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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commen9ant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent 6tre fiimds A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul c!ich6, 11 est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut an bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "WEST'IM THE '€|tA¥ELLE!( AM) mtG|ANT'S '%'. v '•■ TTANBBWK TO -AH»',*I^^',^ I s OKT^- wist: STATES OF iIIeBICA, FOR GENEBALf CIRCItL ITIOfJ. coNTAiN0€i^ul^$ifi 131901^^ m^ poitt fdf^ «6r»f«f®j>»rirB0TH McsiBms. COtPaEfr^FROM Tg£ iKTEST AUTHENTIC SOURCES, AND DES^GJfK JjSffiLY FOR THE V^. OF TRAVELLERS, EMIGRApi AND OTHERS. ^ ' f'S ■ -c ft-*i* ^ ■■*!^ . CHICAGO, a U, U.S.. t (roRUERliT OF KEVCABTLK-VPOK-TTKjilSKeiiAKD.} LONDON: ALQifeR &;8TREET, 11, CLBlH^NTt liANB. I: ,'V. 3A> J HO! FOE THE WEST!!! THE TfiAVELLEE AND EMIGRANT'S HANDBOOK TO CANADA ANU TlIK NOETH-WEST STATES OF AMEEIOA, Foii H. HALL, CHICAGO, ILL,, U.S. (I'ORMERLT OF NEWCASTLli-lJ'OX-lYNi;, ENGLAND.) LONDON: ALGAR & STREET, 11, CLEMENT'S LANE. 1856. CONTENTS. CANADA. Advantages of the Northern Route BoumlaricB .... Extent and Geographical Divisions Natural Features, Soil, and Products Agriculture . - • - - Climate - • » • - Eailwats— Summary - - . - - MiSCKLIiANEOUS— Population . - - . Land - - - Labour and Wages ... Emigration ... Hints to Emigrants— Choice of a Ship Cost of Passage . - - Money- . - . • Boutes, Fares, Distances, &c. - Page 6 • 8 9 - 10 12 - 14 24 . 25 2(J - 28 29 - 31 32 • 34 37 CHICAGO AND THE GREAT WEST. Chicago ..--.-.-- Hotels ........ Railroads - - • •- TheValley of the Upper Mississippi .... Face of the Country .-.--.. Climate ....--.. Public Lands ....-.-. - 41 43 - 44 48 - 49 60 - 60 lUinoiB • Wisconsin Iowa - Minnesota THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. . 62 55 - 68 60 TO T[IE rUBLIC. Least of all tho virtues of authorship which, if forsooth it have any at all, this work can lay claim to, will be that of originality. After a residence on tho American continent of nearly eight years, I feel that it is perhaps even less the result of my own experience than of others' labour. From the various works that have appeared from time to time on Canada and Canadian emigration, and especially from the " Prize Essays" published about a year ago, I have selected what I deemed to be the most important matter ; and thus while " sucking honey," as it were, " from every flower," I have arranged my extracts in such a form as I hope will serve the purpose intended — viz., of fur- nishing a "Hand Book," at once cheap, comprehensive, and reliable. In & country like Canada and the West, which is undergoing such a constant change, the difliculty of getting the lated information will be readily admitted 1 have only to add that each of the succeed- ing pages has undergone a careful revision ; and the necessary addition of all recent changes, .so as to bring it up to the latest possible moment, has always been made ; and thus I trust that all referring to it will be as much benefited by a perusal of its con- tents as I am satisfied with the accomplishment of my task. E. H. H. Ni.WCAS'!I.E-OS-TV.NK, .lUJie, 1850. CANADA. ooth it have ■ originality. ■ eight years, 11 experience le to time on 1 the " Prize lat I deemed king honey," ' extracts in -viz., of fur- and reliable, going such a )rmation will the succeed- ho necessary to the latest rust that all I of its con- task. E. H. H. TITC ADVANTAGES OF THE NORTHERN ROUTE. TiT!^ first thing to be dono towards emigration to Canada or th^ Western States of America, is to select a route and the means of conveyance, in determining upon which parties will no doubt be more or less influenced by the state of their finances. The passage across the Atlantic to the different ports in the Lnitod States and Canada has hitherto been too much of a lottery. Emigrants have been too anxious to reach the Eldorado of their hopes, and not unfrequcntly too regardless of their personal safety, to be very particular as to the means of getting there. It is only of late years that the advantages of the St. Lawrence route to Canada and the West have begun to be appreciated, either by emi- grants or shippers ; and now that the fact of its being the best passenger as well as freight route can bo firmly established, it is higlily important, and the constantly increasing emigration demands, that it should be selected, and its merits widely proclaimed. The use of maps on Mercator's projection, and the indifferent vessels engaged in the lumber trade, had so injured this route, that few or none could be found willing to ship for Quebec or Montreal, Willie the tide of emigration towards the States, and even parts of Canada, all set in towards Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and even xYow Orleans. So strong, indeed, was the unjust prejudice entertained in Europe against this route, on account of the supposed dangers of the navigation of the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence, and the seventy of the sea voyage and climate of Canada, that almost double the rates of fare asked by forwarders on this route wore not unfrequently paid by emigrants to New York, and more than double fares from the seaboard to points in the West. The extortions and impositions practised so long upon emigrants land- ing in New York, the establishment of regular trading and passen- ger ships and the lines of Canadian steamers, but more Ihan allj the apparent advantages of this route, have contributed greatly to 6 dif=tpol these prejudices, and to induce a largo amount of travel. Of lato years, in addition to the immigration designed for actual sottlo- ment, large bodies of Irish, Norwegian, German, and other conti- nental emigrants, have pursued through the Canadas their journey to Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, and other "Western States of the Ame- rican Union To be brief, the great advantages of the northern route to Canada and the West may be summed up under the following heads. 1. It IS THE siioiiTEST. It is perhaps not generally known that the sailing distance between Liverpool and Quebec is, by the Straits of Belle Isle, some 400, and via the southern route some 200 miles shorter, than between Liverpool and New York ; Linerpool to Que- bec, vid north of Ireland and Straits of Bollo Isle, being 2,G80 miles j and to New York, via Cape Clear and Cape Euce, 3,073 nahs. I mention this fact, not as being of itself of great importance, but as one of the many advantages which, practically considered, combine to make this route desirable. 2. It is the cheapest and most ExrEBiTiOTis. From the circum- stance of continuous water communication, and that of a very safe, comfortable, and speedy nature, the St. Lawrence in point of cheapness has greatly the advantage. There is now a line of steamers and propellers running from Chicago to the ports of Quebec and Montreal, so that the emigrant is enabled to purchase his ticket before leaving home, and to embark without loss of time, or any expenditure of his little means, and to pursue his way undis- turbed, upwards of 2,000 miles into the very heart of the country. Transport is thus speedier and the cost lighter than via the southern route from New York, Boston, or Philadelphia, where the frequent transhipments and breaks in the railroad connection are sources of constant expense and annoyance to the emigrant. Another important consideration is, that by the St. Lawrence route the emigrant's luggage costs him nothing, while on most of the railroads in the States, only 50 lbs. of luggage are allowed each adult passenger free of charge, and all above that weight is charged extravagantly high, to make up for the lowness of passenger fares. If the passenger on his arrival in the Upper Province wishes to complete his trip to the Far West more expeditiously, he can take the Great Western Railway, to Detroit, where he again has the choice of steamboat travel vid Lakes Huron and Michigan, or the Central Railroad across the State of Michigan to Chicago, at the head of Lake Navigation. If bound still further west he has at Chicago a choice of several roads, radiating to different points on the Mississippi River, w^hich would, put him in speedy communication with Iowa, Minnesota, travel. Of ctual sottlo- other conti- eir journey )f the Aine- to Canada cads. known that ' the Straits 200 miles )ool to Quo- being 2,G80 3,073 n.Il.s. ance, but as )d, combine the circura- i of a very CO in point w a line of ho ports of to purchase !oss of time, 3 way undis- le country, ban via the phi a, where 1 connection le emigrant, vrence route most of the llowed each it is charged senger fares. ce wishes to he can take ain has the ligan, or the 3ago, at the ce of several iliver, which Minnesota, ? T«a,, and other new Sute, and tcrritorie, beyond the great oriroaTp vincQ.,, and tho fine climate and heautiful scenl v^f t ^"^ bo travelled through, it is u^Sotl; b^^*,,? ° ^'''J' '» oojiFORTAnLE. * ^ s^viLST and most Company's vessels, a'nd the Anglo ston v^wV ^"T ^'''"^"^^^"P lately mado with the CunuW Onv?.^. ' ''*' "f^"' ^ ^^^^^^c^ the Lt „.ail to QuoLrrWednX tt Vrin W ''"''' of those reached Quebec on tho 7th of Mav nf? i'^ ^""""^^ after losing thirty-six hours amongs?tt'icf nd'lnvinl ' ''^'^' tered a severe gale of wind. The %amo fi L Tsse t A ^""^^^ licr return trip on the mornincr of the 25 h ^Z a ^"'^'T ^^ Liverpool on the 5th inst makino- b/.. ^% and arrived at than 111 days, and only sevin hours^more th n1? '\ °"'. ^°"^ ^''' steamer the " AtHnf;,. " ill d • > "*" *"® American crack land, ^Ane^ntted^ng^vo^^^^^^^^^ of Wound- will be through the Straifs of MeVlo hnat f '• ^'°",' *^^ ^'^^te io Quebec nLly fO^^^lf'^i^^t^^^^^^ ne, in preference to the old-established " Cu^ard'' and ' P ir^'' steamships, running between Livernool IhlTr. , at ^o^^^^^a ue shall be frequeStly indebted forfb. r\' ^''\ ^'^^' ^^^K America. The Li J o?l'e '^Anglo !« ^hel^^ '^^^ has not yet been reported, but the average length of nn ^' \'^'''"'^ ^^ It,""-'- '-'-^^ ^'^ ^^^^^^n^^^:^^ JpLraT^rctfof ofl^^^^^^^^^ ^f ^-^a for the contrast in a remarkable man3wi h the tTn.'^f ""^ t^ ^""'^''^ ments at New York and other port! of th^Ured IT^N'"'?^!" cmigrants are conveyed from Europe On tu • ^?*^?' *° ''^'''^ grant ship in the river St lawrenrf '«!,«• u ""I'V^^^ ^^^^^^ ^mi- ofTicer of ^he emigrant ts,^!^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^? -edic.l below Quebec; and whenever disease Drevail. in ! ^^^'i"" ^^'' ^^^^ are landed, and remain at the hosn taf.! A ^ '^'^' *>^ emiV'-ants Governmeit, until they re curei^'* n' ' .*^\'??«^^^°f tte ^^^^^^^l Mr. Buchanan, the Governmenrac;en?of « ''^' ^"'^^^ ^* Q^^^^ec, on board, for it is his duTto ad-- ^T^fot^'' ^T'^^ '' ^^^ f k i 8 his arrival ; he enquires into all complaints and sees that the pro- visions of the Passenger Act ar^ strictly enforced. This he is enabled to do in a most effectual manner, as undei an arrangement, sanc- tioned by the Commissioners of Emigration in Great Britain, when- ever an emigrant vessel leaves any. British port for Quebec, the emigration officer of that port forwards to Mr. Buchanan, by mail steamer, a duplicate list of her passengers, with their names, age, sex, trade, &c. This list is usually received by him two or three weeks before the vessel reaches Quebec, so that h»is not only fully prepared for her arrival, but is furnished with every particular which may be useful to him in protecting the emigrants. If just cause of complaint exist, he institutes, under a very summary law of the province of Canada, legal proceedings against the master ; but so thoroughly are the value and efficiency of this officer felt, that since a very short period subsequent to his appointment, it has \cry rarely been found necessary to take such proceedings. In cases where emigrants have arrived without sufficient fund? to take them to places where employment is abundant and remunerative, their fares have been paid by Mr. Buchanan, out of the funds in his possession, provided for the purpose. Emigrants from other them British jtorts experience precisely the same protection at the hands of Mr. Buchanan. Presuming that the travell^ or emigrant, cither before sailing, on his passage out, or on his arrival at Quebec, is desirous of learning something of the country in which, perhaps, he is about to settle, I will proceed to give short 'lescripticns of the soil, resources, agricultural products, and climate of the country, Avith such other useful information for the public generally, " as may guide industry in search of a place wherein to better its condition and capital, in quest of field,'; for profitable investment." BOUNDARIES. The province of Canada, formerly a colony of France, was ceded to Great Britain in 17G3, and until the year 1791, was called the "Province of Quebec." In tSat y«;ar it was divided into the two provinces of Upper or Lower, or Western and Eastern Canada, under ■ distinct governments; but, in the year 1810, the provinces were re-united by act of the imperial legislature, and constituted into one province — the '• Province of Canada." It is bounded on the north by the Fudson's Bay territory, "n