 T 
 
 Ma.1 
 A 
 Whi 
 Sont 
 Noit 
 
t, tad Hm 
 
 itl UuwhMi 
 ■lul uiuiw « 
 AiiMl eoun" 
 
 ■ml Um Ma 
 • of Kunipe. 
 
 nuntriefl on 
 
 Illy, tnd far 
 
 riencw. 
 
 uli thmlikMB, 
 
 ro titd Bn^ 
 
 lion. 
 
 J tm!x>rtMW* 
 
 mliinnl flM<* 
 iMler Aiimlnd 
 
 «• of ByiMi't 
 
 sflkvlMMttU- 
 
 tly llM taat of 
 
 ian ArrkipaUfO. 
 «in(uliir apiwu- 
 inoM OMnthlBg 
 
 of world. *^ • " containing more inhabitants Uian aJl the reit 
 
 €atpM. 
 
 Worth fli(ht, uHl tMl liM mmt^aighdi (i»fn» 
 
 And ATw^m^nofi', and ilowi^riK/'. bdoM 
 In Ar.a.bv,«jjdfliu«houtihB«iiJ .««""» 
 
 Rirert. 
 
 t ^S^ ■"•' ^'^•'" with tfw M«iA late 
 In a-^-; atretm. Umt rolU to OM'a hrfiT- 
 And K«.fr«e'.i wiUi Ton^ooi'-ka clida ' 
 wiicro n-<v«\nrt icoun th« Awtic tfcW. 
 
 . J iTV ■"" "• •'•' ""^ l*^ ««*» '•O'd. 
 Ai^ Fa .na drivca, amid tb« firoMn amy, 
 With h-di^-ea and dark XaT^MM. 
 
 And itikMfty poun aaatwaid to Um IM. 
 LaK m Km Kat of cold Sibaria. ^ 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
II 
 
 4a 
 
 rOKTICAl OlOOUAl'HT. 
 
 ■ITM1 or mm lAifiii* coAtT. 
 
 In I .rtary"* < In '<>^. '"•"» »>"• • •"■' "**•" 
 
 rrom (;hiii«« •i».i»<" '"«« *>*• ^•"•"' ••^• 
 
 rnim t;hm^ to h«f •>«. It-^nit Ki-»Ht 
 r« MM t*^ hm •(>••••• •»>• «'"»»'■ •^«- 
 
 O'.fTn.li.* pU,n«. i;i.u« .ibl H»«l»» i»a. 
 To CUm »••, t'«ii-A<w<«-«« »«""U" »*• 
 
 UVM* «r TUB •OUTHElkK OOKWI. 
 from I'hlb*! • >ulhw.rJ rotU tiM Ir-^iuaif-^, 
 (V»f Imlia'a ptain*. • W.l. •m*""'- """y- 
 Ami /lurwiw o.«' <«r, rf 'to.1 hjr mhim .S.,n-pr-f, 
 rraa mb** ««»«. !•*"« HmJ""-' u» ihromh. 
 
 (lo-dfin'ru Uw, •ikI Kritf-iui. in hif nUtlli, 
 
 iMUing <in HinJ«»» *<»">•, m •ml« it>« 'jlv*- 
 Ttk« /m<u« <-in0l« Ml Ik- A »••» *», , _, 
 •Tw«Mi llmJoo, Af gt»«n. ""I *• •"•"*■*"■■• 
 
 Wb'M* murmurtn* w«»«i »h« Afahw Uintaw *•»* 
 TU />.<-«#" nilngUd wHh U>« » •»!■••" k»*"«^ 
 
 AimI '«'-A«»« ridU wl«h ."*' A.»« by hM 4.K 
 |u TMMrf , »»•*«• ArtI ofu* w"!* 
 
 Into Uw I'«*>ii OuU wi«l> mu/nww wiwL 
 
 TOWNS 
 8lt}«rla. 
 
 AND C0UNTK1E8. 
 
 ' Btbwrla. 
 
 Tr*T«tiiHi In MtbtriB. 
 
 ind wow. 
 
 Tobolik'. upon llie To'M, U the place. 
 Or chief abode of Ruwia'* exiled moe. 
 
 Ir-kouUk', on iho Anga'-ria river seen. 
 Chief town of East 8i-h«-ri-n, I ween. 
 
 Ki-ftch'-ta on Selin'ga'i bunks \% laid, 
 Tho only spot Tfhora Ru8» and Chinese trade. 
 
 Ya-kttUk' on /^-fw, Ok'-holnk near tho Ude. 
 Are by the fiir-traflo, in one bond allied. 
 Savon. 
 On Niph'm *tiih, Jcd-do utanda first ia place, 
 WiUi near two millions of Uie human race. 
 
 Me-a'-co where J^ri mnkos abode, (da-oo'ree) 
 One hundred sixty frcm tho Jeddo road. 
 
 And Nan-ga-sack'-i is the only port, 
 Where European traders make resort 
 
 Iiidepondi«nt Tartary. 
 
 And Bok'-ha-ra and Sam-ar-cand' abide, 
 In Tartary along the Ao-Am* tide. 
 Ot'-rar and'Taa'-cant by the ai'-hm keep. 
 By Ji'-hon't waters Balkh and Kie'-va sleep 
 
 Hibt-rU, or RuMian Asli. Is notrd as Uhfif 
 •n •Imo* nuUmiMici ouwiwo of lewi, lm»#n dwsrt. 
 II aitantU from ih« tftl MuuiUaiiw to lH* Psellte 
 
 OtMn. .... «. .11 
 
 M^nwi of the ioutti^ni .Iwlrtrt^ <ir« ferlU*. 
 
 'l^e I'mliiivJ AlUy Moui.uuiu yu4«l gnld.lUm, 
 pU(tn« •ml preeiiA* rtoiMW. ^ 
 
 'ro.oMK. llvi ohief luwti in Hibwls, U BoM •■ 
 llio rwliknce of ili«tuiKiiWi«l •tll»* 
 
 Kiirhtn I* the nnly |>Uto whe«U>s LMiwM su-'W 
 the Itumuni Ui trstte. 
 
 Yakuuk mhI Okhouk •« Dm rhWf •mporlunui rf 
 
 dMftulnd*. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 A sohU empire east of Asls ; coroprisinR 
 the i.la.«J. of Nipbon, itma, Ki.iw.i .."l 'J'""**- 
 
 «li]c>to.l. "nd •urt.to the b«i» w^mU of .ny counlrj- 
 
 " h to*»lMi only country of Atis wliw ths r<g/ill «/ 
 iBomm, »r« re«p«ctod. ,i. k i- 
 
 Their Inwi m »«ry •otere; quartoriDg ibe boily. 
 Immenion in hot oil, . rucifyiiig. Ac, are smong their 
 mode* of puniihmeol- „ , ... 
 
 Th« pcrcnl iulfcr. for th* chiU'a enniM, snd tha 
 child fur the namit'i. 
 
 J «ouo b one of ibe mort populous riiiee on th« globe. 
 
 Metco ii tho reeUloiice of the Uiwi. or •pinlusi 
 •mperor. the ho»l of the Blnto Religion. 
 
 Xndependeat Vartary. 
 
 Noted for the Independent and roTlnt; char- 
 acter of iti inhaWlente ; and for iU ha«ng been Uie 
 iTt of rula for Ohenghi. Khan, TamerUne and 
 
 °*it'u bounded on three .idea by mountaina snd 
 deaerU ; and on tbr fourth l-y tho Ca.pmn aea. • 
 
 •riio Taftara are wilieft to no forriiin power, ana 
 are not united undor any o.a- govcmnit.il. Iliey "• 
 e p«*)ral>oi'»«- Their fiitonte food w AorJ'/*'*- 
 
 r 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 the I 
 of il 
 
 ilifiil 
 
 r 
 
 Ken 
 T 
 
 I 
 
 Cani 
 Noarly 
 1 1 wu 
 trails ■ 
 
 In 
 Whci 
 
 Yoi 
 'TisC 
 
 Maim 
 When 
 
 Y«k 
 
 Main 
 StTans* 
 oaJy {J 
 
rtlii 
 ih, 
 
 fiuir, 
 
 u 
 
 tUm, 
 
 itrdi M Uinc 
 
 1, finMn immtX, 
 I IoUm PadA* 
 
 itrlUa. 
 
 I CHiMM tILifr 
 r •mporium* of 
 
 ; comprUing 
 
 mill Jlikdk*. 
 ii\att\, Uia hMt 
 of my couulry 
 
 n Um rigfiU «f 
 
 orii)g the body, 
 •reunong th^ 
 
 erioiM, Mul lb« 
 
 iliMonthnglol*. 
 Jiaii, or ijiiritual 
 [ion. 
 
 ury. 
 
 id rovini? cliar- 
 ti«»inn been Ui« 
 TuDCiUrM and 
 
 mminUini tnd 
 
 irri,?ii power, and 
 nimnt Tliey are 
 lod u karatjttuh. 
 
 .p %€^. 
 
 ' "x r- 
 
 
 I . . ■ #-•«« 
 
 frkin. 
 
 P«'-kin, the firit in p«ijulntion, itanda 
 Now the grcU Willi that gunrdi. tho Chinc-^e Innd. 
 Nan-ki... known forh.r (ow.r. from I\,kin .oulh. 
 Two hundred fi.rtjr frum A'i-an'H-u'» month 
 
 Cnlon i.nnTT/'' '*' *'"' •""""•""" "own of Ch,n,.. 
 
 •; - --U. ,.u , .. .,„ o:.';"io7.'rcv^;T;;;7n::;i'.r.";;. 
 
 In commirro, fir.t, Canton, on Canhn Jiirn, 
 WTier« E'jrf.y .ana sail, their tea* to gnther. 
 
 **!»•■€ TarCary. 
 
 .T w^''™'"* ''^ ^'^*""^ ^•■»*^ find* » home : 
 'Tm Ou.t*«i Aaia'e chief emporium. 
 
 Maim-nt'-rhfa makes the mountain pass her bed. 
 Whero, with Kl ach'-t« China holds a trade. 
 Y«kur/1 b the emporium for central Ada. 
 
 ««7 I *ce at wtjkh Uie fiDMuni are allowed to trade. 
 
 OlUaM* Bmpir*. 
 
 Noted f«r iu gftal aritiquiiy, and for b«li 
 
 /he rulvr of lhl« Ininwim iimm of l-in-, i. .„ 
 
 '"•I"..*. *. .U M,,.nh.«r.c.,b,w|u" tCawi 
 cunqiHTi'tllii Ifl^l, ' "«"i»-nin« wae 
 
 Ohtaa 
 
 Tl.o bsaia 01 itie Chlneao Knipire • n„i-d 
 fonU. j...,„u, ch«r,. ,.r of iu mh,l..,T. " '."'?,, 
 
 Il.e .;h...»H., .,„, U ,.,dr criLi..,. of^ti-n,,,.!! ;"'" 
 I he |.rMM.,Mil f.*M| „f ,|,„ „„|„„ Ih ,|co.th..u„|, 
 
 rat., p..p,M«, ...ir.-, 4.... are .omm..,, dM,.,. " 
 
 III* army amount. i,> H(MI,(MIO hk-ii. hut thrir 
 
 Wninir • hiKl.ly ,,rf,.d in China, and i. tir w.lv 
 requwitc ^uiilifiruiion for ot!l. »•. • 
 
 f.fhrgil" '* "■'•■''""""■«" "»P«Ml«U' lower, m 
 
 The Oretl Chi-'ela Wyi||, 
 
 ClUiMae Tartarjr, 
 
 tl« Himmaleh Kuenlin and Celerti.l MounUir^. I. 
 i» a coM county, nihaUted by • pattoral neoni. «r 
 whom but little I. known. "^ '^^'' " 
 
I ■ 
 
 
 50 
 
 POETICAL OBOGRAPHY. 
 
 TtaltMst. 
 
 Worthip of lh« (iraml Lair.ii. 
 T»i« wi»«hiD of lh« Onnil Uma (•oiulilutet thr rcliKion of ■ gr««l 
 «nTi-nn^Cemr«l A»ii H. it ron.i.lered l.y hit worih.ppfrt ili« 
 IIJ ?«U« F.ihfr oM rtve... They h.li.ve U... whm I.. Ji- hi» 
 S3 p""« mm "e borty of .«m. clul.l. who i. «.ugM «rtfr by .h, 
 prittt, nnd inim«d,»tely .x«lled \o «hc throne. 
 
 La»'-8», in Thibet makes her proud abode, 
 Where the Grand Lama sits, a Imman god. 
 
 Turkey.— Syria and Palestine. 
 
 A-lep'-po by as earthcjuake torn of lat«, 
 Is first in rule o'e'r little and o'er great. 
 
 On Phcrpkar's tide, Damascus makes her throne. 
 For silks call'd dunuuk, and for sword blades known, 
 
 Jerusalem reigns just thirty miles from sea, 
 
 Jaf '-fa, her port, northwest, is known to be. 
 Southwest of all, Ga-za is on the coast. 
 For caravans it is a resting post. 
 
 Acre, from Jaflfa north, her fortress rears ; 
 
 On Leb'-a-non, one Diar-el Kai-mer peers ; 
 
 Bal'-Bec is by the feet of Leb-a-non; 
 
 Pal-my-ra in tlic deteH liv«'s alone. 
 
 Both these are known fur relics of the past, 
 "Where ruins rise on every ."iJ* ^s^mi. 
 
 Asia Minor 
 
 Smyrna is seated where Le-vant' is found, 
 
 As south the Black Sea dwells fair Treb-i-zond'. 
 
 Bru'-sa, near by the sea ihiit's called Mir-mo'-ra, 
 Was once the capital of Turkish glory. 
 
 An-go-ra in the interior is built. 
 And famous for a goat wi'.li haii- like silk. 
 
 Mesopotamia and Armenia. 
 
 Bas-so-ra is a place of wealth and trade, 
 Ott ShuH-el A'-rah is her station made. 
 
 Bagdad, that Uves upon ihe Tigris shore, 
 Was once the sert of Calif rule and power 
 
 TUlMt 
 
 Noted for being the mort elevated country 
 ON the iIoIm, tnd fiir th* wonUpoT ttMOnnd LuitS. 
 
 It ii mtuttMl on the Ubie lamk of Ihe HimmaMi 
 Mountaim, w tieviled th«t the cold, in the winter 
 ■eaMni. i« intcnwi. The Ay et all Mtiom appeen m 
 blfu-k Bi ink. 'n» itan ihine with Ihe efliitgence of 
 ■una ; there U no twilight the! preceaee the ri^M, or 
 ■ucccedi Ihe iwtling of lun or moon ; and were mere' 
 not mounUin peaki of a etiW higher eleration, to 
 fotetrll^e ojwwng or cloaing of iin, it would be 
 one iiudden change from dariuMV to Hghl, and fron 
 light to darkneta. 
 
 Turkey In Aala. 
 
 Noted for iu fine climate and fertile soil, 
 and aa having been Ihe acat of moat of Ihe ewita 
 narrated in BilOe Hiflo>7, and the theater of more 
 changea than any other pari of the globj 
 
 It compri«« Syria, Falaaline, A* Minot, Meao- 
 potami« and Armenia. 
 
 Syria and Paleetiiw. 
 
 Stiiu.— Notea for Its importance in former 
 timea, when Tyic, Damaacua, Aniiodi, Balliec and 
 Palmyra, were in their gtory, .. .„„ 
 
 U waa conqueiwl liy Ita Pacha of Egypt In 183a; 
 but reetoied V ^ intctfciwjca of the Euiapean 
 I powera in 1840. 
 
 PALisTii«.--Noted H the Holy Land, the 
 inheritance of the faartHM, and aa the Ihartw where 
 the moat importMit erante ha«« occumd that the 
 worid baa aver wilneand. 
 
 AaU inner. 
 
 The peninsula between the Mediterranean 
 andBhdiieaA Noted for ite defightfiil chmate, and 
 I aa having been Ihe aeat of the kingdoma of Lydia 
 and Troy. * 
 
 % Mesopotamia and Armenia. 
 
 MESoroTAMiA was once the seat of the 
 mighty Babylon ; of ParaJi«e ; of the 1 ower of 
 Babel; of the kingdom of Nimrod, Cyrui, Danua, 
 Alexander, &c. 
 
 Aemeria, norUi of Mesopotamia, Is noted 
 •a the place where the Ark w*t«l alter Ihe flood. 
 
 Towns of Turkey In Asln. 
 
 Atif ro, the capilal, <mrc a flouriAing diy, waa 
 iaitroyedby anoarthqunkcin 1828. 
 
 DamaKiM is noted far sword bUdea, and a ailk 
 
 (called diMmaxA. .. . .^ • . •». i.a-. i. 
 
 JeruNlem ia thirty milea m the mtenor. Jafla » 
 
 i ^SljaU a rertin«pl««» for caravan*, before croadng 
 1 dM deeart to Egypt and Arabia. 
 
 ill 
 If 
 
 T 
 S 
 A 
 
 H 
 Ir 
 
 N 
 
ed eonatry 
 SnndLuna. 
 wHimnMleh 
 n tha winter 
 MMpttnt 
 gflufgtnceof 
 thariiiM.or 
 nd wtrauitN' 
 eleration, to 
 , it would Iw 
 (hi, tndfron 
 
 fertile soil, 
 of the events 
 Mter of more 
 
 Minor, Meao- 
 
 ce in fonner 
 I, Bslbec and 
 
 HyptlnlSSa; 
 Ibe Eiuntwan 
 
 <]y Lud, the 
 I theater where 
 imd that the 
 
 Mediterranean 
 hA climate, end 
 of L;dia 
 
 seat of the 
 the Tower of 
 Cyrus, Darius, 
 
 mia, ia noted 
 n the flood. 
 
 iihing city, was 
 ades, and a silk 
 iterior. Js(!a is 
 ■, before croaiiiig 
 
 ASIA 
 
 Mo-sul' likewise drinks from the Tiffm flood, 
 For vumiini known, where Nineveh once stood. 
 
 Hil-lah, beside Eupkraitt makes her throne, 
 Built on the site of mighty Babylon. 
 
 Ar-me-nia's capital is Er-«e-roum'; 
 
 Van on Lak« Van, a fortress of renown. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 Mec'-ca, where old Mahomet took his birth ; 
 With fair Me-di'-na where he veils his earth. 
 Yem'-bo, Medina's port, is by the sea ; 
 Jid'-d» ^ Mecca's port, all will agree. 
 
 Mocha. 
 
 Moehs, Ihoiin'i in wm'wkai of a drcayed itaia. li r.II ih« _ 
 tini'oriMnt poti iif AmlMii on ihf Rfd Sea. It i« noted for its aiatl 
 lent rolTee, which is carried to moil parti of the world. 
 
 Mo'-cha, chief seaport town of Ar'-a-by, 
 Whose coffee 's -drank on every shore and sea ; 
 
 Mus'-cat, a seaport town, well fortified. 
 The Sacerdotal prince, or Imam's pride. 
 Soatheaat it stands where the Persian Gulf unfurls, 
 And mucli renowned for trade in shells and pearls. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 Te-he'-ran, where the El'-burg peaks arise, 
 Heaves up her warlike forehead to the skies. 
 
 And Is-pa-han', once capital, is lain, 
 In the interior, on a fertile plain. 
 
 Shi-rai', famed for her wine and Persian loK, 
 Near where Per-sep'-o-lis in ruins lower. 
 
 61 
 
 Acre is noted for its strong fortress. 
 
 Bilbec at the foot of liebanon, and Palmyra, in the 
 dciert eaat of Balbec, are noted for their remarluble 
 ruin*. 
 
 BaswMra, on Shut' el Arab, is a place of great wealth 
 and importance. 
 
 BagtIaJ was the teat of the caliphs. 
 
 Mosul, on the 'I'igris, near the ruins of ancient 
 Auieveh, is noted fur inoslius. 
 
 Hiiinb, on the Euphrates, is supposed to be near 
 the aile of ancient Babylon. 
 
 ErMroum i« the capitil of Armenia. 
 
 Van, on Lake Van, has a eti ong fortras*. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 The birthplace of Mahomet. It lies between 
 the Red 8ea and Persian Oulf. Noted for the un- 
 chMii;ing character of iu inhabiunta; for ito great 
 antiquity ; for its burning sandy deserto; ito superior 
 coflke, and as being the center of the Mahommedan 
 Religion. 
 
 ft is divitled into Arabia Petraa, or stony Aralija, 
 in the northwestern part ; Arabia Deserto, or Desert 
 Arabia, in the interior ; and Arabia Felii, or Happy 
 Arabia, in the foutbem part ' 
 
 The Kedouins, [bed-oo-weens1 or the wandering 
 Arabs that inhabit the desert, suiwist chiefly by rob. 
 bery and plunder. 
 
 Mfcci, the birthplace of Mahomet, is regarded as 
 the capital. 
 
 Medina is important aa the place of his tomb. 
 • Muscat, the capital of Oman, and governed by tha 
 Imam, or aacerJotal prince, ia the entrepot for tha 
 merchandiae of the Persian Oulf, on which it is si^ 
 uated. It is noted for ito extensive trade in pearls. 
 
 Moore's inimiuble song of Araby's Daughier, has, 
 among ito other nierito, the glow o( oriental aceneiy. 
 
 Farewell— fhrawall to thee, Arabt's daufrliier! 
 
 (Hiui warbled a Pni beneath the dirk tea:) 
 No pearl ever lay, under OwAN't grfcn water. 
 
 Mora pure in its shell, thau thy •piril in thee. 
 
 But long upon Ababt>( men sunny hifhlands, 
 Ittall maids and their lover* rememlwr tha doom 
 
 °\.'l?',l''"*' '."*. •l««P'n« amoiif the Pearl Islands, 
 With noufbt but the *ea star to light up h«r tomb. 
 
 We'll div* where the garden* of eeral li* darkling, 
 And plant all the rodest sismi at thy head ; 
 
 We'll »eek where the (audiofthe Caspian are tparkliac. 
 And gather their gold to mrew over thy bed. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 Noted for its great antiquity and importance 
 in early time*. 
 
 A large portion is barren, mountainous snd desti- 
 tute of running streams. It is tha most fertile on 
 the bordera of the Canpinn sea. 
 
 The Persians are the most learned of the Asbtio 
 nations. 
 
 Tbey laanu&ftura the moat beautiful eaipel% aiik 
 ahawia, porcelain, dec., in the world. 
 
 i.T...iff.ia^.i..^-.».i..,v.j-,^i.A.>.j.,._— .^...- ... 
 

 53 
 
 POETICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 =m 
 
 Bu-shirc'. chief seaport on the Ptraian Ou^f; 
 
 Or-mua, Itnown once for comuferce and for wealth. 
 
 Gam-broon' and Min-ab, near to. Ormus keep, 
 On the same shore, bcuidc the coral deep. 
 
 Yesd, where the Gkt'-ber finds a last repoM, 
 South of the desert blouins, as blooms the rose. 
 
 Bul-ta'-nia, found on I'-riick's northern beat, 
 The king's resort in sumnoL-r from the heat. 
 
 Still farther north, in A-dcr-bi'-jim peers 
 Tu-brecz', a splendid town in former years. 
 
 Gour-gaun', a fortress by the Tartar line, 
 On Peraiun shores east from the Caspian brine. 
 
 AlKtaanlHtan. 
 
 Cabul, on Ka'-ma tide, the Af-glmns greet, 
 Abore the sea it stands six thousnud feet. 
 
 O'er Ca'-bul's kingdom once Pesh-awer' reigned 
 The first in rule, e'er Cabul was enchained. 
 
 And Can-da-har' is by the dark Hel'-mund, 
 ^ The central pomt where Door-au-nees' abound. 
 Northwest of all. He -rat', with Persia trades. 
 Where Bim'-doo Kooah' unibld their giant shades. 
 
 Belooclitotan. 
 
 Ke-lat' by Mu'-kid River, finds a seat, 
 On Mountains o'er the sea eight thousand feet. 
 
 Hlndoofltan. 
 
 Caleulta. 
 
 I (Mntta, en ll- Hoogly. ■» «n»i o! ihe 0«iit«i, one h«m^«* nuJo 
 
 ' ftma IB« •em. ii on« of tli« mat* imporivnt eitict^r Hmdootwil. 
 
 Thil p»rt of iho eity when Ihe Europe«n» rotiUo n nMpiiBeenily 
 
 bailL IK cammitHt U very cxionwTe ; umI iIm popalMoo U mu- 
 
 ^■aMd«aasjM)0. 
 
 OalcnUa, Hindoo's proud emponuin, smilea 
 Ob Oangn, from its mouth one hundred miles. 
 On the same tide Bcn-a'-res has a share. 
 Four sixty, northwest of Calcutta's lair. (460) 
 
 The inhsMtanU arc well farmetl, aiiJ IiImUm Dutch, 
 an great uniukcra. 
 
 Tehtran, alrongly fortifwl, U at the foot of Uw 
 Elberg Mountains. 
 
 InMban, once the capit&l, ia on a fertile plaiu ui 
 the Inlerior. ..,,,. 
 
 Bhfaai, the Stat of litentura, and noted for deUdoat 
 winei, if near tlie raini of ancient Pcraipolia. 
 
 YcJz, near the center of Periia, ia the reawt of 
 the p«nKK:ul«d Gltebera, or fire warahippera. 
 
 Sultania, in the province of Irack, u the tUBimtr 
 reaort of the sovereigna. 
 
 Tabrecx waa once a city of hnporUnce. 
 
 Gourgaun, east of the Caipian, and iiear the lino 
 of Independent TarUry, ia ■ itrong fortreai. 
 
 Aiighanletan. 
 
 The coimtry which lies betweetf^ersia and 
 Hindooitan. 
 
 Ti/A* A%hana are • bold and warlike race ; hoqiita^ 
 bio to itrangera, and even to their moat bitter enemies. 
 
 Cabul. on Kama River, b elerated 6,000 fisat 
 among the Hindoo Kooah Mountains. 
 
 Peabawer was onco the capital of CabuL 
 
 Camlahar, on Helmund Riv«r, is the principal 
 tflwn of the Doorauneea. 
 
 Herat, in the northwestern pit of AUtanistaa, is 
 the seat of trade between Penda and India. 
 
 Beloooblstan. 
 
 The country lyinv south of Af|^anfstan. 
 It is hihabited by a number of indepondant tribes of 
 whom the Boluochees are the Mrindpal. Like the 
 Bedouin Araba, they are a ndxton of hoaiiitaUtjr 
 and ferocity ; generous and liberal when hallad in 
 Ihoir tenta, but blood-thirsty and dandesline on As 
 field. 
 
 Kelat, by MaaUd Kiver, is among «h« noiBlaiDa, 
 8,000 feet abora Ihe level of the sao. 
 
 tUndoostan. 
 
 A large peninsula in the southern psrt of 
 Asia. Noted for its great fcrtiHtr, its peculiar 
 leUgion, the supersUtious chaiaelei of its irh i M ts iH i , 
 and tor itt great autiquity. 
 
 The Hindoo has the skin of tho Negro, with the 
 fcatuies of the European. Thoy aieextrandlyMpef- 
 stitious ; servile to auperioia, cnid to thtir wamm and 
 infeiion, and destitute of monl honorty. 
 
 Their food is prindpaU/ rice, which is nind fo a 
 
 gieat extent. 
 The cotton mannfectuns of lUa oooniiy iMneioBi 
 
 besnoal^ted. 
 
 Baoaras MO mika noiOnreat of Cakmis, on lbs 
 aamo liw, is ens of the most ponilaas ediiaaf !•• 
 &, and noted as the seait of leuidng, and as a ascsed 
 dty; thoiMUidta oom^ ft«m fariPHs paita of Asia 
 tosndth'ir days widiin its environs, ngaidiaf it ss 
 Ihe sura gsis to pnfisa. It is a gisst asut fir 
 dJitnonda. 
 
 ■i^g^ 
 
 -tttH 
 
... ,., 
 
 I 
 
 M Dutch, 
 
 It of Uie 
 
 plaiu ui 
 
 dbttdoua 
 m. 
 rewrt of 
 
 niamtr 
 r the lino 
 
 triift tnd 
 
 ;hoipit»- 
 renenuM. 
 1,000 fert 
 
 principal 
 ia 
 
 itnfiUii. 
 ttribMtof 
 
 LOm the 
 homitalitjr 
 
 *— ■-■ in 
 
 w on tta 
 
 a put of 
 I pecoliar 
 
 >,wilhfha 
 tMJI^iapa- 
 ranMnaBd 
 
 lind tot 
 
 itta,onlh« 
 ■HMorb* 
 
 Mai 
 
 la of Alia 
 
 t&Vit aa 
 
 t BHIit fW 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Of gems and diamond* read her atory o'er. 
 Of pilgrims dying, and of Bnunin lore. 
 
 Pat'-na is on the Oangt$, none can beat ter, 
 , Or match her for her qpitim and $al^ptlr«. 
 
 Del'-hi, once capital of Hindoo rule, 
 On Jimma branch, igitnown to every school. 
 
 Oaah-mere', whose shawls are of the Thibot goat. 
 Stands north of all, a city of much note. 
 La-hore' from Cashmere south, 0% Pun-jab shrouds 
 With Am-tit-sir', beneath her sunny clouds, (seer) 
 
 Su-rat', Qom-bay', Go -a, and Man-galore, 
 Are found upon Hindoostan's weiUm than. 
 While south and east, Ma-dras'and P6n-'di-cher'-ry 
 Along the Cor-o-man'-dd coaM may tarry. 
 
 Nagpoor' in the inUrior writes her name. 
 Where Hy-dra-bnd' 'mid sparkling diamonds flame. 
 
 Farther India. 
 
 As iMra-mut-da rolls her billows south, 
 'A'ya is found fire hundred up her mouth. 
 As Um-me-ra-po(v'-ra ncath of this is seen, 
 Pe-gn' is on the IMia of the stream. 
 Sontih of Pe-gu', i|here trade and commerce bloom, 
 On the tamt ikb, behold the fair Ran-goon', 
 
 Ban -kok is o'er^am a town of note, 
 On bamboo rafts o|p half the houses float 
 
 Oam-bo'-dia's capital is called Sai-gon'; 
 Beside Cam^ia> month die takes her throne. 
 
 Hue, o'er Co'-ohin Chin^ next is seen, (oo-a') 
 Weil fortified, and near the Gtdf ToK-guim'. 
 
 On the penmsula's southern coast or shor6, 
 Malaeoa reigns, with oae called Sin-ga.-- ' 
 
 .l!?*'^^"*P!*^ • iMiHofT or abodt W»,000 aqiiare 
 ■^ "H *" • population of W.MO.OOO. ^ 
 
 Tlio alephant hm attuina bii yreatMt aiae, and it foaod in 
 laito nwi^. Tfca whtto al#ph(int ia iiighhr valuad, and in 
 
 53 
 
 Patna la noted tot ita aaltpatre and opium. 
 
 Cashmere b isotad tor ita i^wla. 
 
 Hjrdrabad, or Goleonda, ia nolad for diaroonda. 
 
 Farther ZndlA. 
 
 Tho* 
 ■141*. 
 
 -J and Hnaeh ia an obieiU of nlkioaa wonW 
 
 Tte Siaaieaaaradaaenliedaadeatitata of oimraM and moral 
 honMt|;: and at bainn bay and ali^fiih in thoir hobita. 
 arepufiad up with a natiaaal piida, and ooaiidarita 
 graoa to be fit tho oraplogr of an Evropaaa. 
 
 The fovcnimenta of all thcae alatea are abaohite flngnlkmi 
 Thelhianeandpakaonorihe aoveiaim ia anoraadiad^ith the 
 profoondaat awe bgr tba noUea and afficera of alala, iriio pfao> 
 trato themKhwa befim him, with their foeaa to the earth. 
 
 FemaiaB an na« reitoicled hen to the rigid enatoraa of moat 
 Ariatie eounlriaa. Thete teaa are not veilad, or their oompanT 
 aidndad fioa the other aax. '^ ' 
 
 A large peninaula south of Thibet. Noted 
 Mr ita lante, numerooi, and majeatie riveia, and for 
 ireat fertiUtjr. 
 
 It compruea the Envire of Birmah and A«am; 
 the Icingdom of biom and the Briliah pnaaiiaaiiaia 
 
 Ma, the capital of Btaniah, ia no the Irrawadda. 
 
 Pegu i* on the Deha of the Irrawadda. 
 
 Bahkok ia the capital of 8iam. It k noted for 
 ita floating houaea, built on bamboo rafta.: 
 
 Uci, capital of Cochin China, ia a fortiflad town 
 near the Oulf of Tonquin. 
 
