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■A- H<!j( »<) /K>/n 0/t-rnwiifL

MARI

AUTHORIZED B

NOVA SCO!

PRINCE :

crc

Late Principal

A* & W.

THE HISTORY

OP THE

MARITIME PROVINCES.

AUTHORIZED BY THE COUNCIL OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR
NOVA SCOTIA AND THE BOARDS OF EDUCATION OP
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND AND NEWFOUNDLAND. '* .

v_ >iY-,^...^.'M r,.:,' ^'.'^ ■>. '''•'■> ^^^r vr:

Late Principal of the Victoria and High Schools, Saint John, N. B.

A Maiitune
Ibpremfttura
f MaritiuM
ih perrades
he Qulf of

attention,
al change.
Scotia, wag
a landing
to a writer
for linking
Confedera-
K)nciae yet

this Uttio

res it; yiet
i airange-
ly teacher,
ra, in this
acher and
ly to giT«
can study
degree ef

A. & W. MACKINLAV, HALIFAX, N. S.

J. & A. MCMILLAN, SAINT JOHN, N. B.

flh ]

■'\ .. .-'

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!0'; VT' »i r-'.

r*ou*and JTigiU ffundrMl and Sw^t^Sim, »y
J. & A. MCMILLAN,

W THl OrriCB OF TflC MUlISTBa OF AORIOVLTOBS,

►■ O.J,.. .. ..-..■.. •

^iW\': jM^ . ,,,_

. * .' % . .

-.X» Jjj .i.

(l;„ )i

PBBFAOB.

Thb pablication of a connected History of the Maritune
Prorinces of Canada may i^pear to some to be a prematura
undertaking, eepeciaUy to those who think of Maritima
Union aa a remote event; yet the unity which perrades
the historical account of the Colonies around the Gulf of
8t. Lawrenc^, is sufficient of itself to attract attention,
apart from any immediate prospect of political change.
Even after Acadia, under the name of Nova Scotia, wai
broken up into separate provinces, there existed a blending
of interests and an association of events, which, to a writer
of the present time, form a competent excuse for linking
these together in one historical chain, ending in Confedera-
tion. To draw an outline of such a history, concise yet
interesting, has been the aim of the author of this littlo
Tolume.

A text-book is generally what the teacher makes it ; y«t
a text-book on history, without any well-defined arrange-
ment, cannot be other than an idle assistant to any teacher.
Hence the arrangement into periods and chapters, in this
instance, has been carefully marked both for teacher and
pupil; so that while the teacher will find it easy to give
an oral lesacm on the book as a whole, the pupil can study
from it the history of our country with some degree of
pleasure and sympathy.

FBONUNGIATION OF FEOPEB NAMES.

AlMnaquis, ab-en-ah'-quis,
Algonqain, cU-gont-kan».
Amerigo, ah-may-re'-go.
Beaubassin, bo-btus-dnt. < >
Beansejoar, bo-say- zhoof, ..,
Biencourt, bS-ang-koor.
Boisherbert, biod-zair'-bair,
Borgne, borne.
Brouage, broo-ahzh'.
Brouillan, broo-eS-yant. -'/

Cap-Rouge, cap-roozh/.
Chamj^laxa, sham-plaM, '
Cbauvin, sfio-vdnt. V ■
Cbedotel, shay-to-deJ/, •
De Cbaste, de-shast, ...:' . '
Besbarres, day -bar'. ,
De Loutre, de-Lootr,
DeMonts, de-m6nM. ii >
Denys, day-nee.
D'IberviUe, dee-bair-veel'.
Doublet Sieur, doo-blay' syoor.
Drucoxir, droo-koor'.
Dachambon, doo-sftane-bong.
Duvivier, doo-veev'-yay.
"Fontaine, /onM-tain.
Q^haxuB, gah-bah-rooa^.
Oiraudiere, zhee-ro -dyait*
Orand Pc6, grant-pray*

Guercheville, gairsh-veel\
Haussonville, ho-sorui-vuV.
Hochelaga, ho-she-ldh'-gah,
Jacques Cartier, zhaJc-kartf-yay^
Iroquois, ee-ro-kxoavf,
Joie, zhwaw. ' '

La Fleche, lah-flaiah'.
Lescarbot, lay-kar'-bo,
Loyol3i, loi-o'-lah. ■'■,.-,[ j
Macbias, ma-chi'-aa.
Malicetes, mah-leseets.
Mascarene, mas/'-kah-reetu
Menneval, men'-vall. ',
Medici, may'-dee-chee,
Miquelon, mik-ee-ldnt.
Pontgrav^, ponM-grah-vay'.
Pons, pom.

Poutrincourt, poof-trara-koon
Roche, rosh.
Rossignol, rozf-een-yol.
Saussaye, so-say'e.
St. Pierre, sane-pe-air*. ' ;
Stadacon6, stah-dah-ko'-nay,^
Subercase, soo'-ber-kass. , , , . ;
Tadoussac, ta-doos-ak'.
Villebon, veel'-bons. .

Verazzani, ver-adz-ahn'-ee^
Vespuccii vM-j}oo^.cAe«. '" ^^

Ui-.-.

.a;|

1 ,f

.'D

CONTENTS.

f »

/ '•

INTBODnOTION.

Dlviiions— Origin of Ntraes— Native Trib««— Their Habits— Language-
Religion, M I

■_/■

PmST PERIOD. * •

CHAPTER I.-ERIC, THE RED. . i :

The Nortlimen— Eric's Crime and Banishment— Iceland — DiscoTerjr of
Greenland— Liefs Expedition— Thorwald—Thorstein—Vinland and
Thorflnne,.^ 7

CHAPTER II.— COLUMBUS, CABOT, AND C ARTIER.

Ooltunbus and the Monlc— Isabella's Courage— Sight of Land— The First
Fort— Cabot's Voyage— Cartier's Three Voyages ^ 11

■■•'■■-' ■■ •'"'■ ;;.,,■ i,'-^ -I.' i -•' ».>"ri.>;'i

' CHAPTER III.— ROBERVAL, GILBERT, AND LA ROCHB.

Boberval's Niece— Famine and Failure— Newfoundland—The SquWrA
Lost— Sable Island— Pontgrav6 and Chauviu, ^ ^ .^ ... . IT

CHAPTER rV.-DE MONTS AND POUTRINCOURT.

De Chaste— De Monts' Voyage— Father Aubrey— St. Croix— Cape Cod-
Port Royal's Origin — Lescarbot— Indian Converts— Biencoort's
Mission— Port Royal Destroyed, 83

CHAPTER v.— DE LATOUR- FATHER AND SON.

Sir William Alexander— The Father in England— Father and Son
Enemies— Razilly and Chamis^- Madame De Latour— Chamis6,
Sole Ruler- Le Borgne— Nicholas Denys— Cromwell— Sir Thomas
Temple, 80

CHAPTER VI.-NEWFOUNDLAND— CALVERT AND KIRKB.

Gay's Colony— Whitboume's Court— Lord Baltimore— Kirke's Rule-
Port Placentia— D'lberville's Siege, 3T

Gmdifion </^ Country, £io0rai>AMaI^o(M,aiu(X>(Ue«, « ..«. it

C0NTBMT8.

SBOOND PERIOD.

CHAPTER I.— PORT ROTAL~ANNAPOLI&

Sag* by Phlpi— The NmIiwmJc— Charoh'« Raid— Nicholaon'i 8i«g»—
XtU Day»— Treftty of Utreofat— Indian War^Norridguiuc 46

CHAPTER n— LOUISBOCRO.

Th« City*! Origin— Canio and Annapolis— Shirley's Comminion—
Feppertill at Canao— The Siaga— Ifai Effect, M

CHAPTER III. -POUNDING OP HALIPAX-LAWRENCB.

New Policy — Cnrnwallis Governor— Other Sottlementa— First Aaaembly
—Immigratiun— Peace, 62

CHAPTER IV —THE TROUBLES AT THE ISTHMUS.

JoMph De Loutre— The Boundary Question— Fort Beauacjour— FoH
Lftwrence— The Siege— De Loutre'a Escape 86

CHAPTER V.-THB EXPUMION OF THE ACADIANa
Qnmd Pri— Colonel Winalow— The Ordera— Deetruotion and fiddle, .... 70

CHAPTER VI.-THB DESTRUCTION OF LOUISBOURO.

FNgreaa— Holbome's Timidity— Wolfe Lands— A Month's Worlc— Sor-
nnder— Ruin, 74

CHAPTER VII.— ACADIA BEYOND THE ISTHMUS.

8t •ohn Island— First Trade— Lord Rollo— Townships— Bay Chaleur
— Mlramichi — Wolfe's Duty — Monckton at St. John — Admiral
"Walker— St John's Retaken, 78

Condition df the Country, Biographical Nota, unA Datm, ^ ii

THIBD FBBIOD.

CHAPTER I.— THE LOYALISTS.

n« stamp Act— New England Factions— War of Independence^— Thtt
Loyalists Banished— Parrtown, St. John— Mlramichi— Capr. Breton
•County— Sydney Built— Celtic immigratiou— P&tturson'a Troubles, 89

^■■- CHAPTER U.— THE EVENTS OF CHANGE AND P'^OOABSB.

ISm Two Princes— The Maroons— SAannon and Chesapeakt—" Agricola **
— Education— Catholic Disabilities— Barry's Expnlfion— Duty on
Sn&dy— Cape Breton — Chipman a Commissioner— Free Trade —
ICiramichi Fire— St. John Island's New Name— Selkirk Settlement
ofimith's Tyranny, |00

COVTKWTS.

ftt

CHAFTBB IIL-POLITICAL 8TRIFB.

rum
Howe and the Magiitnta*— The Fkmily CompAot--81r Colin Campbell

— Tlsooout Falkland— The Border Trouble— Wilmot and Flaher-—

"Privilege"— The Laxaretto— Miramiflhi and 8t John Rloto— Th«

lAnd Qnention— Pope's Quarrel— 8ir Donald Campbell, ^.114

CHAPTER IV.-RE8PON8IBLB QOVERNMBNT.

Mijor Robinson's Survey— Reciprocity Treaty— Mining Association—
The Judges' Salaries — Protection— Downing Street Tyranny— Land
Ckimmission of 1860— Prince of Wales' Visit. »..1SI

CHAPTER V.-^OMFBDERATION.

Factions in Canadar— Convention at Charlottetown— Quebec OonTention
—Reaction in New Brunswick— Dominion Day— Howe becomes
President— Further Consolidation— War of Secession— The Fenlana
—"City of Boston,". 180

Condition oj fht Country, Biographical Notes, and Dates, 14ft

Index of Oeographioal Names 15S

EaaminsUion Quutiont, ......m*.1M

Tbe salidoined Index will guide those students who desire to make
a special reading of any one of the Provinces.

OTBW BBUNSWIOK.

De lionts and Poutrincourt, pg. 22

■The Pe Latours, 80

ViUebon— Nashwaak 47

The Troubles at the Isthmus,... .. 65

Acadia beyond the Isthmus, 79

Tlie Loyalists 88

General Smythe, Ac, 107

Sir John Harvey, Ac 118

Railways 127

Responsible Government, 181

Nova Sootia.

Its Special History may be found

on pages p 20 ^, 44), 64, 61, 69,

n, lOL Hi, 127

p. E. ISLAND.

Its Discovery, Ac pg. 77

War of Independence 91

Captain Holland's Survey, 4c., .. 97

Change of Name, Ac, 112

Sir Charles Fitzroy, &c., 123

Land Commission, Ac., 132

NEWFOUNDIiAND.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 18

Calvert and Kirke, 87

Placentia, 4c., 80

War of Independence, ...,^ 91

Sir John Harvey 118

Sir Alexander Bannerutui. ^*,*.,li^

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THE MARITIME PROVINCES,

■'iV(v r "I 'Jii.j'

Divisions.

Ori^jin of Names, i

Native Tribes.

INTRODUCTION.

1 Their Habit*

Ijanguoge.
Religion.

British America, extending north and south from the
Arctic Ocean to the United States, and east and west
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, comprises the Dominion
of Canada and Newfoundland. The former, consolidated
by the Act of Confederation, includes the North- West
Territory ;* British Columbia and Manitoba ; Ontario and
Quebec ; and the Maritime Provinces — Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Each of these
provinces has a separate history of its own, but in referring
to the age of discovery they may all be grouped into one
territory, connected by one historical account.

America received its name from Amerigo Vespucci, an
astronomer of Italy, who, in 1499, explored the Gulf of
Paria, lying between Trinidad and the mainland. The
term, as applied to the New World, seems to have had
its origin in Germany. A writer of that country, in
publishing a German edition of Amerigo's Travels, pro-
posed to name the newly discovered continent in honour
of the Florentine Navigator; and in accordance with this
proposal geographical writers ever afterwards employed the
name.

At what time the term Cg/inada was first used to dis-
tinguish the country north and south of the river Saint

*The North' West Territory includes the Province of Kewatia.

m KXTENT OF BRITISH AMERICA.

Lawrence, is uncertain. Derived from an Indian word
signifying a hamlet or settlement, it is supposed to have
been unwittingly applied by Oartier to the whole district
soirounding the encampment of Indians near Montreal.

Qnebec, according to some, was known to the abong-
ines as Qiiebeio or K^bep, meaning a narrow channel.
But others say that one of the explorers, on beholding
the peculiar rock on which the citadel now stands, ex-
claimed in admiration. Q ue hee<iue ! ar d thus gave the spot
its present name, which was applied to the whole province
in 1867.

Columbia, in common with other places in America of
the same name, was so called from Columbus, who
discovered America in 1492. Prince Edward Island was
named after Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Queen
Victoria ; New Brunswick, after the House of Brunswick.
Ontario and Manitoba are Indian names, the latter mean-
ing the land of Manitou, the Great Spirit. Acadia, the
Latin for the Micmac term A^^jj^,* was applied by the
first settlers to the eastern part of New France, on account
of its fertility. Cape Breton received its name from the
Basque fishermen.

This vast territory, equal in extent to any other state in
the Western Hemisphere, and forming, next to India, the
most important of the British Colonies, possesses natural
resources unsurpassed by those of any other country in the
w(Hdd. Its lakes, rivers, and harbours present great advan-
tages for navigation and commerce ; its fisheries and forests
are inexhaustible ; its minerals are excellent and abundant ;
while its climate is as salubrious and healthy as its soil is
generally rich and fertile. As the discovery of British
America is an event of comparatively modern times, its
history is involved, for the most part, in an account of its
earliest settlements by Europeans, their struggles with the
aborigines, the wars between colonists of different nation-
alities, and the ultimate possession of the country by Great

*8oroe derive it incorrectly firom Lagtioddief a fiitli found on tha coasts.
Cadit simply meauH a phice.

' THl DTDIAITB. %

Britain; and in tr&cingtheluBtoryof the Maritime Provincea
m a concise manner we mutt confine our ttodiee to tbeao
liMitB.

The original inhabitants of the American continent were
Indians, so called by Columbus and othen from the mis-
taken notion that the new countiy was a portion of Indiak
In the opinion of some, they were the descendants of a
branch of the Mongolian race, which had migrated from
Asia across Behring's Strait. They were divided into various
nations. In British America the most important were the
Iroquois, Hurons, and the Algonquins; the Maritime
Pirovinces being inhabited by two branches of the last
family, respectively known as the Micmaos and Malicetes.*
These, with manners somewhat similar, di£fered in maay
taapeots, and spoke a language peculiar to each tribe.

Zm appearance, the Indians were marked by a broad
foveheod, high c^eek-bones, long coarse coal-black hair,
deeply set dark eyes, and a reddish or copper skin. The
men were tall, erect, and slender; the women, many of
them pleasing in figure and countenance, were short and
•tout. Their senses of sight, hearing, and smell wen
remaricably acute. Being averse to regular mechanical
labour, the men spent much of their time in war, and in
hunting and fishing. They were clad in the skins of
animals, rendered soft and pliable by a peculiar process.
Their conical shaped dwellings or wigwams, their canoes
made from the bark of the birch tr^, and of logs hollowed
out by fire, their fish-spears, hooks and lines, theLr war imple-
ments, (the tomahawk, scalping-knife, bow and arrow,) all
give evidence of no inconsidemble ingenuity; while some
articles of their contrivance, as moccasins and snow-^ihoes,
are in use at the present time. The art of dyeing in many
brilliant colours was known to them ; and this, with a taste
for bai^et and ornamental porcupine work, is still to he met
with among their descendants. Their only money was
** wampum," consisting of strings of shells and trinkets.

*l%e aborigtnes of Newfoandtend, now «b cxthtct race, w«re caQ«4
Bcnihicka.

MAKNERS Ain> CUSTOMS OF THE INDIANS.

' Some of their customs were remarkable. Their feast*
parties were the scenes of much gluttony, story-telling, and
dancing ; their councils, the occasion of much public eloquence
and diplomatic skill. When one of them made a feast, a
messenger was despatched around the wigwams to invite the
guests ''to bring with them their wooden dishes and spoons.
The squaws arranged themselves outside the hut in which
the feast w&s held, while the young men served out the
mixtm'e of fish and Indian com that had been prepared in
a huge vessel, made, probably, from the stump of a tree. If
the master of the feast had been successful in the chase,
venison or bear's flesh was added. When the floor, which
served for a table, had been cleared by the women, who
carried the remains to their own homes, the host, if he had
not eaten too much, opened the conversation with an account
of his personal exploits. Then followed narratives from
the others in order, with more feasting, and dancing by the
young men. 'i; » .

Their councils were presided over by the Chiefs, surrounded
b}' the Sachems, or chief councilors, — all old men who had
gained laurels on the war-path. The Chief was elected for
life. The design of a new war or expedition, or the ratifica-
tion of a treaty, generally engaged their attention; if the
latter, there was an exchange of wampum belts with those
who sued for friendship, and an hour's smoke from the
* calumet of peace.' The other affairs of the tribe were
regulated in open parliament of all the warriors. .{»«.*

«• The marriage rite was performed with little ceremony.
When a young Indian longed to leave the parental wigwam
and raise one for himself, his relations usually selected for
him a helpmate among the squaws of his own tribe. Pre-
senting himself at the hut of his parents' choice, he attracted
her attention by throwing into her lap a piece of wood,
which) if accepted, was the token of their union as man and
wife. In some tribes the youth was required to pursue his
sweetheart around the settlement in sight of all, before
claiming her as his bride ; but the maiden who disliked her
suitor had always an opportunity to escape. The squaw's

THMR LANOUAOa AXD BBUOIOKi

experience after marriage was one of contmaons dmdgeij
and subordination to her lazy lord's wilL

With passions unsubdued by civilization, the Indians
shewed no mercy to their enemies. The early settlers in
the country, when they fell into their hands, suffered terribly.
Their property was often destroyed, their lives endangered^
while the skulking savages escaped punishment by retiring
to their dens in the forest, where they could recruit them*
selves for a fresh attack. In many cases, however, the
natives shewed much kindness to the European settlen,
especially to those who bribijd them with ornaments and
provisions, or assisted them in assailing a neighbouring
hostile tribe.

Their language, now reduced to a written alphabet, is
complex in structure, musical and refined in sound. A few
books, chiefly evangelical, have been printed for the use of
their descendants. The characters employed are Roman.
That a written language existed at one time among them is
inferred from their supposed consanguinity to the semi-
civilized Indians of Mexico and Peru, who had a literature
of their own ; but this is altogether uncertain.

The religion of the British American Indians was a com-
bination of superstitious forms and observances. Their
heaven, a spiritual hunting-ground, was an abode of eternal,
sensuous bUss, probably akin in theory to the Valhalla of
the ancient Saxons. Their belief in the anger of an over-
ruling Manitou filled them with all manner of superstitious
fears, surrounding them with the imaginary forms of goblins,
ghosts, and forest deities. Their reverence for the dead was
a part of their religion, while the selection of a burial-ground
and the interment of the bodies of their chiefs were the
occasions of prolonged ceremonies. They undertook noth-
ing of importance without first consulting the omens;
and to propitiate the Great Spirit, who held in his
hand the destiny of war, they were always ready to
sacrifice a dog, a wolf, or some animal of the forest.
When the country was colonized, these savage tribes, with
few exceptions, readily became converts to the Bjaman

DMOBVDAiraft OV «» IVt)IA>&

Oatliolio faith; and Hkejr etpw aitor wa r di she^ived the gtwUrt
attachment to the Fresck, hf whom they had been tMighIk
thft rudiments of civiliiation and OhiiBtianit^.

A aumher of the desoendaiita of the native Indiana^
mostljr half-casteS) are yet to be fbnad luigering around
th* towne aud villageB* of our countzy. But theee are in
UMiy oases indolent and intemperate, stad nust not be taken
aa specimem of tkr^ ancient red man ol the forest. The
old characteristics of the lAoe, ae their numben, are fiy*
d ii p p ea ring .

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<FH8 FIRST P£BIOD«

CHAPTER I.

I . '

EBIO, THE BED.

The Northmen.

Eric's Crime and Banilhment

leeUnd.

Dieoovery of OreenUnd.

Liefi Arpeditioau

Thorwald.

Thoratein

Vinbnd and ThoHbmei.

The early higtoiy of our country in its discovery, like that
of othe», is shrouded in a mist of tradition. Several
manuscripts, found in Iceland, and giving an account of
various Norwegian voyages in the Arctic and Atlantic
Oceans, support the belief that America was known to the
Northmen live hundred years before Columbus set out on
his expedition to the westward. The character of these
bold, hardy Scandinavians, and that of the navigators of a
later period, form a striking contrast, without detracting the
one from the other any of that nobility of courage, which
led them on, through dangers and anxieties, to discover
other lands,, The spirit of adventure was equally strong in
both, though the advantages of experience and science stood
in favour of the latter. With no nautical almanac save the
heavens above them, and skilled only in the seamanship
required to navigate the seas, and bays, and coasts of
northern Europe, these intrepid sailors of Norway courage-
ously turned their faces to the broad ocean, crossed its mighty
waves, and explored a continent unknown to Europeans;
and this they did in eockle shells of boats, propelled for the
greater part of t.h« way with oars, in vessels which no sailors
of tliM present time would venture to conduct through the
stonuy waters or amid the mountain icebergs of the North
AtUatie.

WbiU the nations bordering on the Mediterranean were
gPMnng' rich, giving themselves up to a lifb of luxury aad

ERIC AN BXIL&

ease, the Northern tribes of Europe were eking out a scanty
livelihood from the fisheries of their coasts, and from the
produce of their comparatively barren soil. This contrast
in the manner of living could not, in the nature of human
progress, exist long among neighbouring races. The North-
men, desiring a share of the wealth of the South, turned
their experience as Railors and fishermen to account, and
became pirates.

One of these pirates or sea-kings was Eric, the Red, who,
after amassing considerable wealth, attained to some dis-
tinction in his native country^ Norway. His influence and
wealth, however, did not save him from subsequent disgrace
and punishment ; for, on being found guilty of an outrageous
murdei, committed for a purpose repugnant even to his
neighbours, whose only morality was a rude form of chivalry,
he was heavily fined, and banished from the land. This took
place in the beginning of the tenth century.

Eric, thus driven from his home, embarked his family and
movable property in three phips, and set out for Iceland, —
an island well known at this time to the Northmen, having
been discovered by Gardar, a Swedish navigator, in 853,
and colonized by Ingolf, a Norwegian, eleven years after-
wards. Here he found a rude republic in existence, and a
hardy industrious people labouring to develop the rugged
resources which Providence had placed within their reach.
But this was not the place in which a man of Eric's self-will
and cruel nature could flourish, for, after giving continued
annoyance to the inhabitants and authorities of the island,
he was outlawed a second time, and forced to flee lor safety
to some less civilized shore. ,; •

Again the old viking set spil toward the west. The fisher-
men of Iceland, in their long voyages, had seen the high
snow-bound mountains of a country near the setting sun;
and this knowledge was Eric's only chart, guiding him to
the land which he named Greenland, and which he colonized
with emigrants from the island that had banished him.
There, for many years, he ruled as a king ; there he died.

]^c had thiee sons, whose names were Lief, Thorwald,

'■1'.'

▼0TA0S8 BT XRIO'S SOHB.

aind Thontein. Chiefly by their industry and example,
the colony of Greenland prosjDered; but in them the bold
restlessness of their father appeared in an oft-repeated
desire to se^ out on some daring expedition. Lief, on
returning from Norway, where he had been converted to
Christianity, and whence he brought out a number of
missionaries, learned that during a voyage to Greenland,
an Icelander, named Biorne, had been driven westward
by adverse winds, and had theie seen the shoies of other
lands, very different in natunil features from those around
Cape Farewell He at onue set out to verify Biome's
statement

Sailing Inward the s ath-west, he soon descried the land
mention^ ^yJ'^^^^'^^) ^^^ there disembarked with soveral
of his ci^ri.Jatending to investigate the character of the
country thopmghly. But the periodic fogs, the scarcity
of vegetation, and the sharp, biting blasts which blew
among the numerous icebergs clinging to the shores,
cooled the navigator's zeal, and sent him back to his ship,
from the deck of which he named the country H^Jij/g^
iondj— the land of naked rocks. This was evidently New-
foundland.

Still intent on discovery. Lief sailed farther south, and
in a few days reached another land, flat in surface, sandy in
soil, and covered with forests. This, which was probably
Nova Scotia, he named Markland,

Farther in the same *tfirc

he cast anchor off an

island lying some distance from the mainland. With this
discovery he was more satisfied than with the others;
for here he found the days and nights nearly equal, the
climate mild and genial, and dew upon the grass, which
tasted sweet like honey. Thence he proceeded across a
tract of water, and arrived at a country intersected with
rivers and numerous streams, where fodder for cattle was
abundant, and the winter comparatively mild. Here he
xemained for many months to explore the interior, finding
grapes and wild maize for a plentiful cargo on his return.
He called the country Virdandj now Massachusetts, wher^

SISCOVniT OF TnrLAHD.

both wild grapes and maize covered a large part of the
country when it was iirat colonieed by the Puritan fathers.

On Liers return to Greenland, Thorwald, the second
son of Eric, set out in the same ship, and arrived in f!afety
at Vinland, where stood the huts which his brother had
erected. In one of his expeditions towards the country
lying north of Vinland, he and his companions were at*
tacked by the aborigines. H'^'ving been slain during one
of these attacks, his followers buried him near Lief 's huts,
And returned to Greenland.

Thorstein, the third son, then sailed with his wife and
% number of colonists, thinking to settle permanently in
the country of Vinland. There he died. His widow, on
her return to Greenland, married a man namr^^, Thorfinne,
tod induced him to settle in the land disc'^'^/^i by her
brothers. Thorfinne wisely followed her ad^^^'^iW became
lich-and prosperous. ***"

Other voyages took place after this, for we are told
that Eric, Bishop of Greenland, departed for Vinland in
1121, for the purpose of converting his conntrymen, who

had fiillen away from the Christiaa faith.

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.Jjf:u,f4it ,-rti>^

CHAPTER IL

OOLUXBUS, CABOT, AND OABTDSB.

Colambni and the Monk.
iMballa's courage.
Bight of Laad.

The first fort.
Cabot's voyage.
Oartler** thrae ToytfM.

Omb day, in the year 1485, a Genoese traveller, dost-
stained, dejected, and hungry, halted before the gate of
a Spanish convent to beg a morsel of bread for himself
and the child that accompanied him. The superior of
the convent, passing at the moment, was struck with the
intellectual appearance of the man ; and, after inviting him
to enter, wad so much pleased with his conversation that he
requested him to remain at the convent for a few days.
The traveller, whose name was Christopher Columbus, gave
the monk a hurried account of his past history, stating that
be was a designer of maps and globes, and that, after giving
close attention to the study of geography and navigation,
he had determined to test the writings of Marco Polo,
.9iid those half legendary tales connected with the dis-
coveries of the Northmen. In his enthusiasm, the poor
wanderer verily believed that Heaven had commissioned
bim to plant the cross on undiscovered shores, far beyond
Europe on the other side of the ocean. Though he had
failed in obtaining the patronage of the King of Portugal,
and had received but little encouragement from Henry VII.
of England, he was still sanguine that his design to find a
western route tg India would end in success.

Moved by the grandeur of his views, the superior pro*
Tided him with food and money, gave him his blessing,
and promised to use his influence at the court of Spain ia
favour of his plans. But promises are sometimes hard to
fulfil ; for, notwit^tanding the good man's sympathy, it wai
not till the year 1492 — a remarkable date in the worid'i
Jbiatory—^that the poor map-drawer was enabled to tat litt
£rom Foloi on bi« fint royftge of ducoreij.

J '**

.^l^ir-v,

II COLUMBUS.

Columbui found the means for navigating the Atlantic
through the liberality of Isabella, Spain's noblest Queen,
who devoted a portion of her private revenue in behalf of
his project. The navigator, in roturn, promir?d to spend
the treasures he expected to tind in deliver? .g the Holy
Sepulchre from the SanioonH, and to convert to Christianity
the Great Khan of Tartary — a monarch for whom he
actually received letters of introduction. Thus, with bright
hopes, Christopher Columbus sot sail on his manellous
voyage, with one hundred and twenty men huddled on
board his two small vessels.

On leaving Spain, he sailed for the Canaries, where he
remained a month, repairing his ships and waiting for
favourable weather. On the 9th of September, he and
his companions lost sight of the last speck of European
land, and steered boldly to the westward. For three
weeks they saw nothing b^t the wide expanse of ocean.
Then the sailors began to murmur; for, accustomed as
they were to short voyages only, they believed themselves
to be the followers of a mad-cap on a fool's errand. At
length their timidity and murmurs ended in open remon-
strance and mutiny. But nothing could turn the brave
navigator aside from his purpose. He quieted their fears
for some days longer, and, when a month had passed, the
appearance of land-birds, sea-weed, and floating twigs,
restored peace and order among the crew. On the 12th
of October, 1492, the island of San Salvador was dis-
covered and named, when possession of the new country
was taken with much religious ceremony, amid the jubilant
shouts of the sailors, and the calm joy of the discoverer.

Columbus supposed he had now arrived at the eastern
extremity of India. Intending to visit Marco Polo's island
of Japan, he made many voyages around the West Indian
Islands. One of his vessels was wrecked on the coast of
Hispaniola, and there, on account of the barbarous conduct
of his crew towards the native women, he was obliged
to fortify a small piece of ground to defend the whole
oompaoj tEOU the i^tacks of those who were at fiist

I
I

THl CABOTS.

friendly. Thli wm the first fort built by EnropeanR in
America.

In March, 1493, Columbus returned to Spain, and was
received with '^very demonstration of joy. Tidings of his
discorery soon spread over all Europe, and induced other
navigators to sail in search of this new country. He made
three other voyages to America.

The Cabots.— The success of Columbus fostered the
belief that there existed a north-west pansage to India and
China. John Cabot, a Venetian, who, with other merchants
of southern Europe, had been attracted to England on
account of its growing commerce during the fifteenth cen-
tury, had little difiiculty in obtaining a commission from
Henry VII. to explore a route so much discussed. This
commission gave Cabot the command of a squadron of five
ships, victualled at the public expense and exempt from
duties, while it reserved to the king the sovereignty of all
lands discovered, and a fifth of the p X)fit8 arising from the
expedition.

In the beginning of May, 1497, Cabot, accompanied by
his three sons, Ludovic, Sebastian, and Sanzio, sailed from
Bristol with cargoes of coarse cloths, rou; U articles of orna-
ment, and other goods for traffic with the natives. Their
associates numbered three hundred men. After a passage
of six weeks, and nearly twelve mor*hs before Columbus, in
his second voyage, had touched any part of the mainland of
America, these brave sailors came in sight of the coast of
Labrador, which, being the first land seen, they named
Prima Vista, They also discovered an inhabited island
lying opposite, from which they kidnapped three natives.
This — probably Newfoundland or Prince Edward Island —
they named St. John.

After penetrating to Hudson Bay, and exploring some of
the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, they sailed as far
south as Florida, and would have visited some of the adjacent
islands, but a scarcity of provisions and a mutiny among the
crew hurried them home. They arrived in Bristol in the
month of August of the same year. The father was knighted.

jAcguEs cartier's first yOTAO&

l^r

Sebastian Cabot, assisted by the Spanish monarch, madir
MTeral voyages to America ; but these belong to the history
of other countries.

Jacques Cartier Various voyages were made to the
American continent by Europeans on the return of John
Cabot, but up to the date of Cartier's first voyage none were
important. Cortereal, a Portuguese, captured fifty Indiana
OB Newfoundland, and sold them in the European slave
market. Denys, a Frenchman, explored the Gulf of Stw.
lAwrence. Baron de Lery failed in an attempt to colonize-
Sable Island ; and at last, Yerrazani was commissioned by
Francis I. to explore the whole of the eastern coast of the
new continent. This navigator never returned from his
third voyage. Nothing more was done for nine years, until
ihe French sovereign, in imitation of the Spaniards, deter-
mined to send out a colony of his subjects to the northern
part of the country, and appointed Jacques Cartier, a sailor
of St. Malo, to carry out his design.

In the spring of 1634, Cartier left Brittany with two
ships, and arrived off the coast of Newfoundland in twent]yp
days. Pasding to the north of that island, he came to th^k^
Isle of Birds, where his crew amused themselves by killing.
a large number of sea-fowl, which were stored up in barrels,
to be used as food on the voyage. He then sailed through
the Straits of Belleisle, touching the barren coast of Labrador.
Steering southwards to explore the Magdalen Islands, he
was surprised at the fertility of their soil, which produced
wild com, peas, currants, strawberries, roses, and sweet
herbs. Passing westwards, he entered the Bay Chaleur
during very warm weatlier, and examined a part of its
northern shore. At Gasp4, he took possessix^n uf the
country in the name of the Eang of France, and marked th&
event by constructing a rude wooden cross, and hanging on
it a shield bearing the national emblem. After capturing
two natives, he returned to France.

Cartier's first voyage led to a second. The Indians whom
be had taken to France informed him of a large river lead-
ing from the great gulf, the source of which was unknown^

CARTIER's SBOOITD AND THIRD V0TAOE8.

AnxiotM to tittee this wonderful channel, a supposed route
to India, he set sail a second time in May, 1635. Nearly
two months passed before he reached Newfoundland, and
there he remained another month, waiting for the arrival of
two of his ships. He then steered morth of Anticosti, and
anchored at the mouth of the Saguenay. On the Isle of
Orleans — named by Cartier the Isle of Bacchus, on account
of its grapes — the Frenchmen first saw a native encampment.
The Indians crowded round the ships in their light canoes,
chattering in their strange tongue, and putting endless
questions to their two countrymen, now esteemed the wisest
of their tribe. Cartier entertained them hospitably, and
won the heart of the great chief, Donnacona, by a plentiful
repast of bread and wine, giving his sailors liberty to barter
beads, knives, and hatchets, for the fish and fruit of their
tawny friends. Thence the explorer sailed to Quebec, where
he found an Indian village, named Stadacon^ ; and farther
up the river he discovered another, called Hochelaga — the
former the capital of the Algonquin tribe, the latter in-
habited by Hurons. At Hochelaga, Cartier was again
courteously entertained by the natives. He found the place
strongly fortified; and after ascending the hill behind the
encampment and viewing the extent of forest and river for
miles around, he gave it the name Mount Royal. Hence
the more modern term Montreal. On his return, Cartier
wintered at Quebec, fortifying a small enclosure against the
possible attacks of his amiable though treacherous neigh-
bours. In the following summer, having lost many of his
men from scurvy and cold, he seized the Indian chief with
four of his subjects, again weighed anchor, and arrived ia
France, July, 1536. Bab captives died shortly after their
arrival at St. Malo, but not before they had embraced the
Christian religion.

Cartier, in his third voyage, was associated with the
French nobleman, Roberval, who had received a royal com«
mission to establish himself as viceroy in Canada. The
former, preceding his superior, visited his old friends the
Indlians at Quebec, and remained among them during tb*

1«

DKATH OF OARTIER.

winter of 1541. But, probably disappointed at the delay
of the other ships, he suddenly set out for Prance in the
spring, and avoiding the new governor, whom he found in
the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, and by whom he
was commanded to return, reached St. Malo in safety.
There he died, lamented by his countrymen and sovereign,
from whom he received, before his death, great honours for
his greater services. The last scenes of the old pioneer's life
were worthy the name which is now honoured by all aa
that of a hero who stands out prominently in the world's
history— the discoveier and exjsLQrer of ft great country.

,., .(

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■f'^vi >\

CHAPTER in

fiOBilBYAL, OILBEBT« AND LA BOOHS.

Boberval'* Niece.
Famine and Failure.
Newfoundland.

The Squirrd Lost.
Sable Island.
Pontgravi and Chaavln.

BoBERYAL, though deserted by his lieutenant, Cartier,
continued his course towards Quebec. In passing the
Island of Anticosti, an event took place which, wth the
superstitious of the company, augured ill, Among the band
of colonists there were men, women, and children, of all ranks
and classes. The niece of the viceroy, a fair young lady of
noble birth, had accompanied her uncle in his ship, but,
during the voyage, had committed a very grievous offence
against the pride and dignity of her family. Roberval'8
anger and resentment were roused. When opposite the
bleak, barren shores of this island, then uninhabited, he
gave orders that she and her nurse, who wns partly involved
in her guilt, should be taken ashore, and there left to their
fate. The cruel sentence was only too promptly carried out,
and the ships sailed away just as the maid's lover, wild with
excitement, joined her by swimming ashore. The sufferings
they endured were terrible. Their provisions were soon con-
sumed, while their superstitious fears filled the i land with
demons and all manner of horrid monsters. Death at length
left the pale, haggard, famishing Marguerite alone and un-
protected ; and there she remained alive, struggling against
evil spirits and starvation, until rescued by the crew of a
small fishing-boat. Two years and a-half after her banish-
ment she reached France, to tell her terrible story.

Gloomy and vexed, Roberval g"'^ed onward up the great
river, and, at last, anchored in the safe harbour of Cap-Rouge.
There he found the ruins of Cartier's camp. In a short
^ime evexy one was at work, hurriedly raising a huge build-

SIR HUHPHRET GILBERT.

ing for the accommodation of all. In the industry of the
colonists there was the essence of success ; cheerfulness in
their every movement. The prospect of founding a great
nation was before them. But one day a murmur was heard,
speeding through the camp, that the provisions ;were failing ;
and then the long wistful gaze of throe hundred souls hourly
swept the horizon of the broad Gulf. Still no vessels, laden
with the produce of France, came. The murmurs grew
louder and louder, and were not to be suppressed by the
most rigorous discipline, or the angry scowl of the viceroy.
Starvation brought disease, and disease crime. Roberval
became powerless to pacify or subdue his subjects ; and after
a vain attempt to explore the Saguenay, he returned to
France, there to forget his misfortunes in the army of his
sovereign, who was then resisting the ambition of Charles V,
At the close of the war he and his brother, on their way
to Canada, then called New France, perished in a storm at

For fifty years no new expedition for America left the
shores of old France, which was then filled with civil war
and strife. What had been done, however, was by no means
labour lost. The fishermen and fur-traders of western
Europe, untrammelled by tax or government, now grew rich
with the spoils drawn from sea and forest. During the
season of 1578, the increasing trade brought four hundred
vessels crowding into the bays and harbours of Newfound-
land, Cape Breton, and the Gulf.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert. — The attention of England
was again directed to the land discovered by Cabot, which
was hers by right of prior possession. Queen Elizabeth, ia
1678 commissioned Sir Walter Raleigh and his half-brother.
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, to colonize the island of New>
foundland, raising the latter to the dignity of viceroy, and
reserving for hereelf one-fifth of all precious metals dis-
covered. The expedition had a poor beginning. Disasters
at sea, either from the mutiny of the sailors, or from the
active hostility of a Spanish squadron, sent thera back to
port, with the loss of one vessel and its captain. Then

THB UAIIBOUR OF ST. JORN's.

