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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre raproduites en un seul clich6 sont filmdes d partir de Tangle sup^rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mdthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 'o ib>l ItO x^^^ 110 l«K> iXl ^ R .-^ >L / \ :/ 1 c ^•<*.. y^ V ■K I.W "^^. K* ^, / s ■M % X} '^ g ^X/e iBattovt SI. rs V ._,< T> if^ «>», ••■^^ 74-.. \ '^j !;% •-^i.^^^C'^ ^t^H^^' '^<:f \ ..Ccgklnn-i' ''\l t'^ r-*M \X W ^ -^ tr.' J^rr"^*\^Ma,iui. 4f^/p ohn. 4'i H «». V ^S'>k 'l ■fe.% \ '^y '■"% ■' a ia& '"'ton roiHi I'V ,^' [TF I ■H^ ft o-v kSt \^, i XT D_Sji B A ^ y .fe -^•"v-^ Hf r^ K liii"' ■'%•: 'Ci?^ .i*#»*.':: ""'/,. ?"^: '^'*i. /w N <*jt x '4^ ''"^us, w.. i''^ '5^.. M f^ K *°*v=- .k" K*"" .v5/:«ay -'*^/'. '^^"'p, LLakej ^'^y fp^s ,;;3?S^ v. ^ '^-^ o ft-^, <^ •$^' ^ // i> ^- ^1 o Ar y^4 >JAA1 '"tbina lOlUj >V«, l.Sk/otup^' \ i ^1 |^^' ■^^ aliith. / i^ .\ .S. (> I-^^ A S «r o 3f ftUp^j^. v.: r *'>/-;: ■?"«: ''»«1 ?> ^'^to ^ >r *^*/fry. -S\ -^ JR ^JJ i^A SIC A \ ' 120 llO ioo Longitiuir Weal (X) /Kwtei'* p- oW^" •^ ^ihi.1^^ „...«^0:- tKNS^^^^^' ■A- H/n 0/t-rnwiifL 1 MARI AUTHORIZED B NOVA SCO! PRINCE : crc Late Principal A* & W. J, THE HISTORY OP THE MARITIME PROVINCES. AUTHORIZED BY THE COUNCIL OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR NOVA SCOTIA AND THE BOARDS OF EDUCATION OP PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND AND NEWFOUNDLAND. '* . v_ >iY-,^...^.'M r,.:,' ^'.'^ ■>. '''•'■> ^^^r vr: BY Late Principal of the Victoria and High Schools, Saint John, N. B. A Maiitune Ibpremfttura f MaritiuM ih perrades he Qulf of attention, al change. Scotia, wag a landing to a writer for linking Confedera- K)nciae yet this Uttio res it; yiet i airange- ly teacher, ra, in this acher and ly to giT« can study degree ef A. & W. MACKINLAV, HALIFAX, N. S. J. & A. MCMILLAN, SAINT JOHN, N. B. flh ] ■'\ .. .-' • i y !0'; VT' »i r-'. r*ou*and JTigiU ffundrMl and Sw^t^Sim, »y J. & A. MCMILLAN, W THl OrriCB OF TflC MUlISTBa OF AORIOVLTOBS, ►■ O.J,.. .. ..-..■.. • ^iW\': jM^ . ,,,_ . * .' % . . -.X» Jjj .i. gn (l;„ )i PBBFAOB. Thb pablication of a connected History of the Maritune Prorinces of Canada may i^pear to some to be a prematura undertaking, eepeciaUy to those who think of Maritima Union aa a remote event; yet the unity which perrades the historical account of the Colonies around the Gulf of 8t. Lawrenc^, is sufficient of itself to attract attention, apart from any immediate prospect of political change. Even after Acadia, under the name of Nova Scotia, wai broken up into separate provinces, there existed a blending of interests and an association of events, which, to a writer of the present time, form a competent excuse for linking these together in one historical chain, ending in Confedera- tion. To draw an outline of such a history, concise yet interesting, has been the aim of the author of this littlo Tolume. A text-book is generally what the teacher makes it ; y«t a text-book on history, without any well-defined arrange- ment, cannot be other than an idle assistant to any teacher. Hence the arrangement into periods and chapters, in this instance, has been carefully marked both for teacher and pupil; so that while the teacher will find it easy to give an oral lesacm on the book as a whole, the pupil can study from it the history of our country with some degree of pleasure and sympathy. 'I FBONUNGIATION OF FEOPEB NAMES. AlMnaquis, ab-en-ah'-quis, Algonqain, cU-gont-kan». Amerigo, ah-may-re'-go. Beaubassin, bo-btus-dnt. < > Beansejoar, bo-say- zhoof, .., Biencourt, bS-ang-koor. Boisherbert, biod-zair'-bair, Borgne, borne. Brouage, broo-ahzh'. Brouillan, broo-eS-yant. -'/ Cap-Rouge, cap-roozh/. Chamj^laxa, sham-plaM, ' Cbauvin, sfio-vdnt. V ■ Cbedotel, shay-to-deJ/, • De Cbaste, de-shast, ...:' . ' Besbarres, day -bar'. , De Loutre, de-Lootr, DeMonts, de-m6nM. ii > Denys, day-nee. D'IberviUe, dee-bair-veel'. Doublet Sieur, doo-blay' syoor. Drucoxir, droo-koor'. Dachambon, doo-sftane-bong. Duvivier, doo-veev'-yay. "Fontaine, /onM-tain. Q^haxuB, gah-bah-rooa^. Oiraudiere, zhee-ro -dyait* Orand Pc6, grant-pray* Guercheville, gairsh-veel\ Haussonville, ho-sorui-vuV. Hochelaga, ho-she-ldh'-gah, Jacques Cartier, zhaJc-kartf-yay^ Iroquois, ee-ro-kxoavf, Joie, zhwaw. ' ' La Fleche, lah-flaiah'. Lescarbot, lay-kar'-bo, Loyol3i, loi-o'-lah. ■'■,.-,[ j Macbias, ma-chi'-aa. Malicetes, mah-leseets. Mascarene, mas/'-kah-reetu Menneval, men'-vall. ', Medici, may'-dee-chee, Miquelon, mik-ee-ldnt. Pontgrav^, ponM-grah-vay'. Pons, pom. Poutrincourt, poof-trara-koon Roche, rosh. Rossignol, rozf-een-yol. Saussaye, so-say'e. St. Pierre, sane-pe-air*. ' ; Stadacon6, stah-dah-ko'-nay,^ Subercase, soo'-ber-kass. , , , . ; Tadoussac, ta-doos-ak'. Villebon, veel'-bons. . Verazzani, ver-adz-ahn'-ee^ Vespuccii vM-j}oo^.cAe«. '" ^^ K Ui-.-. .a;| 1 ,f .'D CONTENTS. f » / '• INTBODnOTION. MM Dlviiions— Origin of Ntraes— Native Trib««— Their Habits— Language- Religion, M I ■_/■ PmST PERIOD. * • CHAPTER I.-ERIC, THE RED. . i : The Nortlimen— Eric's Crime and Banishment— Iceland — DiscoTerjr of Greenland— Liefs Expedition— Thorwald—Thorstein—Vinland and Thorflnne,.^ 7 CHAPTER II.— COLUMBUS, CABOT, AND C ARTIER. Ooltunbus and the Monlc— Isabella's Courage— Sight of Land— The First Fort— Cabot's Voyage— Cartier's Three Voyages ^ 11 ■■•'■■-' ■■ •'"'■ ;;.,,■ i,'-^ -I.' i -•' ».>"ri.>;'i ' CHAPTER III.— ROBERVAL, GILBERT, AND LA ROCHB. Boberval's Niece— Famine and Failure— Newfoundland—The SquWrA Lost— Sable Island— Pontgrav6 and Chauviu, ^ ^ .^ ... . IT CHAPTER rV.-DE MONTS AND POUTRINCOURT. De Chaste— De Monts' Voyage— Father Aubrey— St. Croix— Cape Cod- Port Royal's Origin — Lescarbot— Indian Converts— Biencoort's Mission— Port Royal Destroyed, 83 CHAPTER v.— DE LATOUR- FATHER AND SON. Sir William Alexander— The Father in England— Father and Son Enemies— Razilly and Chamis^- Madame De Latour— Chamis6, Sole Ruler- Le Borgne— Nicholas Denys— Cromwell— Sir Thomas Temple, 80 CHAPTER VI.-NEWFOUNDLAND— CALVERT AND KIRKB. Gay's Colony— Whitboume's Court— Lord Baltimore— Kirke's Rule- Port Placentia— D'lberville's Siege, 3T Gmdifion AMaI^o(M,aiu(X>(Ue«, « ..«. it C0NTBMT8. SBOOND PERIOD. CHAPTER I.— PORT ROTAL~ANNAPOLI& Sag* by Phlpi— The NmIiwmJc— Charoh'« Raid— Nicholaon'i 8i«g»— XtU Day»— Treftty of Utreofat— Indian War^Norridguiuc 46 CHAPTER n— LOUISBOCRO. Th« City*! Origin— Canio and Annapolis— Shirley's Comminion— Feppertill at Canao— The Siaga— Ifai Effect, M CHAPTER III. -POUNDING OP HALIPAX-LAWRENCB. New Policy — Cnrnwallis Governor— Other Sottlementa— First Aaaembly —Immigratiun— Peace, 62 CHAPTER IV —THE TROUBLES AT THE ISTHMUS. JoMph De Loutre— The Boundary Question— Fort Beauacjour— FoH Lftwrence— The Siege— De Loutre'a Escape 86 CHAPTER V.