the w t by Lakes Superior and Huron, on the south by Lakes Erie and Ontario, and on the ease by the River and G' If of St. Lawrence, New BrunsAvick, and a portion of the United States. at the pro- : is enabled nent, sanc- ;ain, whou- Juebec, tlie ,n, by mail laraes, age, ^o or three only fully particular iS. If just nmary law laster ; but !r felt, that it has xcry , In cases I take thc'XL ative, their incls in his othei^ tlian U the hands fore sailing-, desirous of he is about jf the soil, luntry, with [y, " as may 13 condition J, was ceded LS called the nto the two mada, under )vinces were tituted into ided on the tes Superior and on the wick, and a 4 9 EXTENT AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. In length, Canada extends about 1,500 miles, from the coast of Labrador to the Kiver Kiministiquia, at the head of Lake Superior, with an averago breadth of about 230 miles; and contains an area of about 350,000 square miles, or 240,000,000 English acres. - Canada may be said to comprise one vast valley, through which the great River St. Lawrence takes its course, issuing from La'-e feupcrior and flowing successively through Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, until it falls into the ocean after a course of 2,000 miles This immense valley is on each side encompassed by different mountain ranges, sometimes nearly approaching the water and at othejf times receding into the interior, and thus forming extensive plains, for the most part alluvial, and suitable for nearly every description of produce. The high table-land along :he northeri boundary of this valley, separates the streams which have their source withm it and flow into its basin, from those that take their rise m the almost unknown territory beyond, and which fall into Hudson s Bay. The high land along the southern boundary of the valley separates the streams which flow northwards into its basin Irom those that have their course southwards towards the Atlantic and Mississippi. This immense area is divided into the two provinces, known as Upper and Lower, or more recently, as East and West Canada. Lower Canada comprises rather morp than two-thirds of the entire area. According to the best estimates it embraces about 205.863 square miles, within the parallels of 45° and 50° north latitude and the meridians of 57° 50" to 80° 6" west of Greenwich : and contains in the whole about a quarter of a million square miles, or one hundred and sixty millions of English acres. AnoF^ao'''' ^r*,'"'' ^^^"^'^^ ^^ comprised within the parallels of 45 to 49° north latitude, and the meridians of 74° to 117° west of Greenwich ; and embraces an area of about one hundred thousand square miles, or sixty-four millions of acres. Together, the two provinces form an area more than twice as large as the United liingaom. These two important divisions are agaih subdivided into several territorial sections, diff'ering from each other in their outline, geological formation, soil, resources, climate, products, and present condition j but of which it is here unnecessary to speak. Emigrants who go to Canada with the view of farming, and are possessed of some means, should not be too hasty in the selection or purchase of land. Much valuable time and money are frequently lost by being m too great a hurry to purchase. Their success, to a considerable extent, depends upon precaution. Let them first • -tm i il 10 acquaint themselves with the country, its various resources and capabilities, and the modes of cultivation which prevail To supply as concisely as possible, this information is the object of tne loUowing chapter. "^ NATITRAL FEATURES, SOIL, AND PRODUCTS. 'the natural features of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada are for tne most part very different. While the Lower Pro- vince presents to the eye of the traveller a succession of the ffraiidesfc and most enchanting sights that can well be imagined, and is to the educated man of means altogether the most desirable country for a residence, Canada West, both on account of its more central fi.l"i r°°k" !' '°'^' ^°^ •'^'}^'' ^^^°'^^^' '' better adapte(Las a field lor the enterprise and industry of the emigrant +T,;r,-« I ^T?'""" Province the scenery is of a far bolder character than m the Upper. On the lower part of the St. Lawrence both sides ot the river are mountainous, and on the northern side the ridire which runs as far as Quebec presents the most sublime and pic- turesque beauties; above Quebec and as far as Montreal the s^ore IS not so bold A httle east of Montreal and on the opposite side Ch«r^bl"'''^^'T ^^^^.^^^tif'^l «5i«^'"cts of Richelieu, Vercheres, E^rrn> ^"^, .^^^^^^"^' generally known by the name of the ±.astern Townships J and which, for beauty and fertility, are unsur- passed by any other district in the Lower Province ff.TTpr.l'^'^P^f^''^^ .*^' ^°^'' ^"^^^"^^' UPP«^ Canada is in rtT J champaign country, with gently undulating hills and Western Canada, has a remarkably level surface, and is attracting at present the greatest share of emigration. '^ r.r^^' \f °^ ^^?f ^^ f generally extremely fertile, and consists principally of yellow loam on a substratum of limestone. It greatly improves to the westward, and its quality when uncultivated IS easily ascertained by the timber it produces, the larger and heavier and Lfr-7 '^- '^' ^^'-f ^- ^f ^PP^^ Canada the brown clay wi A'''c/"'t°^^'^ ^'^^ ^^''' predominates in the district be ween the ^t Lawrence and the Ottawa; but further west, and north of Lakes Ontario and Erie, the soil becomes more clayey and Z 7Z .f °^"^*^^f J^' ^^^Sin soil is rich beyond measure^ and oi the fires which sometimes sweep the forest, render it abundantly p oductive for several years without extraneous help. In some- districts wheat has been raised for twenty years successively, on the same ground without manure. j,» ^^^ The natural products of Canada are almost inexhaustible, and pposite side , Vercheres, ame of the ^ are unsur- mada is in ng hills and le garden of s attracting nd consists jstone. It ncultivated ind heavier brown clay he district r west, and clayey and easure, and the ashes ibundantly In some- ely, on the stible, and 11 are second only to those of agriculture in importance, and at least equal to them in value. The fact that the energy of the people has been more directed to agriculture than to the development of the great mineral and other natural resources of the country, and the larger amount of time and capital requisite for the prosecution of the latter, will sufficiently explain the reason why so little is generally known of this important item of Colonial wealth. The products of the forest and the mine, and of the sea and fresh water fisheries are among the most important. Of these the pro- ducts of the forest contribute perhaps most largely to the revenue of the country. Canada has long largely exported white and red pine timber, masts, staves, and deals to Britain; but of late years a large and steadily increasing trade in sawed timber has sprung up between Canada and the United States. Large quantities are now yearly shipped to Chicago and other points to the west, where, on account of its superior qualities, it is in very great demand. The timber exported, however, forms a very small proportion of the forest wealth, as the home consumption is valued at considerably more than £2,000,000. The total value of the produce of the forest far the year 1853 has been variously estimated by different writers at from four to five rfiiilions of pounds. The most oxtens. 'ely exported timber are the white and red pine, oak, and elm ; but large quantities of spruce, hemlock, cedar, ash, larch, maple, beech, birch, and black walnut are found throughout the province. The last of these is plentiful in the Western Province, and is very extensively used in the construction of cabinet wares of every kind; as is also the wood of the butternut, which somewhat resembles it. Mines and minerals, both in commercial importance and intrinsic value, take the second rank in the natural products of the country. Iron ores are said to be found in great abundance and variety; also copper, silver, gold (in quantities fortunately however too small to create a fever) and tin have been discovered, and are frequently met with. Marble, chemical materials, and stone paints, are also frequently found, and in considerable quantities. Lithographic stone of good quality, and materials for the manufacture of glass and jewellery art easily obtained. Quarries of roofing slates have been opened to great advantage, and flag stones, and all the materials suitable for building purposes, are found in great abundance and variety. The fisheries of Canada form the third feature of interest in the natural produce of the country. The Gulf of St. Lawrence fisherie?, to which, by the recent Keciprocity Treaty with the United States, they have free admission, are of great value ; as are also those oa Lakes Superior, Huron, and Ontario. mm \^ 12 The salt water fisheries produce large quantities of salmon, herrings, cod-fish and mackarel. Large quantities of the former are cured and find a ready market. The seal and white porpoise fisheries are also prosecuted with considerable success ; the skin and oil of both have become staple articles of export, having been found to be very valuable. The great fresh water lakes abound with white fish, trout and sturgeon, and in the St. Lawrence, and many of the smaller rivers and streams throughout tlie pro- vince, large quantities of salmon and other fresh water fish are caught. A delicate fish, popularly known as sardines, are taken in large quantities at certain seasons of the year, along the shores of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec. Without entering further into details of this important branch of produce, some idea of their extent and value may be gleaned from the fact that the value of exports from the gulf and lakes for the year 1852 amounted to £74,402, in addition to and exclusive of the home comsumption. The fisheries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence are thus spoken of in a paper prepared by Mr. Bouchette, and published by the House of Assembly in 1852 : — "Rushing periodically, in certain seasons, from the Atlantic, whether by the passage of Canso or by the entrance of the gulf, between Cape Ray and Cape Lawrence, the cod, herring, haddock, mackarel, and the various gregarious finny tribes, in immense shoals, spread along the vast extent of coast that is presented by the gulf shores of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Gaspc, the north coast of the St. Lawrence and Labrador, to the strafits of Belle Isle, then along the western coast of Newfoundland, to Cape Ray, presenting upwards of 2,000 miles of inshore fisheries, besides the numerous rivers and streams which are ascended for miles by salmon as well as a quantity of fresh water fish, which form a very produc- tive branch of the fisheries of these provinces." AGRICITLTURE. As this is of all others perhaps the most important subject of which this sketch will treat, and one in which the great majority of those referring to it will take a lively interest, I will endeavour to aflFord all the information that the limits of the work will admit. The whole of Canada, but especially the Western Province, is and has been essentially an agricultural country. By far its greatest extent is peculiarly adapted for agricultural pursuits; and the enterprise and energy of the inhabitants have been directed to dgriculture with the most favourable results. From the great diver- sity of climate, the goodness of the soil, and its peculiar adaptation to the growth of wheat and all cereals, Canada will always be, as it ^,^ of salmon, the former te porpoise ; the skin laving been ces abound Lawrence, it the pro- ber fish are ,ve taken in .e shores of t branch of }anecl from kes for the xclusive of ken of in a e House of e Atlantic, f the gulf, '„ haddock, 2nse shoals, by the gulf Gaspe, the its of Belle Cape Kay, besides the by salmon ■ry produc- subject of t majority endeavour will admit, nee, is and ts greatest ; and the irected to ;reat diver- adaptation ^s be, as it '^ I 13 » already h, a large exporter of farm produce, and take high rank as an agricultural country. The soil of Canada is adapted, and the climate favourable to, the growth of wheat, peas, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, hay, hemp and ilax, grass-seed, Indian corn, and potatoes j and of all these large quantities are raised. As a wheat exporting country Canada has made great progress ; and as the improved methods of agriculture are more generally adopted, and her rich territories in the West become better settled, her exports of breadstuffs will be immense. The average produce of wheat per acre in the Upper Province is variously estimated from IG to 25 bushels per acre, and in Lower Canada, from 7 to 12 bushels. In the latter province, during the last ten years, the growth of fall wheat has been either wholly aban- doned or is only sown intermittingly, owing to the ravages of the fly, but it is believed its general cultivation may be eventually re-- sumed. The following query and answer, taken from the pamphlet