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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. irrata to pelure, n d n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 £• ''^^■sss^iS^ ••{fiiliirl'V. : lilt' ^ (••rip-' iiiH-i;iJ;^ (■;.■•;■ •.!■ it'*!!"'" ■ • i IP i Tip m m tfMMiaHHi L^» a? r « iiiiiiiijif ■ iiiiiiife;;^ ^^*- Cf' 'J : r^^-^FAx ri III;;:: SKETCH r f-v -^ or H-i!.;- 'i|;|'> THE MINKIULOOY OF NOVA S(X)TIA, AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE COLLECTIONS OF MINEKALS SENT TO THE PARIS EXHIBITION, 1867; By prof, how, U. C. L., UNIVEK8ITV OF KING'S COLI-KGK, WINDSOR, N. S. PubliNked by Authority of thr Commitwioneni for Nova Ncotia. W^\-^''A mm y.y-:-. . ■ HALIFAX : PRINTED BY JAMES BOWES & SONS, 1867. ff<' K-« ^• >^' r- '».* aS .J^ u» ,. moM»,~j .■.—^■.— KHM^i SKETCH oy fHE MINERALOGY OF NOVA SCOTIA. TiiK collections of minerals made on the present occasion are sufllci- nt evidence that the Mineralojry of Nova Scotia is very interesting!;, the ariety of minerals and of their associations represented being consider- ble, and the beauty of many of the specimens unquestionable. That it |s not only of scientific interest but of economic importance is at once Ibvious from the representation^ made of Gold as it occurs at several Ibcalitics, that of the bulk of metal obtained up to the present time, as Ihown in a Pyramid of considerable dimensions, viz. : six feet three inches high and one foot and a half square at the base, and that of Coal 1 several columns, varying from about five feet to over thirty seven feet height, shewing the actual thickness of some of the seams at present orked. The statistical details respecting these minerals, given, in Smother part of this Appendix^hy P. S. Hamilton, Esq., Chief Commis- sioner of Mines, shew that from Jan. 1st, 1HG2 to Sept. 30th 18Gfi, 84,706 ounces 14 dwts. 10 grs. of Gold of the value of $1,632,315.80, lavc been obtained, while in tlie year ending Sept., iJOth, iHfio, there wort' raised 605,595 tona of round Coal, and 47,259 tons of slack Coal. The nature of the other mineral resources of the Province, is shewn >y the rest of the Collections, to which reference is made in the following brief descriptions of some of the minerals represented, and statements as to their economic value at the present early period of the mining history pf Nova Scotia. I Iron Ores. — Of these there are shewn Tilaniferous Iron Sand from leveral localities. Magnetic Iron which is believed to exist in considerable quantity, Specular Iron found in several places in unknown amount, and Brown Hematite which is known to exist in at least five large deposits. One of these, that situated at Londonderry, Colchester County, has been vorked for several years, and both mining and smelting operations are arried on to a considerable extent. Fine specimens of the ores found ere are shewn in the cabinets and among the large masses. The Com- any not only illustrate^ the quality of tlieir ore, but also of the iron and teel produced at their works at Londonderry, and of the cutlery made ifrom it in England. The chemical composition of the iron has been given jby Dr. Percy, as follows : — [^:^-;^"^ ' :'■^q L ^ . ^■ l ^rey?g^^^^.^•^^^^^g ff. ■TJ^»^.•^•f'grrT7rJaar.?^t?•II JlMlllHlHHi^ Pig Iron No. 1. No. 2 Carbon 3-50 3-27 Silica 0-84 0-67 Sulphur 0-02 O.Ol Phosphorus 0-li) 0-28 Manganese 0-44 0-57 Iron — J)4-83 95-70 5)984 100-30 - This analysis accounts for the fact that the bar iron ranks with the best qualities of the Swedish metal for making stool. The (juautity of iron made at these works since their contmenccmeiit in 1850, is probably about 12,000 tons; it has been rapidly increasing of late years, during which the larger proportion of metal nuule has been bar iron, worth about £16 sterling per ton. The Iron ore from Springville, East River of Pictou, also illustrated by a ♦tne set of specimens, occurs in large quantifies ; from an analysis I^made in connection with the Provincial Geological Survey, it contains Alumina and Phosphoric Acid.. 0-19 Sesquioxide of Manganese Magnesia Water 76 0-43 11-41 Siliceous Gangue 2-22 Carbonic Acid and loss 0-45 10000 The Iron Ore from Brookfield, Colchester Co., of which various specimens are shewn, is found in large quantities of boulders, some of which are of huge dimensions, believed to indicate great deposits. One specimen, examined for the owners, I found to contain : — Peroxide of Iron, with a very little Alumina... 