-THB EXPUMION OF THE ACADIANa Qnmd Pri— Colonel Winalow— The Ordera— Deetruotion and fiddle, .... 70 CHAPTER VI.-THB DESTRUCTION OF LOUISBOURO. FNgreaa— Holbome's Timidity— Wolfe Lands— A Month's Worlc— Sor- nnder— Ruin, 74 CHAPTER VII.— ACADIA BEYOND THE ISTHMUS. 8t •ohn Island— First Trade— Lord Rollo— Townships— Bay Chaleur — Mlramichi — Wolfe's Duty — Monckton at St. John — Admiral "Walker— St John's Retaken, 78 Condition df the Country, Biographical Nota, unA Datm, ^ ii THIBD FBBIOD. CHAPTER I.— THE LOYALISTS. n« stamp Act— New England Factions— War of Independence^— Thtt Loyalists Banished— Parrtown, St. John— Mlramichi— Capr. Breton •County— Sydney Built— Celtic immigratiou— P&tturson'a Troubles, 89 ^■■- CHAPTER U.— THE EVENTS OF CHANGE AND P'^OOABSB. ISm Two Princes— The Maroons— SAannon and Chesapeakt—" Agricola ** — Education— Catholic Disabilities— Barry's Expnlfion— Duty on Sn&dy— Cape Breton — Chipman a Commissioner— Free Trade — ICiramichi Fire— St. John Island's New Name— Selkirk Settlement ofimith's Tyranny, |00 s COVTKWTS. ftt CHAFTBB IIL-POLITICAL 8TRIFB. rum Howe and the Magiitnta*— The Fkmily CompAot--81r Colin Campbell — Tlsooout Falkland— The Border Trouble— Wilmot and Flaher-— "Privilege"— The Laxaretto— Miramiflhi and 8t John Rloto— Th« lAnd Qnention— Pope's Quarrel— 8ir Donald Campbell, ^.114 CHAPTER IV.-RE8PON8IBLB QOVERNMBNT. Mijor Robinson's Survey— Reciprocity Treaty— Mining Association— The Judges' Salaries — Protection— Downing Street Tyranny— Land Ckimmission of 1860— Prince of Wales' Visit. »..1SI CHAPTER V.-^OMFBDERATION. Factions in Canadar— Convention at Charlottetown— Quebec OonTention —Reaction in New Brunswick— Dominion Day— Howe becomes President— Further Consolidation— War of Secession— The Fenlana —"City of Boston,". 180 Condition oj fht Country, Biographical Notes, and Dates, 14ft Index of Oeographioal Names 15S EaaminsUion Quutiont, ......m*.1M Tbe salidoined Index will guide those students who desire to make a special reading of any one of the Provinces. OTBW BBUNSWIOK. De lionts and Poutrincourt, pg. 22 ■The Pe Latours, 80 ViUebon— Nashwaak 47 The Troubles at the Isthmus,... .. 65 Acadia beyond the Isthmus, 79 Tlie Loyalists 88 General Smythe, Ac, 107 Sir John Harvey, Ac 118 Railways 127 Responsible Government, 181 Nova Sootia. Its Special History may be found on pages p 20 ^, 44), 64, 61, 69, n, lOL Hi, 127 p. E. ISLAND. Its Discovery, Ac pg. 77 War of Independence 91 Captain Holland's Survey, 4c., .. 97 Change of Name, Ac, 112 Sir Charles Fitzroy, &c., 123 Land Commission, Ac., 132 NEWFOUNDIiAND. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 18 Calvert and Kirke, 87 Placentia, 4c., 80 War of Independence, ...,^ 91 Sir John Harvey 118 Sir Alexander Bannerutui. ^*,*.,li^ ■•'''■ '■» ^^.nl (' v-r; ■' St*: ■^..--^.w' ■<'>r ;-.vvYii' ,.';.,>,■: I.;,-, w •',.;;.;,' ' ' ■ ' "■■■'■■ ^■-..■■.i;u..,:i' • '.»,'-. .. ,1. Ki... , li-i. ■.■.■; ,>■.;, ^,.; •■ _ .,;, .., Hi:.,. ,. .' . ■ ' -.:teA .'«;>,:. ikt-K.. mt',. . V .\ .; . ;■' K^^?... ■.»..» .. > - > m vi'i fe:::;.;:"-;:':*'- a, ;;-..->■ * t? .•Tit" --JJ*'-' If ^ ^'-'.-'i^l ■ ' • ./.; THE MARITIME PROVINCES, ■'iV(v r "I 'Jii.j' Divisions. Ori^jin of Names, i Native Tribes. INTRODUCTION. 1 Their Habit* Ijanguoge. Religion. British America, extending north and south from the Arctic Ocean to the United States, and east and west from the Atlantic to the Pacific, comprises the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. The former, consolidated by the Act of Confederation, includes the North- West Territory ;* British Columbia and Manitoba ; Ontario and Quebec ; and the Maritime Provinces — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Each of these provinces has a separate history of its own, but in referring to the age of discovery they may all be grouped into one territory, connected by one historical account. America received its name from Amerigo Vespucci, an astronomer of Italy, who, in 1499, explored the Gulf of Paria, lying between Trinidad and the mainland. The term, as applied to the New World, seems to have had its origin in Germany. A writer of that country, in publishing a German edition of Amerigo's Travels, pro- posed to name the newly discovered continent in honour of the Florentine Navigator; and in accordance with this proposal geographical writers ever afterwards employed the name. At what time the term Cg/inada was first used to dis- tinguish the country north and south of the river Saint *The North' West Territory includes the Province of Kewatia. B m KXTENT OF BRITISH AMERICA. Lawrence, is uncertain. Derived from an Indian word signifying a hamlet or settlement, it is supposed to have been unwittingly applied by Oartier to the whole district soirounding the encampment of Indians near Montreal. Qnebec, according to some, was known to the abong- ines as Qiiebeio or K^bep, meaning a narrow channel. But others say that one of the explorers, on beholding the peculiar rock on which the citadel now stands, ex- claimed in admiration. Q ue hee CUSTOMS OF THE INDIANS. ' Some of their customs were remarkable. Their feast* parties were the scenes of much gluttony, story-telling, and dancing ; their councils, the occasion of much public eloquence and diplomatic skill. When one of them made a feast, a messenger was despatched around the wigwams to invite the guests ''to bring with them their wooden dishes and spoons. The squaws arranged themselves outside the hut in which the feast w&s held, while the young men served out the mixtm'e of fish and Indian com that had been prepared in a huge vessel, made, probably, from the stump of a tree. If the master of the feast had been successful in the chase, venison or bear's flesh was added. When the floor, which served for a table, had been cleared by the women, who carried the remains to their own homes, the host, if he had not eaten too much, opened the conversation with an account of his personal exploits. Then followed narratives from the others in order, with more feasting, and dancing by the young men. 'i; » . Their councils were presided over by the Chiefs, surrounded b}' the Sachems, or chief councilors, — all old men who had gained laurels on the war-path. The Chief was elected for life. The design of a new war or expedition, or the ratifica- tion of a treaty, generally engaged their attention; if the latter, there was an exchange of wampum belts with those who sued for friendship, and an hour's smoke from the * calumet of peace.' The other affairs of the tribe were regulated in open parliament of all the warriors. .