 Vale of Okahmer*. 
 
 Casbnore is a beautiful ViUe of the Him- 
 match Mountaina, in die northern part of lUndeo- 
 •tan. It ia elevated 8,000 foet abore the lercl of tlM 
 aoa; and ei^a b dimate uueqoalad ia miUiiaia, aafo 
 by the " Evergreen Quito," which it naaaiblea. It 
 waa not long ilnce in the pnaaaailaB of the Afohaaa; 
 from wboae rule it paaaed to that of Runjeel iSng. 
 
 The beautiee of the Vale of Oanhmani an pcv> 
 
 Who hai not haanl of Um Vela of OMAmn, 
 W iih lit rotaa, Um brlfhlaat that «uU ever gaTa, 
 
 lu irinplai and iroiloat, umI Ibuniaina aa clear 
 A* tha loTa-lighlad eyaa thai hang over ibair wave T 
 
 Oh I 10 aaa II at aaaaai,— whan wana o<er Ike Lake 
 
 Ila q>l<ndor at partieg a aaonnar eva Ikmwa, 
 Like a brid* full of bMahaa, whan linnriag lo take 
 
 A laai look ai bar mirror at eight era aha goaa !— 
 Whan iha abrinaa through tha Ibuaga an graanUag half 
 
 ihown. 
 Aad each hailowa the bawr hj aoma niaa of lie own. 
 Una Iha inHie of pray>r Aen a miaaNl awella, 
 
 Here the nagwa bta um Ihll of perteaat la twmiim, 
 Aadh«ra.aiUNalnr,awnaoraweatbMa ^^^ 
 
 Reeadlhewaiatef --.---"^ 
 
 The liglR «ar itt palBw% gaadeaa aad ahiinaei 
 Wteiuhe,waMrhate^aMinSeaqete^^ 
 
 aiar% 
 
 y iM gH ^y^la 
 
 JwthomMrtheiaa. 
 HapirttlitlMd^r, 
 
 OratiM(B,«hamtha 
 
 pi*k capaiaa, *Nui£5^ 
 Outor<larkiwn,uam\ 
 Wb«itba Spirit of »- 
 framhh ~ 
 
 And Uie , 
 
 Th» youngMpw tt*n, Uil thw ( 
 
 *^. 'if *!l?if ?•« "J" U^t of fcat hopaak 
 ABU Hay, wttk Ita ~ — — "* — ■ — ^ ••• 
 
 Sklnaa ia tinoath tL. 
 SublhMkMmtbat 
 
 1 tha Mrit of inanwaa b ap irttli tha itf, 
 hlB IhNin of nlKM Sevan i<wI1b| awwt 
 tewiaa, <«iU ofwv t,mmm, wnOlia ahn 
 oung aapw tttet, Ull thw tRaU* aU erw. 
 ' MwanaMthaU^teftnthoi 
 ta haoMC of eadiaMa aateri? 
 
 Indigrka, b»-di-g»f- 
 Balkh, Balk 
 Araby ytr'.o.ie 
 
 Caucaaaua, C 
 
 PROHUHOUnOV. 
 Thibet 
 Pharphar, 
 
 ^ . Far'-flr 
 
 Chen Yank, Men- raw 
 Bakou, Sihkoo 
 
Ill Ill 
 
 i««MMa<a 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Sm, * town of Egypt, on Iko •ootherii p«rl of the UtUmut, >i the hea.\ of the n»<l »«, •ijd wrtoundBd br •^••rt. 1* '■»• 
 poTuSt M •MWMiwM betwwn E^pt »od *r«bi« i alio for lying on li.e route of the Briuoli overland-mall, to Bombay. 
 
 Africa is noted for the dark-«omplexion and degraded conditioner itii inhabitants ; 
 for its burning climate ; its vast deserts, and ittt unknown and uifbxplored interior. 
 
 Capet. 
 
 Gudr-ffaf -ui Cape and Or/'-ui, part the tidw j [orf-we 
 With ButiHtin and Cc^ Biv-ta, \*nieK [Bcil-oo-vrin. 
 
 Then Cytt Dtlgofdo, eart of Mo-zam.l>ique'; 
 
 Of Co-ru€ntu' bt Mon-o-ma-ta'-p» speak. 
 
 Cape Am4iro'» north of MadignK-ar Isle, 
 
 Wnile to the aoulh, 8t. Mary lives the twiiile. 
 
 And Muth of all. Good Hiipt nods o'er the brine, 
 In thirtr-flre degrees beknr the Unt. 
 
 Si-«r-ra Fri'-o and the Nartkvotst Point, 
 Ara of Cim.be'.bMS as you'M twell acquaint . 
 Cmte l*'-do, oT Angola Ms,'and then 
 CmiI Cntk and Thrte PmnU, of Ouinem scan. 
 Pal4iuu and ik$.u^-do west of these, 
 In fiiir Liberia, smile above the seas. 
 
 Cme Ytifdt, ot Ownbia ; while Sa-ha-rtfi short 
 Hm mM'<o,Bm'JtB», and Cmtt Ba4a-dore. 
 
 CMC Jbor'f^t »«r the IMratta, and Im* m smg, 
 Aad Dortii oT an, near Tio^ throned is Am. 
 
 raomntounos. 
 OMRhftii, Qar-dif^wu I Orfui, 
 
 Orf'-wee 
 
 Tmt 
 
 Rivert. 
 
 The Medilcnranean •?• tlto river Kile, 
 Whose waves o'er Ni;'-bU and Egypt smile; 
 
 The Sen-e-f(at, the Gam-bi-a anu the Grande, 
 Boil up from Senegambia's bumiog wnd. 
 
 As Me».ur^-do bids Liberia tbrife, 
 In Guinea, Lu'ifot and For^mo'-ia live ; 
 
 And tliiter here Otom Otiinea rolls her tUci, 
 And with GaJioon', in the Gulf of Uuinet gUdei^ 
 
 'Tween Congo and 1<»«b'-«o, Congo fwella 
 From Ethiopia's scorched and tinknowu flet da. 
 
 Co-on'-xtt'i waves north of B«»<M'.i« covne, 
 As on her southern limita roars the tkiWH. 
 
 The Orange, horn South / 'n we lra<^; 
 While fai Cape Coknj boils tip the Zmk. 
 
 Southwud, the Om^-rit* turns, bobbfing fimver; 
 AseaMwwdof theC«petaC!rM«KaJtaw. 
 
 ZanubtM! southeastward drives fnm Uo^KoMititt, 
 And bids her breakers the bfoed Chanael'iMk. 
 
 Daik Jtfii-nMw'-n* sieepe ia Zaa'<gn»bar, 
 Where fitrther north OW pravidaa a lair} 
 
 And last of alL from AbvaMtf a akoia^ 
 In Babel-Mau'-del Stitti, Sub &4ia mn. 
 
 mm 
 
•vtfmm'mimm^im 
 
 eacrt, li i«* 
 Dmbajr- 
 
 bitants ; 
 interior. 
 
 «fe, 
 
 I. 
 
 ■ 
 
 »*i(S»ff 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 55 
 
 TOWNS AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 Th« Barbary Sutea ineloda Morocco, Alfriwa, TuhIj, Tripoli and Barca ; or that Anion of Africa 
 north of Um |r«at dMert of IMian, and i«w«i of Egypt It ii dMnfuiahMi l.« Uio nunlwr of iu noiiow wiiinaki 
 •• lh» Moipiofi, terfiMila of • dMdIy venom, Um hyena, tlw Nmnidian Uon, and the dMinictive loruat. 
 
 AnJM iSaB^rtl^ '****' '"" °""* "'•"""•'J' •'«"*^ *■ «""«*••• '''''• P**"' tohaWtanl. an Moon, Jewa, 
 
 Moroooo. 
 
 In the northweatern part of Africa The 
 Mauritania of Um aAdmto ; unbraciiig Moroooa Fw, 
 and 'I'anfilet « 
 
 The Kovernmrat ia an abaoluta* daqwtinn. Agii- 
 cultui« ia neglected, and the only OMnufiMtura ia 
 morocco leather, made of goat akina. 
 
 Moaoccot Um capital, ia on a fertile jilain, tralve 
 inilea fiom Mount Atiaa. 
 
 Tangior U noted aa Um rtaidenca of moat of the 
 Kuropean Conaula. 
 
 ▲Idera 
 
 The ancient Numidia ; aituated eaat of 
 Morocco. It ia the moat fertile and hralthy of Um 
 BartMiy Btetea. Noted lb* Um coral fiaberjr on ite 
 
 Morocco, near Mount Atlas, holds her reign ; 
 Unfolded on a smooth and fertife plain. 
 
 Fez, far her learning, onoe oould boast with pride ; 
 
 Southwest from Fei, is Me'-qui-nez espied. 
 
 The largest ports, Ba-bat' and Mogadore', 
 An found along Morocco's western shore ; 
 
 Where European consuls take theii' fare, 
 Olose by Gibraltar Straits, ia found Tan-gier' ; 
 
 Known for her pirates once, behold Sal-lee I 
 That keeps her station by the roaring sea. 
 
 Algiers. 
 
 Oran and Bona in Algiers arise ; ° 
 
 The last, for coral fisheries, we priso. 
 
 There Con-stan-ti'-na smiles in antique mood. 
 And old Algiers boasts of her pirate Mood. 
 
 . Tunis. 
 
 Tunis southwest the Carthagenian throse, 
 Ih Tunis reigns superior andvlone. 
 
 Kair-wan', from Tunis south, famed for her mo«q«e, 
 Finds an abode up<m the Barbary coast 
 
 THiNrtl. , 
 
 And Trip'-o-li, in Tripoli we scan; 
 Where from the interim comes the oarayan. 
 
 On Baiea's nortbwn shore, is seated Deme ; 
 Py-re'-na's tombs with woider fliere w« leam. 
 
 An^ijp.Dar-foor;, Cob-be' aa moaarch reigns. 
 Where lauj^ Tam-bul', abore her fertile pluns. 
 
 With Oerma, o'er Ffluaa' Mtwr-souk'^may shroud, 
 Monnoak is compassed ronmd by walls ci nnd. 
 
 It wa/f invaded and conquered in 1830, hy Franca, 
 and ia now a part of the French dominiona. 
 ALoiaaa, once called lh<- Pirate Ne>i, ii built on a hill. 
 
 Tunia. 
 
 The ancient Africa Propria. Voted aa the 
 aeat of endenl CarUiage, ao long the rival of Rome. 
 
 The government in more liberal, and the people 
 more oiviliwd Uum any of Um other Statea. 
 
 Tcma is noted aa betng Um capital, and aa lyinr 
 near Um rita of anctent CarUiage. 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 The ancient Tripolis; it ia t dry, sparaelr 
 populated .oooniiy; fertile oa Um ocaat, but mortfy 
 deaert elaewbere. 
 
 It ia Um weakaat of Um BiubaiT Statea; but ite 
 inhabltatita an among Um moat ctTiliied. 
 
 It abound* in ruins and lalics of past tgu. 
 
 Baroa. 
 
 The ancient Lybia ; it waa.onee famed for 
 itaUmeeiopaayaar, butkiMtwmoaUyadeaKt It 
 once ceotaiMd the (naple of Jnpiter Ammoo. 
 
 Daifsor. 
 
 A ilarge oasis in the southeastefrn part of 
 Sahara. jTIm inhabilante an Mahommedaua. Tha 
 fOTorsmaut it a nnk daqwUam. 
 
 Faaaan. 
 
 The largest oaaia in the world. It is south 
 of Tripoli, to which country h beloogi. 
 
 '4¥t ^MM i*rl n iM M i i i^x^-,.., . 
 
56 
 
 POETICAL OEOORAPHY. 
 
 iswpt. 
 
 Th« ^irnu*'*!* of E|fpt an unimf lh« moil nmukahla work* of 
 
 itiqutiy. TlMy *r* M Ik* wau bMk of th* river Nil«, and about 
 Tony in number. Tha iwr;*! it Ive huiidrad faol hlfh, and 738 ft^t 
 •t tia bMa. Tha SpkyilS la a montlar out out of tha aolld roak, hav- 
 
 I 
 
 IBM tha bead of • man and tha IMy of a Hon. It la ona hundrad and 
 twenty >▼• A«t in langth. It i« now moitly buriad In tha land. 
 
 Fair Oai-ro snd Ro-set'-ta standing ivhera 
 EgjpluwA ruins cloud Uie middle air : 
 There Thebes and Alexandria lie unftirled; 
 The dim reHemblanoe of an ancient wcwld. 
 
 flema Ctambla. 
 Temboo, Si. Louis, Bathurst and Kem-i-noo', 
 In Senna Gambia stand in open viovr. 
 The first i» capital, the chief of all, ■_. 
 
 The next, on Senegal, belcnigs to Oanl. ^ 
 
 Merm I^eoiM. 
 
 In Sier'-ra Le'-one, Freetown let us vrite, 
 B^ormed end christtamsed from heathen night 
 
 ^berUk 
 
 Mon-ro'-via, in Liberia we see, 
 Where Afric's sons are numbered with the free. 
 
 Qalnea. 
 
 In Guinea stand Bi-af '-ra and Be-nin', 
 There Ab'-o-mey-<-a pagan rude is seen. 
 Coo-mas'-sie, where' Ashantee's tribes abide, 
 And posh their conquests round on every side. 
 
 lAWigo mma Cong*. 
 
 Lo-an'-go, on Loango's coast unfolds. 
 And Con' -go's skies 1^ Salvador beholds. 
 The last is throned upon • mountain high. 
 And famed for health beneath a cloudless sky. 
 
 Ont of th« most celebrated eoantries of 
 anilqiiItT, tha cradla of tha arta ami icienoea, tha 
 Mat uf tha Unfdom of Mm PhmMlM, ia littiatod In lh« 
 valley of the NUa, hi lbs niiiftnHini part of A&ka. 
 
 II it nonr DolBd te its aUv«dbwfg|HS (IM alleM 
 Iti' 
 
 It k at fftw ni the aaat of a mw and pnanraua 
 Unpdora. under Mahonuaed AU, who has laMy in- 
 tnd'.Md EaraiMan aita, leanbg sad cMlbatkn 
 into the Unffdom. 
 
 Obakb Uiiio is tha largeat city el Afiica, and 
 k the naidenee of the i*aeha of Egyi>t 
 
 Roaetia, Thabae and Alaiandria, an all noted far 
 the ramariuble mine faoad in their vidniiiea. 
 
 Beniia Oambla. 
 
 A well watered and productive country, 
 Bsuth of the Great Deaait 
 
 The climate ia hot and fiital to Eampeana. 
 
 Ilia Engliih, French anJ Portuguaee have laltls 
 menta on the coast 
 
 tiMBoo ii the capitaL 
 
 Bt. Lotiia it claimed by Franeai 
 
 Blenm Zicon*. 
 
 Established by Great BriUin, 1787, for the 
 purp'>«e of Ohrialianixing the nativea. 
 
 'Hie colony eontaiae aboat 18,000 inhafaiianU; 
 moally negroee, taken from tUve ahipa, 
 
 Freetown ia a minNooary ilatioa, ea t a Wi a he i l by 
 Great Britain, 178fi. 
 
 Xitbeili). 
 
 Formerly an American colony— now an ia- 
 dependent republic. It waa oolooisMl In 1831; he> 
 came independeat in I84T. 
 
 MovaoTri, the a^ital, waa founded b^ the Anet 
 iean Cotonintioa Sodely, 18M. 
 
 Ckilnea. 
 Comprises the kingdoms of Ashantee, Da« 
 homey, Benin, &c. Noted for its buniiog climate. 
 TIm oosit ia divided into the Grain, hoiy, and Gold 
 
 CooMAaaii, the krgeat town in OnfaMB, is the 
 capital of Ariiantee, the moat powaifiii Ungdosi in 
 theWeatofAMca. 
 
 AbomeyiabutBlargeeaUediooorhaU. Baibar. 
 kmandpHsniim exist hare in iMrmost hidaooa 
 ihapee, 
 
 LoaiiftO^ Coigo, Aiifola. and Beiqiaela. 
 
 LoAMO is about 400 miles in eztaBt. !%• 
 climate ia aaid to be aahibrioas. The eSETb Ugli. 
 
 Cowoo ia boiuded on the west by the Adantie» 
 ot the eaat by krfty mountaina. 
 
 Aboola ia lasorled to by slave waaal a, to ptoeura 
 davee from ito oo»<l. 
 
 Bsnansbji.— ThfS eoait is extremely nnhealtlv. 
 
 F( 
 
 T 
 
 Ai 
 
 W 
 M< 
 
 6h 
 
 liBtti 
 
 **»*»** 
 
A f R I C A 
 
 07 
 
 ■Mill Aflrlca. 
 
 Cap* Town. 
 
 ^S.^-^-Sir. »ci: mv.a'rsrt';;. -^'vf. 
 
 MMion orOi 
 tk«Ohln« 
 
 Cape Town, within Capo Colony ia found, 
 Where Teaaela stop when to the Indies bound. 
 And from Cape Town, northeast, we likewise view 
 Kur-re-chan-ee', Ma-lhow', and I*t-ta-koo\ 
 
 In Mo-aam-bique', holds Moiamblque her rule. 
 Which with So-fa'-la'a owned by Poitogal. 
 
 There Qml-li-manV and In-ham-bane' behold 
 Where LUbon tradea for ivory, slaves and gold. 
 
 ■oath Aftloa. 
 
 Comnrif es Cape Colony, Cuffr.riB, the Land 
 of the HoitentoU, uul lh« oWict of the Uo«huiuio* 
 
 O.pe Colony WM •ettied. in IflftO, by lh« Dutch, 
 •nd u now in the poaMMiion of ar«at Britala 
 
 CArrBAiu, or the CocKTar of the Oirrau. 
 
 Th« Caffiw M • nJituro of the Arab and Nemo. 
 iTMy poNWM vigorSiM coni«i(uUon», have brown 
 coropjitxlani, .viib Aatum of an Europmui cut 
 .V '''"V?DM«»»,or Witn HwrrssTora, aw among 
 A«mo|«d«l».IH off .hum«i .p,ci«. Thw hTrS 
 IJT' ■•'«*-'^n« featurea, and a wiM expna^ in 
 
 habiuUon^Wrting on roou, loads, liianla, ,ra«. 
 
 Mosamblqna. 
 
 country,. on the eastern coast of 
 
 Ita trad* ia iroiy, alavM 
 
 In Zan'-g»M.b«r, dark Mag-a-dox'-a breathes. 
 And there Me-lin'-da with Quil-lo'-a lives. 
 
 AdeL 
 
 And A'-dei and Ber-be'-ra both appear, 
 Where Add's plains theh- tawny bosoms rea^ : 
 For gamfl and frankboense. and eoatly myrb. 
 These both are known and chronicled a&r. 
 
 Alqrwtata. 
 
 • And Mat -sua, Oon'-dor, and one Ax'-nm throng. 
 Where Abyaainia's doora ar« round them hung. 
 Aji Axnm apreada her ruins to the day ; 
 Oordor ia 00 • hill, and buUt of clay. 
 
 nraiita. 
 
 And Sen'-na-ar, Shen'-di, and Mer-»'-weh smile 
 With Derr ia Nubia, on the flowing Nil*. 
 Mera#ah'a liune<l for temples, near her border, 
 aendi for pyramids of ancient order. 
 
 A« by the JVW? Ooi^iola mounts the throne ; 
 
 Ip-sam'-bul for her temple well is known. 
 
 AlHca, chiuned by Portugal 
 and gold, • 
 
 MoMiubiqu*, iind all tha raat of tho porta on the 
 MMt of MoMjnHque, ara in tho poaMMSon of th« 
 Portugueae, who hold a trafflo with tha natirea tat 
 iTory, gob] and ilavei. 
 
 i Zanguebar 
 
 A marshy, imheslthy country, that abounds 
 to tiaphanta, crocodiica and Tcnomoua aeipenta. 
 
 Adel and Berbers. 
 
 Adel, west of Bcrbera, is imperfectWknown. 
 
 B«bera i. the mortaaatem pwtV Afl«r«S^ 
 
 tod for guma Rud ipicea. ,-««,. 
 
 .. ■^''" f?'' fi«"»«"*«h« chief towna, aw noted Ibr 
 th«r fiankinoenae ami rirJi gnina. •"'^•" 
 
 Abysalnla. 
 
 iJ^^^l^^^ EUilopia, is an uneven countrv. 
 faitamcttMl by rang«i of high mountuna. iSe ^ 
 
 iJJ^^• ^ ftrtiK «Jth. dfaJTi. 2? :Sd 
 
 Tha infaabitanta aw a cruel and Hffntiona net 
 Axum irnoted fcr monainenia and rahH: aamu 
 n*leha»40obeli4a; oneMfcethlgh. ' ^^ 
 
 Ifnbia. 
 
 «# tlf^' ■"•'F'jwwrt country, where pUlara 
 of aand aw aeen moving in the wii^, and wlma the 
 p««^ auaooin Uowa.% It belonfa to the Pacha 
 
 ^ear Mamweh aw a number of temples, adorned 
 wtth ■c«lp»uwa. hjeroglyDhica, Ac. ^M^Tamm. 
 
 J*^*'.1*'***"'«'i*'«»«'»«0 In width 
 
 JSear Sheiidt are upward of 40 pyramida, aurnioaad 
 by many to be older than thoae of fegypt, " 
 
 OoMoiA. on the Nile, ia the capital; 
 
 Ipaambul ia noted fiir a temple of immense wmm. 
 tton, eicatatod out of the aSd rodt Itisadaraed 
 with colosMlatetaas and painted acolplBws. ^^ 
 
S8 
 
 POETICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Caatna 4fHc«. 
 
 Near Niger'a banks Tim-buc'.-tM findi a ■jx^ 
 
 For caravans a place of great resort. 
 8e-go' and Jena both aro towns of trade, 
 Southwest from this, beside the Nifftr laid. 
 
 From Nifftr east, some hundred miles or' more, 
 
 Is Saok-»-too', the first in tii^ and power. 
 
 * 
 
 Tli« <«■>•»• af /.ftien. Aribia^nd mmny <»••>•' P«"» "' ^^'!,' 
 II mirrltdan by m««in of r«r«y«n« Tli« c»mf 1 1« ih« onlf «nim«l lh«l 
 •« "ilSw tlUMorrhi... K.«' of ih« «.uly d.«rt^ A c.r«.»ii 
 UHMlkiM ooMKUofSUdO e*n«l*, Md •• muy (Mctoa*. 
 
 ■oodan, or Oentral AIMoa. 
 
 Boodan, or Nlgritis, son.etimea called Cen- 
 tnl .\&ii-9, is !m|«M*»r«!y !ion«ni U include sU 
 ■Mlh of itM On<«t UMMt, •ml north of Ethiopia 
 
 TiMsncTou, onca •uppowd to b« • larg* dly, is 
 found to kw but a umn opittrtion ofhuta. 
 
 Oraat Daaart 
 The Great Desert of Sahara, north of Boo- 
 dan, U auuO milM long ami man than lOOU bioMi, 
 iimUiniugimr I ^00,000 iquwa ndlM. TbiaimniMiM 
 •xpanM If itcariy all covarwi with mtd, whkh ii 
 blown by th« wind In movini pUlaw, •caltarinf (^'^ 
 in iu foaiful path. 
 
 [Th« lUd Sea, Tit w«l ftom «a« Mahmamtd, on the •omhw.M mtt of Arabia Potiwa] 
 
 II uSll -wmorahUi forth, wond.rfal u.mm« -nd i.f. d.U».r«.c. of the «hild,.n of l.r..l tbroofh i» watfi., aai Ibr tha 
 
 owrthrow of lh» haughty i'l,«r»o:i«nd.ih«Ktypuanho«t. , ,.. ii«,-- ,. ««• «f Uo 
 
 ^ ««l.bra.«d l>oni of Min.m, .ant aftar ihi. great drama (.•• *«du, xy, tO), » thu. paiaphraaad by Mooaa, la oaa of Ua 
 ■oat baaatlfal aad mAodiou* itraiiit. 
 
 MIRIAM'S BONO. 
 
 ■onm tka loud timbrel o'er Gsrpt<a darkiva! 
 J«lMTahlm. trinmph'd.— hi. p«opt« arj tif 
 «B»-fcr tha pr.iia of the tyraii' i. hruk.a, 
 
 llUokariota, hi. horMmea. all inlendid and bra»a— 
 How vaia wa. tbolr hoanlng !— Th. Lord kMh bot qiekaa, 
 
 Aatf ahariot and horMman ara eaak in the wave. 
 Bvmt ika ietid timbrel oVr Efypt^ dark Ma t 
 JalMvak haa tiiamph<dr-bi* Paapla ara ttea. 
 
 PraiM lo the Conqueror. praiM to the liord ! 
 
 Hi. word imt our arrow, hi. breath wa. our iwoM'.— 
 Who (halt return lo tell Egypt the «orr 
 
 Of ihoM .he ieni forth in the hour of ^er pnoeT^ 
 For the Lord bath loak<d onl fVom hie pillar of glotT, 
 
 And all hrr brare thoniarjil. ara daibed m the tide. 
 Sound the loud Umbrel o'er Eaypt*. dark wa! 
 Jehorah haa triumph'd,— hi* people aia naa. 
 
 W" 
 
 L 
 
 . ^_,^*ji^i0tm . 
 
Hoa- 
 
 ■ calM Can- 
 
 It iiicluilM tU 
 
 ofeihio|ite 
 
 • krg* dly, k 
 
 atn 
 
 north of 800- 
 lan 1000 bfOMi, 
 I. ThiauninMiM 
 wiMJ, witlch k 
 •calMrlni «lMlh 
 
 idihaOalfof A4«B- 
 • wMt by Efypt 
 rattni uilbt th* 
 
 [oon^ IS OM of Us 
 
 iiouriwofd'.— 
 r 
 
 iMrpndet 
 lllaroritorf, 
 iwl in Ik* tidt. 
 
 I Am. 
 
 ISLANDS. 
 
 Ck^ned to tho AroUe m« U Gr«enluid found, 
 Whem winter Rpreadi hii dcHolntion round. 
 As Dine© Imtc in snowy garb is dressed, 
 Prinot. William's ^and from Baffin's Bay is west; 
 Southampton iteops in Hudnon's amplo hay, 
 While west of all, Sabino and Melville lay. 
 And Newfoundland from Labrador is south, 
 Where the 8t. Lawrence river opes her mouth. 
 Prince £dwarda here, with AnlicosU keeps, 
 With one Ciqx' Breton, on the liquid deeps. 
 Long Island floats upon the azure wave, 
 Where Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket lave. 
 Ber-mu-das and Ba-ha'-ma, blooming where 
 Sweet spring distils her ever-bnimy air ; [smiles. 
 Whore stortts and cttrtli«iuakes frown, and verdure 
 la sHmner's climes lay fair Went Indta Islo-t ; 
 Of these rich Cuba sparkles o't-r her stand ; 
 Hay'-ti aad Por-to Ilico join the l)and ; [torn, 
 
 Though icorched by lightnin;Lr\ and by carthquukes 
 Ja-mai'-oa there still blusht-s like the morn. 
 
 Southeast frora these, and smiling on the tide, 
 Ca-rib'-bee'a mounds are mantled in their pride ; 
 There Bar-ba-does' and fertile Ouada-loupo', 
 With Trin^i-dad', stand in the elfin group ; 
 Jo-aa'-nes dwells in Am-a-zon's broad mouth. 
 With MarUn-Vas', and Sax-cm-burg more south ; 
 Au-ro-ra and South Georgia, dismal shores. 
 Where winter with bis blustering tempests roars; 
 And Ter'ra del Fu-e'-go, scorched by lire, 
 With Falk'-lmd, 'neath the storm's impetuous ire ; 
 South Shot'-land and South Ork'-ney, unexplored, 
 Wilh Sand-wioh Land, whose names we scarce afford; 
 
 And St Uel-o'-na, where Napoleon lay, 
 Is on the western coast of Africa. 
 As-cen'-sion and St. Mat'-thew northly glow. 
 With one St. Thomas, and Fer-nan-do Po ; 
 Cape VeW, firom Gambia west, comes in the song, 
 A» the Canary Isles to Spain belong ; 
 Madeira there with sparkling wine cup full. 
 In monntam garb, is owned by Portugal ; 
 For health renowned, then comes the (air Aiores, 
 Or Western Isles, where ocean's dark surf roars. 
 
 OMiNtiwn la tiroUUy Um |ar|wi Usnd in lh« 
 wor.1, aarrpting Sew Holland j it ia known Ut ai- 
 tonJ mora than 1,400 milaa north, ami how much 
 ftirthar la unknown. It proUI.I. ivorhe. lo, or b«rond 
 UM pol^ and formt an ArcUc Conlincnl of iuaii: 
 
 !^^«'-y|ii.sl«notodaabavinf^»enlhah<iadqu*f. 
 ton of Captain Psrrr, for two yaara. 
 
 NiwraoHDi.AaD la noted for the grtataat codllal). 
 •HM in Um world. It Iwlonga to OrMt Uritain. 
 NinrurKiT la nol«d aa a whaling depot 
 
 1^'^^?. '",*"'!'. "*•"' "^ Connartkut, la juAtd for 
 ita fertility of aoll. 
 
 .uf"* .*!*.■*"'*• '"^ Biaiirnia. ara doIm] for 
 their aalubriou* climate. »t CaWailor, one of Iha 
 Babamaa, waa tha flfit land diaeovered by L'olumbua. 
 
 J'jii WssT Isoisa are noted for their great 
 fertility. 
 
 BOO milca in length, wilh an average wiiJih of 76 
 milsa. 
 
 {*««*'«•*. one of the moat lieauliful of the Weat 
 Indiea, la au)ijm-t to hurricanra, eartliquakea, and 
 drcnilflil atonua o( ehundtr and lightning. 
 
 Jotwnia ia a large iaiami, Iving in the mouth of 
 the Amaxoii. 
 
 TaaaA uki Fiubo, or the land of Are, ia a cold, 
 deaofato reRion, inhahitod by a race of the laoat mis- 
 erable aavagea. 
 
 8r. Hklbra ia a rocky iaiand offthecoaat of 
 Africa. It is noted aa having Iwen the priaon of Na- 
 poleon, from 1818, lo hia dcalh, 1881. Hia body 
 remained there till 1 840, when it waa taken to France. 
 
 Atcimios is noted for turtle*. 
 
 C*rs ni Viama have a hot, unhealthy climate. 
 
 TiiB C^iTABiaa are noted for canary birds, and the 
 Peak of Teneiifft, an extinct Tolcano, 13,860 feel 
 high. 
 
 Tsi Atoass or Western Islands^ bclooging to 
 Portugal, are noted for fcitililyofaoilandsalubritvof 
 climate. 
 
 Madiika, a mountafaMMis island, k noted for fe^ 
 tility and Madeira wine. 
 
 Thk Hsaainta belong to ScoUaad, Ihay ara 
 mostly barren and sterile, 
 
 Tai HasTtAirii*. north of lbs Orknaya, nunbar 
 in all about 100. Thay ara oold and buna. 
 
 IcttAvn, one of tha largest island* in the world, 
 is noted for Mount Hecla, and ita geyser* or nninga 
 of hot water. Tha climate ia dnary and coU. It ia 
 owned by Denmark. 
 
 SriTsaiaats is tha most northern land known; 
 it iMa between the 77th and 81st d^icea 1/ north 
 Utitoda. On ite coa-t an found whales, m^Aigi, 
 aaa«ow*, se»4ions, Ae. In tha mmmer the sua does 
 not set for three raontlia 
 
 (MY 
 
 ■-ijAKUBfajip^^^ilH,,, 
 
flO 
 
 POKTIOAL OEOORAPHY 
 
 1 
 
 OrMt BriUin. wMt of Europ«, UkM h«r poti; 
 
 And IrvUnd bonierj un hist wc«tera eoaat ) 
 And Fft'-rtw. Shetland and the Ork'-ney* gu« 
 Htill further north, where ileep the Hvb'-ri-doi ; 
 B'u-en' aud Z<!al-and east of Denmark keep ; 
 Bom-holm and Ru'-ptn in the Baltic ileep ; 
 O'-land ati<l Octhland ther« In •lumhora laj, 
 And A' lawi gaac* o'er the Baltic •«». 
 
 or Um ll««ltonri 
 
 Mi-nor'-ea and Ma-jor'ea, eiut of Spain, 
 With iiZ-i-ca aaaert their watery reign ; 
 Sar<lin'-i-a on her watery throne I fonnd. 
 With Cor'-$i-ea, her tiiter, by her crowned ; 
 (y prtu and Can'dia in angelic mien, 
 With Sio'-i-ly In the same bright tea are iccn. 
 
 ortli« Arctic Occaa. 
 
