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YELLOW OR PALE COPPER-RED, 9 id.— COLOUR, BLACK, STEEL-GREY, OB BROWN, 10 {a) BTEEAK-POWDBB, BLACK, 10 (6) BTEEAK-POWDEB, DABK BEOWN 10 (c) PTEKAK-POWDBE, DULL BED 10 (d) bTBBAK-POWDEB, BEOWKISH-YBI-LOW, H i ' ■^. ""%• B— HARDNESS NOT SUFFICIENT TO SCRATCH WINDOW GLASS. %\.— COLOUR, SILVER OR TIN WHITE, U (a) VOLATILIZABLB WHOLLY OB IN PART BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE 11 ,6) NOT VOLATIIiIZABLE.— FUSIBLE 11 (c) NEITHER VOLATILIZABLE NOR FUSIBLE 11 %2.~C0L0UR. YELLOW, BED, CR BROWNISH, 13 (a) YIELDING FCMES BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE, OR ODOUB OF BRIMSTONE, 12 (6) FUSIBLE, BUT NOT YIELUING FUIJES.— MALLEABLE, 12 % 3— COLOUR, BLACK OR METALLIC-GREY.— INFUSIBLE, 12 (a) YIELDING TO THE NAIL, 12 (6) TOO HARD TO BB SCRATCHED BY THE NAIL, 13 S ^—COLOUB, BLACK OR METALLIC-GREY.— FUSIBLE, U (a) BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE, NO INCRUSTATION ON TEE CHABGOAL, 13 (6) A YELLOW INCRUSTATION ON THE CHABCOAL 13 (c) A WHITE INCBU8XATI0N ON THE CHABCOAL, 13 ...^iJKi!r,w^^*.-..,i4«;^ VI II. MINERALS OF A NON-METALLIC ASPECT. // A— HAEDNESS SUFFICIENT TO SCEATCII OK- DINAEY GLASS. %\,— FUSIBLE BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE, 15 (a) TIELDI1T& WATES IN THE BULB-TUBE, 15 (6) NOT YIELDING WATER. IMPAKTING A GKEEN TINT TO THE BLOWPIPE FLAME, 16 (<;) IMPAKTING A BED TINT TO THE BLOWPIPE FLAME 16 (d) NOT EXHIBITING THE ABOVE BEACJIONS. SPECIFIC GBAVITT UN- DER 3'0, 16 (e) SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3'0 OE MOKE 17 % 2.— INFUSIBLE, 18 (a) VERY EASILY DISSOLVED IN BORAX BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE, THE GLASS WITH SUFFICIENT QUANTITY BECOMING MILK-WHITE AND OPAQUE 18 (J) VERY SLOWLY SOLUBLE IN BORAX, THE GLASS NOT OPAQUE. BPECIPIO GRAVlTr UNDER 3'0 18 (c) LIKE (6), BUT SPECIFIC GRAVITY OVER 3"0, 10 B.— HAEDNESS NOT SUl^FlCIENT TO SCEATCH OEDINAEY GLASS. %\.-SAPID. SOLUBLE IN WATER 21 (a) SULPHUR REACTION WITH CARB. SODA IN A REDUCING FLAMB BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE, 21 (6) NO SULPHUR REACTION WITH CARB. SODA, 21 $ 2.— TAKING FIRE AND BURNING IN THE FLAME OF A CANDLE. 22 (a) A BITUMINOUS OR RESINOUS ODOUjl EMITTED DURING BURNING, 22 (6) A SULPHUROUS ODOUR EMITTED DURING BURNING, 2-3 (c) AN ALLIACEOUS ODOUR EMITTED DURING BURNING 23 § 3— NOT COMBUSTIBLE. YIELDING AN ALLIACEOUS ODOUR BE- FORE THE BLOWPIPE, 28 (a) B. A BUXTON OF SILVER OR LEAD, , 28 (6) B. A MAGNETIC SCORIA, 2S (f) B. COPPER REACTION, .- 24 (./) B. SO METALLIC GLOBULE, SCORIA, OK COPrES RBACIION,. 2if ! i >** .1 ■»■ ip I I Tag* %^.- NO ALLIACEOUS ODOIR, de. FISJBL£. STREAK, WHITE OR OBEY, 24 (a) YIKM)(NO TRAP OL0BU0E8 WITH 80PA UEFOKK THE BLOWnPE, 24 (6) BUi.rnrn rkaction with boda hefoke tiie hi.owpipb, but no METALIJC OLOBCLE8 2* (c) NO METALLIC CilOBULES NOR BUI.nirR REACTION WITH SODA BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE. TIELUINO WATER IN THE BULB-TUBE 26 (d) LIKE (e), BUT NOT PRODUCINO WATER IN THE BULB-TVjE, 27 %t,.