{»«.* «• The marriage rite was performed with little ceremony. When a young Indian longed to leave the parental wigwam and raise one for himself, his relations usually selected for him a helpmate among the squaws of his own tribe. Pre- senting himself at the hut of his parents' choice, he attracted her attention by throwing into her lap a piece of wood, which) if accepted, was the token of their union as man and wife. In some tribes the youth was required to pursue his sweetheart around the settlement in sight of all, before claiming her as his bride ; but the maiden who disliked her suitor had always an opportunity to escape. The squaw's THMR LANOUAOa AXD BBUOIOKi experience after marriage was one of contmaons dmdgeij and subordination to her lazy lord's wilL With passions unsubdued by civilization, the Indians shewed no mercy to their enemies. The early settlers in the country, when they fell into their hands, suffered terribly. Their property was often destroyed, their lives endangered^ while the skulking savages escaped punishment by retiring to their dens in the forest, where they could recruit them* selves for a fresh attack. In many cases, however, the natives shewed much kindness to the European settlen, especially to those who bribijd them with ornaments and provisions, or assisted them in assailing a neighbouring hostile tribe. Their language, now reduced to a written alphabet, is complex in structure, musical and refined in sound. A few books, chiefly evangelical, have been printed for the use of their descendants. The characters employed are Roman. That a written language existed at one time among them is inferred from their supposed consanguinity to the semi- civilized Indians of Mexico and Peru, who had a literature of their own ; but this is altogether uncertain. The religion of the British American Indians was a com- bination of superstitious forms and observances. Their heaven, a spiritual hunting-ground, was an abode of eternal, sensuous bUss, probably akin in theory to the Valhalla of the ancient Saxons. Their belief in the anger of an over- ruling Manitou filled them with all manner of superstitious fears, surrounding them with the imaginary forms of goblins, ghosts, and forest deities. Their reverence for the dead was a part of their religion, while the selection of a burial-ground and the interment of the bodies of their chiefs were the occasions of prolonged ceremonies. They undertook noth- ing of importance without first consulting the omens; and to propitiate the Great Spirit, who held in his hand the destiny of war, they were always ready to sacrifice a dog, a wolf, or some animal of the forest. When the country was colonized, these savage tribes, with few exceptions, readily became converts to the Bjaman DMOBVDAiraft OV «» IVt)IA>& Oatliolio faith; and Hkejr etpw aitor wa r di she^ived the gtwUrt attachment to the Fresck, hf whom they had been tMighIk thft rudiments of civiliiation and OhiiBtianit^. A aumher of the desoendaiita of the native Indiana^ mostljr half-casteS) are yet to be fbnad luigering around th* towne aud villageB* of our countzy. But theee are in UMiy oases indolent and intemperate, stad nust not be taken aa specimem of tkr^ ancient red man ol the forest. The old characteristics of the lAoe, ae their numben, are fiy* d ii p p ea ring . fcr .t-v.' ■ ;■ ; I .^*,' .'I'V'-i,-' '; : i,jlt':.'.i'jji ; iO ;;i.. i'»/ .*' ■ '^i' ''>i ■A i'^ 'i* . it •T f 1 ' 1 ' .' f . •V ■■-■' ' ■ '/ .4*. \v.u ^'\ !' ■ ■ * .Jjf:u,f4it ,-rti>^ CHAPTER IL OOLUXBUS, CABOT, AND OABTDSB. Colambni and the Monk. iMballa's courage. Bight of Laad. The first fort. Cabot's voyage. Oartler** thrae ToytfM. Omb day, in the year 1485, a Genoese traveller, dost- stained, dejected, and hungry, halted before the gate of a Spanish convent to beg a morsel of bread for himself and the child that accompanied him. The superior of the convent, passing at the moment, was struck with the intellectual appearance of the man ; and, after inviting him to enter, wad so much pleased with his conversation that he requested him to remain at the convent for a few days. The traveller, whose name was Christopher Columbus, gave the monk a hurried account of his past history, stating that be was a designer of maps and globes, and that, after giving close attention to the study of geography and navigation, he had determined to test the writings of Marco Polo, .9iid those half legendary tales connected with the dis- coveries of the Northmen. In his enthusiasm, the poor wanderer verily believed that Heaven had commissioned bim to plant the cross on undiscovered shores, far beyond Europe on the other side of the ocean. Though he had failed in obtaining the patronage of the King of Portugal, and had received but little encouragement from Henry VII. of England, he was still sanguine that his design to find a western route tg India would end in success. Moved by the grandeur of his views, the superior pro* Tided him with food and money, gave him his blessing, and promised to use his influence at the court of Spain ia favour of his plans. But promises are sometimes hard to fulfil ; for, notwit^tanding the good man's sympathy, it wai not till the year 1492 — a remarkable date in the worid'i Jbiatory—^that the poor map-drawer was enabled to tat litt £rom Foloi on bi« fint royftge of ducoreij. J '** v> .^l^ir-v, II COLUMBUS. Columbui found the means for navigating the Atlantic through the liberality of Isabella, Spain's noblest Queen, who devoted a portion of her private revenue in behalf of his project. The navigator, in roturn, promir?d to spend the treasures he expected to tind in deliver? .g the Holy Sepulchre from the SanioonH, and to convert to Christianity the Great Khan of Tartary — a monarch for whom he actually received letters of introduction. Thus, with bright hopes, Christopher Columbus sot sail on his manellous voyage, with one hundred and twenty men huddled on board his two small vessels. On leaving Spain, he sailed for the Canaries, where he remained a month, repairing his ships and waiting for favourable weather. On the 9th of September, he and his companions lost sight of the last speck of European land, and steered boldly to the westward. For three weeks they saw nothing b^t the wide expanse of ocean. Then the sailors began to murmur; for, accustomed as they were