 The foiea* empire, Nb-va Zem-Ua, stamU, 
 And o'er the pole l^iu-bergtn holds hor hands 
 
 or tlM ladlan and Paclflc Oceans. 
 
 CW-#'-ro hUt, Bour-hon, and Idt qf France, 
 With Mad-a-gtuf'cmr, from the Tavea advance ; 
 And Lcx'-adiv€t and Maldivet there arc strown, 
 With Cha'go* IfUt, by Indian aephyrs blown. 
 Booth of Hind< .stao blooms the fair Cuy-lun', 
 Known for her ecftly poarU aud cinnaraun ; 
 Hai-naik' is seated inUie gulf Tonquin, (ton-keen') 
 From China oast, Formosa Isle is seen, 
 With Ki-u-si-u and 8o-koke, we scan 
 Niphon and Jesso, islands of Japan. 
 From Niphon north behold Saghalien Isle, 
 While north and east are those we call Kurile, 
 
 And Bor'-ne-o where the ourang-outang is fonnd ; 
 Whooe shores with forests ukI with swamps abound, 
 And Cel'-e-bes, where herbs of pois(m grow. 
 And rfptilea live, stands east of Bor'-ne-o ; 
 Sumatra where Mount Ophir towers the while, 
 At Java slumbers a volcanio isle. 
 Moluccas for their spices next we name, 
 As the Philippme Isles are owned by Spain. 
 
 Australia, Ocean's first bom ofiipring stands, 
 And o'er his asure empire spreads her lande. 
 New Guinea and New Zealand there are (aki. 
 And there Van Dieman's Land usurps her reigc. 
 
 N«T4 ZtMSL* 1«M nortb of Bonifs «Bd 
 
 (I U ilMlKuto of til Iraraa of v«frtalinn, wt« UcImim 
 •ml murina^ V«t imi iu ■itona tre ibtiiMi "ut num- 
 tMK* uf fotaa, whit* beaji^ wnlruwa wmI •*•!•. 
 
 CMSiCi, 100 ouIm lony, unl tlwul 44 wM*, la 
 notad M Iha birtbptaM of iNapolMn. 
 
 Siamiiu, IM^milMkinf ■ntlM wU*,Uiieliwilll 
 miiMmK Slid hM t (wlito tuiL 
 
 HiriLf wu on<r* r«ll«) ib« mnsry ( Rwof*. 
 Il l« Um lar(««( iiltml In Um MaiLlarraiMaii, and is 
 notod for MounI Kum. 
 
 M«n*a«*«ta, on Um eoaM of Africa, la an* of 
 Um lariiral mUiuIs in U>« world, bainii fMO milaa hmf 
 aiid 'M^) wide. It* iidialiitanU ii« /Vraba, NagnMM 
 •ml M«l4yt. Tha toil la rich and fertile, and Um 
 cUmalK healthy. 
 
 UuuBBoi Iwlonga to Franc* It eoalaiiM • folea- 
 IM in a alatu uf arUviljr. 
 
 Tha liLa or FIamcb, m MiDaiTUi, Itrlonoa to 
 England. It w iiotail for a loftjr mountain, which i» 
 cruwnail l^ a high, rocky paak, caliad I'atar B«(la 
 Mountain. 
 
 Naw HoLitRit, or AciTatLii, la the largaat 
 laland in Uj« world, hating an area of 3,600.000 
 «(uai| milaa. The whol* of Uiia vaal tract of U-hI 
 ia claimed ''y Orrat BriUln. 
 
 Tha nativM or abori^nea of lliin bland ara praba- 
 Wy the loweat in thfl »cala of any 'hat belong to lh« 
 human family. TIkv ara Um onl> wca Uiat goe« 
 entirely ii>duHJ. TItrir food conaiata of flah, anake*. 
 anaila, worma, liiank and &U Unda ot loathaoiM 
 reptile*. 
 
 V4)i DuMAt't LiRD, aituatedaouthof AuitraKa, 
 ia noted aa Ijeing U>o plaoa wl«er<! mo«t of tha eon- 
 victa of Unmt liritain ara now baubhed. Tha popu- 
 lation ia alH)ut one tf^tnl criniimda. 
 
 Naw ZaALiaa U<am« a part of Um UriUah Em> 
 pii« in 1840. I'ha nalivea are tah and well formad, 
 and ware formerly canniliala. 
 
 Hum ATS A b noted for Mount Ophir, 13,000 fatt 
 high. Tbe laland produces krga quanlitiaa of eM»- 
 phor and pepper. 
 
 Java belong* NXha Dftth. It produeea coflaa. 
 w^pu, ifca, he 'lahiTia, thn capiul, ia a gnntl oom- 
 moicia} emppriura for Um trade of Um Dutch b th# 
 Eaat. 
 
 Oaiia«a l« noted for iia \*'A number of venowooa 
 laatilca, flJM, iK., Ihiit f nof the inbafailanta to aut 
 s d*ffiv« iliat they are compelled to buikl their hooiaa 
 on poata, to praveiit their intruaion. 
 
 Tat PHitimai* art noted for tarnuu rtortna of 
 ihundvr and Ughtsln^. 
 
 Boaain ia ana of the birgaat ii>landa in Um wmU. 
 Ita dKkraa ara beaet with awampa and fu.eala. Tha 
 orang outang, the oon.ieeting link between man and 
 the kiwar animaia, h found km. 
 
 Tha orif^al InbaHtwita of Uia LAPaoaaa haw 
 been naa»ly all uterminated by Uie Spaniards. 
 
 Tae Oabomss IttARoa tre mcaUy all of oowl 
 fermation. They are beat bw a tempcatooaa 
 aud ata niu)«ci to itonsa aud hurricsnea, 
 
 T 
 
 CI 
 
 U 
 U 
 
 iW B»i| inii.» 
 
9f mmI Ail*, 
 n, mf* IklMii* 
 umi fMt num- 
 
 Mil 44 wM*, hi 
 
 lit, kiieli Willi 
 
 iry • f Bvrof*. 
 raiMMii, Mid it 
 
 ineft, w 4fM off 
 MOmilMlonc 
 inba, NagTMM 
 feriUc, uJ Um 
 
 mUlM • ««!(•• 
 
 ui, MoiM* to 
 itatn, «hkn ia 
 
 •a vtiMtVMu 
 
 \§ th« larxMt 
 I of 3,MK).CKH) 
 •t tract of b-Hl 
 
 lantl «ra pniba- 
 It belong to Itw 
 ran that goea 
 of flah, anue*. 
 I of loalhaoKM 
 
 thof AuacraJia, 
 Kiat of tha eon- 
 Ml, Thopopu- 
 
 he llrilUh Em- 
 III well formod, 
 
 hir, 13.000 Act 
 intitica of 
 
 iroduOM cadasi 
 M a (reiki oou- 
 M Dutch in Ihi 
 
 Mr of Tffloainaa 
 ibilanta t0 MK ' 
 likl their hooiaa 
 
 mruiu atorma of 
 
 blnUMWorid. 
 I fo.eala. Tlw 
 twceu man and 
 
 jAPHOBia htm 
 
 Spaniards. 
 
 ■tlj all of cam 
 
 iprftWNM OOMO. 
 
 I8LAN OS 
 
 Tb« Oarollae. whf rq rc«(ii oT cor»l foiro. 
 Bravo the rougj, iurf. ihc i«inp,iit ui<l lh« atorm ; 
 Udrone* bf n. »th th« 8piinUh ytAe are bound. 
 \¥hil« (krther not th tha Boiiin Tsk.a «re fotwd ;' 
 
 Th« Bondwioh hlindo. where Mouut Ronkecpt, 
 And where lurauea flua«« above tb« d««pa, 
 Where (v'aptain Cook waa by tho naliTea (lain. 
 Are hound togither in the coral chain. 
 
 Folded ia Ocean 'a arma. tho Friendly lalca, 
 By tho ftwiety, rear up their piles ; 
 Fair Otahoile, in tho iaat named band, 
 Shlnen like an Eden in a fairy land. 
 
 Marquewtt lales are in the burning lone. 
 South of tha line with thow callt-d Waahington. 
 Jttto' Fernan'-dea ajwrkloa in tho de<>pa, 
 And young Chi-lo -o near to Chili keeps ;— 
 Aa Oal-a-pa'-go« fronta the torrid akiea. ' 
 Van-eou'-rar'a to tho m-rth at fifty lio«; (so") 
 And farther aUIl, Queen Charlotte'* lale ii sown 
 Where On-a-Iaa'-k» and A leu-tian ehone. 
 
 Tha Akqtiaii Waoda, in tha North Pacifir. nalong to Ruad, 
 
 ^^iJ * .' '"'^'"^ "'""' '"* '■""» «h« -•, which in 
 1807. had «nl.,g« to !wenty.«„« milea in circumferenco ' 
 7T>a nati»«. ot theaa lalaikla am a raikl nee of mvi-- -ho 
 
 61 
 
 I ha*a aJl baan eot,..rl.d u> ih« ChrUiUn r.y,<oa 
 
 rji w >f 
 
 OuligiM 
 by lb. .00,1. of mi..lon.n.i, w lb. Cbrt.Mo nuiVn ' 
 
MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Ml CMmboTMo. 
 
 lf«rtli ABMrtca. 
 
 The Boeif Mmnkutu join in turj bunda, 
 
 0'«r Britiah •oil tnd over YankM landi. 
 
 O'm* Meiico ftod OukUaiala, too. 
 
 In Um mub« ohain, Oor-dit-U-ra$ we view. 
 At Otark Mmntamu in lltSMMiri pile. 
 In Teaneeeee ie O nmbtr i an d the while, 
 N. 0., Virgiol^ Mwj\*ad and Penn.. 
 
 Are bound together bj the Bltu Rtjpt chain. 
 
 O'er the larae atatee. eicept the atate N. 0., 
 
 The AUffhany keepe them company. 
 The dark Orttn Motmlaint in Vermont embower, 
 
 And the Wkki MmtUaitu o'er New Hampahirc tower. 
 
 O'er South America the An*-dt$ rtae, 
 With Chini-bo-ra' -MO tlironed above the ekiea. 
 So-ra-to, too, the highest peak, it there ; 
 Bolivia it the place he mokot hit )air. 
 
 Barop«. 
 
 At Seotia't elimet the proud Btn Nif'vit hailt, 
 With Orampian HHU ; — Sti^jwdon is found in Walet. 
 With huge CuntAbrian and Iberian reign 
 The bold Ne ra'-da o'er the realmt of Spain. 
 Cattile, To-le-do, and Mo^ra'-na tteep, 
 O'er Spun and Portugal their tentriet keep. 
 
 'Tween France and Spain behold the Py-rm-neti'; 
 
 The proud (k-mnM$' in Vranoe the tmveler tees, 
 
 AM-vtrgm, near by, tpreadt out hit i^ky line ; 
 At the Voaget Monntt are wett the river Rhine ; 
 
 The folluwing iabfa shuwa Um Unitli of U>« prui- 
 »|mI niicn of MaunlWMi 
 
 AnuM, •••*•• e,t^w 
 
 Moitcan iimI Rockjr MounlaiM^ .... MM 
 
 WhoW Xiucrtrui ClMia lOjMO 
 
 Altain MouniKina, MM 
 
 Mountain! uf Ut* Mooa, MM 
 
 Unl Mounlcina, ) iMa 
 
 AUm Moantaina, 5 ''"*^ 
 
 DoAalMd Meuntain^ 1,000 
 
 (Nomli, 1^000 
 
 AllHbMiy, 000 
 
 Al|w, 000 
 
 AppniinM^ , . 70A 
 
 Cw)«lhlMi, 800 
 
 OrMn MoualaiM, 000 
 
 PyrtniMM, too 
 
 The following ilwwa the hifhl of mom af Oh 
 Mttaat padu of MountalM : 
 
 Cbumularao 
 
 Bnralo, . 
 
 ('hiDiboraao, 
 
 HiiKloo Kix«h 
 
 Cotopaii, I volcano^ . . . 
 St. Efliaa, hiaheal in M. A., . 
 PofmcatapaU, hi«haal in . . 
 Ml Blanc, hiiihMt in Europa. 
 Antiaana Farm Houae. . . 
 Mount Etna, volcano, . . 
 
 Mount l.cl>anon, 
 
 Mount Sinai 
 
 Pindua, higliritt in ... . 
 
 TUbat. . . 
 Bettvia. . . 
 Equadar, . 
 A%hanlalan, 
 EquaJor, . 
 RuiaiaaAm. 
 Mailed, , . 
 Italy,, . . 
 Equa<lor, . 
 Bidly, . . 
 Syria, . . . 
 Arabia,. . 
 
 M,OOV 
 
 asxMO 
 
 V0.600 
 18,890 
 17,900 
 17,700 
 16,686 
 14,800 
 10,990 
 10,000 
 . 8,108 
 7,677 
 
 Tha hi«haal inhaUlad apot in Europe, ia tlM Mo- 
 naatary tit 8L Bernard, in tha paaa over tha Qraal 
 St. Baraanl Mountatii. It ia 8,000 feet above the 
 level of tha aea. Here tha' monka entertain all 
 ■tranfera and traveleia gratia, fiir thrve dayi. Doge 
 are ao trained that they are aant out in the atonna of 
 anow, t« reacue benigbtad travelara. 
 
 In South America wa ftiid larae dtiaj eieelling the 
 idiove. They are moatly on the table hmda of the 
 Andes. Quito b 9,000 teat aiMve the level of the 
 
 M^^tN»«iiMMiMA4*M* 
 
 -«l 
 
4,MM 
 
 .•.MW 
 
 10,000 
 
 MOO 
 
 .M«« 
 
 . 1,000 
 . 1,000 
 
 . . M.OOU 
 . . M.0O0 
 ', . tl,44<» 
 itan, tOfiM 
 r, . 18,890 
 Am. 17,900 
 . . 17,700 
 . . 16,686 
 ■, . 14,800 
 . . 10,9S0 
 
 . . 10,000 
 . . . 8,108 
 
 . . 7,677 
 
 - 
 
 MOUNTAIIIi. 
 
 (K) 
 
 At b«i(MrlM(l rlaima tiM J^^t—th*) Ap'-ftn-imt 
 0'«r lUklj unfold (heir ■nowy ahrinca. 
 
 On Amirian shorp*, upon th« map aro me«d 
 The Kra'</*hfiy, with tha Car-pa Ikian br«c«d. 
 
 H$' mu» in Turkpy, with th« Ofym'ptu mound ; 
 
 While prouii /''irna*$tu MimtU\n (*r«je« ia found. 
 
 Tbfl />f//raji«id in Nt»rw»y, and bfltw»««>n 
 Norway and Hwetk-n, on the luup ar.- »*.rn. 
 
 OUnU' in Finland, wbll« the (T-rmt chain 
 'Tmtitn Ruiiaia and Hib«Ha may r«igu. 
 
 All*. 
 
 In Turkey dwclU Tam'mt and Mmm ; 
 Ai Ara-rat ia thern on hiH high throne. 
 
 /Ji}'r»6 and Hi'-nai in thair grandour tower, 
 With onre Ram U ah, on the Arab ahore. 
 
 Par-apomi' iu» and tlie Xldwin brooJ, 
 With Louri*-km' o'er Perala'a neighborhood. 
 
 The Oon-dorn' and Alnd. with //inifoo AboM', 
 O'er Alghaniatan ahorea their Bha<lowa push. 
 
 I/kn-ma'-Uh JfoutUairu bound HindiKMtan north r 
 
 Hindooatan ia the place where Ghaut haa birth. 
 
 From Thibet north, Kum'lm Mountains peer ; 
 
 In Chineae Tartajry the Cdtitialt rear. 
 
 Mtay^, Saian'tkoi and the Ya-6lo-no^', 
 Along Siberia aouth, we next eapy. 
 
 Stanvojf' b eaat, near the Pacido eoaat, 
 Where O'-kotak'i billows round their feet are toMcd. 
 
 Aiyica. 
 
 In Barhary the Afiaa MwnU belong ; 
 South of Ni^jritia ia the chain called Kong. 
 Kong Mountiiins join tho Mmnlaini of the Moon, 
 In Ethiopia, 'noatii the burning zone. 
 Th« Cam-«-roon', in Guinea next we tee ; 
 Aa the Snow Mounts are in Capo Colony. 
 
 •••» UlSa l»,00«j ilwmet Vttira m4 Tmd 
 «^ M b%h M I3,<MW Of M iMM h,%, in.! ih« 
 Unn Ummu<4 AniMMi*. Ui* hlKtiml inhalHlMl tpnt 
 M JOO £^' " •"''""*''' •l«««#d .1 Um hl,ht u/ 
 
 Tha MttHaiM nkiuntain mnvry In any pMrt of Um 
 woiU", i« AmumI in HiMith Ani#n»». I'Imi HUm Jutt 
 •nutmraio.! am •)»>«• ih* f,^|,„, „f ih, ,|,Hid« tii.l 
 •to'nw, ami (nj..^ otM-Mrwiiml •prin(, with ih« rlvtr 
 MUi* 4ho%«, whwh !■ lit l.r ,hy wiih Uw grxi lumt- 
 n«ry,«iid lit it%M aiMlklilif with th« t«\i\mtntm o( 
 Hn ihuuaaiMi Mara. 
 
 Tr8»i.|«ra In tacmtdung ttM ArulM hat* wiinMwd 
 •lonna .if li|hlnliit and ihan.l«r laflng in thair »!•- 
 mmul fury iliouMmla of bri Iwlow ih»m, whtli 
 tttr UieimMlvri men cnjd)rln| iha cxil wphyr. or Um 
 MM aunahina. 
 
 Tho Ardoa, atan from ih« Pocirtc Or»an tJt ib« 
 coaal of Houth Am<<rira. |inM»iil uno ituparalnua 
 wall of aiUinanI, Ihal m Uia diataiira haa a hair 
 Wua appMraik*. mUuh r.mtraaw aiu' aoMoria with 
 Iha rlaar whita of iho atoniaJ anow with whkh iho 
 iof or aiiroinit ia rruwn- i, 
 
 Tbo highaat peak of lh« Andce ia Mount, Moraln. 
 in ihWIria ; it* aummit ia alavaUKl 19.000 fraL IIU. 
 Diaiii. near 8.>r»ui, la tha Mtonil Li«h»«», twing t4,3M 
 »»t. (JhimlKmuu), in E<iuador, ia lh« third bi «!•▼•- 
 Una. baiiif 31,444 Kki. 
 
 Tha Alpa ara tho hifhaat mounlaina of Ruropo, 
 and amoiiR Uio Alpa, Mount UUnc, (<« tho Whiu 
 Mountain), towera abova all (.ihara, bainii 16,685 bM. 
 It H ii) liM iinrtharn part o( Italy. 
 
 Metini Blane li lha monarph of monntaina, 
 
 Wa arownad him lofif ago. 
 On a ihron* of roclit, in a roba of oloada, 
 
 And a diailrm of (now. 
 AroMnd lila waitl it ih* Ihttn braead, 
 
 And lha avalansha in hii band, 
 Hul «'«r II fall, iht ihundnrinf bail, 
 Mutt pauia for ray command. 
 
 JfanAwt. 
 Tha highaat peak of Aiia ia Chumularao, of tha 
 HimmaJeh range, iM-ing 29,000 twt Thia ia tha high- 
 Mrt mountain in the world Neit to Ibia ia Dawal*. 
 pTi.37,«77 liwt. Ovtr kwenty <lilier«nl inountatoa 
 In thin chain are aakl to ha oter f.>ur milaa in bight 
 
 Mounlaina are aomelimea iiitermted by riTera, 
 which afford in miuiy plaren but a narrow ihaiineL 
 I he p«Haiig,v of the l'..tomac ami 8u«quebannah, 
 throuijli the Blue KiJgv, and liio Minwuri through 
 lha Rocky Mounlaina, »« the mnat diatinguiahad. 
 
 , Mountain* we great oiMtrurliona In road< and eanali. aa well aa HTaf«. Th« r.»,l. »... ,\ a i , 
 
 I 
 
 
 s 
 
 y 
 
VOLCANQES. 
 
 VoloanoM. 
 
 the moat active 
 thousand yearf 
 taan 100 milei, 
 
 VieworSlromboli. 
 
 Siromboli, on (he Lipari Iilanda, north of Sicily, ii one o( 
 ▼olcanoe* in the world. It hai burned Tor more tl an two 
 without interruption. It la viaible at the di»tanc-i of more 
 and ia styled the great Light Koua* of the Mediterranean 
 
 Mount St. Elias is a mount of flame. 
 Near the Pacific, in the Russian claim. 
 
 And Po-po-cat-a-petl, in MexicdT 
 Has a high summit covered o'er with snow ; 
 
 In Quatimala, Coa-a-gui' -na piles, 
 And the Water Mountain or Volcano boils. 
 
 In £q-ua-dor, then Co-to-pax-i scan; 
 As high o'er Chili flames the proud ChU-lan . 
 
 Heda, in Icelaad, and Vemviua near 
 Naples, in Italy, the next appear. 
 JBX-na m Sicily, and the Strom-ho-li, (slrom'-bo-lee') 
 Just north of Sicily, bums o'er the sea. 
 
 On the Canary Isles is Ten-nt-riffe , 
 Fog-o on Cape-de-Verd rears her high cliflF. 
 Ki-ra-uea on the Sandwich sits sublime. 
 And from ita horrid crater pours forth slime. 
 
 More than two hundred volcanoes are 
 known to exift in the world; one half of 
 which are in America. But a great many 
 have never been deuribed, and havj9 acarcely 
 received • name. 
 
 ThoM of Europe and Asia are mostly on 
 iilanda; while ibose of America are on the 
 main land. 
 
 They are distributed ai follows : 
 Ainetica, on the continent, 97 : on iaiands, 19. 
 Europe, on the continent, 1: on iaianda, H; 
 Asia, on the continent, 6 : on iaianda, S8. 
 Africa, unknown. many. 
 
 More than forty volcanoea are continually 
 burning between Cotopaxi and Cape Horn. 
 Equador is one great volcanic district. Coto- 
 p&xi, TuHBuragua, Antuaana, arid Pichinca, 
 are the principal outlets for the internal fires. 
 
 The island of Java u noted as having a 
 greater number of volcanoes tlian any other 
 portion of the earth of the same size. A chain 
 of mountain*, in some parts 13,000 feet high, 
 crosses the iiiland, and, in the eastern part, io 
 divided into a scries of thirty-three separate 
 volcAnoes, most of which are m a high state o\ 
 activity. 
 
 An eruption of one of the largest, in 1778, 
 was one rf the most terrible on record. The 
 mountain, for a long time, was enveloped in a 
 cloud of fire. Soon nfter, the hnmcnao mass 
 Burtk away, and disappeared, carrying vrith it ninety 
 ■quare mile* of the surrounding country, forty vil- 
 lages, and Uiree thousand inhabitants. 
 
 KiRAVEA, on Hawaii, one of the Sandwich 
 iaiands, i< another of the terrible volcanoes; iu 
 crater ia seven and • half miles in circumference 
 and 1,000 feet deep. 
 
 VitworOotopaxl.' 
 Cotopojti is IkeloAiest voleano on the globe, and apnw 
 of Hiervptioas kavj been the moat tremendotu. It is 
 18,890 feet high, and is one of the most beauufu) summits 
 of the Ande«. It is a regidat and smooth cone, wrapped 
 in a vesture of eternal snow, which dasiles in the ra^* •» 
 the sun, with a superior splendor. Some of its eruptioas 
 have formed the moat territc and sublime scenes the eya 
 ever Mritneased. The ttames have been known to axeaa 
 
 5000 fret above th« U^ of the mountain. It is in « slal* 
 reoBstaat activity. 
 
 d' 
 
^i 
 
 TOLOAMOSS. 
 
 65 
 
 By a tanibto «niptioB of Mi 7Ma?iiu in Urn year 79, 
 tlM eitiM of HereuuBeum aod Pompeii were toUUr oT«r- 
 wkelmed by the aahaa and lata thrawn ftom thaortit«r of 
 the Tokaaa Thaaa dtiaa ilnmbered in lilenea beneath the 
 congealed maw till tiw year 1750^ when their ntoa wen ac- 
 ddeatally diaeoTered by aomo peaaanti dining in a tIim- 
 yard aaar tha livar Santa Sinea when, tuapUa, theatna, 
 ■hop^ howMk paintinci^ 4k«, hara been tvoucht to light 
 H«ra ■kel a t o aa were ftraiid, auuM in tiia attitude of piayer, 
 apmadaqied togathar in eaohothir^i armband iomawith 
 th«. traMuna in thak UaOa, m it trjiog to aflbct thdr 
 
 «or MAR hwt maor ■ {U^i||Llt 
 
 In nUrnlac bonwr Mflir 
 ■utTlng M 'Map* Um raurlni Nona, 
 
 BU foM elwwiMd in bla kfUMli. 
 Bw* lEaiMoae bjr WaodtllUd, 
 
 lioekad in Mch eiim'f umt, 
 ■dll II* cnbtaelnc m Umt dM, 
 
 kiMmfend-- 
 
 Mount Etna ia ona of tha oMaat ToIeaaoM 
 u Um worid, and hea bad aom* of tha mod torriMa 
 ■raplioaa. One, bi the year 1609, deetooyedfi>uiteen 
 town* and 97,000 inhabitmto. Tha Lva thrown 
 01% 1.800 feet wide^ 
 ' ili eoune fcr nma 
 
 town* and 17,000 inhafaitanto. 
 out tbrmad a p«fcet rlvor of flia 
 andiOfcetdaepi and eoniinaadi 
 than 19 ■■■ lata Ihvaaa. 
 
 Y*<^t f*?!*!* * MMnuad valaaaa, oa Ike iHaad of 
 It i* tfttrtjr allaa flroM Ike e«Ma, and t^ ftM 
 
 laalaad. 
 kJfh. 
 
 ■kaMarlabal, 
 m>,dMini^i_ 
 
 • Im ikan twuqpTiUun, aemalaing In ail aboat 1^ 
 
 ta^diMkaiff^ waaM^ b* aaflklAi to ea**r aa arta af 
 i^wieaara 
 
 Tie 
 aaaui 
 
 ika MM iiland, bad aa «rapikm, in 
 Ike nM*i Mmbla, in Om daitnia- 
 -'of lava tkrawa fton iu araMr. 
 
 ;iisssu.i'STk.'3.;3rrf tab s.r " " ■"" " 
 
 iMMM, or kat inrintaier nuhar waMr TaleaaoMk 
 
 OCEANS. 
 
 An aeeen ia a Tail ezlMit of Mna^ ' 
 Or idtjMa water, boondleai and aobUma. 
 
 Fire ooeiots there ard found npon thii ball : 
 Paejfie, first, the largest of them all ; 
 To Ads and America allied, 
 JSighi Ihoutand long, and full tw^w tioiuand vide. 
 
 AUtaUie, second, in the list surrej, 
 Upon the west, bound by America; 
 While A/riea and JEurope, on the east, 
 Heare up their sea-walls to her wares of yeast ; 
 Thm thoutmd mU$ in mbh—^ht ihmuand long, 
 &i such a space the Atlando sings her song. 
 
 The ikd&M (>Mas is the third in siie,-^ 
 Upon the north, the ;<l«ja^ shores arise : 
 A^utnUa '# east ; wbile 4/Wc'# west her tide : 
 t^ow Aouumi kog, and fiill a,n$ OoHumi iride. 
 
 The Jnfare^ Oe«m lares the Southern Pole ; 
 WUIe, round the North, the ^ntfis bOlowi rcll: 
 Asia, and Airope, Korth America, 
 ynOi Greenland, are tfie boundaries ^this i 
 
 i 
 
 ThraaiwitiMoriheiDrfiMMorthaeaithancoTend 
 wifli watw, and tha other fiwith ia eorerad br the 
 land. 
 
 The water fcnna five groat divinoaa, called ociias, 
 TO. the Atlantic, Pacific, Aictic, Antarctic, and Indian 
 Ocean. Beaide thcae, then are many unaller divi- 
 iion% called leai, lakti, rivers, Sec. 
 
 Tha Pacific haa an area eqitti to 78,000,000 
 cqnara milee; the Athmtic 80,000,000; tha Indian 
 Ocean, 19,0jM,000; the AnlaTctie, 10,000,000; the 
 Northern, 9,000,000. 
 
 The esteni of the diflmnt eeaa are aa foUowa:— 
 Chincee Sea, 1,000,000 ; Meditenanean, 8,000,000 ; 
 Caribbean, 600,000; Okotak, 600,000; Black Sea. 
 900,000^ Red Sea, 100,000; Bahie, 8,0OO ; Iiii^ 
 6,JB00. 
 
 Tha five gnat ooaana form one continuow moM of 
 water. 
 
 The Ocean ia one of the raUimeat woAa of Na- 
 ture, whether it be in a alata of net, or atowad br 
 aleraM. ' 
 
 ■qU on. ihoa daap and dark Una Mean, roll, 
 Ten ibMcand deeu eweep over thee in vaiB, 
 
 mm marki lb* earth with rain) hit control 
 Stop* inth thy then. Upon tha watery plaia, 
 
 Tka wreeka era aU thy deada. » r ~-t 
 
 • • • . • • a 
 
 Thea alorioni mirror ! where tb* Aimiihtyl Am* 
 
 GlaaMa itaaif In iemain^'ia all iimc,' 
 OUm o^eeaTulaed, in braate, or 
 
 leiaf tba'Pole, ar in the Tbrrt 
 DuE^Maviaa, boandleM, aadl 
 the iaaga of tta laTiaiblal 
 
 ernonay— 
 
 eliane, 
 ^andiabliOMk 
 CCWMtflkHak 
 
 i 1 
 
 ]i 
 
ni* 
 
 r 
 
 V 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 
 Lake of the Woods, and Rainy Lake are found 
 
 Skirting Columbia on her nortnern bound ; 
 Then comes Superior, Hvron, and St. Clair, 
 
 And Erie Lake, with one Ontario fair. 
 
 'Tween Michigan and state Wisconsm roars 
 Lake Michigan, that laves the yankee shores. 
 
 In Miiine, is Moosekead Lake and Um-ba-gog, 
 With Grand and Scoo'-dac va, the catalojrufe. 
 
 And Winni-pi-eio'-ge on.New Hampshire lain. 
 As Hween Vermont and York is Lake Champlain. 
 
 Oneida Lake, Cayuga, Seneca, 
 In New York state with Lake O-wu-co' lay. 
 
 Wisconsin hears her Win-ne'-ba-go talk, 
 With St. Croix Lake, Flamheqfi' and Tomahawk. 
 Leech Lake, Itasca, Devil'g and Ottertnil, 
 
 In Minnesota with Fox Lake we hail ; 
 Then Pepin Lake and Spirit Lake we see, 
 
 And Big Stone Lake ihtro finds a pedigree. 
 Salt Lake in Utah scours the Mormon btorder. 
 
 Where Utah Inxke rolls up in wild disoriler. 
 
 In California roars Lake Bon'-m-vUle, 
 There Turtle Lakea their rolUng waves distiL 
 
 In Mexico, Teacu-eo and Cha^nn'-la, 
 As Ni-car-a'-gua lives in Quatamala. 
 
 In Vene«ucla, Maraeayho ywtl, ^ 
 As TU-i-ea-ca stands part m Peru. 
 
 In Scotia stand Loch Lummd and Loch Neu, 
 With Toy and Ran-noch in their highland dress. 
 
 Zu-ritA, Lucerne and XeufchA-td camhiae. 
 On Switierland's mounts to feed a branch of Rhine. 
 Chniiane$ is north of Switwsrland's' rugged shore^ 
 ObfMva west, while south is Lake Jfag-giore^. 
 
 In Sweden, Wpmer, Wetter mi Mala/, 
 Mid wild fantastic scenery take their fere. 
 In Russia, Pe-i-pu»' and lU'-nan bide, 
 Whera roan O-nei'-gatatSL Lad-o'-ga wide. ' 
 
 Taha-ny and Bcukal in Siberia roar, (sha-ny) 
 Bal'hath is found upon.tbe Tartar shore. 
 
 As Afghan hears Lake Durra't wild harangue, 
 Ton-iia in China keeps with Xa*« Po Vang. 
 
 Jfelgig and Ahhot Lakea, are in Algiers, 
 Dem-be-ah, Lake in Tunis next appears. 
 And last in^udan, Tchad Lake finds a lair. 
 As Lal^e Maravi roars b Zanguebar. 
 