published by the Canada Land Company, will prove interesting to ' emigrants intending to settle in Upper Canada, and may I think be relied on : — QuEftv. — Produce of crops in average years, per acre ? Answer. The produce, per acre, ot all crops varies much from year to year in Canada, owing to the late and early frosts. It is, however, gene- rally considered that the following is a fair average of ten years on all tolerably cultivated farms :— Wheat, 25 bushels ; Barley, 30 bushels ; Oats, 40 bushels ; Rye, 30 bushels ; Potatoes, 250 bushels per acre. Swedish turnips, mangel wurzel, and other roots of a similar kind, are not generally sufficiently cultivated to enable an average yield to be given ; but it may very safely be said that, with similar care, culture and atten- tion, the produce will not be less per acre than in England. Flax and hemp are now coming rapidly into notice as an additional resource to the agriculturist— the quality of both articles is excellent, and the quantity obtainsd aftbrds a profitable return — the climate and soil being well adapted for their growth. Tobacco has also been raised in considerable quantities, particularly in the western extremities of the province. In 1838 Canada exported 296,020 bushels of wheat, and in 1852, 5,496,718 bushels; thus increasing eighteen times in fourteen years. Her exports in grain have doubled four times in fifteen years, or more than once in every four years. The total growth of wheat in all Canada, for the year 1851, is calculated by the Board of Regis- tration and Statistics as having been 15,162,662 bushels, of which 12,682,550 bushels, or nearly 13| bushels for every inhabitant, was raised iri Upper Canada. The value of all the vegetable productions of Canada in 1851 was estimated at £9,200,000 j grain being £5,630,000, other products, £3,570,000. ^ome idea may be formed of the peculiar adaptation of the soil of Canada to the growth of this firain, and the extent to which farming, even in this comparatively new^ country, has been carried, when it is stated that the increase throughout the whole country, during the last ten years, has amounted to upwards of 400 per cent. As the success of the settler in a new country, no matter in what pursuit he seeks it, must always to a great extent depend on his nealth, I will next proceed briefly to consider one of the most import- ant influencss upon the general salubrity of the province; the more, as thero still exists very erroneous impressions with regard to it. CLIMATE. In judging of the climate of such a varied extent of country as the province of Canada presents, in order to draw correct conclusions we ought to consider each province separately. "The salubrity of the province," writes the author of the Essay from which I have so frequently quoted, "is sufficiently proved by its cloudless skies, its elastic air, and almost entire absence of fogs. The lightness of the atmosphere has a most invigorating effect upon the spirits. The winter frosts are severe and steady, and the summer suns are hot and bring on vegetation with wonderful rapidity." The uniformity of temperature, produced through the iiffluence of the fresh water in the lakes and rivers, which have been estimated to contain not less than 11,000,000 cubic miles of water, are found to be highly favourable to animal and vegetable life. It is there- fore found that Upper Canada, from being surrounded by an almost continuous chain of lakes, and containing within its limits a larger amount of fresh water than its sister province, is in many respects more suitable to the European constitution; the winter season is not so long, nor is the summer season so warm ; whilst for vegetatioa the western portion of the province is infinitely superior. The subjoined table of the monthly means of temperature at Toronto and Montreal will form an excellent guide to the general temperature of the respective provinces. Toronto. Jlontrenl. January 24° 67' 18° 58' February 24 14 16 08 March 30 83 ,... 28 96 April 42 17 41 04 May 51 84 56 12 June 6142 68 97 July 66 64 71 3G August 66 76 71 04 September ... 67 11 58 50 October 44 50 44 53 November ... 36 67 32 .36 December ^.»=.. 27 18 ,...., , IS HO Amual mean at Toronto 44 39 at Montreal, 43 83 aK{* 15 ; to which en carried, le country, per cent. ;er in wbat md on his D3t import- ; the more, :d to u. country as conclusions the Essay proved by ce of fogs, effect upon he summer iditv." e iimuence I estimated , are found [t is there- '■ an almost its a larger ny respects ason is not vegetation, )erature at the general " The most important points in which the climate of Western Canada differs from that of the United States," writes Henry Youle Einde, Esq., of Toronto, " may be briefly enumerated as follow : — " 1st.— In mildness, as exhibited by comparatively high winter and low summer temperatures, and in the absence of great extremes of heat. " 2nd.— In adaptation to the growth of certain cereals and forage crops. "3rd.— In the uniformity of the distribution of the grain over the agri- cultural months. "4th.— In the humidity of the atmosphere, which, although considerably less than that of a truly maritime climate, is greater than that of localities situated at a distance from the lakes. "5th.— In comparative immunity from spring frosts and summer droughts. " 6th.— In a very favourable distribution of clear and cloudy days, for the purposes of agriculture, and in the distribution of rain over many days. " 7th. — In its salubrity. "The points in which the climate of "Western Canada differs favourably from that of Great Britain and Ireland, are— « 1st In its high summer mean of temperature. " 2nd — In its comparative dryness. " 3rd. — In the serenity of the sky." The compiler having just spent a great portion of the winter of. 1855-6, which has been considered unusually severe, in Lower Canada, can bear testimony to the delightful influences and health- jV, > ful effects of a winter in Canada ; having frequently experienced a much warmer and more comfortable feeling in the clear, dry, bracing atmosphere of Quebec, with the thermometer«,t 12° below zero, than in the damp, chilling, searching atmosphere of England, at 15° or 20° above. The following favourable testimony as to the general salubrity of the climate is taken from the Colonization Circular issued by the Emigration Commissioners in April last : — Canada East.— The climate of Canada East, like that of the Lower Pro- vinces, is unquestionably the most healthy in North America. Disease is unknown among the usual population, except that caused by inequality of diet or imprudent exposure to atmospheric changes. The/ extreme dryness of the air is shown by the roofs of the houses (which ara covered with tin) remaining so long bright, and by a charge of powder remaining for weeks uncaked in a gun. It is supposed that the long winter is unfavourable to agricultural oper- ations ; and though the period during which ploughing may be carried on is shorter than in more favoured climes, yet there are many compensat- ing advantages in the excellence of the snow roads, and the great facilities afforded thereby in conveying produce to market, in drawing manure, aud hauling out wood from the forest. If the real excellence of a climate depends upon the earth yielding in perfection and abundance the necessaries of life, or those which constitute the principle articles of food for man and the domestic animals, then. Gauada East may comT^are favourably with any part of the world- The- 10 steadiness and uniformity of tlio summer heat causes all grains and fruits «o mature well and witli certainty, Canada West. — In a country of such vast extent as Upper Canada, the climate varies inaterially. Throi.ghout the agricultural or settled part of it along the St. Lawrence and the lakes, and which extends from 60 to 100 miles in depth, the winter may bo said to commence early in Decem- ber. Snow usually falls in sufficient quantities in the eastern section of this range to aflFord good sleighing about the middle of that month, and to continue with trifling exceptions, until the middle of March. In the western section, although we have occasionally heavy falls of snow, we are subject to frequent thaws, and sleighing cannot be depended upon except in the interior at a distance from the lakes. On the cleared lands the snow generally disappears about the middle of March, and the sowing of seed for the spring crops begins early in April and ends about the lOtli of May. Kipe wild strawberries in abundance may be had by the last of June, and green peas and new potatoes are brought into market about the same time. In the southern parts the harvest commences about tlie last of July, and becomes general about the first Aveek in August. The fall sowing of wheat and rye begins and should end in the month of Sep- tember, as grain sown at a later period seldom does well. The weather during the fall months is generally remarkably pleasant except in Novem- ber, during a part of which the climate resembles that of England during the same period. The prevailing winds of Canada are the south-west, the north- east, and north-west. The S.W., the most prevalent wind, is gene rally moderate with clear skies. The N.E. is generally damp and chilly, and brings continued r.iins in summer and early autumn ; and the N.W., which is most frequent in winter, is dry, cold and elastic. East winds are usually accompanied by heavy stoims and falls of snow. The south-east wind is soft and rainy. The wind blows less frequently from the west and south, and still more seldom from due north. In conclusion I would merely re-echo the remark of Mr. Warburton, in his excellent work entitled " Hochelaga." that to people naturally healthy the climate will be found healthy too, but to the rheumatic, consumptive, and feeble, it is a severe trial ; and it has been remarked, that a great number of children die in infancy. grains and fruits EAlLffAYS; As successful and safe navigation of tlie St. Lawrence, the great lakes and the canals, can only bo carried on during the summer, or for about seven months in the year, and as it is especially important that there should bo means of speedy communication between the seaboard and the different inland portions of the country, during the winter months, I will proceed to give a brief account of the railways of the country, and the system as intended to be adopted in their completion. Under the broad and comprehensive policy of the Canadian Government in promoting railway communication, and owing to the extension of public aid and the enterprise of those directly connected with their construction, the provincial railways have made great progress, and now form perhaps the most interest- ing feature of internal improvement in the country. "The vast advantages which would accrue to the country by a complete railway system, embracing not only the main line from east to west, but also the internal branches needful for the full development oi the resources of the province muat be, and are patent to the mind of every Canadian — affording, as such a system does, a market at the barn door of every farmer, at all seasons of the year, making Canada the highway from Europe to the Western States, enhancing the value of real estate to a large extent, causing the settlement of waste lands, and doing more to raise Canada to a proud position among the nations of the earth, than any other line of policy could possibly do."f By the close of this year (ISoG) it has been estimated that Canada will have about 2,000 miles of railroad fully equipped, which will cost her about £18,000,000 sterling. Large as this sum may appear, it sinks into insignificance when cousidered in connection with the yet undeveloped wealth and almost infinite resources of the mag- nificent country which the railways open up to industrious labour. The advances have been limited to one-half the amount expended on the works, and the whole stock and resources of the railways * Some of the railways described in the followinsr sketch have been lately extended, but owing to various causes I have been unable to get returns to enable me to make it complete. ^ t^Extract from, the letter of Benjamin Holmes, Esq., Vice President of the Grand Trunk iiiaiway Company, to the Canadian Legislature, f 11 18 are pledged for tho ultimate redemption of these advances, and for interest upon them in the meantime. Considering the serious impediments which the peculiar topography of the country, tho severity of tho climate, and paucity of population which tho wholo country, but more particularly Lower Canada, presents to tho con- struction of railways, it is really surprising how so much has been done in so short a time. So far everything has been against them, but the benefits of this route from the seaboard westward through the British Provinces are beginning to be appreciated, and the enterprise of their projectors will, as the country becomes settled, no doubt be amply rewarded. It is here worthy of remark, that the Canadian Legislature evinces a feeling decidedly adverse to the enrouragement of competing lines, under a conviction that in a new, and comparatively sparsely settled country like Canada, com- petition