to short voyages only, they believed themselves to be the followers of a mad-cap on a fool's errand. At length their timidity and murmurs ended in open remon- strance and mutiny. But nothing could turn the brave navigator aside from his purpose. He quieted their fears for some days longer, and, when a month had passed, the appearance of land-birds, sea-weed, and floating twigs, restored peace and order among the crew. On the 12th of October, 1492, the island of San Salvador was dis- covered and named, when possession of the new country was taken with much religious ceremony, amid the jubilant shouts of the sailors, and the calm joy of the discoverer. Columbus supposed he had now arrived at the eastern extremity of India. Intending to visit Marco Polo's island of Japan, he made many voyages around the West Indian Islands. One of his vessels was wrecked on the coast of Hispaniola, and there, on account of the barbarous conduct of his crew towards the native women, he was obliged to fortify a small piece of ground to defend the whole oompaoj tEOU the i^tacks of those who were at fiist I I THl CABOTS. friendly. Thli wm the first fort built by EnropeanR in America. In March, 1493, Columbus returned to Spain, and was received with '^very demonstration of joy. Tidings of his discorery soon spread over all Europe, and induced other navigators to sail in search of this new country. He made three other voyages to America. The Cabots.— The success of Columbus fostered the belief that there existed a north-west pansage to India and China. John Cabot, a Venetian, who, with other merchants of southern Europe, had been attracted to England on account of its growing commerce during the fifteenth cen- tury, had little difiiculty in obtaining a commission from Henry VII. to explore a route so much discussed. This commission gave Cabot the command of a squadron of five ships, victualled at the public expense and exempt from duties, while it reserved to the king the sovereignty of all lands discovered, and a fifth of the p X)fit8 arising from the expedition. In the beginning of May, 1497, Cabot, accompanied by his three sons, Ludovic, Sebastian, and Sanzio, sailed from Bristol with cargoes of coarse cloths, rou; U articles of orna- ment, and other goods for traffic with the natives. Their associates numbered three hundred men. After a passage of six weeks, and nearly twelve mor*hs before Columbus, in his second voyage, had touched any part of the mainland of America, these brave sailors came in sight of the coast of Labrador, which, being the first land seen, they named Prima Vista, They also discovered an inhabited island lying opposite, from which they kidnapped three natives. This — probably Newfoundland or Prince Edward Island — they named St. John. After penetrating to Hudson Bay, and exploring some of the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, they sailed as far south as Florida, and would have visited some of the adjacent islands, but a scarcity of provisions and a mutiny among the crew hurried them home. They arrived in Bristol in the month of August of the same year. The father was knighted. 14 jAcguEs cartier's first yOTAO& l^r Sebastian Cabot, assisted by the Spanish monarch, madir MTeral voyages to America ; but these belong to the history of other countries. Jacques Cartier Various voyages were made to the American continent by Europeans on the return of John Cabot, but up to the date of Cartier's first voyage none were important. Cortereal, a Portuguese, captured fifty Indiana OB Newfoundland, and sold them in the European slave market. Denys, a Frenchman, explored the Gulf of Stw. lAwrence. Baron de Lery failed in an attempt to colonize- Sable Island ; and at last, Yerrazani was commissioned by Francis I. to explore the whole of the eastern coast of the new continent. This navigator never returned from his third voyage. Nothing more was done for nine years, until ihe French sovereign, in imitation of the Spaniards, deter- mined to send out a colony of his subjects to the northern part of the country, and appointed Jacques Cartier, a sailor of St. Malo, to carry out his design. In the spring of 1634, Cartier left Brittany with two ships, and arrived off the coast of Newfoundland in twent]yp days. Pasding to the north of that island, he came to th^k^ Isle of Birds, where his crew amused themselves by killing. a large number of sea-fowl, which were stored up in barrels, to be used as food on the voyage. He then sailed through the Straits of Belleisle, touching the barren coast of Labrador. Steering southwards to explore the Magdalen Islands, he was surprised at the fertility of their soil, which produced wild com, peas, currants, strawberries, roses, and sweet herbs. Passing westwards, he entered the Bay Chaleur during very warm weatlier, and examined a part of its northern shore. At Gasp4, he took possessix^n uf the country in the name of the Eang of France, and marked th& event by constructing a rude wooden cross, and hanging on it a shield bearing the national emblem. After capturing two natives, he returned to France. Cartier's first voyage led to a second. The Indians whom be had taken to France informed him of a large river lead- ing from the great gulf, the source of which was unknown^ CARTIER's SBOOITD AND THIRD V0TAOE8. 15 AnxiotM to tittee this wonderful channel, a supposed route to India, he set sail a second time in May, 1635. Nearly two months passed before he reached Newfoundland, and there he remained another month, waiting for the arrival of two of his ships. He then steered morth of Anticosti, and anchored at the mouth of the Saguenay. On the Isle of Orleans — named by Cartier the Isle of Bacchus, on account of its grapes — the Frenchmen first saw a native encampment. The Indians crowded round the ships in their light canoes, chattering in their strange tongue, and putting endless questions to their two countrymen, now esteemed the wisest of their tribe. Cartier entertained them hospitably, and won the heart of the great chief, Donnacona, by a plentiful repast of bread and wine, giving his sailors liberty to barter beads, knives, and hatchets, for the fish and fruit of their tawny friends. Thence the explorer sailed to Quebec, where he found an Indian village, named Stadacon^ ; and farther up the river he discovered another, called Hochelaga — the former the capital of the Algonquin tribe, the latter in- habited by Hurons. At Hochelaga, Cartier was again courteously entertained by the natives. He found the place strongly fortified; and after ascending the