 Lakai aia laiga bodtts of flmh watar, Rimiindad 
 bj land, which lanarailj hava aa outUt 'nio aoma 
 ocean, guK or bay. 
 
 The great chain of iakaa balwean Iba Unitefl Statca 
 and Uritiidi America diacharge all tboii watoia into 
 the ocean, by the 8t Lawrence river. 
 
 Lake Buperiw, the lar^wt on the globe, itanda at 
 the head of thia gryt chain. Ita waters are elevated 
 between 600 and 700 feet above the level of the 
 Atlantic Ocean. It abounda with flah : trout, weigh- 
 ing from iiAeen to fiily oounda, are caught in larM 
 quantitic*. 'I'he watera of thia lake ore remarkaUy 
 dear.— a quality that pertaiiia to all in thia chain. 
 .The Pictured Rocks, on thq auutliem Mtorca, are great 
 natural curidMliea. They form a perpendicular wall 
 of .1110 feet, and expend Irora twelve tu fifteen milea 
 in length. The water* of thia lak%ampty into Lake 
 Huron, by the 8t Mary'a river. 
 
 Lake Baikal, in Biberiot ia the largeatbodyof frsab 
 water on the eaatem c^itiiicnt 
 
 Ladoga and f)neiga arw the largcat in Europo. 
 
 fioneva, Neufchatal, and Lucerne, are elevated, 
 among the Alpe, more than 1,200 feet. Thtv are 
 diitinguiihccl forpio wiki, romantic charactor « their 
 aoenery, a feature that pertains to all USum of moun- 
 tainoua distnclsi auch as thoaa of Norway.'Sweden, 
 Finlaiid, Soodand, Majiira, anti South America. 
 Their shorea are Usually IumJ with daik fonala and 
 nigged predpicea. 
 
 The fcUowing tabUr ahowa tha siia.or EMMl af tiw 
 principal lakea. 
 
 » Boropeaii XtakM* 
 
 Ladoga, Ruaria. 6,3fi0 
 Wanner, Sweden, S,1S0 
 Peipuf, RttSM*, • 860 
 Wettm, Sweden. 860 
 Mahr, Sweden, - 700 
 Gcoev8,SwitHrlaiid, 34S 
 
 0#. wtBtt* 
 
 CoDslanoa, Swils., MO 
 
 Illmai:., • - 876 
 
 Maggioia, . • 160 
 
 NauSbaM, •, H* 
 
 Locana, • ;• 100| 
 
 Gaida, • • 180 
 
 AaiatleLakM. 
 
 Aral, . 
 
 Baikal, 
 
 Palkati,. 
 
 Lake Tchad, 
 Manvi,- 
 
 9,930 
 7,M0 
 8,«I9« 
 
 Van, • 
 
 Uroooriah,' 
 
 DeadSas, 
 
 African Lake*. 
 11 Dembca, 
 TiSibfaie, • 
 
 Aniezioan iMkac 
 
 Superior, • - 36,000 
 Huico, - - XOjOOO 
 Great Bear Lake, ? 
 
 Winnipeg, - 10,000 
 Slave Lake, • 13,000 
 Midugaa, • 18,000 
 
 Arabaaoa, 
 Erie, • 
 Ontarto, •. 
 Titicafea, 
 ^tcafB|aa, 
 
 1,880 
 ' 760 
 . 800 
 
 8,000 
 
 10/W9 
 
 7,980 
 
 tfm 
 
', Mimandad 
 •t into 
 
 UniWliStatM 
 r waton into 
 
 >be, lUndi at 
 I are slevtled 
 level of the 
 trout, weigh- 
 ight in lam 
 « remarkaUy 
 I Ihia chain. 
 Drea, are great 
 ndicular wall 
 fifteen milea 
 [>ty into Laka 
 
 ;bod7offfaab 
 
 tEttTopa. 
 ara eiatratcd, 
 ;. Tbi; hie 
 raietor «l their 
 kea of moun- 
 ir«]r, 'Sweden, 
 ith America, 
 ik fonala and' 
 
 fEMMtartba 
 
 SwhB., MO 
 
 . . S76 
 
 . . IM 
 
 ., lift 
 
 . . iOO| 
 
 1,M0 
 ' 760 
 . ftOO 
 
 M ♦'WWI I I M l II I 
 
 '■"■ H I " — •* m ^. ^i^ n ^ 
 
 ZSBSZ 
 
 !!^!?~"i^*?"'»9«*>r^r« 
 
 \ 
 
 r, 
 
 NIAGARA RIVER AND FALLS. 
 
 xufijuu PAixa» At ran rmaoi tvu amuucan mhu 
 
 NATUBB has many waierfiilla, « few cataracts — oin NuoAHAt Hut atanda aloae^ raat, 
 
 grand, mdeaoribablel — the mighty alembic in which the worid of waters ia refined and ethereal- 
 
 isodl — ^^the •nffoat throqe upon which. Nature aita, 
 
 •lothed m the gpriooa attribatea of power and beattty I 
 
 — the everliitmg altar, at who^ ekwi-wrut base 
 
 the el&nenli pay homage to OmnipoteBoef The 
 
 floods that poor down its tremendous hi4ght% seem 
 
 guahing from the opened heareas, and plunging into 
 
 the depths of the unfailionable abyss! Air groan% 
 
 earth trembles deep oallcth unto deep» and anaweting 
 
 thunders iroB up the vaat empyreani Like a seething 
 
 hall the golf bdbw aends up the smdce of its torment* 
 
 Mid the foam of affony thickens upon the ime of the 
 
 dread pralbund, wfile fiur abore upcm the rerge ot the 
 
 predpieeb nts the sweet Iris — like fiuth upon a dying 
 ■ martyr^ brow — ^arehi^ ibt fearful chaam with ita 
 
 outspread arm% aml^amiaBg throvgh all the tenon of 
 
 tiM aeenei 
 TUa eataraict, the most wraderful and Moaidng euri- 
 
 osi^ in thc.natural world, is formed bv the precipitous 
 
 desomt of the rirer Niooara down a ledge (^ rooln of 
 I more than out hundred and nxiy feet perpendicular 
 
 heitfht, into an d)yss or basiQ b«k>w, ot unknown, but 
 f pircoably much greater depth. The river Niagara is 
 , that portwn of the St Lawrence, by which the hd(ea 
 
 Erie and Ontario are united. 
 Some idea 'of- the immense quanti^ of water forced 
 
 ifc!! I'TJ'2* ?^ '?• *^''l?'«" J«* Jl''*" of Ntaiiia River and F«ll». la laktil (Urn " hwa'a ToOTnar-a r!o>i»Ario»"i a work 
 i^ii^'SJ*''' 'lL''l-'5* <*?■"•*>» °f •!">'«"». *»»» o' N«f ire. The tfrnruoft and Outriprttt Uknl ot tfae lutlwr, u wID be nen 
 fe* <tM Aw «aitaeta iwrc fiven, ara in tail kaepint wUh die (uUUntty aiid Unuty of Mi auldeet 
 
 ■K 
 
 Wi 
 
 , 
 
 
 1 
 
/ 
 
 68 
 
 NIAOABJL RITEA AND FALLa 
 
 BMUOB TO BATH OLAND. 
 
 I over the falls of Niagara, may be formed from tho fact, that the Wtern and tribntwie* which nm\j 
 the river Nuigora, cover a surface of not lew than one hundred and filly thousand tquare miles; 
 and contain, aa nearly as can be estimated, about one hulf of all ihe frenh water on the globe. 
 
 Niagara i ivcr is, in its whole »>une, quite in kee]|}iii^ with the stupfjiJouj? cataract fnim which 
 lift princi.nal interest in derived. There is nothing uaigiuticHnt, nothing piUtry, nothing common- 
 place about it, from the lukc Ln which ito vast floods have birth, to thitt which they supply. It is 
 every where grand, mighty, njid majestic. When sprciid to the diiw-nwons of a little sea, it has 
 no resemblance to a shoul; and-^hcn cdntractcd U» the bre«»dth of « creek, it seenu to posseaa the 
 power of on ocean. The very interruptions it meets with in ita wny, seem placed there only to 
 exhibit the immensity of its force. The basin which receives its prodiLaoua far-falUns volume, 
 resembles an abyss ■^nihout bounds to its capacity; and the ccuupressed channel throucn which it 
 then flows, seems to have opened its rock-bound bnaks to an imprisoned sea, that would Lave burst 
 a passage, hud escape been denied. 
 
 Ifaking a Sharp angle at the Falls, it rolls on 
 through oeaulaful curves, in an almost strdght di- 
 rection ibr about two miles ; then wmds gracefully 
 off to the left, and passing through a succession of 
 noble bends, nishes, vniq^ impetuous and uacoo- ^ 
 trdlable, into the Whirlpool, where, like a baffled 
 Titan sttug^ling with his bonds, it rages and plimges 
 round the impenetrable barriers that hem it m; and 
 at last, having gathered anew its mighty energies, 
 nishes headlong oc in a fresh directi<m, and bovmds 
 awOT, free, feaneia. and triumphant 
 
 (jontinuing in its new course — having turned less 
 than a right-angle — but a short distance, it roOs 
 away graauafly to the west, and having gained its 
 finrner direction, hurries on, inclining now (o the 
 right, and again bending to the left— nere madd«a^d by restrami; and then tMothed by e^xuMJon, 
 to the end of the mountain-plttn, from the gaming jaws ci which it rushes angrily fortli, but soon 
 recovering the serenity of iti na^ve seai^ and no longer chafed or eriraced, it flows quietlr fod 
 smoothly on, through gentle curres and weobg banks^ to the sweet lake whose aaH embrace it has 
 
 OOTUtT or THB WOnUJNXMr-OAMAIM, 
 
 Ti 
 
 f< 
 
 ii 
 
 o 
 
 SI 
 
 m 
 II 
 
 mm M , 
 
i^r 
 
 ■«" 
 
 ms 
 
 kh tnmiy 
 laranuIM; 
 globe, 
 rum which 
 ; conunon- 
 iply. It is 
 sea, it has 
 poHwn the 
 )ro onl J to 
 ig v<daise, 
 'h whioh it 
 have bunt 
 
 lDA 
 
 'e^MOHon, 
 h, but soon 
 qvietlr fod 
 jnooithM 
 
 
 MIAOARA RIV2R AND FALLa 
 
 69 
 
 Mb iMllMn taWn M »if|MM« MkN k ML 
 
 ooroe to br, and encountered ao nraob, to meet, snd b whose peaoeftiil boaom it finaDT ainki to 
 repose. 
 
 llie Oatanet is made up of three distmot Ms. The Great Horse-Shoo Fall is between Iris 
 Islaod and the Canada nhora The Oenteal Fall is between Iris Island and Luna Island. The 
 Amiirioan Fall is between Luna Island and the ....nerican shore. 
 
 The Cave of the Winds is back ot, or be&kd the Central FalL Reascend the slc^ng bank to 
 the Central Fall, and the Cave of the Winds is before you. At the entrance, tou pause to look 
 up at the projecttit'T clifl^ and the spnritling torrent that shoots off far above, fiilling fiur over, aad- 
 fiu- bdow you ; and- down ut tlie piles of rock hei^ied up around, and the foam and the spnqr 
 springing to light and .loveliness from the rock-wave concussion. The mightiest throes give 
 iHrtit to the most beautiful thiun ; and thus the ranibow was bom of the deluge. 
 
 You are on the steps dMc^uAng- into the cavern. The majesty, the sulll •\y of the scene 
 cannot escape your nwie^ an, you will feel what I find it impossible to Ci^yyce. A Wall ^f 
 rock rises frowning on one side ; the falling sheet arches the other. You «kje it leap fi:m 
 the cliff far abov^ and lash the rooks far below. You seem between two eternities with a 
 ffluat mvstery before you, wiiose secrets are about to be revealed. What a momen - is this 1 
 From the vast cavern into which you are passing, comtss the sound of a thousand stonna. 
 You hear the mad winds raging around the walls of their imprisonment, nnd mingling their 
 fearfid roar with the reverbumttog thunders of ^e -catarsct ! The spray falls thick around 
 you, and, almost overpowered w:ih intense, emotion, you hasten on, descend the steps, reach 
 the bottom, instinctjvsfy retire from the rushing waters, and, having gained the centre and back 
 of die cave, pause to look around. .You seem all eyes, all ears, 3l soul 1 You are m the 
 sublime sanctuair of Nature—Har wonderfjl and fearful mysteries are abo^e, beneath, and 
 around you. Qod b Infinite, you are nothing ! This is fiOs trmpie, you are His worshiper I 
 It is impossible in such a place to be ureverent Tho proudest, here is meek ; the haughtiest, 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 
/— ^ 
 
 i 
 
 70 
 
 NIAGARA RITBR AKD FAUA 
 
 Z- /;^p^^-5.-^mto^ 
 
 4 
 
 \ ■ / 
 
 ^-C v^. 
 
 humble ; wd tb» loWert, lowly. The rights wid ■oundi thai oroi^d upon tout gaie. and fill 
 your eaw, will be remembered to the ktert day of tout life ; nor witt the emotiona that 
 ■well your boeom and thrill your Teiy ioul, be erer forgotten. 
 
 Tm Sc8P«HeioH Bamoi, two and a half nulea below the Falh, apana «ie immenle «hani 
 of Niacarti River, and eenrea an a connecting link between two grsat na&ooB. 
 
 Thio stupenduouB work was ewnmenced in February, 1848, under the aupeimtendenoe of 
 CfumM Eli«t, jr., of Philadelphia, and finidied d«ing that year. ^ ^ ^ _, , ^ _, . 
 
 The lenirth of thia wonderful fiibrio, fiom tower to tower, is eight hundred feet It H 
 twelve feeJ wide, two hundred and thirty feet above the surface of the nver, and caoahle 
 of auataining a weight of two hundred and fifty tona. It certainly B a tnumph of art There, 
 over the raging element, it himgB, gorgeous and sublime, as a fit associate and companion & 
 
 the mighty stream it croeaea .»,,,., . ^. ,i. *#jj 
 
 Thoimmense wire cables, eight in number, thai look like an mverted ndnbow of faded 
 eolora; the strong towers over which they are suspended; the solid fr *e«un«8 m the rooks at 
 each end; the tWck heavy planking that trembles at the lightest brt ?* md undulates ^nerth 
 our foot^ps,— combined with the sullen roar of the savage strea . beneath us, and the 
 giddy, painfiJ he'ghfto whitli we are suspended, inspire i:a with ihe highest enMtiona of 
 
 awe and sublimity. .,,'.. v , ^ i _.!— 
 
 There b another bridge of mach greater length, though o< l'* elevation, now m pw«««» 
 of builchng, six mUes and a half below this, at Lewiston, deaiffv^d to connect this nllag* 
 T/ith Queenston, on the Canada side. Its length between towre^ m some fourteen hunifred 
 feet, and will form, when complete, amrther great highway betwecii u&rmda and th« UiMed 
 Slates. ' ' ' 
 
 L 
 
 • Fram fiiirka'f Qnide. to Niasm Fslls. 
 
 " 
 
 t 
 
 fe'v.< 
 
;aie,aad fill 
 
 tondenoe of 
 
 feet It it 
 and cwpahle 
 art Then, 
 >inpanioii SI 
 
 m of faded 
 the roclu at 
 uli^es 'ueath 
 IS, and the 
 eokotiona of 
 
 r k prooeaa 
 I Uiia village 
 sen hundred 
 I the United 
 
 " 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 ynw Of TBI VALLS or n. joitbokt. 
 
 Tbu TmuTOBT ia boonded on the North by Canada West, on the EMt bv Lake Sn- 
 periOT and Wiaoonsn, on the South by Iowa, and on the Weat by the Riven Miaaouri and 
 White Earth, harinff an area.olT 100,000 aquare milea. It comprisea all that portion of countiy 
 ■tuatid at Uie heaa waters of MiaasaipjM, Lake Superior, and many of the northern branchea m 
 the Ifiaaouri River, '^'he &ce of the country is no where broken by mountain chains, although 
 many portions are highly elevated, conaistinflr of temeoK plaUau or table-land, which sends ou^ 
 from inexhaustible reservoin, some of the lar^^ 'streams on the &oe of the fflobe. But the 
 greater pacrt of this country, conaisti of rolling prairie, oak openings, with roreets of pine^ 
 ti^m^'^V, beeob, and the sugar-maple. In thea« immense uncultivated districts, are found all 
 kinds of wild game : tiicre is the Dear; the fox, the large grey wolt^ the deer, and the antelope. 
 Als(^*the wild goose, the duck, and prairie hen. Pigetms in vast swarms likewise abound in 
 iheae fi»ests. 
 
 No oountty in the world has a greatnr number of rivers, lakes, and tarings, than Ifinnesota. 
 Besides the MUssippi and its innumeraBle branches, here the swolon flcrad of the Ifiaaouri 
 finds a supply. Here the mighty St Lawrence, with its wide-spread lakes, has its origin. And 
 from tliese regidmv Winnip^, Lnke of the Woods, and Rainy Lake draw their waters. Ilieae 
 waters are wdl stocked with fish, that fnmiah the wild Indian and adventuroua i^neer with 
 food. 
 
 . The lands are all well ad^ted to agriculture ; barley, oats, wheat, and potatoes, are pro- 
 duced b abundance. The strawberry, ra^beny^ bladlbeny, and bluebeny grow spootane-^j 
 ouriy, of a large size and an excellent quality. 
 
 lWeler% vuitinff this Territory, aU speak in the moat ecthuaiastio terms, of its piotvraaqua 
 scenery, of its k>v«y lakes, i^arUing and cool ^tings, its Ms and oaacade% its healthy and 
 bradng climAte, and of Uie strange superstitions of the ontotored Bed Man that atiU roaans 
 over ita wildemeasesi 
 
 Tbi Faxxs or St. AvrBOBT, nnk as first amcog the cuzkaitioi ci this Territory. Tha Mb- 
 
 W 
 
 m" 
 
 I 
 
/ 
 
 «■ 
 
 i ' 
 
 " } ■ 
 
 72 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 iiiappi Riftr ti the fiJla, b 691 jarda wid«, and ia divided into two an«qual ohAuneb by 
 CaUraot laland, which extenda a«Tenl roda abore u4 below tha FaUa^ baTing a width of 
 about one hundred yardx 
 
 Thi view on page 71 repraaenta the Eastern channel, aa it appeared in a atate of nature. 
 A dam haa recentfy been vtnwn aoroaa to Cataract laland, ao Uiat the beauty of the fall ia 
 dnitroyed. 
 
 The fall of the Western ehaand ban met with a atill worae fiite. The whole Umestone rock, 
 over which the waters poured in one unbroken sheet, and behind which travoiera walked in 
 sAfcty, haa lately broken away, so that the waten now run dowb an inclined plane, itiatcad 
 of driving over a precipice. 
 
 The frUl of water, in'^either channel, ia not more than 20 or 35 feet, and ia aublime, 
 only when taken in connection with the rough, savage scenery around 
 
 Ht. Paui., the capital, and largest town In the Territory, is situated on*the North or left bank 
 of the Mi«sissippi, 8 miins below the Falls of 8t Anthony, and 827 miles by water from Ualona in 
 lUinoiii It hua a population of over 1200 inhabitant^ and ia doubtless destined to bo a large 
 and Important city. 
 
 St. ANTifONT, at the Falls, ia situated on the East side of the river, and ia fiut advancing 
 in population and importance. It haa an excellent water power, healthy location, and will, doubt- 
 less, be a place of fashionable reaort 
 
 Mendota, three miles above St Paul, on the opposite aide, ia a amall tltough important 
 Tillage, from its being at tl»o mouth of the St Peters River. 
 
 Fort SNiixiifo, directly across the St Peters, from Mendota, ia situated on a high blvft 
 The Military Reservation here, embraces about 100 square miles. 
 
 Kapobu, an Indian village on the West bank of^ the Miaaia(ripi4 and five mile* baknv St 
 Paul, has a population of 300 souls. 
 
 Stillwater, at the head of Lake St Croix, ia 18 mile* by atags irou St Paul It* pn|nd»- 
 tion is about 1000. 
 
 PsHBMA, about the size of Stillwater, is attuated oa Red Birer in latitude 40' It ia the noil 
 Borthera town m tin Territory. 
 
 Pilot Khob, 262 feet above low water, in the Miaataappi, k a oonuMnding ediineBM two 
 nilea from the mouth of St Petera Idrer. 
 
 MAinaK'a Rocs, or Lover'a Lei^ is a hisk pronumtory, on the Eaat ade of Lake Pepia 
 Here a beautiful Indian maiden, it ia said, beinff compelled to many agidnat her will, threw 
 henelf down upon the xocka beneath, and waa picket. i.p a lifeleaa oorae. 
 
 FouireAzir Oavb, so called from a rivulet ot diure water that flowi throogh i(» ii atiuted 
 Bear tlM bank of the Misaiaaipjri, two and a hiuf milea above St PwiL It le 100 feet ]$B|^ 
 SO wide, and compoeed of white aand-atone, reaembling 8ugur-loa£ 
 
 pAnrein Book, two milea above Stillwater, on the St Oroit River, ia a high predpiee^ tm 
 Hie b»i of which are, carved and nainted, numerooa iniage% figure^ and UieruglTpluea. TUe 
 plaoo k hdd in much veneratiaii by ue Indiana. 
 
 •I 
 
 ! 
 
 ji^iMtmimikt^imimiftirm 
 
HW 
 
 ■• 
 
 •1 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, u coded to the United States by Meiico, ii bounded by Orrf/on on the 
 North, the I{«>ckjr Mountain! on the Eaat, Mexico on tlio South, and the Pacific Ocean on 
 the Wc«t; compriMn^ an area of 400,000 nquaro miles. 
 
 THE STATE Ot CAMFORNIA embraces ncnrly one half of this t«rritory, or alvrnt 
 180,000 square miles; consiMting of a largo extent of land, bordering on tlio Pocilio for 800 
 miles, havmg a uniform width of about aao miles; and reaching from Oregon on the North, 
 to Mexico on the South. o o 
 
 Tiia Gold Rkoiom is that portion which lies in the Valleys of the Sncrnmento and San 
 Joaqum llivcrs ; where a greater quantity and abundiuico of the preeioua nietnl has been 
 procured, than m any other part of the known world. The gold is found hero in its virgin 
 8tat.% m three distinct deposits; IsV— in the sand and gravel beds; 2d— mixed with decomposed 
 granite rock; and, 3d— mixed with taieote slate. 
 
 Tui CuMAM of California varies very much in different parts. In the Valley of San Juan, 
 It IS said to be that of a paradise, mild, healthy, and serene. While in the Valleys of .Sacra- 
 inento and San Joaquin, it is subject to great extremes of heat and cold. Tho year is di- 
 vided into two seasons— tho teet and the dry. Tho former commences in December and con- 
 tuues till March; the latter htsts during the remainder of the year. 
 
 Whether or not tho soil and climate of California ore adapted to agricultural purpo8o^ is a 
 ouestion of much controversv. Wilkes gives it as his opinion, that the amount of arable land in 
 this portion of California, will not exceed 12,000 square miles; though, by tho process of irriga- 
 tion, he thinln it would prove exceedingly productive. 
 
 A* to the salubrity of the Climate, it may justly bo remarked, that in no part of the 
 world, could men expose thcmse'ves so much to the hardships of toil and depnvation. and 
 suffer less from th« effects, than in California 
 
 The population at the present time, numbers as high as 800,000 ; and it is made up of 
 tlj« most heterogeneous and motley mass of human beings, of any other country under 
 heaven. Her^ every language is sf^oken; and here, after a lapse of thousands of years, tha 
 noise and confusion of Babel is again heard. Here are men of every profession and trad»— 
 of every rank and oradition b life. Here are rich and poor, learned and unlearned; and, 
 contranr to every other country, the true nobOity are those that dig th« dirt. And if this 
 noble democratio principle will last, then California will have produced a comer-stone for the 
 monument of true democracy, that will do more to oommemorate her fame tlmn the golden 
 
 mu T ^* ®'**" Nievada, to adorn the monument of Columbia's honored Son. 
 
 The oinly good harbors of California, remarks Wilkes are San Diego, Son Francisco^ and 
 Bodega. There are besides several me,>* cads, which have been used as anchorages during 
 tiie summer season, via.: the Bays of Monterey, San Pedro, and Ranta Barbara. San Dieiro 
 ta the most Southern port b the State, and is believed, by Bayard Taylor, to be the 
 best on the Pacific coast, witli the exception' of Accapulco, in Mcxica 
 
 Bodega Ilea to the North of San Francisco mnety miles, and ia of less importan » than 
 either <tf the others. '^ 
 
 From California Sacramento 'a rolled, 
 
 Southward and west; through rcginia rich wUti goUL 
 
 To Sacramento drives San Jo-a-quin, 
 
 Ita course north westward on the map is seea 
 
 (7») 
 
1 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 
 ht' tk» mMtk impor\arA Mvr in U« 
 ".•m.^ laiitaiUit nn • bay sf Ux •>«• 
 M. In ^ •oDinMurcUl poiotuf >i«v, 
 ttiM eit/ bkla ftir of b«iomlii( U>« am- 
 porfboa of Um* UwU, tk« ooairuarM^ kiul 
 th* wwklUi, of th« VMM pMiile. WtlK » 
 niliMwl eunnvcting it with \h» AtUntin. 
 It wouk! doubtl*^ t*k« rmak Amuug tha 
 flrateiti«sof th* globe 
 
 Saokanbito Oitt, 'Jm Meond town 
 in aiM tod ImportuM, li MtuatMl ii 
 tha S«cnun«uto Rivor ; by an tnuDiJa- 
 Uon of which, it waa onca naarl^ da- 
 atroyaiL A lo»aa liaa itxiantJy H*«»o 
 tkmwn up, for th« purpoae of prota«l- 
 ing it from furthar encroacl'mau^ 
 
 SuTTBi, luunad is hocor of (Hpt. 
 Suttar, and aituatail ^ »*>• •"»•<• «' »•• 
 Tigation ou tha Skenun«iiU>, ia notad aa 
 tha point from which tha roaila iaaue 
 kMding to tha Northarn minaa 
 
 V nutoM, at tha juuetion of the Baen- 
 manto and KnaUicr lUvam, ia • U>wu of 
 aoma importanoa fh>in tha eoootiy 
 arjuad it. 
 
 Btooktoii, tha cou mareial dapot for 
 tha Southern mlnaa, ia aituatad ob tlia 
 water* uf tha Ban Joaqnin. 
 
 ALTcao, at tha head of tha Baj of 
 San Fnuieiaco, ia aituatad in one of tha 
 
 moat failila diatiieto of Oalifomia. 
 
 I 
 
 Among other towna of note, may 
 be mentioned Saw Joaa, tha pr aaawi 
 Capital of the State, and aituatad near 
 the Southern extramitj of tha Bay «f 
 Bail Franciaeo. 
 
 UTAH, or lb* dirtrlet of Ih. QaaAT «*»_ l.iiia. «IM .!«. ""•»«;. '•■''''•"li.V^S Mo'?^!!? h7r."^S»iIhid uMlS! 
 llBCor Iha RMl Oy«rl«na Rome lo California. Ii li hmt ih« iliorei of ihli ltk«, ih«i tha Mormon» h»« •auoiun.a umwmtm. 
 rr*m ihto pUe* !• ih* Gold R«|i»ni, *• Jouriwy requlrsi fonr five Atj; wlih wagon*. ^^ .i._.^ 
 
 M^i irkTou watan af whltli ara »ar» aall ami blliar, la alKiut «BT«nty mile* loi«, and from forty Co flxty WW* i l)#ln« •»▼«•• 
 JS^trn'Sm IbS?? The toiil Jf tha «a Soma of <ia landa around' ihia Uka ara aiiramaly farUI., wWI. otkara ar. barrta. 
 Baar Rlwr, aoipiyiog ia from tba North, la azeaadlntly cold "«> "•.''•"l*"",'r .„,., „, .^^ J,^^, -,,,, 
 
 Utah Uka, ihawaMraaf wUek ara fraah, amptlaa Into Salt Uka, br «ha channal of Uia Utah RW 
 
 Tha aoUw baaia 1 Um araat Salt Uka, or, mora oroparly, tha tarrliory of "'•»>.«»'"?"•« an 
 
 " 
 
KANSAS. 
 
 Ki NSAl, ••• «f IM >•* TMMra RUtM, Ijlng M*Mn IT* 
 •ml 40>> N. lal., ' M h«t«'Mii at' ut »«■ lu »n<r im* W. km. 
 About IIIO<n!)<M ni tiM W. portion llM Ixtirwn IK* Mid «(>•' H. IM. 
 Il Ir iMaiid* I 21 tM N. I>7 N«bi« l>» T»ii. irf ; an th* K. ''V 
 th« maM of UxMiirl I oD ibe R. b/ ch« lD<1l*n T«fili«rr twt 
 N*» M<>lo>i kc'') W. ^ N*« MciicoMMl Utah. ThI* Htau la 
 kbwul A}0 uiIIm 'n l«i|th, ftun R, ta W , iitiil !IM i« tin kIiImi. 
 •atl IN id lU W. |Mirl, Ineludlng M art* of iiMily 114./^'* 
 mnar* mllM. Th« li»< ky Moaotalna wparat* II (ruin Via 
 »sd III* Mlwrarl Hlttr A.rnit « imkll (>«rl of lb« N. E. botin 
 dart, 
 
 fW« ■/ Ikt I'ltmtrf.—Xt* fn-e* of tha munirr !• naartjr unl- 
 htm ttum tba Mtala Una to tha haaa of tlio nountalna, bvluu 
 oaa aoniliiuxl filaeaMlnn or (aiitir uadulallna rlilaaa •ail 
 Tallajpa i Iha irnaral Inoltnatliin of ilia rlil|p>« It N. auJ It., r..ul 
 Ihajara th'«iiii l.ilo.Tarl"ut otitar lilrantlima br Iha eoiina of 
 Iha atr'*in« ami Iha con'uratalloii of lh« rallaya. Tlir llril 
 dlilrloi •arlx In atldlh from HU to 'MM iull<t«. Tli« Hc<in<l illi- 
 trl<it wparatMl r >iin4hii HrA by a u>r.;iniii Mil of IIX) jrsrila In 
 Willie, rraHQtn 1" Ilia rya a •urfara aiiuarantly of laiiil, but 
 aurarol <-lth graMaa 'n<l ruthaa, »>|>a<'lally In ma vallayi *A<I 
 ballawa, vbara (raaa >• abumtaivi •l>iiln| Iba whula laaioii. 
 ThI* illalrlfll aitanda from Haniiy ('■•">k W. about UO nillaa. 
 Tha Ibin] dia'rht, a iiarri". Irragiilar ImIi, la a formation of 
 utarl and aaflh; llnia<t<in« vuiluuail S. imm Nabraika. In 
 tbiadutrlcl occur IhiK* i << ullar furniatlona eallad "hiitiaa," 
 rarylni la « Uh fTnni HI.) fkat to aararal bumlrad yanlo. with 
 flat •ur'Wiaa. «iiil nearly "arpuudlcular ildaKiaiiparaiitly formed 
 k/ tlia «iibalil«naa of tha luri oui ding iaad. Ti.a Aiurih illatrlol 
 la eomrwhal tlmllar to tba fliit, at laaal along tha baaa of tha 
 lIlMk Hllla. whara II haa barn anrli bait tm agaa by tba dabria , 
 but Iharr li mora wood n^>a II. Tlia C. portlou K paatoral, 
 but tba W., akl'tlng tha hllla, trrHla, flnaly timbarad ud 
 vatarail. abiK'.pdlQg lu cama, wild fTulta and (lowara. Th< 
 flfth dlHr'ol. eoaupyl <g tha apnea batwtan Iha Black Hllla aii' 
 tba Haaky MauaUt\ua, piaaania avary f trial/ of hill ami dnl' 
 mouBlaln ami vallajr, irarariMd by rUalata, and »lorn»l win 
 Ukaat W. o' ibla iooeaada > alarlla a>|>aiiiia of many oillaa. 
 •uvarad witit waring Itnaa <i.' miviI, and aurroandad by paaki 
 of bara granlta ; thara a.a, hnwaTar, loma rich f allaya, and Iha 
 hollow niurmar of rWcleta may !>• haard bauaath yonr faal. 
 Tha flral dlatrlc^ It anrWallad In ftrtlllly, and haa valuabla for- 
 aat trao>. 'naludlng hlaaory, aah, walnut, ami iitaar-nuipla, but 
 II la n<.> ulla ar> wall tlwlierad aa tha countrr In tha •« i« ranga 
 in t! iri. Tba rallay of tha Kanaaa la Kara frco; jil to iO 
 mllai it. haaa da«p alluTlum, and la Tary product Ira. Tha 
 f allay of Iha Mlaaouri li of a almllar obaraotar. Uatwfan lh<> 
 Nabraakaaod flatta Hirari, taya Profrti* Jamaa, the nurftwa 
 of tha oo'intry preaanta a oominuad luoci- '<i, of taull roumlail 
 hllla, baoiuulof Urger aa you approach t)>« Irara. Vha toll la 
 dean and rapoaea ou hadi of arglllaemiuaaandatoDa and nAnnda- 
 ry ItmaaioDa. Th* »«coiid illiirlcl la underlaid by ianiMtona ; 
 tha baala of tha thlnl U not known, nor la that of Hit Ibarth and 
 fifth. Cual It ballaTi>l to eiUt plaotlflilly In tha last two, aa 
 Willi aa an Jibandant lupiilyof watar-nowar. 
 