Bftleigh, the leading spirit is the enterpme, fell sick ; and
. Sir Humphrey was obliged to set out alone, in 1683, with his
four snuJl vessels crowded to the gunwale with a moti $y
group of artisans and adventurers. The names of the
vessels, acccfrding to their size, were the Delighty Gjlden
JSindf SwalloWf and Squirrel, — the largest one hundred and
twenty tons, the smallest but ten.

The Deliaht, with the viceroy on board, approached the
harbour of St. John's on the 30th of July. The island
looked its best. Its rugged scenery, bedecked with green,
truly earned for it the name which Cartier gave to one of
its capes — Bonavista. Then foUowed the Swallow, filled
with a disorderly crowd, who had plundered the crew of a
poor French vessel which had been met with outside. To
punish the offenders was the governor's first judicial act.

In the harbour, at this time, there were thirty-six ships
of various nations ; and Sir Humphrey, deeming the occasion
suitable, at once proclaimed his authority by taking formal
possession of the island, and by exacting the allegiance of
the traders. The foolish ceremony of presenting wood and
water, enforced by the viceroy, was performed by the fisher-
men and merchants present. The English laws of church
and state became the constitution of the new colony, while
a special code of regulations, affecting the fisheries and the
fur trade, were at once established. In framing these the
gallantry of the vice-regal knight did not forsake him : those
who daied to speak disrespectfully of Her Majesty were,
according to one of his enactments, to be punished by losing
their ears.

This empty exhibition of English authority brought Uttlo
prosperity to the colony. The country was not the fertile
garden many expected to find. It was beautilul to the eye,
but unfit for the plough without hard labour. Numbers of
the colonists deserted, robbing the fishermen of their boats
and other property. Disease appeared, and the sick had to
be sent home in the Swallow. At last, the governor, while
exploring the coasts in the little Squirrel, heard of the losa
of the Delight near Cape Race ; and this news, adding to his

MARQUIS DS LA ROCHB.

despair of success, caused him to return to Si. John's, to
prepare for his voyage homewards.

He set sail in the Squirrel^ accompanied by the Oolden
Sind; but near the Azores a storm overtook them, and
the Squirrelf with its crew and brave commander, perished
in the waves of the Atlantic. The shattered Golden Hind
•oon after arrived in England, carrying the sad tidings of a
noble heart lost.

Marquis de la Boohe.— The French, after fifty years'
inaction, again appeared on the sc^ne. The merchants of
St. Malo continued to hold a monopoly of the trade between
Old and New France from the date of Cartier's last voyage ;
and loud were their cries when any attempt was made to
deprive them of the enriching privilege. Even the grant
given by the king to Cartier's nephews was annulled in
favour of the merchants. At length. La Roche, a wealthy
Breton, accepted a commission appointing him ruler of New
France, and immediately set out to organize his government.
His power was to be absolute. He was to make laws and
repeal them at pleasure, to raise armies and disband them,
to create nobles and hang them. At best he was a ruler
with a very large territory, but very few people ; and these
but the scum of society impressed into his service.

Sable Island was his own and his company's fate. Think-
ing to rid himself of the most restless of his subjects before
exploring the mainland, he here disembarked forty of them,
expecting to return when he had selected the site for his
capital But he never returned. In skirting the coasts of
Nova Scotia, a western gale fell upon his ship and drove him
back to France, there to hear of the success of his enemies,
who had induced the king to withdraw his commission. For
years he lay in prison, brooding over the evil he had brought
on his followers, but powerless to help them in their exile.

Meanwhile, the forty wretched famishing creatures
whom he had left on Sable Island wandered over its bare
sandhills, picking up whatever might assist them in enduring
the severity of an almost Arctic winter. They erected
some huts with the driftwood of shipwrecks thrown upon

PONTORAVE AND CBATTYIV.

the shore. On the island there were a few herds of cattio
which had been left by De Lery ; and thi'se, with Tarious
kinds of wild berries, and what fish they could catch in the
little bays, afforded them their sole nourishment. Foxes
and seals supplied them with warm clothing; while the
surplus of skins they collected were laid up in store for the
day of their return to France. That day came, but not for
five years ; and then famine, disease, and murder, had lefb
but twelve persons to return.

La Roche, when permitted to see the king, told alL
In haste a pilot, named Ohedotel, was sent out to rescue
the exiles, who, as soon as they saw the welcome sail,
were willing to barter their whole stock of valuable fun
for a passage to their native land. Ohedotel was not slow
to take advantage of their ignorance. On their return
they were presented at court as being delivered from the
grave. The king's compassion was excited. On being told
of OhedotePs dishonesty, he caused him to give up his
ill-gotten gain, and thus placed the poor men in a position
to start as traders. La Roche died soon after.

The fate of this expedition did not deter others from
attempting, in a small way, the colonization of the western
world. In 1599, Pontgrav6 and Chauvin — the one a trader
of St. Malo, the other a sailor of Rouen — sailed for
Tadoussac with a number of colonists, hoping to enrich
themselves from the fur trade ; but their plans, like thoae
of better men, ended only in disaster, preparing the way,
however, for the great enterprise with which the names
of Champlain and De Monts were to be proudly asMciated*

'i ;••

■

/ '^^

. I .

GHAPTBR IV.

mi M0KT8 AND POUTBHrOQUlT.

!'•■

mChatte
De Monts' Voyage.
Father Autrey.
€1. CroiK.
Cape Cod.

P<vrt Ro jal'i oHflS.

J,eH'Wirb<)t
Indian €onvprtii
£)i;iM>ourt'H M-ivftina
Port Royttl destroyed.

BsNRT OF Kavarre bcoatne King of France in 1593. For
mftny jears previous to has accession to the throne that
country had been a house divided against itself — a prey
to political factions and civil contentions; and as sijich,
tiad given as little attention to the eaoouragera«nt of
manufactures and comniercfe generally as to the development
«ff a land which, though prolific oi wefUth to the trader im
fish and fur, seemed to frown on every scheme for itt
colonization. At Henry's court, however, were two men
whom the disasters of former expec^tions to New France
^id not discourage. One of these, a captain in the royal
navy, bad made two voyages to America, — one with Pont?>
grav^ to the St. Lawrence, another to the West Indies.
His name was Samuel de Champlain. The other was Sieuf
de Monts, Governor of Pons, the king's intimate friend, and
«tte in every respect worthy the royal patronage. To these
twc men British America owes her first permanent settlo-
nent.

After Chauvin's thrice repeated failure at Tadoussac,
the old Governs of Dieppe, Be Chaste, proceeded to
organize a company at his own expense, under a patent
granted by his royal master, and having for its object
the founding of a colony in Canada. The command of
De Chaste's first expedition was entrusted to the young
and daring Champlain, with Pontgrav^ as his lieutenant;
and, though nothing waa done beyond the exploration of
the St. Lawrence aa far as the rapids of the Sault Sk
.Iiouis, the Toyage opened the way for the commander^g

V .

▲OJlDIA'8 00A8T KXPLORKD. tt

ftitture colony at Quebec. De Chaste died in France
daring Champlain's absence, surrendering his place in
the enterprise to a younger man, in the person of De
Monts, who had already visited Canada in one of Chaurin's
ships.

A new charter was written out for De Monts, which
granted him vice-regal authority over all lands extendisg
from the St. Lawrence to the Hudson, and included under
the new name of Acadia. The rigour of a winter Kt
Tadoussac led him to think of placing his colony further
south than the Gulf; and hence his caution in obtaining
an extended patent fVom King Henry. His other privileges
were not unlike those of the unfortunate La Roche.

In April, 1604, the first vessel sailed from Havre. On
board there was the us^ial mixed company of jail-birds,
artizans, priests, and courtiers, drawn from city and country,
faubourg and palace ; now numbering among them Poutrin-
court, a French Baron, Champlain, the hero of many voyages,
and De Monts himself, the newly appointed Governor of
Acadia. In a month they passed Cape La Have, on the
south coast of Novd. Scotia. Four days later they entered
the bay, now known as Liverpool Harbour. Here they
found the ship of the fur-trader, Rossignol, seized his
valuable cargo as theirs by right of royal patent, and gave
the pliice his name in honour of the event. Then they cast
anchor in Port Mouton, — so called because one of the few
sheep on deck f«'ll overboard ; and here they awaited the
arrival of Pontgnw^, who had sailed from F'ltince with
supplies but a few days after them. A month passed
before Pontgrav6 came. He had gone to Canso, there to
act toward several traders as De Monts had act<;d towards
Rossignol Besides the stores, he brought with him a rich
cargo of furs, captured from four unlucky merchants.

Pontgrav^ delivered his freight, and immediately started
for Tadoussac ; while De Monts, rounding the extremity of
the p^iinsula, ancikored in St. Mary's Bay. The boats were
sent out to examine the shores. In one went Father
Aubrey/ one of the few who h&A jeibed the ezpeditioB tnH

Acadia's first settlemsnt.

of curiosity, and much af^inst the wish of his friends.
With his party he wandered some distance from the beach,
and on leaving them to return to a spring, where while
•tooping to drink he hod left his sword, the good priest lost
his way in the forest. The more he tried to find a path tho
further he got from the ship, until he was for beyond the
reach of his comrades' shouts, the noise of their trumpets,
or even the boom of the guns fired from the bay. He was
given up for lost, not without the suspicion that he had
been murdered by a Protestant with whom he had quarrelled
about religion. Leaving him to his fate, the ship sailed up
the Bay of Fundy to Digby channel

On passing through the narrow strait now called Bigby
Crut, the beautiful basin of Annapolis spread out before tho
astonished gaze of the strangers. At the head of the bay,
the eye of the watchful Poutrincourt fell upon a slope near
which the town of Annapolismow stands, and readily
receiving a grant of the spot from his commander, he named
it Port Royal. But De Monts, anxious to find the most
favourable place within easy reach, passed again to the open
waters of the Bay of Fundy, — called by him La Bale
Francoise, — and steered for the coast opposite. Reaching
the mouth of the Ouangondy on the day of St. John's
festival, he gave the river its new name, St. John ; and as
soon as Champlain had made his map of the harbour, and
had visited an Indian encampment near the mouth of the
river, the expedition sailed in th'^ direction of Passama-
quoddy Bay. On an island at the mouth of the St. Croix,
the river with the cross, he fixed the site of his first resting-
place, probably in such choice forgettinp the severity of
a North American winter in his enjoyment of an Acadian
summer.

Labour now began in earnest. The bounds of the new
settlement were first laid out in order, marked in the
centre by a large square of cleared ground ; then the
positions for the various buildings were allotted; and the
men separated into gangs for the work connected with
each erection. On the mainland there was plenty of

FATHKR AXTBRST'S RKTURlf. IB

hrmber for their purpose, and the round rockf on the beat^
■enred for a foandation. Champlain, whose Btrange droir-
ings still amuse the antiquary, was, of cotirse, the architect
of the colony, while Be Monts, as actire on flhore as on
shipboard, encouraged no delay. Soon the northern point
of the island assumed the appcamnce of a thriving Tillage.
Be Monts' house, with its large French roof, stood on tht
east side of the square, and rose abore the other buildings —
the first Government House of Acadia. Champlain hud hii
residence opposite, with his little garden in front ; and
extending from the one to the other, all around the square,
were storehouses, workshops, and barracks. The whole wa4
enclosed by a rough fortification, pr otected by a few p iecet
of ordnance, and the sacred cross, which extended lia m&6
arms overtfae little chitpcl standing outside in the centre oi
a small cemetery.

One day, as the work progressed, there arose great
excitement in the hauilct ; the uxe, the hammer, and the
■aw were thrown aside for the moment, in a general rush
towards the landing-place, where stood the frail, famished
form of Father Aubrey, the worthy priest, whom all be-
lieved to have been lost in the woods of St. Mary's Bay.
He had been brought across by a pilot sent back by Be
Monts to bring specimens of the mineral ore which some
had seen cropping out on the shore of that inlet. Found
on the beach, waving his hat feebly at the end of a stick,
be was taken on board the pilot's boat, as much astonished
at his miraculous escape asT were his friends to see him
alive. ,His talc of miseries endured made him the hero of
the day. ' "

Before the winter set in Poutrincourt sailed for Prancej
there intending to make preparations for his proposed
settlement at Annapolis.

The frost and snow of an Acadian Becember brongM
with it many troubles to the colony. The large blocks of
ice formed at the mouth of the river cut off their supplief
of wood and water from the mainland. There was no tiptiti^
OB tlie iBland, and c ^^^ a few cedars, — a serious mftttii

TBI miMOTAL TO PORT BOTAL.

to men liring on salt meat, and struggling against tht
intense cold of their first winter in America. The scurrj
ftppoared ; and before the warm sun of Apiil camCi the
little cemetery had in it thirty-five graves.

In the following June, Pontgrav^ brought additional
stores from France, with forty new settlers ; and De Monti,
leaving his capital in good cheer, set forth in search of a
better site. He sailed along the coast to Cape Cod, in
company with Champlain, who had been there before.
Here they came in collision with the natives. A kettle
had been stolen from a sailor, while on shore with others
on the look-out for fresh water. An Indian was the thief,
and him the sailor pursued until they came within the
range of the arrows of the tribe. De Monts, to save his
follower, who hod fallen pierced in several places, fired
upon the enemy, and drove them back into the woods.
The explorers took one prisoner, but let him go when a
scarcity of provisions drove them back to the St. Croix.

There was now no hope for the colony unless by removing
to Port Royal. The busy scene of the fopner summer was
changed to one of demolition. Even some portions of the
buildings were carried on board for transportation across the
bay ; and yeai-s afterwards, all that could be found of this,
the first European settlement in New Brunswick, were the
bones of those who had succumbed to the scurvy and the cold.

From Port ivoyal De Monts returned to France, where
he heard his enemies were defaming him and his efibrts.
Champlain and Pontgruvt^ remained behind, sad but cour-
ageous, and little dreaming that their brave comrade and
governor should look his last on Acadia when his ship had
passed beyond Cape Sable. But so it was. So critical did
he find affairs at home, and so crushing the evil reports
which had been spread during his absence, that he had great
difficulty in procuring the services of one ship to carry the
provisions necessary to save the colonists at Port Boyal from
starvation. Nor was he able to accompany the ship when
aU was ready. The chief command he was obliged to give
toPoutrincourt. . . : ,, . > ,. ^j ... ■ .(> fr.

LS8CA root's INDU8TRT.

Along with Poutrincourt went Maro Leacarbot, a
gentleman to whom the colonUts owed much, alike for
Uie cheerful energy he displayed among them, and Um
encouraging accounts he sent to France in his letters con*
oeming the enterprise. He had been an advocate in Paris ;
but longing for excitement, hod united his fortunes with
those of De Monts and Poutrincourt in their attempts to
extend the French dominions beyond the Atlantic. At on«
time, during the absence of the other leaders, he had full
control of affairs at the fort ; and soon, through his industry
and tact, the settlement around assumed a prosperous look.
Houses were built, land cleared and prepared for its first
crop of wheat, gardens enclosed, a magazine and store-house
erected, and even a water-mill for grinding com was raised
on an adjoining brook. The trials of the St. Croix were
forgotten by the settlers, who here lived together like one
large family, each with his proper share of work, but all
labouring for one common interest; and this with nothing
to feur from the natives, whose friendship had been won by
the sagacious Lescarbot, through his presents of com and
wine to old Membertou, the chief of the tribe. Lescarbot
was legislator, poet, and historian in one; and tmly his
records of receptions, amusements, hunting-parties, festivi«
ties, and explorations, throw a halo of interest around this
period of Acadian history, and shew how he and his
associates resisted the rigours of the climate, and bore up
against the hardships of their new life. The harmless gossip
and quaint humour make up a pleasant tale.

In the spring, just as the colonists, hopeful of the coming
harvest, were busy digging and planting and sowing, the
news arrived that the commuision of De Monts had been
cancelled. This sad intelligence broke up the little com-
munity, and sent the two leaders to Canso, there to find
a ship sailing to France. In company with Champlain and
Pontgrav^, they landed at St. Malo in October.

Poutrincourt now used all his influence at the court to
have his grant, which only bore the signature of De Monts,
oonfirmed by royalty, for be was still anxioai to see his

__a :

CONVERSION or THB IHDIAN8.

' \

oolony prosper. De Monts, on the verge of ruin in purse
and spirit, could give him no help ; but by dint of unwearied
persistence for three years^ the Baron at last received the
flavour of the king, with the understanding that Father
Biard, a Jesuit, should join him at Bordeaux, for the
purpose of superintending the spiritual interests of the
settlers, and the conversion of the Indians. Poutrincourt
sailed from Dieppe early in February, 1610. Instead of
the Jesuit, he took Father La Fleche, a Parisian priest, by
whom, as soon as they arrived, the work of conversion
began. Membertou was the first to submit to the rites of
the church. Then followed his squaws and his numerous
progeny, succeeded in turn by his subjects settled near
the camp, and hundreds of others brought in from the
surrounding forest. The old chief w&s a faithful ally to
the priest. Both laboured incessantly, until a long list
of converts was retuiy to be sent home as an evidence
of their industry, and the good faith of their master in
carrying out the injunction of his sovere'^n. This list
was entrusted to the care of young Biencourt, the son
of Poutrincourt, who lost no time in carrying the good
news to Paris.

From the fishermen at Canso, Biencourt heard of the
assassination of King Henry* ; but this information did not
hinder him from returning to France with all speed to
support his father's interests at the new court. He was
immediately presented to the queen. His register of Indian
bafDu^DS told its own tale. He was told, however, that
BO h) c;ur would be granted unless thu Jesuits were suffered
to share in the work of Father La Fleche. Here was a
difficulty for the young ambassador. The merchants of
Dieppe, who had promised to provision his ship at their
own risk, refused to have anything to do with an enterprise
in which the religious order took part. To please the
oourt was to lose four thousand livres; and the favour c^
the court and the money were both indispensable. Madame
de Guercheville came to the rescue. By the munificence of
this piouB lady Biencourt was empowered to ^t asid* te

FALL OV PORT ROTAL.

in puise
nwearied
Jived the
t Father

for the
a of the
trincourt
ustead of
>riegt, by
•nversion
» rites of
umerouB
led near
torn the

ally to
ong list
evidence
aster in
'his list
the son
le good

of the
did not
>eed to
le was
Indian
r, that
uffered
was a
nts of
their
jrprise
e the
)ur of
kdame
ice<tf
e thi9

offer of the traders, and induced to take two members of
the zealous brotherhood with him to Acadia.

Poutrincourt was displeased at this arrangement, and
received the priests coldly. Then, leaving his son governor,
he sailed for France, only to hear that Madame de Guerche-
ville had sent out another ship filled with emigrants, and
under the command of De Baussaye. This colony was
established at Mount Desert. Its subsequent destruction
by the adventurers who had left England for Virginia, led
to the first siege of Acadia's first settlement.

The stoiy of Port Royal's overthrow is short. The
English, who had settled at Jamestown, believed that the
signature of their king had given them the sway of all the
territory on the east coast of America. Acadia, they said,
belonged to the English, and the French must be driven out
of it. Captain Argall, who had already destroyed the colony
of Mount Desert and captured the ship of De Saussaye, was
the man chosen for the work, and mercilessly did he carry
out his commission. The doomed fort offered little resistance.
Biencourt and many of his men were absent on a hunting
«xcui^ion. Argall raised the English fiag, and then ordered
the demolition of everything to be seen. The cattle ware
slaughtered, the buildings plundered and burned, the crops
destroyed, and the inhabitants taken prisoners or driven into
the woods. The thriving villflge was reduced to ashes — a
monument of cruelty and misguided patriotism — a heartless
act towards the man who had spent his fortune and his years
in layihg its foundation. Sad indeed was Poutrincourt
l^hen, in the following spring, he came out and saw the ruin
wrought by his enemies, and found his son a fugitive in the
forest; and hopelessly did he return to France, where, in
1615; he fell in the cause of his king and country. ,.,,

V - ■

( i-:..

I • ■:, r.f ■{

•*• r. * .

' ■'■■ <'^'-- i.

I't

) 'i

!ti

; ^

CHAPTER V.

OE LATOU&-FATHEB AND SON.

Sir William Alexander.
The Father in England.
Father and Son Enemies.
Raxilly and Charnia^.
If adauie De Latour.

Chamifl^, sole Roler.

La Borgne.

Nicholas Denys.

Cromwell.

bir Thomas Templ«.

The fiate of Port Royal— a crushing event to its pioneers.
— ^was but a blessing in disguise for Acadia, in as far as it
directed the spirit of English adventure to its shores, and
led the King of England to bestow upon Sir William
Alexander the whole country, under the new name of Nova
Scotia. The French were now scattered over the more
fertile spots of the peninsula in small companies, — each the
nucleus of a future town or village ; while ships from Europe
seldom arrived without their consignment of passengers, the
poor among them being bent on grasping some of the wealth
hidden in the forests and bays, and the rich eager to earn
the empty honour of a Nova Scotia baronetcy.

In 1622, Sir William Alexander sent out his first band of
emigrants ; but, as a colony, it proved a failure. Then he
turned his thoughts to conquest. In 1627, Sir David Kirke,
by his advice, hastened with three war-sloops to the St.
ikwrence, and there captured eighteen French vessels, laden
with provisions and arms for Port Royal and Quebec. Two
years after he took possession of Quebec, and left it in chaise
of an English garrison.

At the siege of Quebec, where the bitter fate of Poutrin-
oourt was meted out to Champlain, now grown grey in the
service, there appeared a Frenchman, whose name was evw*
then well known in Acadia, and whose possessions there
made him, when taken prisoner by Kirke, a valuable prize
in the hands of the English. This was Claude De Latour.
He and hia son Charles, both Protestants in religion, yet

SB LATOUK IN KKOLAKOl

pioneers,
ar as it
res, and
William
'f Nova
e more
ach the
Europe
ers, the
wealth
to earn

)and of
ben he
Kirke,
he St.
, laden
Two
chaise

lutrin"
in the
' ev^

there

prize
a-tour.
I, yet

■■I

having iome influence at the French court, had received a
grant of territory on both sides of the Bay of Fundy, which
they afterwards guarded by the erection of two forts — the
one near the mouth of the St. John, and the other at Cape
Sable. The former, however, had been abandoned; and
Charles was commandant at Cape Sable, when his father fell
into the hands of Sir David Kirke, and, along with Champ-
lain, was carried to London.

In England De Latour fared well. The smiles of the
king and the intrigues of courtiers turned the Frenchman's
head, and made him, in a few months, an English subject in
heart and name. He was admitted to the highest society,
married an English lady of wealth and rank, became a Baronet
of Nova Scotia, and was reinstated in his Acadian property
by Sir William Alexander. At length he departed for Cape
Sable with two armed vessels, to regulate the affairs of the
colony, and to change, by reason or force, his son's allegiance.
The task was a hard one. Charles De Latour was indignant
at his father's disloyalty, and sneering at his follies in England,
refused to be convinced by his arguments. The father retorted
by an attack on the fort. For two days it was courageously
resisted, to end in a truce and a treaty. De Latour asked
from his son permission to enter merely as a resident. This
was refused, even when he laid aside his arms. The gates
of the fort were closed against the man who had sold his
country. The punishment of the traitor was overwhelming.
To return to France or England was equally impossible.
He was obliged to submit to the terms of the treaty, which
suffered him to build a house for himself and family at &
short distance from the fort, where he remained until he had
made preparations for building a fort opposite Port Royal.
Sir Claude De Latour disappears from the history of our
oountiy in 1635, after his son had become Lieutenant
Governor, though not before Sir William Alexander, in a fit
of disappointment, had transferred to him the principal part
of Nova Scotia.

By the Treaty of St. Germains, which, in 1632, brought
the war between France and England to a dose, the

MADAMS DB LATOUB.

■>(

Acadian forts possessed by the English were given up to
the French.

Isaac Bazilly, the first governor after this treaty, died
in 1635, and was succeeded by D'Aulnay Chamise. Razilly
had established a colony at La Have, where he resided'
during his brief reign ; but his successor, giving no heed to
the division he had made of Acadia, and which had been
satisfactory to the claims of Charles De Latour, removed
this colony to Penobscot, and began to encroach on his
neighbour's authority. This led to strife, and an appeal to
Louis XIII. Boundary lines were again drawn, giving
Chamise the rule of the shores on the St. John side of the
Bay of Fundy. These De Latour refused to accept, as he
was unwilling to retire from his fort at St. John. An
attempt was made to arrest him, but was met with open
resistance. Receiving succour from Boston, he drove
Chamis6 to Port Royal. Charnis6, in retaliation, took
several New England vessels, and forced Governor Winthorp
to withdraw his aid from De Latour. Then, in person,
Charnis^ sought help from France, and Madame de Latour,
now openly taking her part in the struggle, went to England
to enlist the sympathy of her friends. Both returned with
money, but without men, to carry on the contest. This was
in 1643. Two years later these two met within the ramparts
of St. John fort, the one to shew the other how far a brave
woman can withstand the cruelty of a coward.

It was Easter Day. Charnis^ had taken advantage of
De Latour's absence in making his attack on the settlement ;
but Madame De Latour, hurriedly securing its defences,
returned his fire with powerful effect, and gave no sign of
weakness in her plan of resistance. At every point she kept
him at bay. Her dauntless bearing animated her followers,
and kept them at the guns ; her brave words thrilled their
hearts. The activity thus excited deceived Charnis^>, m \aa
loss in killed and wounded increased the terror of hia
treacherous spirit. He believed himself on the verge ot
defeat by a woman. Sounding a truce, he listened to the
liOBourable terms on which she would suixender. ftn^^ ^na

■^mmryww^

LE BORONS.

only too glad to assent to them. But what he thought his
good fortune was only his disgrace. When he entered the
fort, he found a mere handful of men, ready to deliver up
their arms to a force six times their number. His indignation
knew no bounds. In his wrath he denounced erery one for
deception, which could be traced directly to his own
cowardice ; he ordered the whole garrison to be hung, and
then led Madame De Latour, with a rope round her neck, to
witness the ghastly spectacle. The ruffian, though he knew
not how to take a weak fort, had learned how to crush a
woman's heart. His personal insults this noble wife could
meet with unbending dignity, but her spirit sank within her
at the horrid sight of her murdered garrison. She died
before the return of De Latour.

Chamis6 now ruled over the whole country, favoured by
France, notwithstanding his crime; and hindered in his
schemes only by a guilty conscience and a people suspicious of
his conduct. De Latour sought safety in the wilds of Canada
among the fur-traders, living theie until the death of his
rival in 1650. The following year saw him Governor of
Acadia. France, busily engaged with difficulties at home,
readily forgave him; and, stranger still, the family of Charnis^
gave up their claims, and put an end to the feud by con-
senting to his marriage with the widow of his late enemy.

De Latour's path, however, was still thorny. The creditors
of Charnise became troublesome. They importuned the new
governor for the payment of a large sum of money, at a time
when he could hardly meet his own liabilities. This being
refused, the chief of the creditors, named Le Borgne, sailed
for America, to seize what remained of his debtor's property,
threatened the fort of Chedabucto, burnt La Have, and
finally settled at Port Royal as owner of the country. De
liatour retired to St. John, to await the change of fortune ;
it came in 1654, but from an unexpected quarter.

This brings us to the story of Nicholas Denys. In the
partition of Acadia by Governor Razilly, Denys, who had
established himself at Eossignol, a merchant in fish and
J^ltrjf received as his share the coast extonding from Gasp^

NICHOLAS DENTS.

to Canso. His prosperity at Rossipnol, however, induced
him to postpone the settlement of this large district until
the death of Razilly, when Charnis^, arriving from France,
drove him farther to the north. Chedabucto (now Guys-
borough) was his first resting-place, and there, while Chamis6
and De Latour were engaged in the deadly strife already
mentioned, his genius found employment in the clearing of
land, the building of wtirehouses and rude bastions, and in
the regulation of the fisheries. Beyond Chedabucto, he
erected forts at St. Peter's and St. Anne's, in Cape Breton ;
and placed a fishing establishment at Miscou, becoming
altogether the possessor of wealth not likely to escape the
greedy sweep of Le Borgne's eye, when he came to seize
Acadia in lieu of Chamis^'s debts.

Le Borgne, in surprising Chedabucto while Denys was
absent in Cape Breton, sent an ofiicer with sixty men to
attack St. Peter's, where, as he had learned, a ship laden with
provisions and a number of immigrants had just arrived.
This ofl&cer seized everything valuable in the place, and then,
confining the inhabitants In one or two buildings, prepared
an ambush for the capture of Denys on his way back from
St. Anne's. The plot was successful. Denys was borne in
timid triumph to Chedabucto, and thence to Port Eoyal,
where Le Borgne foolishly assumed the position of governor
•without the imperial sanction. This was crime enough for
him, and fear forced him to set Denys free. Denys returned
to France. The story of his wrongs told in his favour. He
received a new commission from the Company of NouvelU
France, was re-established in his property, and reached
Acadia to be rescued from the schemes of his enemy, Lo
Borgne, by the sudden arrival at Port Eoyal of Colonel
Sedgewick, one of Cromwell's soldiers.

Oliver Cromwell, who had had no faith in his king or
the treaties he had signed, was one of those in whom the
cession of Acadia to France had excited indignation. By
the prowess of his * Lronsides ' he had overthrown the
monarchy of England ; and when raised to the position of
Lord Protector, he set to work to wipe out the disgrace of

CROMWELL AND DK LATOUIL

the last French treaty by restoring Acadia as an English
province. He had heard of the troubles caused by Le Borgne
in that colony, and to restore order was his excuse for sending^
Colonel Sedgewick, with a sufl&cient force, to drive the
French rulers out of the country. Sedge wick's work was
soon done. The forts at St John, Poi-t Royal, and
Penobscot, fell into his hand without a struggle. Le Borgne
was taken prisoner, and in a short time the Englbh retired
to Boston ; without infringing, however, upon the rights of
Denys, who was again making great efforts to improve hiB
settlements in Cape Breton.

Then De Latour hurried home to England, and laid his
claims before the Protector, shewing him how they were
founded by birth, marriage, and the bequest of the sister of
Chamis^. The evidence was conclusive; and in 1656 it was
confirmed by order of Cromwell, who, in letters patent,
restored to De Latour his Acadian posse-isions, subject to the
joint supervision of William Crowne and Sir Thomas Temple
— the gentlemen now associated with him in the government
of the colony. A short time after, De Latour sold his share
in this Company to his associates, retaining only a small
portion of land, near which he spent the last ten years of his
life in retirement. He died in 1666, leaving a name behind
him which, in the career of his noble wife and himself, can
never be forgotten. Enterprising and honourable, stubborn
in his honesty, and proud of his position, he left his mark on
Acadia — an industrious labourer in its early development.

The interference of Cromwell in the affairs of the province
did little for it beyond the improvements made upon its
fortifications. Sir Thomas Temple expended twenty thousand
pounds on the various forts, but otherwise neglected the
splendid resources at his conmiand. He encouraged neither
immigration nor agriculture. He was an English ruler over
a French people, a colonial governor acting the role of a
, feudal lord, His policy was to protect, not to expand ; to
preserve what he had, not to extend its usefulness. What
he had consisted of only two oir three forts, the periodical
resort of fur-traders and fishermen ; and even these he could

1 ¥

i'!

ACADIA CKDKD TO FRANCK.

BOt aave from the French, after the death of his great friend
tlw Lord Protector.

Two years after the Restoration in England, France
demanded Acadia from Charles 11. The New Englandere,
whose sympathies were with Sir Thomas Temple, petitioned
the king against the demand. The effect was only delay.
In 1667, according to the terms of the Treaty of Breda, the
whole province was ceded to the French; and in face of Sir
Thomas Temple's protest, and the outcry of the people of
New England, the Chevalier de Grand Fontaine, as Frencii
gOTemor, took possession of the countxy.

::;;dV/

J':T ^ -.r

■'—'•■ — I i« n ,i

CHAPTER VL

27EWFOTnn)LA]!n)— CALVEBT AKB

Gajr't Colony.
Whitbowmo's Court.
Lord Baltimore.

Kirke's Rale.
Fort Placenti*.
D'IbervUle'i Idieg*.

For thirty years after Sir Humphrey Gilbert's melanolioly
fate, no one tried to make more of Newfoundland than i^
mere resting-place for the fishermen, on which to dry theis
cargoes of fish for the European market. Several profitable
voyages had been made ; but to John Guy, a Bristol alder-
man, is due the honour of rousing public attention in favour
of making it an English colony. In a little book he pub-
lished, an account is given of his year's trip round the
island, accompanied with arguments which, in their effect,
caused Sir Francis Bacon to sue the king for a grant of the
whole to the Company of which he was a member* A
patent was issued, and Guy bore it with him as he set sail
with his band of colonists, to settle near the thickets oi
Mosquito Cove. At first the friendship of the natives was
an augurj of success. The colonists roamed at will in the
forests, and fished in the harbours, hearing of the Indian
outrages on one or two French companies, but escaping all
harm themselves. Sickness, however, arising from the
change of life, was their first distress, and the final cause of
the ruin of the colony.

The Company of Planters, when they lost the serricet of
Alderman Guy, who had returned to England, broken in
health, engaged Captain Whitboume to collect the royalty
on fish and oil, to try in his Court of Admiralty the dis»
putes between the traders, and to keep in order the colonist*
who did not follow Guy to England. His was no easy task.
The grievances of nearly two hundred captains, who, qm m
combination, thought to resist the orders of the Compoiiji^

8IR OKOROB CALVXRT.

tried his temper aa a judge. It was hard to please men who
desired no supervision, or who hated Whitboume as a spy
on their luck. A number of pirates, destroying as much
property as they stole, added to his trouble, which even the
arrival of Doctor Vaughan, a neighbouring planter of
influence, could not dispel. The best fruit of Whitboume's
labour was the Welsh colony he established at Little Britain.
Another change brought a brighter ray of hope. That
fickle monarch, James I., in bestowing honours on Sir
George Calvert, one of his favourites, had made over to him
a new patent of Newfoundland, with the supervision of all
pertaining to its government and trade. Sir George had
just been converted to the Roman Catholic faith, and longed
for a retired spot on which to begin a new life. This spot
be saw, or thought he saw, on the little peninsula, Avalon,
to the east of Newfoundland ; for, sending Captain Wynne
to build for himself and family a comfortable residence, he
actually sailed for the West in 1623, and established him-
self at Ferryland, under the shadow of a strong fort. He
was now Lord Baltimore, and Governor /)f Newfoundland —
but peace came to him with neither title. To subdue the
pirates was his first task. The French, who had established
a colony at Placentia, tried to wrest his property from him ;
but the three war-ships which they sent for that purpose
were chased for miles back to the eastward. Yet his great
grief was on the land. His religious zeal was distasteful to
his Puritan subjects. Distnist met him at his own door,
and stories were circulated against -him in England. In his
letters to Britain, he began to murmur at his seclusion and
the climate. Then war between France and England
brought back the French cruisers to annoy him. Of this he
wrote to the king, who, in return, advised him to leave all,
and resume his former position at Court ; but as his pride
would not suffer him to re-encounter the jeers of his former
associates, he rejected the proposal, and sought for a second
grant of territory in Maryland. While the papers for the
new patent were being prepared, news of his death reached
lEngland. Still, his design was not buried vfit^ him. His

sin DAVID KIRKB.

■OH fell hoir to the father's patent, and finally became ruler
of a colony, the largest city of which records the fact in its
name, Baltimore. The influence of Lord Baltimore on
Newfoundland was not without good results. The island
from his time began to throw off its desert look ; while St.
John's, crowded with the seamen who visited it for supplies,
and connected by a few rough roads with the other settle-
ments, became a place of some importance. A few years
after was introduced the regulation which made the French
traders pay five per cent, of the value of their cargoes.

Sir David Kirke was the next to think of Newfoundland
as a place suitable for emigrants. Lords Hamilton, Pem-
broke, and Holland, were partners of the Company which
provided him with money and ships ; for, notwithstanding
young Baltimore's opposition, Kirke obtained a grant from
King Cliarles, and tried to make the most of it. He made
Ferryland his abode, living in Lord Baltimore's old home.
Knowing there was a prejudice against the island, as a place
on which Europeans could not live, he tried to crush it by
sending home glowing descriptions of its commerce and
resources. About four hundred families were settled in
various districts, and these, he said, did not curse the < limate
like those who had never set foot on Avalon or its precincts.
But his desire to succeed did not diminish the number of
his enemies. The French were against him, and the voice
of tlie French ambassador had weight at the court, where the
queen was a native of France. The taxes laid on the fish-
traders occasioned a cry of discontent, which formed a pre-
text for petitions to the king from some of the seaports of
England. But the civil war between Charles and his
Parliament was Kirke's ruin. He was a loyalist and a
churchman. He had corresponded with luiud, and when
reverses came had offered Prince Rupert and his royal uncle
an asylum. Thus, in 1652, his estates were sequestrated, and
he himself ordered home, till the charges against him were
investigated. Then he gave part of his property to the son-
in-law of Cromwell, and in this way gained an influence
which turned the tide again in his favour. He returned to

THK FUENCn riLLAGB NEWFOnNDLAHD.

Kewfoundland, and there he died ; but, afterwards, through
the intrigues of Lord Baltimore, his heirs were disinherited
at the Restoration.

For a number of yeai-s after this, the fishermen, in their
poverty, groaned under the exactions of the merchants, and
the merchants blamed the planters. It was impossible for
the English authorities to kno\r where the real blame lay,
until Sir John Berry visited the island and made his report,
which WJ18 unfavourable to the merchants. Those, in their
eagerness to grow rich, cared nothing for the general pros-
, perity of the colony; and as lh y wanted the whole island
for themselves, they threw every obstacle in the way of
establishing settlements. There were other enemies. 'ITie
pirates still reaped a harvest. The Dutch, in their war-ships,
visited St. John's twice — the first time to victual their
fleet ; the second, to destroy and pillage. The French were
also growing powerful at Placentia. There they had built a
fort, which afforded protection to fifty families, who plun-
dered the English with impunity. Open war only made
matters worse; for when Commodore Williams tried to
make a ruin of Placentia, he was not only defeated, but dis-
graced, and gave cause for the still more ruinous descent ot
D'lberville on all the English villages.

The great hope of D'lberville was to reduce St. John's
before the winter set in. When he arrived at Placentia, he
found four hundred men from Quebec, waiting to be led
against the English by land, while the fleet of fourteen
French vessels threatened their capital by sea. To meet the
land force, the English could only muster eighty men. The
difference was too great. Nearly half the English were
killed, and the other half, with the inhabitants of St John's,
took refuge in the new fort at the entrance to the harbour,
only to surrender after a three days' siege. The passion tot
revenge was now let loose. From place to place the French
spread, punishing, plundering, and burning. The cold blasts
of winter and its snow were not even a check to them : the
harbours were open, the ports had no defences, and the
CSiuiadians were well trained to march for miles on their snowu

'"\

I II ilillMMiimiM

NEWFOUNDLAND RKSTORBD TO ttEITAIN. 4t

ihoM. All but Carbonear and Bonavista were destroyed:
there the fishermen clung to their homes and beat back the
invaders.

When D'lberville returned to France, England sent out
Sir John Norrls with two regiments of soldiers. But there
was nothing to do ; for the French had abandoned St John's
a few months before the Treaty of Ryswick, by which New-
foundland was restored to Britain, and on account of which
they so easily escaped the punishment they deserred for
their cruelty.

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THS YIBST USlSTLSaa AXB IBJUA WOBK.