-FUSIBLE OR REDUCIBLE. STREAK COLOURED 28 (a) STREAK, RED, 28 (b) 6TREAK, TELLOW 28 (c) STREAK, GREEN OR BLUE, 28 %Q.-INIUSIBLE. STREAK UNCOLOURED, 29 (a) NOT YIELDING WATER IN THE BULB-TUBE, 29 {h) YIELDING A CONSIDERABLE QUANTITY OP WATER IN THE BULB-TUBE, 30 ^7 -INFUSIBLE. STREAK COLOURED, « I ■ i^ t \ t I. MINERALS OF A METALLIC ASPECT. v-^U A.— HARDNESS SUFFICIENT TO SCRATCH ORDI- NARY TV^INDOW GLASS. (H == 5 OR MORE.) J I.— COLOUR, Tm WHITJEi OR SILVER-WHITE. Smaltine (arsenide of cobalt). — Tin- white ; G., 63-7*3 ; in small octahedrons, &c., and in arborescent and other forms. B-, strong alliaceous fumes ; with borax, after roasting, a fine blue glass. Cobaltine (sulph-arsenide of cobalt) . — Reddish silver- white ; (3-., 61-6"3. Otherwise like Smaltine, but yielding an alkaline sulphide with carb. soda before the blowpipe. • Mispichel (sulphrarsenide of iron). — Tin- white ; G., 6"0-6*3 ; jnassive or in small aggregated rhombic prisms, sometimes with a yellow or blueish tarnish. If., alliaceous fumes ; with carb. soda, an alkaline sulphide. § 2.— COLOUR, YELLOW OR PALE COPPER-REV. Mispichel. — Sometimes tarnished yellow. See Sec. 1. It'on Pyrites (bi-sulphide of iron). — Brass yellow; Q-., 4'9r P"l ; massive, and in cubes, pentag. dodecahedrons, &c. B., sulphur fumes and reaction. Badiated Pyrites (bi-sulphide of iron). — Light yellow; iiji globular radiated masses, or small rhombic prisms, &c. Other? idse like commoij pyrites. Nickeline i^arsenide of nickel). — Pale copper_-red; n^assivej &.J 7'5-7'7. 13., strong aiiiaceous fumes.. B 10 § S.— COLOUR, BLACK, STEEL-GREY, OR BROWN. The minerals of this section yield no fumes before the blow- I)ipe ; and are either infusible, or fusible only in the E.F. The ustre la very generally sub-metallic. («) STREAK-POWDER, BLACK. Magn Ic Iron Ore (magnetic oxide of iron). — Black; G-., 49-5'2 ; massive, or in octahedrons, &c. ; strongly magnetic. Iserine (titaniferous iron oxide). — Black; in octahedrons, rolled pebbles, river sand, &c. ; magnetic. B., with mic. salt in E. r., a deep-red glass. Hmenite (titaniferous iron oxide). — Black ; G-., 4'6-5*3 ; in flat, many-facetted, rhombohedral crystals, massive, &c. ; gene- rally magnetic. B., like xserine. Psilomelane (hydrated ox. of manganese). — Black; Gr., 3'7- 4'4! ; in botryoidal masses, &c. B., with carb. soda, a turquoise enamel ; yields water in the bulb-tube. (6) STREAK POWDER, DARK BROWN. Hmenite. — Sk. generally black. See above. Franlclinite (oxides of iron, manganese, and zinc) . — Black ; G-., 5'0-5;2 ; massive, in rhombic dodecahedrons, &c. ; slightly magnetic, B., with carb. soda, a turquoise enamel. Chromolite (chromite of iron oxide). — Black; G-., 4'4-4"6; .massive, and like FranJclinite ; sometimes feebly magnetic. B., with mic. salt in E. F., a fine green glass. JPsilomelane. — See