 Kw<ra.— 'The rlrart toliowlngtha daellnattoB of Iba eoontry 
 all hara an R. i;v 8. E. ao'irta, with tha axeaptlou of tuniaof 
 tha tinaller Irtbular'at. Tha Mlaaonrl ^)^nu tha N. R. boun- 
 dary through n«jarly a dagraa of latltuda, with but little raria- 
 tlon to tha W., thongb with nany wlndloga. Tha Kaiuaa, tba 
 largaai rlrer whoaa aonn* It moaily within the State, iolot the 
 Hlaaourl Jutt before thia rlrer antart the fltate of MItaourl. 
 Inaladinc Ita main braneht*, the Rapubliaau and Smoky Hill 
 ^rkt, It haa a ooarta of from MC to lOJO mli«* Tha latter 
 rnat nearly throogb the mliMle^f the Hula in a "atlan a lit- 
 11^ N. of R. TheJiepubllcaa Fork rliei In the .^. W. of Ktn- 
 aaa, bat toon panaaa Into Nabraaka, whieh U trareraee for from 
 MM to 3<W nillea, when It ratorna to Kanaaa, and |olna the 
 ■aioky Hill Fork in about lat. tit* 10' N., and Ion. M" 40' W. 
 Tba Oaaga ritae orar 07* W. Ion., H. of the Kaniaa, and rnm 
 E. into Ifltaoari. Tha Arkanaaa rlMt on tha W. boundary, and 
 hat, with Iba axeaiiUon of aalUht bead into New Melico, about 
 half lie aanrN In tliii Blaia. The Naoaho, tha rerdlgrla, and 
 
 Iha l.'ltia ^rkanaaa are lla principal Irlbutarlet from Rtntaa, 
 all lu Iha !• K. |«nloa. Tha little <'aa«a an4 llarniamn hare 
 
 lliair i.-M In thIa Stale. The ritil* liaa Ita origin la Iha 
 
 N. Ill Kanaaa, and ran< V Into Nabraaka, Mtaaiiil>»aia tacand 
 Iha Kanaaa to Fort Kllay, and ihaUrkanaaa, at high waiar, lUU 
 mlUa within Iha .iiata. Tha rlrara In ganaral havi broad, ihal- 
 low bailt, which, In dry taaaunt, form llitla mure than a tarlet 
 of iHiula. 
 
 initfit If/ hutrm la T>HirMff.— Prnmlnanl among Ihate 
 •lamla I'Ika t I'aak, near Iha W. borilar of KanaM, whli>n aoari 
 lor a aallmalad tialghl of li.iiOII daai. and la alwaya covara I 
 • III •now, Tha utual rarlaty, that nharaclarlitia niiMinlalmiiia 
 ragloiii. nf gorge, iiraciplra.jiaaa, |H-ak, <allay, ami eaaaaila, la 
 haraxliilill'xl, Tlie Hiuth Pafk la a Uaullful naliirai anclu- 
 aure, i.si<«r«<l with graaa and aurruundd by mount Una, at a 
 great aleratlon abora Iha aaa. '! ha bulIKi hare li«' ilruady 
 larrrrml to. Eten lu tlir E and middle B»ct:'<aa, aiilaiuihl iiano- 
 ranilii il«w< may b« vriJuyaU frntn tha rUarbluffa, which rua 
 from Ml to >KI faal. 
 
 .Winaroja -KnldUh, yellow, and blue limaatona, with a t|n- 
 dnicy to eryaiallltaii'm, chart, granlta. Ibldapar, rati aamliioioi, 
 (often 'iriiiirrlrig In bouMara of tararll |ona' weight,) aud coaI 
 lu Mvaral placaa, are the known mioerala, be,.l<laa | ahblni of 
 granlto, i|iiarti, and imrpliyry, with tmne taiga bliAika nl |,ir- 
 phyrlilo graoite. 
 
 hirral JV«m. -ror MO inllea W. of the Ulaeourl, ir,aral 
 rarlatin of . .Ak, aah, aycamora, blili >ry, buckeye, walnut, 
 hadkliarry au^ar maple, ami auoiao are found In ounaldarahla 
 abundance oi tha rlver-lhittomt ; while In the *#ooad diatrlot 
 limber la rery tcarca. eiaapt a fkw ooIIoowuihI and wlliow-lreat 
 on tha margin of tha alreana. In tha raountaloout regloot of 
 the W., Ibreelt of <-<lar pine, wmlar, ai I (|uaklog aah clutha 
 thaalopet of Iha IUh ky MountaUa, whili ihe rlrer-Kittoiria are 
 oorarmi with coitoawood, wllluw, boi < lar, cherry, eurraut, 
 and sarrloa huahea. 
 
 ' (ofy,— The bulThlo, elk, dear, anieh i>e, pralrit dogt, and 
 I' airralt ar« ainong Iha quailrupada , and of tha feathered 
 . ibea there are the wild turka/ and gonaa, prairie hen, par- 
 - ridge, gulden oriole, blue Jay, red-bird, crow, and a great 
 raitaly nf tba tmalUer Binla. Amoof lk« reptilea la tha 
 horned frog. 
 
 fartt and Aaffima. Flrtt among lh«N tra tha hrit,' 'li : 
 Fort HIley, near tha • .mniience of the He|iuhllcan and n 
 itinn'a Inrka of Ilia Kanaaa: Fort I,<'a>rnworth,on Iha Ulaau <<i 
 Hirer, II uillat abo- « tha moiiih uf Hi* Kanaaa ; Fort Alkluaon, 
 on >ha Arkanaaa, near the KHi" of W. Ion. ; and Bant'a Fort, oil 
 the Arkaoaia, bft»>-«n lul" and 104" W, lou. The atalloiia Irr, 
 Walnut Creak I'usl-offlca, on -ha Arkanaaa, at Iha iiiontli of tha 
 creak of that Da>n«, and near the W0" of W. Ion. : Big Tiabara, 
 a fkrorlta oousoll-gruund and rtii<l<'iraua,Ilmllte below lUnt't 
 Furl; -Pueblo dt San Carlot, r/n ^lie Upjier Arkanaaa, in Iba 
 IWaf W. Ion. ; a poat-offlca a a Dataware City, 10 milea 
 atwra tha mouth of Kanaaa; j ., (Irote, a noieii cim|ilng- 
 ground, ii mllaa W. of Weai|>-irt, Hianourl; and Cuuiicll 
 Mrora, a famed tlopplng-placa on the Haiita Fa trail, In ab':ut 
 X'/S' N. lat., and tt^' ». Ion. There ar« bualdei a large nam> 
 bar of.mlaaionary aUtiona, among which are tba KIckapou, 4 
 mile) abore Fort I,ei>reawurtb ; tha Iowa and Sac, near the N, 
 tKiundary ; the Shawn**, (M^thodtat,) H m laa up the Kanaaa; 
 and 1 mIlea from It the Baptitt, and at S milea the Frienda' 
 School, bitty inlltia >ip tiia Kantai ii the Cathulla miation 
 among tha I'ottawota. ?g ; Uecker't Ottawa mlaaion, 8. of the 
 Kanaaa Itlrer, n«ar t' , Mlaaouri llnti and nrar it the Baptlat 
 Mitrlonary and Labor -chool ; and the Calhulle Oaaire mhal.m, 
 on the Neoahn Rlrer, in tha 8. E. of the State, which haa one 
 of the largett mlaaluiia and acboolt In Kanaai, and hat 10 tul>- 
 mlaatnnary atationt wlthlo M) mliea of it, which are riaited 
 monthly from it. 
 
 ffm-tmntfnl amJ ffttfary.'^Th* forarnibartt of Kanaaa it 
 almllar to that of other weitein Stateaofthe (Jnlla-I Hlatea. 
 
 K mnat formnl part of the grrat LnuialaDapurchateaciiiilrad 
 froiu France In 18U3, an'l •ubarf^uentiy formed parti of tbtklia- 
 lourl, Arkantaa, and Indian larritorlna. 
 
 TO" 
 
 aHa 
 
memr^Tmiamm 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 «BimAM*.»l«i*Viff »»Ui« Prt1«»<« •toj». I»IM *•'••? 
 Hf (ml «•" K. Ul.. M^ lMlv»n ••••n.l ll»* W. In». I tirih, 
 rrim H. l« M,, «J4 mllM irrnktot Itnglh fnitn II K. I'j H. W , 
 •Itoiit liKW inilM , »r»m"«» lir»«/l li f'">n >'., .. W., dlofu «IIU 
 mllx. II e«»«n •« •"• i' •t>"«l 'J>,"'M ••|u»rt iilliw.</r l«ii'l 
 • niiuih In forai •>• • ith HliUm « llllnol*. Tlilt ti»l >rvi It 
 iMiMiil*.! n itM n. k/ limuh A<n«rk». K. hjr Ih. !»l»l.« «t Mln 
 n<»it», !• ••, »i>4 MIoouM, (ffnii »hUh II l« ••(.•r»i«<l b» lh« 
 UlMmilanil * hit* r»tth lll»-t«,l ». bjr ll>« Hl»t« of K»««M. 
 *ii4 W. li/ lluhnml W*»lilii||lon lurrilorlM •ii't lti« !"••• uf 
 Ur««»n. frnm whU-h II \*Kif»rHmt hj lh*H>'rtv llmtnmiin 
 
 f»,, „/ Ik, r./«M<«r». -Th« 0n»»»' |«rl of iiii< IrrrllHr., M 
 f»r w l» Hi' wn, wwim l» comUl "f lil«li I'ulHi l»ii'l A rhtUt 
 «f hl»hUntU, enllKl lh» IllMk IIMl.. run4 frum t.nt Iht l'l»li. 
 Kl»«r, In »N, >;. illriillim.ln lb* Mlwiurl Hlnf, wlilfli 1IM7 
 itpi>ru».'li m «b..iU IW W. I..M , dl»lill"g 111* wnlrri r.innlHg 
 liilo III" VfUowa.in* frnm lhi.«» H.i«ln| liilo 111* lll«"arl, 
 bnl.iw 114 grpul •niiilioMlti'li UbiI. Ob 111* W,, lh» Riwky 
 Mounlkiiia r«»f lli»lr lufl jr xiroinlu, In «'m« li.«l»n«'« •bo** lh« 
 •niitt lliii'. unil ««M "111 ni'iir* liiio N^lirxl ». ►>••«■•. iil'« r««fc, 
 111* I'lfilnl liii'>«n.imnmll 111 ililn rhuJn, In Ihe I ull»«l Hulw. 
 nn tti* W. Ii-ifiltir i>r llil* ••rrlwrjr, l< I J,»7ii f' «l In h»l|jhl. »U"1 
 I,.iii,r'« Vfikk, •! >h* M. W, exrcmlly, •b-m U"** '•••^ * 
 r««*iil nulh..rlty. wrlllng Wi lli* t\ft, t^'l4 sffiki of N^ 
 brwkikt "Til* mill, fur • «pie» r»rjrlnir fi-mn JO lu UMI mllr* W. 
 uf lh« llUinurl Ul»«r, !• n*uly IiI^iiIIckI wltk that of Mlnaourl 
 unit l.i»». Til* lil(hl»!Hl« •»• o|,*li l<t»\tl* iriiuii'lt rii»*r*<l 
 Willi Kriu*** , lh« rl«*r txHInm • linp, rich luani, •lnulnl bir 
 'leme fiireil Irnn. KtiiTO llill dlMrlct !•■ •boul II n iniiulh of 
 (if Itiiniilni W«i«r Kl»»r U im* bimiiill"" inii«ii«i" "f ri>lllti« 
 iiriklrl*, to r»r»«ly Inlaniilniloil wUh >«i"l m I" I* 'mill ^■f 
 ((rlcultiit*. tul i;»f|>«l«l wllh iuecnliinl nrnxM. A llilnl dn- 
 Inn, tiltndlni In k belt mnnj mil** K. »ii"l W >if Hi* ll»inl»n 
 Vlllig*. on Ih* moHt N. b»i>d of Ih* MltuJiirl, uul tnathwtrti 
 uroM th* H. bouivl»ry of iholtrrllorjr, I* • ftifiuBllon «f ninrl 
 tnd rurlhr llin*«l<in*, which immhoI b« oth.r»l«« lh»n ••rjr 
 nr*iluiHI»* A fourili dl.tilcl, Ijrlng M. nt lb* MUiourl Ult*r, 
 It i> iucrfMluo of iiii<lul»llii« ijl»ln«, I'^rlllo, biilrillier (trx,»nil 
 cuv*r*<l with » Ihlrb tward of gru*. on which fin d liiniimern- 
 bl* h*rd* of bitun, elk, »iiil d*«r. A «nh dlilrl.i I* »t Hi* bu*« 
 of th* Ulkck lllll», «it*ndln| from thtnc* to Ih* K.H-kjr Moun- 
 Uitu, and Ineladliig tli* vallty* of lb* Vtllowai.n'. HarU'i, 
 and '/thor imaller rl»*ri. Th* »all*y of Ih* Y*ll..w>l..n* I* 
 •pari J«, (krtll*. and •alubrioj*. Th* (trram* nr* frlnR*d wlib 
 |r«M tram wh«oc«th4 t*I1«» *i|iand< many mil** to Ih* iniiun- 
 lal. » TbI* r*KloB l*oii«of Ih* flu*.t on <n* «lob«." CiraU.** 
 b**ii (V)und In Ih* iiorlh-w*«t*rn rouiilUi of Mln«uii, and It ii 
 probabi* may b* found la th* »oulh-*a»l iwrtlon nf .N>bra«k*. 
 Th* llBi**lon* formation of Mitaontl and l-wa *itciiJa orer 
 III* Ant ditlrlel of Nabraaka, d*<crlb«d In th* |>**iiai« Juit 
 quoted n«yon<l Ihat dUlrkI th* ftiriuatlun m •anditiiiii- tad 
 •rock* of th* dlluTlan p*rlod— lb* termtr 8. and W. of ih* 
 MI»uutI, chiefly, and lb* lallar N. of II. I^oal haa brcn iKn 
 eroiii'lnf out I* trarloua plao** along lb* N*br»ka Ulrtr, In 
 th* a. w. pari of Ih* Urrltory, by Vnmoui, and oth«r IraT- 
 •l*r*, 
 
 Tb« flr*l dlitrlet la th* only r*all7 good agrleiiltiiral r* (Ion 
 at pr«**nt. It la a rich Inam, flneljr ilDib*r*d and watirc^l, 
 Th* (Kond li itrlotlr paiiural. Th* third haa aoll, but U •!'">- 
 tltut* of timber, and very apanaly *upi>U«d with •nrliiga. 1 i.e 
 fourth alio ha* aoll, but haj the aam* drawback*. The flflb, a* 
 almiuly itated, li un« vf th* flueit region! on the globe In Ih* 
 inm* latitude, 
 
 Nivcrf,— Thii exlenilve tract la lr»T«ne<l by the Mliaourl, 
 one of the molt ImiKjrt.int rlrer* on Ihe globe, wdli-h takea It* 
 rlieon Ih* wcitern border of Nebraaka, among tlir UerllyUlea 
 uf Ihe Kocky Uountalna, runa N. E. for about MMK) nillea, to 
 46* 20' N. lat. : receiving a large numlier of affluent* from the 
 N., and the Yeilowttoue. nearly lOOU mile* long, with a multl- 
 ludo uf tubtrlbutarlea fr>>m th* 8. ;— then turning to the 8. E., 
 purauea Ita courii* for P^.KI mile* furtljor, having Ita flood of 
 walera awelled by Ih* Influx of a oonatant aucceaaloa of atreama, 
 among which the principal are Id the order naoied— the Lllll* 
 Mlaiouri,tbe HanaliUah or Ixiwer White Earth, tlie Mobra- 
 rah and lie afBuenI lb* Kehah I'l^ah, and the Nebraaka or 
 Platte Hirer, all within the territory. The moat Important of tb« 
 N. IrlbuUrlea, beginning at the W., are Ihe tiallalln, Madlaoo, 
 tad Jetferwia Rivera (whoieooaflaenc* brmi th* maloitream), 
 
 (WltiiwMl by the P*«rbnni, Marl*^ Him. Tpfw While farlh, 
 and MiimeriiM* tiiiall atraanie. Th* riali* it Nahtaak*. whiah I 
 ■ lata Htm* lo th* Urrll.iry. ria** In two branfhut, on* In ilia 
 W, nf Kwaaa. and lli« olhar In Iha n. W. |i*r» nf Nahraaka, and 
 flova K ttt ahoul I .'i il mll»a Ihrongb th* M. \,v% of lbi» raiil»n. 
 Th* lli^ llnra ami 1'uniii* River* art Ik* %-t\m1fti trlbularlea 
 ,.f il,e Vullnwai ,i,e, The Mlla'.'-'-l la navigable la Ik* llreM 
 ru'i, ab.n.1 Jnji mllat froaa lli. tUlf of l(a«l».i. and Odunel 
 Mieven ' It uf «| lnl»n II nlghl be n>«vlgal«'l by awall •(•aMb.iau 
 ilUO »f KOO nillaa ab..ve Ihe >'«IU. The Vallnwti.,n* haa b«an 
 navlgiWMl t>f m> mile* by >t«>iinb'iala, and It way Im a«t'«iidv4 
 jno.ir 1,0 fttrlhiT hgnallxNtla. Tli* Kl I'*"" ■la»nit»iiil aaeendad 
 Iha Kabrnaka, In Ih* <|'rlng of l»M, to Ihe dl»l*nra uk 4i'<l or 
 JtfO mil*', but Itil* rlvr 1 i« only I >i BavlraleH at th* hl|;liaal 
 walar, mil avtn itrii lie itvlnalti'ii la dimsnil. A« lla iiKin* 
 liiipiirla, II l« briiail m d ili iMi.w, and durlMif Ih* dry •»i»<"n la. 
 In |i»rta, iinlv a *»rl>* of |b»>Ij. Th* aiiring fraahtit in th* 
 Mlaai'iirl uaually nei'itr alxiiil Ih* l>l of June. 
 
 fWfrrff^ /(ifrr»'«fo Il*ri«««. -Thallreat ri»'l* nf tha HU- 
 anurf, Hid Ih* »•■»(!* *h«i** em'l.""! wllh p»r|"Midli«l*r nil* 
 IJUUfaut hl»h, may rlnlm Ih* rt<l pUr* anniiig Iti* alrlking 
 nalural nhjacta uf llila larrllury, Tli* r»llt aalnnd thrniiih a 
 • pace uf many nill't. and vitry In hul]<lil from l» I" »1 twl, Hie 
 hmifM of the llrrat fall. Snu 4i" N. I»l. nxd US" W, h.n , 
 on lb* brad water 1 uf Lower Wbll* Karth Klvarnr Uaiiklillah, 
 and between Kiel l.nrnnile and Ihe Mlaa-nirl, la a ramarkable 
 tract or valley. alHiul 3U niilea wide, and iierhajie HO or V) Umg, 
 calleil .Uiiiii'iiiMt 7'<rrr«, or "bad laiidi.'' fruiu lli thin, alaiile 
 a..|l, which la ravareil with nnly a very aeanly growth of graaa. 
 Th* a|i|i«ar«i..e <if llila raglnn preaanla a moat alrlking e.inlraat 
 to llml of the ailjacent countrj. " Kroin Ihe unlfbfm, nvmo- 
 tiiniina, and open pralrloa, Ihe travaUi MiddeiilJrdeacoii.lt 100 
 iia VUO feet Into a valWy Unit lnuka aa ir U had >unk a»ay friim 
 Iheeurronnding world, leavitig alanillii« all nver II lh<jiiaan la 
 of abrupt Irregular priamalle and c .lumnar niaaae^, fre<iii*iilly 
 capi<e<l wllh Irregular pyramlila,and aira'chlng up t<> a height 
 of fWuM lOii I'l Mai feet m more. Hn thickly are t'sea* nal'iral 
 liiaara atnddfl over the aurfac* of Ibia aJIraontlnary reu >n, 
 that the traveler Ihreaila hia way through deep, 1 -.nftneil, Uhy- 
 rlnthe iiaaaagae, not unlike the narr.iW Irregular atr»«l» and 
 lanua of aom* i|ii»lnl old town of the Kurupcan contlueiil. One 
 might alinoat Imagine oneaelf a|ipri>achln» aome magnlflcent 
 oliy uf Ihe dewl, wliere Ih* liib.ir and (enlua cf Airiutten na 
 tlon* hail l*fl behind Ihem th* monuroont* of their arl and 
 akill." In one (enui, thti region le truly a great "city of (he 
 Jeail," a* Il conlalna, In Ih* mo*t *ilraii>rdlnary pmfttaloa, th* 
 f'Kall akeletona of <arl<iua tribe* of animali now eitlnci, par- 
 ticularly of tlie I'aihi/Jtrmatn. Among othera. there wiialViund 
 a nearly entlroakeleti.n of Ilia I'efoolAarmni, eighteen feet In 
 length. Unhappily It* *ubaitnee waa too fragile to ailmll of 
 removal.. Kremont't Peak, I3.»7» feel high, and l*n^'e Peak. 
 U.OOO feH high, both alrea<ly refarre<l 10, lie In the W and 
 8. W. part uf lb* territory, thu former Immediately oij th* 
 boundary if Oragon. Th* Idulfk, which often recede ftir tee- 
 eral oille* fnint the rivert, fre<(uently rla* from SO to JOO f**» 
 above the bottom- lamia, and preaent Iha appearance of caatlee, 
 lowert. dumi'i, rampart*, terrace*, kc. In Ih* third dlitrlcl 
 dewrlliwl abnve, rievatlone "called knflee ov the Cananllait 
 Krench and retro* by the Hpaiilarda, ure profurely tca>tere<l. 
 Her* and there the traveler llnda aurfhcee varying in dlamet«r 
 ftoin 100 feet to a mile, elevated from 1} to 50 feet above (b* 
 lurroundliig turfkce They are not bill* or kiiobe the tldea vf 
 which ar* mnr* or l«t* i.teep and covered wllh grata. Their 
 •Idea ar* nc*rly perpendicular, their aarlkoea flat, end ufleo 
 (wivered with moiintafn clicrrlc* and other nhrube. They hav* 
 Ihe appearance nf having huen aoddr^ily el«Tat:d tboT* lb* 
 aurrnundhig anrface by aoine aiieclfla cnu^» " 
 
 Cltm<Ue.—\n a region pitending through 9* of latitude and 
 18" of longitude there muat neccatarlly be conilderable varia- 
 tion In tjmperature and climate. Though the climate of .Ne- 
 braaka haa not l>een acciiraUly aeeertalned, enouL-h It known, 
 however, for practical purpotet. In Kaatern Nebraaka, veg*- 
 Utlon It (on* w*«k* later than In I'lwa, and In the vlclnltr of 
 Ihe mouQlalni aom* wteki later ttlll. From Ilia city of St. 
 lAiula, traveling either northward or wettward, the ellmal* be- 
 come* colder about In the same degree— the dlnrenc* of «l*Ta- 
 tlon traveling weal being about et|ulvalcni In It* aUkot* to Ik* 
 dlir*r*De*of1alltud* travellug oortb. Suow fklla al lb* A<ol 
 
 I 
 
 .. 
 
 [701 
 

 I 
 
 •■ 
 
 V 
 
 N lu U U A H K A 
 
 •r Ik* MMKbtM tklMl MM tM tf t iMMlW t. Mtf M C'MMll 
 Miiairt tloMi th« Itl •( N«f •«k*r. Tmm •*! k« («f*/4«4 M 
 
 Ami ciM r»nt<r W« alii %tl*tlf ft«*pllMlM« lh« )>«« Milt 
 u rur M v<«ri«i»«u Nnr lli« N I: ••lr*inlif Ih* f*!! M 
 
 • nail I* n«i 4Mp. fh* tMI*f • of lh« T«ll*ailnn« *ii>l IM 
 lrll»iU>lM tr« xixMtBiiM M Ik* m»t4t» of Nakxakt. r»f 
 akntii gM mlKa W.»riha Mlta<mrl Nltaf.Mfi fUla. Ih« prdrU 
 Itlrouflt «hMi lh« HalltMt* |>a«*a< la t*.^ rl«h «i> I «.tiiilr*hlf 
 a<l*|.tail I.I riiliitalii.n an.! iha ohola ",li>i<ta" t:,i iha ilia 
 Uma ntnixl. !i«««a«n Iha HktiaM ami SaltfMk*. U « txll aaa/ 
 M III! aii'l ;l«i'llnf l>«*fr ri«l>«. Miirii .•> Ih« praUl* r«(l»ii, 
 
 • hara iiiiiillar.U. la f al ■■..<«ra>1 •lih ilvh |>*ri>iraa. |I«A' lan.'j 
 »t llinhar it ilia |r«*| w»nt »t N*hrt<k« i |ral ihai* kr« nMiit 
 wall iinilwra<l •llatfU'la. Th»fa %n ilanaa hfa>»a uf oitlmixiol, 
 nn ih« Mio.iiirl bnil.-nM, ttsm Ih* m. <ith of Iha NalirMk* !<■ 
 Mlanvanl*. tiKlun Iha klufflkii.! hl|thi4iMl« kiir'lailni th* Ula 
 auuil Hilar, larn* \r»tn» nl llmlMr. k*it4f« I'lniiillaM «t.iia< if 
 Ml. bUrk wtlnitl, Ho)*, alliiiMrf aim, Mh. *«. Tha .Nabrkak* 
 Vallajr la aUla.| (,, Im .iaiiialf atmtwt Air niwir lallat on aka-h 
 
 • I'U. k'l • •llttaii-a of AUnra Ihaii KM mllaa abtita Im m-iiilh, kii.l 
 Iha T*ll*>a ii( Iha rUa't iii.l tiratma Uitaaaii li mul Ilia Mw^r 
 Whlia Ukrih m •.iin«lnllr wall ilmbar..! til il«na« •atllamanl. 
 Th» ti'.ia t^lwaaii th« Yallvaalxn* kiid MlH.iiarl I* kiM akl<t In 
 k« wall wiKxIail. rir. |>ln«, •|.riif«, (M a*<l«r kra fouml In Iha 
 ration nf it,* Itlark KlIU kii'l H.Hikjr MounUliia. ati'l m*;, kl k 
 fiitara dkr, AirnUh liimhar la lh» aularn iwrll.in nf Iha Urrl- 
 I<ir7, lir ll»Mlii| II 4iiwii Ik* irMt rlfkri Vkllvwtl-ui*. Mil- 
 iuurl. •■■•< Nahrkakk. 
 
 ^m«i«/a -Thla <->aiHrrli iha pkrulitii of Ih* hstiUr knil 
 ir*|i|rfr, Th* irllily bai.r, R.kIj MnunUlt iiikl. ahacu, kn<t 
 •iiii>lot.* Iiifail th* ahiit** of Ih* i\nc\j Huiiiilaln*, <t». 
 l*r«, |>knlhtri, l»Uek k«4r«, 4««r, tlkt, kiid voltM krk kbu 
 
 77 
 
 .■•. Tfc* *Ht k*4 fkilff trkHk MHMVHi* Ih* axm 
 iMfMof Ikl* 1*41 r«|i.>n. lli«*mkoki« 4a«*ii<« Ik* Mita.iiri 
 «i>>>it«ih« iMiiik »f Ih* Y«llit»it«n«, kua ilk lk« l»iw« riftf 
 »« «llat. 
 
 r-^fH »n4 /r(«lMfM.— Th* ^(••la«l *if4« kra r*>l Ka«rn«« 
 Fxri l.krami*. r*«t 11. Vrkin, fkit N'libin, turi tliih.ii, r»f» 
 I'Urk, fan ri*>f«, r»r>k Mkiinal, n*rih<il.l, *n.| >ll*>*h<l*r, 
 Anion* Ih* firiHnlMiil aiklUiia *r* Hallatiia, Naiiraal* llaiioi, 
 SahrMkkl'aiHr* l'n*l»m<'*. knil Tkkl* rr**k fo*! nffl««, {)„,%■ 
 hailir.iha <*|.i'*l. «nd l,iiin«|| Hlufi, •« |k« Mlatuinl, U4 
 nillaaalxtaManaatllla li'Wk. 
 
 I'uffimU't Th* |m|>iil*il«n la kltnoal aht,llf mmpmiMt of 
 Ih* alHiriiiirai, ihoiiiih *inl|rtilon h** kir*«<l|i Ii*(*m ii« n.iw m 
 r*|.lillf ihi.a Ih* ni|»nli«il«n iif Ik* Niillorr In M*|, IkM. 
 Th* pili.rl|>*l Irihw of liolikna kr« ih* M*ip>l*iia, Mlualnraat, 
 rimwa, Olio**, Dmkkk*, t'uiMkJk*, r«wii**t, Hlu*ra«a or Arrlak- 
 f.«a, llrM* Vaiiira*, fkll or lUpia liiliAua, UlMt r**l, Ml**aii- 
 !»•«, •ii<l • foloiijri.f lUir Draa'ta. 
 
 Huluru Ilia faiiaa of iha Mlaaniirl wk* flril Tt«ll*i| b» 
 fkhar Mari|ii*<.i*, In iK« l**l half of Ih* I7ih i-anmr*, l,*i««ll* 
 ftillowril hlin In IAhI 3. Nabrktka kirniaU • ptrl nf III* *r*M 
 irkiitnf III* MlMlatl(itil Tdl*/ lo fjrmart, In ITU, tnilwk* 
 Ih* oliJ*«l of l,iiw'« «*l*l'>bt«l lllt*iaal|.n| M.-haai*. fhla Urrl- 
 lut/ Htm* Inta ^i*iaa<i m «f |,i« irnll*4l Hikiaaln |W>S, m kparl 
 nf Ih* LniilaUnk purnhMti, kn<l iiKK-aaalfaly ^rnv •) iiarl* of 
 ihkl kiiil Iha Mlaaoiifl kn'l lii'llkn UirllarlM In lmi4.H an *>- 
 |t*<IUInn noiiinik'! lail hf l.xalt and Clark, iin.(*r Ih* illr**>i(<in 
 of III* I'nlMil *\M<*» «ii»«'nm*iil, **f«nil*<t Ih* tllMonrl Ml»*r, 
 wlnl<>ir<l kl Kort Mau.Un, ami Iha nail ag.rihg er»**«>l ih* 
 Hacky M,.uiitali>t lo ih* |ii*«*uk Sial* ol Oragnn, aiiri ara ka' 
 ll*«*>) In haia b**ii Ih* flrtl ainli«r«r« of Ih* Inlarlor kiMl waai- 
 •rn paru of Nabrat a In Majr, I^M, ih* Cuniiaai of Iti* 
 rnltol f. A'*t aix'itfi thia ranloil Inio a MparkU larrliar/, r*- 
 •arTliif, tin««f«r, lli* right tu lubdlTliI* It, 
 
 OllRGON. 
 
 OREaO!T, k SUt« forrainff th* m<>«l wintirn \wr 
 tion of tilt) domiiin of th« Uniti'il HUtri nf North 
 Amerin«, m riatrirted h* I he rrci'iit not «( Cimtfrcak 
 «"ri««tiii(f tlj« 'IVrritory of Wnkhinnton, U iMinndiTl on 
 the N. br Wii^liinKtou Territory, (from which it ia 
 ai'iinrftt«<l hy th« Cohimliia Kivir niul the 'It'ith |i|iral- 
 Im of N. Intitii.U ;) E. hv tho Konky Moimfniii*, which 
 tiiviila it ft-oiii Nphrwkn; H, liy TUuh territory am<I 
 tlin Htiite of Colifornia, hikI W. l.v tho rimithi Oimiii. 
 It lira hotirfpii 4-J" ami '•'I"' 20 .V, Int., and lu.twien 
 100" 80 and r.'l" 8 > W. Ion., I i-ing ahoiit T-'-O mil,* 
 In extreniii lin^th from H. to W„ and 27H milvk in 
 width, innludiiij{ an area of I8."i,0o0 kiiiiaro milw. 
 