hill behind the encampment and viewing the extent of forest and river for miles around, he gave it the name Mount Royal. Hence the more modern term Montreal. On his return, Cartier wintered at Quebec, fortifying a small enclosure against the possible attacks of his amiable though treacherous neigh- bours. In the following summer, having lost many of his men from scurvy and cold, he seized the Indian chief with four of his subjects, again weighed anchor, and arrived ia France, July, 1536. Bab captives died shortly after their arrival at St. Malo, but not before they had embraced the Christian religion. Cartier, in his third voyage, was associated with the French nobleman, Roberval, who had received a royal com« mission to establish himself as viceroy in Canada. The former, preceding his superior, visited his old friends the Indlians at Quebec, and remained among them during tb* 1« DKATH OF OARTIER. winter of 1541. But, probably disappointed at the delay of the other ships, he suddenly set out for Prance in the spring, and avoiding the new governor, whom he found in the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, and by whom he was commanded to return, reached St. Malo in safety. There he died, lamented by his countrymen and sovereign, from whom he received, before his death, great honours for his greater services. The last scenes of the old pioneer's life were worthy the name which is now honoured by all aa that of a hero who stands out prominently in the world's history— the discoveier and exjsLQrer of ft great country. ,., .( ! J'. ,■ ; ' • ■* ,• W-, Ui'C ^■■il :. . > ^'V , ■■". ■.:;■ i..r»,-'f ■ ■ I. ' ( ■ :':l'-'\ ■f'^vi >\ CHAPTER in fiOBilBYAL, OILBEBT« AND LA BOOHS. Boberval'* Niece. Famine and Failure. Newfoundland. The Squirrd Lost. Sable Island. Pontgravi and Chaavln. BoBERYAL, though deserted by his lieutenant, Cartier, continued his course towards Quebec. In passing the Island of Anticosti, an event took place which, wth the superstitious of the company, augured ill, Among the band of colonists there were men, women, and children, of all ranks and classes. The niece of the viceroy, a fair young lady of noble birth, had accompanied her uncle in his ship, but, during the voyage, had committed a very grievous offence against the pride and dignity of her family. Roberval'8 anger and resentment were roused. When opposite the bleak, barren shores of this island, then uninhabited, he gave orders that she and her nurse, who wns partly involved in her guilt, should be taken ashore, and there left to their fate. The cruel sentence was only too promptly carried out, and the ships sailed away just as the maid's lover, wild with excitement, joined her by swimming ashore. The sufferings they endured were terrible. Their provisions were soon con- sumed, while their superstitious fears filled the i land with demons and all manner of horrid monsters. Death at length left the pale, haggard, famishing Marguerite alone and un- protected ; and there she remained alive, struggling against evil spirits and starvation, until rescued by the crew of a small fishing-boat. Two years and a-half after her banish- ment she reached France, to tell her terrible story. Gloomy and vexed, Roberval g"'^ed onward up the great river, and, at last, anchored in the safe harbour of Cap-Rouge. There he found the ruins of Cartier's camp. In a short ^ime evexy one was at work, hurriedly raising a huge build- 18 SIR HUHPHRET GILBERT. ing for the accommodation of all. In the industry of the colonists there was the essence of success ; cheerfulness in their every movement. The prospect of founding a great nation was before them. But one day a murmur was heard, speeding through the camp, that the provisions ;were failing ; and then the long wistful gaze of throe hundred souls hourly swept the horizon of the broad Gulf. Still no vessels, laden with the produce of France, came. The murmurs grew louder and louder, and were not to be suppressed by the most rigorous discipline, or the angry scowl of the viceroy. Starvation brought disease, and disease crime. Roberval became powerless to pacify or subdue his subjects ; and after a vain attempt to explore the Saguenay, he returned to France, there to forget his misfortunes in the army of his sovereign, who was then resisting the ambition of Charles V, At the close of the war he and his brother, on their way to Canada, then called New France, perished in a storm at For fifty years no new expedition for America left the shores of old France, which was then filled with civil war and strife. What had been done, however, was by no means labour lost. The fishermen and fur-traders of western Europe, untrammelled by tax or government, now grew rich with the spoils drawn from sea and forest. During the season of 1578, the increasing trade brought four hundred vessels crowding into the bays and harbours of Newfound- land, Cape Breton, and the Gulf. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. — The attention of England was again directed to the land discovered by Cabot, which was hers by right of prior possession. Queen Elizabeth, ia 1678 commissioned Sir Walter Raleigh and his half-brother. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, to colonize the island of New> foundland, raising the latter to the dignity of viceroy, and reserving for hereelf one-fifth of all precious metals dis- covered. The expedition had a poor beginning. Disasters at sea, either from the mutiny of the sailors, or from the active hostility of a Spanish squadron, sent thera back to port, with the loss of one vessel and its captain. Then THB UAIIBOUR OF ST. JORN's. 19 Bftleigh, the leading spirit is the enterpme, fell sick ; and . Sir Humphrey was obliged to set out alone, in 1683, with his four snuJl vessels crowded to the gunwale with a moti $y group of artisans and adventurers. The names of the vessels, acccfrding to their size, were the Delighty Gjlden JSindf SwalloWf and Squirrel, — the largest one hundred and twenty tons, the smallest but ten. The Deliaht, with the viceroy on board, approached the harbour of St. John's on the 30th of July. The island looked its best. Its rugged scenery, bedecked with green, truly earned for it the name which Cartier gave to one of its capes — Bonavista. Then foUowed the Swallow, filled with a disorderly crowd, who had plundered the crew of a poor French vessel which had been met with outside. To punish the offenders was the governor's first judicial act. In the harbour, at this time, there were thirty-six ships of various nations ; and Sir