CONDITION or THE COUNTRY DUBINO THE HRST PERIOD.

iiii

WBBf the Basque flshermon and traders found their way to the Baaks
of NewfuunUland and the shores of Cape Breton, they cared for none of
the country's wealth save its fish and furs. They saw the thick forest
around merely as a hunting-ground, in which roamed the bear, bearer,
and Mble, for the ikins of which there was a profitable market in the
cities of Europe. At first, the owners of the vessels which arrived onoe
a-year, bought the furs from the natives, to sell them at their own prices.
But as the trade increased, stations were selected at which the tm.'-
trappers could leave their spoils in exchange for money or provisiob'i.
The collectors at these places, as they were the first merchants, were also
the first farmers. Around their rude dwellings they cleared and cultivated
the patch of laud which produced for them a season's supply of com and
vegetables.

From Lescarbot's History of New France we learn of the laboaia,
pleasure' ".nd hardsliips attending the first settlement of Acadia. Fer
a time tht. ^ .. as peace with the Indians, and no thought of invasion. Tho
abundant provisions bronght from France were further increased by the
game and fish of the valley and river. The natives brought in large
quantities of furs, and shewed their white friends where and how more
could be found. The Society of L» Bon Temps, with its feasts and frolics,
its hunting and exploring parties, its poems and songs, helped to wear
away the fierce winter days with their long nights, as each of the leaders
took his turn in providing for the delicacies of its common table. At its
festivals, the presf.nce of Membertou, bent with his eighty years, formed
the living link between the age of barbarism going out and that of civilisa-
tion coming in.

The courage and the influence of the French Jesuits undertook tho
conversion of the Indian. Theiir first attempt had been slighted. But
when Madame Ouercheville, a maid of honour at the French Court, came
to their assistance with her fortune and prayers, they sailed to Acadia,
and at once began to preach Christianity among the wigwam villages of
Hembertou's tribe. They were not always welcomed by the swarthy
heathen: yet none of them endured the terrible sufferings of those of their
society wlio went to Canada. Father Masse, on one occasion, came baok
ttom a forest Journey reduced to a skeleton by starvation, vermin, and
fatigue. Much of the seed of Christianity tlius sown, it is true, fell upon
atony ground ; for as long as the presents lasted, the wily savages wera
ready converts; but when famine fell upon Port Royal, and poverty on the
priests, they soon forsook the f&:th which brought them no tangible profit.
Still the fathers persevered in the good work, notwithstanding the ingratt*
tttde.

Before and after the contest between De Latour and Chamisi, several
flunilies tried their luck as fanners, outside of the fUr trade ; hat as the
forts at the various points of the coast were built to proteot onlj those
Mgagtd in curing fish and skins, these received Uttla enoonnigeaeat.

\iV

— "iiMirtirtrtii

, .j-..HMi-r>-<->-> ■■■■ I ifmpii

KOTftS ANA EXPLANATIONS.

.K^

fbr many yean proviaions continued to come from Enrope ai reton
oargoea ; while the larger number of the white population roamed or«r
the foreata in a half barbarous state.

BIOOBAPHICAL NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.

Maroo Polo, the iUnstrions traiveller, was bom of a noble family ait
Venice, in 1250. While travelling With his fkther and uncle in Aiia, he
found favour with the Emperor of China, by whom he was appointeid
ambassador tc Tonquin, and afterwards go'iremor of a Chinete province.
He wrote II Milioru, a book of personal observations on the manners and
customs of China, Japan, India, and Persia. His descriptions, for t tlitta
disbelieved by hia countrymen, were corroborated by the miasionariei to
the iiiast. He died, member of the Orand Council of Venice, in 1323.

Christopher Columbus, bom in 1436, was the son of a wool-comber
of Genoa. Having devoted aome attention to the studies of geography,
navigation, and astronomy, at Pavia, in Italy, where he married thd
daughter of a distinguished navigator, he wenc to Lisbon, and there set up
in business as a designer of maps and charts. Thence he made voyages to
the Canaries, Azores, and Guinea, during which he began to dream of a
westward cour^ie to India. After making four voyages to ^e West indleiB.
he returned to Spain, to be treated with ingratitude by Ferdinand, and to
die in poverty at Valladolid, in 1506 Ferdinand, ashamed of his conduct,
gave the remains of the illustrious sailor a splendid funeral, and placed
over them a magnificent monument.

Sebastian Cabot accompanied his father on voyages to Newfound-
land and Mexico ; and by some is accredited with the discovery of th«
former place. At his father's death he went to Spain as chart>maker,
where his project of sailing in search of a north-west passage to Asia was
fmstrated by the death of Ferdinand. Having been insulted by some of
the 8i'».nish courtiers, he returned to England, and was sent by Henry
VIIL to Labrador and Hudson Bay. He was also employed by Charles V.,
of Spain, to explore Brazil and La Plata When inspector of the English
navy under Edward VI., he eucourajied the opening of commerce with
Russia.

Amerigo Vespucci, the son of a notary, was bom in 1451. Educated
by his uncle, a monk, he moved to Seville, where he joined an important
mercantile flrm. The discovery of Columbu:- and the fame it produced
excited him so Intensely, that^ giving up flue prospect* of money-making
to others, he set sail from Cadiz for the new continent; and after a voyage
of thirty-seven days, reached the Bay of Paria In the last of his four
voyages he landed on the coaat of Brazil. He died in Seville. No blame
can be attached to Amerigo on account of the invention of the name
America. His writings, descriptive of his travels, were veiry popular
throughout the whole of Europe.

Inbella, C^een of Castile, was married to Ferdinand, Kii« of
Anagon— a uvion which prepared the way for the consolidation of Spala
M one kissdom. Isabella ruled egual with her hushamt^ whOk tUt auaj

■Mm

'. ! :

iif

44 NOTBS AND EXPLANATIONS.

yean, was busily engaged in subdning th^oors and the other state*, in a
series of successful wars. 81ie encouraged conunerce, and was the entha-
siastic patron of Columbus and Cabot.

Sir "Walter Baleigh was born at Hayes, in Devonshire, England,
15S2. At the age of sixteen he entered Oriel College, Oxford, but left it
soon after, to fight on the side of the Huguenots, and to join the cause of the
Prince of Orange. He was associated with Sir H. Gilbert in the plan to
colonize North America, and knighted by Queen Elizabeth. After the
defeat of the Spanish Armada, honour and wealth were showered upon
him ; but these he lost when James I. beauue king, and when his part in
the plot to place Arabella Stuart on the throne was discovered. From
prison he was released to explore the gold mines of Guiana. The failure of
this was the cause of his execution, in 1618. .,}.,..., i

Henry, King of Navarre, was bom in Beam, 1553. Educated a
Protestant, he became leader of the Huguenots, with whom he fought th»
battle of Jamac. He married Margaret of Valois, a week before the
inassacre of St. Bartholomew, from the general sweep of which he escaped
by promising to change his faith. The murder of Henry III. made him
King of France by birth, and his victory in the ' Battle of the League,*
made him »ing by force. He was a wise and popular monarch. He
married, as his second wife, the famous Mary de Medii;i Much to the
distress of the whole nation, he was assassinated by a maniac, who rushod
into his coach as it drove through the streets of Paris.

Sir William Alexander was born at Menstrie, In Scotland, 1680.
He began life as travelling companion to tliH Duke of Argyll. As one of
the favourites of James I., he was honoured with numerous titles and
public offices, and became Earl Dubun. He obuiued a grant of Nova
Scotia; and through his influence the dignity of ' Baronet of Nova Scotia*
was created. He wrote several poems and dramas.

Iiord Baltimore, bom in Yorkshire, England, was elected a Member
of Parliament shortly after he had completed his studies at Oxford. At
first, clerk to the Privy Council, he was knighted by James I., and then
appointed Secretary of State, with a gratuity from the king of £1000 a-year.
His change of faith forced him to resign his office, and seek retirement in
America. He named the peninsula on which he first landed Avalon, in
token of his desire to plant Christianity there. Avulon iw the old name of
the district in which Christianity was first preach, d in England.

Sir David Kirke, the son of a London merchant, was born in 1597.
As Captain Kirke, he sailed up the St. Lawrence, and (ruptured a large
quantity of French property. On his second voyage, he took Quebec, to-
tiie great distress of Ghainplain, its founder. With the honour of knight-
hood he received a gram of Newfountlland, where he remained until
summoned home on account of evil reports spread against him. He died
on the island.

Pierre D'Iberville, a native of Montreal, was a distinguished officer
In the French Navy. Along with Brouillan, he made an attack on St '
John's, Newfoundland, and burnt it to the ground. He explored tli*
Jlifisisslppi, and founded a colony at its mouth. Died 1700. V

.«

'\'q

PRINCIPAL DATES.

Baronet of Nova Scotia was the title conferred npon those gentle-
men who, by sailing over to Nova Scotia, did something towards its
Mttlement, and assisted Sir William Alexander to tit out his expeditions.
Their badge bore the Latin phrase— Fox meritis honestce gloria, encircling
the escutcheon of Scotland's arms. The title was afterwards amalgamated
with the order of Baronets of Scotland.

The Jesuits, or Society of Jesus, formed a religions order of
the Roman Catholic church, founded by Ignatius of Loyola and his Ave
associates. Their motto was Ad majorem Dei Gloriam: and with this aim
they bound thomselves to go forth to any part of the world as missionaries.
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they were to be met at every
court in Europe, noting carefully the politi^^al cliiinges, and working for the
extension of their faith.

The Treaty of Breda was the end of the second Dutch war in the
reign of Cliarles I, To the Dutch it gave New York, to the French Nova
Sootia, to the English some of the island of the West Indies.

rBINCIPAL DATES-FIRST PERIOD.

Eric discovers Greenland, 982

Columbus reaches 8. Salvador, ..1492

Cabot's first voyage, 1497

Cartier enters Bay Chaleur 1534

Roberval, Viceroyof New Franc e,1546

Bit H. Gilbert's voyage 1583

Convicts on Sable Island, 1598

De Monta' Charter, 1604

Port Royal founded, . 1605

Sir W. Alexander's gtjifi*; 1622

Siege of Quebec by Kirkd, 1629

Fort Latour taken 1645

Denys in Cape Breton, 1645

Cromwell's raid, 1664

Treaty of Breda 1667

D'Iberville at St. John's, 1609

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^ \

^U& SECOND FEBIOD*
CHAPTER L

PORT BOYAL— ANNAPOLia

Siege by Phips.
Tbo Nashwiiak.
Church's llaid.
Kicholson's Siege. *

Evil Days.
Treaty of Utrecht
Indian War.
Norridgouao.

During tlie forty-six years between the Treaties of Breda
and Utrecht leading events clustered, for the most part,
around the little fort at the head of \nnapoli8 Basin, then
the recognised capital of the country, tii' agh still but roughly
fortified against the attacks of Hs enemies. The province,
ruled by men who' main object was to crush the enterprise
of their opponent" , and disturbed by the perpetual dread of
invasion, made very little progress. No settlement from
north to south was free from the terror of ruin to come.
The Acadians knew too well the jealousy with which the
Puritans of New England viewed French prosperity, and
little did they care to sow what another might reap, or ta
clear land for their sworn foe. On the other hand, the New
Englanders, aware of the fickleness of the mother country in
settling the disputes of Acadia, took forts and 3eiz€d territory,
more for the sake of checking their rivals than to extend
protection to any system of re-settlement by their own
countrymen. The declaration of war between France and
England in 1689, was all that was necessary to precipitate
the quarrel, which had been brewing as a storm on Acadia
for more than ten years.

Sir William Phips, a man of no ordinary courage and
experience, was despatched from Boston early in the spring
of 1600, with an armament of six vessels and eight hundred
men. His purpose was to take Port Koyal — a small under*

""i.,"' fP

PORT ROTAL TAKEV BT PHIF8.

taking for saoh a force. Menneval, the commandant of tho
place, having been warned of his approach by a signal from
the guard at the mouth of the bay, prepared to receive him
with a show of defence. Phips thought the place stronger
than it really was, and offered reasonable terms in case of
surrender, promising to allow the governor and his garrison
to retire to Quebec, to leave untouched the property of the
settlers, and to grant liberty in matters of religion. Menne*
val was satisfied, and received the besiegers within the fort.
Then Phips saw his mistake. He had dallied with a place
which could not have held out against him for six hours.
Tdie fortifications were but mounds of earth, without guns at
the spot where these were most required, while the garrison
numbered only eighty men, depending on the people outside
for provisions. Phips accused the governor of deception;
and to hide his own error from the New Englanders on his
return, took the whole garrison prisoners to Boston. Port
Royal was left undefended.

(Jhevalier de Villebon was the next French governor.
Learning that Phips was still under commission to watch
Acadia for tflre English, he resolved to leave Port Royal in
ruins, and pr ,ceeded to the St. John river, where he continued
to reside for many years. Here for a time he was powerless,
save in his intri;^'ncs with the Indians, whom he encouraged
in many lawless acts against his enemies. Towards the close
of his rule he was associated with D'Iberville, who had been
sent from Quebec to destroy Pemaquid, a fort built by the
English east of the Kennebec Through the co-operation of
Baron St. Castine, with a troop of his Indian subjects, the
siege ended in the fort's destruction, though the two com-
manders* narrowly escaped capture by a New England fleet
sent to watch that part of the coast.

Villebon's stronghold on the St. John was built at the
mouth of the Nashwaak. Here, lord of the unexplored
forest, and governor of a company of French soldiers and
idle savages, he deemed himself secure from invasion. Bat
his escapade at Pemaquid, and his practice of protecting
pirates who carried their prizes to the St John, directed hia

■1. lii i^

FORT NA8HWAAK SURPRISED.

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•

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enemies towards his retreat. Colonel Church, an old New
England cruiser, with sharp eyes and a crusty temper, who
had already accomplished his first excursion among the
French settlers on the Bay of Fundy, was commissioned to
pilot several war-sloops up the river in search of Villebon's
capital. In passing the mouths of the Nerepis and Jemseg
the English roused the French scouts, who at once fled to
the Nashwauk, bearing the news of approaching danger.
Villebon prepared lor a desperate resistance. With fluent
tongue he encouraged his men to stand by the fort to the
last ; and all were on the alert when the ships, guided by
Church, moved round the bend of the river in full view of
the fort. The English landed at a point below, and marched
through die forest to a position on the shore of the
Nashwaak, op])osite the guns of the French. There they
raised an earth-fort mounted with three guns ; but these were
soon silenced by a vigorous fire from the enemy. Night fell
upon the English unprepared for its frost and cheerless
gloom. They had no tents, and as their camp-fixes were but
guides to the French gunners in their aim, these had to be
put out The men grew disheartened, for ndP day brought
no bett(;r fortune. Twenty-five of their comrades had fallen.
The foj't and its garrison stood unhurt; and, besides,
Villebon had the sympathy of the natives, who were heard
whooping around the English camp. To retreat to the ships
was the only chance of safety for the besiegers ; and when
all had ])een embarked, it was decided to steer again for the
Bay of Fundy.

M. Brouillan was Villebon's successor. The policy of
each of these two men, alike in its character, had a
depressing effect upon the spirit of the English fanners and
fishermen. The former were driven from the soil, the latter
£rom the coasts ; and to complete the woi k of persecution,
Indians aiid pirates were invited from all parts of Acadia.
The Treaty' of Kyswick was read by Villebon, to be forgotten
in his de8i^:ns for Extending the French power beyond the
natural limits. The commissioners, appointed in 1696,
failed to fix a boundary line between New England and New

^'.

COLONEL CHURCH AT CHIEOJTECTO.

Prance. Part of the disputed territory was seized by the
French governors. The English settlers on the shores of the
Kennebec were ordered to leave their farms. A Roman
Catholic chapel wis raised, as an emblem of French prowess,
in face of a Puritan hatred of both. At last the evil and
insult became too great to be borne. During the winter of
1703, a band of Indians and French massacred the inhabitants
of Deerfield, in Massachusetts, and ravaged every village and
farm-house around. This was the signal for retaliation.

In 1704, Colonel Church was sent on his second merciless
expedition. With a force of fifteen vessels and five hundred
men, he was commissioned to destroy everything French
along the Bay of Fundy ; and certainly he performed his
work in a manner satisfactory to the blindest spirit of re-
venge. From Penobscot to Chiegnecto nearly every French
village was burned to the ground, and the inhabitants forced
to seek shelter in the woods ; while around Beaubassin and
the district of Minas, every means of defence was removed,
the refractory put to death, and all property torn down, to be
swept away by the tide, which the dykes, that had been cut
down by the avengei-s, no longer kept back : every Indian
caught within range of an English musket was ruthlessly
put to death. Strange to say, Port Royal, which had been
rebuilt by Brouiilan, escaped for three years the sweep of
this revenge.

M. Subercase was governor when the first blow fell.
This followed the decision of the government of Massachusetts
to drive every Frenchman out of Acadia ; but Colonel Marsh,
with his two regiments and ship of lifty guns, found Subercase
ready to receive him, and able to keep him out of the fort.
This led to a second attempt, to be repelled in the same way.
There was no peace. The French, as masters, retaliated in
turn, and punished as they had been punished. At length
the British government interfered, and ofiered the people of
Boston money sufficient to raise four regiments, with trans-
ports and four ships of war to convey them to Port Royal ;
assuring them, at the same time, that if thoy could take
possession of the whole Atlantic sea-board, nevoi again would

PORT nOTAL BEC0UB4 ANNAPOLIS.

it be given up by treaty. This was what New England
wanted. In a few months the men were ready, under their
general, Frank Nicholson, a man of experience as a soldier
and ruler, and one who had already honoured the flag of
Bngland by his success. Yet, in Subercase, he found a
foeman worthy of his steel; who, with his three hundred
men, could even darf^ to resist the three thousand English
marshalled before his fort, by refusing to listen to terms of
submission. The humanity of the English general, however,
prevented the loss of blood on either side. T ^ he sent a
summons to surrender, using only threats; and, at last,
Subercase, having no hope of succour from France, which at
this time had enough to do at home in its struggle with
Marlborough, and knowing that some of his men were only
waiting an opportunity to desert, prudently accepted the
terms offered by the enemy. The French troops and two
hundred of the inhabitants were sent to France in English
transports. A number took the oath of allegiance and
remained on their farms, while others emigrated to Cape
Bretion and Miramichi. An English gan'ison, under Colonel
Vetch, took up their abode within the fort ; and thus
did Port Hoyal become in name, Annapolis; Acadia, in
government. Nova Scotia.

Oeneral Nicholson was now nominal governor, al-
though not till 1714 did he assume the position by right. Im-
mediately after the surrender of Port Royal, he wtis engaged
in a scheme, supported by the British government, and
having for its object the rf^duction of New France, or all
Canada, to English rule. During his absence, the garrison
at Annapolis siilfeied from sickness and Indian attacks.
The country was still disorganized. The Acadians, never
expecting the English to remain permanent masters of the
country, refused to take the oath of allegiance, and Colonel
Vetch, engaged in repelling fitful skirmishes against the
fort, had no means to force them to submit. Danger and
suspicions of danger were the cause of daily alaxm. No
soldier oould walk beyond the ramparts in safety. Bands of
savages were everywhere. A company of seventy men with

THB TKEATT OF UTBRCYIT. il

two officen, nent out to orgAnize the Bettlement# along Um
)}ankB of the river, fell a prey to an Indian ambufih, thiiiy
of them being killed, and the rest carried off to the butehen'
wigwams. This encouraged five hundred of the settlen
around to invest the fort, with the hope that the Governor
of Quebec would send them assistance. But no help came.
Quebec and its governor were in dread of a general invasion^
and had trouble enough on their hands : hence the Acadians,
being left to their fate, were obliged to submit to English
rule.

The attempt by Britain to wrest the whole of Canada
firom France was a failure ; full of disappointment to the one
and fatigue to the other, and attended with an expenditure
to both, sufficient to create a desire for peace on both sidet.
The war of the Spanish Succession gave to Marlborough and
the British arms the victories of Blmheimf Bamilieiy Ovdmr
arde, and a number of others ; but the very length of the
war made the people of England long for peace, while the
f lilure of the expedition to Canada led them to demand it.
During the negotiations, France made an effort to regain
Nova Scotia, but was content to accept Cape Breton. By
the twelfth article of the treaty, which brought the negotia*
lions to an end, the whole of Nova Scotia, with Newfound-^
land, was made the property of Great Britain. This wai
the famous Treaty of Utrecht, ratified in 1713.

General PhilipB was the second governor after the
Treaty of Utrecht. His predecessor, General Nicholson,
left him a legacy of trouble, which he, in turn, left to his
successor ; for even his plan of a representative council, to
meet at Annapolii^i, did not satisfy the Acadians in their
refusal to submit as subjects to the British Crown. They
said they would rather leave the country than take the oath
of allegiance, and prepared to go to Cape Breton ; but ag
thei? departure would have been an immediate loss to Nova
Scotia, the government at Annapolis threw obstacles in th«
way of a general migTation.

CQlQQel Armstrong took the governorship when
General Philips withdrew to England in 1722. At thtt

TIIK INDIAN WAR.

end of aerenteen years' rule, his trouble with the Acadiam
increased, and preyed so much on his mind that, in a
momentary fit of insanity, he fell a victim to his own sword
After his death, and until 1749, the commander of Annapolis
fort was also governor of the whole province — an arrange-
ment made in favour of General Philips, by which he could
draw his salary and live in England.

At this time, the restlessness of the native population,
encouraged by an ample supply of arms, ammunition, and
provisions from the Acadiuns, burst into what is known as
the Indian War. For seven yeai-s after the Treaty of
Utrecht, the French fishermen growled at the English
traders, who flocked round Canso to profit by the fisheries ;
and Canso was the first point of attack in 1720. One dark
night in the August of that year, a troop of Indians, in their
war-paint, rushed upon the dwellings and store-houses,
driving the fishermen to their boats, l sizing and torturing
the traders, killing four men, and carrying away fish and
stores to the value of eighty thousand dollars. French
vessels bore away the spoil — a sufficient reason for an
appeal to the Governor of Cape Breton, even after part of
the stolen gooda was recovered by a sloop, which happened
to arrive next day. No action, however, was taken on the
appeal until an investigation at Annapolis proved the
French culpable ; and even then. Colonel Armstrong had to
employ threats to recover the rest of the property. One
year after this two traidera were murdered at the same
place ; and in the following year seven New England vessels
were captured on the southern shore of Nova Scotia, and
taken back to Malagash. The vessels were re-captured, but
not before a number of their crews had been killed. In
1724, the Indians again attacked Annapolis with a loss of
blood on both sides. Then followed the massacre of a crew
of nine men by the savages at the Gut of Canso. But aU
this was nothmg to the suflferings endured by the English
settlers on the border. There everything was done by
stealth, with no chance to retaliate. The swarthy savages
jnuhed from their dens in the forest, committed the darkest

THE INDIANS SUBDUED AT NORRIDOOUAO.

of crimes, and then rushed back, safe from punishment.
From their war-whoop and knife there was little chance of
escape. Men, women, and children were murdered in cold
blood, and their scalps borne away in triumph. Whiit
property the monsters could not carry, they destroyed by
fire, until at length the whole district of the Kennebeo
looked as if it had been overrun by every form of death
and destruction. Several companies of soldiers were sent
from Boston to keep the Indians in check; but, knowing
nothing of the forest tracks, they could do nothing practical
towards the subjugation of the savages. Even the reward of
one hundred pounds for every Indian scalp had little effect.
The evil had to be crushed at its centre.

At Norridgouac, near the Kennebec, there stood a large
Indian encampment, where a French priest was known to
have great influence with the chiefs, urging them by bribe
and religious threat, to destroy everything English. An
English force surrounded the palisades of the place in 1724,
and notwithstanding the stubborn resistance of fifty warriors,
reduced it in a few hours. No quarter was demanded, none
was offered. Six chiefs and their subjects were killed where
they fought, and the war was virtually at an end. The
Micmacs around Canso and Annapolis, hearing of the defeat,
kept quiet for many years.

Colonel Paul Mascarene took charge of affairs in
Nova Scotia, on the death of Governor Armstrong, in 1739.
He first attracted attention by his able report to the British
Board of Trade, in which he gave a faithful descnption of
the resources and progress of the colony. Being a French-
man, he did more to pacify the Acadians than all the gover-
nors who had preceded him ; and, as a viceroy, he was
always anxious to keep his superior informed of the real
condition of the country and its fortifications.

In 1744, war again broke out between France and Eng-
land. A ship having arrived from Boston with the news,
Mascarene at once sent for and engaged a number of New
England workmen, to repair the fortifications of AnnapoUi ;
but these afterwards deserted the work on hearing of thd

I .

COLONEL MAACARBIf&

•drance of i band of Indians, who had been isntlgated by
some Acadiana to attack the place. In hia difficulty the
gorernor received the assistance of some Indians from the
western part of the province, and, by this means^ kept the
allies of the Acadians in check. His popularity in some
of the Acadian settlements alao added to his strength ; and
at last he was in a position even to drive back a company
of regular troops that had been sent against him from Louiu-
bourg. Of Louiiibourg, the great stronghold of the French,
we now learn something in the openiiig of a new epoch in
our «ountry'ti hiatory.

'-^'.Vv

t I

; .1''

CHAPTER II

L0UI8B0US0.

The Citv'i Orijrfn
CanHo and AnnapoHi.
Shirluy'B Commiatiun.

Pepper«lt at Cauoi
The Slow.
lU RfToct.

About twenty-six miles from Sydney harbonr, at the end of
the road which the Mir6 rirer cuts into two equal lengtlj,
the trareller generally halts to admire the scene which
burets upon him. At his feet, a highland stream, rushing
around the boulders and under a nistic bridgr, flows into a
wide and beautiful basin of water, which here lies within the
shelter of grassy slopes and rugged rocks, covered to tht- if
flummits with wild-berry bushes. Round this basin runs ft
toad, dotted with fishermen's dwellings, and terminating on
the south side in a little pond, near a hamlet of cots and
boms. Close by is a cape of black trap rock, looking down
upon huge mounds of earth, here and there covered with
debris of stone, and brick, and lime ; while half-way up the
slope, stretching from the line of cotta^.'es, and past the
ruined foundation of a long narrow building, are the remains
of a tower, on the top of which there is grassy footing, safe
enough for one to admire from it the magnificent view which
lies towards the north. The scene is one of great beauty, as
well as one of great histc/nc interest. The basin of water is
Louisbourg harbour, the long narrow building was Louis-
bourg theatre, the tower is all that exists of the King^s
Bastion, once the citadel of Louisbourg city.

By the Treaty of Utrecht, the islands of Cape Breton and
St. John alone remained to the French of Acadia. NichoUts
Denys was the last who had done anything for the improve-
ment of Cape Breton ; but the ruins of his enterprise were
alone to be seen : St. Anne's was again a wilderness, and St.
Peter's little better* The Island ot St. J(dm, now Princo

THE ORIGIN OP LOUISBOURO.

Edward Island, was still in the hands of the natives and one
or two French families. But after 1713, the French, dis-
satisfied with their fortunes around the Bay cf Fundy, and
driven from Newfoundland by order of the British authori-
ties, flocked in great numbers to the fertile spots near the
inletis, and bays, and streams of Cape Breton. The name of
Louisbounr then was English Harbour; and as it was easy
of access, was open at all seasons of the year, and commanded
a suitable site for a fort, the French governor from New-
foundland here took up his residence. For seven years the
tide of immigration continued to flow. Then the fortifica-
tions, on which the home government spent over a million
pounds sterling, were commenced ; and to the population of
fishermen and farmers were soon added bands of artisans,
from the labourer to the master-builder, all seeking employ-
ment on the trenches, the walls, and the massive bastions.
Even through New England, Louisbourg prospered by an
exchange of farm, produce and building material for French
imported goods, though the old feeling between the two
colonies still remained.

Nova Scotia, with its two forts, Canso and Annapolis,
could but feebly keep pace with such prosperity. England
was indifferent — France was all activity; and in this was
Paul Mascarene's chief vexation, when he saw his success in
pacifying the Acadians around him crushed by the intrigues
of Louisbourg and its governor, with the Indians and the
French adventurers who led them. In 1 732, an outbreak
among tne natives, by which property at Chiegnecto and
Minas was destroyed, gave rise to the suspicion that the
action had been advised by a secret conclave at Louisbourg ;
and this, with the fact that (Governor St. Ovide besought
the Acadians not to take the oath of allegiance, hastened
e?ents.

The prelude to the first siege of Louisbourg was an attempt
on Annapolis. In March, 1744, war was declared between
France and England, In May, Canso was despoiled by a
force under an officer from Louisbourg. In June, three
bandied Indians howled roond Annapolis, waiting the

SHIRLEY'S AMBITION,

arrival of a company of soldier? from Cape Breton. Mas-
carene sent for aid to Boston, and forced the savages, with
their leader, a French priest, to retire to Minas, where they
failed to join the French on their way to Annapolis. The
help from New England and the Louisbourg soldiers having
arrived about the same time, Duvivier, the French com-
mander, saw his mistake and retired ; and then the authori-
ties at Boston perceived that safety to Nova Scotia and the
commerce of their own coasts, could only be maintained by
the capture of Louisbourg.

William Shirley, a shrewdly active and determined ruler,
Vc' 3 Governor of Massachusetts in 1744. A feeling of indig-
nation had existed for a length of time in New England
against the growth of French influence in the north ; and
this feeling, now inflamed by newspaper articles and reports
shewing how Louisbourg could be attacked with success, and
by the great damage to shipping along the coast caused by
the French privateers, gave Shirley the opportunity he had
long and ardently desired. Relying on naval aid from
Britain, he laid before the Council of Boston a scheme for
raising a land force. It met with much diversity of opinion.
The first vote of the representatives decided against it, and a
second gave only a majority of one in it« favour. But this
was enough. The scruples of the council did not extend to
the people. Shirley's proposal was popular with the New
Englanders, and Shirley was determined to make It succeed.
In a few weeks four thousand men were ready for transport
to Canso — a battalion consisting, it is true, of the rawest of
recruits, farmers, mechanics, fishermen, and woodsmen, but
hardy and loyal, all pleased to serve under their zealous
commander, Colonel William Pepperell. The complement
to this force comprised fourteen vessels, cai'rying two hun-
dred guns.'

■ When the expedition was about to sail, Shirley received
news that brought great disappointment, but no delay.
Commodore Warren, stationed at the West Indies with an
English squadron, had been invited to co-operate with the
New England force, but refused, on the ground that he had

THB OPSNINa OF THB 8IB0K.

no instructions from London. The refusal was kept a secret,
9nd Pepperell set sail, unchanged in his purpose. ■ - <

He reached Canso safely with his troops in April, a]i4
there heard that a field of ice blocked up the entrance to
Xonisbourg harbour. The delay gave him more time to
drill his men, and to fortify his position as a place of retreat^
In the meantime, the fort at St. Peter's was destroyed; i^
prize, laden with rum and molasses, was captured by the
cruisers ; and a frigate carrying despatches from Paris was
driven to the north. When a mbnth had passed, the
harbour was clear of ice ; and, to the great joy of the camp,
Warren arrived at Canso with his squadron. One week
after, Pepperell had landed his troops on the beach of
Gabarus Bay, while Warren took up his station outside the
entrance to the fortified harbour.*

The evil to follow fell upon Louisbourg not without warn-
ing; but the warning was unheeded by Duchambon, its
unlucky governor. The cruisers sent to reconnoitre had
been seen from the heights, and a merchantman sailed into
port announcing his escape from their broadsides. But so
little did this move the inhabitants, that the revelry of n
Sunday ball had scarcely ceased, when the alarm roused the
garrison to see the English in crowds landing from their
transports at White Point Cove. Then there was com-
motion. The roaring of alarm-guns and the ringing of bells
brought all the inhabitants within the closed gates — a
confused mass, rushing through the narrow streets withf
excitement and misery in their faces. For months the
troops under Duchambon had been in a state of mutiny »
but their loyalty and personal bravery being awakened by

*To explain tho position of tlie fortifications without a map, a capital
letter G may be employed. Tlie area witliin is the harbour ; the opening
la its entrance. The bioclc diBtinguiahhig the latter from a 'C wastht
city : the point oppositn was the Lighthouse Battery ; and midway be-'
tween these two points, lying in the mouth of the harbour, was th« IsUad
Battery. Between the Island, and the Lighthouse Battery was the oluumel
—between the island and the city were a shoal of islets, rendering that
IMSsage unnavigable. Opposite ^he Island Battery, on the western beaoli^
WM tho Cfrand Battery; and half*way round on the beach, !:M)hree& ^h»
Chnind snd Lighthouse Batteries, stood a row of storehouses . . ^ i -ri vd

THE BOMBARDMENT OF THE CITT.

the necessity of the times, they returned to duty without a
ipurmur. A company was immediately sent to check thei
Sinding, only to be driven back to the city with a lo^.of si^,
men and their captain. Next day, four hundred liSngusH
appeared close to the walls, and moved round to the store-
Houses, which stood on the northern arm of the harbour.
These they set on fire. The burning of the naval stores in
them raised a dense smoke, which, encircling the Qrand
Battery, drove its gunners in terror to the city. The position
was seized by the English. They repaired- its thirty guns,
which had been hurriedly spiked by the French, and turned
their deadly fiire of shot and shell against the walls of the
town — the opening of a month's bombardment. Pale were
the faces of those who, on the street, saw the effect of the
first volley — the death of fourteen men.

Fepperell erected a chain of fascine batt-eries, one within
the other, and directed a destructive effort against the
fortifications extending from the shore of the harbour to the
King's Bastion. To drive the gunners from the nearest of
these batteries, Duchambon resolved to make a sortie from
the west gate, but, shewing a fatal distrust of his garrison,
he employed only a small force, and failed in his purpose;
Meanwhile the Indians, assisted by the French settlers
around, also attempted to harass the English from the
surrounding hills, only to suffer defeat, with great loss of life
and property. Then Commodore Warren, having captured
a vessel of sixty-four guns, laden with arms and the annual
supply of military stores from France, and having sent a
fire-ship to destroy the shipping at the wharfs, determined
to pass the Island Battery, which had been wei^ltcned by the
erection of a ruds fort on Lighthouse Point. His purpose
was to bombard the city from the harbour.

For the besieged there was now no hope of succour, no
gain in resistance. When Duchambon saw Warren's ships
anchored in line, facing the city, he called for a truce,
and then submitted to the terms of the besiegers. These
were, the surrender of the who^e isjand; the immediate
mmaS^ of the trooM to KngUeh sbipft f*>^ tEaoflpQrtatMM to

■(

THB FUTILE ATTEMPTS OP THE FRENCH.

France ; the safe conduct from the city of those who wished
to depart, with civil and religious liberty to those who
zemained. As a solace to the dispirited garrison, they were
allowed to march in arms out of the city with colours flying^
on condition that none of them would fight against England
for a year.

The besiegers entered in triumph, struck with the remains
of strength yet able to resist another month's siege ; after-
wards to hear of the rejoicings over their courage and its
work, in New England and Old England ; and to receive
their reward, Warren and Pepperell with baronetcies, the
other officers with promotion, iind the common soldiery with
a liberal share of prize money and rum. Sad to say, the
unlimited supply of liquors and provisions stained a brilliant
victory ; for hundreds, wild in their freedom, died of a fever
brought on by excess, during the month which passed before
a relief party arrived from Boston.

For some time after the surrender of the town, the French
flag continued to flutter from the ramparts as a decoy for
French vessels, which, ignorant of recent events, approached
the harbour. Three vessels, with nearly a million pounds
sterling, were captured by this stratagem.

The French raised two large fleets to recover Louisbourg.
The first, under the Duke D' Anville, was shattered at sea,
the remnant of it reaching Chedabucto, where the marines
were struck down by pestilence, and where the Admiral
died from vexation at his loss. The second fleet was inter-
cepted by a British force near Cape Finisterre, and driven
back.

The Acadians were now left to themselves, with some
assistance from Quebec. In 1746, a company from New
England took up a careless position at Grand Pr^, to assist
the governor at Annapolis in watching the moveiueiits of
the enemies. A surprise party fell upon them one night
while they were all asleep. Captain Noble tried to rouse
lo^ men, but being killed in the confusion of a hand-to-hand!
contest, nearly all were taken prisoners and sent to Beau-
iMBsin. .The negotiations for (he surrender of Annapolis

THE FUTILE ATTEMPTS OP THE FRENCH.

which followed were, however, cut short by the Treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle, when aflfairs were left as before the siege of
Louisbourg^Cape Breton to the French, Nova Sooti* to
England.

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CHAPTER III.

FOUNOINO OF HALIFAX— LAWBENOa

New Policy.
CornwalliB Qovemor.
Other Settlenients.

First Auemblj.

Imniigration.

Peace.

After the date of the Treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, a change
took place in Britain's Colonial policy: the expense of
defending a country in which there was only a handful of
British subjects, convinced British statesmen that some-
thing beyond the building or capturing of forts must be
done to make Nova Scotia an English colony in more than
name. Conquest without colonization had borne but bitter
iruit. Hence a scheme to encourage immigration readily
received the sanction of the British ministry. According to
this plan, colonists were to be conveyed from Britain ^ee of
expense, maintained for a year, and supplied with agricul-'
tural implements and weapons of defence against the
natives. Special privileges were to be granted to soldiers
who remained in the country as settlers : each to receive a
grant of land, from fifty to six hundred acres according
to rank, with exemption from tax«s for two years.

This had the desired effect. In June, 1749, nearly three
thousand immigrants arrived in Chedabucto harbour, under
the giiidance of the Honourable Edward Cornwallis, who
had been appointed their Reader through the influence of
Lord Halifax — a nobleman high in the counsels of his
sovereign. Then was repeated the story that another city
had been founded. The selection of the best site within the
beautiliil inlet, the surveying of streets, the distribution of
lots, and the erection of houses, rough, ill-jointed, and
scarcely sufficient to resist the rigours of a Nova Scotian
winter, engaged everybody's attention. The active governor,
encouraging all to a great effort, wus busy from morning till

KEW SETTLEMKNTa

»W' !

I^gtit, writing out orders (or the buildinjg material whic}|
qune in the ships. There was heart in the work^ Division
9^, labour under supervisors wroughtj wonders ; for when the
first snow. fell, the little town, with itp three hundred houses,
^M ready for its inhatbitants. . There was littl^ outcry
ajgainst th^ climate. The first winter is generally the least
fC^ye^jB on thejinunigrant; besides, all had fire- wood a stone's
^ow from their door. The completion of the governor's
residence, raised on the spot where now stands the building
of the Provincial Parliament, gave Cornwallis an opportunity
^ DHUie the place Halifax, in honoiu' of his and its patron ;
^d, amidst the ceremqny so interesting to its first citizens,
to declare it the capital of Nova Scotia. Colonel Mascarene,
t^us superseded, arrived from Annapolis, and joined the new
Council organized by his successor, ,
^,,, Cornwallis was governor for three years. The Indians
were a sore .distress to him and his colony. To watch them
i^pA their French abettors, he organized a militia force,
^prtified Halifax, and raised forts at the principal Acadian
f^ttlements. He administered the \a,\v by means of three
cpi^rts — the Supreme Court, consisting of himself and
Council-^the Cdiuity Court, comprising the Halifax Justices
r— and the Court of the General Sessions. His was the
jnuccess pf energy and courage. In the activity of three years
,he truly broke down the ruggedness of the path for his*
successors — Thomas Hopson and Major Lawrence. ., ,

Other settlements than Halifax soon sprang up, with little
t» mar their prosperity save the ill-will of the natives and
ipie jealousy of the Acadians. In 1750, a band of immigrants
Jaid off the streets of Dartmouth, and built on them its first
houses. In the following spring, two thousand Germans
came to Halifax at the invitation of the British government,;
but as they neither spoke English, npr knew much of Engli^^i
Ijiabits, a separate colony was selected for them at Malaga8|i
Bay, where they built the town of Lunenburg. Around
^eir settlement they threw a picket fence, and raised seye]pil
block-houses. Still they suffered much from the savages^
who were ever on the watch. With all their guns and vigi-

'i:

REPRESENTATIVE aOVBRNMENT.

lance they felt unsafe. Then some malcontents of their
number circulated the rumour that they had not received all
the supplies which the British government had sent f*^ their
support. The winter with its deep snow-drifts was on them,
and the gloom promoted discontent, which such a story easily
fanned into open disturbance. Soldiers were sent from
Halifax to seize the ringleaders. But their presence had less
effect on the sturdy German than the conciliatory measures
adopted by the keen sagacity of the governor. There waa
no serious outbreak ; and for their forbearance the inhabitants
were rewarded, when spring came, with an importation of
cattle and a new church.