 Faei of tlit^ Country, Mmtnlaiit*, ifr. — Oregon i* ii»u- 
 alljr dividi'd !iit.i thrct> (lortiuni, Ti« : tho IrfiWfrCoiin- 
 try, or porli.di next tha ooean ; tho Miildlo Cuuutrv, 
 or that pnrt which lit>a l)ctworn tho Cukoftdrt Ranp) 
 and tho IJino Moiintnina ; and i\\f llpmr Country, or 
 thof. portion which lion b.twcfln tho IJliio and Uooky 
 Mountain*, On approaching On pon from th« koa. li 
 preii'nti thn ramo Deld, iron-bound ooaat a« Califor- 
 nia, but with thia ditfcrunoo, that tha ooaat range, 
 inatead of running nnrailel with the Paoiflo, i* com- 
 po««d of a kcrick of iiiahlandk, nearly at right angh-a 
 with the ihore, thronuh whose vallovk, the ktrcam* of 
 tht Callapuya or Caiiapooya MoiinUin* (the wc*t«rn 
 limit of the Willamette Valley) doacend to the ooean. 
 Th* flrat *e«Uon i* about from 75 to 120 miles in 
 breadth, and inolude* the Willaniett,e, Uropnua, and 
 Rogue Kiver Valley*, the first rnnimi;^ parallel with 
 the aea, and the other* at right angles to it. The la«t 
 •re S. of the Willamette Valley. The large valley* 
 Taryin length ft-om 40 to 160 mile*, and from 6 to 
 86 nailea in width. One remarkable feature of thej 
 
 Willain.-lte ValUy i« the lliittc*, liixh, eonieal, inaii. 
 Intfd hilla, of about lOlM) f..at in height. Th« Middle 
 *«i>lion fldv.T* a l.nndth of IfiO itiili*, and i* moatly 
 nn rlitinti'd plati'nn. The UfSpor tNiuntry oo.niiiir* 
 tho wi>»tern »lop,i of thn Rocky Moiintniiin, and i* 
 mimtly n atorilo and dnary r/jj-ion, cov.r< d with lava, 
 through which tho rivers cm. Ihtir ohnniu'l* toagri'at 
 dinth ; in nmny placr* lh« ir rooky bi'da arc inacoe*' 
 aiblii to iiiim or I ciiat. Oregon may be (iinphntieally 
 calUd a inonntainoii* country. Bi-Klniilng at tho E., 
 wo have the lofty auinniita of the Hooky MounUln*— 
 rcaohinK ('" '''r'liionfa IViik) nn rloviition of la.OTO 
 f.'i't— *..j,aratintt tho Mi»«i*iiip|,i Vaihy from the I'a- 
 ciHo region, and aon.ling off apiira in a wtatirly direc- 
 tion. About hnlf-wny botwcin the Ronky Mountaiiik 
 find tho raoilio nio the lihio Monntoin*, running 
 nrnrly N. and H., but still *cndiiig olT ridRcs in differ- 
 ent diroations: Theno monntnlim sometime* ri»6 in 
 tho mow region, bilkare geneinlly from JtOOO to 4(M)0 
 feet in height. The Cuseade ICaiigo, hnvi.ig tho Ioftie»t 
 known peaks of any mountains in the Uniteil States, 
 Attend from OO" N. latitmlc (nearly pnrnllvl with tho 
 I'acifio) to tho southern part of Old California, ot dis- 
 tance* (in Oregon) varying from about HO to 1 10 mile*. 
 Mount nood,MoHnt.Ieffer»on, Mount Pitt or Blcl-augh- 
 lin are the principal peak* in Oregon, of which tho 
 first, 14,000 feet in elevation above tho sea lo^el, i* 
 the highe*t, and *eema to be a dormant volcano. Fi- 
 .lally ooriie* th* const range, called in Oregon tho Cal- 
 lapooya Mountains ; these, as has been stated, send 
 off spar* at right angle* with the ocean. Tho Three 
 Uutte* and Three Tetons, about the bases of the Rocky 
 Mountains, ar<5 oojical elevations of cousidcrablb mag- 
 nitude. The Salmon Mountaini erosa the middla tt 
 
 '^•i^m 
 
the caBtera portioa of Oregon in an E. »nd W. dirco- 
 
 '"Afi»wra/».— The minerftl rosouroe* of Oregon have 
 •enro.lv begun to bo develoiJO.l ; gold hrui been found 
 in vBriou. places, fi-om Port Orford to Burnt and 1 ow- 
 dor Rivers. Tbo a«cretery of the Treasury • Report 
 for 1854, gives »13.635 ns tht- amount of -jold depo«- 
 tod at the iiuni, the product of Oregon. 
 
 Itheri, Bays, and La*M.— There i» no very ccnsid- 
 eraoi. bnv in Oregon. The Columbia, the greatest 
 rivr in tlie rnoifio slope of tho Continent, forms half 
 the northern boundar\'. from the point where |^ strikes 
 tho 40th mrollcl to iti month in tho Pao-.fio Ocean, 
 lu great branch, the Snake or Lewis Riv(.T,oud it« 
 tributaries, tho Salmon, Henry, Malheur, and Owyhee, 
 drain tho great valley between tho Rooky ond Blue 
 Mountains. Lewis River rises in tho 8. E., and pur- 
 suing a N. W. course about 900 miles, passeu into 
 Washington Territo.-y, wtere it joins the Columbia 
 soon after. The •WallawaUo, UmotUlo, John Day s, 
 and Fall, E. of tbo Cascade Mountoins, and tho WU- 
 luinette, W., are tho other principal offlusnts of the 
 Columbia from thu State. The Umpaua and Rottue » 
 River, (entirely in Oregon,) and the Klamath, wUieh 
 passee into California, empty directly into th' Pociflo 
 from tho S. W. of this State. There aro several small 
 lakes between the Cnsc.ide and Blue Mouiitains, and 
 near the base of the Rocky Mountains. The principal 
 of the former are Klamath, Abort, Pitt's, Salt, and 
 8vlr.nille» ; and of the latter Godero and Jackson s. 
 The Columbia is nkvigable to the Cascade Range, 
 aliout 130 miles from the sea, for large vesc'els, and 
 •Viovethe cascades for boat*. The Wiiramett^.isnav. 
 igablo to Porlland, and sometimes even to the lalls, 
 ftr ocean araft. Above the.FalU, large steambcsts 
 may run for 80 miles during 8 montho. The Umi.qua 
 is navigable 25 mUea for st«*mert, and Tcsseis draw- 
 inff 12 feet may enter iU mouth. Ihe Klamath i» 
 alw navigable for a short distance. There are few 
 capes orharbora on the aoast of Oregon, which is re 
 markably free from great sinuosities. The most im- 
 portant capes are Cape Blanco, or Oxford, Cape Foal- 
 weather, and Point 'Adams. The hariK)rs ar<- the 
 Columbia River, much obstructed by sandbo.'s and 
 shoals, but adraittbg vessels of 16 feet diuught, and 
 the Umpqua River, which may be ascended by ves- 
 ■«!• drawing 8 feet water for a short distonee. 
 
 Soil «nd Produetioiu.—U will be inferred from what 
 haa been aaid of the face of the eountrj- that much of 
 Oregon ia unfit for tillage ; in the upper country or 
 •astom portion It is almost wholly so, as for n* known, 
 both from the aridity of the soil and the irregularity 
 of the climate. The central porticm, though not gen 
 erally cultivable, aflfords in many place* exceU^nt pas- 
 turage ; bat even the pastoral portion i» but a STnall 
 part of the whole. The great rtsource of tho Orego- 
 man farmers is the country W. of the Cascade Range, 
 aapeciallyin the Willamette, Umpqna, and Rob'"®* 
 River Valleys. The former is rarely surposacd in fer- 
 tility. Wheat is here the staple ; thfs eoul eTemugs 
 and the drought in the latter part of summer being 
 unfavorable to Indian corn. Besides wheat, oats, har- 
 lev. turnips, and most of the fruits and vegetn*;' -s of 
 tlie Middle States flourish. The indigenious luits are 
 the trabcpple, a large red plum, Btrowbernes, rasp- 
 
 bia are very rich alluvian, but incapable of cultiva- 
 tion, from their liability to be overflowed ; they ifiay, 
 however, foYm good pasture-land* for stock. Those 
 portions which are beyond the reaoh of overflow .as 
 the district about Fort Vanoouvw) are exceedingly 
 pHHluotive, On tho triangle formed by the Columbia 
 on tho N. and the Pacific on tho W., is a tract of land 
 of great fertility, oxten.ling back 26 miles to the m<jufl- 
 toins. This is not suited to wheat, but very fruitful 
 in potatoes, oaU, peas, turnips, and other vegetables, 
 and is exceUent for pasturage According to the of n- 
 sus of 1850, Oregon had under cultivation 18-,8o7 
 
 the trabcpple, a large rea pium, Bire.wo.ri.co, i»=j/-i -.- 
 berries, and other berries. The bottoms of theCoVwp-Jgon 
 
 acres of land, producintf 211,9'IU bushehi of wheat ; 
 108 of rye; 2918 of Indian corn, 61,214 of oato; 
 6566 of peas and beans ; 91,8:i6 of potatoes ; 29,686 
 pounds oY wool; 211,404 of butter ; 86,980 of cheese ; 
 orchard products valued at 11.271; market do., 
 190,241 ; live stock, $1,876,189 ; and slaughtered ani- 
 mals, $164,680. . _, , , , 1, » J 
 Forest Tree*.— Oregon is particularly celebrated 
 for its fore«U of gigantic pine. A specie; of fir, called 
 Umberfs pine, grows in the lower region to an onor. 
 mous size, sometimes ottnining a height of nearly 8L0 
 feet, and a girth of 40 feet, and often from 24 to 86 
 foet. Thia 18 the greatsst timber of the country, and 
 is largely exported to the Sandwich Islands and to 
 California. The other timber is the hemlock, cedar, 
 oak, ash, maple, laurel, pine, wUlow, balm of GilcaJ, 
 dogwood, Cottonwood, and aider. The oak, next to 
 thifir, is the most valoable wood, and is found moaUy 
 in the Wilhimette and Umpqua Valleys. ^, . . 
 Animals.— The wild animals are deer, black and 
 griwly bears, elks, foxes, wolves, antelopM, beaver^ 
 muskrata. and martens. In spring and fall, geew, 
 ducks, and other waterfowl are abundant La,m 
 quantities of salmon are eanght in the Columbia 
 River and its tributanea. , . ., , ,, . - 
 Governmtni.— The government u iunilap to that oi 
 all otter western States. . « * t.^-i 
 
 History. — Oregon seems to hav^e been flist trodden 
 by European feet about 1775, when a Spanub navi- 
 gator visited Juan do Fuca Straita. Cook loasUd 
 iiong iU shores in 1778. The Columbia River is b«^ 
 lieved to liave been first made known to the civUiied 
 world in 1791, by Captain Gray, of the ship Colum- 
 bia, of Boston, United States, who saw the mouth of 
 the river, but did not enter it till May of »»»•»«* 
 
 Sear, when ho gave it the name of hu ship. *roift 
 lU tin* np to 1804, the coast of Oregon was oee»- 
 sionallly visited by British and American ftir-tradert. 
 In that year President Jefferaon aent out an exploring 
 ^ party under Lewis and Clarke, who paawd the winter 
 of '805-6 at the mouth of the Columbia. After this 
 period, overland expeditions by fur-traders became 
 common, and these, with the British Hudson Bay 
 Company, held joint possession of the country, (but 
 not without jealous rivalries and bloody oontesto,) till 
 the treaty of 1846, wbieh gave hU below 4ft» N. lati- 
 tude to the United States, EmigraUon from the 
 United States, for the pnrpow of settlement eom- 
 menoed in 1889. There is no doubt that m future 
 time Oregon will p'ay an important part in the com 
 meroe of the Pacific Ocean, and particularly that of 
 ♦ho Polj-nesiun groups. In 1863 the tcrntoy of 
 Washington was separated from the a. panofOra- 
 
.Ju 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 ley ift«y, 
 . ThoBe 
 irRow (M I 
 secdingly i 
 Columbia 
 st of land 
 he mooii- 
 y fniitftil 
 >ge tablet, 
 9 the cen- 
 
 182,867 
 if wheat ; 
 
 of oats ; 
 ; 29,686 
 >f cheese ; 
 irket do., 
 tcred ani- 
 
 telebratod 
 fir, called 
 > an enor- 
 icarly 800 
 24 tfl 86 
 intry, and 
 ds and to 
 ick, cedar, 
 of Gilcad, 
 k, next to 
 mdmottly 
 
 black and 
 I, beaven, 
 Fall, eecM, 
 kt. Lars* 
 Coluuhia 
 
 to that of 
 
 st trodden 
 inUb navi- 
 ok loattad 
 lirer is b»- , 
 M eiviliced 
 hip ColuQ'J 
 a mouth of 
 of tha next 
 bip. Frodi 
 a was o««ap 
 fiir-traden. 
 ,n exploring 
 ] the winter 
 After this 
 en became 
 Indson Bay 
 >miti7, (bot 
 ionte6t8,)till 
 4ft» N. lati-" 
 n ^Vom the 
 ement «om- 
 at in (nture 
 in the com" 
 arly that of 
 territory of 
 part of Ore- 
 
 WASHINGTOW, a territonr oeeapyintr the «x- 
 ti'^me N. W. portion of the dfomain of the United 
 S - PS of North America. It is bounded on the N. 
 h} the Straits of Juan de Fuoa (t'liich separates it 
 fr m Vancouver's Island) and British America, E, by 
 the Kooky Mountains, 8. by Oregon, (the Columhia 
 River forming about half the boundary Hue,) and W. 
 by the Pacitlo Ocean. It lies (with the exception of 
 a small bend in the Columbia Kivcr) between 46° and 
 40« N. lat, and between 110» and t25«' W. Ion. ; bfr 
 iiig about 60U miks in its greatest length from K. to 
 • W., ond about 209 in width from N. to 8,, forming 
 nearly a porallclogram, with an area of perhaps 
 1:!3,0;22 square miles. 
 
 Face of the Country and Mountains. — The same gen- 
 eral dcsoriptiun of the surface as given iii On-gonwill 
 ap|>ly to Washington, except that the Blue Mountain 
 llnnyo is more broken and scattend N. of the Colum 
 bia iiiver. The principal peaks of the Cascade 
 Kango in this <2ivision are Mount St. Helen's, 
 Mount Adams, Mount i^nier, and Motmt B.-iker. 
 Mount Oly minis, the highest peak of the Coast Range, 
 Ima an elevotion of 8,197 feet Most of these peaks 
 ort! clothed with perpetual snow. Mount St. Hdon's 
 mid Mount liainier have been ror<pcctively estimrtcd 
 at 13,800 and 12,000 feet elevation. 
 
 Mineral*. — There has been little opportunity as Vflt 
 to develop the mineral resourccc of this new territory. 
 Cuui has, -however, been discovered on or near Bel- 
 liii({liam Bay, accompanied by the new red sandstone, 
 which furnishes a tine building material ; 20 or 80 
 miles up the Cowlitz River, ana in the region a'lout 
 I'ugct's Sound, ^1 abundance. Fossil oopal exists on 
 the shores of tbfl Paoifia, N. of the Columbia 
 Hirer. 
 
 ff«i»«r*, Bay$, Sounds, *nd Inlandt. — Tha Colombia 
 River enters the territory from Britirh America, and 
 crosses it first in a S. W., and then in a S. direction, 
 till it arrives a little below 46" N. lat., when it turns 
 westwakJly and forms the 8. boundary from th« point 
 just named to iU moutb in the Pacific Ocean. This 
 river divides Washington Tcrritoiy into two parts, 
 bavinc the larger i)ortion on the £. The Okanagan 
 from British Amo<-'l<;a is its principal branch on the 
 N., and Yfckinia in the southern part of the territory ; 
 both of these rivew enter the Columbia from the W. 
 On the E., procsiding in ow'er southwsnlly, its tribu^ 
 taries aro tlie Flathead or Clarke's, Spokane, Sap^n 
 or Lewis, and Walla Walla Rivers. The CWVe's and 
 Lewis are la)r|« rivers, having their sonroes in Uie 
 Rocky Mountain* ; all run in a N. W. direction. The 
 Lewis ami the Walla Walia have the principal part of 
 (Iiiir courses in Oregon. The Spokane drains the 
 n-.iddle of the £. division ; McGilhvray's or Flatbow 
 drains the N. E. part of Waahington, and joins the 
 Columbia in British America. The Cowlitz, the prin- 
 . ci{ml branch of ihe Columbia W. of the Cascade 
 Range, has n course of perhaps 100 miles. C^ckalis 
 or CLickalees, about 180 miles long, is the only river 
 of importance discharging its waters directly into the 
 Puoirio from this territory, except the Columbia. The 
 Straits of Juan de Fuca, between Washington and 
 Vancouver's luknd, connect the Pacific Ocean with 
 Admiralty Inlet, Fuget's Sound, aud Hood's Canal, 
 all arms of a great boy extending about 60 or 70tidles 
 
 in a 8. direction f^om the Oulf of Georgia, and all 
 navigable for the largest ships, which may moor to 
 the very banks, such is <,he precipitousness of iU 
 shores. Gray's Harbor, an expauBiuu at the mouth 
 of the Chukalis lUvcr, in about 47" N. lat.. Baa ca- 
 pacity tot only a snail amount of sliipping. The 
 Columbia, though navigable for ocean craft to the 
 Cascades, is much obstructed near its mouth by sand- 
 bars ard shallows, which make tlio navigation difH- 
 cult, an 1 have caused the loss uf mnnv vessels. The 
 rest of this, as *ell as other rivers in Washington, are 
 only navigable bv boatt and canoes, being much ob- 
 structed by rajpiJs and foils. The principal of these 
 ore Kettle Folfs in the ColumOia River, just below the 
 mouth of Clarke's Rircr. Shoalwater Bay, 8. of 
 Gray's Harbor, opens into the Pacific by a narrow in- 
 let. BelUngham Buy is an omi of the Gulf of Geor- 
 gia near the N. W. extremity of Washington. A 
 large lake, surrounded by extensive prairies, is re- 
 ported to have been found some 10 or 20 miles back 
 from the bay. Elliott Bay is on the E. side of Ad- 
 miralty Inlet. There are several lakes in Washington, 
 mostly in the eastern portion, near the foot of the 
 Rocky Mountains, among which is Flathead Lake, one 
 of the sources of Clarke's River, and Lake Kulle- 
 spelin, an expansion of the same river. The rivers 
 of Washington, particularly W. of the Cascade 
 Slountoins, having thifr sources in those snowy sum- 
 mits, are Uable to sudden floods, which inundate the 
 lowlands on their shores. The rapids and fnJIs abound 
 in splendid sites for mill-teats. Cape Flattery, the 
 entiance cf Juan de Fuoa Straits, aud Cape Disap- 
 pointment, within the entrancA of the Columbia River, 
 are the principal capes. There arc no largo islands 
 on this coast. The most important is Destruction or 
 Ifle of Grief, about 40 miles 8. of Cape Flattery Tn 
 Admiralty Inlet is Whidby's Island, about 40 tnuea 
 long, covered with fertile prairirs, and noted for it« 
 deer. It has sufticient timber, but a scarcity of 
 water. North west of it are the Arroo Islands, so 
 Tclnable for their fisherise. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — ^The climate is very 
 similar to that of '^re^on, with some variation* 
 caused by difference oi latitude and loeal peeuliaritiea. 
 The same may be said of the soil. 
 
 "Ftrest Trees. — Washington abounds in fine '^mber. 
 Here is tiie same specie of gigautio fir tree which is 
 found in Oregon and California. 
 
 Animnh.—\siang the wild animsla arc the elk, 
 deer, bear, fox, otter, beaver, moskrat, and rabbit. 
 Among birds, s-vans, geese, brtmt, gulls, ducks, eagles, 
 grouse, pheasants, partridges, and woodcock. Fish 
 also aboonds. Cud, mackerel, halibut, herring, aud 
 flonndera ; and of shell fish, the oyster, crab, clam, 
 lobster, and many other species are'ioand. 
 
 Internal Improvemmls. — A read is opened ttom Pu- 
 gct's Sound to Walla WalJo, on the Cohimbia River, 
 and to Mary's Valley. The exploring party umlir 
 Governor Stevens found, near the sources of Maria's 
 River, a pass nuitAble for a railroad, estimated to be 
 2500 feet lower than the Soijth Pass of Fremont. 
 
 Population, — Of its populati<»i we have no separate, 
 statisties. 
 
 Government. — ^Tho Government is in all respect* 
 similar to that of other territories. 
 
 W 
 
..^iiiii 
 
 ^ 
 
 ttmtm 
 
 I 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 UTAH, a lerritopy of the CTnited Statw of North 
 Amfricft, originuJly * p»rt of the territory of Upper 
 C»liforni«, eedcd to the United SUtee by the treaty 
 with Mexico in 1848, wm erected into • »cp«r«te ter- 
 ritory in 3850. It ii.boundcd on the N. hj Oregon, 
 E. by Indian Territory and New Mexico, 8. bT New 
 Mexico, and on the W. by California. The Uoeky 
 Mountains separate it from Indian Territory, and the 
 Sierra Nevada partly from California. It lies between 
 ST" and 42" N. lat., and between 105° 80' and 120«" 
 W. Ion., being about 700 miles In extreme length from 
 E. to W., and 847 mih's broad from N. to S , and in- 
 eluding an area of 209,170square miles, or 172.208,800 
 acres- of which only 16,833 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Face of the Country, Af., *«.— This extensive 
 region is generally an elevated and barren table-land, 
 divided iuto Kuetjual portions by the Sierra Madre 
 ilonntoins, b-at having the larger to the W. of them. 
 The western jieotion, tnown as the Great or_ Fremont 
 Basin, is h« »ined in by mountains on all sides, hav- 
 ing the Blue Mountains of Oregon on the N., the 
 Wahsatch Mountains on the E., tho Sierra Nevada on 
 toe W., and trsasverse spurs of the Rocky Mountains 
 on the S, Tho basin has an extent of about 500 miles 
 from E. to W., by 850 miles from N. to S., and a gen- 
 eral elevation of from 4000 to 6000 feet above the 
 level of the sea, " with ite own system of lakes and 
 rivers, but having no communication with the ocean." 
 The enstem portion is covered with a white incrusta- 
 tion of saUao and alkaline matter, and tho western 
 with a mixture of salt, sand, and clay, in wliich ani- 
 mals sink to their knees. Several detaehcd mountains 
 traverse this basin, the principal of which are the 
 Humboldt River Mountains, which run from N. to 8. 
 near the centre of the basin, having an elevation of 
 from 2000 to 5000 feet above the surrounding uann- 
 try. The Wahsatch Mountains rise from 4000 to 
 7000 feet above the neighboring valleys, and some 
 reach the height of perpetual snow. Some of the 
 vidleys m the southern j.art of tho settled country 
 have' an elevation of about COOO feet above the level 
 of the sea. A great valley, more sterile even than 
 the western section, occupies the region between the 
 Wahsatch and the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — Great. Salt Jjike is the promi- 
 nent object to be considercd.in treating of the waters 
 of Utah. This extensive and peculiar sheet of water, 
 lying N. E. from the centre of tho territory, is about 
 70 miles long and 80 miles wide, with no visibla out- 
 let. The water is so highly saline that no living thing 
 can exist in it, and by the evaporation in hot weather, 
 leaves on its shores a thick incrustation of salt. About 
 26 miles S. of this, and communicating with it by the 
 river Jordan, is Utah Lake, a body of fresh water about 
 85 milea in length. It is stored with trout and other 
 fish. These lakes are elevated from 4200 to 1500 feet 
 above the sea. Pyramid Lake, on the sIojm of the 
 Sierra Nevada Mountains, is, according to Fremont, 
 about 700 feet higher than Salt Lake, and receives its 
 name from a pyramidal rock which rises from the 
 midst of its waters. In the interior are several small 
 lakes, whiah are the reeipicnts of the streams of the 
 
 inUrior basin, and ar« often men riaki «r ilonghi. 
 The most importent of these known arc Nieollet Laks, 
 about the middle of the territory, and Lake Ashley, 
 perhaps 76 miles S. of it. Fear the eastern base of 
 tho Sierra Nevada Mountains, are also several lakes, 
 which receive the waters of th« eastern slope of these 
 mountains. The principal of these are Mud, Pyra- 
 mid, Carson's, and Walker's Lakes. About 60 milea 
 R. of Pyramid Laki^ is Humboldt's Lake, formed by 
 the waters of Humboldt Raver. These laker have 
 evidently no outlet but by evaporation, whieh in some 
 instances, in hot weather, reduces them to mere 
 marshes or. sinks. 
 
 As btfore stated, tho rivers of the Groat Basin have 
 no apparent connexion with the ocean, but all either 
 discharge themselves into the interior lakes, or are 
 absorbed by the sands of the deserts. The largest 
 of these streams is the Humboldt River, having iU 
 sources in tho western declivities of the mountain of 
 that name, and flows 8. W. about 800 miles Into the 
 lake above described. One of the overland routes 
 to California is along this river, whose sliorcs afford a 
 precarious pasturage for the animals of the caravans. 
 The Nieollet River rises in the 8. part of the terri- 
 tory, flows N., aad then W. ^or nearly the same dis- 
 tance as the Humboldt, and^mpties i«elf into Nicol- 
 let Lake. In the N. E. part of tho basin Bear River 
 enters the territory from Oregon, and is the principal 
 tributary of Great Salt Lake. Tho Green and Grand 
 Rivers tniverse the eastern basin or valley, and 
 thence flow 8. W. into New Mexico. The Grand 
 River, the most eastern branch, rising in the Rocky 
 Mountains, flows S. W. to meet Green River, which is 
 the larger tributary, and has its sources in the 8. E. part 
 of Oregon. The former has a course of aboUt 800, 
 and the latter of about 400 miles. 
 
 O^eeta of Interest to Tourists.— Of these there is 
 no scarcity in this widely extended territory. Among 
 the most remarkable objects of tliis region is the 
 Great Salt Lake. In the saltness of its waters, in 
 the circumstance of its having no outlet, and being 
 fed from another smaller and fresh wat«r lake, (with 
 which it is connected by a stream called the " Jor- 
 don,") and in the ruggetl and repulsive character of 
 some portions of the surrounding region, it bears a 
 remarkable resemblance to tho I^ead Sea of Pales- 
 tine. Instead, however, of lying 1000 foct below, it 
 is more than 4000 feet above the levd of the sea ; its 
 waters, moreover, beinff an almost pure solution of 
 common salt, are free from that pungency and nau- 
 seous taste which characterize those of the Dead Sea. 
 The Pyramid Lake, already referred to, embosomed 
 in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, with the sing'ilor 
 pyramidal mount rising from its transparent waters 
 to the height of perhaps 600 feet, and walW Jc^ 
 almost perpendicular precipices, in some places 8000 
 feet high, has nothmg, we believe, similar to it within 
 the borders of the United States. The Boiling 
 Springs, in about in" 80- W. Ion., and Se" N. lat., 
 are described bv Fremont as boiling up at irregular 
 inwrvals with 'much noise. The largest basin he 
 represents as being several hundred feet in cireumfer- 
 
 w 
 
 ■■ )] 
 
 
-J. 
 
 eoUet L«k4, 
 tke Afbley, 
 im bue of 
 Tcral lahci, 
 [tp« of these 
 llud, FjTik 
 nt 60 miles 
 , fonned by 
 l«km have 
 liieh in soui« 
 in to mer« 
 
 t Basin h»T« 
 it kU either 
 kVcR, or are 
 The largest 
 , having its 
 nounUin of 
 ies into the 
 ■land routes 
 arcs afford a 
 he caravans, 
 of the terri- 
 le same dis- 
 r into Niool- 
 tBear River 
 he principal 
 a and Grand 
 valley, and 
 The Grand 
 I the Kookj* 
 ycr, which u 
 the S.E. part 
 >f about 800, 
 
 tiese there is 
 ory. Among 
 •egion is the 
 its waters, in 
 ct, and being 
 r lake, (with 
 }d t)»e "Jor- 
 charaoter of 
 m, it bears a 
 iea of Palcs- 
 foct below, it 
 r the 8#a ; its 
 e solution of 
 aoy and naa- 
 ;he Dead Sea. 
 >, embosomed 
 the singular 
 parent waters 
 wall'?'' JE by 
 
 > places 8000 
 ir to it within 
 The Boiling 
 I 89" N. lat., 
 
 > at irregular 
 >est basin be 
 t in oireumfer- 
 
 'M 
 
 enee, and having a eironlar space at one end 15 foot 
 in diameter, ontirtly filli.i with boiling water. A 
 pole 10 feet in length was entirolv submerged on 
 thrustinK il down noar the ci-ntrc. Iriio temperature 
 of the water near the eii(;e was 20C». Tiio same au- 
 thority dcH.ribti an ap|)iaranoi' similar to the mira- 
 ges of the jf'eat dosertH of tliu Old World. In trav- 
 eling over the snit deserta of the Fremont Unsin, tlicy 
 saw their party reflected in the air, probahlv, as Fre- 
 mont suggmts, from saline uorticles floating in the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 Ctmale.—A» elsewhere remarked, the climate of 
 the great plateau between the Jtooky and Sierra Ne- 
 vada Mountains seems to partake of the ' —loteris- 
 tics of the great Tartar plains of Asia. 
 
 Soil, +«.— The greater part of the territ.../ is bar- 
 ren, much of it mountninons and scantily watered, 
 and having soil strongly charged with nlkajics, which 
 
 permit no vegetation except tlio worthloM artomisia 
 or wild sage. The lakes, except Itali Lai;.', me gen- 
 erally oaline, the Gnat Salt Jjike h. iiijj the largest 
 body of saltwater, iincorine<.ted with the ocean, on 
 this continent. IJenvir, Cnclio, I)avir!, nnd i>ortinn8 
 of Halt bike, San Pete, Waslilni/ton, Wiwnteh, and 
 Wcher Counties have some nralili! land. 
 
 OovtTnment.—lhc poverunient of Utoh is similar 
 J thot of other territories. 
 
 ^ Wij/ory.— Utah was a part of the territory of Upper 
 CaJiforiiift, nopiired from Mexico by the treaty of 
 1848, after the eonelimion of the lato war with that 
 country. Previous to 18)7, when the Mormons com- 
 menced directing their Kt( ps thither, it had been in 
 jK)8«eHsion of the miserable tribes that gained a most 
 precarious living from its ehnrli»h soil- undisturbed, 
 except by the occosioiml visits of exploring parties 
 or roaming trappers and hunters. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 Away np in the Rooky Mountain region, north of 
 Utah and Colorado, and west of Nebrnnkn, lies the 
 new territory of iduho, pronounced with the accent 
 on the firet and last syllables. It eniJiraees 4" of lat- 
 itude — from 41 to 46 in the eastern half, and from 42 
 to 40 in the western half— nnd 1;;" of longitude— 
 from lti4 to 117. The pony express route from Mia- 
 so;.jri to Coiifornia traverses tlie eastern half of it. 
 Ths Koeky Mountitins form a gigantic back bone, 
 stfitching up northwesterly from the South Pass, and 
 innumerable rivers act as the veins and arteries, car- 
 rying off the melted snow from those high latitudes 
 and sending their tribute to the Father of Waters. A 
 few years ago no white man resided within ita wide 
 limits. 
 
 The Congress of 18C3 passfd nn net orgiini/.ing a 
 tiTriiorial government for Idaho, carving it out from 
 Oregon, Dacotah and Washington Territories, jii,?t us 
 the Territory of Colorado has" been carved out from 
 Kansas, Nebraska, nnd Utah. Its officers consist of a 
 Governor, Secretary, three Judges, a District Attor- 
 ney, and a Marshal. A Territorial Legislature or 
 oouiioil is to be convened to adopt a code of laws for 
 the new territory, nnd thus, the usual machintj-y be- 
 ing put in motion, Idaho takes her place as one of the 
 nascent States of the Union. 
 