between railroads cannot but be injurious. Thus far there are three great partially completed lines in Canada, suggested by and accommodated to strongly marked natural divisions of the country, to which the others will prove tributaries of feeders. These are the Grand Trunk, the Great Western, and the Ottawa Valley Eailway. I propose to give a short sketch of each load, and tho connections which each, when completed, is intended to make with the lines running into the adjoining states. The longest, oldest, and most important of these is the Grand Trunk Railway, the prospectus of which was first issued in London, in April, 1853, and which, when completed, will be one of the largest railways in the world. Although most of the stock is owned in England, it is to some extent a provincial enterprise, the Province of Canada having a large monied interest in it, and being represented at its board of management by directors named by tho Government. It is a large and comprehensive scheme, and over- comes one of the great natural disadvantages of the country, viz., the closing of navigation during the winter. Its total length is 1,112 miles; and when finished it will extend from Portland, in Maine, to its intended terminus at Port Sarnia, on Lake Huron, where the roads now in course of construction will place it in connection with Iowa, Minnesota, and other new and growing states and territories to the west and north-west. Its influence on the course of trade from the Great West to the ocean will be great and lasting. It has already diverted a large portion of the trade ■which previously flowed through other channels in the United States ; and its receipts in the second year of its existence were as great as those of the Great Western llailway of Massachusetts after it had been nearly five years in operation, the cost of the two being about equal. Five hundred and fifty-seven miles of this line are -:i ranees, and for ng the serious e country, the hi oh the whole nts to the con- tnuch has been against them, tward through ated, and the Dcomes settled, F remark, that lly adverse to ction that in a Canada, corn- Thus far there ,, suggested by visions of the 3eders. These Ottawa Valley load, and the to make with is the Grand led in London, be one of the stock is owned nterprise, the I it, and being named by the jme, and over- country, viz., total length is I Portland, in L Lake Huron, II place it in and growing 3 influence on I will be great of the trade 1 the United stence were as ichusetts after the two being this line are 19 now in successful operation ; 292 from Portland, via Richmond, to Longuauil, opposite Montreal ; 100 from the Richmond Junction to Point Levi, opposite Quojjec; 125 from Montreal westward, through Cornwall and Prescott to Brockville, and 40 miles of the Quebec and Trois Pistoles branch to St. Thomas, which was opened n the 1st of December, 1855. "The middle section, from Brockville to Belleville," writes Mr. Ross, the chief engineer of the road, under date September, 1855, "is throughout its entire length in active progress; all the masonry [including the principal station buildings, I have every reason to Ibelieve will be completed this seacon; the remaining 113 miles, xtending to Toronto, have not hitherto been proceeded with so xtensively as those already referred to, excepting for 40 miles east- i Hvard from Toronto. The works of the western section, from Toronto >^|o Stratford (96 miles), are fast drawing to a close. As regards the ivorks upon this section, in point of quality they will vie with any o bo found on this continent. Beyond Stratford, for a distance of 2 miles, to St. Mary's, a considerable amount of work has been one in the masonry and grading, and very little beyond pro- iding materials for and laying the permanent way, remain to •complete this extension, v/hich brings us to the point it will be necessary to determine, the route by which we wiU reach Sarnia ; jand as so much of the success of the whole project will depend ^upon its western ^terminus on Lake Huron, it is in every point of fview desirable that no time should be lost in determining upon the 'plan to be pursued. If a junction with the Great Western at Lon- on be adopted, its accomplishment will be of speedy execution, nd the interests of the line cannot suffer materially by the short elay necessary for this object." When finished, this railway will resent an uninterrupted line from Portland to Michigan, and the istance by this route is 50 miles less than from New York, has a ^uniform gauge throughout, and will probably be much the cheapest route. So long, however, as the connection, by means of the Vic- toria Bridge, over the St. Lawrence, at Montreal, remains in- complete, the exhaustless trafiic between Europe and the Great West, legitimately belonging to the Grand Trunk Railway, will *ie entirely shut out, and consequently the longer will the receipts i the road continue to fall far short of the original estimates ormed. In this connection, I will quote the concluding sentence of Mr. lobert Stephenson's report to the board of directors, made in May, 854. He says, "In short, I cannot conceive anything so fatal to he satisfactory development of the Grand Trunk Railway, as the postponement of the bridge across the river at Montreal. The line s.. • 20 cannot, in ray opinion, fulfil lU object of being the liigli road foe Canadian produce, until this work ij completed ; and looking at the enormous extent of rich and prosperous country which tho BVfltem intersects, and at the amount of capital whicli has already been or is in progress of being ex; I'nded, there is, in my omnion, no room for question as to the expediency, indeed, tho absoluta necessity of this bridge." . ,., • ^ n ^ A railway is now under tr tract, which, commencing at Jjorfc Huron, may fairly bo considered a continuation of the Grand Trunk Railway. It crosses northern Michigan to Grand Haven on Lake Michigan, thence there is a steamer to Milwaukee, and thenco a railway to Prairie du chien, on the ^lississippi. From Portland to this point, the distance throughout is only 1,^00 miles, and with, the magnificent water communication of the St. Lawrence and the creat lakes, must attract through Canada a large portion of tho immigration into the Western States. At Belleville and Peterboro there is a branch of 55 miles, upon which, as well as upon tho con- tinuation from St. Thomas to Trois Pistoles, and 80 miles from Stratford to Sarnia, it has been thought advisable to suspend operations for the present. Tho latter portion has been suspended till the Grand Trunk and Great Western^ Companies can arrango terms, so as to prevent competing lines to Sarnia. Next in importance is tho Great Western Railway of Canada. This line, like the majority of similar cnterprkes in the Upper Province, has been carried on to successful operation by surprising local energy. Passing through the very garden of Upper Canada, and being the connecting link between the New York lloads, which terminate aL the Niagara Suspension Bridge and the Michigan Central Railroad, to CMv.t-';o and t^-i west, its success was never proble- matical aiid no'V that the difficulties incident to getting into complete operation an undertaking of such magnitude in a new country are overcome, its future prosperity must be even greater than its past. .-• p., -ni -i. It extends from Windsor on the Canadian side of the Detroit River to the Suspension Bridge at Niagara, a distance of 229 miles ; ■which, with a branch road of 38 miles from Hamilton to Toronto, opened on 3rd December, 1855, and about 4 miles of the Gait and Guelph Railroad now open to Preston, makes a total of 271 miles now in successful operation. The surveys of the entire line wero completed, and the work placed under. contract and commenced in 1847, but unexpected difficulties caused a suspension of operations until 1850 j when, having obtained from the Legislature the further jrivileffes of the guarantee of the province for the interest of one lalf of^the cost of the road, and authority to municipalities to sub- I ■—% bo liigli road foe and looking at ntry which tho lich has already in my opinion, cd, tho absoluto. noncing at Fort of the Grand jrrand Haven on ikco, and thenco From Portland miloa, and with xwrcnce and tho 5 portion of tho le and Potcrboro as upon tho con- id 80 miles from able to suspend 3 been suspended nies can arrange ihvay of Canada. 03 in tho Upper an by surprising f Upper Canada, ork lloads, which Michigan Central as never proble- to getting into nitude in a new be even greater ido of the Detroit nee of 229 miles ; ttilton to Toronto, 2s of the Gait and total of 271 miles entire line wero nd commenced in ision of operations ilature the further the interest of one licipalities to sub- 21 scribe for and hold stock, the Company thus encouraged wore ablo to resume oporatioii.H, and tho road was completed in the latter part of 1853, at a cost of XI 3,000,000. Tho time elapsed since its completion, though short, has fully proved that tho two great objects the Company sought to achieve have been fully accomplished — first, it haH helped to establish be- tween tho east and west a continuous thoroughfare, easy, economical, and expeditious, and at the same time available at all s'^asons of the year — a consummation for ever impossible to Upper Lake Naviga- tion ; and, secoifdly, it has opened to a broad and productive tract of country, the markets whose previous inaccessibility had well nigh proved a set off to the fertility of the soil. I need hardly add f that since its completion this road has enjoyed a success far exceed- 'ing the most sanguine expectations of its projectors, and scarcely })arallelled in the railroad history of the world. Indeed, so rapid las been the settlement of the country arljacent to the road and he consequent increase of its business, that tho facilities at the ommand of the Company have frequently been found quite unequal a its demands, and large quantities of produce and merchandise ave frequently accumulated at both ends of the line, from the nadequacy of the means of transit. The following statements of the progressive traffic of this railway during the two years ending .TJst January last, taken from the fourth half-yearly report, cannot fhW to give satisfactory evidence of the rapid development of th<' country and the sources whence the Company's present prosperous condition is derived, and also serve as a guide to the probable increase for the future. Passenger Traffic. Halt-years ending 3l8t July, 1854 3l8t January, 185C. 3l8t July, 1856.... SlBt January, 1S5G. J.OL'Ul. No. I 165,191 lfll,76r 108,996 273,903 Amount. £69,962 ««.!>28 00,8.S2 93,128 ForeiKn. No. 66,787 77.826 89,436 101,644 Amount. £68,724 76,468 104.068 119,221 Tutal. No. 210,928 269,688 288,431 876,607 Amount. £118,686 143,386 170,901 212,249 Freight and Live Stock Traffic Half-years ending Freight. Local. Slat July, 18.')4 31st January, 1866. 3l8t July, 1856 31st January, 1850. . Foreign. £18,966 36,349 40,069 61,372 £11,227 12,401 29,844 .S4.666 Live Stock. Local. £777 i,;},S2 1,017 3,040 Foreis £449 1,260 6,462 18,438 Total. Freight. £30,103 4 8.760 70,813 96,038 Live Stock £1,227 2,585 7,479 21,476 The receipts during tho half-year have reached an average of i"l 2,637 per week, or £i9 l6s per laiio per wcck, vuiiag tao average or sne uiil€a^€ op^ii duriug the half- year. 'c:- I !i li :| I ! i \ f 22 The ^Klrtl great artery of railway communication in Canada, is the Ottawa Valley Railway. Unlike the two former, which run east and west, this has a north and south direction, from the city of Montreal, through the rich Valley of the Ottawa to Arnprior, at the mouth of the Madawaska River, where it intersects with the Brockville Branch of the Grand Trunk Railway. From Arnprior, the Brockville and Ottawa Railway will run parallel with the Ottaw& riv 3r to the rising village of Pembroke, penetrating the heart of the great Ottawa Valley— a f^ountry of which few are in a position to form a competent estimate, and for w;^ich this noble line of railway will be the highway 'o Montreal and the ocean— while, when extended from Pembroke, a distance of 180 miles, to Lake 'Huron, as at no distant day it undoubtedly will be, it must prove one of the great channels of communication to Minnesota and the Great West ; the distance from Montreal to the Georgian Bay being, by the Ottawa, about 400 miles, against 1000 by the St. Lawrence. With reference to this line, it may be remarked that it is possible that the time may come when this, the most favourable route, will be adopted for the construction of a railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The importance of such a line, as a means of shortening the travel to China and the East Indies, and as contributing to the development of the resources of an immense country, is very great and cannot be over estimated. The other railways of Canada may be regarded as feeders to these three great lines, their direction being generally north and south, leading into those already named, which extend east and west almost throughout the entire extent of the province. They are as follow : — The Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway, running a distance of 96 miles from Toronto, the commercial metropolis of the western province, to Collingwood Harbour, at the south end of Georgian Bay ; 63 miles of this important road were first opened early in 1853, and the whole was completed in the spring of 1855 ; since which time the returns show a steadily increasing business. Several first-class steamers are chartered to run during the season of naviga- tion from Collingwood to Chicago, Greenbay, and all ports on Lake Michigan ; also to Lake Superior. The Hamilton and Toronto Railway, connecting the two important cities of Upper Canada, has been already mentioned, as leased by the Great Western Railway Company, and is now on the point of being amalgamated with the main line. It has been open about six months, and connects, at the latter city, with the Grand Trunk Line by a station common to both, as well as to the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway; which will prove, when the lines are completed, a great accommodation and saving of time to travellerb^ 23 The Buffalo, Brantford and ^^^ty^/S'^: A "if Uk^ length, and connects B^S'^l^/^j '''^.