Gove^'nor Lawrence, succeeding Hopson, who remained
in the province but a few months, was soon engaged in a
series of conflicts with the Acadians, which ended in their
expulsion. These events, with that of the fall of Louisbourg,
occupy the three subsequent chapters.

For some time Governor Lawrence resisted all attempts
to establish representative government, but, in 1758, receiv-
ing final orders from London, he was induced to call together
the first House of Assembly of Nova Scotia. This consisted
of twenty-two membei"s, — two from Lunenburg, four from
Halifax, and sixteen from the rest of the province, as one
constituency. In 1760, this was changed. Two members
were sent from the counties of Lunenburg, Halifax, Anna-
polis, and Kings ; two from the townships of Lunenburg,
Annapolis, Horton, Comwallis, Falmouth, and Liverpool;
and four from the township of Halifax. The members
received no pay : the first Speaker was Robert Saunderson.

This redistribution of seats was the outgrowth of Governor
Lawrence's immigration policy. The departure of the
Acadians left many farms vacant. Several new townships
had been surveyed, and to fill these with inhabitants, settlers
were invited from New England. Besides a land grant of
one hundred acres to each immigrant, with fifty to each of his
children, it was agreed that a township, when settled with
fifty families, should send two representatives to the House
of Aissembly. This brought large numbers from Boston,

t*-:

THE SUBJECTION OP THE INDIANS.

Bhode Island, and Plymouth, to live in the districts of Tmro,
Minas, Granville, Yarmouth, and Parrtown. A number ol
Irishmen likewise took advantage of these arrangements.

In the early part of Lawrence's rule, the Indians had made
havoc among the people of Dartmouth, seizing them while at
work in the woods, and bearing them off to their dens for
torture. Even Halifax, with its police and bands of soldiers,
was unequal to the task of saving the farmers on its outskirts
from their cruelty. At length, the savages lost their friends
the Acadians. Then the cunning Micniac chief, bedecked
in his best blanket, and surrounded with his sachems, ap-
peared before the governor, to subscribe to terms of pea,ce
and friendship. His humility was met half-way : the
hatchet was buried amid much ceremony and congratulation.
The French and their bribes of ammunition and provisions
were forgotten in the blandishments of the English and the
glitter of their presents : the province was again freed from
the terror of the scalping-knife.

Major Lawrence was one of the few governors of Nova
Scotia M ho died while in the exercise of power. Taking cold
while attending to his duty as host at a ball in Government
House, he fell a victim to congestion of the lungs, after a
week's illness. His grave, with the monument which crowns
it in St. Paul's churchyard, Halifax, forms the obelisk which
leads us to think of the turn in the tide of progress — ^the
inauguration of a better order of things for the Maritime
Provinces.

CHAPTEU IV.

, J ,, , ,, ^^ .

TEE TBOUBLES AT THE XSTHMUSL

Joneph D« Ijoutre 1 Fort Lnwrenca.

Tht;' Boundary Qnentlon. I Tlie Siege.

Fort B«au8(\jout . | De Loutre's Escape.

The story of Joseph De Loutre and his evil counsels with
the Acodians and Indians, is so intimately connected with
the narrative of events at the Isthmus of Chiegnecto, and
their subsequent effect, that for the study of the one we
must mention the other. Sent out from Franco as a
missionary, De Loutre was directed from Quebec to Nova
Scotia, to labour among the Acadian villages and the
wigwams of the natives. But, as much the politician as
it^e priest, he sometimes, in his zeal for France, over-
stepped the limits of his ecclesiastical duties, receiving
occasionally a reprimand for it from his superior in Canada.
iShortly before the siege of Louisbourg, he is seen, for the
PisX time, with a crowd of his dark converts, making an
tiupsuccessful attack on Annapolis. In the district around
Beaubaasin, where were his head-quarters, he did every-
thing to keep the Acadions from taking the oath &[
allegiance; while his distribution among the native chiefb
of fire-arms, ammunition, and presents, obtained secretly
from the French government, kept the whole province in
a state of alarm and excitement. To outwit and annoy the
English was his principal plan for doing good 1x) the French
oause and the Acadians. On the one hand, by building
churches, and assisting his own people to erect dykes,
and save meadow land from the sea; on the other, by
pirating English vessels, and sending crowds of stealthy
savages to outrage Halifax ; at one time, establishing com-
munication overland between St. John and Shediac ; at
another, intercepting despatches between Louisboarg and
Annapolis^ and rendering the roftd unsafe^ be gamed for

FOOT BlArSWOTTIl BUTLT. 67

himself il reputation of atrangely contradictory ^tevneiiia.
From 1737 to 1766 he was the greatest enemy to the
peace of Nova Scotia and its rulers.

As the boundary-line between the British and French
jpos8essioD8 remained undetermined for many years ajQber
1713, the French, by bringing settlers of their own country
and tongue across the bay of Fundy to St. John, seemed te
press a claim that the Isthnms of Chiegnecto was the natural
limit to the jurisdiction of the Nova Scotiun governors.
More than one French ruler, driven from Annapolis, had
Retired to the St. John, where, after inviting Acadians from
the opposite side of the bay to live under his protection, he
deemed himself again a satrap on French ground. But
as the Acadians at first had shewn towards Cornwallis a
friendly spirit, little attention was given to these move-
ments, until De Loutre, in the restlessness of his ambitioai
designs, induced La Come, the commander of a snudl
force from Quebec, to pass from Shediac to Bay Verte, and
erect a fort at the head of Beaubassin. This action was
all the more aggravating, as it occurred at a time when
commissioners were appointed to consider the boundary
difficulty, and in the face of an agreement signed by the > 1 1

French, forbidding the erection of a fort on the St. John^
or at any point on that side of the bay, until the com-
missioners had made their report. r . .^

Near the mouth of the little river Missiquash, now the
line of separation between the two border counties at the
Isthmus, lay the spot which, in 1775, became the scene of
conflict for a boundary to Nova Scotia. On the ridge to the
west of this stream, and east of the site on which Sackville
now stands, at an advantageous position specially selected
by the priest De Loutre, the French erected a small, but
strong pentagonal fort, with its five bastions and twenty-
guns oveiiooking the road which led across the little bridge
to the village of Beaubassin. This was Fort Bea/us^our,
It stood about two miles from the village, and, with, its
©utposta at the bridge and Bay Verte, formed the strong
guard of the eastern side of the Isthmus.

1 1

J LJ

FORT LAWRENCE.

To check this aggressive activity, Major Lav/rence waa
sent from Halifax with four hundred men. But as this
force was too small to drive the enemy from their ground,
he retired until reinforced. In the meanwhile the village
was deserted by its inhabitants, whom De Loutre had
frightened into this act by his peremptory orders to bum
their church and houses. On returning, the English passed
through the ruined village, and, a little to the north,
established a rude fort, in which to spend the winter. This
was Fort Lawrence. The country had previously been
inundated through the foolish behaviour of Lawrence's men,
who, in their ignorance, destroyed the dykes which formed
their only protection from the high tides of the bay.

But for De Loutre, and his power among the Indians to
encourage mischief, there might have been peace. As it
was, nothing was done until Vergor, in 1754, was sent
from Canada as commandant of Beausejour. At this
time there were about fifteen hundred people around its
neighbourhood.

In the following spring, Colonel Monckton, with two
thousand men from Boston, arrived at Fort Lawrence, sent
thither for the purpose of crushing out everything in the
form of French military power. The contest for the
Isthmus then began in earnest. By the advice and influence
of De Loutre, Vergor called in the Acadians able to bear
arms, from Minas, Shepody, and Petitcodiac. These, as
volunteers, were stationed at the bridge over the Missiquash.
But as an outpost they were worse than useless; for,
easily defeated by the English, they retreated to the fort,
bearing their terror with them. When the bridge was
taken the English passed across, and took up a com-
manding position a mile north of Beausejour, and on the
same ridge. For four days the batteries roared on both
sides. Vergor held his ground valiantly, and poured a
steady fire upon the besiegers from the comers of his
pentagon fortress. On his part there was no desire to
submit. But terror seized the evil counsellor, De Loutre,
when he saw a lai^e shell burst inside the fort with

TII£ ESCAPE or DE LOUTRB. PV

dftma^e to the principal building, and death to two officera
and a soldier. A proposal to capitulate was discussed
by the officers. They voted for a continuance of the siege.
But the report that the Governor of Louiubourg was unabld
to send assistance, spread through the garrison, and led
to the desertion of some, and the outcry of others. The
commandant was forced to surrender. The terms offered
by the besiegers ere honourable ; the soldiers of the
garrison were to be allowed to depart to Louisbourg, oa
giving a promise not to bear arms against England or her
colonies for six months. Fort Beausejour became Fort
Cumberland.

De Loutre, in disguise, escaped over the ramparts while
the negotiations for peace were pending, and prococdod to
the St. John. On the approach of the i'^ngiish to the place
of his retreat, and its subscujuent desertion by his country-
men, he went to Quebec, where, chagrined at tiie plainly
expressed displeasure of the Archbisliop, he took ship for
his native country. On the way, his vessel was captured
by a British craiser and takjn to England, when, being
recognised as a public offender, he was sent a prisoner for
eight years to Jersey, one of the (Jhannel Islands.

But more remarkable events than this grew out of the
struggle at Beaubassin and the Isthmus, in the enforced
exile of the Acadians, and the overthrow of French power
in Cape Breton.

CHAPTER V.

I? I

TEE EXPULSION OF THE AGADIAN&

Orend Pri
Colonel Winslov/.

The Orders.
DeHtruction and Exile.

\7hen Governor Cornwallis established his government
at Halifax, deputies from the various Acadian districts
appeared before him, to learn how far their interests were
to be studied under the new regime. The principal of
these districts were three in number, situated respectively
at the Isthmus, along the Annapolis Elver, and to the
south of Minas Basin. The last, with its * beautiful village
of Grand Pr^,' was by far the most important in point of
population and agricultural progress. Here patience, and
industry, and fa-nily peace, combined with primitive tastes
and pastimes, made up an eclogue in real life, to be
reproduced by Raynal in his prose, and Longfellow in his
verse. This was Evangeline's birthplace. Here the forest
primeval stood protecting the long line of farms by the
shore with their meadows, and dykes, and marshes ; and
there it encircled the village, with its church, its school,
and smithy, the centre of a throng on Sundays and market
days, to bow the head in solemn worship, or to ease the
heart in harmless gossip. Here there was loyalt" to France,
stubborn, yet not oppressive — a loyalty which might hav5»
been endured, had not the demo of political intrigue urged
it to resist the power that sougut the common good. The
oath of allegiance was the stumbling-block to these simple
Acadian farmers. It was natural for men who had fought
for France to think it cowardice for them to renounce
French rule. But before the trouble at the Isthmus arose,
death had removed many of the pioneers. The thought
hffd become only a silly prejudice. At firat they refused
to »ake the oath ia any form; but this, Paul Mascarene^

THK ARRIVAL OP COLONEL WIN9L0W.

in his amiable policy, toned down to nominal submissioiL
Th'^n they demanded from Cornwallis the privilege of sub-
sciiding to a special oath, exempting them from the duty of
t>earing arms in Britain's wara. This was beyond his
power to grant. His instructions wer** to treat them in aU
respects as British subjects, when the^' i • ' sworn allegiance
yx the usual manner. Then they sued for liberty to sell
their lands, with the prospect of leaving the country. This,
viewed as an empty threat, was refused. But by this
time De Loutre was at work. The spirit of revenge was
abroad. The farmer left his plough, and the shepherd his
herds, to clean the locks of their muskets, either to be
used by themselves, or by the Indians sent to scalp the
inhabitants of an English settlement. Outrage followed
outrage until the evil concentrated at Beausejour. It
became evident to Governor Lawrence, at Halifax, that to
maintain peace in Nova Scotia the Acadians must be
expelled. Twice they hud the opportunity to submit, after
the reduction of the force at the Isthmus; twice the
deputies rejected the terms, refusing to take the oath
themselves, though little thinking how soon their stubborn
conduct would involve hundreds of innocent women and
children in misery and want. The eclogue of Grand Pr6
was near its end.

When the troops from Boston arrived in the Bay of
Fundy, one section, by far the larger, went to Fort
Lawrence, under Colonel Moncktbn ; another to !Minas,
under Colonel Winslow. Major Handfield was in command
at Annapolis. To these three Governor Lawrence sent
his instructions, revealing a plan for the removal of all
Acadian families to the neighbouring colonies, and for the
desolation of their homes. Winslow's task was the
bitterest. Those v lived round Cumberland acid An-
napolis were warned x.i the misfortune, and fle(i tc* the
woods. At Grand P'*^ all was peace when the order
came. The harvest was yellow in the fields, and a number
of busy sickles were cutting it 'town, a number of' busy
bandfl Garryin2 i** into the bams, when notice was ciVeou

72 THE DESIGN REVEALED.

by written circular, that all the inhabitants of Minas were
required to attend a meeting in the church at Grand Pr6,
there to hear what Colonel Winslow had to say to them
about their allegiance. Nearly two thousand people
assembled, for the subject was one of interest.

Winslow, in a prepared speech, announced his orders, so
cruel to them in their bald justice, so full of future
anguish to them and theirs. They were told that their
lands, tenements, and live stock, being forfeited to the
Crown of England, they were about to be removed to other
lands in the vessels which lay at anchor in the channel.
In their amazement they barely understood the meaning
of this. Then Winslow said that, in the spirit of that
leniency which Britain had always shewn to them, whole
families would be pei-mitted to leave in the same ship,
taking with them money, valuables, and, if they chose, a
convenient quantity of household furniture. This clemency
was to them but the bitterness of a woful reality ; and
when the soldiers under Winslow's command crowded round
them in the exercise of their duty, their hearts died within
them at the fate staring them in the face. A few who had
kept back from the meeting escaped to the forest, to look
on and bemoan the destruction which laid waste 'those
pleasant farms, of which nought now but tradition remains.'
Houses, barns, hay, and grain were all consumed, and the
cattle removed to the English settlements. No wonder
both men and women wept, when, from the decks of the
ships that bore them to exile, they saw the smoke and ruin
of many years' toil !

During the autumn the work of expulsion and demolition
went on. Over seven thousand in all were removed froLa
the little settlements scattered over the province. A thou-
sand werS sent to Boston, where, in their destitution, they
became paupers on the state. Five hundred were left in
Pennsylvania, where their poverty made them slaves. As
many more reached Georgia, from which their sufferings
sent them back to Boston, thinking to return to Nova
Scotia. All over the New England colonies the same hard-

THE LANDS OF THEIR EXILE. 73

ships were endured, the same desire for return expressed.
But Governor Lawrence, though he knew that many
innocent suffered with the guilty, refused to allow them
again a foot-hold in his province. A dread of further strife
blinded his mercy. A large number of them settled on the
St John, and along the bays and rivers of the Gulf coast
Some passed across to the island of St. John, and prospered
for a time on its fertile soil. Six hundred were afterwards
removed from New York to the West Indies, where the
climate and pestilence left only a remnant to find their way
to the low lands near the mouth of the Mississippi. Al-
together the distress, the toil, the poverty of these exiles
left a stain on the colonial policy, which, as Haliburton says,
however some may attempt to justify, all good men have
agreed to condemn. The reproach against such heartlessness
was bitter, and undoubtedly had much to du with the
course of events which led to the fall of Louisbourg:
the heartlessness was further aggravated by silly revenge,
when even those who had retired to St. John Island and
the north-west, were driven, from their retreat by the con-
querors of Cape Breton.

The last action against the Acadians was taken in 1 762,
when the government at Halifax, alarmed at the approach
of several French war-ships to Newfoundland, and fearing
a revolt, sent one hundred and thirty of them to Massa-
chusetts. There shelter was denied them : they were forced
to return and take up their abode in the township of Clare.

The prosperity of Nova Scotia now advanced with its
years. The government assisted the English to rebuild the
dykes, and repair the farms of the exiles. Shipbuilding
began at Liverpool. A succession of governors after Colonel
Lawrence — Belcher, WUmot, Lord Campbell, Legge, and
Parr — followed the train of progress. When Cape Breton,
and the country adjoining the river St. John, wei^e marked
oflf as counties in 17t5, the population of the whole province
was nearly twenty thousand, including about three thousand
Fj^ch and Indians.

CHAPTER VI.

'1ti

THE DESTaUOTION OP LOUISBOUK(J.

PrOgTCBS.

A Month's Work

Holborne's Timidity.

Hurrendtir.

Wolfe Lands.

Ruin.

The British had held Louisbourg for three years — yeais
spent in idleness and indifference to the improvement of the
island — when the negotiations at Aix-la-Chapelle came tp
an end in 1748. During that time the rumours of the
movements of the French, who threatened to retake the
place, (first by D'Anville's fleet, and afterwards by a squad-
ron which was destroyed oflT the coast of Spain,) kept the
garrison in a state of anxiety. Commodore Knowles had
been appointed governor; but his unpopularity with the
soldiers occasioned petty troubles, which prevented him
from attending to any but military affairs. The policy
which founded Halifax had not yet been developed in
Cape Breton. r . '

For the eight years after this treaty, during which Cape
Breton was held by the French — much to the chagrin of
the New Englanders, who had fought so bravely for it and
its capital — great progress was made. The population
increased, trade prospered, and small settlements, for the
first time, began to peep out from the forest near the Bras
d'Or, and along the coasts. Sydney, St. Peter's, and
Arichat, as fishing stations, gave employment to thousands

' of men ; while Louisbourg, as protector of the whole island,

added to its strength by a new line of forts along Gabanxs
Bay, and by a large garrison from France. In 1756, wheiii
war was again declared between France and England, theti^

!l were nearly ten thousand men able to bear arms in the

{jij capital alone; a fact, which, when made known to the

British and New England troops assembled at Halifax,
{ktBTented their commanderi Admiral Holborne, from piott-

i ■ .w ;-.

THE LANDING OF WOLFK's DIVISION.

cuting a siege. Twice he passed the mouth of the harbonr
with his fleet of twenty ships, until, overtaken by a
storm, he was driven back to England, with some of his
vessels shattered. Before leaving, he made the report that
eleven ships of war were within the harbour, all lying ready
to protect the stronghold.

These timid attempts were but the premonition of a
greater, which, in the second capture of Louisbourg, paved
the way for its final demolition.

On the second of June, 1758, a fleet of one hundred an4
fifty vessels, and an army of fourteen thousand regular
troops, arrived at Gabarus Bay; the one commanded by
Admiral Boscawen, the other by General Amherst. Second
in command, and holding equal positions, were Generals
Wolfe, Whitmore, and Ijawrence, each in charge \)t a
brigade, by the special appointment of William Pitt, Prime
Minister of England, who was anxious for the success of
the expedition.

The danger of landing, increased at this time by the fire
from a line of redoubts on the shore, and the surf of a nine
days' storm, was overcome through a mistaken order.
General Wolfe, whose after fiite shed glory on the Plains
of Abraham, was the first to move his division in boats
towards a creek called Freshwater Cove ; but seeing the
great breakers dashing thenlselves on the rugged beach,
and anxious to save his men for better weather, he ordered
a retreat. In the confusion, the men in the leading boats
thought they were ordered to advance, and pushing their
Alleys under a rocky ledge lefi undefended by the enemy,
they leaped into the surf, and clambered up the cliff, to be
followed by Wolfe, when he sa# them safe on the high
shore. Then the division formed, drove the French from
their redoubts to the gates of the city, and seized the^r ^iins
and ammunition, losing, howevei', fifty men kille'"' nd as
many wounded. The firing from the city walls shewed
General Amherst where to fix his camp beyond the ittngt

4)ftheguns. .■;''■'"' ':'' ' '" '■'"■'■■' ■■"■' ''' \ • ''^ o;f

Tl^e plan of action, on the port of the English, was one

76 THE SURRENDER OP THIS CITY.

throughout — to guard the entrance of the harbour with
the ships, i\nd to form a ring of small batteries, drawing
nearer and nearer to the city as the siege continued. For
two months Louisbourg writhed in this stmngling process.

General Wolfe, with two thousand men, took up a posi-
tion at the Lighthouse Point, and there setting up a strong
battery, soon .silenced the French guns on the island.
Then he passed round to the southern arm of the harbour,
whence he drove a large body of French back to the ram-
parts, and where he erected another battery, which proved
very destructive to the houses and shipping. A slight
advantage was gained by the besieged when attacking one
of tnll English posts ; but this was nothing to the disasters
which afterwards fell upon them.

While the death-^^-ip of the circle of English forts was
tightening round the centre of the French resources, the
fleet outside, ever on the watch, captured two of the ships.
This loss, with three that were burned, two that escaped
under cover of a fog and sank off the island, left the city
ill-protected on that side. The gloom of despair hung over
the town. Governor Drucour offered to capitulate; but
the English refused terms which reserved to his garrison
&n honourable retreat, and threatened a ruinous attack by
land and sea. The Frenchman, in his courage., turned to
his guns to answer the threat, when a petition from the
citizens was presented, beseeching him to surrender, and
thereby save the shedding of more blood. This he did on
the twenty-sixth of July, 1758, and by his action gave to
Britain the possession of Cape Breton, five thousand
prisoners of w^ar, nearly three hundred pieces of ordnance,
and a large quantity of naval and military stores.

The arrival of the news in England that Louisbourg was
taken, was greeted with every demonstration of joy. The
event was looked upon as one of the most important during
the war. On the Sunday after the news arrived, a form of
prayer and thanksgiving was read in all the churches in
London. The mayor presented an address to the king,
congratulating him on the event. Amherst and Boscawea

THE DESTBUCTION OF THE CITT.

were publicly thanked by the House of Commons, and Wolfe
was promoted to the rank of Major-General.

The ruin of Jerusalem, after the siege of Titus, was also
that of Louisbourg after 1758. The British, fearing that it
might again become an instrument in the hands of France
to injure American commerce, ordered it to be razed to the
ground. Passing across the loamy moss of the little grave-
yard at the inner base of Point Rochfort, with here and
there a human bone, the splinter of a wooden cross, or a
rough stone looking through the dark soil, what heart will
fail to think tenderly of those who lie there, so hurriedly
buried in the hour of misfortune or triumph, so strangely
foreshadowing, by the mingling of their dust, the p^aoe
which now prevails between French and English in Acadift
united to Canada 1

CHAPTER VII.

AOADIA BEYOND THE ISTHMITa

m<,

St. John Island.
First Trade.
Lord RoUo.
Townships.
Bay Chalcur.

Mirrimichi. ' :M
VVolfe'B Duty.
Monckton at St. John.
Admiral Wallcer.
ati Julin's Retaken.

Immbdiatelt after the surrender of Louisbourg, General
Amherst) in preparing for the siege of Quebec, despatched
three separate detachments of his array to subdue the
districts around Nova Scotia, which the French still claimed
as their own. The history of these districts — St. John
Island, Miramichi, and St. John River — now demands
attention.

The discovery of the Island of St. John, involved as
it is in uncertainty, gave rise to many disputes between the
French and English in their treaty-making. Some said it
had been discovered by Cabot ; others, that the Florentine,
Verazzani was the first to set foot on it, and Champlain the
first to give it its name. One thing is certain, that nothing
was done to make it a place of permanent residence for
Europeans, until Sieur Doublet, a French naval officer,
received a grant of it in 1663. Under his direction, a
number of fishermen raised huts for their winter quarters at
various points on the coast, expecting to draw a livelihood
from the gulf fisheries. These were further increased by
several families, who, dissatisfied with English rule on the
peninsula of Nova Scotia, were glad to turn to the cultiva-
tion of a soil which, from its red colour, appeared to be
fertile. The expulsion of the Acadians from Nova Scotia
also added hundreds to the population of the island.

The profitable market for cattle and corn, at the garrison
towns of Quebec and Louisbourg, was the making of the
island as a farming centre. When Pepperell laid violent
hands on the capital of Gape Bretop the eight hundred

POBT LB JOI£ TAKEN BY LORD ROLLa

settlers on St. John felt the change very keenly, for it coat
them half their profits ; but as they were left undisturbed
on their farms, and had only to wait a few years until Cape
Breton was restored to the French, they did not suffer much
from the turn of tiade. Till 1758, progress continued i^ a
steady pace. On the nit)re fertile spots the farmers strove
hard to grow rich ; and where these were joined by the busy
fiehermen, a hamlet with its little church was sure sooi^
to rise. The island was ruled by the Governor of Port
Le Joie, (near the site of Charlottetown,) where, with
his band of sixty men and Indian allies, he kept the
iSnglish at a safe distance, secretly inviting the co-openu-
tion of the French desperadoes, and others obnoxious to
the English government.

When Louisbourg fell a second time into English hands,
Ix)rd RoUo was commissioned by General Amherst to invade
the Island of St. John with a body of men, comprising
one whole regiment and part of another. There he found
over four thousand inhabitants, with evident marks of
their industry in the large flocks of sheep and oxen, and
in their well-filled bams. The people made little or no
resistance. Port Le Joie became an easy prey to the
English. In the governor's house Lord Rollo saw hung
^jound the walls long rows of scalps, which, he was told,
were the trophies of Indians in their ravages among the
English of Nova Scotia. This was made part of the excuse
for destroying the fortifications.

The capture of Port Le Joie placed the whole island at
the disposal of the English, though without a population ;
for cirowds of the inhabitants, detesting English masters,
or fearing expulsion, hurried from their farms, and passed
across to the lands near Gasp4 and the mouth of the St.
Lawrence. Only one hundred and fifty people were on the
island when it wa.s annexed, along with Cape Breton, to
the government of Nova Scotia in 1763. r »

, Colonel Wilmot was governor of Nova Scotia when thft
order for this annexation was made. Before issuing any
land grants, he employed Captain Holland to undertake a

BITTLBMENTS AT NBPISIOUIT AND MIRAMICHI.

survey of the Uland. Then the Earl of Egmont petitioned
the king for a grant of the whole, with the intention of
cutting it up into districts as feudal baronies. Both plan
and petition were rejected. Other schemes for its settle-
ment suffered the same fate. At last, in 1767, after several
lots had been reserved for officers and others having a claim
upon the government, the partition into sixty-seven town-
ships of twenty thousand acres each was ordered by the
king ; with the provision, that those who were fortunate in
gaining one of these by lottery, should place a certain
number of settlers within its bounds before the end of
ten years. This was the origin of an absentee ownership
and quit rents, which have caused so much trouble to
the colony.

Along the shores of Bay Chaleur a number of French
villages had their origin in the misfortune of Nicholas Denys,
who, when driven from Cape Breton through the influence of
his rival and enemy, La Giraudiere, placed his chief station
at the mouth of the Nepisiguit. This, as he himself says,
was fortified by four bastions and six guns ; and here, in
retirement, he spent much of his time in cultivating his
vegetable garden and orchard of apples and pears. The
excellent fisliing to be found off Miscou and Caraquet
induced others to settle near his fort; while his son Richard
explored farther to the south, entered the Miramichi River,
and obtaining a grant of fifteen leagues square from the
Governor of Quebec, encouraged others of his countrymen
to take up their abode in that district. Like the settle-
ments on St. John Island, these on the Miramichi and
Bay Chaleur were enlarged by the arrival of Acadiana
firom Nova Scotia.

The principal settlement on the Miramichi, at this time,
was situated at the confluence of the two itiain branches of
the river. At that point, a village of two hundred houses
had grown up under the fostering care of a Frenchman
called Pierre Beaubair, who had also built a battery of six-
teen guns at French Fort Cove, farther down the river.
For a time the place seems to have been prosperous ; but a

COLONEL MONCKTON AT ST. JOHN.

«1

bad harvest, in 1757, reduced the colony to a state of star-
vation. This wa.s followed by a pestilence, which swept off
eight hundred of the inhabitiints, among whom was Beaubair
himself. About a year afterwards, the news came that
Louisbourg had been taken by the English.

To destroy all these phices, and to disperse or carry
away their inhabitants, was a duty laid upon General Wolfe,
before he prepared to pass with his three regiments to
Quebec. It was an ignoble path towards a glorious fate.
St^ddenly but reluctantly was the task accomplished. Stores
of fish and provisions were taken or destroyed. The people
were driven to the woods, and the torch applied to their
dwellings. As Wolfe, in his report, said, they did a great
deal of mischief, spread the terror of the king's arms, but
^ added nothing to their reputation.

Several months after the capture of Quebec, the French
made an attempt to succour Montreal. The relief ships,
however, on account of the proximity of a British squadron,
were compelled to take shelter in the Bay Chaleur; but
even there they were not safe from the attack of Captain
Byron, who had been sent from Louisbourg with five shipa
to watch the movements of the French. Byron's first effort
was to silence the two protecting batteries on land. Thia
done, he attacked the French ships. The struggle was &
gallant one, nor did it end until the French admiral had
been killed. Then Byron sailed up the river, and destroyed
the village and battery at Petite Rochelle, and other places
along the shore, thus fulfilling his mission, and by doing so,
bringing the war between France and England for possession
of Canada to an end.

After the siege of Beausejour, the French retreated to the
St. John River, where, under the supervision of Boisher-
bert, they repaired the fort at the mouth of the river, and
established themselves on farms as far as St. Ann's. Their
presence, so near, was full of danger to Nova Scotia ; and
what Wolfe did with the settlements on the Bay Chaleur,
Colonel Monckton was ordered to do on the Bay of Fundy.
With two regiments he sailed to the mouth of the river.

' I

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.fl,* . COLONFL MONCKTON AT ST. JOHN. *

wfien he found th^t all the inhabitants, advised of 1^
approach, had escaped to the forest, or shut themselves up
in Fort Latour. The place was taken by assault at the
expense of forty lives. Some tried to escape in boats across
the harbour, but were swamped by the shot from the
invaders' guns. Three hundred men were taken prisoners.
, With the intent to make here a permanent station for the
IBng^hy Monckton repaired the fortifications, and proceeded
to build barracks for three hundred men. He gave it its
new name. Fort Frederick. On the heights opposite stood
the block-house, which rose as an outlook for the whole
harbour, and a check to the Indians and French raiders an
that' side. Colonel Arbuthnot was left iii charge. Six years
after, the English sought shelter here, when White,*
$imonds, and Peabody, in their courage as pioneers, paved
the way for the coming of the Loyalists. , ['[^._', ^,^ , yl^,,/-'
^ IVQwfoundland, though never considered as a part of
Acadia in the treaties between France and England, was
fpr many years after the Treaty of Utrecht, nominally under
the government of Nova Scotia. Previous to thij, the
French at Placentia, having received assistance from the
Governor of Quebec, spread themselves over the island, and
ruled as owners of all the forts and settlements save Car-
bonear. Two admirals had been charged to dislodge them
frotn their stronghold of PLacentia ; the last of whom (like
Caligula when he subdued Britiiin by looking at it from
Gaul) ventxired no farther than Spanish Buy, where he tied
a rough board to a tree, bearing the Latin report of a
bloodless conqaest, won over enemies he nev?r saw. The
wits of London did not sufifer such silly conduct to escape
i^npunished ; for weeks the nan^e of Admiral Walker was
U)e object of a nation's mirth, and jliis deeds among the
li'rench of America the subject of squibs in verse and prose.
Inhere- was no time for another effort to be ipade to wipe ou%
thi^ d^gnice, for, in 17\3, Newfoundland was given back to

^}^^ \:jy^^ :^is-j\' . ■ , ,'t

In 1728 Captain Osborne became the first Governor of

Newfoundland. The long reign of ih^- fishing admiraU bsd

• **

l/BAOBBOannLUi DBTTBV WWU flV. JOSOI^ A

beep brought to a close, though not without upposition. The
more the island prospered^ the less w^re the traders^ profits ;
and, of course, these, in their selfishness, regarded any plan
to improve the colony as an iniquity. But this did not
prevent the new governor from dividing the island into
districts for an increase by immigration, or from organizing
another system of government. ,

A fifty years' peace led the islanders to forget the neoee-
iiities of defence. In 1761 they had only one vessel, an
armed merchantman, to guard the approach to St. John's.
The forts of that place hod been allowed to decay in the
hands of a very small garrison. In 1762 Count L'Hausson*
ville tbok advantage of tins neglect, when fie entered the
harbour, aid captured the, city ^ter an easy siege. Bj
repairing th« fortifications and expending money on barracki^
he shewed to the citizens of St. John's that his was not a
chance visit. Governor Graves sent for aid to HalifGo:*
That city had already been warned of the Frenchman's
arrival ; and, in alarm, partly needless, had sent news of the
invasion to General Amherst, who was then in Canada.
Troops were immediately despatched from Quebec to join
Lord Colville's fleet lying in Halifax harbour. On arriving
at St. John's the soldiers drove the French to their ships.
The merchants for a moment awoke from their dream of
one-sided gain, and granted supplies. All the inhabitants,
moved by this patriotism, stood together as one man, an4 by
their united action won back Newfoundland, though, much
to their regret, the French escaped the vigilance of Lord ^
Colville, whose ships lay outside the harbour. Next year,
the Treaty of Paris restored peace to all the colonies ia
British AmeiicAi

Tni ACADIAV BKtTLEMMJm.

COMDITIOH OF THB COUNTBT DUBINa THl 81C0RO

PERIOD.

Im the report which P&al Ifaecarene wrote for the British Board of
Trade, special mention is made of the settlements on or near the Baj
•f Fnndjr. The appearance of old Annapolis with its dyked farm^
rich without inanurA— with its flne meadows, its fields of wheat, rye.
and oats, and its tidy kitchen gardens— with its garrison life, rendered
bearable by the merry social gatherings of its three hundred families,
makOfi up a picture which, with a little romance to heighten its colour,
night rival the pleasant imagery of Longfellow, that so often stirs up
compassion for the unfortunates of Orand Pr6. Along the river little had
been done to dig the wealth from the rich deposits, which, with tho
industry of a later period, has made the whole valley a garden. Indeed,
the Acadians of Annapolis River, by spending much of their time in
fituitless skirmishes with their English neighbours, were seldom beyond
the risk of starvation. At Chiegneoto there were both enterprise and
wealth— enterprise in the building of expensive aboideaux on the rivers,
and in the large exports of hay, oats, and cattle to Louisbourg— wealth
in the coal mines and the laige tracts of meadow land. At the head of
Cobequid Bay, a little community of fifty families farmed and fished, and
there hid for a season from the order to take the English oath of allegiance.
At Oanso fortune worked by lottery : there wealth was as easily lost aa
made; a good season in the cod- fishing, then as now, made the fishemaa
foiget his sorrows ; a bad one wrought for him ruin and bondage. There
are two sides to the story of Acadian prosperity and innocence, as it waa
witnessed around the Basin of Minas. The frugality and comfort of
these simple-hearted farmers, their large flocks of sheep and oxen roaming
<yv%r the well-cultivated farms, their fruitful crops raised by the hard hand
of industry, their neat dwellings, but above all, their piety and simple
manners, their benevolence and uprightness, give life and interest to tha
chapter over which we love to ponder. Those who writd of them as idlers,
quarrelsome, living in the squalid misery of wretched wooden structures,
yet hoarding up gold fnr its own sake, undertake a mighty task in trying
to overturn the prejudice of the world's readers. They were not all saints
because they were all exiled; neither were they all bad because they
refased to take an oath they abhorred. Their punishment was the effect
of stubbornness, not of crime.

The story of Louisboorg's trade and wealth, in its palmy days. Is
still the cause of regret for its destruction. It was built for the protectioa
€f the fisheries, and though the expense of its fortiflcationa was great, tha
revenue from the fish trade made it a profitable outlay. With the West
Indies and New England there was, for many yean, a considerable traffic;
from the former came, in return for fish, sugar, tobacco, coffee; from tha
latter, fknit, vegetables, oats, shingles, and bricks. It was also the centra
of commerce between Enrope and Canada, the fan of the St. Lawrenca
fllNatqr btfng there ezehanged for the mannfSMStnred goods of England aad

TBB BRITISH SBTTLEMSmM. 85

Prance. Itt goT«nunent wu purely milituy, with the goveinor at the head
of the Supreme Ck>art, which tried aoldien and citizens alike. There was also
an Admiralty Court iTor the prerention of smuggling, as well as an Inferior
Court for the punishment of minor offences reported by the police. The
religion of the colony was regulated by missionaries from Quebec. Thek*
were hospitals under the care of six friars, schools under the superintend^
enoe of nuns. There were handsome buildings, busy streets, markets and
wharfii on which the merchaut Jostled the Idling soldier, and drove a hard
t>argain with the poor fisherman. Long lines of storehouses, holding th*
wealth of the fishing season, or its profits in European goods, stood within
and without the walls ; and qt all this only a few monnds of rubbish remaia
Within the line of its glacis and ditch.

Ibe English immigrants, who came to take up the (knns of the Acadian*
at Mlnas, were spread through the three new townships of Horton, Comr
wallis, at '. Falmouth. These were brought within the reach of Halifax In
a day's Journey, by the good carriage road which the troops made. With
the help of some Acadians the dykes were repaired, and, in a short time, a
supply of com and hay enough for self-support was raised. Many of titte
new settlers brought with them a little money ; those who were poor
received aid from the governor. Tlie township of Liverpool was the most
rapid in growth. At the time of Belcher's report to the Board of Tr&de, its
people had raised large quantities of hay, roots, and vegetables, had erected
a saw mill and one to grind com, and were engaged in building vessels for
the fishiug, in which they hiid already sixteen schooners employed.
Annapolis, Granville, Chester, and Dul>lin, in English hands, were then
LtijiQuiug a new and cheering career of progress.

On the St> John Biver, French enterprise grouped itself round tlis
three principal forts, Latour, Jemseg, and Nashwaak. There, very littlo
time was devoted to agriculture : around them were a ^w acres producing
vegetables and a small quantity of oats. The settlement of the marsh-lands
around Cumberland and Sackville, by English from Boston, led others to
the mouth of the St. John, and up its banks as far as Maagerville. But
even there the fisheries and the fur-trade were the chief attraction.

Hie early colonization of Newfoundland was a struggle between
selfishness and progress. Its population comprised two classes— tho
permanent settlers, and the fishing traders. The latter had no person*!
Interest in the intemal improvement of the island, and hence scorned the
idea of any form of constitutional rule : they were content, aa long as thaf
IKMsessed a free fishing privilege and a spot on the beach for drying their
fish, or preparing the oil from the seaL After Kirke's time, criminals were|
sent to England for trial. Then extraordinary powers were given to the
fishing ouimirala. The first captain who entered a harbour was the umpiM
of all complaints in that district for the year; the second was vice-admiral i
and the third, rear-admiral. These three men gave final decisions In all
disputes between the eolonists and the fish-merchants. In vain the former
groaned undet their partiality and injustice. When they petitlohed ftnr #
governor, the merchants, in their strength, crushed the movement. Even
in England a law was passed dissuading emigrants from going to Newfoand>
land. Still, the population Increased; sailors who came as flslicrmen

HOTBS AMD BXFLAKATI0V8.

rMiMiiiad U Mttlen for the next year's flihlng, and flnallf bought ft pteM
of land and built a hoaite for their winter's rest At length brighter daya
oame. Lord Beauolerk, the oommander of a naval force whieh apent a
Mason near the island, saw all the evils of admiral-role. On his return to
Bagland he advised the appointment of a governor in the person of Benry
Psbomie. There were then eight thousand people on the island, wit&
nearly a« many more who spent the summer months only.