Humphrey, deeming the occasion suitable, at once proclaimed his authority by taking formal possession of the island, and by exacting the allegiance of the traders. The foolish ceremony of presenting wood and water, enforced by the viceroy, was performed by the fisher- men and merchants present. The English laws of church and state became the constitution of the new colony, while a special code of regulations, affecting the fisheries and the fur trade, were at once established. In framing these the gallantry of the vice-regal knight did not forsake him : those who daied to speak disrespectfully of Her Majesty were, according to one of his enactments, to be punished by losing their ears. This empty exhibition of English authority brought Uttlo prosperity to the colony. The country was not the fertile garden many expected to find. It was beautilul to the eye, but unfit for the plough without hard labour. Numbers of the colonists deserted, robbing the fishermen of their boats and other property. Disease appeared, and the sick had to be sent home in the Swallow. At last, the governor, while exploring the coasts in the little Squirrel, heard of the losa of the Delight near Cape Race ; and this news, adding to his iO MARQUIS DS LA ROCHB. despair of success, caused him to return to Si. John's, to prepare for his voyage homewards. He set sail in the Squirrel^ accompanied by the Oolden Sind; but near the Azores a storm overtook them, and the Squirrelf with its crew and brave commander, perished in the waves of the Atlantic. The shattered Golden Hind •oon after arrived in England, carrying the sad tidings of a noble heart lost. Marquis de la Boohe.— The French, after fifty years' inaction, again appeared on the sc^ne. The merchants of St. Malo continued to hold a monopoly of the trade between Old and New France from the date of Cartier's last voyage ; and loud were their cries when any attempt was made to deprive them of the enriching privilege. Even the grant given by the king to Cartier's nephews was annulled in favour of the merchants. At length. La Roche, a wealthy Breton, accepted a commission appointing him ruler of New France, and immediately set out to organize his government. His power was to be absolute. He was to make laws and repeal them at pleasure, to raise armies and disband them, to create nobles and hang them. At best he was a ruler with a very large territory, but very few people ; and these but the scum of society impressed into his service. Sable Island was his own and his company's fate. Think- ing to rid himself of the most restless of his subjects before exploring the mainland, he here disembarked forty of them, expecting to return when he had selected the site for his capital But he never returned. In skirting the coasts of Nova Scotia, a western gale fell upon his ship and drove him back to France, there to hear of the success of his enemies, who had induced the king to withdraw his commission. For years he lay in prison, brooding over the evil he had brought on his followers, but powerless to help them in their exile. Meanwhile, the forty wretched famishing creatures whom he had left on Sable Island wandered over its bare sandhills, picking up whatever might assist them in enduring the severity of an almost Arctic winter. They erected some huts with the driftwood of shipwrecks thrown upon \ PONTORAVE AND CBATTYIV. 21 the shore. On the island there were a few herds of cattio which had been left by De Lery ; and thi'se, with Tarious kinds of wild berries, and what fish they could catch in the little bays, afforded them their sole nourishment. Foxes and seals supplied them with warm clothing; while the surplus of skins they collected were laid up in store for the day of their return to France. That day came, but not for five years ; and then famine, disease, and murder, had lefb but twelve persons to return. La Roche, when permitted to see the king, told alL In haste a pilot, named Ohedotel, was sent out to rescue the exiles, who, as soon as they saw the welcome sail, were willing to barter their whole stock of valuable fun for a passage to their native land. Ohedotel was not slow to take advantage of their ignorance. On their return they were presented at court as being delivered from the grave. The king's compassion was excited. On being told of OhedotePs dishonesty, he caused him to give up his ill-gotten gain, and thus placed the poor men in a position to start as traders. La Roche died soon after. The fate of this expedition did not deter others from attempting, in a small way, the colonization of the western world. In 1599, Pontgrav6 and Chauvin — the one a trader of St. Malo, the other a sailor of Rouen — sailed for Tadoussac with a number of colonists, hoping to enrich themselves from the fur trade ; but their plans, like thoae of better men, ended only in disaster, preparing the way, however, for the great enterprise with which the names of Champlain and De Monts were to be proudly asMciated* 'i ;•• ■ J, / '^^ . I . GHAPTBR IV. mi M0KT8 AND POUTBHrOQUlT. I !'•■ mChatte De Monts' Voyage. Father Autrey. €1. CroiK. Cape Cod. Pourt'H M-ivftina Port Royttl destroyed. BsNRT OF Kavarre bcoatne King of France in 1593. For mftny jears previous to has accession to the throne that country had been a house divided against itself — a prey to political factions and civil contentions; and as sijich, tiad given as little attention to the eaoouragera«nt of manufactures and comniercfe generally as to the development «ff a land which, though prolific oi wefUth to the trader im fish and fur, seemed to frown on every scheme for itt colonization. At Henry's court, however, were two men whom the disasters of former expec^tions to New France ^id not discourage. One of these, a captain in the royal navy, bad made two voyages to America, — one with Pont?