above. Sk. brownish-black. Wolfram. — Sk. reddish-brown. See below. (c) STREAK-POWDER, DULT -RED. Specular Iron (sesquioxide of iron). — Iron-black, steel-grey; G., 5-0-5-8 ; in flat rhombohedral crystals, lamellar, scaly, fibrous, and globular masses ; sometimes slightly magnetic. B., becomes magnetic, and fuses in the E. F. Wolfram (titaniferous iron and manganese oxides). — Dark- brown ; sk. reddish-brown ; G., 7-1-76 ; in oblique prisms, or masses possessing a lamellar, granular, or divergent-prismatic structure ; sometimee feebly magnetic. B., fuses ; the surface W,. 11 of the glc.bule generally shoots into little ciystals ; with carb. soda, a turquoise euamel. (d) STREAK-POWDER, BROWNISH-YELLOW. Brown Iron Ore (hydrated seaquioxide of iron). — "Dark- brown ; rarely with metallic lustre ; G., under 4 ; in fibrous botryoidul masses; yields water in the bulb-tube. B.— HAEDNESS NOT SUmCIENT TO SCRATCH GLASS. (H. UXDEE 5 0.) § 1.— COLOUR, SILVER OR TIN-WHITE. (a) VOLATILl^ABLE WHOLLY OR IN PART BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE. ISfative Mercury. — In little tin-white and fluid globules, disseminated through the gangue. Native Amalgam (mercurial silver). — Silver- white ; II., 3-3-5 ; G., 11-14; in rhombic dodecahedrons and small masses with conchoidal fracture. B., partly vol., a globule of silver remaining. Native Bismuth. — Eeddish silver- white ; H., 2-2-5; G., 9-5-10 ; in small lamellar masses. B., vol., depositing a yellow crust (of oxide) on the charcoal. Native Arsenic— Tm-^\i\tQ, tarnishing dark grey ; H., 3-5 ; G., 5-6-6; chiefly in globular or botryoidal masses, with concentric lamellar structure. Gives out a garlic-like odour when struck by the hammer. B., vol., with alliaceous odour, and white deposit on the charcoal. ■ (6) NOT VOLATILIZABLE ; FUSIBLE. Native Silver. — Silver-white, ta:i'nishing black. H., 2-5-3; G., 10-11 ; in flliform and arborescent shapes, small and closely aggregated cubes, &c. Malleable. (c) NEITHER VOLATILIZABLE NOR FUSIBLE. Native Platinum. — Tin-white to pale steel-grey. H., 4-45 ; G., 16-19 ; chiefly in little grains and rolled masses. 12 § 2.^C0L0UR, YELLOW, RED, OR BROWNISH. (aj YIELDING FUMES BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE, OR ODOUR OP BRIMSTONE. Copper Fyrites (sulphide of copper and iron).— Rich yellow ; Bk. blackish-green ; H., 3-5-4 ; (>., 4- 1-4-3 ; iu dimetric tetrahedrons, amorphous and botryoidal masses. B., fuses ; the globule magnetic. Flame coloured green. It is the principal *' ore " of copper. Purple Copper Pyrites (sulphur, copper, i.-on) .—Reddish, but generally tarnished blue, &c., through the entire mass ; sk; black ; H., 3 ; a., 4-9-5-1 ; usually massive. B., like copper pyrites. Magnetic Iron Pyntes (sulphur, iron).— Brown or brownish- yellow ; sk. black; usually massive ; H., 3-5-4-5; G., 4-4-4-/; slightly magnetic, sometimes with polarity. These three minerals yield alkaline sulphides with carb. soda before the blowpipe. Native ^iswi*i57- >-^^r.