^^'^.te, ,^^^^ Lake Eric. .ach other, or ahout haM *<> '.me it^ jucs t^^g ^ ^ tC™ la"!' K trS r^C 8t.e?r7wo. *Stt^Ct^?i^ri^d^tj-f^^^^^^^^ connecting he flourishing young town of Port Hope, on Me ihc gross receipts for >vhich amount to "P^^^^^^ .^^^f ^.^f,^^' ^J ^ per mile per Aveek. Since the commencement of this year, uil is fhe ^t^^^^^^^^ and Prescott, or, as it is now called the Ottawa and IS tne fi"^ ^ throughout its entire length of oO ^nrstd!: n rt'h and soS ; its gau^e differs from that of all oi^r • oUn Tnnada except the Montreal and Lachme Road, wh ch Llnl/9 mileriong "^^^^^^^ the Ottawa and Prescott Railway being onW 4 feeTsMnches, while the provincial gauge is 5 feet inches. Thfs totf joinfthe Grand Trun^ at "^'.^^^^^^^^^^ on the River St. Lawrence, opposite to that of the ^gdens burg ana Boston" route at Ogdensburg, m the State ^^ ^ew York bmce opening in October. 1855, it has been domg a t^/ ^^S ^^^ -^ the ^Nearest to Montreal, and havmg its terminus in t^fj^he first Montreal and Ottawa Railway, which may be ^^^nsidered the fi st link in the Great Ottawa Valley Line before spoken of. Ihe total ngth of the line to Ottawa city is 120 miles, ^^^^^^^'^^Z^ with the line to Pembroke, which, together with the Ottawa Kiver, wi conv y to the markets of the Old World the produce of a basm CoS square miles in extent, abounding in forests of the finest timber, with rich land and great mineral wealth. 1 » <--r i : 1 ! 1 \ ! 1 \ I 24 Of the St. Lawrence and Champlain, and Montreal and New York Kaihvays, both of which have long been in operation, it is unneces- sary here to speak in detail. The Erie and Ontario is also an old Passenger line, 16 miles in length, connecting the village of Chippewa with the Great Western Railway at the Suspension Bridge. The European and North American Eailway, incorporated by act of local legislation, to connect St. John's, New Brunswick, with tho railway system of the United States and Canada, runs from St. John's to Maine, United States, a distance of 114 miles. The New Brunswick and Canada Railway and Land Company, according to their prospectus issued in February of this year, has been formed for the purpose of purchasing the railway and all tho rights and privileges of the original St. Andrew's and Quebec Rail- road Company, and for completing the first portion of the line to Woodstock, a distance from St. Andrew's of 90 miles. It is finished from St. Andrew's northward, about 25 miles, and it is estimated that 2 years, and a capital of £220,000, will be required to completfr the line to Woodstock. The promoters of the Lake Huron and Buffalo Pailroad having entered into an agreement with the Bufialo, Brantford, and Goderich Railway foi^a lease of their line for f even years, a new Company has been formed in Canada, to take such lease and finish the works. Such is a brief, and perhaps, imperfect sketch of the Canadian Railways, Avhich have been pronounced by competent judges " to bo- equal to any railways in Europe, and superior to any on the^American Continent." SUMMARY. Grand Trunk Great Western and branches Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Buffalo, Brantford, and Goderich London and Port Stanley ... Fort Hope and Lindsay Coburgand Peterboro Ottawa and Prescott Montreal and Ottawa Biockville and Ottawa and branches Montreal and Lachine Erie and Ontario ... St. Lawrence and Champlain Total number of miles of railroad, of which nonrly the ) whole will be in operation by the close of 1856', ... ^ • •• ■ •• 935 ■ >• • ■ • 2,0S • •• • •• 96 • •• ... im < •• 1* ■ • .30 ••• *••• 3G ••• 28 •♦• • •• 60 • ■ • • •• 120 • •• • •• 130 ... ... 9 • • « • a • 18 ... ■ • • 49 1947 MISCELLANEOUS. md Company, ' this year, has ay and all tho 1 Quebec Rail- of the line to It is finished it is estimated ed to complete lilroad having- , and Goderich Company has lie works, the Canadian judges " to bo' the American 935 2.0S 96 160 30 36 28 50 120 130 9 16 49 e } 1947 It is my design to embrace, under this head, in as succinct a forni as possible, such facts and figures as will help to illustrate the rapid orowth of Canada, and at the same time serve as a guide to those ?vho from lack of means and opportunity are unable to avail them- selves of more extended information. POPULATION. There is probably no part of the world equal in area to Canada that has advanced as rapidly in point of population. Up to 1821) the entire population of Canada was estimated at 696,000. Since that time the increase has been very great, and the ofiicial returns made in 1851-2 give 1,842,265 as the total population of the whole province, and it is now probably a little i^ore than two millions and u-half. r( • J As might be expected, from causes before adduced, Lower Canada does not increase in population in the same ratio as the Upper Province j having sufiered, though perhaps to a less extent, from the same depopulating movement which is so apparent in many of the New England States of the American Union. The tide of emigration is ever setting westward, and many of the native Canadian and old country farmers, who a few years ago contentedly worked their small farms in the beautiful valley of the Lower St. Lawrence, now people the fine arable lands in the western section of the Upper Province. In 1811 the population of Upper Canada was 77,000, and in 1851 it was 952,000, showing an increasf in forty years of eleven hun- dred per cent. The difference in point of population between the two provinces is very small. The returns for 1851-2 were as follow : Canada West, males 499,067, females 452,937, total 952,004 ; Canada East, males 449,967, females 440,294, total 890,261, showing a difference of only 61,743 in favour of the Upper Province. In Upper Canada the native born Canadians are |^ of the whole population, and the natives of Ireland are more than double the number from any otlMr country. In Lower Canada the native iU 26 born Canadians are as eighfc to one of the entire population, and the natives of Ireland are four times more numerous than the natives of any other country. In Lower Canada there are very few Upper Canadians. LAND. As nine persons out of every ten emigrating^ to Canada or the United States do so with a view to bettering their condition, and as the acquisition of a city lot and house or a few acres of land is often the first important otep in the accomplishment of their object, I will devote a short chapter to the prices of land in different sections of the province and the rules which regulate its purchase. Land is as easily obtainable in Canada as in any other British colony. By a Provincial Act of 1841, since Avhich time no new regulations have been issued, Crown lands are to be sold at a price to be from time to time fixed by the Governor in Council. The prices range from Is. to ^s. 6d. in Lower Canada, and in Upper Canada from 4s. to 20s. per acre, according to their situation. In the former the purchase money is payable in five, and in the latter ten years. For lands enhanced in value by special circumstances, such extra price may be fixed as His Excellency, the Governor General, in Council may direct. Actual occupation of the Crown lands must be immediate and continuous. Seldom more than 200 acres will be sold to any one person, a certain amount of which must be cleared by the settler. There are regularly appointed Government agents in every county, from whom the fullest information as to the price and quality of the land can be obtained. Besides the public lands there are about 2,000,000 acres of improved and unimproved lands in the hands of private individuals, which are held at from 5s. to 45s. per acre. The British American Land Company sell their land in Lower Canada at from 8s. to 12s. per acre, requiring interest only for the first four years, and then allowing four years for thfe payment of the principal ; the emigrant thus gets a hundred acres of land by an annual payment of from £3 to £4, 10s. The Canada Land Company also possess large tracts of land in various parts of the Upper Province, but principally on the south- east shore of Lake Huron. The price of their land varies from lOs. to £2 per acre, increasing as the settler approaches the Huron tract. Those who cannot purchase may lease the lands for ten years, paying ordinary interest, with the right of converting their leases into free- hold at any time. Besides the valuable Huron tract, this Company pos3€bS€Q more vij.aii t^v-j^vw acres ot lanu To. otlier coii2ibie3« %3=r= 27 The cost of clearing waste lands in Canada West is stated at fl.hout 503 per acre: the expense is however greater in the remote and unsettled districts, in consequence of the difficulty of procuring labourers. In the Lower Province the expense of clearing amounts to about 50s. sterling, varying with the nature of the soil and the quality of the wood. The only local charge is that of making roads ^"ThedSring of land is always to be understood as clearing, fencino- and leaving it ready for a crop in ten acre fields, the stumps and rSots of the trees alone being left to encumber the operations of the farmer. Cleared lands in the best and oldest settled town- ships of Upper Canada, witii good buildings, are worth from i.W to X15 per acre. .,,-,. tt n j The averacre assessed value of ull occupied land in Upper Canada, including uScultivated as well as cultivated, is about X3 per acre In the Lower Province, according to the best estimate, it is about £2 per acre for cultivated land. The only charge on Crown lands is a tax which seldom exceeds Id. per acre on cultivated, and 3-8th3 ot a penny currency on wild land. Ti.ixi.xT t. a ^n concluding this rather hasty article, I feel that I cannot do better than draw the attention of my readers to two or three passages taken from the excellent little manual, " Canada as it ^3 by the Kev. G W Warr of Liverpool, who spent several years m Canada West. Although published in 1849, the lapse of time has not detracted one whit from the truthfulness of the remarks :—" Great caution is to be observed in land speculations, in building, or as they are termed, ' village lots ' The intrinsic worth of landed property must depend on a great variety of circumstances— such as its proximity to, or distance from a market, the nature of the soil, condition of the adjoining roads, kind and quality of the wood ; and, though last in order perhaps first in importance, its having springs or rivulets of water The best description of soil is a mean between the light sand and heavy clay. Should the emigrant select the former, its porosity, and consequent poverty, will render it expensive to keep m condition, or else the crops will be exceedingly defective: Should he select the latter, in summer, he will find a heavy clay soil so com- pletely caked upon the surface, as to make it a matter of difficulty to break up and prepare it for a winter crop ; but, when his laBd has both qualities combined, he may be sure of a successful result to his enterprise." The question has not unfrequently been put to me since my return to England, " What class of emigrants do you consider best suited to the present wants of Canada 1 "^^ I have replied without hesitation, i mBi 28 As this little fddk will no doubt find its way into the hands of many unable, un|ti some time after their arrival in the New World, to purchase lan(f^'6r commence business on their own account, I have prepared the following chapter, from which they may learn the prospects which the labour market of Canada ofiers to their respective trades. . LABOUE AND WAGES. Mr. Buchanan, the Government Immigrant Agent at Quebec, in his report of January 1856, writes :— " The labour market in Canada East is extremely slack, and but few, if any of the emigrants of the season of 1855 have remained, and that, so far as that section of tho province is concerned, I do not look for any improvement during the summer of 1856. Fortunately the great field, Western Canada, presents more favourable prospects." A. B. Hawke Esq., Agent for Western Canada, in his report, dated Toronto, 3rd January 1856, says:— "With reference to the pros- pects of employment for unskilled labourers, during the ensuing year, I would beg to observe that they are not so promising as I could desire. Many of our railroads are nearly completed, and the labourers that have been employed in their construction will have to seek employment elsewhere. For a short time this will cause a •reduction of wages ; but as soon as the surplus labourers scatter themselves throughout our wide spread and prosperous districts in the interior, they will assume their former state. As I do not anticipate any considerable addition to this class from emigration, I do not apprehend any difficulty in disposing of all emigrants in search of work who may come to this section of Canada. As to skilled labourers, in which class I include good farm servants, male and female, there is every prospect of their finding employment at good wages. Houses are being erected in almost every town, city and village in Upper Canada ; and as the farmers have enjoyed a very unusual degree of prosperity for several years past, farm improvements, and extended, as well as superior cultivation, have become almost universal. I am therefore of opinion, that all mechanics, such as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, carpenters, masons, bricklayers, tailors, shoemakers, From To ^— j£12 8 6 — 4 4 lOs. From To — 4 3 153. — From To 17 10s at 8 4 lOs. 6 10s. 4 10s. — 3 15s. 5 6 6 From To ^5 j6'C 3 10s. 4 3 5s. 4 10s. 4 — 3 10s. 4 a Liverpool Ports in the CJyde Dublin Londonderry Slisro Cork , Belfast * For further inlormation as to this Company's line of boats, sec Advertisement a. ihc end ^ri:: s are scarce, rs ; forward 83 « Children are computed according to the Pasaengors' Act--viz., children from one to twelve years of age, half the price of adults ; under one no charge. The Colonial tax on all passengers over fourteen Years of a^'e is 5s.currency,and 33. 