BIOOBAPHICAL NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.

Sir William Fhips was bom in bumble circumstatodea at ihe English
station of Pemaquid, 1651. He was raised to affluence by recovaring.a
large treasure from a ship, which had been destroyed near San Domingo.
When in England he was knighted, and aent back to make an unsuccessful
Mlack on Quebec. In the latter yeara of his lifk he held the governorship
dfMassachusettM.'- ''-• ■ ' *'>'^ '*"t^ -. .u u«v..tH ■ . .1

'Baron St< Oaatine was a Prehnu nobleman, who came to Canada in
I60h, .with a regiment of soldiers. Making a settlement for himself at
Petiobscot, he mailried a daughter of the chief of the Abenaquis tribe; and
by a distribution of presents among his dark relations and friends, he won
^Seir hearts, and used them in war fdr his own purpose. ' Much of the
Wealth which he gained from the fUr-trade he employed in organizing raids
against the English. '

JPranois II'ioholBOn. bom in New England, was successively Governor
of New York, Virginia, and Maryland, with the rank of colonel. After his
•lege of Port Royal, he went to England, urging the English government to
equip a fl 'et for the invasion of Canada. Divaftter in the Gulf of St LaW'
rence drove this fleet back to Cape Breton, to the lasting disgrace of
Admiral Walker, who was first in conimaii<l Nicholson encaped the odium
of this failure, and was appointed governor of Nova Scotia.

Paul Masoarftne was a Frenchman by birth, l^ls father being a
iQCnguenot, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes drove the family to Geneva,
whence young Mascarene departed to England, to be naturalized and
appointed to a lieutenancy in the divisi )n of troops sent to Nova Suotia.
He was successively member of the Provincial Council, colonel in military
fank, and governor. After the arrival of ComwaUis, he retired to Boatan,
where he died in 1760. ^ ? '. " i' « = t^ i, ..-:►:»

'WiHirttn SHirley ^as an lingllsh lair]r(^,'wiio Went ^ lOfeWBiigianA
in 1738. Eight years after, he became Governor of Massachusetts, and
io(NK i prominent part in the selge of Port Kiag&^ By him was first
l^Unned the expedition against Louikboni^g. He was employed as a member
of the cothmlssion appointed to determine the boundary line. Died In 1771.

^'fttr Willmm Fapperall^ bom in 1696, was a wealthy merchant
of New,JBngUnd, and a colonel of militia. He waa in hia forty-ninth
year when he first «nter«d active service against Loalsboui]g, guided only
Iqr. Ut eipeiienoa in omshing Indian invasions When hfknoond by th^
Idag •■ a baronet^ ha retired to his beautUul residenoo i(t> Ktttoiy IBfbk,
hadied. . ' ■ . -:.r, ,,•■.■'/',

KOTXS AMD EXPLANATIONS. 87

Jonatlian Beloher, «on of ibsOoVernor of MRBsacliuutts, grada&t«d
at Harvard College, and completed his studies as a lawyer in England.
la I7fi4, h« iffHd appointed Chief Justice of Nova Scotia, and wa« oAa of
the four idembAira of the coondl which decided to expel the Aeedianii.
Vhit>tigh hie agitatioo, the tlret Hooee of Assembly was organlied. At tb»
aeath of Governor Lawrence he became adiniaistratur.

• Bobert Monokton wae the eon of Viscoant Galway, and reached
New England as colonel in the army. After subduing the Prenoh at
Deaas^lear, he followed the fortanei of Wotfls to Leuisbourg atid 0«n•ddl^

In 1794 he made a ineceeef ol raid npoft lfartlnl<|ue.

l.-.-t . ■ . I . • .// :,i M, - ■ : .

XiO?d AjBiheratt bora in England, waa forty •one yean of age wbea
ae^t with an Bngllsh force to teke Louiebourg. After the capture of
Quebec, he was appointed major-general and (ioveroor of Viig^inia, but
wai obliged to resign on account of his resictance to the Stamp Act
Subsequently he received the governorship of Guernsey, became t^aron
Amherst, and died as Commander-in-chief in 1797.

James WolfOf the hero of Louisbonrg, and the son of one of Marl*
borough's officers, was born in the county of Kent, England, in 1727.
He Joined the army in his thirteenth year, and was present at the battle*
of Falkirk and CuUoden, in Scotland. For four years he was stetiuned
at Stirling in charge of a regiment. His advice in connection with the
expedition against Rochefort, in 1767, was unheeded, and taus he esutped
the blame of ite failure. Pitt, as his friend, sent him to Cape Breton.
fiis success led to his appointment as mtOor-general in the campaign
against Quebec. There, on the Plains of Abraham, with the shout of
^ctory around him, be breathed his last in the words — ' Now Qod be
praiised; I die in peace I'

The Treaty of Ryawiok, in 1697, formed the conclusion to the
wars between France and England during the reign of William III.
According to ite terms, it was agreed that neither of the monarohs should
countenance conspiracies against the other, that the possessions lost
during the war should be restored, and that free trade should be promoted.

The Spaaish Suooession was divided between the grandson of
Louia XIV. and the Archduke Charles. Louis, anxious to see his relation
on the Spanish throne, resisted the grand alliance of Germany, Holland,
and Britein, (which supported the claims of the Archduke,) and their
tplendid armies under Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. During the war,
Gibralter fell into Englhih hands, and a serieo of victories raised Marl-
borough to the highest honours.

The Treaty of Utreoht, in 1713, was the end of the war of the
Spanish Succession. By it Louis agreed to recognise the Brunswick
House as the royal family of Britein, to disca '^ the Pretender and his
eanse, and to leave the I ritish in possession c* aovA Scotia. Newfound-
land, and Hudson Bay.

The Treaty of Aiz-la-Chapelle, in 1748, closed the straggle
among the powers of Europe, connected with the succession of Maria
Theieea of Austria to her father's possessions. According to it. Cape

IB PRIircIPAL DATS8.

BratOB WM giT«n to FracM, and M»dru to England t Atutria to MttU
Th«reaa, Parma to Don Fi>*lip, and England to the Horse of Haaorer.
The boundary between the coloniea of tlie several powers was to be settled
by a commission.

The Treaty of Paris, in 1703, ended the Seren Tears' War with
Britain against France and Hpnin. By it Franco ceded to England,
Canada, Nova Sootia, and Capo Breton ; the French, however, to have the
right of flahing on the banks of Newfoundland, and the fl«hing stations of
8t Pierre and Miquelon. Spain gave up Florida, and France surrendered
four islands in the West Indies. Other iiossessions changed hands.
Hie French in America were to be allowed free oxercise of their religion,
or liberty tu leave the country within eighteen months.

PBINCIPAL OATEB-SECONO PERIOD.

Phlps before Port Royal, 1000

The Siege of Nashwaalc, 1090

Treaty of Ryswick, 1097

Nicholson at Port Boyal, 1710

Port Royal becomes Annapolis,..1710

Treaty of Utrecht, 1713

Louisbourg Pounded, 1718

Lottisboorg's First Siege, 1746

D'Anvine's Failure, 1746

HaUbtx Founded 1749

Ueauscjour Built 1750

Capture of Beausejonr 1755

Bxp'jislonof Aoadians, 1755

Loulabonrg's FaU 1758

L'HauasoDville at St John's,... .170S
Treaty of Paris, 1708

'^t

THX THIBD FEBIOD.
CHAFTER I.

THE LOTALISTa

Th« Stamp Act.
New Bngland Fattini
War of liifleitendeiice.
The Loyalistii Haninlied.
Parrtowu— dt. Jubu.

Mlrainichl.

Cape Ijietnn a Coantj.
8y(iney nuilU
CeltiK IiniiiiKration.
Puttentuu'H Troublea.

The (flory which attended the British anm before Louiff-
bourg and Quuboc was but the echo of England's greatness,
gained during the Seven Years' War, under the administra-
tion of William Pitt, the * Great Commoner.* In 1760,
Oeorge III. ascended the throne, the most powerful monarch
in the world, with the most talented statesman as his chief
adviser ; while Louis XV. of France, in des^mir at his mis-
fortunes, was ready to join an alliance with any of the other
European powers, to save himself from disgrace with his
people. Seeing his armies defeated in Germany, India, and
Canada, Louis at length joined a secret league with Spain
ogtiinst Britain. This combination was known to Pitt,
who advised open hostilities with Spain. But on empty
exchequer wrought loiin to his plans, and broke up the
ministry of which he was leader. Then the reins of
government were placed in the hand«» of the Earl of Bute,
who was in power when the war foretold by Pitt was
suddenly declared by the King of Spain. This was the
last stage in the victorious Seven Ytars' War, closed by
the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

To defmy part of the enormous expense of this long
contest, Mr. Grenville, who had succeeded the Earl of
Bute, introduced into Parliament a Bill recommending
that, in America, as in England, all receipts for money,
deeds, and conveyances should be \«^itten on stamped
paper, the price of the stamp to be paid to the Britiaii
government. This, passed without discussion, was tha
fSBuuuus Stamp Act Great was the excitement, when tb6

TDK TWO POLITICAL PARTIES.

news of it reached New England. Indignant majorities
in the local parliaments condemned taxation where there
was no right to vote; and as the colonists sent no repre-
sentatives to the House of Commons in England* they
refused to be taxed by that body. A copy of the Act
was pr.blicly burnt by a mob. The stamped paper for
circulation was seized and destroyed, while the officers
appointed to sell it were abused and frightened into ob*
acurity. The law became, in reality, a dead letter.

Other causes than Britain's cluim to tax her colonies
were at the root of this resistance. The men of New Eng-
land were no longer mere toilers on the farm, the forest,
or the sea. From Maine to Georgia had arisen a line of
communities, whose increasing wealth and culture gave
birth to the ambition of framing laws for themselves, and of
managing the internal affairs of the colony. In this Boston
took the lead, and there the strife between the two political
parties waxed loudest. As in Britain, these were called
Whigs and Tories. With the latter were identified the
office-holders, who, appointed by the king, were generally
succeeded in turn by their sons or relatives, thereby making
the highest positions hereditary. This rankled in the minds
of the men whose grandfathers had left England to breathe
a purer air of liberty, untainted by feudalism or the over-
bearing pride of nn aristocracy, pampered with state offices
and sinecures. A newspaper war had lusted for many years
— the one side striving to establish the principle of respon-
sible government, and promotion to office by merit; the
other supporting a system of feudal tenure which virtually
excluded native talent from every position of political trust.
The Tories naturally favoured the Stamp Act; but the
Whigs, joining the popular voice, denounced it. The bitter-
ness of fifty years was condensed into a few weeks' outburst.
The excitement reached England. On a change of ministry
the obnoxious Act was repealed, though the right to tax
was still maintained. Then, after a two years' lull, followed
the trouble about the taxed tea. New York, Philadelphia,
and Charleston refused it a market, while at Boston a ship*

TBI LOYALISTS TREATED HARSHLT. H

load of it was thrown into the sea by a mob. Britain
l^ockaded the por^ cf Boston as a punishment; and the
colonists sent an address to the king. But the ears of the*
ministry were closed against the cry for redress. They
thought that a few red-coats, stationed at Boston and the
other cities, could keep in subjection a people, who had
learned to wield the sword in the colonial wars with the
French. This, the mere ignorance of pride, led to open war
in 1775, and the Declaration of Independence in 1776 ; when
the great mass of the people were broken up into two parties,
under the names Republican and Loyalist. The majority of
the Tories, and nearly all the government officials, remained
firm to British interests.

During the war, as the Bepublicans prospered, those
who favoured the king's cause suffered many indignities.
The very name of Loyalist was fraught with danger. Their
property was destroyed^ and they themselves thrown into
improvised prison-houses. Sheriffs were mobbed, judges
driven from the bench, the houses of the wealthy invaded
and ransacked. Threats, insults, incendiarism by unruly
crowds, were followed by legislative enactments, enforcing
confiscation, exile, and, in some cases, death. The harsh
treatment made Loyalists of many who, of their own will,
would have remained neutral. Twenty-five thousand joined
the royal army as volunteers, and as many more fied to the
western forests, or to Canada and the north.

In Nova Scotia the Stamp Act and the evils it produced
created no ill-feeling towards Britain. The Legislature of
Boston sent a circular to Halifax counselling resistance;
but there the people, content under British rule to improve
their liberal gi*ants of land, made no response.

The war lasted seven years. A proclamation by the
governor of Nova Scotia condemned all traffic with the
'rebels;' and wben the communities at Cobequid and
Cumberland disobeyed, they were punished by being dis-
finnchised. A company of infantry, numbering a thousand,
was selected from the provincial militia, and half of it sent
to protect Halifax. Near Fort Cumberland, a lawless band

1^'

9S BVXlfTS DURING THK WAR.

■tolt a British schooner, and sold it, with the valuable stock
. of provisions on board, to some traders' at Machiiis. Then
they cruised along the shores of the Buy of Fundy;
and entering St. John harbour, frightened the people of
Parrtown, burned Fort Frederick, with several houses on
the other side, "^nd captured a vessel laden with stoies for
the king's troops in New England. Two French frigates,
in the service of the revolutionists, fell upon some English
sloops going to Spanish River for coal^ and captured one of
them ; but were hindered from further pillage through the
vigilance of the British frigates stationed on the Nova
Scotian coast.

Newfoundland and St. John Island suffered most.
Newfoundland, like Nova Scotia, had been pressed to unite
with the revolted colonies in their demands against Britain.
The request was unheeded, and the first Congress retaliated
by suspending all importation. As the fishermen had
received, for many years, a large part of their supplies from
New England, famine fell upon them unprepared. Some
of the districts passed the severest ordeal of want and
poverty. It was a hard season for all The harbours being
unprotected, the privateers of the enemy ran in and out,
capturing vessels even from the wharfs. Disasters at sea
deepened the gloom. In one storm three hundred men
perished, as they toiled on the deep for food. Indeed,
before relief came from Ireland in ship-loads of farm
produce, many of the inhabitants were famishing — the
island a scene of despair.

Two privateers also visited St. John Island, where
the headlands and bays were defended neither by ship
©or fort. Charlottetown was plundered, and its governor
with two ofTuers taken prisoners. — a reckless act, which
gave Washington an opportunity to be gracious in restoring
the property and sending the men back. The captains
who made the arrest wete dismissed from the service.

A tragic event occurred at Lunenburg. The people there
kad been frequently alarmed by the approach of cruisers
from New England. Oro day an armed sloop of this class

LUl'SNBURO ALARMID. W

nn into the harbour with all sail set. As the villagen
from the shore watched its movements, a great explosion
tore through its deck, scattering destruction among the
crew of one hundred men. Then they learned all from
one of the six sailors who swam ashore. The cruiser had
been driven into the bay by a British man-of-war; and
one of the officers, who had formerly been a seaman in the
English navy, dreading the fate of a deserter, had set fire
to the powder magazine.

In 1781 Washington laid siege to Yorktown, and forced
the seven thousand soldiers within its walls to surrender.
This was the victory which made the thirteen colonies
independent. The war continued for another year in a few
skirmishes ; but these had no efiect, not even to check the
persecutions against the Loyalists. Peace was restored by
treaty in 1783.

Strange to say, the laws against the Loyalists were not
repealed. The peace had been ratified too hastily for justice.
In the Northern States measures were adopted which, in
their severity, bore the marks of hatred and revenge. The
Loyalists of New York, many of whom had shewn superior
courage and self-denial in their encounters with the revolu-
tionists, cursed the peace when they heard of it; and in
a body of twelve thousand left for Nova Scotia. Others
went to Britain, Canada, and the West Indies. Eventually
they appealed to the British Parliament for relief and
compensation. Commissioners, appointed to investigate the
losses and claims, spent over sixteen million dollars, which,
with annuities, land grants, and official employment, saved
many of the refugees from destitution in the countries to
which they went, and placed not a few of them in afiluent
positions.

The largest crowds of these refugees found a home at
Annapolis,. Chiegnecto, Halifax, and Parrtown. At the
first three places, after some inconvenience from their
numbers, they quietly mingled with the other inhabitants
as industrions citizens; at Parrtown, now St. John, they
were obliged to fight the old battle of founding a city.

tHE FOUNDING OP ST. JOHN.

Nearly twenty years had elapsed since five hundred
immigrants from Boston arrived in two sloops, to build
temporary huts, and afterwards dwelling-houses, ai. the base
of the rock lying to the right of the falls at the mouth of
the St. John River. They had come at the invitation of
Governor Lawrence. In the harbour was excellent fishing,
around were fertile spots and heavy lumber tracts ; on the
islands far above the falls were large quantities of hay for
use and exportation, and they found it profitable to remain.
In their enterprise they moved as far up as the Oromocto,
where there was a fort to keep the natives in subjection;
and one man, bolder than the others, cleared a farm for
himself on the flat point, now the site of Fredericton. The
whole was included under the name of Sunbury, a county
of Nova Scctia.

On the 18th of May, 1783, tk"^ ships, carrying the
Loyalists from New England, anchored near Navy Ibis ad,
in sight of the position where once stood De Latour's fort.
To the right was the rocky peninsula, then covered with
shrubs, scrubby spruce, and marsh — now the abode of thirty
thousand people, who never fail to commemorate the
* Landing of the Loyalists ' as a remarkable event in their
city's history. They came not all at once; but before the
year was out, five thousand had built houses for themselves
at some point between Parrtown and St. Ann's. Among
them were disbanded soldiers, lawyers, clergymen, merchants,
farmers, and mechanics, all provided with a grant and
guarantee of two years' support, and all anxious to recruit
their fallen fortunes. Their industry, as their loyalty,
soon left its impress on the shores of St. John harbour a:id
river.

In 1784 Nova Scotia, beyond the Bay of Fundy, known
«s the county of Sunbuiy, became a separate province, under
the name of New Brunswick — a name given to it in honour
of the reigning family in Britain. Thomas Carleton, its
first governor, landed at Parrtown, on Simday, the 21st of
Ifovember. Next day he issT^ed his first proclamation^
setting forth his prerogative as the king's deputy, and

GOVERNOR CARLETON'S ARRIVAL. 'w

colling upon all the inhabitants to be loyal to the inl^irests
of the new colony. He then proceeded to organize 9.
council of twelve members from among the prominent
Loyalists. Two years after, the ^rst House of Assembly of
twenty-six mefiltJers was called together at Parrtown, which
by this time Jj^d been incorporat^id under the xuime of St.
John, the first, city in Canada governed by a mayor and
aldermen. St. John, however, was not long the capital.
Soiii??'difflculty arising about a site for the Province Build-
/ ings. Governor Carleton moved to St. Ann's, changed its J
name to Fredericton, and established it as the seat of/
government.

Previous to this British enterprise had found its way to
Eichibucto and Miramichi. At the latter place William
Davidson, in spite of the opposition of the natives, who
voted his death at one of their conventions in 1778, brought
out a number of settlers from the old country to hew the
lumber, and till some of the more fertile patches on the
banks of that noble stream. Three years after, Jonathan
Leavitt, at St. John, had launched the first vessel built in
New Brunswick, Davidson finished the first built on the
Miramichi. The whole northern district, as the county of
Northumberland, sent two representatives to Fredericton,
as did the other counties, King's, Queen's, Sunbury, York,
Charlotte, and Westmoreland.

Thus started New Brunswick on its career as a British
colony, its past a strange contrast to its present ; yet even
at this early date, the contest between the members of its
first parliament and first governor, over the appointment of
officials, pointing feebly to the later struggle for responsible
government, and the abolition of a colonial system, a blind
adherence to which had cost Britain the allegiance of New
England.

The same year that saw New Brunswick a separate
province, brought a special governor for Cape Breton*
and gre&t improvements to St. John Island, which had been
made a colony independent of the others, fourteen years
before. In October, 1763, three years after Qovemor Law*

CAPE BRETON A PROVINCE.

ill?
ill

renc9 had dune so much to people Nova Scotia, Cape Breton
\ira8 annexed to it as one of its counties. During the five
jears which intervened between the fall of Louisbourg and
this event, several attempts had been made to obtain large
ipwits of land from the Board of Trade. These attempts
were unsuccessful, though there was an excellent oppor*
tunity to add to the population, now reduced to a thousand,
and an attraction in the discovery of the coal fields. The
first two members for the county — Grant and Townsend —
took their seats in 1766, only to have their election challenged
and revoked, because they had not received merely the votes
oi freeholders, but had been elected by universal suffrage.
T^is difficulty was not settled vintil the arrival of Lord
WUliam Campbell, who, with his succ^sor, Governor
Francklyn, did something to improve the working of the
coal mines, and to introduce a population at Spanish Eiver,
(Sydney.) The Acadia Company y organized in London for
the improvement of lands in Nova Scotia, applied for a
grant of forty thousand acres in Cape Breton; but an
objection being made by Mr. Eobin and other Jersey fisher-
inen, who had placed establishments at various points in the
Gulf, the application was refused.

In 1784 Major Desbarres arrived from England as
Lieutenant-Governor of Cape Breton. From Louisbourg
he had foUowefl the fortunes of Wolfe to Quebec, where,
on the Plains of Abraham, he saw his gallant master receive
his death wound from the defeated French. Up to this time
Louisbourg had been capital ; but the new governor, admir-
ing the peninsula near the south arm of Spanish River as an
excellent site for a town, built a house for himself there, and
caUed the place Sydney, in honour of Lord Sydney, then
Colonial Secretary. Desbarres, in a proclamation shewing
the advantages of the country, presented to settlers the
prospect of free provisions for three years, with material for
Ijtuilding, und help in clearing land. Over three thousand
answered the call — some respectabl^e, others the worst of
idlers. The first winter was a hard one, for theprovisiohs
nn out, and ^pYfb Scotia refused assistance. Happilj for

ill!'

Ijli

CELTIC IMMIOHATION.

them, a store ship from Quebec was found at Arichat and
taken to Louisbourg, whence its stores were carried on
sledges to Sydney. The expense of this was charged to the
governor personally; but the debt was too great for him.
In England his bills were dishonoured, and he himself was
withdrawn. Before his departure, however, he broke down
the policy which prohibited the Loyalists from securing a
home in Cape Breton ; for, in 1786, he granted no less than
ten thousand acres to one band of them from New Hamp-
shire.

Thfe completion of Captain Holland's survey of the
Island of St. John was followed by a large influx of
population. Settlers came from all parts — Highlanders from
Scotland, Loyalists from New England, and Acadians from
Kova Scotia. Then began the sturdy toil which has made
the island the * garden of the Maritime Provinces.'

At first Governor Francklyn, of Nova Scotia, was em-
powered to rent farms for the owners and to make grants ;
but the people crowded in so fast, that in 1770 they received
a governor of their own, in the person of Mr. Walter Patterson.
Three years after, the first House of Assembly, consisting of
eighteen members, met to assist the governor and his two
councils, in adding to the new constitution such laws as the
colony specially required.

The immigration which promoted this change demands a
passing note. The Celtic chiefs of Scotland, true to the
Stuart cause, flocked round the standard of * Bonnil^-Prince
Charlie' in 17ik5, and fought their last great battle f^ him
on the field of Culloden. After his defeat the unfortuil^te
prince fled to France ; but as his departure did not produee
immediate quiet and contentment among those who wore
the tartan, King George's troops were, placed at various
stations, to watch the clans in their plots. Still there arose
outbursts of disloyalty. At last the plan of organizing
several Highland regiments, to join the army abroad, was
recommended and speedily adopted, when hundreds of
young Celts, glad to gain glory anywhere in their native
k^ts, le^ for the continent of Europe and for Canada.

••«•..

DISBANDED SOLDIERS AS SETTLERS.

Everywhere they proved the best of British soldiers. Wolfe
had them under him at Louisbourg and Quebec, where they
were gazetted a set of brave fellows. All through the war
they acted the part of loyal men. But peace came in 1763,
and hundreds of them were disbanded. Yet they had not
travelled thus far from home with their eyes shut. They
knew where the best spots for settlement lay ; and as the
little red island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence had a name for
fertility, many of them took farms there. The first to land
was a band of Colonel Eraser's regiment; but four. years
passed before they could write to their friends at home that
they were doing well. Then the ship Hector arrived at Pic-
tou with farmers from Scotland direct, who had been driven
from their homes to make space for deer forests and sheep
walks. More followed. The veterans of Louisbourg ard
Quebec had made their mark on St. John Island ; and tiieir
description ot the country, when published, encouraged
others to set out. The young were glad to go : the aged
waited till their sons had found a place of shelter for them,
and then sailed, to breathe their last Gaelic prayer in the
West. It is reported that, in all, twenty-five thousand settled
somewhere in the Maritime Provinces.

As the salaries of the governor and the other ofl&cials
were at first drawn from a fund derived fioni the quit-rents,
the delay in the payment of this tax produced the colony's
l..iSt great anxiety. In 1781, the sale of the lands of some
o:" tiiose in arrears, though un act far from being unjust, was
ihe b^'ginning of Governor Pattei-son's unpopular course.
From this time his enemies on the island and in London
multiplied, and by a combined action used every means to
defame him. Several of the proprietors, with influence
enough to gain the ear of Lord Sydney, reported every idle
scandal of Charlottetown at the Colonial Office ; while one of
them, whom the governor had befriended, issued a pampliltb
against him. Nor were the members of the Assembly ab
one with him when he began to err by meeting injustice
with injustice ; for when he kept back an order to restore
the lands sold, which had been prepared i» England for the

PATTERSON SUPERSEDED.

consideration of the legislature, he was only saved from
disgrace by declaring the sudden dissolution of the House
on two separate occasions. The arrival of a company of
Loyalists, specially invited to the island by the governor,
increased the number of his friends, and gave him a House
more tractable and willing to pass a measure recognising as
valid the land sales of 1781. But the Act was disallosred,
and he himself cited to appear in London to answer the
charges against his rule. Colonel Fanning, a doctor of
Oxford and a Loyalist soldier, was commissioned to take his
place. In a spirit of resistance to the success of his enemies,
Patterson held office till spring, when, at the close of a
winter's undignified strife with Fanning, he was peremptorily
dismissed.

The antagonism between the colonists and the absent
proprietors now came into bolder light. In the earlier
stage of the contest the advantage was with the latter, who
had a personal interest at court. The Assembly, knowing
that many of them had not established one farm-house on
their property, nor had paid a shilling of quit-rent, resolved
to place the lands of such once more in the king's hands ;
yet not only was the bill containing this proposal disallowed,
but a reduction was made in the amount of taxes, to remain
unpaid as before. In this way, for years, the influence of
tht«e absentees interfered with the prosperity of the colony.

CHAPTER II.

THE EVENTS OF CHANGE AND PBOaBESS.

The Two Princeg.
The Maroons.
Shannon and Chesapeake
" AKhcula " — Educatioa
Catholic Disabilities.
Barry'it Expulsioa.
Duty on Brandy.

Cape Breton.

Chipnmn a CommlMloner.

Free Trade

Miraniivhi Fire

8t John Island's New Nam^i

Selkirk SetUeiuenU

ijmitli's Tyranny.

We have reached the turning point in the history of the
Maritime Provinces, when they began to attract thousands
•of an industrious popiilatic n to their coasttf, anxious to cany
their wealth of /in'ber, coal, furs, fish, and farm-produce
into the world's mai t. Saw-mills, with their busy whir,
drank in the water of the brook and the waterfall, which
formerly ran unheeded to ihe hay, and spun its energy into
ihip-loads of deals for England and the West Indies. The
miner began to burrow in Cape Bre^^on, to supply a market
Bpringing up in New England. Eoa is were built for the
first stage-coaches. Between the principal places regular
mails Were established : that between Halifa c and St. John,
monthly ; between St. John and Fredericton. weekly. The
Acadians who remained, or returned, had been driven into
the more distant comers of the colony; the Indians had
accepted the change of masters ; and thus the British pettier,
unmolested in his labours, did his utmost to improve his
farm when he saw his industry realize a profit for himself
and family, not for his enemy. As there was a bright
prospect in the arrival of the exiles from New England, so
was there encouragement in the events to follow. Nova
Scotia, with its twenty thousand people, New Brunswick,
with its six thousand, and St. John Island, with its three
thousand, advanced a stage in their commercial importance.

TUK VISIT OF THE DUKE OP KENT.

101

opening up a course of prosperity which may yet lead to
their re-union as one province in the greater union of all the
Canadas.

The presence of two British princes, at this time,
encouraged the colonists in their zeal for monarchy —
the Duke of ("irence in 1786, and the Duke of Kent in
1794. The former, who was ufterwards crowned King
William lY. remained just long enough to witness the
good-will of the people of Halifax in a burst of joy and
congratulation, and a three weeks' round of amusements.
The Duke of Kent, whose daughter still reigns * our noble
Queen,' lived in the country for five years as commander^
in-chief of the colonial forces, scattering his favours from
heart and purse, and giving an aristocratic tone to pro-
vincial society. A specijaJ, iii.xfi\ijrite w^^ with those
who had been hospitably . entertained , at the 'Prince's
Lodge,' his beautiful country residence i;iear Bedford Basin.
There the princely splendour of his balls and receptions
outshone that of Government House. *** "^ »-

"IMtean while, llTova Scotia was thrown into a state of
excitement by the impeachment of two Judges of the
Supreme Court, the election of a new House of Assembly,
and the report that a French fleet was at New York
preparing for an assault upon Halifax. The Judges were
acquitted. Nothing more was heard of the fleet, though
the rumour roused the militia in the country, and brou^t
four thousand men to the capital for its protection. ,

Ooveriior Wentworth had succeeded Governor Pair.
The year 1796 witnessed the landing of five hundred
Maroons at Halifax. They came from Jamaica, whejre
their fathers had been the negro slaves to the Spaniards^
when that island wds captured by the Britioh. Though
free, they became troublesome under British rule, and on
a second serious outbreak were removed to Nova Scotia.
There they lived for four years, supported by an annual
subsidy from the Jamaica government, until the Governor
of Nova Scotia, fearing that at last they would be throwtt
ft burden on thut province, induced the British govenimeni

lOS

WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES.

to send them to Sierra Leone, where a colony of negro
lioyalists had already been founded.

Sir George Prevost came to the province in 1808,
when Sir John Wentworth retired on a handsome pension,
voted by the House of Assembly. Sir George remained
three years, and then went as governor to Canada, after
he had made a tour through Nova Scotia, and had laid
the foundation stone of the Province Building. In his
progress through the country he found its business little
impeded on account of the protective duties of the United
States. Commercial intercourse with that power was no
absolute necessity to the provincials ; they were content to
grow wealthy by sending their lumber to Britain, where
the market was all their own, on account of the high duty
on Baltic timber.

Sir John Shorbrooko was governor when the Ameri-
can War of 1812 broke out. This quarrel between
Britain and the United States was an oflfshoot of the
greater contest, in which an attempt was made to curb the
ambition of Napoleon. Between Napoleon's decrees against
English commerce, and England's orders to seize all
vessels sailing to France from any other than a British
port, the shipowners of the United States had suflfered.
As a reprisal, Boston, New York, and the other ports
were closed against British tend colonial vessels. Then the
British claimed the right to search for English seamen
serving on board American ships. This caused disputes
on the sea, and a war of three years.

The alarm of the provinces took shape in the granting
of large sums for the defence of the country, the erection
of block-houses, and the thorough re-organization of the
militia. As Canada was the first point of attack, the
regular troops were despatched to that province from
Halifax, St. John, Sydney, and Annapolis, leaving the
defences of these places in the hands of the inhabitants.
Privateers were subsidized to watch the coasts, and brought
in several prizes. While Detroit, at one end of the territory,
was obliged to surrender with its large gt^rrison to the

x:?:^jj^^mz»r£i^iims!swrrstsr.

THE SHANNON AND CHE8APEAKB.

103

BritiBh, Eastport and Castine, at the other, were taken by
the squadron under Sir John Hardy, though the people
on either side of the St. Croix refii<'ned horn hostilities
by mutual agreement. The town at Bay Bulls, in New-
foundland, was taken by the French, who wwre now also
at war with Britain. Then took place the memorable naval
duel between the Shannon and Chesapedkej which, oh the
Shannon left Halifax immediately before, and returned to
it soon after the contest, may rank as a colonial event.
Captain Broke, sailing near the entrance of Boston har-
bour, sent a challenge to the captain of the Chesapeake
lying within. After some delay the challenged frigate
sailed forth to reply, accompanied by crowds of the citizens
of Boston in pleasure boats and schooners, to witness the
ruin prepared for the Shannon, and to conduct their
victorious countrymen back to a banquet already ordered
in their behal? In fifteen minutes the tables were turned
on the expectant banqueters. A few broadsides from the
Shannon cleared the decks of its opponent. Then the
British sailors rushed on board and completed the capture
— a catastrophe all the more annoying to the people of
the United States, when they learned that the Chesapeake
was the heavier of the two, having on boa^ a larger
number of men and more guns. This happens in 1813.
Next year the war was brought to an end by the Treaty of
Ghent,

The Earl of Dalhousie was Governor Sherbrooke's
successor. In his first speech to the Assembly he advised
continued improvements in agriculture and education — an
advice greatly enhanced by a series of brilliant letters
written by 'Agricola,' and published in a Halifax weekly
newspaper. These letters awakened a fresh interest in the
art that clears a forest, drains a field or marsh, and produces
crops from year to year without exhausting the soil ; while
the impression they made led to the formation of a Pro-
vincial Agricultural Society, and the election of their author,
Mr. John Young, to a seat in the House of Assembly.

The history of provincial education at this time is in-

-.-A, ~, ^TXZ~Z^':' Ji' ' i ',.^T y: :- i!ymmxi T:---

104 LORD DALIIOU8IE BETIRSS.

timately aRSOciated with that of Windsor College, PiCtOQ
Academy, and Dalhousie College. Previous to 1787, a
British Society in connection with the Church of England
had opened a few schools in Halifax. It was not till 1811,
when a system of common schools was first inaugurated,
that grammar schools were established in the chief towns of
the counties, with a regular allowance o^ one hundred
pounds drawn from the provincial exchequer. In 1788,
after ten years' discussion of a plan for collegiate education,
King's College was opened at Windsor, built and supported
by grants from the House of Aiisembly and the British
government. In 1802, it was permanently established by
Boyal Charter, though, from the character of its laws, it had
only the confidence of the Episcopalians. The Presbyterians
maintained a rival institution at Pictou under the super-
intendence of Dr. McCuUoch. Lord Dalhousie saw that
one institution of this kind was all that was required for
Nova Scotia, and proposed to endow a college in Halifax
with certain revenues sent to him from Britain as share of
the spoil in the American War. The college was founded,
though the plan of union failed.

Between Lord Dalhousie and the House of Assembly
there arogPsome disagreement concerning the general man-
i agement of roads and the survey of the Crown Lands ; for,

1 though popular as a m?n and governor, his schemes for the

, benefit of the province were not always seconded by its

i representatives. On his appointment to the government of

Canada in 1820, the House voted him a star and sword.
' These he refused to accept ; but three years after, he visited

Halifax, and was received with every mark of honour.
1 Sir James Kempt arrived in the summer of 1820.

: This was the year in which Cape Breton again became part

i of Nova Scotia ; and to carry out the details of the annexa-

tion was the new governor's first duty. Among the early
representatives from the island was one Lawrence Cavanagh,
I a Roman Catholic, who, on taking his seat in the House,

[ refused to take that part of the state oath which slighted

[ his religion. The agitation which followed led to the

i*3r2S?:si5E*?sia: "

BARRT KXPKLLED FROM THE ASSEMBLT.

105

Omimion of that portion of the oath when taken by Komaa
Catholic members, and the further abolition of Catholic
disabilities. This was the period of the O'Connell com-
motions in Ireland.

The other events of Governor Kempt's rule comprised the
arrival of Dr. Burke, the first Catholic bishop of Nova
Scotia, and a destructive fire around the districts of Yar-
mouth and Clare. A vigorous land and road policy, with
the Shubenacadie Canal project, engged his attention,
when he was notified of his transfer to the government of
Canada.

Sir Peregrine Maitland, the n'^ -t governor, was not
long in the province when the members of the House of
Assembly quarrelled among themselves and with the Council.
The cause of the first dispute wus some annoying language
addressed to a member by Mr. John Barry, from Shelbume.
Barry refused to read the apology prepared for him by the
House, and the Speaker threatened to punish him. Two
petitions were sent to Halifax by the people of Shelbume,
asking the House to declare the seat vacant, so that they
could return Barry a second time, and two committees were
appointed to consider the request. Barry, in a violent
letter, denounced the action of the second committee, and
libelled some of its mem..2rs. Then he was summoned
before the bar of the House, to be sentenced to imprison-
ment during the rest of the session. An excited crowd
outside rescued him from the officers ; but when the military
were called out he quietly gave himself up. At last the
House e\pelled him in ^he usual manner, receiving him,
however, on his re-election, without any adverse action.

The collision between the House of Assembly and the
Council was the effect of an attempt to raise the duty on
brandy. The Council, in rejecting a bill providing for the
increase, presumed to advise in the matter. This advice
was spurned by the Assembly, the constitutional origin of
all taxation. A new bill was prepared, and a general
election ordered. But the country, being in favour of the
taZ| sent nearly all the old members back to maintain their

' 1^

7i.",""i:aK..r-T?^"-;

106

SIR FBEXORIIfB MAITLAND RKTIRE8.

r /

■A. "IT* V *Ii f" " ^. ' ' ^ ^

» • «• «

conBtitutional rights. Then the Council gave way to the
temper of the people, and the bill became law.

In 1832 Sir Peregrine Maitland retired, having witnessed
the first step towards the abolition of quit-rents, the intro-
duction of steam at the Pictou mines, communication by
steamboat, the establishment of temperance societies and
mechanics' institutes, and the opening of the struggle which
ended in responsible government. '*' '

In Cape Breton Major Desbarres was succeeded by
Colonel Macormick ; but the change brought no peace be-
tween governor and Council. There was war with France.
Other events included the visit of ti)o Duke of ClarefiCe,
tide arrival of a number of convicts, tho departure of a part
of the garrison, and a series of dissensions, which neither
improved the trade of the island nor the appearance of the
capital, with its line of rough buildingu and dingy barracks.
When Macormick resigned, the government was left in the
hands of the successive presidents of tlie Council.

General Despard was administnitor when the immi-
gration of Highlanders to Cape Bretoii began. ' T^ls Wfifl a
continuance of the movement which look the sh^p ffeiiot
to Pictou, and spread towards Anti^oiitsli a Celtic popula-
tion, which now found its Way to I^ras dX)r and ihe north.
But the country was in the hands of u Coiiincil' afWdlys
wrangling, atid a host of officials wKds( sa^irieis drained' tho
exchequer. The people shewed their ii^cr^titent by seiidin^
^'petition to London, asking the rigbt to elect a Hou^ of
Assembly; but the only answer to this was the declaration
of a union between Cape Breton and Kbva Scotia. '

General Aluslie was the l4^t president. Writs were
issued for the election of two members. The laws of NbV^
Scotia were adopted. Some of the officials we:re dismisi^ed,
a number pensioned^ and a few retained for lo(3al positions.
Th^ people, still displeased, sent ^ agent to England, td
tci'^eiSe the decisii6ii''of t)i^ Imperial authorities; but the
^elit>erations %(^ powerless to 6$iu6ge a policy so neoessibXt
t6t*sew4f^t)fth%islMid. ' -/; ^^J i&

^ la IJf6#'Briini3Wl<!k, during the twenty years after

• jui: ii^^oc; .1^ >i ., ' ; :.. ^-'..; i ) •'. ; - . ' / 'tun j. .tr*.;

KIW HRUNSWICK UNDER MILITART RULI.