87*10 Magnesia trace Phosphoric Acid trace Silica and Gangue 1-54 Water 11 36 100.00 These last two ores are evidently very good indeed, and will doubtless be found to give iron and steel of such quality as to maintain the high reputation of the Province in this respect. Okes of Manganese.— Of these are shewn specimens of Wad, Man- ganite, and Pyrolusite, all of which are found in large quantities. Of Wad, shipments to the extent of some hundreds of tons were made during the past year to the United States, where a use has also been found for Manganite. The Pyrolusite is exhibited in a variety of forms. I have found the quality of this ore from different localities very good indeed, from 85 to 97 per cent of peroxide of manganese, with a very small 8 ton| per secoi cent to th^ offr^ local J quali] '1'-"A-.I«,I1B ^WJ|ivJi!py,,LMn iJii|l fo. 2. V27 >'67 t>.01 28 )-r)7 70 >-.'{0 with the liiaiitity of 8 probably ir«, (liiriii;^ orlh about ilbLstrntcd n annlyHiH t <*outaii)8 <4-f)4 O'lJ) 76 043 1-41 2-22 0-45 000 1 varioii« , some of its. One MO race pace [•54 36 LOO loubtless he high d, Man- ies. Of e made Iso been f forms, y good a very 5 nmall amoimt of iron having been obtained on analy>>i!*. A cargo of about 8 tons from Teny Cape, examined in Enghmd gave an average of 91 '5 per c«int peroxide of manganese, and less than one^er cent of iron. A seciind cargo of one hundred and twenty tons gave in England 89 per cent peroxide of nuinganef«e. The quantity of ore raised at Teny Cape up to the present time is estimated at about 1000 tons, of an average value of from £8 to £9 sterling per ton. A few tons have been raised at other localiti'js, among which Onslow has furnished a portion of excellent quality. Mineral Paints. — Very extensive deposits of hydrated oxide of iron often mixed with hydrated oxide of manganese, are fouu**^Q«^ in qu trtz, and, na I have found, is soinctiines assoriHtcd with rich Silver oru. AM8Hy8 niudu in Rotiton gava very conHidcruMt^ rcturuH Ixith u( Silver and (iohl. Misi'iCKKL. — ThiH is exhibited from throe or four localities where it is sometimes found in very lar^e amount, and often a.<4sociuti;d with and containing Gold, and occasionally Cobalt. NiCKKL ANi> CoKALT — These metals I have found in two minerals which are exhibited, viz. Pickeriuji^ite and Pyrrhotine ; and in another; but only in very small amount. Bakttes. — This mineral is represented from a ^ood many localities in difTerent parts of the Province, in some of which it occurs of sufficient purity and in such quantity as to ronder it a profitable article of exporta- tion. In two or three places it has been worked to some extent. The very fine mass from Five Islands, wei<;hing some two or three hundred pounds, is from a mine which was in active operation last summer. Thirty tons had been taken out in three weeks before my visit, and in all, with the result of operations in former years, 500 tons juid been quarried and exported. Gypsum — This mineral exists in inexhaustible profusion; and in many parts of the Province, it is very favourably situated for quarrying and shipping. The various qualities are nt^ well represented. It is used local-y in making plaster for walls and ceilings, and is largely exported to the United States, where it is employed as a numnre. The Selcnite which is abundant in some ({uarries is valued for nuiking the finest white cornices, and for stuffing fire-proof safes. The compact varieties, form- ing Alabaster, are suitable for interior carved decorations, as illustrated by a small carving. The quantity of Gypsum exported, having been depressed by the American war, is now again becoming large. In 1860 the quantity quarried was 126,700 tons, of the value of $85,196. Borates in the Gypsum. — A few years ago a most interesting dis- covery was made in the Gypsum of Windsor of a mineral which I proved to bo Natroborocalcite, containing, along with soda and lime, 44 per cent, of boracic acid. A second mineral was afterwards found contain- ing, according to my analysis, 59 per cent, of boracic acid, this I called Cryplomorphitc. The former was found embedded in the Gypsum, the latter in crystals of Glauber-salt. Neither was found in large quantity. Both arc exliibited. Anuyi>kitk. — Along with Gypsum large beds of Anh3'drite are often found. This is u.sed as a building stone under the name of hard plaster. When polished it aflf'ords an excellent and much admired substitute for marble, for interior decorations ; it has never been as yet long exposed under these circnnistnnccs, but the pedestal, table top, and partially polished blocks, all I believe made from what may be called weathered specimens, shew that as regards present appearance the material i.