9d. currency for each person hetween one and fourteen, but which is always included in the passage nionoy and paid by the master of the vessel. After the emigrant has chosen his ship he should, to avoid the imposition which is so largely prac- tised at Liverpool and other large shipping ports, purchase his ticket himself at the offices of the agents of the ship, and keep it till the end of the voyage, as otherwise if the ship is prevented by any acci- dent from reaching her destination, or if the passengers for any other reason are not landed at the place named in the tickets, he may have a difficulty in obtaining a return of his passage money, to which in that case he would by law be entitled. The emigrant must not fail to remember that personal cleanliness preserves health, and to provide a good supply of warm clothing, including flannel to be worn next the skin during the voyage. ^ It would also be well to ascertain that the vessel carries a medical ^ Emi'^rants to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, or Nova Scotia,°aro particularly cautioned against taking passage to Quebec, as there are no regular means of conveyance from that port to any of the lower provinces. The charge of passage, by occasional trad- ing- schooners, is— to Miramichi, New Brunswick, 208. ; to Prince Edward Island, 25s. ; to Halifax, Nova Scotia, 30s. ; each aduh without provisions. Length of passage, from 10 to 20 days. The route to St. John, New Brunswick, is by Grand Trunk Railway to Portland, thence by steamer to St. John, fare £2 sterling. Travellers and emigrants should be equally careful not to encum- ber themselves with too much baggage, as it is a source of constant annoyance and expense. Almost all articles of wearing apparel are nearly as cheap in Canada and throughout the United States as in Eno-land. All baggage should be legibly marked with the name and destination of°the owner upon it, with the addition of the word helow upon all packages not required on the voyage. The addition of the words " via Quebec," in conspicuous characters, would save the emigrant a great many questions, always perplexing in a new country, and might possibly save him his baggage, as in case of its being lost in handling, it will remain in the Government warehouse at Quebec till called for. The average length of passage to Quebec in the summer season, by screw steamer is 11 days,* and by sailing vessel 40 days, and • The '• l^orth American" and tbe "Cttuairan"steam-Lips,bot.hbeioiiginstGibuMoiitrefi! dent a;, the end CT ii iii • 34 the best period to arrive is early in May, so as to bo in timo to take advantage of the spring and summer work, and to get settled before the winter sets in. In conclusion, persons residing in the country, who intend to sail in a steamship, are recommcndod to have their passaf^es secured before finally leaving homo for the port of embarkation," as by this moans they need not start till one or two days before the sailing of the vessel, thereby avoiding the expense of having lodgings and storage, which might otherwise be incurred, and also the disappoint- ment and delay which would arise from the ship s complenient of passengers being made up before they arrive. I cannot better con- clude this chapter than by (juoting from the excellent little work by Vero Foster, a piece of advice which only those who like myself have travelled between the two countries a great deal can appre- ciate :— " How emigrants may secure good treatment for future passengers, more effectually than can be done by Acts of Parliament, whose regulations are easily evaded :— Whenever it happens, as is sometimes the case, that passengers have received the full allowance of provisions of good quality for which they have agreed and paid, and have been otherwise very weU treated during the voyage, they should, in justice to the captain or other officers, before leaving the ship, express their thanks to them in a written address, have it pub- lished in the newspapers where they land (for which no charge will in general be made), and then post a few copies of those papers to the principal papers in the old country, and the same if they have been very ill-treated." MONET. The best shape in which emigrants can take money to Canada or the United States, is in small draft or billon some bank, or by letter of credit on the agent of the ship at the port of destination, or by paying any surplus he may have before sailing into some well-esta- blished bank, and taking a certificate of deposit therefor, which, besides being convenient for carriage, always serves as a sort of passport to the emigrant, who, when he presents it for payment on the other S1Q9, will receive all necessary information as to his future route. For sums not exceeding .£20, it is advisable to take English gold and silver, which is always current in Canada or any State ot the Union at 4 dollars 84 cents for the pound sterling, and ^ J cents for the shilling, sometimes more, sometimes less, according to the rates of exchange. As the difference in making change is always to the loss of the buyer, and not unfrequently very perplcx- ing, I would strongly advis e all those who have money, on their 35 arrival in Chicago, to proceed at once to the banking office of R. K. Swift & Co., corner of Lasalle and Randolph Streets, or some other respectable broker, an(L get their English money changed into United States' currenc}^?* A little practice will soon make the stranger proficient in keeping his accounts on the "Yankee" plan, or at least render him too wide awake to be easily imposed on. The following tables will show the United States and Canadian values of English and other European money : — Table of United States and Foreign Moneya. UNITED STATES' MONEYS. Gold ... /WaNhington ■{ 4 iJiifflo . . V bollar , Dollar ^ Dollar , I Dollar l)iino .iDime . COPPER ..{J^»^,t Silver FineneHH. Wolffht. Value. .POO » 1000 510 grains 20 dollars. 2fi8 10 „ II 129 6 1. 04.6 2i „ 1* 26.8 i-i BOO 1 loooT 412.5 100 cents. 200.26 60 „ 103.125 25 „ 41.26 10 „ II 20.025 6 ,. puro 103 10 mills. fl 84 6 1. Accounts arc kept in dollars, cents (c), and mills (m.). The Spanibh bilver dollar and it8 parts (l-2s, l-4tli8, 1-Sths, and 1-lOtlis), and also those of Mexico iind the South Amcricun republics, circulates at the same values as the U.S. dollar and it.s parts. The gold or Spuin, Mexico, and the ^outli American republics, has a legal value of 80.9 cents per dwt. Jn retail trade the dollar i8 vnriously divided in different states ; in New York it is divided into tihlllings=12J cents, and sixpences = oj cents; in New Fniiland into shillings also, but the shilling there is IC 2-3 cents, and the New York shilling (which corresi)ond9 with the Spanish cit;hth) is nincpence, and so in propor- tion. In the Southern States the Spanish eiphth is called a bit, and the sixteenth a All or picatuin; and are taken as 10 and 6 cents. The greatest bulk of the circulating medium in the United States consists of notes of a dollar and upwards, issued by banks incorporated under the sanction of the individual States. * Th&sAlloy, silver and copper— the silver not to exceed one-half, t The alloy is copper. ■ t The mitl is an imuginary coin, being the 1000th part of a dollar. FOREIGN MONEYS, And their equivalents in United States' currency. QOLD COINS. British Sovereign „ Guinea .. French Napoleon „ Louis d'or Spanish Doubloon .. ,, Patriot Portuguese Dobraon „ Crown Holland Ducat .. .. Austrian Ducat .. do! 4 cts. 84 5 00 3 83 4 60 16 93 15 00 34 00 5 80 2 20 2 283 Prussian 10 Thalers Cologne Ducat . . Danish Ducat . . „ Frederick d'or Franhfort TtMCat .. Geneva Pistolo (old) „ „ (new) Russian Kuble Italian Pistolo . . dol. cts. 7 82 2 24J 2 26 8 80 2 20 3 95i 3 404 3 90 3 85 Strong gales of * See AdvertiEcment at the end. S6 Foreign Moneys— continued. '« 22 .... 2C 15 4 52 .... 63 6 4 82.. 9915 4 3 .... 3} 17 .... 1 ai- 23 .... 27 19 8 63 .... 64 9 8 83.. 10019 8 4 .... 5 18 1 1 11+ 24 .... 29 4 54 .... 65 14 84.. i02 4 6 .... 6\ 19 .... 1 3 " li 25 .... 30 8 4 55 60 18 4 85.. 103 8 4 6 .... 7i 20 .... 1 4 4 26 .... 31 12 8 56 .... 68 2 8 86.. 10412 8 7 9 27 .... 32 17 57 .... 09 7 87.. 10517 8 .... 10 POUNDS. 28 .... 34 1 4 58 .... 70 11 4 88.. 107 1 4 9 .... IH 29 .... 35 5 8 59 .... 71 15 8 60 .... 73 89.. 108 6 8 90.. 10910 10 .... 0,1 0.V £ £ s. d. 30 ... . 36 10 11 1 1| 1 .... 1 4 4 31 .... .S7 14 4 01 .... 74 4 4 91.. 11014 4 12 1 3 2 .... 2 8 3 .... 3 13 8 32 .... 38 18 8 33 .... 40 3 62 .... 75 8 8 03 .... 76 13 92.. 11118 8 93.. 113 3 SHILLINGS. 4 .... 4 17 4 34 ..>. 41 7 4 64 .... 77 17 4 94.. 114 7 4 S 6 1 y QK .... 42 11 8 (!5 .... 79 1 8 68 .... 80 6 95.. 11511 8 96.. 11616 8. £ a. d. 6 .... 7 6 30 .... 43 16 1 .... 12? 7 .... 8 10 4 37 .... 45 4 67 .... 81 10 4 97 •• 118 4 2 .... 2 6.^ 8 .... 9 14 8 38 .... 46 4 8 6 • 73 nventlou) 1 OOJ ipsic) . . 69 .. 97f )llar8. Boates, Fares, Ac, in Canada. : Money and pence Currency. POUNDS. cy. Stn. Cttrrenci/. d. £ £ 8. d. 81.. 9811 4 82.. 9915 4 a 83.. 10019 8 84.. i02 4 4 85.. 103 8 4 8 86.. 10412 8 87.. 10517 4 88.. 107 1 4 8 89-. 108 6 8 90.. 10910 4 91.. 11014 4 8 92.. 11118 8 93.. 113 3 4 94.. 114 7 4 8 95.. 11511 8 96.. 11616 4 97 •• 118 4 8 98.. 119 4 8 99.. 120 9 4 100.. 12113 4 8 200.. 243 6 8 300.. 366 4 400.. 48613 4 8 500.. 608 6 8 600.. 730 4 700.. 85113 4 8 800.. 973 6 8 900.. 1095 4 1000.. 121613 4 s FROM QUEBEC TO MONTREAL, 180 Miles, b]/ Steamers, every Day, at Five o'clock, through in 14 Hours, calling at Three Rivers, Port St. Francis and Sorel. '■ Steerage. Cabin. 1 Sterling. Currency. Sterling. Currency. Royal Mail Packets Tait'sLine .. .. : *. d. 3 3 *. d. 3 3 *. d. 14 10 .». d. 17 2 12 2 FROM MONTREAL TO WESTERN CANADA. Daily by the Royal Mail Line Steamer, at 9 o'clock a.m., or by Railroad to Lachine at 12. Dis- tance. Deck Fare. Cabin Fare. 1 Sterling. Currency. Sterling. Currency. From Montreal to — Cornwall Prescott Brock villc Kingston Coburg Port Hope Bond Head Darlington Whitby .. Toronto Hamilton Detroit Chicag(, Miles. 78 127 7 139 J 189 292 1 298 J 313 \ 317 J 337 367 > 410 ] 590 874 *. d. 5 6 8 12 14 16 20 36 *. d. 6 1 7 4- 9 10 14 8 17 2 19 6 31 8 43 10 *. d. 11 0. 14 20 28 34 36 56 80 *. d. 13 5 17 2 24 4 34 2 41 6 44 68 2 97 4 I Passengers by this line tranship at Kingston to the Lake Steamers, and at Toronto for Buffalo. Daily by the American Line Steamer, at 1 o'clock A.M. • Dis- tance. Deck Fare. Cabin Fare. 1 Sterling. Currency. Sterling. Currency. From Montreal to— Ogdensburg Capo Vincent Sacket's Harbour .. .. Oswego Rochester Lewiston Buffalo Cleveland .. Sandusky Toledo and Monroe Mites. 133 190 242 286 349 1 436 / 467 661 721 975 s. d. 6 8 12 14 16 20 26 23 28 s. d. 7 4 9 10 14 8 17 2 19 6 24 4 31 8 34 2 34 2 s. d. 14 20 24 26 fSO (34 38 • • s. d. 17 2 24 4 29 4 31 8 36 6 41 6 46 4 • ■ • • Passengers by this line tranship at Ogdensburg to the Lake Steamers for Oswego & Lewiston,' The Passengers for both lines embark at the Canal Basin, Montreal. Steerage Passage from Quebec to Hamilton, 23.?. 9d. t, „ iiutfulo, .. ^ 23«. 9c(. D 3a Soutes, i'Ares, &c., in Canada. FROM HAMILTON TO THE WESTERN STATES, By tfu Great WetUm Railroad. The new short route to the West. TraJns leave Hamilton daily for Detroit, connecting at that City with the Michigan iraras lenv Central Kailroad for Chicago. ToDundas Flaraboro ■ Paris Woodstock IngcrsoU London Eckford Chatham .