107

Qoyernor Carleton obtained leave of abdence, no leas than
six governors — all military men — had charge of affairs.
General Smythe was the lost of theso, remaining in authority
until his death in 1823. While the Legislative Council and
t!be fiouse of Assembly were engaged in disputes connected
with the revenue, and disturbing by *dead locks' the
routine of legislation, the merchants of the province gladly
took advantage of the free lumber market in Britain, when
Norwegian pine was paying a duty of sixteen doUars a ton.
The prospect of making a fortune stirred up, in every
comer, a spiiit of enterprise, which continued even during
the American War, in the arming of a regiment to repel
an expected invasion.

In 1794 Edward, Duke of Kent, visited St. John, and
was there entertained by the Hon. Ward Chipman, then
Solicitor-General, and afterwards Judge of the Supreme
Court. With the name of the latter are connected two
events of interest. In 1796, a Commission to determine
the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine met at
St. Andrew's, with Mr. Chipman as one of the two English
agents, and Judge Benson, of New York, as umpire.
A former treaty spoke of the St. Croix as the limit; and
to decide which was the river thus understood — the
Magaguadavic or the Scoodiac — waa the first difficulty.
The decision, though in favour of the latter as the true
St. Croix, did not end all trouble about the other sections
of the dividing line. Thirty-three years after, discontent
on the subject broke out afresh. Each country marshalled
a militia force on the land under dispute. A party of
mischievous idlers crossed over into Madawaska, and un-
furled the United Sta^^es' flag in the face of the people ; but
they were soon dispersed, when their leader was carried a
prisoner to Fredericton. The excitement then died away,
for the two powers, Britain and the United States, referred
t^e whole question for settlement to the Kin^ ojt ffid
J^etherlands, when Ward Chipman, soh of the former com-
ikiissiontr, was sent to Europe to represent the interests ot
2u8 native province.

i08

CHIFMAN ADMINISTRATOR.

On the death of General Smythe, Judge Chipman wa«
at once swom in President of the Council, and hence,
according to rule, became interim administrator. Colonel
Billop, an old councillor,' in his eighty-sixth year, looked
upon the office as his by right of seniority, and assumed
vice-regal authority at St. John under an appeal to Britain
against the claim of his rival. But as the Imperial govern-
ment failed to interfere, Billop again became a subject to
provincial rule, with Chipman at the head of aflfairs. The
strife was a three months' marvel.

In General Smythe's time, when a number of disbanded
soldiers laid out the town of Woodstock, the French
squatters moved up the river as far as Madawaska. A
company of negroes also raised a village of huts at Loch
Lomond, near St. John. Dugald Stewart laid the foun-
dation of Dalhousie's first street near the shore of the
estuary of the Restigouche. Bathurst reared its head on
the Nepisiguit, twenty miles from the picturesque scenery
near the Grand Falls. Meanwhile other improvements
went on. The passenger boat of old Ebenezer Beckwith,
dragged by horses, once a- week, between Fredericton and
St. John, had given way to river sail-boats ; and these were
also superseded by a little steamer, such as that which ran
on Halifax and Pictou harbours. The lumber trade brought
no less than a hundred vessels every year to St. John, and
half as many more to the Miramichi.

The' fishermen of the United States had liberty to fish
in colonial waters beyond a three 'mile limit, and this, only
a nominal restpitint, with other privileges granted to them
"by Britain, roused a degree of discontent, which disappeared,
however, in the general prosperity and a steady increase of
jpopulation. There were now seventy thousand people in
the province.

Sir Howard Douglaa came to New Brunswick as its
governor in 1824, and, as a first act, superintended the first
legular census. Next year fortune wavered in bestowing
her favours: on the one hand, was sown the wealfti from
the opening up of British commerce: on the other, death

COLONIAL FREB TRADE.

109

and ruin marked their course in flames amid the forests
of the north.

Years before this, the votaries of free-trade in Britain
had assumed a strength which no government in that
country could well overlook. To buy in the cheapest
market and sell in the dearest began to be a recognised
maxim for nations as for individuals, and as such grew
slowly yet surely into favour with British merchants and
manufacturers. Canning's administration was the first
to move in the same path, to break down the barriers
which especially hindered the expansion of colonial com-
merce. Formerly, a colonial vessel sailing, for example,
from St. John to London, was obliged to return without
enjoying any of the advantages of the coasting trade: it
could not sail from one port in Britain to another. In
1825 this was changed. All British ports were open to
colonial ships, as all colonial ports were open to Britain,
and the powers friendly to Britain. This regulation brought
crowds of ships to engage in the lumber trade ; and made
ship-building much more profitable — a means to coin a
fortune.

Among those who hoped to share the riches expected
to flow from this change, none needed it more than those
who suffered in the Great Fire of MiramichL On the banks
of New Brunswick's second river, three places of note had
risen up to shew the fruits of William Davidson's enter-
prise. Gilmour and Rankine in the village of Douglastown,
and Cunard & Co. in the town of Chatham, were working
out the problem of Northumberland's forest wealth ; having
around their lumberyards and shipyards a crowd oi workers
with more gold in their pockets, perhaps, than prudence
In their plans for the future. Newcastle, having a popula-
tion of about a thousand, was five miles further up, with its
Jail and Gourt-House distinguishing it as the capital of the
county. For these the troublous times of early settlers
-were just passing away, when 1825 came with its weight of
niiafortune.

All summer the people had cpmplained of the great heat,

2)L • r.-,rr r^'r-t't rtru:. r^

110 THE MIRAMICBI GREAT FIRE.

iMd were further surprised with its return lii jihe IilBti of
September. There were fires in the woods, they fenew^
but SU9 ilie smoke appeared to come hoia. a distance, no
s{)ecial alarm was shewn, until ih^ first five days in October
tol4 their progressive tale of evil. Wave after wave ot
smoke continued to flioat frQmtne north-west towards the
river, producing during the afternoon of the seventh the
darkness of an eclipse. Still the men thought it would f)ass
away. But night shewed the danger in its approaching
glare, in a wall of fire all behind, fjom which could ^e
distinctly heard, in the awful calm, the crackling of the
brushwood, and the loud reports from the giant pines
yielding up their strength to the flames. Then down bimst
the storm of fire froin heaven and earth, iningled with thei
roaring of tne flaming forest and the deafetiing thunder,
with flying cinders and half-bumed branches. The fire
K^ised a mighty wind of its owp, which lashed the waters
of the harbour into huge chopping waves. * To the mpj^h,*
shouted the people of Newcastle, as they rushed from the
ruin of their houses towards a flat point ot land running
Qut into the river. The others pushed their way to the
nearest beach, and there, on log or plank, or with head
atx)ve water^ they awaited the passing of the destroj^er;
some crowding together, half-naked, and shivering witti
terror, shrieking, moaning, praying— the centre of a sad,
sad spectacle. Many lost their lives while attempting to
cross the river in boats, or on spars snatched from the
',/harfs and burning ships. In all, one hundred and sixty
persons lost their lives. AtDouglastown one house escaped,
that wherein lay the body of one who had died a day before!
Tfcie strength of a mother's love was witnessed in the living
infant found protected by the charred remaind of a womanl
Twelve houses alone stood iii !(^ewcastle amid the b&ckene^
chimneys of two hundred others. *t%e fire had run a
liuhdred milei^j, destroying in its sweep inore than a ndllibn'd
worth of property,

^ The news pf the disaster, spreading fast, brought in, firofli
inEkious parts, money and sympathy for the sufferers.

SYMPATHY FOR THE SUFFERERS.

iii

Halifax sent, a handsome subscription in exemplary hastej
an<j all Nova Scotia swelled the amount. From Briti^V
and her colonies was drawn a sum oyer twenty thous^d
pounds. Some of this went ]bo Freiericton, where a greai
amount of property was also laid ii) asnes, with the
destruction of the first Government House. A third con-
flagration raged at Oromocto this year. ,

Enterprise still struggled hard with misfortune. The
United States began to compete, under favouring circumr
stances, with the colonies in the West Indian trade, ve^y
much to the rum of the comme:^ciaI interests of New
iBninswick. Then the dark day for St. John came, wheii
it^ merchants heard that Britain proposed to repeal ti^
duties, on foreign lumber, The despair of the J)eople foupd
vent in petitions to the Imperial Grovemment, supported by
a pamphlet written by the governor, in which were <le-
scribed the evil effects to arise from such free trade. The
crjr from the colony was heara : the vote in the House o^
Coiiunons favoured protection.

isir Archibald Campbell arrived in 1831. King's
College at Fredericton had been founded and endowed ;
but as there were few schools in the prov'nce fit to pre-
pare for it a suitable number of students, provision for
imjprovemeiit in general education demarided the governor*^
first attention.. The Assembly was induced to grant an
annual allowance to each teacher, thus introducing the
system of parish schools and 'boarding-round' with m
average salary of eighteen pounds a school. In 1834 the
cholera stmck down hundreds of the population of St.
John. Several fires carried off wealth that could ill *^
spared. Yet there was spirit enough left to organize joint--
stock companies, to encourage immigration, to build high-
ways £Jid bridges, and even to project and subsidize iL
railway to run from St. Andrew's to Quebec.

Frinoe Edward Island was the new nanle given .tS
the Island of St. Johii, in 1*799. The inconvenience ot a
name common to other places in America was the origin 6t
8 proposal, in 1780, to call the island New IrelanicL The

112 EARL OF Selkirk's s^ttlkment.

same reason was valid when the Duke of Kent, as OOffl-
mander-in-chief, became popular with the inhabitants of
Oharlottetown by building batteries for their protection,
and barracks for the acconmiodation of two companies of
provincial troops. Hence, by the change of name, the
islanders were able to honour the prince who had proved
a friend to them, and, at the same time, to remove the
cause of many annoying mistakes.

The Earl of Selkirk brought out eight hundred High-
landers to spread over the acres of his large property near
Point Prim. They were not the first to till the soil of
that district, for it had formerly seen the growth and ruin
of a French settlement. This immigration took place in
1803, two years before Colonel Fanning withdrew from the
island, on the appointment of Major Desbarres, the old
Governor of Cape Breton.

Charles Douglas Smith followed in 1813. He was
sent as governor, but ruled as dictator. Thrice he dis-
solved the Assembly in pettish indifference to provincial
rights, giving full play to his tyranny by enforcing the
payment of all arrears. In all directions the constable
moved, driving before him Saxon and Celt with loads of
produce for Charlottetown market — provisions which the
feurmer had laid up for his family for the winter, but which
had now to be turned into cash to meet an unexpected
demand. No wonder there arose a cry of distress when
this rigour of law continued even in the depth of winter !
Sheriff McOregor and John Stewart were selected as the
men most likely to check Smith in his merciless acts. The
sheriff, pressed by some of the inhabitants, called three
meetings, which passed resolutions condemnatory of the
governor's conduct ; and to Stewart was entrusted the charge
of carrying these to London. Then the tyrant dismissed
McGregor, and tried to arrest Stewart ; but the escape of
the latter to Nova Scotia, and thence to England, prevented
rebellion on the island, and brought about the removal
of Smith.

Oolonel Beady was a very dlfTorent governor from his

COLONEL READT S17CCSEI>S SMITH.

113

predecessor. For five years no Assembly had been called
together, but the new ruler, wishing to abide by the con-
stitution, ordered an election in 1824, the year of his
arrival. Of this Assembly John Stewart was elected
Speaker, and held that office during the debate on Catholic
emancipation. Commerce improved, and immigration again
set in. Advanced education was encouraged by the endow-
ment of the Central Academy, and agriculture by the
opening of societies and annual exhibitions of stock and
produce. The same prosperity lasted when Colonel Young
succeeded Colonel Ready. Charlottetown was connected
vdth Pictou by a little steamer which ran twice a- week ; and
the census shewed an increase of nine thousand to the
population, now thirty-two thousand.

Sir John Harvey was appointed governor on the
death of Sir Aretas Young, which took place at Charlotte-
town 1 1835. In his tour through the province he was
well pleased with the people's thrift and hospitality. Next
year he went to ISew Brunswick, when Sir Charles Fitzroy
succeeded him*

CHAPTER IIL

POUnOAL 8TSIFB.

Hofweand the>MAglfltrates.
The FamiJy Compact
Sir CoUn Campbell
Vificount Falkland.
The Border Trouble.
Wilmot and Fisher.

Privilege.

The Lazaretto.

Miramichi aud 8t. John Riotl.

The Land Question.

Pope's Quarrel.

Sir Donald Campbell.

B|UTAIn's earliest plai^ foi^ governing her colonies di(i .not
lojig 9ppturue to sfatisfy the minds of ^en who^ as ,tl^<?ir
pergonal a,fiairs p:|;'ospe]:ed, began to taji;*^ a pride in thj^
CQlintry -^hiclj gave them birth an4 a livelihood. A i^ew,
g^l^^ratioh arose which; ^shewed no respect fpr a system of
government in which they had only a feeble voice, ^ven
those of the Loyalists who held seats in the first repre-
sentative courts were occasionally found differing in opinion
■with their governor and his Council — an independence by
no means lost upon their sons, when a few years placed
them in a like position. At first, control in minor affairs
was obtained ; but before 1837 this had burst into a strong
desire for government which would be subject to the votes
of the people.

As in Canada the names of Papineau and Mackenzie
recall the rebellion and bloodshed for reform in colonial
rule, so with that of Joseph Howe rang out the herald
note which ushered in a Nova Scotian administration,
controlled by the popular will. As editor of a weekly
newspaper in Halifax, Mr. Howe had scourged the rulers
of that city into something like order, though to do so
he had to pass through the ordeal of a public trial His
brilliant defence before the court made him and his Liberal
principles the watchword of Reformers in every comer of
the province. Soon after, he was elected member for

r'wrf' i"^! r.TT.

[\\- -» vrr

nOWE AND THE EXECJUTIVE COUKCIL.

ils

(■,... . ....

HaJifax, and, as such, at once Degan to lay bare the oonniei-

part of the corruption at the City Board, in the conduct of

the Executive CounciL

lilie Council at this time was strangely organized. Taeir^
were twelve members, all appointed for life, and responsible
t9 no one save the Crown, or its representative the governor.
One of them was Chief-Justice, another was Bishop of the
Epi^'opal Church, five of them were bound by faniilj ties,
and xive of thein partners in a mercantile firm.

The first point of attack against this oligarchy was the
privacy of its deliberations: its doors were always clewed
to the public. The House of Assembly passed a resolution
condemning the practice, and sent a copy of it to the
Council Chaipber. The Council, in retort, told the members
io mind their own business ; an(l, further, advised them to
re-appoint a chaplain, and ^esume the religious services
which they had lately discontinued in a spirit of neglect
io their own and the country's spiritual welfare. This tone
of defiance and insult roused the Reformers to greater
action. Mr. Howe prepared a manifesto of the alaiises
sanctioned by ^he Council, and presented it to the Assemtjjr
in twelve resolutions. These denounced, in bold language,
the ff^vouritism^ monQpoly, and seli-interest practised, withi^
ii^e charmed circle of the Council's friends. THe triie ring
of patriotii^m in the resolutions carried them througli the
ijouse. The Council refused to communicate with tihe
Assembly imless one of the resolutions impugi^ing^ i^
personal honesty of its members was rescinded. Mr. fiowe
proposed to rescind all of t^em, and moved for an addre^
to the Crown embodying the same complaints. This was
accompanied by a ^ounter address from the Council.. £^1^
told its own tale at the Colonial Office in London: and
the answer pamej^ e^j^cli^difig the^JiMges ironi th^ (HounciL
granting full contr9l^of .tthe public revenues to J^e House
^.Assembly^ and jBubniitting to, the.^popula|^d(^mand for
the orga9i|».tioa, of a X^gislativ^e Council ouiside^of ^
already established. Thus was the first step in the ' "
contest gained by the Liberals.

BIB COLIN OAVPBBLL OOVBRNOR.

Sir Colin Campbell was now governor. Eighteen
monthfl had el&psed since the withdrawal of Sir Peregrine
Maitland, an interval during which had been prepared the
outlines of a task sufficient to engage all the energies
even of the tried soldier of the British array. A serious
depression in trade, and the cholera in Halifax, met him
at the threshold of his rule. The rejection of a bill to
incorporate the capital kept up the excitement roused bj
the Howe triaL Three events more cheering followed: —
the abolition of quit rents, in lieu of two thousand pounds
paid yearly from the provincial exchequer; the encourage*
ment of trade by the establishing of five new free ports;
and the opening of steam communication between i^^alifax
and Britain by the first steamer of the Cunard Line.

The appointments to the new Legislative Council gave
great offence to the Eeformers. The governor was blamed
for partiality to the Ej 'iicopalians, and an address com-
plaining of his conduct was sent to the Queen. But the
disciplined officer met the attack as his namesake after-
wards met the enemy in the Crimean War and the Indian
Mutiny — ^with stubbornness and a will to subdue. Mr.
Howe, in his newspaper and in the House, gave the adminis-
tration no peace. Then came from Lord John Russell,
the Colonial Secretary, the famous despatch to the Governor
of New Brunswick, virtually conceding the principle of
responsible government to the colonies. This intelligence
was ignored by Sir Colin Campbell and his advisers. Mr.
Howe^ by four resolutions in the Assembly, demanded
an explanation. The governor answered that he was
still acting according to latest instructions. This forced
the Assembly to petition the Crown for his removal, — an
event which took place, after a visit from the governor-
general to smooth the way for the change. He, whose
honesty of character was admired by all, did not pass
from Nova Scotia, however, in the gloom of unpopularity :
m pleasing tribute was paid to his worth, as he shook
hands with his political opponents, and bade farewell to
his Mends.

BOWE's quarrel with lord FALKLAND.

117

Visoount Falkland was his successor. A Liberal
himself, he was pleased to recognise the principle contended
for by the Liberals, and now fixed as a part of the constitu-
tion. The majority of the ten members in the Executiye
Council were chosen from the Assembly, and after a new
election, the Reformers, still in the majority, placed their
leader, Mr. Howe, in the honourable oflSce of Speaker. Thd
incorporation of Halifax was then accomplished.

During an animated discussion on education. Lord Falk-
land threatened a dissolution, — an act prompted by the
Conservatives, and highly displeasing to the Reformers.
Then he appointed a Conservative to the Council. Three
of the Liberals resigned their positions in the government.
At this time Mr. Howe resumed his pen as editor of the
Chronicle, and attacked Lord Falkland as he had Sir Colin
Campbell, but with greater virulence. The government
was re-organized without Howe's assistance. ThLs destroyed
the last hope of a compromise. The country was with
Howe. The refonn party, it is true, had niunnured against
him when he accepted office; but und.^r his energy they
were now again united. Lord Falkland complained of him
at the Colonial Office, — to place Mr. Howe in any position
in the government, he said, was to make him more than
governor. This was the signal for the accused to shower
upon the viscount the fullest storm of his invective, satire^
and ridicule. A poem, entitled * Lord of tho Bedchamber,*
was read and recited everywhere, with the laugh against the
governor. Lord Falkland's friends called Howe a men-
dicant, because he had received a large present of money
from the reform party. Nearly every morning some personal
remark appeared in the Chronicle denouncing the governor,
and ridiculiog his court. It was a bitter war of words,
ending only when His Excellency returned to England.

At this time the education law was amended. As one
of his last acts, Lord Falkland made a tour through the
province. Everywhere he was received coldly. This \5M
in 1845, the year before his departure.

Bir John Harvey, whose name and career as govenior

•"■ «

TROUBLE NEAR THE BORDER.

make a unit of the history of the four provinces for a few
years, had been in New Brunswick and Newfoundland before
he assumed the direction of affairs in Nova Scotia. In
^ew* Brunswick he had been successor to Sir Archibald
Campbell, under whom the revenues of the province had
changed hands during the first great political agitation.
!^ritain had given up the amount derived fi'Oin th^ sale of
new lauds, (the Casual and Territorial Kevenues ;) and the
goyemment of New Brunswick had promised to pay part
of the salaries of the officials, to the amount of £14,500.

The most memorable event in Sir John Harvey's time
was the disturbance about the boundary-line between Maine
ana l>ew Brunswick. The decision of the King of the
Ijtetherlands had not produced satisfaction, as his award
gave to neither power the lion's share. Maine, growing
restless, began to send men and arms towards Aroostook.
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia voted large sums of
money for the transport of troops to the border, and their
maintenance there. Then there was the confusion of war,
though, happily, without its bloodshed. Stem men stood
menacing their fellows, waiting the signal gun which should
send them tearing at one another's lives like barbarians ;
nor did they lay aside their angry looks until the' good
sense of Sir John Harvey arranged a truce, which, through
^e further diplomacy of Lord Ashburton and Daniel
Wiebster, was prolonged into a peace treaty at Washington.
According to it New Brunswick gained in territory inore
wealth than was lost by allowing the lumber of Maine to
pass down the St. John River.

Having incurred the unjust displeasure of the Oovemor-
General, Siir John Harvey withdrew to Britain, where his
defence, however, turned affairs in his favour, and obtained
few him the governorship of Newfoundland. While in
New Brunswick hiis path was beset with enemies and
mimical stofini^. The ' rtoklessness of ignorant financiers
hiA run the province ihto debt, for which the govenior
u^ to bear the largest share of blame. "When ihe revehties
WBie given up by Britain, the government bad in its handii

Bin JOHN HARVET OOVERNuR.

' ft>V

119

more than half-a-million of dollars ; three yean after, the
«£(9ieqiler w^ empty, though the proyincial income had
^eatly increased from the growth of the population, BOW
One hundred and fifty thousand. »"'' ' ^^

At the capital of Newfoundland Sir John enjoyed m
little rest as at Fredericton. In 1832 a representatire
Assembly had been granted to the islanders in answer to
repeated petitions, and every election had brought its strife
and riots. The echo of one of the most serious of these
had scarcely died away on his arrival; and to maintain a
becoming popularity with the two political factions, was
a hard task even for him whose urbanity Was proverbiaL
He witnessed, however, many improvements, such as the
building of the two cathedrals, the arrival of the first
mail steiEim-packet, the introduction of gas and water in the
etireets of St. John's, and the organization of a public
library abd mechanics^ institute.

From Newfoundland Sir John Harvey passed to Nova
Scotia. There he found the Conservative government,
which had been organized by Lord Falkland, in the last
fitage of its fretful existence. To resuscitate it was an
impossible task, for the Reformers would have none of it ;
they lo6ked to the next general election for complete
deliverance from the Conserv atives. This took plac^ in
1847, when their success was ensured by the election of
ilr. William Young as Speaker of the new House of
Assembly, and the construction of the Howe-Uniacke
ministry — the first Liberal administration in Nova Scotia.

Sir John Harvey died at Halifax in 1852. Before his
death Nova Scotia made use of its first electric telegraph^
eaW its people earnest for railway extension, and arranged
its constitution anid justiciary laws. Halifax, in 1849,
oelebratiEid' its cent^nni^ in i day's gaiety, with an oration
lij ^lird6ch the hiisi^orian, and a j^em from Joseph Howe.
'^CHr Wiiliflin tiolebrobkO Was the first governor iihder
wtilim. tU pe6pid 6t "Neiir i^ruiiswick {Mddpted in thei!r
ji^^cs the 'pk&ciple df responi^ible gove ent. C6nl
^n 'Bts^ell's desiiatci to Sir ^ohn ''Harvey had ^Ok

120 PARTT STRIFB IK NSW BRUKSWICfK.

neglected, until Mr. L. A. Wilmot, by hu eloquence, and
Mr. Charles Fisher, by hia tact, brought its instructions to
light, and made them popular. Their most active opponent
was Mr. Robert Hazen, the leader of the Conservatives.

The first contest was a three days' debate on the initia-
tion of the money grants. Mr. Wilmot moved that thes*
be placed in the hands of the government ; but the motion
was rejected by the men who wished to spend the revenuei
in the old irresponsible manner, notwithstanding xhe low
state of the provincial funds, and the importunity of the
governor to see the advice of the colonial secretary carried
out.

In making official appointments, Lord Metcalfe, then
Qovemor-General sought to establish merit, not party
favour, as the ^aide. Every religious denomination, ho
also said, should be represented in the Legislative (Council ;
while a member who hap{)ened to become bankrupt should
at once vacate his seat. These, and other opinions, he
introduced into New Brunswick in a despatch, which
advised the re-construction of its councils, and wliich M'as
subsequently endorsed by a congnitulatory address from
the House of Assembly. Next year the inconsistency of
the House appeared when Governor Colebi oke appointed
Mr. Reade, his son-in-law, to the office of provincial
secretary; for the cry of indignation among members and
constituents was only hushed when the appointment was
revoked.

A curious case of * privilege ' arose out of the above.
Wilmot and Fisher alone stood out against the addreis,
as champions of party government. On account of the
opposition, the former was abused by a Conservative news-
paper in libellous terms ; and when the matter came before
the House, the proprietors of the p>aper were arrested on the
speaker's warrant. But one of the Judges issued a Habeaa
Corptu in their behalf, and thus set them both at liberty
to flood the desks of the members with slips of printed
paper full of sneers and defiance. The dignity of the House
was violently disturbed. A committee was appointed to

TUB TRACAOIB LAZARETTO.

121

bring b a report condemning the Judge's interference. Thif
WM lupport^d by a large minority ; though, in another
inconsistent mood, the same mitjority Buffered the sum of
eight hundred dollars to puss from the exche<iuer to the
delinquents for false imprisonment, besides the usual fee
for reporting the debates of the Assembly. To consider
the insult to the Liberals formed no pitrt of the investi-
gation, for Mr. Wilmot and his liberal opinions were still
obnoxious to the dominant party.

At this time the first money gmnt was paid by the
Assembly for the seclusiun of those who had been attacked
with a disease called leprosy, then lurking in some dis-
tricts of Gloucester and Northumberland. It was reported
that a number of French sailors, shipwrecked on the coast
of New Brunswick, had introduced the disease from the
East. The death of seven victims, and the dread of infection
by the people, roused the philanthropy of the province. A
lazaretto was established on Sheldrake Island, at the mouth
of the Miramichi ; but this was subsequently removed to
Tracadie, where it still stands, a retreat for the wretched
incurables, who may there endure in retirement the pangs of
their terrible affliction.

During the election of 1843 serious riots had disturbed
the peace of Northumberland, for which the Assembly was
obliged to pay heavy damages. These outrages were the
effect of a week's election tour through the parishes, for
each polling place having then a separate day on which to
make up its record of votes, a county election generaUy
spread over many days. On this occasion an idle mob, bent
on mischief, and opposed to the return of Mr. Ambrose
Street as the liiberal representative of the district, marched
from parish to parish, and committed a series of follies, so
outrageous, that a detachment of soldiers had to be sent
from Fredericton in order to maintain the public peace.
The law establishing simultaneous voting lessened the
possibility of such lawless acts. ^

Destructive fires among the buildings of St. John, uid the
prospect of a depressing change in British duties on lumber.

122

RIOTS ON THE STREETS OF ST. JOHN.

mith an overstocked market, gave an unhappy look to tlial
commercial centre. More than four thousand of its peopla
vere dependent on public charity, while over three hundred
were on the limits for debt. Yet the unruly had spirit
«nough left to quarrel over the emblem of an Irish party,
which had been placed on a flag-pole. The rumour of
coming strife had been abroad all day, and at night a crowd
from the offended faction paraded the streets, insulting
other citizens, and howling like maniacs. Affairs appeared
in an unsettled state ; but the energy of the mayor, and the
arrests he made, queUed the disturbance. The same feeling,
however, flamed out again on a subsequent 12th of July.
In the procession of that occasion, and out of it, men were
prepared for deadly combat At the foot of the principal
street, on the spot where the Loyalists had quoted their
motto from Virgil, fortwnati quorum jam mania eurgunt,
the disgraceful scene of citizen striving against citizen, with
knife and bludgeon and pistol wtt^ witnessed. Many
persons were killed, hundreds were wounded — aU unlucky
victims of the storm which cleared the way for future
peace and good-will among the people of St. John.

The Reformers of St. John, encouraged by events in
Canada and Nova Scotia, gai^ i strength every day. Dr.
William Livingstone was the 'jader; and to him and his
writings may be referred some of the success which after-t
wards attended their efforts to popularize their principles
among the constituencies of the {»:ovince.

When Sir William Colebrooke raised his relative to the
high position of provincial secretary, both political parties,
in opposing the appointment, understood the necessity for
responsible government as they never had before. The
administration, which continued to support the governor,
dwindled to small compass for want of men to join its
tvaka. At last Mr. Beade was removed, and a coalitioa
lonued. But there was no peace. A surplus fund for the
civil list having been misappropriated for the stUT«y of
llAds in Madawaska, the provincial secretary sad Sir
WiUiam wore alik« denounced for transgressing the limit

mmmmfmmim

fisher's resolution.

123

of their prerogatives. The Crown lands were mismanaged,
the revenues squandered, and yet the rump of a government
held on to power notwithstanding its unpopularity. Every
session the struggle went on. The Keformers kept their
ground, notwithstanding their defeat at a general election.
Lord John Russell's despatch, which advised that the heads
of government departments should hold office during the
pleasure of the representatives of the people, had taken root
in Nova Scotia as a part of the constitution. At length, in
1848, Mr. Fisher came to the front with a resolution em>
bodying the principle of the despatch, which the House of
Assembly passed by a laige majority. Thus was the death*
blow dealt to favouritism and old compacts in New
Brunswick, and the foundation of popular government laid,
two years after the battle had been fought and won in
Nova Scotia.

Sir William Colebrooke was succeeded by Sir Edmund
Head. Sir William's lust session with the House of
Assembly was held in St. John. During his rule King's
College drew down upon it the severe criticism of members
hostile to its constitution of that day; but in this, as. in
more trying conflicts, it stood unharmed. The political
turmoil did not interfere with the prosperity of the country.
A healthy desire to improve its institutions, schools, rail-
ways, and to promote reciprocal trade with its neighbours,
were the first-fruits of responsible government.

Sir Charles Fitaroy, Governor of Prince Edward
Island in 1837, was not long in finding out the true cause
of discontent among the tenant farmers. Hardship had
engendered a suspicion of injustice. The first settler, fight*
ing with the stubborn wilderness, which, for a few seasons,
repaid him for his toil with the barest necessaries of life,
often cheered himself and family with the prospect of
comfort from a cleared farm. During these daik days of
crushing t^ii he was unable to pay rent; nor was any
then dtimindf^. As soon, however, as the proprietor
learned that bis tenant bad foity or fifty acres vmdex aaUki-
YAtion, with respectable buildings near them, ths

il I

1S4

THE PROPaiBTORS DEFEATED.

wluch had accumulated from the first year were added
up, and sent in to be paid. Ejection, under these circum*
stances, was not uncommon. The bailiffs often had a
boBj time of it. On one occasion some of the King's
County farmers resisted the sheriff and ham-strung his
horses. The governor issued a circular to the proprietors,
advising them to sell the land to the tenants under some
system of payment by instalment, or allow something to
them for improvements. The House of Assembly passed
a law, providing for an assessment on all lands in the
province ; and this the proprietors opposed. A report
was prepared on the subject by the ablest men in the
Assembly. Lord Durham wrote a long letter favouring
the true interests of the island: and at last the enact-
ment received the royal sanction, notwithstanding the im-
portunity of the circle who tried to regulate the land
question in London. This defeat shewed that their influence
was on the wane.

In 1839 the Legislative Council was made separate and
distinct from the Executive; when, pleased with the con-
cession, the first House of Assembly under this change
manifested its loyalty by offering to help New Bruns-
wick in the disturbance with Maine over the boundary
question. In the same session a proposal was made to
establish a court of jescheat, and to levy a penal tax on land
unoccupied.

Sir Henry Vere Huntly arrived in 1841, as soon as
Sir Charles Fitzroy departed for the West Indies. A sigh .
for responsible government made itself heard in a quarrel
between the governor and Mr. Joseph Pope, an influential
politician, who held, in 1846, the position of Speaker. Mr.
Pope had objected to an increase of five hundred pounds
to the governor's salary. Sir Henry retaliated by dismis-
sing, on his own responsibility, the economical speaker
from the Executive Council; but the case, when referred
to Mr. Gladstone, as Colonial Secretary, was sent back to
tl» Council with an order to reinstate Mr. Pope until the
judgment of that body was dedaied for or agaii^t binu

pope's quarrel with huntlt.

125

Meanwhile Mr. Pope resigned, to appear next year at the
head of a successful movement in opposition to a petition
for a renewal of Sir Henry's tenure of office.

The indignation of King's County, about an ejection
suit, again broke forth in mob force and the torch of the
incendiary. A disorderly election likewise disturbed the
peace of Belfast district, in the death of one or two, and
the wounding of nearly a hundred. The cure for suoh
evils as the latter was provided in the introductica of
simultaneous voting in the various districts of the whole
island.

The Assembly, in 1847, drew up an addres?, to the Queen
on the subject of responsible goyri. 7\ent; V/ut interrupted
in the agitation by the arrival ot a ' ^w r/ovemor, in the
person of Sir Donald Campb«»ll. the iC^t'onuers heard
nothing more of tht;Ir petition until 1849, when its prayer
was rojecf«»d in a despatch fro!n London. Earl C-rey,
Golouial secretary, thought that the wealth and popula-
tion of the province did not yet demand a system of self-
go^emment, such as that enjoyed by the neighbouring
colo.iies. He advised the Legislature, moreover, to provide
for the civil list, outside of the governor's salary, which
the Imperial exchequer, he said, would in future disburse
at the rate of fifteen hundred pounds. In reply, the
Assembly pressed tlieir claims for some control of. the
Executive : to pay the civil list was an easy matter if the
revenues vrere placed in the hands of officials responsible
to the electors of the island. The abolition of quit-rents
and the management of the Crown lands also formed part
of the Assembly's demand.

The general election of 1850 declared the people's verdict
in favour of the change proposed by the Beformers.
The first duty of the new Assembly was to attach to the
^vemor's speech a clause recording their want of confi*
dence in the Executive ot that time. Sir Donald tried to
re-oonstruct his CounciL But as the Lower House fou^t
for a principle, they dared not yield to any temporuj
anangement. They passed some supplies that were «b*

196 TOB MBATH OF BTll DONALD CAMPBELL.

lolntely necessary. All other subjects mentioned in t&0
speech they refused to discuss^ so that, at last, after two
sessions in one year, the governor was obliged to dismiss
them with a reprimand. Sir Donald Campbell, however,
did not live to see the end of the struggle. Scarcely had
his report of affairs in the colony reached London, to be
discussed and praised, when the sickness of death seized
him at the age of fifty.

Sir Alexander Bannerman, the next governor^
brought with him the pleasing news, in 1851, that hi»
predecessor's able report had effected a change in the»
mind of Earl Grey, who was willing to comply with the
request of the Assembly if they agreed to grant pensions
to the retiring officiab. This was all that was wanted;
and in a short time an administration was constructed on
the new principle, with Mr. George Coles as president of
the Council, Mr. Charles Young as attorney-general, and
Mr. Jceeph Pope as treasurer. Two years after, a recon-
struction took place, when Mr. Young retired. At the
same time a change was made in the franchise, which, in
causing a general election, ended in defeat to the govern-
ments The Holl-Palmer government was then organized;
but, met by a dissolution ordered by Governor Bannerman
on the eve of his departure to the Bahamas, it was broken
up by the new election.

When called to the government of Newfoundland in
1857, Sir Alexander Bannerman fulfilled a mission similar
to that which took him to Prince Edward Island. la
connection with the fisherie.s, France and England held
a convention in 1856 ; but when the decision of that assem-
bly was placed before the Newfoundland Legislature, dis-
satisfaction arose at its terma Then England sent a de-
spotdi to the governor, in which it waa plainly stated that
ibs territorial or maritime rights of Newfoundland would
sot be changed without the consent of its peopla Thiti;
Wfts gratifying news to all the eolonies. Yet th» politieal
etmagea and leligious strife which responsible govemmealt
pffri^yM on the island* wer» rot without thdur gad eonv

BANNERMAN GOVKTINOR.

127

sequences. Sir Alexander, in organizing a new Executive
Council, created the necessity for a general election, which
was attended with much rioting and bloodshed; and, for
some time, he had difficulty in maintaining peace and order
between the opposing factions. He retired in 1864.

#.-/m

CHAPTER IV.

■! I

RESPONSIBLE GOVEENMENT.

If i^or Robinson'a Sturey.
Beciprocity Treaty.
Mining Association.
The Judges' Salaries.

Protection.

Downing Street Tyranny.
Land Commission of ISdOl
Prince of Wales' Visit

Although many of the benefits prophesied of respon-
sible government were never realized, yet the new power
exercised by the people promoted amongst them a loyalty
towards colonial interests, and a fixed determination to
advance with the age. The spirit of the times favoured
railway extension and free-trade. In 1845, the mania,
which sought to bind all England in a network of iron,
extended to New Brunswick in a project to connect Quebec
with Shediac and Halifax. The united action of Canada
with the Lower Provinces, induced the British govern-
ment to send Major Bobinson to make his survey of the
* North Shore Route.' For three years the work went oa.
The Major's report, which estimated the cost at five millions
sterling, was acceptable to the three provinces. Each
province promised assistance, and hopes were high. But
the Colonial Office frowned upon the scheme, and forced
New Brunswick to look elsewhere for money to build its
fijrst railway. The year 1850 witnessed the rejoicings at
the Portland Canventiorif where the citizens of the United
States, in entertaining the free-trade delegates from Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick, revealed a plan for stringing
Portland, Bangor, St. John, and Halifax, on one line of
railway connection. Then began in New Brunswick the
*war of routes,' — the northern counties being loud in
laTour of the route surveyed by Major Robinson, the ooun-
tieB on the St. John River as loud for a line along the
liver, and Charlotte for a frontier route The city of St.
Joim had the hardest of the battle, in advocating extension

%^j

-jn-^^mmf

RAILWAY PROJECTS.

129

to Bangor, for many spoke against the proposal to build a
railway on British soil with New Englimd funds. Among
these was Joseph Howe, who had gone to England to
raise a loan for building a road between Halifax and
Windsor. There his eloquence breathed a new life into
the project for an Intercolonial line. The frown of the
Colonial Office was changed into a smile. Earl Qrej
wrote to Lord Elgin, the Governor-General, advising him
to arrange the TororUo Convention^ at which delegates
from all the provinces might meet to discuss the subject.
Meanwhile New Brunswick had provided for the line
between St. John and Shediac as part of the extension to
Bangor, and refused to send delegates to Toronto unless
Britain promised aid to such extension. Howe said that
a promise to that effect had been made; but after the
convention, when all preliminaries had been settled, a
despatch from the Colonial Office laid bare Howe's miS'
take. Earl Grey shewed that the misunderstanding had
arisen from the misinterpretation of a letter, which had
merely contained the promise that no objection would be
raised to make the line to St. John a part of the Inter-
colonial. This was the second blow to the scheme. Then
was arranged the Halifax Convention. From it a depu-
tation was sent to London to ask aid from the Imperial
government. Delay provoked mistrust. At length the
impatience of Mr. Hincks, one of the deputation, demanded
an answer. The answer came, but it was one refusing
aid. This broke up the unity of the plan for building
the Intercolonial Railway, and set each province to work
out a railway policy of its own. When Howe was ap-
pointed chairman of Nova Scotian railways, the govern-
ment was re-constructed, with the prospect, however, of
finally establishing a line between Halifax and Pictou,
one to Windsor, and a section from Truro to the Isthmus
boundaiy. New Brunswick urged on the work between
Shediac and St. John.