> grav^ to the St. Lawrence, another to the West Indies. His name was Samuel de Champlain. The other was Sieuf de Monts, Governor of Pons, the king's intimate friend, and «tte in every respect worthy the royal patronage. To these twc men British America owes her first permanent settlo- nent. After Chauvin's thrice repeated failure at Tadoussac, the old Governs of Dieppe, Be Chaste, proceeded to organize a company at his own expense, under a patent granted by his royal master, and having for its object the founding of a colony in Canada. The command of De Chaste's first expedition was entrusted to the young and daring Champlain, with Pontgrav^ as his lieutenant; and, though nothing waa done beyond the exploration of the St. Lawrence aa far as the rapids of the Sault Sk .Iiouis, the Toyage opened the way for the commander^g I V . ▲OJlDIA'8 00A8T KXPLORKD. tt ftitture colony at Quebec. De Chaste died in France daring Champlain's absence, surrendering his place in the enterprise to a younger man, in the person of De Monts, who had already visited Canada in one of Chaurin's ships. A new charter was written out for De Monts, which granted him vice-regal authority over all lands extendisg from the St. Lawrence to the Hudson, and included under the new name of Acadia. The rigour of a winter Kt Tadoussac led him to think of placing his colony further south than the Gulf; and hence his caution in obtaining an extended patent fVom King Henry. His other privileges were not unlike those of the unfortunate La Roche. In April, 1604, the first vessel sailed from Havre. On board there was the us^ial mixed company of jail-birds, artizans, priests, and courtiers, drawn from city and country, faubourg and palace ; now numbering among them Poutrin- court, a French Baron, Champlain, the hero of many voyages, and De Monts himself, the newly appointed Governor of Acadia. In a month they passed Cape La Have, on the south coast of Novd. Scotia. Four days later they entered the bay, now known as Liverpool Harbour. Here they found the ship of the fur-trader, Rossignol, seized his valuable cargo as theirs by right of royal patent, and gave the pliice his name in honour of the event. Then they cast anchor in Port Mouton, — so called because one of the few sheep on deck f«'ll overboard ; and here they awaited the arrival of Pontgnw^, who had sailed from F'ltince with supplies but a few days after them. A month passed before Pontgrav6 came. He had gone to Canso, there to act toward several traders as De Monts had act<;d towards Rossignol Besides the stores, he brought with him a rich cargo of furs, captured from four unlucky merchants. Pontgrav^ delivered his freight, and immediately started for Tadoussac ; while De Monts, rounding the extremity of the p^iinsula, ancikored in St. Mary's Bay. The boats were sent out to examine the shores. In one went Father Aubrey/ one of the few who h&A jeibed the ezpeditioB tnH 34 Acadia's first settlemsnt. of curiosity, and much af^inst the wish of his friends. With his party he wandered some distance from the beach, and on leaving them to return to a spring, where while •tooping to drink he hod left his sword, the good priest lost his way in the forest. The more he tried to find a path tho further he got from the ship, until he was for beyond the reach of his comrades' shouts, the noise of their trumpets, or even the boom of the guns fired from the bay. He was given up for lost, not without the suspicion that he had been murdered by a Protestant with whom he had quarrelled about religion. Leaving him to his fate, the ship sailed up the Bay of Fundy to Digby channel On passing through the narrow strait now called Bigby Crut, the beautiful basin of Annapolis spread out before tho astonished gaze of the strangers. At the head of the bay, the eye of the watchful Poutrincourt fell upon a slope near which the town of Annapolismow stands, and readily receiving a grant of the spot from his commander, he named it Port Royal. But De Monts, anxious to find the most favourable place within easy reach, passed again to the open waters of the Bay of Fundy, — called by him La Bale Francoise, — and steered for the coast opposite. Reaching the mouth of the Ouangondy on the day of St. John's festival, he gave the river its new name, St. John ; and as soon as Champlain had made his map of the harbour, and had visited an Indian encampment near the mouth of the river, the expedition sailed in th'^ direction of Passama- quoddy Bay. On an island at the mouth of the St. Croix, the river with the cross, he fixed the site of his first resting- place, probably in such choice forgettinp the severity of a North American winter in his enjoyment of an Acadian summer. Labour now began in earnest. The bounds of the new settlement were first laid out in order, marked in the centre by a large square of cleared ground ; then the positions for the various buildings were allotted; and the men separated into gangs for the work connected with each erection. On the mainland there was plenty of FATHKR AXTBRST'S RKTURlf. IB hrmber for their purpose, and the round rockf on the beat^ ■enred for a foandation. Champlain, whose Btrange droir- ings still amuse the antiquary, was, of cotirse, the architect of the colony, while Be Monts, as actire on flhore as on shipboard, encouraged no delay. Soon the northern point of the island assumed the appcamnce of a thriving Tillage. Be Monts' house, with its large French roof, stood on tht east side of the square, and rose abore the other buildings — the first Government House of Acadia. Champlain hud hii residence opposite, with his little garden in front ; and extending from the one to the other, all around the square, were storehouses, workshops, and barracks. The whole wa4 enclosed by a rough fortification, pr otected by a few p iecet of ordnance, and the sacred cross, which extended lia m&6 arms overtfae little chitpcl standing outside in the centre oi a small cemetery. One day, as the work progressed, there arose great excitement in the hauilct ; the uxe, the hammer, and the ■aw were thrown aside for the moment, in a general rush towards the landing-place, where stood the frail, famished form of Father Aubrey, the worthy priest, whom all be- lieved to have been lost in the woods of St. Mary's Bay. He had been brought across by a pilot sent back by Be Monts to bring specimens of the mineral ore which some had seen cropping out on the shore of that inlet. Found on the beach, waving his hat feebly at the end of a stick, be was taken on board the pilot's boat, as much astonished at his miraculous escape asT were his friends to see him alive. ,His talc of miseries endured made him the hero of the day. ' " Before the winter set in Poutrincourt sailed for Prancej there intending to make preparations for his proposed settlement at Annapolis. The frost and snow of an Acadian Becember brongM with it many troubles to the colony. The large blocks of ice formed at the mouth of the river cut off their supplief of wood and water from the mainland. There was no tiptiti^ OB tlie iBland, and c ^^^ a few cedars, — a serious mftttii S6 TBI miMOTAL TO PORT BOTAL. to men liring on salt meat, and struggling against tht intense cold of their first winter in America. The scurrj ftppoared ; and before the warm sun of Apiil camCi the little