 Very liitio is known of the resources of the new ter- 
 ritory ; but it» principal attraction at this time is its 
 supposed mineral wealth. In the autumn of 1801 
 discoveries were made showing that go'd actually ex- 
 isted in that region, afad was found to be in paying 
 quantities. These mines are said to be located on the 
 head of Salmon River— a tributary of the Columbia 
 In the spring of 18C2 there was a rush from Califor- 
 nia. Salt Lake, and Pike's Peak, and the country was 
 pretty well prospected. As soon as navigation ojwned 
 three or tour hundred persons from St. Louis passed 
 up the Missouri ns far as Fort Bentor , on the boata of 
 
 the Amenean Fur Company. The most of thcso 
 St. Louis emigrants were sent under the nu."pices of 
 the American Exploring and Mining Company. From 
 Fort Benton they found a g.K)d road to the gold fields, 
 180 mil< s distant. This rouU- bids fair to bo the one 
 most to be traviled by gold seekers. 
 
 In the early part of tlie season the miners were not 
 very guccessful ; but about the 1st of September 
 rich placers w«irc found, from which the miners were 
 said to have realized from twenty to forty dollars per 
 ilay. These discoveries were made on 'tJrnsshopper 
 Creek, near the three forks of the Miss nu-i, in the 
 vicinity of Big Hole Prairie. Mines were opened oi 
 Gold Creek uiul Prickly Pear Valley which yieldd 
 hnely. 1 ho gold is of a very fine quality, known 
 among minors as scale gold, and at the Mint would be 
 worth !pl9.5i) per ounce. 
 
 On Dear Lodge Creek extensive placers wf r« open- 
 ed, and late in the autumn the miners laid out n town 
 on that stream, at the junction of Mullan's Road 
 nnd the fiimous road constructed by the lomented 
 Lander. The valley of this str. nm is described os 
 one of the fintst in the vicinity*, abounding in game 
 of every variety to be found in the mounti>ins. At 
 In-t accounts Deir Lodge City, as the new town was 
 called, though but a few months old, bonated nearly 
 a hundred houses. 
 
 All the valleys on the head waters of the Missouri 
 are exceedingly fertile. It is thought that the whole 
 region wdl prove well adapted for farming pur- 
 
 Tho new gold r.iines are 180 miles frv>m Fort Ben- 
 ton, 4r>0 miles from Fort Walla Walla, and 300 miles 
 from Salt Ijikc City. They are known to exist over 
 a belt of country 100 miles in length by about 10 in 
 width. The ihet thnt gold has deen found along the 
 Rooky Mountaini kflds to the belief that the whole 
 region i* aariferous. 
 
rr 
 
 .M 
 
 OOLOI^ADO. 
 
 COLORADO waa orgnnizcd M«roh 2, 1861. Capi- 
 tal, Denver City. Area, !00,0<)O gqunre miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1800, 42,588, of whom 0000 are tribal Indiana, 
 p'inoipally Amphoea and Utca. Estimated popular 
 tion in 1602, 70,000. 
 
 Princtpal Touina. — Denver City, the eapiul of tlie 
 territory, in situated on tlie South Fork of Platte 
 Kiver, near the border of the Orrat Amei-ican Desert, 
 in tlie northern central portion of the territory ; Cen- 
 tre! City, npor the base of Pike's Peak, is a thriving 
 busy town of over 10,000 inhabitants ; Colorado City,. 
 on an affluent of the Arkansas, and Nevada City, ar<s 
 also in tho vicinity of Pike's Peak. There are' also 
 several ooneidemble settluraenta in tho western slope 
 of the Snowy Mountains, in the region of the silver 
 mines. 
 
 Mines and Mining. — ^The territorj* unqneationably 
 possesses vast mineral wealth. Discoveries of gold 
 were reported in 18o8 as having been made by two 
 companies of explorers, one from Ocorgia, the other 
 from Lawrence, Kansas, but the locations named by 
 tiiem have not furnished any remunerative diggings , 
 but on the 6th of May, 1850, discoveries of noli 
 placers wore made on the hcad-wuters of Clear Credk, 
 an affluent of the South Fo^k of Platte, near the site 
 of what is now Denver City, and an immense emi- 
 gration to that point commenced the ensuing sum • 
 mer, accompanied with great suffering from the want 
 of proper supplies of food, Aa. The first g«ld wo* 
 obtained from piaoer diggings, but these after a time 
 gave out, and the quortz lodes were found charged 
 with aulphurite of iron (iron pyrites, or fooi's gold), 
 and it was thought that quarts mining would prove 
 unprofitable. In 1861, however, it ^as discovered 
 ^at this sulphuret was very rich in ^old, and tho 
 quartz mills, which had been thrown aaufe as worth- 
 less, came again into demand. It is now found that 
 these quartz lodes grow richer as they are opened to a 
 greater depth ; and the mining in 1^2 in thd terri- 
 tory yielded very rich returns. The Gregory Dig- 
 g^gs, Governor Evau fonnd, bj earsful inquiry, 
 
 wonld vield in 1662 over 18,000,000, and tba other 
 gojd fii'ids c«irt4iinlT »» much more ; and their pro- 
 duotivcn.iM was only Umitcd by th* number of miners 
 employed. On the western «ttop« of the Snowy 
 Mountains extensive silver mines have been discov- 
 ered, and also gold in considerable quantities. De- 
 posits of lead and quiokoilver ores nave also been 
 found in the territory. Near Denver City, at the base 
 of the mountains, immense beds of coal have recently 
 been discovered, of a uharacter analogous to the coal 
 formationf of Illinois. This dissovcry is highly im- 
 portant, not only as furnishing a needed supply of 
 fuel to the territory, which Is scantily timbered, but 
 also for tho supply of the zreat Pacific Railway, which 
 will probably pass tlirongh this region, its route being 
 as near as practicable, to tho fortieth parallel of 
 latitude, just below wliich Denver City ts situated. 
 A tunnel will bo rcquirea through the Snowy Moun- 
 tains, at tii's point, of some three miles, but the re- 
 mainder uf the route is far more feasible than any 
 uthcr, ns a long level valley extends IVom the western 
 slope of the mountains to Great Salt Lake City. The 
 granite of the mountains is not so solid lA that of the 
 mountains in tho Eastern States, having numerous 
 veins, and being, much of 'A, easily broken down. 
 
 The eastern portion of Colorado will hurdly ever 
 admit of 'a dense population, being a partof theGroat 
 American Desert, which, though c/.vinpying small 
 tracts in New Mexico, Kansas, and Nebr.wka, mainly 
 lies in Norf.h western Taxes and EnBtern Colorado. 
 
 The Conlribulions of Colorado Territory to the VtJ- 
 unteer Army. — Notwithstanding its recent orgaciiatiou 
 and the pressing necessity fur home defence from the 
 Indian tribes in it« vicinity, most of whom bad been 
 tampered with by the Confederate commissionera, 
 Colorado promptly responded to the call of the Presi- 
 dent for troops, and two regiments of cavalry were 
 raised and sent into the field in 1801. In 1S62 an 
 infantry regiment and a battery of artillery wero 
 raised for government service abroad, and a volouteer 
 militia force organized for Itom* defease. 
 
 D A C T A . 
 
 DAKOTA was organized in 1861. Capital, Yank- 
 ion. Area, 826,000 square mihs. Population, 1800, 
 44,501, of which 89,604 were tribal Indians. 
 
 The climate of Dakota iaymild and healthful The 
 principal settlement* ar« Sioux Falls, on th» Big 
 Sioux River, near the Minnesota lin«. Elk Point, Brn- 
 ley Creek, Vermillion, Yankton (the territoriol capi- 
 tal, on the Missouri 60 miles fh>m the Iowa line, and 
 and About dne west of Chicago) ; Bonhomme, Green- 
 wood, and Fort Raadall, also on the Missouri , and 
 Pembina, in the north-east of the ierritorjr. The 
 TanktoA and Ponka Indians, who ceded their lands 
 (navly 14,000,000 of ueres) t« the Government, have 
 ■■ «ztaMiT« rsasrvatioa •« tita Miasaari River, Ci 
 
 i^aci 
 
 w 
 
 miles above Yankton, and have betome dooiieiled aa<l 
 are giving attcition to agriculture. They number 
 about 8000. 
 
 The territory yi^tda large amounta of fium a»d 
 peltries. 
 
 The gold bearing rocks of the Rooky Moontaiu 
 slope ara said by ge«l<^i8ts to extend into Dakof ' ; 
 ana in the summer of 180'i a gold field, apparency 
 of considerable e'^.t^nt, and yirlding in the placer-dig' 
 gings large quantities of suaie gold, was discovered 
 on Grosehoppcr Creek, a triitntary of the Missouri, 
 near the line of Nebraska, and a setticmeot was rir- 
 g.inized tlicrs on tlxa 27th *t A»j;ust, 1862, daUad tk« 
 y*rth-westerK DisWieV 
 
 mS» 
 
 tt" 
 
 . .„.;Vii.-..s=»iw»wwCB* 
 
 ui w w'y 
 
.M 
 
 NH), and tbe othtr 
 I ; Mill their pro- 
 number of minen 
 B of tb« Snowy 
 uiro been duAOT- 
 9 outntitiM. Do- 
 ll nave alao been 
 •T City, at the biuo 
 oool have r«oently 
 logons to the coal 
 'try is highly im- 
 neeikd supply of 
 itily timbered, but 
 tio Railway, which 
 on, it* route being 
 rtieth paralleJ of 
 ' City ts situated, 
 the Snowy Moun- 
 tnilcR, but the re- 
 ) feasible than any 
 I from the western 
 t Lake City. The 
 jlid lA that of the 
 having numerona 
 brckon down. 
 
 will hartlly ever 
 a part of the Groat 
 
 (VCviiipying small 
 Nebr.wka, maiuly 
 stern Colorado. 
 errUoty to the Vul- 
 'coent organizatio!! 
 
 1 defenoo from the 
 r whom had been 
 it« eomvnisaioncrs, 
 e eall of the Presi- 
 t of cavalry were 
 1801. In 1862 an 
 of artillery wero 
 A, and • Tolouteer 
 f«a««. 
 
 ome doiuieiled imi 
 e. They number 
 
 inta of tun a»d 
 
 Raoky MoDntaitt 
 tend into Dakol ; 
 
 field, apparently 
 [ in the plaecr-d%- 
 d, WM discoverwl 
 y of the MiMiouri, 
 MtUement was osr- 
 t, li(62, .MOIad iU 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 NEVADA. Ora«ni«ed March 2, 1801. Capital, 
 Carson City. EstimaUd area, HO.OOO snuare miles. 
 TopuSation, 18«0, 60,6(18, of which 10,201 are Indians 
 on reservations, and 7660 tribal Indians, monlly I'oii. 
 Utet. Shoshonoos, and Bunnooks. 
 
 A general election for territorial and county officers 
 is held annunjly on the first Wcdncsdov of Hcftenibt'r. 
 The Legislative Assembly of Nevada ounsisU of a 
 Council and House of RepresentAtives, and t-ouvenea 
 annually on the second Tuesday in November. The 
 session is hm'ted to forty days. The Council is com- 
 posed of thirteen incmbcrs, elected for two years. 
 The House 6f llepresentatives is composed of twe-ty- 
 six members, elected for one year. Each House 
 chooses all of its own officers. The compensation of 
 the members of the Legislative Assembly is $3 per 
 day, and mileage at the nito of $3 for every 20 miles 
 of travel to and from the territorial cni)ita1. 
 
 The District Attorneys and Probate Judges are ap- 
 pointed by the Governor for two ycarB. The other 
 county omccrs are elected by the peoj)Ie for two years. 
 The County Clerk is Clerk of the Probate Court and 
 Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners and 
 also, « officio. County Auditor. 
 
 This territory received, r ' the second session of the 
 87 th Congrtsa (1801-2), an addiUon of a dtrip of land 
 1" of longitude in width, vir., from the 88th 'o 89th 
 degree west from Washington, which v : t-'- u from 
 Utah. Thb addition increases its orea nearly oni -fourth. 
 
 The whole territory is rich in mineral wealth. Of 
 its nine organized counties, seven have already numer- 
 ous mines of either gold or silver; and the richest 
 silver mines in the United States are found in Storey 
 county. That county sent, ia October, 1862, a oontn- 
 
 ; buUon of 120,220.22 to the Sanitary Commissio.i, in 
 'eight mossive silver bara, five of which weighed 111 
 I jmuiuls each. Quieksilver, lead, and antimony are 
 ! aluo found in great abundance. The Ophir mines, in 
 I Washoe county, were the first silver mines which 
 flttracied attention. Thev ore in the western part of 
 j tlu( county, and are to fie oonneoted by a railroad 
 with Virginia City, the capital of Storey county. 
 1 hu jirinoipal towns of the territory are Virginia City, 
 I having in October, 1862, nn estimated population of 
 8000, and the place of most business in the territory ; 
 I Caraon City, the tcr >rinl capital, oi.d county seat 
 of Ormsby oouaty, i ;00 inhabitants ; Silver City, in 
 'Lyon coimtv-, 1000 inhabitants; OoH Hill, Storey 
 I county, 1500 inlmbitanta ; Waahoo City and Ophir, 
 ' \S aslioo county ; Humboldt, Humboldt eount} ; Day- 
 ton, county geat of Lyon county; and Genoa, county 
 ^ seat of Douglas county. 
 
 The flood of January, 1800, which proved so do- 
 stniotive in 'Jalifornia and Orejrin, extended nlso to 
 Nevada, and destroyed property vnriously estimated 
 from e^OO.OUO to tl,00O,(K)0 ; and before the newtei^ 
 ritory had had time txj rally from so severe a blow to 
 its development, the extraordinary reports which were 
 brought tiiither of th<; .marvellous ricline»s of the Sal- 
 mon Kivcr gold mines, in Oregon and Wnshington, 
 led to an emigration in that direction which threat- 
 ened to depopulate Nevada ; but its mines posfssed 
 too much value to be long ncglccteil, and the autumn 
 of 18C2 found tl»e population more i ipidly increasing 
 than at any former period, and the stocks of its great 
 mining companies inhanoed to a value fully doubljs 
 the price 'it which they were held at tha beginning 
 of the year. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 NEW UEXICO (ineluding Arizona) was ceded to 
 the United States in 1848. Organized in 1860. Capi- 
 tal, Santa Fe. kreu, 2>)C,8C0 square wiles. Popula- 
 tion, 18C0 • *i,i ''■.; '(..fides 66,100 tribal Indiana. Val- 
 uation, ill 6lii> < i,'Ji,8I8,768. 
 
 New M "iw ^ a laiye Indian population, but the 
 gveatcr part Oiem are J'lieUo or village Indians, 
 and Moiig to iuo same races as the Indian inhabi- 
 sju.ta o:r ifexioo. There are also a considerable num- 
 ber of Mexican;; of Spanish deeoent iq the territory, 
 iu chineral wealth is abvndont; silver, gold, copper, 
 i?<)n, uxi ]««d exis^ probably in lu^ir quantities t£aa 
 
 in any other part of the United States, but the nnset- 
 Ued condition of the country,, ar-d the frequent forayi 
 of the Apnche and Cnmanehe Indiana have rendered 
 mining linzonlous. Since the oommenoeraent of the 
 war, Auw Mexico has been tlis scene of several se- 
 vere battles between a force of Texan rangers and 
 the Umtcd State troops and the native inhabitants 
 of the Urritory. The surrender of Fort Fillmore, 
 the battles of Apache Canon and Valverde, and the 
 capture and retaking of Santa Fe, occurred within the 
 limits of thij territory. The invaders were finally 
 dnvcn out of the territory in April, 1862, with great loss- 
 
 W 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ar 
 
tm 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 AUSTRALIA, (be Urgekt ItUnd in the world, it 
 locottMl H. E. from Alia, nnA from it« VMt mtf iit more 
 proiH-rly riink» o» • oontincnl Ito tcrrihify is equal 
 U» oil Europe, inolmling the Uritbh Int'iiidn ; or i<i »»(• 
 fluit'iit til iiiittic Mveuty-foor lUtes, of l':.« *vu of the 
 »t«tp of Ntw York. 
 
 Ito northern extr'-inity nlmcMt touohpB Ui* 10th de- 
 gree of South liiti'.r.V, whi'.j it« iouthrm limito reach 
 to tho 881h pnrollc!. Its limita taat anil «i«t are »>«- 
 twiin the llttth «« d IMt- fUgfe of ewt loiiffituJe, 
 Wing a,(!(»0 inili*> lonj?,**,! I.VOO wide.nnd having an 
 are* of 8,'>()I'),IMK) uiuare luilie. 
 
 It is !o«at«)d on the oppoelu, ! of the glolie ttom 
 Gnat Britain (to which it iKilongs), t>cing about 12,000 
 milcl therefrom. 
 
 The portions of this vast oountrT that have been 
 colonized and »ettleds ore as follows: Sew South 
 Wales, Victoria (callod also Port Philip and Australia 
 Felix), South Ausfaiio, Western Australia or the 
 Swan lUver settlement, ami Morcton Bav. 
 
 This country was first settled in 1787 l<y a shipload 
 of 767 conviotj, transported from (Jreat Britiin, undwr 
 tho ooramam t.fCnpt. Charles Philip, ""ho popula- 
 tion up to 1860 had snoreoscd to 830,000. 
 
 The coast vppears generally to l»c skirted by bar- 
 ren plains, bounded at a little distance by low moun- 
 tains. The soil of the explored part*, except mme 
 small districts, is to a great extent v :ifitJbr cultiva- 
 tion, but is veil adapted to the pasturage of shecj* ami 
 . cattle. 
 
 New South Wales inchides the district East of longi- 
 tude 141 E., and extent's from 20 S. ktitude Vo that 
 boundary. 
 
 Sydney, the capital of this district, and largest 
 town in Australia, has a population of 80,000 iiihabi- 
 tants and is doubtless destined to become a place of 
 great importance. 
 
 Paramatta, fifteen milea north of Sydney, is al»o « 
 place of some note, and contains about 6,000 Inhabi- 
 tant*. It is connected with Sydney by means of a 
 railway-. 
 
 Port Philip, now called Victoria, ooveni an area of 
 8,000 square miles, or more than 60,000,000 acres, 
 being 600 miles in diameter from east to west, with a 
 coast line of about 000 miles. 
 
 Before the gold mania commenced, this was cm- 
 
 Ebatieally the land of flocks and herds, as 6oO,«i(i&0 
 orned cattle, and more than 5,000,000 sheep fonad 
 pasture within its limit;, 
 
 Meiliourne, the capital, situated on the Bav of Port 
 Philip, has a population of 60,000. It is built mostly 
 of brick and granite. Its harbor is one of the best 
 and saf«Bt in the world. 
 
 Sonth Australia has an wea of 870,000 •>quarc 
 nulea, or about 20,000.000 acres. It is described a^ a 
 country destitute of mountains and moetlyof an even 
 surface, though gentJy undulating in Ottrtain distristc. 
 The climate is very mild and mvitiiis', being a joa- 
 tiaued suceesaion of spring and summer w^athar. The 
 
 soil appear* better fitted for agriculture than the oth«r 
 di\ isions, and produces wheat, barley, tobaocv, and 
 niiillrerry ; apples, pears, the citron, figs, plums, 
 (H-achcs, almonds, oranges, medlars, pine-apples, ba- 
 nanas, and gniiva*, with the water-melon, are auw 
 raise<i in abundance. 
 
 Adelaide, the oapitat, has a |)opnlation of over 
 10,000. It is a plaee of i^eat tlinll, and <!Oiitaina 
 many fine public buildings; anMmd it are variooa 
 villages having a jwpnlattun <Pom 100 to DtK) inhabi- 
 tant«. Oawleir Tow;i, • pl«c« of rapid gro*th, is situ- 
 ated '2ii mi]t>« dittant. ■ 
 
 Western Australia, tliocffb o! Km iBiportanon th«n 
 the other divisions, ha« an (ilea of more than 1,000,000 
 s<iimru mile«, The jx^pnlctioa »t th« pu^ent time is 
 only about 8,000. 
 
 Pertb, ?ho cftpital, has » s>3pt»)«Uo<» of 1,000. 
 
 Gold Regions of Avu9iralia. 
 
 The gold fields of Anstraiia, is tstent. and riohjieat, 
 riy at those of I'ftlifornia. 
 
 Oold has been found ir* laitfe quantities in the 
 Ratbuysi district, ebuut 120 niilrs northwc.it of Syd- 
 ney, and westwiM'd of the Blu« Moantains. 
 
 Tb« Ophir Dijtgings, on the b*nk« of lh« Turon 
 K fer, ft Sew miles north of the Bstbuirst ^{istrioi, h*ve 
 yj.;Uled vaiit quantities of the preoioui met*!. It wm 
 at these diggings that a mass of gcid, ia a i*ingl«- SumB, 
 wns found waigbing 100 sounds. a»d sfbsuh vm sold 
 for $20,<M)0. 
 
 Gold ba» also boeu ifo«mi in larile qaaatl^rt in Yj*- 
 toris, .It. a pl*«e «allo<i BsJlarat, aJK«ut fifty nsiki west 
 of Port I'Iniip Bay. Tfifh fielde have also been M't- 
 covered at Mom'S Aif xas!ilri» acd Bendigo Creek. 
 
 An emiuent KagU«fe gw^ogist estimaUs tho i 
 field of Fwt Philip aioce to extend over t^>,00« 
 sqnai* mils**, or an area ol the siie of Penu«ylv!.au> 
 
 The following e«tr«at. entitled ' ' A I,.a»o of Co* 
 fKAWES," we take from an Et^lisU paper ; 
 
 " If there be r iemd ou the fa«« ot the earth which 
 to Ott Englishmaa'o eye u'ast nppcnr » liind of eontra- 
 rica, as aoDvjwfcd with hi* osts cotsniry, Australia is 
 surely tfcit land. It i# oar Htcral actipodes, Wbeu 
 it ia flay with th«m, it h nJgbt wif h n» ; and irbeu we 
 are all at worit. t!»«y are si! ' in th« arww of Muyphy.' 
 When they h.»ve iheir hmgetst <fey», w«< ha** our 
 shortest , and when h i* snirHnes' with tbcm ii is win- 
 ter with «it. Their May-day !» in ^^tfrosMn, a<s*.whOe 
 our trt^es «re bsjddin^ theit'a are in the is<«r sad yel- 
 low leaf. ThoT begta to vem their «Biana6r dres»:« 
 in October, and ooMm««ce patting .w tif«r toj>-«e>ftte 
 end peft-j»«!r<fto in Hum. Tbcir Chsietuw* k in sum- 
 mer ; and when jwoaqwitoet nro fiyinp ab(>ut, aad s5i« 
 sun's heat is scf«r«, tb« Yuklog, as itmj nomij b« 
 iraagmed, a some-ffeftt. wjicriiuaDi ; and im dinee 8i? 
 itoger d« Ooved.y «t OhristuasiS, with tJse tlicrsposMeter 
 >^ui»;diog at O'j ill the shade— think of yjist Sh«*? of 
 Chris' in»« ! Witii oi>t •iloM frp*t Clumtuios in l»gk»d 
 
 4i 
 
 ■^SaKTSP^ 
 
s than th« oth«r 
 ', tobaocq, and 
 , flg«, plnma, 
 nv-applef, b»- 
 olon, are aW 
 
 Intion of over 
 i, and <!otitaiDa 
 it art) various 
 U} CtK) Inliabi- 
 gro^rth, if*itn- 
 
 inortanoA thnn 
 than 1,000,000 
 >]Meui tim« ia 
 
 of 1,000. 
 
 if. aii<l riobueaB, 
 
 aatttiea in the 
 ,hwc.it of 8yd- 
 
 I of lh« Turon ! 
 it ijiatirioi, h*ve 
 m«t»h it \fM 
 iai«ingl°. lump, 
 bsuh VM 
 
 sold 
 
 a^tiUM in Yi*- 
 fifty nsjk* Wisot 
 
 also been Ai>^ 
 Hgo Creetf. 
 aat^'i tho 
 
 over t|60,£KW 
 'entity }vs>!iut 
 
 Laso of Ctia- 
 
 1ft eiirtb 'srbbh 
 Ittsd of «ot)tr»- 
 !j, Aostmlia ia 
 ip«»de». WbeB 
 ; and ■wlieu we 
 tniiofMn»|>hj'.' 
 
 tbcm ii SB win- 
 ojon, ax<sd»whU« 
 ' is<«ir (Mid y«S- 
 
 tif*iir top-«este 
 LuMC k in a^jim- 
 about, sad %lie 
 njay tawJy Jv« 
 7id to dsnce Sir 
 
 «Mt Sh«*? of 
 vUiat (R %»gk»d 
 
 ? 
 
 I'OETIOAL UKOGIlArilY. 
 
 85 
 
 i* nothin^f ; but Clirittiiiaa with nimiqnitoeii ai.d hot 
 waidfl tiiap >truK<>n in lliu dog-dayi I hnt Hpispij 
 clan'tin tho h<'i«ht of «iimiiior ! Tlia olimatca, winds, 
 and Monnonii in Aiwtralia are all icvcreH. Tbc nai-fh 
 wind doci not lilow cold, at with u», but hot Uku the 
 lirooou. Tho Douth wind — 
 
 ' Th« iwMt Muth, 
 That hrcatbri aptm a bunk of vlulcti, 
 Sluallng anil nlvitiK otlor '— 
 
 in Atiitralia brinpa rain, alpct, niul hail. The txm 
 oouraca overhead iii tho north, nnd not in tho iouth — 
 in t north are tho tropioi. in Hi« «onth tlie polar 
 rpgioni. Australian iwcta hiivo to rcvcne their 
 tropca, and iiixtoad of ain^^ing of—- 
 
 ' Old January, wrnpiii',! urcll 
 In many wgoh to iiet>|> thv coM ^wtj," 
 they aing, ic tho language of an Auatralian bard— 
 
 ' Whon liot D«c«3ilMir't xiltry bri'oi* 
 8cari'« tiiri a leaf on youdur tr<!«« '.' 
 
 .Sou 
 
 I'l, •in-iinii, vogefablcn. and nninmla ore equally 
 uuMling ill Auitralia. Tho richeat aoila are often 
 found on tho top* of tho hillv. The valloya are cold, 
 nnd hilltopii wariii. Jiivi m flow from tho ndgbbor- 
 hood of the eoaut into tho inf. rior, where thoy beoome 
 lout. Trofi do not alusd tli. ir leavrv, but only their 
 bnrk ; and th« luoit of tlieni in Auatralia afford no 
 •bade. 
 
 "The ohcrriea grow with their atone* outside. 
 Tho liirdH don't aing, tho dog* diiiit bark, tho bc«a 
 don't atlng, tho flowera dont smell. Tho mole (omi- 
 thorynoiia) ia n flab, ond tho kangaroo carrica its young 
 ill a nest attaolied to its boily. Aiiatralian ewana are 
 black, und Auatmiian eagica are white, ('uokoos coo 
 in the night, tho owl hoots in tho diij -lime, and the 
 Aiipfralinn jackusa ia a bird lit above itll tilings, tho 
 working people of Australia uro not poor. That ia, 
 perbajis, the moat crowning and satiafuotory contra- 
 riety of nil." 
 
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 Hiotographic 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)872-4S03 
 
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 WJ>, 
 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
V 
 
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 Til 
 
 RULES OF ARITHMETIC. 
 
 IN VERSE. 
 
 Addison, is jdning mora numben Uutn one. 
 And putting together to make a whole ram, 
 Addition*! the role that leanu ua to count, 
 And the sum that 'a produced is called the 
 
 RULB 
 
 The numbers write down, as the rule comprehends. 
 Placing units under units, and tens under tens ; 
 Draw a line underneath, and commence at the right, 
 Or iho unit column, the work to unite ; 
 If its sum or amount should not exceed 9, 
 Then place it direct 'neath its own natire line : 
 But if 9 it exceeds, then the unit you place 
 'Neath the column of units, (the units to moe) ; 
 While the tenb or the figure that's to the Mft hand, 
 To the next column join, as you well undtiratand.- 
 
 Observe the same rule, till you come to the last, 
 And the whole amount write as this column yoa oast 
 
 liiiMracUoa. 
 
 Subtraction, it teache^ w]{en numbers are given^ 
 One greater, one less, as 10 stands to 7, 
 To find oat their difference, for difference we see. 
 And when worked and achieved, we find to be 3. 
 
 KULB. ^ , 
 
 The numbers first write, the less under the greater, 
 Placing units and tens, in lines of their nature,— 
 The subtrohend, then, from the minuend take, 
 And that which remains, an answer will mol^.— 
 But if in the less number, a figure we find. 
 Which excecdi that above it, let 10 then bo jobed 
 To the figure Above, and from the amount, 
 Ttko tke figure below, (nor mistake in the oount). 
 Bat forget not to add, to the next ficore, thfin 
 In the subtrahend, out to make up for this Im. 
 
 ▲Adittoo. 
 
 Abmhon is Joining together two or more 
 numbM to Hutka oim wnols uutn or sauront. 
 
 AiSiUuon k IIm rate by whkh w« count, or pal 
 aambon toMihtr. 
 
 11m whcM mm, or uiwsr, te eslted Ib^ amouni. 
 
 avLB. 
 Wrtii dewn iho numbtn, ooo andor Itw othtr, 
 plsdng mUtM ondor unlU, Mta umkr tmm, twi dnw 
 • Um emWtniMdi. 
 
 alia Ai the right btnd, or unit eohiiiin, to xld 
 It th* numUn togMhwi wld iagothw sll Iho 
 flfONi oonlitlnwl ia Ihot eoivnn. 
 
 If itM Mian or UMunl ^mmU not oxcMd 9, thea 
 phM M ondor Iho oelumni IMI tf it dosa netod 9, 
 put Iho ri|hl hand C|vn uader the cduom, ud 
 cany IIm Ml hand flfttro, tad add it on to lh« ooxt 
 ouluan. ^ 
 
 Obairve tha nana rula, putling down and«r tho 
 ooltAan added, llto riaht hand fleuia. if U oxcMda 9; 
 and canning Ihr laA Mad flgtin to tho aosi eoluroa 
 
 Al tha teal oohinin> write down Iho whole (OMttnl, 
 and iha work la oomptelo. 
 
 ■nbtraetlon 
 
 SrarkAOTioR Is taking a leas number from 
 a rwlar to Hiid out tho didpranct, at 7 from 10; tho 
 diflhtanee, or nnoAintler, la 9, 
 
 '11m mater nuntber, or the ttumltr to be kaiened, 
 k calU the minumiL The kit number, or the 
 one to be taken from tlie greater, k called the tuhtra- 
 kmuL Tho diflbreaco, or UmI which k left after tho 
 aporatkn of tho work, k culled the remainder, 
 H VI t. 
 
 Write down tha nombvns the \em under the 
 gTeater, placing unita under unit*, tcm und»r Una, and 
 draw a One underneath. 
 
 Biil)lrac< the k«» fWun the greatert commence at tho 
 right hand OpinK in the lower Hne, and take it from 
 Iha OOP abovoit in Iho upiwr lino t write the diflerenoe 
 below the llite^ So proceed tUI the whok k aubtracted. 
 
 If tho flguro above ihould bo kot than the odo 
 below, then add toi le tha one above, and from tho 
 •motml, taka Iht llgwm behiw. But (n thk caaa 
 vott noil add OM to Iha nail kft hand tgwe, intba 
 kwar column. 1'kk te eaBtd bonowfait tea. 
 
 ^' 
 
ik 
 
 92 
 
 RULES OF ARITHMBTIO. 
 
 MalUpUcatUa. 
 
 Nov, MtUHplieaium, ita nature I '11 ihov. 
 It '• a short way of working Additwn, you know, 
 When the same number oomes, in proM or in rbymM, 
 To be used or repatcd, a number of timet — 
 Let the /e«< number under the ffreaitr one stand, 
 Call one the multijdur, one the mtdtiplicand, — 
 Name the answer the product, — and then just annei 
 For the sigr. of the rule, the letter — X 
 
 First, the number (^bow, must be multiplied o'er 
 In succession, by each fl^re found in the lou«r, 
 While the same as Addition, the rule you have seen, 
 Ilemember to carry on« for every ton; 
 While the riffht hand 6gure of each product must lie 
 Direct 'netUh the fijrure you multiply by ; 
 Thee the same as Addition their products unite, 
 And the amount of them all is the answer quite. 
 
 Or when the multiplier is 100 or 10, 
 Or 1. with any number of ciphers, I mean, 
 Of ciphers, nnncx to the multiplicand, 
 As many, as in the mtdUplicr stand. 
 