• Windsor. Detroit, and Michigan .. Chicago, Illinois Milwaukie and Ports South on Lake Michigan Sheboygan Galena St. Louis, Missouri Dis- tance. Miles. 6 20 43 47 7(J 96 140 186 465 549 699 634 649 Emigrant., Train, s. d. 6 Sterl. Curren, 3 6 6 7 9 10 10 20 22 23 36 40 «. d. 7i 3 6 7 8 11 12 12 24 9 1 4 7 1 2 2 4 26 10 28 1 44 43 8 First Class 1 Train. 1 Sterl. Curren. s. d. 1 (. d. 1 3 3 8 6 7 9 14 4 C 7 6 8 7 11 1 17 2 (1 20 44 24 4 53 8 66 68 2 CO 76 84 73 92 6 102 4 Steamers leave Chicago daily for Milwaukie and all the other Ports on Lake Michigan. Emigrants on arriving at Chicago, if proceeding further, will, on application to Mr. H. J. Spalding, Agent of the Michigan Ceatral Piailroad Company, or to mo at the offlceof the City- Directory, 189, Lake Street, cor. Wells, receive correct advice and direction as to route. Passengers for the Western parts of tha United States of New York, Ohio, Pennsyl" fauia, and Indiana, must talce the route via Buffalo. OTTAWA RIVER AND RIDEAU CANAL. From Montreal to Bytown and Places on the Rideau Canal, by Steam every Evenhig. By Robertson, Jones, and Co.'s Line. 1 Deck Passengers. 1 Distance. Sterling. Currency. From Montreal to Carillon Miles. 64 C6 73 too «. 2 3 3 4 6 ». d. 2 6 8 9 8 9 5 7 J, J, Qrenville .. .. L'Oriimal . . . . . . Bvtown ,. „ Kemptville Metrickville ,. ,. Smiths Falls „ „ Oliver's Ferry. ,, ., Isthmus .. „ „ Jones' Falls „ „ Kingston .. i" 167, 176 100 199 216 226 268 Pas!;cnger8 proceeding to Perth, Lanark, or any of the acUoining land at Oliver's Ferry, 7 miles from Perth. settlements, 8]ioul.d. id connects t the mouth the State of •ata on the ir St. Louis ; the Miasis- seph, Indo- le State of ets. Ticket Dist. Far. r ibo 4,86 ) 169 6,15 3 176 6,80 r 182 6,60 5 187 6,70 3 103 6,86 i 190 5,96 3 202 6,26 r 209 6,36 3 217 0,60 3 226 6,86 T 232 7,00 i 240 7,ii7 T 247 7,63 7 264 7,60 5 259 7,50 _ 283 8,00 s important vvn of con- the branch ver, is com* f this road, icket Office, , Supt. been lately emigrants 47 bouncWor the fine timber lands in Middln and Northern Wisconsin. The country traversed by thi'r road, and the Galena and Chicago Union and its branches, which comprehends the southern tier of counties in Wisconsin and the northern counties of Illinois, may be fitly termed the Garden of the West, and although land can now bo I'ought mucli cheaper in lowi; and further west, I would advise all fiirmjrs with means to visit tliis delightful country, and see for themselves before purchasing elsewhere. A road is in course of construction from Milwaukie westward, to Prairie du chien on the Mississippi, which, together with the " Grand Trunk Railway of Canada," when completed, will form a continuous and easy line of communication between Canada and the North- West. Length, 85 miles. Fare to Milwaukie, 2 dollars 50 cents. Chicago, St. Paul, and Fond du lag Railhoap, — This, the last of the ten railroads entering Chicago, is not yet finished. It rtins directly north-west from Chicago to Janesville in Wisconsin, a dis- tance of 88 miles, througli a beautiful and very fertile tract of country, well worthy the attention of settlers. It is intended even- tually to run to Fond du lac, near the head of Lake Superior, with a branch road to St. Paul, the rising capital of Minnesota. Total, length of main line, 178 miles. Immense numbers of emigrants from Europe and the Eastern States pass over these roads every summer, on their way to the West, as may be gleaned from the single fact, that upwards of thirteen millions of dollars, or nearly three millions of pounds sterling, v/ere paid for fares over these roads during the year 1854. Tho rail- road system of Illinois is now nearly complete, and upwards of & hundred trains of cars arrive and depart from Chicago daily. Owing to the immense tide of immigration tho different Railroad Officers and Ticket Agents in Chicago are brought into daily contact with emigrants from every part of Europe, and will generally be found raady to give any information to passengers with regard to route, distance, tfec. that is politely asked for. The traveller having now recruited his strength, and finding nothing in or near Chicago in which he can earn a livelihood, natdrally turns his face once more westward. Before setting out a second time, however, he should have some settled definite purpose in view, some fixed determination as to where he is about to settle, and what occupation ho purposes to follow. With a view of supplying the deficiency of information, which has long been felt amongst the middle and working classes in this country, with regard to the new states and territories of the American Union,|, T 'Will TIAur nrivo a nriuf aVat/a nmirtfrv urKinn a fa,w TrAfii surprising growth of I stem, M'hich may now f the State was com- 1 of February, 1852- >nly 95 miles of rail-' re now upwards of i the total number of leted, in from five to *^^,^ing settlers for held by speculators emigrant of small better investments ' Ijmg west of the J proportion of the }t and push further improved farms at lid strongly recom- d to make Illinois e, I>e Kalb, Boone, iorm the northern n which the Galena I afford easy access, so a large amount . .on advantageous i IS Company is at ' towing are among ?o, Galena, Alton, 3kford, Freeport, Lcksonville, Van- ng is cheap in all 5S I parts of Illinois. Mechanics in most of the interior towns can "-et good board and lodging for 2 dollars 50 cents to 3 dollars per week. At country hotels, in the northern portion of the State prices range from 3 dollars to 6 dollars per week; and in Chicago a good room and board, at private lodging and boarding houses, can be obtained for from 4 dollars to 7 dollars per week, exclusive of washing. As thousands of immigrants every year seek the fine pasture lands, laying along both sides of the Illinois River through the central counties of the State, the following table of distances, and names of towns on the Illinois and Michigan Canal and Illinois Kiver, will be found useful. The Illinois and Michigan Canal con- nects Chicago with Peru, at the head of steamboat navigation on the Illinois Eiver, thus forming a connexion between the Mississippi Kiver and the lakes. It was commenced in 1836, and completed 7l^ '^ ^* ^ ^^^^ °^ upward of six millione and a half of • FROM CHICAGO TO ST. LOUrS. MO. • B;/ the Illinois and Michigan Canal .• — To Summit DesPlaines .. Lockport Joliet " Dresden Morris' Marsailles .. .. *] Ottawa y Peru ][ By the Illinoit River.-— To Hennepin Lacon .. .. " Chilicothe ., .[ || Rome .. Peoria . . Pekln .. Lancaster Landing .'.* Liverpool Dis. 10 12 6 14 10 13 12 14 17 20 12 1 18 10 12 16 Far. 11 21 33 39 63 C3 76 88 102 119 139 151 152 170 180 192 2, _ By the Illinois River.— To Havana Batli ,. Moscow Erie .. Beardstown .. La Grang^e Meredosia Naples Griggsville . . . . Florence Montezma .. Bridicreport . . Newport Columbiana . . Gilford Grafton Alton . . . . Missouri River St. Louis Dis. Far. 10 218 12 230 3 233 10 243 3 240 10 250 10 266 6 272 4 276 6 282 16 298 12 300 10 320 6 326 16 332 44 376 18 394 6 399 18 417 THE STATE OP WISCONSIN. Area, 53,924 square miles. Population, 305.191. Capital, Madison. J^l' ^uf ^?"^ .^*^*^ ^^'> ^°^ *^^ ^^^* fe^ years, been attracting considerable attention m Europe, and especially in Great Britain, It aTw f ^^;?^^^^« ^een a continued flow of emigration from the different British ports to the different sAnfi'^na nf fi,. .-^ .'W«'-"fc made previous to 1836 whe" It '" ^^^^; /.'"^ settlements were tonal government. It was admitl^ •'?'!? ^?^.^ ^^P^^^*« t«"i. 1848, to that it is not yeVnt*;:ar"oiV^n^^ yery rapid and its splendid situ^tiCaVd Mhies o'^^^'^ ^'^^ Its agricultural capacities, its minerarwealth and Li 'T'^'f advantages, are every dav indii^mo. ;t ^^^^t^' ^^^ other natural iBg-goldenVrospects{o eTeiyirade an^^^^^ ^nd offer- The soilSf WisconsinYsLl^eitnt b^t^^ the lowest timber and praSe W,' black marl predominates in The dark loam is the mo?tTJ ' •'' i '' °^''° six feet deep, rolling prairie, and itulZated^U^^^^^^^^ openings and on th'^ is naturallv divided into timV^r -? • ^ '"^''^^'- The country climate is mild and satbr u^^^^^^^^^ ^-^ Thl European constitution than ihJ n? « P ,^P^ ^^^^ congenial to the All fends of crops Vat ar^^r^i^^^^^^^ cultivated with success in wLcTnsin IT''*- '^''^'''' "^^^ ^^ range ofpasturage on the praMesTt^-^^^."'^ ''''''"^, *' *^^ S'^^^ country. ° praines, it is an uncommonly fine grazing Wisconsin is rich in mineralq Th^ i j i- . . Illinois, and occupies the south w-* lead district joins that of auction of ^a?.i ha become" Zt """''% "^ '^' ^^^''' ^^^ Pro- lines of th^ north Ind vesTarT^rctef %''"' '''' ^^P^ Many other metals are found and JnnT m^ ""^''^^'^^^^ ^^^"e. are abundant in almost eve?y 'part ^ ''^^' ''"'^ '^"^^^^"^ ^^one Bounded on the north and east'br f«-n ^f *t, i fresh water seas in the world and on fh. f the largest and finest Bissippi, with numerous otheinavi^^aW^^ rZ^ '^' F'^' "^ ^^^■• out the State, Wisconsin presents%-f • / ^ -^^ '*''^™' throngh^ and communication with ~orld ^i'tt ^'' '"^'^"'^ ^"'^^^^^^^^^^ State in the Union. The portion T«t ^^^?e, unsurpassed by any tinguished for their busj cSerce and th>"'" '!f '^'''^y ^^« prosperity and wealth, while SraW?>l ^ "^ rapid increase in towns and villages are WrtinVi^pthrtt 57 and the valuable copper mines, find an easy outlet to all parts of the world. The river trade is great, and the busy strife of commer- cial activity has penetrated every corner of the State. Steamboats ply on all its waters ; and the railroad system, which, though not so extended as that of its southern neighbours, is fast opening up new and important lines of travel, and developing the vast resources of the interior. _ Wisconsin has made provision for an extensive system of educa- tion, and m this important feature no State in the Union presents so many inducements to the settler with a family to raise and educate. There is also an excellent university at Madison, which ^vas established in 1849. The State is divided into 29 counties, 18 of which are south of the box and Wisconsin Rivers; north of these the settlements are very sparse. The most important cities and towns are Madison, Milwaukie, Sheboygan, Janesville, Beloit, Manitowoc, Green Bay Eacme, Mineral Point, Prairie du chien. Fond du lac, at the head ot Winnebago Lake and Port Winnebago, at the portage of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. ^ ° Madison the capital, is one of the handsomest cities in the West. It IS beautifu ly situated on a gently rising ground, between « Four • 1 lo^ ■ f ^'''** '^'''^'^ ^"^^^ ^«s<^ <>^ Milwaukie. It was laid out m 1836^ with a central square, in the middle of which stands the btate ^ouse. This is a spacious stone edifice, two stories high above the basement, and surmounted with a handsome dome, which can be seen for a distance of ten miles from every direction Population about 4,000. "^ Milwaukie, the principal commercial city of the State, and, in St rlf n^T J^' -S' ^T?.^.,^'^!^ *o Chicago in the north-west, is situated on both sides of Milwaukie River, near its entrance iito i^ake Michigan, ninety miles north of the latter city. It is the natural outlet to one of the finest grain regions in the Union, and was once the rival of Chicago for the great trade of the north-west. In nna i"^^' surrounded by a wilderness ; it now contains about 4UjOOO people, a large proportion of whom are Germans. «w?«J%'! 7v.^ ^^^n <:«?*ering point of travel through the State; but <>wmg to the unfinished state of the railroads, and the want of ™n!f";j !/'i^ f^^^^ *° *^^^**g« '°«*««> I ^^ «naWe to furnish ^n^t, fnVi. Qw*^""'"' ^^^"^ Milwaukie of the different important Kl L -iT u \^''""''f my reader that, on his arrival in Mil- We wute!" *"" ^^^ necessary information as to his ^ There is connexion between Chicajro anrl Mil«r««v;« \.„ 4\.r. ^'iiicago and Milwaukie Railroad, twici daily; andTkoly^team: #■ 68 X™.^l^ss4".l^-j?n— r ^ BOUTES IN WISCONSIN. Mil^raukie to Madison R^jj^oad «. mm f.'ff^.^^y Steamboat ;: iZ ^'^''' Mineral Point ::::::::::::sta'e i^ Galena -oiage gj Fort Crawford....*.'.*.".'"" " ,^^ Green Bay " " 101 Ttr- " , « . *'°^* Winnebaeo..!!!!."; " ^28 Mineral Point to Prairie du chien ... " * f »* Galena '* "3 everj direction by railroads whfnb «.i i ^ ""'1 ^' ^^^versed in means of communicatnn' ^''^ '"PP^^ ^ ^P^^^^^' and cheaper f » . n n »» ** »» j» |! THE STATE OF IOWA Area, 50.0U square ,.. Population in 1S50. 10,2U. 'capital. Iowa Cit.. is nX^P-iSn; ;tiiLrd;^^ ^^^ ^"^^^'^"*' -^ than any other State in thrUnLn fi"^°g «P more rapidly hetreV90"1S*td'97"T0'tiT '°?. T ''' ^°'*^ ^^*i*'^<^e, and by Minnesota territory east bv ti?ff • " • ' '^ '°i^? ^^"°'^^<^' "^^th, rates it from Wisconsin'«^^ Tir^ • Mississippi River, which sepa- Its fine pmiriVare easily TonveT] f'^X^Sjo the agriculturist, pastures afford peculLr MitiirforV^^ cultivation, and its natural fanning. Wool ^rowinf Tn£!5 I ^ "*""^ °^ ^^**^«' ^nd sheep ployments of the^faS^ an^tL ^^ ''^^^ T '^ *^« «*^Pl« ««»- less profitable in L^esults Thl T'"^ ^^.^?^^ ^"^ "^^^^^* " ^ with littl« n. n. * "^1^ - J'he sheep and hoff are here ra,-.«^ "■■ " ^°""^''*' '^^ "^t^rai productions of the forestTnd nmer season. The r emigrants. 