cemetery had in it thirty-five graves. In the following June, Pontgrav^ brought additional stores from France, with forty new settlers ; and De Monti, leaving his capital in good cheer, set forth in search of a better site. He sailed along the coast to Cape Cod, in company with Champlain, who had been there before. Here they came in collision with the natives. A kettle had been stolen from a sailor, while on shore with others on the look-out for fresh water. An Indian was the thief, and him the sailor pursued until they came within the range of the arrows of the tribe. De Monts, to save his follower, who hod fallen pierced in several places, fired upon the enemy, and drove them back into the woods. The explorers took one prisoner, but let him go when a scarcity of provisions drove them back to the St. Croix. There was now no hope for the colony unless by removing to Port Royal. The busy scene of the fopner summer was changed to one of demolition. Even some portions of the buildings were carried on board for transportation across the bay ; and yeai-s afterwards, all that could be found of this, the first European settlement in New Brunswick, were the bones of those who had succumbed to the scurvy and the cold. From Port ivoyal De Monts returned to France, where he heard his enemies were defaming him and his efibrts. Champlain and Pontgruvt^ remained behind, sad but cour- ageous, and little dreaming that their brave comrade and governor should look his last on Acadia when his ship had passed beyond Cape Sable. But so it was. So critical did he find affairs at home, and so crushing the evil reports which had been spread during his absence, that he had great difficulty in procuring the services of one ship to carry the provisions necessary to save the colonists at Port Boyal from starvation. Nor was he able to accompany the ship when aU was ready. The chief command he was obliged to give toPoutrincourt. . . : ,, . > ,. ^j ... ■ .(> fr. LS8CA root's INDU8TRT. 87 Along with Poutrincourt went Maro Leacarbot, a gentleman to whom the colonUts owed much, alike for Uie cheerful energy he displayed among them, and Um encouraging accounts he sent to France in his letters con* oeming the enterprise. He had been an advocate in Paris ; but longing for excitement, hod united his fortunes with those of De Monts and Poutrincourt in their attempts to extend the French dominions beyond the Atlantic. At on« time, during the absence of the other leaders, he had full control of affairs at the fort ; and soon, through his industry and tact, the settlement around assumed a prosperous look. Houses were built, land cleared and prepared for its first crop of wheat, gardens enclosed, a magazine and store-house erected, and even a water-mill for grinding com was raised on an adjoining brook. The trials of the St. Croix were forgotten by the settlers, who here lived together like one large family, each with his proper share of work, but all labouring for one common interest; and this with nothing to feur from the natives, whose friendship had been won by the sagacious Lescarbot, through his presents of com and wine to old Membertou, the chief of the tribe. Lescarbot was legislator, poet, and historian in one; and tmly his records of receptions, amusements, hunting-parties, festivi« ties, and explorations, throw a halo of interest around this period of Acadian history, and shew how he and his associates resisted the rigours of the climate, and bore up against the hardships of their new life. The harmless gossip and quaint humour make up a pleasant tale. In the spring, just as the colonists, hopeful of the coming harvest, were busy digging and planting and sowing, the news arrived that the commuision of De Monts had been cancelled. This sad intelligence broke up the little com- munity, and sent the two leaders to Canso, there to find a ship sailing to France. In company with Champlain and Pontgrav^, they landed at St. Malo in October. Poutrincourt now used all his influence at the court to have his grant, which only bore the signature of De Monts, oonfirmed by royalty, for be was still anxioai to see his __a : 28 CONVERSION or THB IHDIAN8. ' \ I oolony prosper. De Monts, on the verge of ruin in purse and spirit, could give him no help ; but by dint of unwearied persistence for three years^ the Baron at last received the flavour of the king, with the understanding that Father Biard, a Jesuit, should join him at Bordeaux, for the purpose of superintending the spiritual interests of the settlers, and the conversion of the Indians. Poutrincourt sailed from Dieppe early in February, 1610. Instead of the Jesuit, he took Father La Fleche, a Parisian priest, by whom, as soon as they arrived, the work of conversion began. Membertou was the first to submit to the rites of the church. Then followed his squaws and his numerous progeny, succeeded in turn by his subjects settled near the camp, and hundreds of others brought in from the surrounding forest. The old chief w&s a faithful ally to the priest. Both laboured incessantly, until a long list of converts was retuiy to be sent home as an evidence of their industry, and the good faith of their master in carrying out the injunction of his sovere'^n. This list was entrusted to the care of young Biencourt, the son of Poutrincourt, who lost no time in carrying the good news to Paris. From the fishermen at Canso, Biencourt heard of the assassination of King Henry* ; but this information did not hinder him from returning to France with all speed to support his father's interests at the new court. He was immediately presented to the queen. His register of Indian bafDu^DS told its own tale. He was told, however, that BO h) c;ur would be granted unless thu Jesuits were suffered to share in the work of Father La Fleche. Here was a difficulty for the young ambassador. The merchants of Dieppe, who had promised to provision his ship at their own risk, refused to have anything to do with an enterprise in which the religious order took part. To please the oourt was to lose four thousand livres; and the favour c^ the court and the money were both indispensable. Madame de Guercheville came to the rescue. By the munificence of this piouB lady Biencourt was empowered to ^t asid* te FALL OV PORT ROTAL. 29 in puise nwearied Jived the t Father for the a of the trincourt ustead of >riegt, by •nversion » rites of umerouB led near torn the ally to ong list evidence aster in 'his list the son le good of the did not >eed to le was Indian r, that uffered was a nts of their jrprise e the )ur of kdame ice