«* admirable. Makbles. — These are known to exist in large deposits iu various parts of the Province ; only surface specimens, however, have as yet been obtained, so that the value of the material caimot be decided upon. Very handsome varieties are exhibited, one of which, of concretionary struc- ture and singular beauty, is sure to be much admired ; it would make excellent in-laid work. vanel cxcell afforj some| and thorel rail^^l M tUitUI Provl sandij tons iMjenl q a fe\N Tt^ ^1 ^m '• rich Silver iru8 both o( ies where it ^"'d with aud wo miueraJM iti another ; tiy local itieH of Hufficieut of exporta- Ucut. Th»« uc hundred ♦t summer. and in all, ;u quarried nd in many frying and It is u8od y exported e Selenite inest white ties, form- illustrated viug been In I860 !8ting dis- I proved M, 44 per oontain- » I called ►sum, the quantity. are often I plaster, itute for exposed partially eulhered crial is various '■et been Very y struc- 1 make LiMKSToNKS. — Inexhaustible in amount the Limestones present j^eat variety of structure and quality. Some are exhibited which furnish most excellent lime for buildiii;; purposes ; others, being somewhat phosphatic, afford good mnnure-limc ; others are reported to be hydraulic; while some certainly nuike good ('(MniMits. In a country abounding in freestone and granite littk; use has been made of limestone as a building stone, but there are beds of rock suitable for this purpose of which use is made in railway constructions. Moui>DiNo Sands. — Specimens of these arc shown illustrating the nature of deposits from which material has been employe*! in the IVovince and in the United States, chiefly in brass-casting. One of these sands was exported last your to the latter country to the extent of 2.'>0 tons to be used in moiihliiig brass tubes. Another of these sands has Injen employed in the inaiuifncture of scouring-bricks. Ci^AYS. — Immense deposits of very fine qualities of Clays arc found, a few specimens only are shewn. These Clays are largely employed in making pottery, firebricks, and both common and pressed bricks, which latter have been highly estecmeur, Itiit, in a*Mitioii t lui'<;«> nmssfs, hoiiu; miiiiII .H|M>('iiM«>ns ol viiri«Mis kinds xlu'wii in tin- rahini'i, arc uril wurtli llic atti'ntiun ol ininuralo;;isl.H; ofthcm' uw sfnii-I»ituiM»'Muns Coal in miiarkaldc associa- tion with u sort ol'ankcrilc. aiul li<.Miilc wiiii copjicr ainl lead ores. Oil HJialcs and oil coals arc cxiiiliitcd, and the oil |iroihicc(| troni one of tlu'sc is also shewn in the crnde and lelincd slate. ( )ne of the oil-coaln hlu'wn. yielded troni picked sainples. in Iio-^ton. Il»'.> ;:alloii- of oil to the ton. lirriMKN. — A very int»'re>iiti;: >i|)ccinien shews Kinmien not oidy dis- soininatcd in linu'slone. hnt occnrrin;: in |»»j-feclly ;:lolinlar nm-iscs in orystalrt of calcile. This was discovered hy yl. W . IJarncs, Ivsq. QcAin/ AM> Ai.i,n;i» MisKitAi.s. — Many iMiiniifnl \arieii»'s ol these minerals an* >hewn. Aniethysi-.. Smoky (.^narl/. .Ia>|icr, Ayale. Chal- cedony are met willi in t-onsidcraltle <|iianlities. chietly in the 'I'rap ol the li!iy of Fnndy ; the moss a'iales in the Weltsier «'oIlection -ire tair n'pre- .sentativ»;s of such as jire ly corroded as it were hy Chlorite. Zkomths and Ai.i.iki* !Mim:i:ai.s. — The trap rc;:ioii of the IJay of Knndv and Hasin of Mines Inrnishcs a most ahnndant snpply of these minerals which arc well rep'csentcd. The att«'nlion (tf mineialo;.'!8!s m'lv be drawn t«) the line s| I'cimens shewn hy Mrs. Wel»sier. which iiudinle all ihi' he>t known >peral cahinct art , anion*; others, most heantifid (xroiips of Anah'imo and Natrolite, Chaha/.ite in fine crystals and interestin;^ associ- ations, and in its NoNa Scoiian variety «)f deep red crystals calleU feet thick. There are also (JIanher Salt in crystals containini:. in nne specimen, a perfect crystal of Sclenite, in another, the borate Cryptomorphite before described as occnrrin;: in Gypstim, Anker- ite which is in {)art the vein stone of the London