97 Miles. 120 „ 70 „ :::;:::::^^? " 42 " 51 '* 96 M 101 „ 128 „ 42 „ 63 « 40 „ \ three cents per ill be traversed in 3dier and cheaper ital, Iowa Citj'. he emigrant, and r up more rapidly rth latitude, and 5 bounded, north, ;ver, which sepa- souri; and west, on of Lousiana ! United States^ rnment in 1838,. ts present pros- countrj in the be agriculturist, and its natural attle, and sheep the staple em- 3r market is no. are here raised the forest and 09 prairie affording a plentiful subsistence. The cereal and root crops grow luxuriantly, and all the fruits of temperate climates find here a congenial soil. Fertile and productive, yielding minerals of the greatest value penetrated by numerous navigable rivers^ and bordered by the noble Mississippi, easily accessible, and free from many of the dangers incident to newly settled countries, Iowa offers the greatest induce- ments to emigrants and others to make it their home. The settled portion of the State is well provided with good roads, and several railroads in course of construction will soon find a ready market for the surplus produce of the country. The land is good and cheap the climate healthy, and education is well provided for j while every portion of the country is open to easy navigation and land travel. Prairie predominates in this State. The prairie lands are variously covered : some are clothed in thick grass, suitable for grazing farms; while hazel thickets and sasafras shrubs invest others with perennial verdure. The soil is universally good, being a rich black mould, mixed sometimes with saiidy loam* and sometimes with red clay and gravel. The State is well watered' by numerous navigable rivers and streamlets flowing into the Mis- sissippi and Missouri rivers, which bound the State to the east and west. The margins of ths streams are generally thickly timbered. The climate is excellent, especially on the prairies; and the country, excepting the low margins of the rivers, which are fre- quently inundated, is as free from endemic diseases as the j st favoured portion of the Union. Periodical breezes blow over the prai- ries as regularly and refreshingly as on the ocean between the tropica. Although mainly an agricultural State, Iowa is possessed of great mineral wealth. Lead, zinc, iron, « ^:^2rr„^^tJ:n/tt!rr'^^-^^^^^ JpH::lXStd1ots ijeS^^^^^^^^ -? t\ Among kuck are ve^? thri; ng pLes ""At thTr""^ ""'""1- »<'«-- for the district, and th^'^^A^y^^^*" *^™" "'''J' "'^land Office W and Wisconsin, are located ^'^'" ^"^ "^^ States of Henry county, and iaiSd ?n Jeffer.„n''';r", "™"'^' S'''™ ■» most important. Jenerton county, are perhaps the BOCTES IS IOWA. KeoSa.'" ^-^"^-^-fi^W, 50 miles; Pa^ington, 9. • „,fc^;;tr «;-^T°o So'''."'^' " ^ ''"-"-. 35. ' Blo„inington,56; Iowa City 88 ^'''" ^^''-K'' ^0 ; Harrisoi, 36; ^rMfosUootiot; firrs-oi^n' «'"^-"' '' ■> ^^^- I>avenport to Iowa O^i. 'p n? Moines, 16/>. ^«-P-^/o5Xfc^°^rw]Ii1^ I«»aCity..O. '■> THE TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA «.««^ in their Iang^.ag; Snl''?.r,e^ *A S': ?«'"'« 8"-.: o "«t€r, aau 50fa/i, - muddy or bbit are incredibly ^ejs, prairie-hens, s, loons, pelicans, at visit the rivers 2 rivers and creeks' varied and beau- well to visit the md Scott, laying n_ portion of the 81 1 J accessible by forms the great 'unties. Among Pital ; Dubuque J'ort Madison, on tjuque and Keo- tbe Land Office for the States of J chiefly of agri-. unty, Salem in ire perhaps the irmington, 96; fuscatine, 35. Harrison, 36; ant, 27 ; Fair- itj, 50. otte, 62; Du. 1. PauJ. Minni^sotah, eter's River; 1 '■' muddj or 4» >■> slightly turbid." The country originally belonged to the French by priority of discovery. At an early pcrioa their traders, mission- aries, and soldiers, had penetrated into the western wilderness Minnesota is situated between 43° 30' and 49° north latitude and between 89' 30' and 102° 10' west longitude ; and is bounded ''-^. . .'\^JP^ ^^^^"^^*, West; east, by Lake Superior and the fetate of Wisconsin ; south, by the State of Iowa ; and on the west by Missouri territory. Of the immense territory included within these limits— embracing an area of about 106,000 square miles— 22,336 square miles belonged to the late territory of Wisconsin and the remainder to the late territory of Iowa. It has frequently' ^i'^ir ^^^^\ "'^'^ inappropriately, been called the New England of the West. Its northern latitude and healthy climate, are calculated to loster habits of industry and enterprise. Its extensive water- power; Its beautiful scenery; ita fr.rests of pine; its relative situation to the remaining portions ot the Mississippi Valley, and Its superior advantages for manufacturing enterprise, naturally sug- gest as an appropriate name for this country, " The New England of the West." e • « xr ^\° "^"^ffJ^^ territory was established by Act of Congress, 3rd of March, 1849 ; and shortly after Alexander Ramsay was appointed governor and made St. Paul his capital, where the government was organised, and where it has since remained. The organisation of the government of the territory having been so recent, it is im- possible to exhibit by statistics the resources of this new and almost uncouched country. I will, therefore, give a brief sketch of Its general character, and the inducements which it offers to intend- ing settlers. r^ The surface of the country is generally undulating, but varies considerably m its elevation. In some parts, especially in the neighbourhood of the Mississippi and St. feter Rivers, the ground IS much broken and their margins lined with high bluffs of various lormations; while in others the rivers flow through deep channels seemingly worn into the earth by the force of their waters Per- haps the most striking feature in the natural aspect of the country 13 the great abundance of water contained within its limits, and the peculiar facilities which its rivers and lakes afford for inland navigation, and for purposes of manufacture. Every portion of the territory may be reached by inland navigation. ;« ^jY^'t ^T^ ^»rec*^io» canoe navigation, with short portages, IS practicable by means of the numerous rivers, whose soirees are nearly interlocked or connected by chains of lakes. The majestic .. „, ,^ ^,3 z.uiiiciuuo s-riuuiaries, mosc oi iucm susceptible ot steamboat navigation, course through its fertile plains. The pr-^ I. Ill 62 north-eastern portion is washed by the crystal water of Lake Superior. The Missouri sweeps along nearly its wholo western boundary, opening an avenue of trade and navigation almost to the territory of Oregon ; and beautiful lakes of transparent water, well stocked with fish, and varying from the size of ponds to that of tho largest in tho world, are profusely scattered over its entire surface. By the recent treaty concluded with the Sioux Indians, all that beautiful country stretching along tho west sido of the Mississippi Biver, from Iowa to St. Peter's River, has been thrown open for settle- ment. It is a country of great fertility, of picturesque scenery, and is probably rich in mineral treasures ; it also possesses a healthy climate and abundant water-power : thus offering an inviting field for manufacturing and agricultural pursuits. With regard to the climate of tho territory, I can only say that the high latitude in which it is situated will operate upon the minda of some as a serious objection to making it a place of residence. I passed the winter of '49-50 in the country, and found the weather intensely cold, but the air dry, clastic, bracing, and healthy, much like that of Lower Canada. Early frosts, sufficient to injure vege- tation, are frequent, and the raising of fruit has on that account been unsuccessful. The mean annual temperature, according to thermometrical observations made during several years at Fort Snelling, is 45° 38'. Fort Snelling is in latitude 44° 53'. Owing to the severity of the winter and backwardness of the spring, the opening of navigation in the Mississippi is generally late, which is one of the great drawbacks to the progress of the territory, as, until railroad connection is formed to the south, the inhabitants are cut te" from all communication with the outer world, except by stage or sleighs, during the winter, or for five months in the year. In ordinary seasons the Mississippi may be considered navigable to St. Peter's River until about the 1st of December, and to re-open about the 15th of April. With regard to immigration, the prospects are favourable, and thousands are landed at St. Paul from the boats plying regularly between that place and points down the Mississippi, during the season of navigation. To all those wishing to engage in manufac- tures and fond of a northern latitude, the numerous rivers and streams affording water power, distributed all over the country, and the dry, bracing atmosphere, will offer great inducements to settle in Minnesota. The almost inexhaustible pine forests in the different sections of the territory present a wide field for the operations of the hardy lumberman. But there are many serious disadvantages ■ ' ^po'dfis 'ts hi""h latitude and isolated situation i and ,vmmrt£\w\ A Si Cl f« n 8 I 8 >(|» rf^ Wtu."-- rj\JUX*,^*-- I would strongly recommend farmers, mechanics, and others in * vs. of Lake western )st to the iter, well at of tho 6 surface, all that iississippi for settle- nery, and I healthy ting field ' say that bhc miu(l3 lenco. I Q weather hy, mucli uro vege- t account ording to at Fort . Owing )ring, the , which is , as, until ts are cut , by stage year. In ible to St. pen about rable, and regularly uring the manufac- ivers and intry, and 3 to settle c different srations of dvantages rfcion : &ii 63 1. »f . ),nn.o lo visit tho northern part of Illinois and tho east- ''"tuLutTf lo™ b fore venturing so far north as St Paul crn counties oi i""" » ; , „i ^^tcs ho will find a ''^""Ir'^r^oil a mo°rctiTanrd .oLty, a roadior marl^et for his more f'^'"'^'"''' "„f ° .„ «,„„ all, a renewed confidcnco in the real ;"Xe'i?; and -p-S'U-" °f '"« --''^ ^^^^^ ''» "«' selected as his f«""^° .Ij""?- „ ... Miowin.- counties in lieu of tho Minnesota was^di^dedm^ tintew£ich constituted all that STntw h»ahS^^^^^^^ '"'st^°Pau?thT;apital, is pleasantly situated on the top of. a bluff w^^^ii'rres tZo feet oj. the Mt bank of the Mississippi abo^t -g" -"fs rjnd :uoltasl''n tttpTd' progLl'of the young out in 1848-9 , and sucn nas u „_/„ontaiSs a population ot tLrrOOO Zpt' r?s\'^ltLtd"Ir°«rcefand from its Wng at the E of navigation, below the Falls, must always com- mand a thriving trade. , p , . . railroad trgTJt Paul and aUiyr^^^^^^^^^^^ ^tr Ssl^irlsSSe-lP'orfSi^can fre- quently secure passages at much lower rates, ^ The distance, by water, between Galena and follows, viz : — To the mouth of Fevre lUver Dubuque ••• Cassville ... "Wisconsin River Prairie du chien Upper Iowa River Bad Axe ... Root River ... Black River ... Chippewa River ... Head of Lake Pepin S* rrnix St. Paul ... - St. Paul, is as Milos. Miles. .. 6 .. 20 = 26 .. 31 = 57 .. 26 = 83 .. 5 = 88 .. 38 = 126 ... 12 = 138 ... 23 = 161 ... 12 = 173 ... 68 = 241 ... 25 = 266 ... 35 = 301 28 327 64 PI t I CONCLUSrOX. In conclusion, the Compiler would merely notice, that it is his intention to issue a corrected edition of the Hand-book annually, to meet the constantly increasing demand of travellers and emi- RAMi k»^r !•• a S;# p^a^S?s?»S^I^^^ AND CnniiiiisisiDn 3fJitrrIraiit, 189, LAKE STREBT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. N.B. — A connection with the "City Directory" and "State Gazetteer anil Directory" for the last four years, gives tlio Subscriber unusual facilities fui* pursuing the above business ; and he would respectfully solicit the patronage of Mercantile Men generally throughout the North- West. Every information afforded to Emigrants intending to settle in the West. E. H. H. CANADIAN NEWS, AKD BRITISH AMERICAN INTELLIGENCER. Published irc London every alternate Wednesday, Price Fourpence, Unstamped. A Journal of news from, and record of all matters bearing upon the inte- rests of the North American Colonies. Its circulation is already secured amongst Canadian Cap lists, Land and Eailway Shareholders, Intending Emigrants, &c. Arrangtuients have beeu made for the supply of a copy regularly to the principal Literary and Me- chanics' Institutions of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and the several Emigration Ports and Depots. To Advertisers it offers advantages for the distribation of Advertisements both in this Country and Canada. ALGAR & STREET, 11, CLEMENT'S LANE, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON. Subscription, per annum, including postage, &c. to Canada, 12s. currency, '«rhich' may be forwarded to the Publiahfers in Colonial Bank Notes, or may be ordered through any English Newsvendor or Bookseller. Printed by M. & M. W. Lamujckt, Qray street, Newcastle. ■' ■'^'^"^ - l-rr M t i " I .ff!if i jY^'^- il * j < i ri i W iii 1- i h-a i . 'f y -'^ ^/Jikf^ ^ t i ti ^i, u nw'urt^fWft ^wM.;^ ^na NOIS. Jazetteer aiiiT facilities fui* tlie patronago n the West. E. H. H. lER. ;e, Unstaihped. poll the in to- ts, Land and Its have beeu rary and Me- 1 the several dvertisements 12s. currency, S'otes, or may