In 1854 a Beciprocity Treaty, to last for ten years, was
Xfttified at Washington. Lord Elgin, agent for BritaiQi

130 THE MUnWO ABSOOIATIOir.

CBiQfled much discontent by hia haste in signing avay
eolottial rights before the legislatures had time to discuss
the terms of the treaty. Many believed that the United
States had again the best of the bargain, in the right to fish
without limit, in the free use of the canals in Canada, and
the navigation of the rivers St. Lawrence and St. John;
for, as an offset to these privileges, the provinces had
obtained only a free market in the Republic for their fish
and lumber. Nova Scotia was the last to agree to the
proposal; and in some of the speeches uttered during the
discussion, the right of taking part in such negotiations was
openly maintained.

The last two years of the first Reform administration
in Nova Scotia was animated by the first attempt to pass
a prohibitory liquor law, and the general excitement of
the province in watching the fortunes of Britain in the
Crimean War. The death-blow was given to the govern-
ment by the man who had been its leader. A religious
riot had occurred among some railway navvies, and Howe,
in a violent mood, attacked the Roman Catholics. Soon
after, a vote of want of confidence transferred the power
from the Liberals to the Conservatives, with Johnston as
attorney-general, and Tupper provincial secretary.

The Mining Association had long been an unpopular
body. It had its origin in 1825, when the Duke of York,
in the hope of adding to his income, conferred upon an
English company the privilege of working certain mines
m. Nova Scotia. The power to do so he had obtained
from his brother, George IV. This Company, to save itself
from bankmptcy, developed into a General Association.
But the Assembly looked with jealous eye on the exercise
of a right it had never sanctioned. Obstacles were easily
raised. For years the mining interests of the province
were at a stand-still, until the Conservatives gained the
ascendency. Then a successful effort was made to establish
the charter of the Association on a firm basis. A del^a-
tion went to England for advice, which proved favourable ;
and a vote, encouraging the Association to proceed with its

THB JTTDOBS* TSEB,

131

operations, was passed in the Legislature. This happened
in the same year, 1658, in which Sir John Gaspard Le Mar-
chant gave way as governor to the Earl of Mulgrave. *"

The Conservatives in power strove hard to retain their
places, even in face of a change of public opinion, as expressed
in the general election of 1859. "When the House met, the
Liberals had a majority of two in the contest for Speaker.
Still, the government refused to resign. Several members,
the attorney-general said, were disqualified to vote, as
they had held office during the election. The House
refused to investigate the charge, and the government
proposed a dissolution to the governor. But Lord
Mulgrave knew his duty only. He cared not to pass
judgment on a case which the Assembly alone could
decide ; and thus, when their advice was rejected, the
Conservatives changed places with their opponents. The
new ministry comprised Joseph Howe as provincial
secretary, Adams G. Archibald, attorney-general, with
William Young as leader and president of ihe Council.

In New Brunswick party government did not come
into full play till 1855. Previous to this, the Assembly,
undisturbed by party votes, spent much of its eloquence
in a general cry for retrenchment. Wilmot, who with
Fisher had joined the government, guided the current of
popular feeling against the high salaries of the Judges. His
success in reducing these roused other patriots to demand
a like decrease for all the officials, and the abolition of the
Judges' fees. This was a pressure the Bench would not
bear. They appealed to England. Their salaries and
fees, they said, had been fixed when the Legiblature first
promised to pay the ;£14,500 towards their support, and
to curtail these during their lives would be a breach of trust .
Lord Grey took sides against the Assembly in protecting
the Judges, and the action raised a storm, which even
attorney-general Street, with all his courage, could" not stem.
For a time the subject was a lover to move the House to
periodic excitement, until, under the name of * Botsford'ii
Offering/ it became a power only to provoke ridictde.

138

POLITICAL XXOITKMKNT.

Another sonrce of political strife arose from free^tndd
discussions. The high Imperial duty on flour had led to
the erection of several flour-mills near St. John. After-
wards, when this duty was withdrawn by England, the
owners of the mills sought the Legislature to protect their
trade by a provincial duty on all imported flour. The
subject gave scope to the orators of the House, and the
tax wm legalized. Next session the protectionists again
appeared with petitions. They asked for protective
duties on all provincial industries, and a fisherman's
bounty ; but while the Assembly conRidered the whole
subject, a despatch from Lord Grey was presented, in
which dissent was recorded against the Till granting a
bounty to hemp growers. This, viewed as an unneces-
sary interference, quickened into rage the feeling against
the despatch system, and the rule of Downing Street. The
repeal of the Navigation Laws added to the vexation.
Mr. Wark, by his resolutions in the Assembly, tried to
shew that responsible government in New Brunswick was
yet only a name. In face of the Earl's decree, another
member introduced a Bill to provide for fishery bounties ;
while, during the debate, the despotism of the Colonial
Office was in everybody's mouth. The House cheered
the Bill in its third reading, and voted three thousand
pounds as a bounty fund. But the defiance was a mero
shadow ; for the Legislative Council rejected the Bill, and
thus brought about the reaction of quiet.

A new Assembly was returned in 1851, with a great
increase of strength to the Liberals. Wilmot had been
raised to the Bench, and Mr. John Ambrose Street had
taken his place in the government. Mr. J. W. Bitchie,
leader of the Opposition, saw hope for his party in the
election of a 1 jeral as Speaker, and moved a * vote of
want of confidence.' But the Hon. Mr. Partelow had
been at work. The government was sustained, with a
four years' reign before them. With the influence of
Street in the House, and Partelow in the ante>rooms, tho
strength of the coalition was greater than ever.

TBI LAITD COMMIMION.

133

In Prince Edward Island attempts were, at Tarioos
times, made to settle land disputes by purchasing some of
the large estates, such as the Worrel and Selkirk. Mean-
while other events occurred. Sir Dominick Daly, successor
to Oovemor Bannerman, saw Oharlottetown incorporated,
opened the new Normal School, and ordered the census of
1865, which recorded a population of seventy-one thousand.
A general discussion on the use of the Bible in schooLi
did the government no good. One election made the two
parties in the House equal ; another brought in the Palmer-
Gray administration, in which no Roman Catholic had a
seat. The Council thought the exclusion unjust, but the
skirmish which followed did not damage the popularity of
the government, for its leader, Colonel Gray, had already
expressed himself in favour of an independent commission
on the land question.

This land commission, when organized in 1860, con-
sisted of Messrs. Howe, Gray,* and Ritchie ; the first being
the representative chosen by the tenants, the second by
the Crown, and the third by the proprietors. They held
courts at the various towns, listening to complaints from
the farmer and arguments from his landlord. In their
elaborate report they explained how the evils had arisen
from the first division of the province in 1767. They
recommended the purchase of lands by the government,
and their re-purchase by the tenantry, on the expectation
that the Imperial Parliament would grant a loan of ;£! 00,000.
They objected to escheat, but provided for free grants to
Lcj^alists. The French claims, they said; could not be
recogni led, but the Indians were to remain in possession of
Lennox Island. All the phases of the subject were laid
before them, and were examined with a carefulness whicli
commanded the respect of all parties.

When the report was submitted, the Assembly recordtdd
its satisfaction by passing an Act to make it law. But
as the proprietors were still dissatisfied, the colonial
secretary sent a despatch disallowing the Act. This lou/ied

• The Hon. John H Gray of New Bhinswick.

184 VISIT Of THB PRIMCB OF WALX8.

the iAdif^atioD of the wkoU island. An addreu wm senb
to the <^u«en, beseeching her to give her ganction to the
leport as part of the pruvincia). law on land tenure. The
opinion of the Crown lawyers favoured the coloniiU secre-
taiy's view of the matter, and the Queen oould not subscribe
to a document which hor advisers declared illegiU. At
length the House of Assembly iMok on itself the responsi-
bility of raising money to do what the commissioners had
advised ; while it was agreed to leave the final settlement
i>i' the value of lands to be purchased, to a subsequent
commission, which met in 1876.

The spring of 1660 brought the tidings from Britain
th.»t the Prinoe of Wales intended to visit America ia
July. This was welcome news to all the provinces, and
the large cities made good use of their time in preparing
to receive right loyally the son of Queen Victoria. New*
foundland and its capital, St. John's, had the honour of
giving the first shout of welcome. Simultaneously a royal
salute, regulated by telegraph, boomed Irom all the batteries
in Canada and the Lower Provinces ; a shout went up from
the hearts of the people. ■ At Halifax the harbour was
crowded with the Admiral's ships, and the citadel bedecked
with colours. Four thousand children sang the national
anthem as the long procession of soldiers, militia, and city
societies, passed along the streets in escort of the prince and
his companion, the Duke of New^jiastle. Old associationg
connected with the residence of the Duke of Kent were re«
vived. The old men thought of their boyhood, when, sixty
years before, tiiey had flung their caps in the air, as the
prince's grandfather passed through Gi'anville Street to be
presented with a star by the House of Assembly, liejoicings
lasted three days, and then the royal party passed to St.
John, by Windsor. The city of the Loyalists susts ined its
waae. The citizens joined their voices with those of their
children in singing the song of fi'eedou and monarchy,
and Med Chipman's Hill with their hearty £nglish cheers.
lli^m St. John the loyal party proceeded by the river to
tlie cftpitaly where they were welcomed by an immense and

TU£ I'HINCK OF WALKS AT NIAOARA.

135

loyal throng, that crowded every available oatlook, whether
on the houses, on the streets, ur along the Imnka of the
noble stream. The prince and his suite became the guests
of the popular lieutenant-governor, Mr. Manners-Sttton.
Addresses from various publio bodies were presented, and
graciously accepted. Namerous presentations of public men
were also made to the prince at Government House ; and a
magnificent ball in the chambers of the House of Assembly,
closed a series of brilliant festivities in his honour. From
Fredericton the prince returned to Halifax, and thence, by
Truro and Pictou, went to Charlotte town. There, at night,
the harbour was illuminated with fireworks. The town
hod within it thrioe its population. Saxon and Celt raised
their huzzas in concert, for the latter forgot, in his holiday,
the zeal of his ancestors in fighting for Prince Charlie and
the Stuart tartan. All tlirough Canada the prince met
with like receptions. At Quebec addresses were read to
him in French and English; and the speakers of both
Houses of Parliament, in return, were nighted. At Mon>
treal he opened, with kingly ceremony, the Victoria Bridge
and the Provincial Exhibition. At Ottawa he laid the
corner-stone of the present Parliament Buildings. Toronto,
London, and Hamilton, assumed their gayest look. At
Niagara the grandeur of nature was lit up at night with
hundreds of Bengal lights ; and during day, Blondin made
a bridge of a rope over the roaring cataract. At length
from Canada the prince went to the United States, where
he had a pleasant welcome. From city to city he passed,
answering the addresses of a people, who, for the moment,
spoke from a heart as English as their tongue.

') I

CHAPTER V.

CONFEBEEATION.

li t

Fftettons in CftTiada.
Convention at Charlottetown.
Quebec Convention.
Reaction in New Brunswick.
Dominion Day.

Howe l>econies President.
Further Cunaolidation.
War of 8eces8ion.
Tlie Fenianh.
•City -f Boston.'

The people on this side of ijiie Atlantic had long been
familiar with the hope which pointed to the rise of a new
nation on the shores of the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Some prophesied of a time when the British Provinces
would disappear in the union of their neighbours; but
this was only uttered in times of distress, or when Britain,
for state reasons, sacrificed colonial interests. The hearts
of the people never leaned towards annexation. In 1839,
when Lord Durham, in defending his rule in Canada,
laid his celebrated report before the British Parliament,
he spoke of a federal union among the British North
American colonies, as a cure for many of the evils under
which Canadians periodically groaned. A twelvemonth
after, the legislative nion between Upper and Lower
Canada was established, with equal representation from
each province; but instead of promoting amity between
French Conservatism and English Liberalism, it merely
developed a steadfast faith in Lord Durham's panacea.

The year 1858 was one of violent party strife in Canada.
In July the Macdonald-Cartier administration of four
years' standing succumbed to an adverse vote; and Mr.
George Brown, leader of the Reformers (Grits), was called
upon to organize a ministiy. This he did. But his
opponents, taking advantage of a House in which the
members of the new government, not yet re-elected, had
no right to vote, the Reformers were displaced by a small
majority, after holding office for only three days. Brown

"MCUSSIOSS o, CON„BI,.,no«.

«"Sd'L^'rr^^-7?. ^ ^■"-"'"l Head to .^

to the Liberals that the cZTu . "'"'■ ^his proved
party and the Cona,; .Vef? th T ""^ «™'" ^"'"^
a power they could not „l ^PP*' Province was

'^t.on; and at last, Ihen tLv ''^''T'"""'"' ^-y Popn-
Bacceeding without 'a Tevltt? T **" ™P««»iWIity of
^t Toronto, to advocate Itdetl u7 T '" '=''"^<»'«on
Pfovmces, such as that now evil-„ T. '''*''''"' *•>« two
v^nces of British North ZeZ L]'"''''\"'^ '"e pro-

BuVfo^rf^ ^"-^^^"^ ^^-^^ *" ""* '^"^ *P

Assembly of CSaL*^'' ^•"""'» "-ting, the
of the Hon. J. W Jottti , T '""''"'' "^^ ""o eloquence'
-d a deputation of iXut t^o t?" '"^ ^'J^^'' -^ t^
«elf and Mr. Adan.s G^ A^ch feaW Th"'"''^""« "^ '>'»-
b^ot was, that the ImperiIlTv» ' ^' *"'*<*' '"o-ght
obstacle in the way o7suoh fT™"'™' ""-Id throw no
comprising Cartier,^Gl^7j'/ "■"»»• ^"other embassy"
appear beforo Sir ' Edward But^' LI '^T''''""'" ^
Secretarr, and ask authority to c!lT ^ "' """ Colonial
^^""-^ the provinces. 7s Sirl^dtT^"/ °f ''^Vtes
th'ik (he time ripe for act! n i "* *"* """ »<'«"' to
1864. *^ ""■' ""thing more was done till

Pro''wnc:s t; neflt^rl, ^""--o"- .» the Upper"

^-■_ neresign:::!frth~'':?'"po-tof„r

neither party had a working „f ^"^'""^ ^''«»'^'l that
opened between the Z to enT"'^- ^^«otiatio„s were
the Hon. George Brown had '" * ""^'"'"' '" *hich
mittee was r^vled "he sehle" of"' V ?" *''^'' » --
for a legisktive union. M^whilf ™'"^"'«>'« " federal
«tm,ng up the peopfe of thTwt; ^ ^"»^' '»'' ^^

^i'^^Tz^i:z^ S-" -" Bri-:;-

'?...-ethi.provinoirpar^S""^^„ng

lim

138 QUEBEC CONVENTION.

disc ission of Maritime Union at a meeting of delegates
to be held at Charlottetown. But while this convention
■was in session, another delegation arrived from Canada
to advocate the Confederation of British North America.
Macdonald, Brown, Cartier, and Gait, pressed the greater
union in exhaustive speeches, and adjournment was pro-
posed, in order that more time should be devoted to its
consideration at a general convention at Quebec. The
members, therefore, left the hospitality of Charlottetown
to accept that of Halifax. At a banquet there. Brown
gave his views in a brilliant uad convincing speech. At
St. John another warm reception was prepared for them.
Fredericton also did them honour : everywhere public
opinion seemed favourable.

On the 10th of October, 1864, the Quebec Convention
met in the old Parliament House there. A draft of the
constitution for the new federation was submitted and
approved. A copy of it was sent to Britain for confirma-
tion ; and the delegates returned to their own provinces, to
await the decision of the various parliaments.

In the following February the Canadian parliament,
by sweeping majorities in both Houses, adopted a number
of resolutions favouring Confederation ; and those who
had spoken so well for the scheme at Charlottetown, were
appointed to advocate the cause in Britain. A general
election in New Brunswick, however, sent a majority of
Anti-Confederates to the Assembly. Prince Edward Island,
afraid of oppression, shook its head at the whole plan;
while Nova Scotia, unwilling to negotiate for union, unaided
by the sister provinces, began to reconsider Maritime Unioa
by itself.

But Governor Gordon, in New Brunswick, was in league
with the Confederates. An Anti-Confederate government
had been formed; yet in his speech to the Assembly, the
governor recommended union with Canada, and the Legis-
lative Council passed a vote in its favour. Everywhere
throughout the province, on the platform, the street|
and at the fireside, the project was the cause of many a

CELSBRATION OF DOMIITION DAT.

Consemtives and against Se^i,. ^''*'* <^»"ght with

Confederates. At length h.e^.. "'"""^ <"• Anti-

. «» «U sides, was S to r "■ S"*"""™', P«^

odminislratio; took i,^ ',lr^-^ T*' TiUey-MiteheU

™ triumphantly aJ^jS' '"" Confederation wa.

^ t'-~'"-"''^^'.Xt?'""d "^ ^- «--

of the union were imn,„!i- "P^*'' "nd votes approvin™

. counca But:r,rh:t„:L'^^«i»A3se.'sr^i

opm.on when Joseph Howe 7'^^°'"' ^ "'^"^ '^^>^
Delegations were ordered ^ Enlnd ''°th°"-'^^'^'^«~«-
Howe and Annand, the other bTr^n ™" ''«^«<' by

^ »ove the Imperial auttrit.ts I^T "" ^•'"ibaldi
^en ensued a brilliant ^^wl " ° Tf *"* ^'=''™«-

»pect for colonial talent Thl *^°f^^'«*'<>". enlisted »
however, was forecast. Howe 1 I T'rf . *'"' «PP»«i"on,

withstand the arguments of Howe ir^"'""''''' ''<"^'' "<"
few years before m, rhl ' '"' '^'''ionist, uttered a

f 'enoy. I„ the end Lt ^f Pv ""' ""''' '"^ '^o^.
day of the Dominion of Cantdl t alTJ *^^^ '''^ ■"^'
and authorised a loan of three mi if "" °""'y- 'SS^.

~^ne:^-Tr'L-d:^«^M„„,. ,,, ,,,

a coalition. Hon. George bLuTT"' """- necessarily

^he difficulty ar^e aS ^rr^n'mrfr i««^' *»

Treaty; but the Hon. William V?, ""* fi<«ip«)city

the Conservatives with him Tast 'h^^i^- "''" '^^"^'^

A. Macdonald was Pr^m^iTd J • '^*''"""- Si' John

George Cartier, Ministers MUitfr^n" """^"■«" Si'

MinisterofCustomsjHon Z^^t' ^""- S- L. Tilfev

^ this way, aU theTo^r^w ''"''''*""^«'-«™e^
government. Pn>mces were represented in the

Hie first great work of th« ^: • .

the m.„at^ was to calm the

I !•

;, 1

■I,

: (

1 »0 rURTHER CONSOLIDATION.

agitation in Nova Scotia. There the feeling against
confederation had burst into a cry for * repeal' In the
general election of 1867, Dr. Tapper was the only Con-
federate returned for the Parliament at Ottawa, with
Blanchard and Pineo for the Legislature at Halifax. An
address to the Queen, urging repeal, was immediately
prepared by the Assembly. Howe and Annand appeared
once more at the Colonial Office. Tupper followed them.
But the battle had been fought and won when the union
was proclaimed on * Dominion Day ;' and thus, after a
fruitless attempt by Mr. John Bright to bring the matter
before the British House of Commons, the delegates we»,
obliged to return in disappointment. Next yeai, tfis
Hon. Joseph Howe accepted office, under the promL.c that
Nova Scotia would recpive a largf» subsidy fiom the
Dominion exchequer.

The union, which ,at first included Ontario, Quebec,
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, was further extended, in
1870, by the purchase of the North -West Territory from
the Hudson Bay Company, and by the organization of a
new province under the name of Manitoba. At the
outset there was trouble. Banding themselves under Louis
Kiel, the French and Indians of the district, in holding
Fort Garry, refused admittance to Hon. William Macdougall,
the first Manitoban governor appointed by the Canadian
government. Not until the Eed Eiver Expedition, com-
manded by Colonel Wolseley, had reached the province,
could order be maintained under Governor Archibj'ld.

In 1871, British Columbia, in the hope of being united
to Canada by the Pacific I'ailway, accepted the terms
offered by the Dominion, and became one of its provinces.
Two years after, Prince Edward Island followed the
example, to the satisfaction of its people and all Canada,
for, by the event, the new nation, so often spoken of, waa
knit together as a unit in the first stage of its existence.
In the latter province the opposition of the people to
Confederation had disappeared in a struggle among the
leading politicians for the distinction of inaugursCting t]^

TH£ WAR OF SECESSION.

141

<» I ->■*

,;iii

; change. To the Hon J. C. Pope is due the honour of
building the Island Railway ; and to him, with Messrs,
Haythome, Laird, Haviland, and Howland, also belongs
the still gieater honour of arranging the terms of union.

Other Events of the Deoade, 1860-70.— The War
of Secession, which disturbed the United States for four
years, did not pass without producing anxiety in Canada
and the adjoining provinces. Slavery on the plantations
of the South, had long been the disgrace of the Republic,
For years its abolition had been advocated by the Repub-
licans of the North, when the election of Abraham Lincoln,
by which the civil power fell into the hands of the
Abolitionists, presented the opportunity for stamping out
the evil. But the planters of the South, having determined
to shun the influence which might injure their personal
wealth, led into secession and rebellion eleven of the
States — North and South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas,
Tennessee — and chose Jefferson Davis as their President.
In the campaign of 1861, the New Confederacy gained the
advantage, for the fall of Fort Sumter in April, and the
battle of Bull's Run, fought in July, were both Southern
victories.

Early in the same year Britain proclaimed its neutrality
In the quarrel, though the * cotton lords ' of Lan^j^hire and
Glasgow uttered loud complaints, when the Nortnern fleet
blockaded the Southern ports, and when, for want of
cotton, thousands of mill-operatives were thrown put of
employment. The distress and general depression of
Ibrade created sympatjiy for the South, which, with the
isuccesjs of British steamers in running the blockade,
stirred up ia counter -irritation in the North against
JSn^knd, and a steady watch for a .reprisal. Then
occurred the * Treiit AJBair.* This arose from the c»pt^re
of two Confederate agents from the cabii^ of the British
mail steamer, the Trenty by one of tte Korihem war-sjbiips.
S^chan outrage, committed in n^d.-6oe^, h4se4 a yioient
ttinitflTJiftnt in England. The Cjueen, t^ugh her adviseiB,

14S CONFEDERATE REFUOBES IN CANADA.

demanded instant reparation. Troops poured into Canada,
to have their numbers swelled by hundreds of colonial
volunteers. St. John, Halifax, and Quebec, repaired their
defences, and gun-boats were placed on the coast. But in
the midst of these warlike preparations, the two Confe-
derates were set free by the Federal government, with the
explanation that their capture had not been premeditated.

The second campaign was indecisive ; for while General
Grant took Fort Donelson, and Admiral Farragut New
Orleans, the battles of Richmond, Bull's Run, and Fredericks-
burg were won by the Southern generals. M'Clellan had
met Lee in bloody conflict at Antietam ; but that contest,
so disastrous to both armies, proved as indecisive as the
campaign.

During the third year, Britain was again involved, on
account of the ravages of the Alabartia, a war-ship built
at Birkenhead for the South. The damage done gave rise
to the * Alabama Claims ' settled by the last Washington
Treaty. The impending storm which Canada expected
to fall upon it in retaliation, urged the colonists to provide
a better means of defence, for it was well known that the
North was exultant over the death of * Stonewall ' Jackson
on the battle-field of Chancellorsville, the capture of
Vicksburg by Grant, and the total rout of Lee's army
at Gettysburg.

The fourth campaign saw Grant before Richmond, and
Sherman in Georgia, preparing for his devastating march
to the sea. Meanwhile, many of the Confederates who
had taken refuge in Canada, collected in small bands
near the boundary-line. At one time they seized on
Lake Erie two small vessels belonging to the North; at
another they beset St. Alban's, in Vermont, and retreated
only after blood had been shed. Taken prisoners on
their return to Canada, they remained in custody for some
time, subject to a demand for their extradition, but were
eventually set at liberty, notwithstanding the threatening
attitude of the North.

The spring of 1865 brought the war to an end. In

THE TENIAN RAID.

143

Aprilj Richmond was taken, with the aurrender of the part
of Lee's army that survived the three days' carnage. A
month after Abraham Lincohi's assassination, Jefferson
Davis was shut up a prisoner in Fortress Munroe ; and a few
days more placed the South, without a Confederate soldier,
at the mercy of the Northern conquerors.- In the same
year, the news reached Canada of an intention to abro-
gate the Reciprocity Treaty. Messrs. Gait and Howland
appeared at Washington to open negotiations for its re-
newal, while Joseph Howe tried to promote a good feeling
between the two nations by delivering one of his most
elegant and powerful orations at the Detroit Convention
of merchants from Canada and the United States. But
all waa in vain. The demands at Washington were too
exacting, and the treaty expired at the specij&ed time.

The Fenians at this time, finding that the task of
establishing a republic in Ireland was one far beyond their
resources, undertook to conquer New Brunswick and
Canada. From Portland a band of them sailed for East-
port, intending to cross the St. Croix, to feed on the
industries of St. Andrew's and St. Stephen. But when
they learned that British troops and St. John volunteers
were there to meet them, they quickly turned their backs
on the land they had proposed to subdue. At Fort Erie,
on the Niagara River, their ignorance changed a slight
success over two companies of volunteers into a defeat, so
that from the capturing of forts in Upper Canada, they
were quite content to adapt their talents to the robbing of
farm-houses on the borders of Lower Canada. One day
the vagabonds ranged themselves in battle array near the
frontier, ^here, in the act of running from the rumoured
approach of the red coats, their leaders fell into the hands
of the United States' marshal. Several of the * benighted'
were tried in Canada, and sentenced to be hanged; but,
liberated after a few years' imprisonment, they disappeared
from public notice, when they found the whole brotherhood
protected from themselves by the president's proclamation,
which forbade further attempts at invasion.

144 THE LOSS OF THE *CITT OF BOSTON.'

. In August, of 1869, Prince Arthur, the third of Queen
Victoria's sons, and now Duke of Connaught, visited Hali-
fax, St. John, and Charlottetown, to be received with loyal
shouts, as loud as those which had greeted his brother nine
years before.

The opening of the year 1870 was one of sorrow to niany
in the Lower Provinces. On the 28th of January, the City
of Boston, a mail steamer for Britain, left Kalifjix with a
number of prominent merchants in her svlnon, on their way
to make purchases in the London spring market. TiU
March no tidings came of the vessel's safety. At length a
telegram was received announcing its arrival at Queenstown.
This brought joy to the city arid the whole country; but it
was the joy before despair, for the message was false.
Nothing was ever heard of the fated ship.

Events since 1870 include the inauguration of a free
school system in New Bnmswick, the ratification of the
Washington Treaty, and the change of government con-
sequent on the * Pacific Scandal.' Earl Dufiferin arrived
in Canada as successor to Lord Lisgar, in 1872. Hon.
Adams G. Archibald, became lieutenant-governor of Nova
8cotia, on the lamented death of Hon. Joseph Howe, in
1873 ; Sir Eobert Hodgson resumed in the same year
the governorship of Prince Edward Island, which he had
formerly held for three years; Hon. S. L. Tilley was ap-
pointed governor of New Brunswick, when Hon. L. A.
Wilmot retired in 1874.

AGRICULTURE, MINING, AND MANUFACTURSa 145

CONDITION of the COUNTRY DURING the THIRD PERIOD.

Within thn past fifty years, rh rtM'orded by recent vnhjnins of repoi-t* and
ctatisticH. the industrieH of the ]> nvinces have undergone a development
directly proportionate to the activity and increase of their population. Am
the ftir-trade declined, fishing, farming, and lumbering received more
attention. The fisheries alone yield over eight millicms of dollars, to be
further increased by the system of protection adopted by the Murine
Department at Ottawa. The more men kept to one branch of industry as
a means of living, the more rapidly did the country advance; nowhere haa
the mixed labour of farming and Ashing, or farming and lumbering, pro<
dttced very prosperous results. Fruit-growing, in some districts, has beeofk^.
added to the usual farm work, by which a harvest of thousands of barrels
of apples with quantities of plums, strawberries, and grapes, has supplied
many markets within and beyond the provinces. Cheese factories have
been established in some of the agricultural centres. Everywhere sheep
and cattle rearing, with the surplus crops of wheat, oats, and barley, has
realized a richer return, as railways and good roads brought the fanners
nearer to a ready market. Still, the export of lumber, chiefly confined to
New Brunswick, exceeds any of the other exports from the forest, sea, and
land.

The vastness of the mineral wealth of the country has stirred up capi-
talists to make it of service to the world. The mines of Cape Breton,
which have a history of their own, produce annually nearly three miUiou
dollars' worth of coal. There are also extensive mines in Pictou and
Cumberland, while, in New Brunswick, tlicre is the great coal-fleld around
Grand Lake which has still to be explored by the miner. From the
Albertite, a ricli deposit of bituminous coal found in Albert County, large
quantities of oil have been produced. Iron ore has also been discovered ia
the coal districts, which the smelting works at Woodstock, at Acadia Mines,
and fn Pictou, though not all successful, have proved to be of the best
quality, A million dollars' worth of gold has been crushed from the
quartz of Halifax and Guysborough, and small quantities have been washed
from the bed of the Tobique. Manganebe, antimony, copper, and even
silver exist, to a greater or less degree, in many districts; gypsum, lime«
stone, sandstone, marble, and granite, are all abundant, and add to the
commerce of the country.

Manufactures have produced a change in the character of the imports ;
Sam Slick's satire has lost the bitterness of its sueer at the counties help-
lessness. Few villages are without their tanneries. Boot and shoe
fiactoriee, stove foundries, carriage factories, all tlourisli in the larger towns.
Cotton mills bring wealth to 8t. John. Machine and engine works afTord
eipployment for hundreds in HaliCnx, Moncton, and St. John; while,
amidst all this energy, ship building still continues prosperous.

Much of the progress of the provinces in later times may be traced to
the io)|>rovement in railway coimectioa. The oldest railway in Nova

\
1/ 1

146 RAILWAYS AND EDUCATION.

Scotia ii that netween Halifax and Windsor: in New Brannwiclc, the New
Bninawlck and Canada lUilway, commencing at 6t. Andrews. Bt Joba
has been connected by rail with Shediiu; Hiiice 18ti0. The Halifax and
Windsur line haa buen extundud to Yarmouth i'he Intercolonial runs ftroni
Halifax through Truro, Amherst, Moncton, Newcastle, and Campbelton,
to Quebec. From Truro a branch runs to Plctou; and old Loulsbourg
again assumes an importance, through the line connecting it with the
Pictou lino at New Olaaguw. St. John is within three hours of Fredericton
by the railway and its branch, which, extended by the Riviere Du Lonp
line, will reach Quebec ; while the main line from Ht. John to Maine has
branches running north and south to Woodstock and Houlton, to St.
Andrews and Bb. Stephen. Prince Edward Island also han its railway of
two hundred miles, running from one end of the province to tlie other.

The progress in education is manifest in every conmunity. The number
of colleges is greater than in other countries of the siiiiie population,
probably greater than the necessity demands ; Nova Scotia Iiuh five of these
institutions, New BrunHwick three, Prince Edward Island two. King's
College, Windsor, was incorporated in 1802, with an endowment of £1000
per annum from Britain and £400 ftom the Assembly, in a('''ition to
20,000 acres of land. Now it receives only $2400 from tlie Lt!gi8iuture, the
Imperial grant having also been withdrawn. Ddlhoiieie Colltne, Halifax,
was incorporated in 1820, with its original revenue derived from $39,000
of the Castine fUnd, which has since been increased by endowments
collected by the Presbyterians. In connection with it there is a proviii<
cial medical school. Nvw Bruntwick Uuivenity, I''redorii;ton, under its
old name of King's College, was re-organized by Royal Charter, in 1828. It
received its present name in 1854, from a Commission apttoiuted to reform
its constitution, aud to establish it on a non sectarian basis. Acadia
College, Wolfville, was established by the Baptists, in 1840; St Mary's
College, Halifax, by the Roman Catholics, in 1841 ; Mount AUiton College,
Sackvillti, by the Wesleyans, in 1843; St. Joseph's College, Muinramoook,
by the Koiiiau Catholics, in 1864; St, Dunttan's College, Prince Kdward
Island, by the Roman Catholics, in 1855; Prince of Wales' College, Charlotte-
town, in 1860

Nova iSeotia first took a special interest In common school education, in
1811, when ilie Legislature granted twenty-five pounds to districts having
thirty familifs. The division of the province into school districts was
arranged in 1826; and in 1855, Dr. Forrester opened the Normal School at
Truro as Principal of it, and Superintendent of Education for tlie province.
Free schools were established in 1864.

New Brunsvick arranged its first School Act in 1833, which provided a
Board of Trustees for each parish, and a supplement of twenty pounds to
the teacher. After various changes, the Assembly drew up a law in 1847,
appointing county inspectors, and establishing the Training ScJiool at St
John. In 1858, when Mr. Fisher became superinteiident, another step was
taken in raising teachers' salaries, and granting three hundred dollars to
superior schools. The present system of ft-ee education was inaugurated
in 1871, and is principally due to the political sagacity and mfiueuce of the
Premier of that time, the Hon. O. L. Hatheway. In Nova Scotia and
17ew Brunswick there la one Academy or Grammar School lor each county.

BIOORArniCAL N0TK8.

147

Prince Edward Island opened iU flrnt public iinhool at Charlottetown
in 1821. Sixteen yean after, the flrst regular report on e'lncation wai
published. An Act establiHliing (Vee schools wau passed in 1862 ; and in
3877 tlie present education luw was framed by the Hon. L. H. Davlei,
Premier of the Island.

General Oovemment.— Uefore a general pJnciple for all the
provinces can become the law of the land, it ntuflt )>i> ^m the vote of the
House of Commons as well as that of the Senate, and receive the consent
of the Oovernor-Oeneral. The Governor-Oetural is tlie n presentative of
the Queen, by whom he is appointed; his salary, which is paid by the
Canadian Qovernment, amounts to $50,000. The SenaU consists of 77
members, who have the title of ' Honorable.' The House of Commoni hai
206 members The advisers of the Goveriior-Qeneral form the Ministry,
or Privy Council.

liOoal Qovernment. — Each of the Maritime Provinces has a
Lieutenant-Governor, a Legislative Council, and a House of Assembly.
The first is appointed by the Governor-General of the Dominion, the
second by the Lieutenant-Gk>vemor, and the third elected by the people
In Nova Scotia, the Legislative Council has 18 members, the House of
Assembly 38 members. In New Brunswick the numbers are 21 and 41 ;
in Prince Edward Island, 13 and SO ; in Newfoundland, 12 and 80. The
advisers of the Lieutenant-Governor of each province form the Executive
Council. The Revenue of the three provinces which have entered the
union is made up by a subsidy from the general Govf rnment at Ottawa,
the sale of public lands, stumpage cm lumber, and royalty on minerals.

oistinquisb:ed loyalists.

Oeorge Duncan Ijudlow— »on of a New Toik colontst— first an
apothecary's apprentice— then a student at law— Judge of New York
Supreme Court— at the close of the war, came to Carleton— made Chief
Justice of New Brunswick in his fiftieth year— Died 1808.

James Putnam— a native of Massachusetts— graduate of Harvard
—practised law in Worcester, then in Halifax — appointed Attorney-
General of Nova Scotia— member of New Brunswick's flrst Council, and
Judge of its Supreme Cenrt— Died 1789.

-Jonathan Odell— a New England clergyman and political writer-
appointed chaplain of the Royal array — practised medicine during the war
— made member of New Brunswick's Council and Provincial Secretary.

,. Joshua Upham— son of a distinguished physician in Brookfield Masi.
—a graduate of Harvard — Colonel of Dragoons in British Army during the
war — aide-(U-camp to Lord Amherst — lived in King's County— one of the
first Judges.— Died 1808.

John Baiuxders— bom in Viif^nia— masterofa troop of horse daring
the war— afterwards studied law at the Middle Temple, London— made a
New Brunswick Judge in his thirty-siztli year— promoted to tho Gbiet
Justiceship in 1822.— Died 1834.

BIOORAPniCAL N0TE8.

148

•f • . . rt 1 1 . t.

Ward Chlptnun— 'J)orn lnMa«iachn«ott«~j|[ni«1nAt«of ITarvurd— Niiw
BruuMwii'k'M lliHt Hulicitor-Geiieral— held many iini>()rtaut olllccii— flnit
Itecorder of Bt John— Dritiah agent onder thi^ Jay Treaty— raised to the
Bench in 1800— adminiatratur of the government.— Died 1824.

Jaoob Bailey— born at Rowley, Maaa., (ft poor parentage— <^ student
•t Harvard— ordained a miaaionary in London — lived a4 auch in Maine for
eighteen ycnra— removed to Halifax in 1770— wrr>te ahumoroua account of
the privatiouH of Loyaliata and other luttera.— Died Rector of Annapolis in
1808.

Sampson 8. Blowers- bom in Boaton, 1743— educated at Harvard
College— for aotne timo a lawyer in Boston— Judge of the Vice-Admiralty
Court in 1779— retired to England during the war, to return as yolioitor*
General of Now York— removed to Halifax in 1786, where he oaaumed the
iJutlea of Attorney-Ouneral, and Speaker of the Aafiembly— tirat a member
of the Council— then Chief Justice and Freaideut.— Died in his ninety-ninth
year.

Sir Brenton Haliburton— born at Rhode Island, 1775— sent to Jail
In his sixth year for raising a Loyalist cry in the streets —educated in
^gland, whence his father removed to Halifax— a lawyer in Halifax— then
a soldier in the Royal Fusiliflrs— in 180.5 raised to the Bench— in 1838
became Chief Justice.— Died aged elghty-tlvtt., , ., i , . ,. >

OTHER BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.

Edward, Duke of Kent— fourth son of George IIL, bom at Buck-
Ingham Palace in 1767— educated in Hanover— first Colonel of tho Heventh
jRiBgiment of Foot, at Gibraitar—aasiHtud in the capture ol .Martinique and
G^udaloupe— arrived in Halifax, 1794— built a beautiful residence on
^Bedford Basin- took his seat in the House of Lords, 1799— Governor of
Gibraltar.— Died at Kensington, 1820.

, Samuel O. W. Archibald- bom in 1777, the son of Truro's first
jni^strftte -first a Stcwiacke farmer- then a studiint at Harvard— practised
l».yr in Halifax— representative in the Assembly for forty years— appoiated
Chief Justice of Frince Edward Island in 1824— Master of the Rolls for
Nova Scotia in 1841— an attractive orator and shrewd statesman —Died 1846.

Thomas 0> Haliburton— a native of Windsor, where he was edu-
cated — a lawyer at Annapolis, of which he was elected representative
—Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and Judge of Supreme
Court— wrote HUtory of Nova Scotia— author of Sam Slick and other
publications— retired to England In 1856— became member of the Imperial
Parliament.— Died 1865, In his sixty-ninth year.

John Young— a native of Falkirk, Scotland— educated at Glasgow
University fur the ministry- came to Nova Scotia in 1814 — elected member _

.f^r Sydney— author of the letters of .^(rricola— established a model farm at °^
trillow Park^futUef at Sir WilUam Youxtg.— Died 1837, at Uxa ag« of
sixty-flve.

BIOORAPniCAL NOTES.