 Ot when ciphers are in the tntdtiplier found. 
 Or between the aignyicantfiffuree abound, 
 ^jfiijMret sigmficant only, perform, 
 While the right of each product dircctk i* borne 
 'Neath th,^ ligure you multiply by. (Now retain 
 This rule forever secure in your brain). 
 
 Dlvldoii* 
 
 Next uuple JHviiion, the fourth Role is Men, 
 It 't a short way of working Subtraction, (I ween), 
 It shows us Subtraction, iU smallest remabt, 
 And bow often om number another contains. 
 
 The Divisor is tlsat, which divides, as you see, 
 The Dividend's that, which divided must bo. 
 The answer is called the Quaisnl, and shows 
 How oft the divisor in the dividend goes. 
 
 RUI.K. 
 
 Write the (Uvidcnd down, and to the left hand. 
 With a curve line betwecn,.the divisor mus^taod, — 
 
 Then of figures, as many divide, (and oonugn) 
 As t»ill hold the divisor, times not over nine, (9) 
 With the number arising, the quotient supply, 
 WUch by the divisor you then multiply, — 
 
 The pitxlaet then take from the dividend o'er it, 
 And bende whs* remains, the next fionn lower it ; 
 Which agvn foa divide, if 't will hold the dbfitor, 
 If not, in the quotient • dpher we tie sir. 
 
 StnltlpUoatlQn. 
 
 MoLTiruoATioR is s shoft way of perform- 
 ing Addition, wbm the mbm number !■ io ba 
 
 KPMlMi a numbw of UmM. 
 
 Tha numbar wa mulli|l7 by, is eallad tha 
 muUiplier. 
 
 TIm nnmbar to ba multlplkd, la oallad tha 
 muUiptieimd. 
 
 Tha answer ia callad tha product. 
 
 llM dgn of MuliipliGaUon is tha lattar X. 
 
 auia. 
 
 When the muUiplier txutda IS. 
 
 Writa down tha multipttcaml, undar which, writa 
 tlia multiplier, ^hdng wnHts under uniti, tens under 
 tras, and draw a line underneath. 
 
 Multiply the multiplirand by ouch fioura of the 
 multiplier, commencing at the riglit lisnd; and 
 ramimber to art the first product or each figure 
 direcdy undar the figure in the muhlpUar by which 
 you multiply. 
 
 Add thi'M several products together, and tha 
 amount i« the product rftjuired. 
 
 Ihmullinlv by 10, HK), 1000, \t. 
 
 Add to the multiplirand us many ciphera aa there 
 era ciphrn li\ the multiplier i ami the multiplying ia 
 performed. 
 
 When ciphera occur between the significant flguiaa 
 of the multiplitr, we omit tlicnt, nmltlplying by the 
 aigniflcant flguree only, ntinding to write the Aral 
 product of each figure, dinvtly under the figure by 
 which we multiply. 
 
 To prove muitiulicalion, divide the product by the 
 multiiuier, and a tha quotient is tha aame aa tha 
 multiplioaixl, the work ia right 
 
 Dlvtatoa. 
 
 Dmsiow la a short way of performing many 
 Bubtnetiona; or, 
 
 It showa bow often one number is contained in 
 another. 
 
 Tha Dividond ia tha numbar to be divided. 
 
 Tha Divisor b tha number that divkkw On 
 dividend. 
 
 The answer ia callad tha Quotient, and shows bow 
 «Asn tha DlviMW gooa into the Dividend. 
 
 n VLR. 
 
 When the L situr it mere than \i. 
 
 Plaoa tha Divisor at the left of tha Dividend, aafa* 
 rated by a Hoe. ,..,,,. 
 
 Then assume aa xuutj figurea of the dividend as 
 will hoM the divfaM aametbing Irsa than 10 Uroaa. 
 
 See how often tho divisor b •sontained in tiw 
 aasumed portion of Iha dividend, and placa tha reaiA 
 at tha right of Ihs dividend, asparalad by another Vam. 
 
 MaUiply tha divisor by tbia flgwa. and pbcc the 
 product undar tha paH aasumad or divided, and Hb- 
 tract il tltetallrou,aiMllo tha rsmaladar bnng dona 
 the next figura Sir a naw dividend. 
 
 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
ay of perform- 
 umbor li io ba 
 
 , U MlM Um 
 
 I, b oalM Iht 
 
 'latter X. 
 
 (kr which, writt 
 inits, teiM undvr 
 
 ch fimn of lb* 
 
 iglit litndi •nil 
 
 of etoh flgur* 
 
 iltipUar by whkh 
 
 gether, atul tha 
 
 I dphen m titcrt 
 \\t multiplying is 
 
 ilRniflcnnt flgum 
 ultiplying by the 
 to write tb« fini 
 ler the figure bf 
 
 w produci by Um 
 Um mow u Um 
 
 rforming many 
 
 r it containad in 
 
 lie diridail. 
 
 Ibat dividaa Um 
 
 it,anilriM«8lMiw 
 
 ! 
 
 IS. 
 
 Iia DMdcwl,aar» 
 
 if Uie divklend aa 
 iUmii lOUraaa. 
 •sontained in Um 
 Ml piaca Um reaak 
 ad by anoUier Vmt, 
 ua,aMl place the 
 rdi«idad,andai*- 
 aiadarbringdanB 
 
 BULKS OP ARITHlfXTIO. 
 
 98 
 
 Aad to our rmoMtr, % figure onoe more. 
 From (be dirideMl bring, and prooeed a* befoiv. 
 
 WMn Tm DITUOR IS JMU TBAS If 
 
 But when the diviaor does not exceed tweWe, 
 Br thort divinon the problem we aolye, * 
 ^ath the dividend then the quotient yon bind, 
 While the process is iiostly perfomed in the mind. 
 
 BeductlOB. 
 
 lUdwtim is changing • kind and its name, 
 To another, and keeping its ralue the same. 
 ft consists of two kinds. Ascending is one, 
 Defending the other, by which we eome down ; 
 In Bedttotion ascending, division we try ; 
 In B«d?etion DescendTrg, we then multiply. 
 
 RMnctloB Aacendtav. 
 
 Divide the lowest kind that stands in your sum. 
 By that number it takes of the sum to make one 
 SJi?*? "*** higher order, and keep the same round 
 Till the probl«m is solved, ^d the answer is found. 
 
 D«clmai Fracttoas. 
 
 Jkdeeimd Fraetiont, your work is the same. 
 As when m whole numbers, the problems you frame. 
 
 AddttlMi mmA 8ab<nicUon of Decimals. 
 
 RULB. 
 
 In Addition of Decimals, Subtraction too, 
 ^e same as whole numbers, the work you must do ; 
 Write tenths under tenths, and hundredths, likewise, 
 You place under hundredths, the rule to comprise. 
 Let the decimal point, if the work you approve. 
 FaUpneiHly 'luath than in th» mmbinakoiie. 
 
 HalUiHicatloa of Declnala. 
 
 to rOIHT on* » MVLTIPUOATIOR OT DRODUU. 
 
 J^'^^1^^1T''Vl}f^' «nd to Um i«Baia- 
 To piova DivWoo. malliplr Um divfaor end «uv 
 
 JSfS:y^'-»?*(H^0-71, Um Qootient To 
 
 If in Midtiplieation of Decimal*, then 
 Pobt fiff from your product, with pencil or pen. 
 For <t»timal plaeet, as many as etaud 
 In both nwAt/rftfr and muUipiieand. 
 If the product in JIfum tMeimt is found. 
 To the left of the product let dphen be bound. 
 
 I mvMan 0t Dednal*. 
 
 I to roiRT on nr Diymov or drodcau. 
 
 H ^I»i>WiKm^2>«6iiab, then you may c«mt 
 JL_^ ^^ ^ ^ ^'^'^ ^* whole amount 
 
 HfldUOtloiL 
 
 i-.5?II"7^"J" «'>?n»«'>I one kind or denom- 
 
 „Hf. ^ r '"* ' «^"2i«" A«««H««. and Dal 
 aeaoding: th« former ia peribnned by divLloa, and 
 Um latter by muliiplication. ««. ana 
 
 ■ciB roa aaaueTiA* MCiifBiia. 
 Divide Um loweal denonUnaUon givtn, by aa hmiv 
 
 hi.L'^-'""-™'^--^-"''^-" 
 
 Dirida the quotient in Um Mma manner, by Um 
 number it ta^ofila own deaominaUoo to miS ooa 
 Si u J* V "'".'^ denomination ; w continna to do 
 nu U la redooed to the denomination lequiied. 
 
 Decimal ZVaotloiia. 
 
 DioiRALS are performed the same as whole 
 nombera. Th. Wy dilfiealty <• to know when to 
 put Um aeptr^Uon or d,dmal point, between dedmala 
 and whole numbara. 
 
 Addition and Bnbtraotlon of Oeolmala. 
 
 Write down the numbers, one under the 
 other, placing Uuee ti Um mum value under each 
 mar; or, unita under unite, tena under tena^ &cl 
 f^**"^ tenUM under tenUu, hundredUM under 
 ^"**I~."^ ""d Umu add or aubtraet aa in addition 
 er aubtraetion of aimpla or whole numbaiik 
 
 Let Um decimal point in Um turn, cc rfm^ndrr 
 M d«c«y under uioM in Um aim. ^ ^^*^' 
 
 JitultlpHcatlon of Oedmala. 
 
 iKi^F^ ** ^^P^jootion of DKimA. 
 
 J^amw »'» same aa in whoto numfam. and point 
 off in Um product, finr dedmal plaeea, aa iumr 
 flgnna aa UMre are decimal plaeea in boih muhipte 
 and mumplicand, counted together. 
 
 rfTo molUply a whole number by a decimal. Um 
 pndaotiileasUMnUM mubipli'mid, fcroxaanpla. 
 ,5 anilUplied by ,fi Um prododi b ,M. ^ 
 
 "DMaUm of Deolaaala. 
 
 npeMq^inDkimm of Ikdmak, 
 
 WvJda U>e aama aa in whole nombna, and Mini 
 
 off ftoro Um light Sf Um quotiant, ibr MmakM 
 
 many plaeea aa Um decimal plaoaa in Um diviikiid 
 
 I 
 
mmmmm 
 
 -rm 
 
 94 
 
 RU'LES OF ARITHMETIO. 
 
 That the dlvidtnd numbfif o'er the divUor 
 In Jer'tiiuil /iyurc$— anil if the supply (iir) 
 In Ihe nuo'.icnt, of fijjfurcH, dt'licicnt you find, 
 To the left of the ^otitnt let eip/urt btjomti. 
 
 Interest. • 
 
 Interest ia a certain per cent, that's allowed, 
 For the luo of money on the lender bestowed. 
 The prineip<U 'a that, which is loaned or lent, 
 The rate, on csich dolhr, ii called the per cent. — 
 
 It is Simple and Comjxmnd — The rule for ihtyfirtt 
 "Wlien desired fur one year, may thus be rehearsed: 
 
 nu t. K. 
 
 cent. 
 
 First, the principal multiply by the raUft 
 And divide by 100 the product, (attent) 
 If for more years than one, the pfoduct it heart 
 Munt be multiplic<i by tlie number of years. 
 
 If the interest for months, in your sum is implied, 
 By 12, the 'ilercst of one year, divido. 
 And the quotient by the nwr^er of moiUha multiplied. 
 The interest in full, for the raonUis will decide. 
 
 If tlio use of your inont-y for days you wou' \ see. 
 The amount for one month by 30 must be 
 Divided, and then the quotient you raise 
 Be multiplied o'er by the number of days ; 
 Add the days and themonlAi and the yeart all in one, 
 And the rnswcr d(:asired will bo the whole mun. 
 
 CJompound Intcrc 
 
 Now bterest Compound, to you I wilfafaow, 
 'Tis interest on interest and principal too, 
 Wkioh aro added together a» interest U due. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 First find the amount >br one year, the s<un« 
 As in rimple interest, the rule that you're seen. 
 Then this is the principal for the next year, 
 Which again you compute with patience and care. 
 And agfun to the produot the interest unite. 
 Which becomes for the third year, a principal qwte. 
 
 So continue, and flrom the amount of the la^ 
 Subtract the sum loaned, and the interest is cast 
 
 •lOMd ihoM of lh« iKvitor ; ■nd if Ihern Iw ■ iMI- 
 c1mm7 of flgura* in the quntirni, ■ii|)|>ly mirh doi. 
 dancy by »nne»iiig flpirM »o Ihe left of Iho quotient 
 To dWide • nhola number l>y • decimal, Iho 
 quotient ia neater tlwn the dividend .- fcr eiwnple, 
 MO, divided b^r .n. Iho quotionl ia 500. 
 
 ImaisT li 
 
 .Xntereot 
 
 is a pet cent paid by the bor< 
 rowar to the lender, lor the um< nf monev. 
 
 The aum of money kmned or lent, w called iba 
 pritteipat. 
 
 The ;Mr cent, la the annual amount paid, aa ao 
 many doUara for the uaa of a hundred. 
 
 atrta roa aiMtLi inTiassT. 
 
 Multiply the prineipal by the rate prr tent., «nd 
 divide the product by one hundred, and the quotient 
 ia tlie inlereat for one year. 
 
 Multiply thia laat by the number of y«aia, and the 
 product ia the intncat for the yeaia. 
 
 To emnpuie the inttrttt fur moniht t 
 
 Divida Iho inforeat ofonu year by 13, and the quo- 
 tient ia die intoreat for one month , multiply thb by 
 the number of montha, and tlie product ia the interM 
 for tito montha. 
 
 73) ampule the inlerrft for days i 
 
 Divide the inttrmt of one montli by 30, the num- 
 ber oi daya in a month, ami the quotient ia the intersat 
 for one itj. 
 
 Multiply the inteicat of one day by the number of 
 daya, and the product ia the intereat for the daya. 
 
 Add the dayc, months, and years togtather, uid Ikt 
 •mount is the intcroat required. 
 
 Compound Intereat. 
 
 CoMTonm Irtsbist, is interest on interest, 
 where the intereat ia added to thepiindpal at the end 
 tt Mch year, aa it beceniea do*. 
 
 HUtE 
 
 Of the three finn tusmitrt, a third term you make 
 That 's of the same kind with the aameer you mkk; 
 
 And then just consider the question in hand, 
 Whether gT«at«r or less, the answer will stand 
 
 mvta 
 
 tha 
 
 JPInl And ihs amoont for one yma, and 
 ■noant ia the principal for tha aeeond year. 
 
 Then padbrm, with thia piiDctea), Iba funa aa widi 
 the finrt, finding tha amount nr the SMond year, 
 which amount ia the prindpsi for the third year; ao 
 eootinne to do, finding the amoont for each year, and 
 fiom the laat amount, subtract tha aum kwaad, and 
 the maainder is the Cim^ound Inlareai for tha 
 nnmbar of yssia laqidnd. 
 
 Ibda of Shraa. 
 
 Of t*.e three given numbers, make that tha 
 thhd tana which k of flM aaaw Und with the ufWK 
 aoogfat 
 
 Than MiMid«r, fifom tha artara ef Mm 
 whether the anawar wyi be 
 third tern. 
 
 ..Sst., 
 
if Ihnra Iw ■ iMt 
 ■ii|>l>ly rarh <Mk 
 t(i of iho qnolUiit 
 J • daciiiMl, lb* 
 id: tot •tmft», 
 
 soo. 
 
 tid bj th« bor< 
 
 moner. 
 
 I»nt, u called Um 
 
 mount paid, m m 
 red. 
 
 ■BMT. 
 
 ail per tent, xnd 
 I, UM Um quotirnt 
 
 r of jtan, and Um 
 
 I. 
 
 tthMi 
 
 jr 13, and the quo* 
 , multiply thb \rf 
 duct ia th« interM 
 
 n b; 30, the num- 
 tient ia the inteieat 
 
 ' by the number of 
 M for the d«y«. 
 « logather, awl the 
 
 rMt. 
 
 ireflt on intercft, 
 iitncipal at tba end 
 
 M yaw, and tba 
 ond yawp* 
 
 lUlbafUMaawidi 
 r the Moond year, 
 tiia third yev; ao 
 t for each year, and 
 laimii kiaiMd,and 
 d Inlara* (br tha 
 
 «, main that dM 
 ndwiikUiei 
 
 a flf IIm nMMOi 
 wartMidMattw 
 
 SB 
 
 1 
 
 RULES OF AfllTHMETIO. 
 
 Than thii tlio Ihird tciro, — If grtoUr H l« known 
 That of thu two numbera the gnaicr comes down 
 For tiie term that is apcond, or t«rm number two; 
 While the less number'8j(r»<, aa the pencil will hUow. 
 
 But if smullcr your answer than term number t/m*, 
 Rerorso the two termt, let the leti itcond be, 
 
 Then the aocond and third you next multiply, 
 And divide by theyCr*/ and the answer is nigh. 
 
 * AlUfatlon. 
 
 AUigatUm is mingling or mixing toii^other. 
 Tens, Rugarj or npirits (nn 1 ono tliinj^ or other), 
 It divides itself thus, ^now bo nuro and learn it). 
 Alligation Mtdial, Alligation AllertuUe. 
 
 Alligation medial. 
 
 Alligation Medial U finding; the mean, 
 Tha middle or avtr;v,i(e 'twixt either extreme 
 Of several simples, nome K-hs and some greater ; 
 So read o'er tnese lines, and they '11 learn you its 
 n.iture. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Supposing A raercliiint has (hreo kinds of tea, 
 At 10 shillings, fi shillings, and shillings 3, 
 Wliich he wishes to mix and together confound, 
 And then wanU U> know what's Uie worth of a pound, 
 
 Add Your 10 and your 5 and your 3 aa you mix, 
 And dinJed by 3, the quotient is 6. 
 
 Six ■Lilliiis* per pound, price of tha mixtura, 
 
 Alllfatlott Alternate. 
 
 AlHgation AltorDate ia the rule that finds. 
 What quanlity of any number of simples or kinds. 
 Whose rates are all given, direct as we state, 
 To compose n mixture of a specified rate. 
 
 BUI.E. 
 
 Arrange in • *Mmnn your rates for command. 
 And plae* joa mean rait off at the left hand, 
 EarL rate .that is Uu than the middle or mean, 
 /oin with one that is greater, as is plain to be seen, 
 Place the difference 'tween each rate and mean kind. 
 Opposite that with which it ia join«l. 
 
 •qnare Root. 
 
 RUI.E. 
 
 Divide into periodi of tvo figura each, 
 T^o number you know, as the pedagogues teach, — 
 
 In the l^nand period find tne greatest aquan, 
 Wliieh from it subtract, and to what remains there 
 Bring the next period down for a Dwidend (fair) : 
 
 Place the root of the squwe at the right band of all, 
 
 tA Wo tiaea the reet a IHmmr we eall. 
 
 If gnater, place tha Rtaalar Ot Uie two rrmaiaiag 
 nuniben for the wrotid term. 
 
 If Um, place the lewer of the remaining number^ 
 for the Mcund tirm. 
 
 In eilher caM, multiply the uconj and third tenaa 
 together, tnd tliviile liy (ha firat term ; and the <|U<^ 
 tieiit will be Ibe fuurth term, or nn«wcr. 
 
 AUlcatlon. 
 
 Allioatior ia nixing tof^ether soversi aim- 
 pie* of diljTorcnt qualities, n( priren, «o Ihnt the compo- 
 ■ition may be of some intrhnediate quality or price. 
 
 It u of (no kiiidi, Alligation Ahcmatc, and AIU> 
 gatioii Mixlial. 
 
 AUtgatlOQ Medial 
 
 ALLtoATioR McDUL, is finding the mean or 
 average proportion or price, of aeveral nuinbara of 
 price*. 
 
 I« VLB. 
 
 Add together the iirveni prieea or ingredients, and 
 divide Uif nmnuiit liy the number of Ingredients. 
 
 Or trhm there are a greater number than one of 
 eofh kinif, 
 
 Multiply the numltrr by the price, aet the prodncta 
 in a column, add the aeveral producta together, and 
 divide tho amount by the amount of the levenl 
 ingredients, and the quoUent if the mean price Ot the 
 compoaitioii. 
 
 Alligation Altemato. 
 
 ALLiaATiOR Alterrati teaches to find 
 what quantity of any number of aimplee, whoea 
 ralee are all given, will oomposa a mixture of any 
 apedfladrala. 
 
 ■ trta. 
 
 Arrange tha ntea of the riinplea in a oolunin under 
 each other, with the meen price at the left band. 
 
 Connect each rate, that u leaa than the neaa rale, 
 with on« or more that b greater; plaer the dMeren x 
 between each r«t> and mean piioa oppoeile that with 
 which it ia Joined, and it will ha Um quantily nqufatd. 
 
 B^oaro Root. 
 
 B VI.S. 
 
 Divide your number into periods of two 
 figorea each, by patting a point over the unit Hggpra, 
 and every aeoond Cjura from tha place of onitiL 
 
 Find Uir greateat aquan in tba left band pieriod^ 
 and put tiie raanlt in tha tool, at Uie right cf the 
 numbar. 
 
 Sqaam this fignM, 
 
 aod flaaa tM ai|iam asdv I 
 
 X 
 
 •*B*" '■ 
 
wrnmrnm 
 
 mmmm 
 
 I 
 
 ai2^i^' 
 
 RULBB or ABITHMBTIO. 
 
 
 ! . 
 
 ■1 ■ 
 
 Then try Um Diviwr, m« how nuuij UmM 
 n« Dividend Loldt it (bj proae or bj rhToiM). 
 Of iU rijfM hand fiffur* excIuniTe, jo« know, 
 And write in th«> root eta's number 't will go, 
 
 Then to the Disitvr tht samtjiavrt tie, 
 And by the Mine figure the whde mulUplr ; 
 
 Thevrodud then UUn from the Dividend gpenned), 
 And of thut which rcmaini, make • new dividend : 
 By briagipur the ptriod that' r neit, aiong tidt, — 
 AjmI for a Divitor that '• ntw and untried, 
 Jttrt do*ibU iht figwu that atand in the not, 
 Amd work a* h^n, till th« Muwwr it got. 
 
 Cabe 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Tow number divide, aa I shall proaeribc. 
 In jperioda of throo figurei each, side by aide, 
 
 In the left hand period the ffreateiit cube find, 
 Pat ita root in the quotient, and then yoii must mind 
 To aubtract from tnc period, the Cube that is found. 
 And by what remaini, the next period bring down 
 For a dividend, — then r divitor to spr, 
 •By 300 your quotient't n/uare multiply ; 
 
 Then aa SimpU Bivition, the work you perform, 
 But tuUroft not the product— let this be forborne. 
 
 Then the square of the last quotient figure espied. 
 By the Jlnt quotient figure, mast be multiplied, 
 Ajid the answer arising by 30 be tried (or nuJtiplitd), 
 And tne product of these placed undet the last. 
 That units and tens in tlieir lines may be oast. 
 
 Write the cube of the last quotient sign, under all. 
 And the amount of the whole, a subf?ahend call. 
 Which you must anbtraot from the dividend o'tr it, 
 And bjf what r«maint the next /(frwJ f,&wtr it 
 For a new dividend, with which you proceed 
 Aa before, till the root in the quotient you read. 
 
 OcMnetrlcal PrsfrcMloB. 
 
 Tht Jtril term, rtdio, and numier of temu hefe^ 
 gieen, to find the but term. 
 
 A few leading powers of the ratio write down, 
 With each index placed o'er, beffinning at one. 
 The indieee whose turn aa the nue thus informs. 
 Shall approach within one of the number of terms, 
 Stand over the factors, whoae prodact must be 
 Multiplied hjUMfirtt teim, lad t^ lait t«n& we ate. 
 
 *aldlkuiiip«rW. TtiMi niUrMt it IbaraAr n, mmI 
 !• Ih« iwMtedM bring <lown Um miI pirlwl jm • 
 
 Do wb h Ihs net, titmiy famd, Ibr • tHvim, m 
 m» how many tiaM* ll la ooataiiMii In Um lUriilwil, 
 ciduiiTe of te right ttai flnre, and place ih« ntch 
 hi th« root, fbr Um iMwnd flgui* of it, ami likawlH 
 pot Um mum flgUM t» Um right haml of iIm JiviMr. 
 
 Multiply Um Miiaai mUtt UM ImI llgwr* •lUMidl, 
 by Um Im« plaowi in Um root, mmI Mblncl tb* proilacl 
 flrom iIm diviAmd, and to tha raroaindar bring down 
 Um n«ll pariod toi • imw ditidend. 
 
 Ooubla Um flgtaraa alraady bund in Um rool, fer • 
 a«w diviaor, um from thaaa ind Um iMit tgura ia 
 <t« ront, •• ImI dinctod, imd ao proeaad UU Iha wlMk 
 isinUM4 
 
 Onbe Koet 
 avia. 
 
 Separate the fiven numbers into periods of 
 thraa flguraa aaeh, ht putting • point ovor tha imil 
 flgufa, and awry U Agura Iteyond tha plaoa of uniiBi 
 
 Find the gr«aiaal eubo in Ui* left hand pariod, and 
 aat tha root in tha qootiant 
 
 Subtract the cuha, thua found, from tha laid pariod, 
 and to tha ramainder bring tha iMit pariod down fbr 
 • diTidand. 
 
 Multiply Um aquaia of Um quoUent by SOO, ealUag 
 it Um divlaor. 
 
 fStitk how manv UnMa tha <l<riaor may be had in 
 the dividend, and place the raault in the root; then 
 mulUply the diviaor by thia quotient figure, and write 
 Um product under the dividend. 
 
 MulUply the aquara of thia quotient figure I7 the 
 former figure or figurea of the root, and thb prodnel 
 
 SO, and piaee the product under the laal; under 
 
 , write the cube of thia quotient figure, and safe 
 liaet the amount from the dividend, and to tha 
 remainder bring down the iMxt period for a new 
 dividmd, vriUi wfaUi BNcasd M More, wiUI the iMk 
 IsfliUdMd. 
 
 tNoaaetileal Picnnstiuu 
 
 First put down a few leading powera of ^he 
 ratio, with Um indioaa placed over them, haglnnli 
 at one. Add the moat convenient indioea together, 
 to make aa index one leaa than the number of the 
 term aooght 
 
 MuMp^ tofsAer Um powen belonging la thMS 
 todkas, end thiir pradue), nnilUpiiad by Iks flnl 
 iMB^willbalhaaHmr. 
 
 A 
 
 tlB B«B. 
 
tract it lb«r«Ar.n, mi4 
 tlM iMit pirlwl JMT • 
 
 md, far ■ dlvi«», «r 
 ln«l in iIm (UTMlMid, 
 e, and pbce Shft rsKJt 
 j« of it, ami likawiM 
 I IuumI of lb« Jiviior. 
 iMt flfwra •lUMiad, 
 d wUrad lb* prodnel 
 •maindar bring down 
 md. 
 
 uimI in Um root, far • 
 id tha nait Agw* In 
 (iroeaad till Iha irlMk 
 
 r 
 
 «n into ptriodt of 
 I point ovw Iha mM 
 inil tha plaoa of unilik 
 left hand parlod, and 
 
 , fiom tha laid pariod, 
 nail pariod doivn far 
 
 otknt bjr SOO, ealUng 
 
 Tiaor may ha had in 
 ult in Iha root ; than 
 [ieni flgura, and wrila 
 
 lUfltiant flgura by tha 
 root, and thia prodnet 
 indar Iha laal; undar 
 lient figure, and mih- 
 liTidend, and to Um 
 xt period far • utm 
 MM«.ai>lUtfc«iwk 
 
 Jinf poweraofMM 
 vfu tham, baginntag 
 liant indioea logelhar, 
 Ilka numbar of tha 
 
 • beloagiBg le 
 ultipiM by tL» flnl 
 
^) 
 
 ^ 
 
 Til, 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 ■pa 
 
 AaaiD?^ ^i&Q]1f[J!9, 
 
 r.sr . '.sEi^ixsax-^aiiM 
 
 '>^ 
 
 ..: 
 
 V 
 
 AoRNft WftUtQii to Mcll the Poottcal Oeogr«{.hy id nearly ovory 
 'ft the TIr.ioo.< V *A» no work of the age me^tf with moro rapid «af 
 f>ru«oi\ts a roro opportuuity fbr mSvo and . enteryruiing men ts> 
 monay. 
 
 m 
 
 Wliol««iil«D«iiIer«lnM»p«. Booki, LJlhogrtphio Prinli, Btationery, &o.^A<V 
 Uountont Aod Profloibte Kmpluymont g\vvu o intelliifoiit and ontorprMiHg i 
 
 REdOMMENi)Ai*l;i 
 
 w4 luMmi£i |»it| I In In iHW* <• »■ ?»il««f"*y »1 
 MJWIMI kj hw. Mt HarfMld b« DOM of tte wnika of 
 tt«d*y. ( • V li«toi ao* MMM Md bMom • 
 BMqlHON, U Mlrfaiy i not ite Amkar* ttalu-'Ntw, 
 
 m 
 
 TtM 
 
 •kuitai 
 
 MUI HI WmiWUMI. II >f 111 pfBft M •0««tl|N m IMMI' 
 
 inn Mm prioot|«t Ow J nf U4n(|r#h]r iMKi* Mm onwiN 
 M Um eoainioii'r*nM of " TIlK^ ^'ijn h»i^ ftaptMiW, ' 
 *iv t» ia M9t *• 4^ or Um wtath.-N«m Yai^ 
 
 £mni»4 IW. 
 
 lltM tot t|a wb.^ 
 knomi kiir<t Mm ' 
 
 r iw il lw i f. MwiM^jr naculatM kid 
 
 knomi kMr«r Um mM, ■»«!«•««« »> jnMB rftirf nn 
 th« Mrt oT Nt AMhi^ VtJ^ MU> «•« nUtng »tr«tiM 
 ■hnW ManMOnaMi'taTMiBM «r WMbrld|i«'i Viattl- 
 
 oTUm 
 
 
 (BrrMtoiM of oSS^a'iMUai ■&»•§ . 
 momnry. Bui nMTomm llM fOoUf, t'MW i» 
 tnnncb in Ui« «olk M Miii^ »< 7 >(■ MtttftS 
 
 , 71b AmNW OM^n^ -ttoia m<Nli*Mii . 
 
 1*1 ftivor of thU tni«f«itiii« puVHuai m. t ii|,(tir 
 inrMt* IB Hl«»itai»-* tanMai'MW «*• ■» 
 mmni » (MtMtJrinMtnf Imiiii «i> bt««,ilfm 
 *if^pftaom^«i|Mil|| of QMffpUy,''-^'*' 
 t^«Bpw. ritfn,i9Wk *••«•, MUodi I 
 of vt« iMw, jMt hrtowM* iiwin, Kivii 
 dryWoM, Mid for >ataiAyi«Mi«4Mr>ai 
 AM* tr»m Um rtttiia 
 qiM|tiy •Pimm U> 
 
 bMWl*tlMM! w w „-- 
 
 oartaMjr oMlmpartrJitpht a 
 o( Ua iMbndMMlM. TIm i>fM* 
 Htet at Um MMIar ar d mit * 
 iawwlM nalana muttn i 
 •MMiMW, o^braia* Mnf^ 
 
 Tha <^^ cf 4tM f«|K(Jl 1^# 
 
 
 ,/ ai^^t ki •4Mrt«! tiiftfc Agents will act the honorable part with laLidri^, aqd 
 tb« work for lev thir th« n|}M^4)tion price, for thit is »bn>iat^ oat p«frODH, ^fch 
 «9rtt tft^ of ingratUu.'t. '.^^ /i':*'. ,■ ^\'f- 
 
 ■ » >■ ■ ■ '» 
 
 r As the Po<>H(^ Oeo7i«phy is sold oi>Iy bjf Sabacriptiou, iUpats i^WO 
 exj^wted to u.!l " '. every honsc, tbnt every ot o m 7 uare ft imihS 
 to pitrc'uosa on^ dr more copies. 
 
 ■•iW 
 
 ■CBUORSa 
 
 dMMda 
 
4. '.'^6i 
 
 ly ovory 8tft^*^ 
 rapid «aU 
 non ts> II 
 
 , Ao-Ao, ,, , 
 rprbuig DMo^ 
 
 Oil 
 
 w>trv, t'!«M Ml,,. 
 
 I HI. t «(_«»: 
 li'inw Hit"" 
 
 mi|»Ujr, 
 
 
 iMfllMI 
 
 
 I— HOB" 
 
 
 i^vo 
 

mil ^1 
 
 .-*—.?