^ V II. V^^irv^ MINERALS OF A NON-METALLIC ASPECT. A.— HARDNESS SUFFICIENT TO SCRATCH ORDI. NARY WINDOW GLASS. § 1.— FUSIBLE BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE, (a) YIELDING WATER IN THE BUuB-TUBB. These minerals are almost invariably associated ^vith trap or basaltic rocks. They are aU hydrous siHcates, mostly of alumina with lime or an alkali. With the exception of Prehnite they scratch glass but faintly. They have no employment m the arts. Mesotype or Natrolite. —ColomleHH, yeUow, &c. ; chiefly in librous radiated masses, and acicular crystals ; H., 5-6-5 • a 2-17-2 27. B., fuses quietly. ' ' ^«aZcme.— Colourless, pale red, &c. ; generally in modified cubes or trapezohedrons ; H., 55; O., 2-1-2-3. B., fuses qmetly. ' irWom-J.-Colourless, &c. ; fibrous, acicular.prismatic : H., 6-5-5' 'I-., 2-3-2-4 B., intumesces. Apophyliit^.—Qoloxale^s, &c. ; in square pyramids and prisms, mth truncated angles ; sometimes tabular, rarely massive H., 4-5-5 ; a., 2-3-2-4. B., exfoliates, and fuses with bubbling! Pre«^.— Colourless, light green, &c. ; in radiated fibrous and gobul^ masses, and in closely aggregated flat prismatic bS)S' ^•'^■^■^' G-., 2-8-3-0. B., fus?s with continued Batolite (silico-borate of Ume).— Greenish, &c. ; massive, and m aggregated monoclinic forms ; H., 5-5-6 ; G., 2-9-3 B fuBes with bubbling, the flame coloured green. '' 16 lb) NOT YIELDINO WATER- IMPARTING A GREEN TINT TO TUB BLOWPIPE FLAME. Boracite (borate of magnesia).— Colourless, greenish, &c. ; generally in small cubes, wi^li the alternate angles truncated, imbedded in anhydrite or gypsum ; rarely massive ; H., 7 ; G., 2-9-3. B., fuses with bubbling. Pyro-electric. Axinite (a silicate of alumina, lime, &c., containing boracic acid).— Clove-brown, greyish, &c. ; in flat sharprcdge (triclinic) crystals ; H., 6-5-7 ; G.', 3-0-3-3, Euses with bubbling ; the glass becomes black in the O. J^\ Pyro-electric. (c) IMPARTING A RED TINT TO THE BLOWPIPE, (Silicates of, alumina and lithia.) Bpodumene or Triplane.—Gcveem^h., greyish, &c. ; in lamellar masses ; H., 6-5-7 ; G., 3-1-3-2. B., curls up very much, and intumesces before fusion. Peto/iYe.— Colourless, reddish, &c ; in lamellar masses ; H., 6-6-5; a., 2-4-2-5. B., fuses with bubbUng. Id) NOT EXHIBITING THE ABOVE REACTIONS. SPECIFIC GRAVITY UNDER 3-0. (Silicates of alumina, with lime, soda, potash, &c.) Nepleline. — Colourless, greenish, brown, &c ; in hexagonal prisms, or massive, chiefly in lava ; H., 5-5-6 ; G-., 2-5-2-7. ElcdoUte.—QveQn, blueish-red, «fcc. ; strong resinous or greasy- lustre ; .hiefly massive ; H., 5-5 ; G., 2-5-2-7. Fuses easily. y^o(?aZife.— Colourless, greenish, &c. ; in vitreous masses and rhombic dodecahedrons ; H., 5-5-6 ; G., 2-2-2-4. Hauyne. — Blue, rarely greenish ; in small granular masses or rhomb, dodecahedrons, chiefly in lavas ; H., 5-5-5 ; G., 2*4? g-5. B., sometimes decrepitates. Wernerite or ScapoUte- — Grey, greenish, reddish, &c. ; i4 piodified dimetric crystals, fibrous and lamellar masses, &c. } ^., 5-5 ; G., 2-6.