149

/ fl

Adflitmd Burke— an Iriitaman by birth— at flnt prl«lt th Rndara
pariah— ad* rwanlH mlsnlonAry amnnff Indiana In Canada— wrote Rriphio
letters aboul IiIh laboui-a, and received a pension of £300 tram Drltaln—
made flritt (Jatholio BlMhop of Nova Scotia in 1815— wrote three volumea
of deaoriptlve and controversial tracts —Died in 1820, aged seventy-eight.

Abraham Qosner— son of a Loyalist, and native of Comwallis^*
an industrious naturalist— a student of medlolDO under Sir Ashley Cooper
and Abernethy— made the first geological survey of New Brunswick In
1885 — wrute several interesting Reports — and made a collection of mlneraLi
for the museum in Ht John— discovered a practical mude for preparing
coal oils.— Died at Halifax, in 1804.

Alexander Forrester— bom inScotland, 1805— a student at Edin-
burgh University — a minister of Horble, Wigton, until the Disruption-M
Free Church pastor in Paisley, where he also conducted science classes-
accepted a call from Halifax, and there established the Froe Church
College— Superintendent of Education till 1864— and Principal of Normal
School— the pioneer of educational improvement in Nova Scotia— author
of The Ttacher'8 Text- Book. —Divd in New York. '^'"^^

:yoBflph ITr>Yrfl— horn noaip TTalifg^. jn 1304. son of a Loyalist^

first a priiitir's boy— then editor of the Nrnvi Scotia >i--i]ie leaaer in the
/ strife for constitutiDniil government — his life the history of the country—
I author of tlirei! volumes of speeches and pamphlets — a vernatile writer
y and popular omtor — Died Lieutenant Oovemoi of his uulive province

In 1873.

John "W. Dawson— native of PIcton — finished his education at
Edinburgli— .■Superintendent of Education for Nova Scotia— member of
the comnnssioii to inquire into the condition of coihtKiate education in
Vew Brunswiuk— Principal of M'Ulil (JoUegej Muuti'tiui— m rule Acatiiaik
Geology and other useful works. '' ■' . ■ " '' '" ' •• •*■''' •■ '-

.( i.

Ward Chipman, Jun — bom in St John— studied law in London
' —a lawyer in St. John— succeeded to several offices held by his father-
member for St. John County— Speaker of toe Assembly— raised to the
Bench, in 18*^4, at hie father's death— agent or Britain in the settlement
Of bordt-r difflculties— made Chief Justice in lb34.— Died 1851.

y Ii emuel Allan "Wilmot .-of Loyalist descent— bom at Frederic-
X^ ton, ^fSer^iewaseaucate^rSTi'd where he practised as a lawyer — origina-
/ tor of the uioveiuent for responsible government in Ntw Hrnnswick
\ Attorney-General and Judge of the Supreme Court— appointed Governor
V of his native province in l«t)7.

Charles Fisher— bom in Fredericton— D. C. L. of New Brunswick
v ^ University, In whldll Institution he <• as educated— associated with Wilmot
in the struggle for popular government— member of the Dominion Farlia>
ment — Judge of the Supreme Court.

Samuel Leonard Tilley, C.B — of Loyalist descent -born afe
Oagetowft OftUlU tJUi Jthn lliwn ifiroggiat in St. John— lor luauy yeuct

Ic- V

la- I

- J

lor V

150

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.

leader of the Liberal party in New Branswick— advocated meannreB for
extension of franchise and vote by ballot— led the movement for Con-
federation in New Brunswick— Dominion Minister of Finance — Governor
of New Brunswick.

Donald Macdonald— native of Perth, Scotland— educated at St.
Andrew's University— a missionary in the Highlands— minister in Cape
Breton— then in Prince Edward Island— crowds flocked to listen to his
eloquence— wrote several evangelical works— published collections of
poems and hymns- respected everywhere.— Died 1867, in his eighty-flfth
year.

Xldward Whalen— an Irishman from County Mayo— a printer
under Joseph Howe, for whom he wrote many editorials— came to Prince
Edward Island when eighteen years of age— a popular orator and politician.
—Died 1867.

Geor ge Colea— jip*-" ''" ^rinnn Tlt^""'"^ T..in..>i, tij^i|i— ^ qmber for
Queen's County in 1^1?^ ]nnt1"r nf th^ r"^"-r'^"*- ^'■"^-'""piuaili!.'" govern*
ment— frame^'Sn Is^ucatiou law for the Island. — Died 187»^

.■Im:-'

Treaty of Paris, (Second,) in 1783, recognised the mdL-puudence of
/ the United States, and fixed the boundary line definitely for Canada,
but indefinitely for New Brunswick. By it, also, peace was restored
between England and France.

Treaty of Ghent, in ISU, decided that Britain and the United
States should give up the conquests during the war ; that the boundary
line between New Brunswick and Maine should be determined by com-
missioners ; and that both powers should try to abolish the traffic In slaves.

The Casual and Territorial Hevenues form that part of the
provincial Income derived from the sale of Crown Lands. Previous to
1832, the House of Assembly In New Brunswick had no control over
the expenditure or management of the Crown Land Department. The
Crown Lands were under the Inspection of the 'Chief Commissioner,'
who was responsible for his official acts to the crovemor alone. When
Governor Campbell refused to listen to the demand of the House of
Assembly for a financial report from the Chief Commission, a deputation
was sent with an address to the Colonial Office. The king granted the
right of supervision of the Crown Lands to the Ab»cmbly.

The Civil Iiist Bill was the sequel to the excitement over tho
Casual and Territorial Revenues. According to it, the Assembly agreed to
pay the officials whose names were on the Civil List, out of part (£14,500)
of the above revenues. The stubbornness of Sir Archibald Campbell, who
dreaded the extravagance of the House, raised another storm. He refused
to give hia consent to the Bill. A deputation was sent to London. Sir
John Harvey was appointed to succeed Sir Archibald, and readily gave tb«
tdditiond power tQ the Legislature.

LEADING DATES OF THE PERIOD.

161

fAahburton Treaty, in 1842, settled the dispute between New Brnna-
wick and Maine, over the boundary line. Of the twelve thousand acres in
the disputed territory, New Brunswick received five thousand.
Repeal of the Navigation Laws, in 1849, was carried in the
Bi'itish House of Commons after much excitement. The vote created
dissatisfaction in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, especially among the
shipowners, who were tlien obliged to compete with the United States on
equal termeTin the lumber trade. At first it was proposed to open the
coasting as well as the foreign trade ; but as this would have produced a
diminution of the revenue, the proposition was rtijectcd.

The Treaty of "Washington, in 1871, permitted fishermen of the
United States to fish on the coast of Canada, and Canadians to fish on
the coasts of the United States, providing for a commission to settle the
amount to be paid to Canada for the privilege. It granted free trade
between the two countries in fish and (ish-oil. . By it the navigation of the
St. Lawrence and its canals was thrown open, for the privilege of passing
goods in bond from the United States' ports to any part of Canada. The
export duty on American lumber, passing down the St. John from the
Aroostook district, was also abolished.

PRINCIPAL DATES— THIRD PERIOD.

The Stamp Act 1765

Sdt. John Island a separate Pro-
vince, 1770

"War of Independence begins,. ...1775

Second Treaty of Paris 1783

Landing of the Loyalists, 1783

Duke of Kent Visits Halifax,.... 1794

War with the United States 1812

Treaty of Ghent 1814

The Miramlchi Great Fire, 1825

The Frontier Dispute, 1827

Joseph Howe's first Election,. . .1837

Karl of Durham's Report, 1839

The Boundary Dispute Settled,.. 1842
BespoQsible Government 1848

Navigation Laws Repealed, 1849

Ma^jor R(»l)in8on'8 Keport, 1849

Reciprocity Treaty, 1854

The Land Commission of Prince

Edward Island, 1860

Visit of the Prince of Wales, 1860

Tie Trent Affair 1861

Convention at Charlottetown,...1864

Dominion Day, (Ist July) 1867

The Red River Expedition, 1870

Treaty of Washington, 1871

British Columbia enters the

Union 1871

Prince Edward Island enters the

Union 1873

152 INDBX OF OEOQRAPHICAL NAMES.

6E0OBAPHICAL NAMES.

Aix-la-Chapelle, a town n<-iir the Rhine, in Rhenish Prussia, Germany.

Antietam, another name for Siiarpsburg, in Maryland. ,,

Antigonish, one of the northern countieB of Nova Scotia.

Arichat, on Isle Madame, which lies south of Cape Breton.

Avalon, a peninsula in Newfoundland, formed by Trinity and Flacentia Bays.

Basque Provinces, in Spain, near the angle of the Bay of Biscay.

Bay of Bulls, twelve miles south of St. John's, Newfoundland. ;

Bay Chaleur, northern boundary of New Bmnswick.

Belfast, a settlement near Point Prim, Prince Edward Island.

BeUeisle, the straits between Newfoundland and Labrador. "' .

-Blenheim, a village on the Danube, in Bavaria, Germany.

Bonavista, a Cape in Newfoundland, at the entrance to Trinity Bay.

Bras d'Or, the lake within the Island of Cape Breton.

Breda, a town in North Brabant, Holland.

Bristol, in England, on the River Avon, tributary to the Severn.

Brittany, province in the north-west of France. ' '*'

Bull's Run was fought near the River Potomac. " '""' "^ '

Cape Farewell, to the south of Greenland.

Cape Finisterre, on the north-west of Spain.

Cape Sable, southern extremity of Nova Scotia.

Cap-Rouge, promontory at the mouth of River St. Lawrence. . ,

Caraquet, in Gloucester County, New Brunswick. .. '' '

Carbonear, a town on Conception Bay, Newfoundland. ' '

Castine, near the mouth of the Penobscot, Maine.

Charlotte, a county in New Brunswick.

Chebucto, old name for Halifax Harbour. " '*

Chedabucto, a bay on the coast of Guysborough County, Nova Scotia.

Chester, a village in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia.

Cobequid, an ai m of the Basin of Minas, Nova Scotia

Comwallis, on Minus Bnsin, Nova Scotia. » '.

Culloden, a small pluteau six miles from Inverness, Scotland

Dalhousie, the most northern town of New Brunswick.

Detroit, a U. S. town on the channel uniting Lakes St Clair and Erie.

Dieppe, a seaport in France, north-east of Havre. y ,

Eastport, in the State of Maine, south of St. Andrew's, New Brunswick.

Falkirk, a town near the head of the Firth of Forth, Scotland.

Faimouth, a settlement on the River Avon, near Windsor, Nova Scotia.

Ferryland, thirty-live miles from St. John's, Newfoundland, south-east coaat,

Florence, a town in Italy on the River Arno.

Fredericksburg, in Virginia, north of Richmond.

Fort Niagara, on the right bank of R Niagara as it flows into L. Ontario,

Fort Sumter, on Charleston Harbour, South Carolina.

Gabarus Bay, on the south-east coast of Cape Breton.

Gasp^ eastern extremity of Quebec Province, opposite AnticostL

Genoa, a city on the north of Italy, on the Gulf of Genoa.

INDEX OF OEOORAPBICAL VAMBS.

153

Gettysburg, near the River Potomac.

Grand Pri, in the northern comer of King's County, Nova Scotia.

Granville, a village opposite Annapolis.

Hanover, one of the principalities in Germany,
xlsvre, a dea^wrt in France, at the mouth of the River Sein&
Hispanlola, one of the West Indies, next in size to Cuba.
Horton, in King's County, Nova Scotia.

Jemseg, on the St. John, at the outlet from Grand Lake, New Bnuitirlok.

Kennebec, a river in the State of Maine.
Kittery Point, on the liudsou River, New York.

La H&ve, a river and cape in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia.

Liverpool, seaport in Queen's County, Nova Scotia.

Loui8l>uurg, ou the south east coast of Cape Breton

llachias, a seaport in Maine, on a river of the same name.

Madras, a strapurt capital on the east coast of Miudostan.

Magaguadavic, a river in Chtulotte County, New Brunswick.

Malagash, Maleguash, or Merliguesche, old name for Lunenburg.

Martinique, niont northern island of Windward group, West ludiea.

Menstrie, a village in ClackmaunauHhire, Scotland. ., ,r i

Miquelon, an island south of Newfou'«dland.

Miscon, an island at tlie entrance to the Bay Chaleur. ' ' . ' <■

Mongolian, belonging to tlte Mongols of eastern Asiu. ' .'' ■'- ' ' ' ^ V

Mount Desert, in Maine, ueiU' tho luuuth of the Penobscot.

Nantes, a seaport of France, thirty miles from the mouth of the Loire.

Nashwaak, the fort which formerly stood nearly opposite Fredericton.

Navarre, a province in Spain, soutlt of the Pyrenees.

New Dublin, a village in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia.

New Orleans, a city at the mouth of the Mississipi)!.'

Norridgouac, near the Kennebec. : : '-

Oromo.. , a tributary of the St John, below Fredericton.

Oudenarde, a town in the province of East Flanders, Belgium. ' [ ' \

Palos, between mouths of Guadiana and Guadalquiver in Spain.

Parrtown, the old name of St John, New Brunswick. ^^ .

Pavia, near tlie Junction of the Ticino with the River Pa

Pemaquid, between the Kennebec and Penobscot, State of MallW.

Penobscot, a river in the State of Maine.

Petitcudiac, a river flowing into Chlegnecto Bay.

Placentia, on Placentia Bay, seventy miles from St Jolm's, Newfoondlaad.

Plyiiinutli, in Massachusetts, near Cape Cod.

Point Prim, a cape about fifteen miles south-east of Chariottetown, P. flL I>

Ramilies, a village twenty-eight miles from Brussels, Belgium

Rhode Island, a small New England state between Conn, and Mass.

Ricbibucto. the chief towu iu Kent County, New Biimswiuk.

Richmond, in Virginia, on the James River.

Bochefort, a naval arsenal in France, north of the Gironde River.

Bossignol, former name for Liverpool, Queen's County, Nova fiootilk

Rouen, a town in France, on the River Seine, below Paris.

Byiwick, a village near the Hague, in Holland.

154

THE FOUR CAriTALS,

4SAn Salvador, ono of the Bahama Islands.

•Saracens, a name applied to the Mohamtnedans of Syria And Falettini.

Sault St. Louifl, the rapids near south corner of Montreal Island.

Scandinavia, Norway and Sweden united

Scoodiac, the o!d name for the River St. Croix, New Brunswick. , '

Seville, a city on the OuadalqaiviT, in Spain.

Shelbume, a county in the south of Nova Scotia.

Bliepody, the estuary <)f the Tetitcodiac. ' .''<»-

Sbub«Daoadie, a river flowing into Cubequid Bay, Nova Scotia.

'Sierra Leone, near the Grain Coast, west coast of A'rica. , . . v,-'-

'Spanish River, old name for Sydney, Cape Breton. 7 »,

St. Anne's, in Victoria County, Cape Breton, on St. Anne's Bay.

St. Croix, the river which separates New Brunswick from Maine. ' ' '■ '

St. Maio, a seaport opposite Jersey, one of the Channel Islands. '* '■'*

fit. Mary's Bay, in the County of Digby, Nova Scotia.

St. Peter's, at the southern entrance to the Bras d'Or, Cape Breton.

St. Pierre, an island south of Newfoundland.

Tadoussac, at th« mouth of Saguenay, a tributary of the St. Lawr«QC«

Tonquin, a state south of China. '"'

Trinidad, one of the West Indies, north of the mouth of the Ot1no<io.

Utreclit, a town in Holland, near Amsterdam.

Venice, u city at the northern extremity of the Adriatic Sea.

YorktowQ, in Virginia, near the mouth of the Jamea River . ' '

, , 1,^

THE POUR CAPITALS. „ . .

Halifax ii situated upon one of the safest hatlMura of the Atlantio
sea-board. Sliipti of every size can l>e moored at its wharfs. The prinoi«
pal places of interest are the citadel, the dockyard, the Province Building;
the Museum, Dalhousie and St. Mary's Colleges. It is the central station
for British war-ships engaged on the coasts of Ameiica, the seat of the Pro*
vincial University, and the eastern termmus of the Intercolonial Railway.

Fredericton stands upon a level area of land, about eighty-five milee
from the mouth of the river St. John. The slopes, which raijgtj nearly
parallel with the river, foi-m a background to the picture of its streetst
hotels, factories, pchools, and churches. The objects of apecial interest to
visitors are the Provincial Buildings, the Uuivermty, the Cathedral, and ths
Training School.

Charlottetown occupies the point of land formed by the confluenoe
of three rivers, and looks out into Hillsborough Bay. It exports large
quantities of fish and agricultural produce. The principal buildings are
the Provincial Buildings, the Prince of Wales' CollegCi the Wesleyan School,
and the St. Dunstan's Coilege.

St. Joho'.^ is protected by the high hills which encircle its harboar>
It is the centre of the Newfoundland seal and cod fishing, and from it
are annually exported large qua^.tities of oil and dried fish. Being tbe
nearest American city to Ireland, it is the firsi port of call for the mail
steamers which ran between Britain and Nova Scotia. 8«Tfmil fine paUiO
t>nilding8 adorn its streets.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.

155

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.

Intnduotion, — 1. Name the divi-
•kms of BritiHh America.— Does
British America include more or lens
territory than the Dominion of
Canada?— How and when wan t)ie
latter consolidated? 2. Why -vas the
western continent named An erica?
-»What was the origin of the i imes,
Canada, Quebec, British Columbia,
Prince Edward Island, Manitoba,
Acadia, New Brunswiclc, Ontario,
and Cape 'Breton? 3. Compare
British America with the other
states of ^e world.— To what events
does its history specially refer ? 4.
What name was applied to the
aborigines of Canada, and why?—
Enumerate and describe some of
their manners, customs, and pecu-
liarities in connection with their
feasts, ceremonies, councils, Ian-

Suage, and religion —In what way
id they shew (heir mechanical
ingenuity? — What was meant by
"wampum," and the "calumet of
peace ? "

FIKST PERIOD.

Ohapter I.— 1. Tell all you Iroow
about the Norsemen who lived on
Iceland. 2. Sketch the career of
Erin, the Red. Give the names of
his sons, and describe Umn voyaftes
separately. — Who were Oardar, In-
golf, Biorne, and Thorflnoe ?

Ohapter n.- 8. Write a short bio-
graphy of Christopher Columbus.
— Who assisted him to set out on his
first voyage?— Descrilte that voyage
in detail. 4. Who was Marco Polo?
and where were the places, Genoa,
Palus, and Hispaniola? 6. What
induced John and Sfbastian Cabot
to sail for America? and how did
they obtain their commission ? De-
scrilje their voyage to the Oulf of 8t.
Liawrence, aud name all the places
which they visited before their
return to England, d. What voyages
were made, aiid by whom, between

ge visits of Cabot aiid Cartier?—
ow far did Cartier explore the
Gulf of bt. Lawrence iu hia first
iroyage? 7. Describe Cartier's sec-
ond voyage miautcly.— Where were

Stadacone and Hochelaoat— Who
was Donnacona? 8 Tell all you
know about Cartier's third voyage.

Chapter in.-^9. Give a concise
account of Roberval's expedition and
settlement.— Why was his scheme a
failure? 10. What was the name of
Koberval's niece ? — Tell the story of
her fate. 11. What was the condi-
tion of the flsh and fur trade in 1578?

12. Hketch the life of Sir Humphrey
Gilbert. — Mention especially the
events of his rule on Newfoundland.

13. Who was Marquis de la Roche?
What were the powers granted to him
by the King of France ?— Describe
Sable Island, and toll the story of
its lirst coloni8t8.-*-Who were Cheto-
dcl, Pontgrave, and Chauvin.

Chapter 17.-14. What was the
condition of France When Henry
of Navarre was crowned its king?
15. Describe De Mont's voyage to
the ^<t. Cruix, and the settlement
he there erected. 16. Give a short
account oj Poutrincourt, L6Mcarbot»
and Biencourt 17. Tell what you
know of the early days of Port Royal
previous to its lirst siege. 18. la
what connection do you remember
the names of Menibertou, Guerche-
ville, and La Fleche ?

Chapter V.— 19. Sketch the life of
Sir William Alexander.— How was
he associated with Sir David Kirke?
20. Give an account of the career
of Claude De Latour. 21. How was
the jurisdiction of Nova Scotia affec-
ted by the Treaty of St Germain's?
—Give the date of this Treaty. »2.
Narrate the events arising from
the strife between De Latour and
Charnise. 24. Des(>ril:)e the siege of
Fort L(»tour. 24. Who was Nicholat
Denys? and what did he do for Cape
Breton ? 26 Why did Oliver CroMK
well interfere iu Acadian affairs?—
Narrate the events which arose from
this interference. 23. How wotld
you characterize the rule of Si^
ThomaH Temple?— Why was laa 4^
prived of his property?

Chapter YI. — 27. How «i« lte

names of Guy and Whitboume con.*

166

EXAMINATIOK QUESTIOITS.

nect«d with the hlntorjr of New-
foundland? 28. Write a Rhort sketch
of Sir George Calvert In your own
wordH— Why did he leave New-
foundland? '29. Sketch the career
of Sir David Kii ku. 30. What eventn
<around Placuntia culminated in the
siege of St. John'd by D'lberville?—
Deacribe that siege and ita efff*cta.
81. Give the date of the Treaty of
Byswick, and explain its teims. 82.
Write • short biography of Amerigo
Vespacci. S3. Bxplaia th« title,
Baronet of Nora Scotia.

SECOND FEBIOD.

Chapter I.— 1 Give the dnten of
the treutieH of Bredii and Utrecht—
What WAN the condition of Acadia
'daring thut time? 2. Describe the
•lege of Port Royal by Sir William
Fhips. 8. Name the lalfc^ three
French governors of Acadia, and
compare their charactera — Give a
sketch of the attempt on Fort NaMh-
waak. 4. Who was Colonel Churcli ?
— Why is his name mentioned in
Nova Scotian Histon'? 5 Narrate
the events of the Indi.m War which
«nded with the deHtrucdon of Nor-
ridgouac. 6. Who was Pnul Masca-
xeneT— Sketch his life and character.

Chapter n.— 7. Describe the niinp
of Louislmurg aa they ure t«> l>e seen
at the present d:iv - Draw a ma])
of its harbour, and mark on it the
position of the city, the Grand Bat-
tery, Lighthouse Point, Point Roch-
fort, and the Island Battery. 8.
Trace the origin of the project which
founded the city of L-misbourg —
H<»w was it governed? 9 Narrate
the oircumstauces which induced
Shirley to tit out hia armament
againHt Louisbourg. 10, Write out
an account of the siege. — What were
the terms of the surrender? — What
honours were confered on the victors?
11. -!»■ what way did the Govern-
ment of France shew that they wish-
<»d to regain Acadia?— Oive the date
of the Treaty of Aix-la-ChM|>eile, and
«numerate its terms -

Ohaotor m.— 13. Row did the
Snglish attend to Nova Scotian
i^resta previous to 1749?— Who
founded Halifax, Dartmouth, and
Lunenburg f — Describe the events
oouiected with these ststtlemmite.

13. Name the flrst three Nova Scotiaa
governors after 1749. and compare
their work and characters. 14. Knu-
inerate and sketch the principal
eventH during Ouvemor Lawrence's
tiniSi .

Chapter IV.— 15 Who was Jo ^ph
De lioutre?— How did he annov the
English settlers of Nova Scotia? —

16. Draw a map of the Isthmus,
and mark on it the HlHsiquash, the
Tantramar, Sackville, and the sites
of Beaubossin, Beauscjour, and Fort
Lawrence. — Describe in your own
words the positions of these places.

17. Narrate »he events in order
which made the Isthmus of Chieg-
necto the scene of a Htniggle in arnts
between the English and the Frenoh.
18 DeMcril>e the siege of Beausejour.
— Who were La Corne and Vergorf
—What wait the fkte of De Loutref

Chapter V.— 19. Write a short
account of the principal settlements
occupied by the Acadians previous
to the date of their expulsion. —
Explain the necessity for their ex-
pulsion, and give your own opinion
al>uut it. 20. Describe the scene at
Grand Pr^, wlien Wiuslow told the
Aoadians that they must leave the
country. 21. What is the history of
the Acadians after their expulsion?
— Wliat do you know of the two
sides to the story of the Acadians
of Grand Pre ?

Chapter YI.— 23. How long did
Louisbourg remain in English hands
after its first siege?— Give the rea-
sons why It wa.s given up. 23 What
British stutesnian proposed the sec-
ond siege of Louiobourg, and what
generals did he appoint to tullil the
task? 24 Describe the second siege.
T— Why was the cit/ destroyed?

Chapter YII.— 25. Give a connect-
ed account of the early histonr of
St John Island. — Where was Fort
Le Joie? — Tell nil you krow about
it. 26i What was the origin of the
settlements on Bay Chaleur and the
Miramichi? — Who destroyed them in
1758? 27. Where was Fort Fred-
erick? and what was '..ia origin?
28. Give an account of the eariy
contest Detween the se tiers on New-
foundland, and the f sh merchants.
—Who were the Hs liuir admiielst

XZAMI NATION QUKSTIONS

157

SSK Who was Admiral Walker? 30.
Deiicrilw HaoMonville's raid on New-
foundland. 31. Write a bii>gra}>liy
of General Wolfe. 32. What were
the term* of the treaty of i'aritf ?

THIBD PERIOD.

Chapter I.— I. Explain tli MUmp
Act, and narrate the eveiitii whicii
led to its enautnient. i. Wiuit was
the origin of the names Republican
and Loyalist in conneutiuii with
American history? 3 How did the
Stamp Act aifect Nova Scotia? 4.
Narrate the events which hapuened
in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and
8t. John Island daring the war
of Independence. — What were the
principal dates of the war ? 5. How
were the Loy«dists treated when the
war ended ? 6. Tell what you know
of the settlements on the 8t. John
River previous to 1783.— Describe
the founding of St. John. 7. Qive a
short sketch of New Brunswick con-
nected with the enterprise of its
people in its earliest days. 8. When
was Cape Breton made a county
of Nova Scotia, when a separate
province?— Who was Major Des
barres, and what did he do (ur Cape
Breton? 9. When was Patterson
Appointed Governor of St John
Island? — Enumerate the Hvents of
his rule 10. What were the various
causes which led tu the inuii iteration
of Highlanders ?

Okaptar n.— 11- What do you re-
member with respect to the visits
of the Duke of Clarence and Duke
of Kent? 12 Who were the Ma-
roons, and why were suuie of them
sent to Nuva e»cotia? 13. Give the
names of the governors of Nova
Scotia up to the time of Sir Colin
Campbell. 14. Describe the naval
duel between the •ii/tannon.and the
Chesapeakt. 15. Who was "Agri>
cola? ' and what did Lord Dal-
houaie do for education in Nova
HcoUa? le. Write out a sketch of
the political strife during the rule
of Sir Peregrine Maitlaud. 17. Give
an account of Ci|pe Breton while it
remained a separate province. 18.
What notes can you make on New
fiiunswick history when General
IBmythe was governor?— What events
ar« associated with the name of
Cbipmaa? li». Write out a sketch

of the Miramiohl Fire. SO. Naau
the governors of Prince Edwani
Island from 1799 tlU Sir John Har-
vey arrived. — Compare the rule of
Charles Douglas Smith with that of
Colonel Iteady. 21. Where is Point
Prim ?— How was it settled?

Obaptar UL— 22. Write a short
biography of Joseph Howe.— De-
scribe nuntitelv the political strill
which followed his trial for libeL

23. Tell what you remember of Sir
Colin Campbell's rule in Nova Scotia.

24. Give an account of the strife
between Howe and Lord KalkUuid.

25. What were the Casual and Ter-
ritorial Revenues? and how did they
influence politics in New Brunswick?

26. Sketch the career of Sir John
Harvey as governor in tlie Maritime
Provinces. 27. Give the chief events
associated with the name and rule
of Sir W'Mam Colebrooke.— How
are the names of Wilmot and Fisher
associated with the straggle for re<
sponsible goversnr^nt? 28. Give a
connected account o* the straggle
between the i>eople of Prince Edward
Island and the abser.c proprietors.
Name the governors of Prince Ed-
ward Island fh>m the date of Sir
John Harvey's withdrawal till 1864.
How did the land questi(m disturb
the peace of the tH.Hud in 1837 ?-'
Hnw was responsible government
obtained for Prince Jfidward Island
and Newfoundland.

Chapter IV.— 29. Give a sketch of
the early railway enterprise of the
provinces. 30. What was the data
of the Reciprocity Treaty?— Enumer-
ate its terms. 31. What do yoa
know of the Mining Association of
Nova Scotia? 32. Give an account
of the excitement incident on the
free- trade discussions in New Bruna*
wick 33. What was the origin of
the Land Commission of Prince Ed-
ward Island, in 1860. and what did it
effect? 34 Descril>e the rejoicings
connected with the t'riuue of WalMlT
visit

Chapter Y.— 35 Trace the eventa
which led the provinces of Canada
to think of Coniederation. 36. Who
were the leading statesmen present
at the Quebeo Convention?— Ho v
had they gained such a prominrali
position? 87. Narrate tae sfsali

158

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.

mlifcli followed IflrtT, and itjit« how
further coriHoltdiition of the Do-
minion took \)Iacd. 3S. Whnt events
diaturhed Canttda daring the War of
Secession? 39. Describe the Fenian
raid. 40. Give an account of the pro-
gress of the MHritiine Provinces, dur-
ing the third period of tbttir history.

MihCKLLANICOUS QlTKHTIOHS.

1. Tell all yon know of the enter-
priM of the people dnrin'^ the first
period of Acadian history 2. Ex-
plain the charter f,dveii to !)<• Moiifs.
— Trace the caiistfs which broke up
hi<) setrieiiicnt on (he Ht. Crnix. a.
y^mt five or more of' the men who
discovered and explored parts of
America, and write biographies of
any two of them. 4 What was the

fieneral charai'ter of the constitu-
ional powers granted to the early
governors of Acadta, Cape Breton,
and Newfoundland?' 6. Give a de-
tailed account of LouiHl>onrg in its
daysof probperlty—its trade, govern-
ment, as well as the social condi-
tion of its people 6. Write short
biographies of Hhirley, Nicholson,
Monckton. and V/olte. 7. Name all
the more liijport8,tit s.-ttlements In
New Brunswick previous to 1783,
and trace the hiutory of any one of
Ihem. 8 What was the orijrin of
tbe antagonistic feeling which exi.sted
betwetm the peiinanent settlers on
Newfoundland and the fi«h mer-
chants ?— Compare this with the bit-
terness which was often seen in the
dissensions between the people of
Prince £dward Island and tne absent
proprietors. Name the principal
settlements of the Acadians, and
distinguish them by their enterprise.
30. Name the- three forts of the 8t.
John River, and narrate the history
of any one of them. U Give the
dates of all th^ treaties between
Fninee and England in which the
tmnsfcr of Acadian territory wul

fnvolvM.— fltafe their temtt. tf.
What i<lncc« were established Itk
the Mnrltitne Provinces l»y Enelish
settliTH. alter the e.ipulslon of thd
A(adians* 13. What were the rea-
sons advanced by Shirley and others
in advocating tae raising of a force
to besiege Louisbourg? 14. Give a
short account of the seven years'
war, and the treaty which brought
it to an end. 15. What causes led
to the exile of the Loyalists? —
flow were thev saved from desti*
tution? 16. Who Were the first
Hii'tnlu'rs from the County of Cape
Bioton?— What do you know of
their election? 17. Draw a map of
Sydney harbonr, and mark on it the
exact position of the town.— Give
an account of its earliest history.
18. Name four of the meat popular,
AS well as four of the most nni>opular
governors of the Maritime Provinces,
taken respectively. — Write a detailed
account of the rule of any two of
these, by way of comparison. 19,
What were the Casual and Territorial
Revenues?— What connection had
they with the Civil List Bill? 20.
Nime the three conventions at which
the railway affairs of the Maritime
Provinces were discussed —Nam©
alsoth*) "onventions whii'h had some
connection with the question of Con-
federation. 21. Who were the mem-
bers of the first Dominion adminis-
tration ?— Write a short biography of
S L. Tilley. 22. Give an aceount of
the local Parliament. 23 What are
the industries of the country at the
present time? — 8ket<!h the educa-
tional progress of the past fifty years.
24 Write out a list of the more dis-
tinguished of the Loyalists. — Enume-
rate six events in the history of each
province, giving dates.— How would
von shew, by a tabular fbrm, the out-
lines of the history of the whola
country ?

■I*.- '

V /

.«>»,)..» 'r

fti,«*>jii*'V .i-.

r
W
(i

EBCOMMENDATIOKS.

159

■ HISTORY OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES.

Autkoriud by th$ Boards of Education for Nova Scotia, Prince Kdward

J^nd, and Neyo/oundland.

"Tbe style is bright and taking: u\y one opening the book U lure to
re«d ou uutil he gets tu the end." — Morning Chronicle, Halifax.

"We have had placed before ua, in the most aaccint and complete
form, the best History of the Maritime Pruvinues that any author has yet
produced."— iSiUH, Nova Scotia.

"It is an adrairable hhtorical compendium."— Ret. M. Harvbt, lata
Sacretary to the Board of Education, Newfoundland.

" I found the book as interesting as a novel."— Wm. Hills, Esq.,
formerly Principal of the Training School, St. John, N. B.

" I am fuUv satisfied it will prove an invaluable help to our Teachers aad
Scholars. The intrinsic merit of the work will secure for it a large share of
popular favour."— Secretary to Board of Education. Prince Edward Island.

" It will be a work generally acceplAble and useful la our public
sohools"— Superintendent of Education, Nova Scotia.

"As a whole, it is a useful work, and reflects credit upon its undoubtedly
able author."— iVew Dominion, St John, N.B.

"The style is good, the arrangement excellent We welcome it aa one
of the Nova Scotia School Series "■^Halifax Preabyttrian Witntsi.

"This little work seems well fitted for any purpose, whether for study
■or for desultory reading."— Woil/ax Herald.

"The work is very complete in its plan. . . . We have no doubt this
history will be found very useful ; and its production by Mr. Harper is a
pleasing proof of the interest he takes in the stadies or the youth of this
Province."— Telegraph, St John.

" I am persuaded that it is better adapted to assist pupils in our Pro-
vincial Sciiouls in acquiring a correct knowledge of their own country than
Any other work with which I am acquainted."— W. L, Dabraoh, Beq.,
Inspector of Scliools, N.S.

" The general arrangement of the work is excellent, the scope quite com-
prehensive, whiltt th- mode of relating the events of our history is not onlv
.interesting, but is likely to pniiluce a lasting impression on the memory.
— Jamks Littlr, Esq , late Iiispectur of Schools, Nuva .Scotia.

" I httve caiefuUy read Mr Harper's * History of the Maritime Provinces,'
and most willingly recommend it to our teachers as one of the best epi-
tomes of history I have ever read The style is very racy nnd pleaaiug. —
W. D. DiMovK, Edq., B A , Head Maiiter, Model bchoois, Truro.

"It is unquestionably a valuable cootribution to provincial literatur*.
It dl^piays iintiiistiikable evidence ot retieareh, aitility, and imlustry, on
the jiart of its author, whose concise, yet coiiipivheiisive stvle throughout
th» wlia.e is in variAhly elegant and pempicuous."— -riw lit. tiUphen Journal.

"The copy of your Book which I received I prize much. To my mind
it fills a gap in our provincial literature, and filis it well. Such a work
iras mut.h needed, and nowhere more than in Prince Edward Island. I
cannot doubt its general acceptance, presenting, as it does, so many of the
essentials of a first-class text-book."- Rkv. T. Duucan, Charlottown, P. E. L

100

RBCOMXBNDATIOVS.

*' I TMd your ' Htiitory of the Maritime Provlnoei ' with great intoresi

and plnaxure. It contains iiiii<;li mid valuaMe information, very nkilfallf
condenHt-d. nnd in a style ao lucid and interentinK. that It cannot fail ta
fMcinait* old and youn^ 1 rei^md it as u most valuable addition to oar
School i^Htl<it " — A Member of the Board of Education, P. £. I.

"Thia little work will andoabtedly prove a valuable addition to oor
Firovinvial and Uohool Ijiteraturr. It will he seen that a vast amount of
information has been here epitomized; yet, when an event has to be
descrilted of more importance tlian usual, the picture is worked ap in a
very thorough manner. . Its style will commend itself, we believe,

to all claaaea of readera."— O^obc, St. John, N B.

" It affords ne great pleasure to inform you that our Doard of Education
Wianimoualy adopted your ' History of the Maritinie Provinces ' as one of
ear School's Books. I feel that we are under deep obligation to yon for
placing in our hands so interesting and valuable a work. We have no other
•o well fitted to interest the rising generation in the past and future of
their native country."— Rev. A. McLaaN, Belfast, Prince Eklward Island.

" Evidently the book has been constructed on a plan, and to his plan the
author has adhered witii commendable care. He admits nothing irrelevant,
nor encumbers his pages with unnecessary details. For this reason the
vork is, in my opinion, admirably adapted for instruction in schools. In
point of size it is Just thn thing for teacher and scholar."— The Superin-
tendent of Schools, St. John, N.B

"The plan of the work is excellent, and, as a school book, it can scarcely
be surpaHsed. It is written in good sound Englljh ; and, all extraneous
matter being eliminated, it affords to the student, i>i small compass, a clear
and distinct idea of the history of the country. We have set^n all the
histories of Canada which have been published, and consider this superior
to certain text l)ook8 in use. We would like to see it introduced into our
schools. "—6't. Croix Courier.

** The book is Just what has been bo long needed in the schools of the
Maritime Provinces, Its style is pleasant, parts of it being as pictorial aa
the biographies of Parley. The events of each chapter are so grouped round
a central ligure or fact as to clmg to the memory , one bringing up the
aasociatious of the rest. The work will undoubtedly prove acceptable both
to teachers and pupils ; and its tendency will be to cause a feeling of unity
and sympathy among the youth of tliis purt of the Dominion."— Superin-
tendent of Education, P. £. I.

"The selection and clasaiflcation of facts are adtiiirable. The nice
etouping of events around the more conspicuous characters is a feature
m the work tluit would render it very serviceable for teaching purposes.
There is a concise and intelligent method muintaiued througitout that is
seldom met with in works of this kind. The divisions of the book afford
easy stages, where the youthful reader may pause and g.'.ther up the ideas
aad events in the order of their importance before proceeding to the next
division. . . . Suffice it to say, that the little book vili tind a hearty
Mception among the youth of the Maritime Provinces. "— TtUgraph.

" I have read the book with much interevt. Your plan of concentrating
attention ujjon the historical development of the Lower Provinces, as
distinct irom those bearing the title of Canada, is, I think, a good one;
the two, though now forming portions of the one Dominion, having been,
in their origin and growth, quite as widely separated its they now are
Mographically. The work is one rjaich, in my opinion, appears to cover
nm ground quite fully as well as clearly, and will, I have no doubt, prove
«f much service, not only to teachors and pupils throughout the Province,
tat as well to the general reader. "^FBOFXaSO A L. W. lialLBY, li.A., Fh.D.« ~
VUvenity, Fredericton

eat intereii

iry nkilfulljr
nnot fail to
ition to oar

tlon to oar
L amount of
had to be
«(1 ap in a
we believe,

r ediieatioQ
' a« one of
to yoa for
ve no other
1 fature of
(1 Island.

lia plan ths
irrulevant,
reason the
ihools. In
le Huperin*^

■V

in 8carcel7
extraneous
ass, a clear
i«*n all tho
is superior
:d into our

ools of the
)ict()rial as
iped round
ng up the
table both
g of unity
— Superin-

The nice
a feature
purposes.
>ut that is
ook afford
the ideas

the next

1 a hearty

[^entrating
irinces, as
jood one;
nug been,
now are
8 to coTer
ibt, prove
Province,