-2-8. Easily fusible. Obsidian, Pifjhstone, Sfc. (more volcanic rocks, than simple piinerals).— Grey, brown, black, green, &c. ; massive, with conchoidal and sharp-edged fracture j H., 5-6} G., 2-5^2-7, Easily fusible. : *t.' /■ ' f ^-<3 itefe..^' 17 Orthoclase or Potash Feldspar. Wliitc, red, grceu, &c. ; iu lamellar masses aud oblique prisms, frequently iu iwiu-lbrms. With quartz and mica it forms ordinary granite. H., C ; U., 2-5-2G. Eather difficultly fusible. Albite or Soda Feldspar. — Chiefly opaque white ; in lamel- lar masses, and doubly oblique (or triclinic) prismatic forma j H., 6 ; G., 2-6-2-7. Kather diificultly fusible. Wollastonite or Tabular Spar. — White, greenish, &c. ; in pearly, fibrous or lamellar masses, or intermixed flat crystals ; II., 5-5-5 ; G., 2-7-2-9. Easily fusible. lolite (Dichroite or Cordierite). — Dark blue, brownish or yellowish-grey in certain directions ; in granular masses, and short, thick, many-sided prisms; H., 7-7-5 j G.,2-C-2-8; Fuses with difficidty into a pale blue glass. Emerald or Beryl. — Green, pale green, yellowish, blueish, colourless ; in hexagonal prisms and columnar masses, rarely granular; H., 7-7-5-8. G., 2-6.2-8. Fuses with difficulty. (e) SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 3 OR MORE. (Chiefly silicates of alumina, lime, oxide of iron, &c. Rhodonite (silicate of maganese). Eose-red, brownish; in lamellar masses ; H., 5-5 ; G., 3-5-3-6. B., fusible into a black glass ; a turquoise enamel with carb. soda. Augite or Pyroxene. — Black, brown, green, colourless; in oblique prismatic crystals (mostly with two sloping planes at the summits), or in fibrous or granular masses; H., 5-6; G., 3-2-i3-5. Easily fusible ; the bead often magnetic. N. B. The light-coloured varieties are termed Diopside, &c. Hornblende or Amphibole. — Brown, green, gray, colourless ; &e. ; in oblique prismatic crystals (usually prisms of four or six sides, with three planes at the summits), or in fibrous, acicular, or lamellar masses ; II., 5-6 ; G., 3-0-3-4. Easily fusible; the dark glasses magnetic. N.B. The light-coloured varieties are termed Tremolite ; the bright green, ActynolUe, &c. Idocrase. — Brown, green, yellow, &c. ; in modified square prisms and pyramids, rarely in columnar or granular masses ; H., 6-5-75 ; G., 33-3-5. Easily fusible ; the dark glasses magnetic. Garnet. — Bed, brown, black {melanite), green, light-greeu G 18 (grossuhr), yellow {fopazolitc), Ac. ; in rlionibie dodecaliedrons, trapczohcdrons, aiul other mouometric fonns ; also in granular and coarse lamellar maaseB ; H., G 5-7-6 ; G., 35-4-1. Easily fusible ; the dark glasses, magnetic. Epidote. —Oreew, brown, yellowish, grey (zoizife) &c.; in oblique prismatic crystals, colunniar, fibrous, and granular masses ; H., 0-7 ; G., 3-2-3-5. B., curls up into a dark rami- fied mass, which resists further fusion. Schorl (black variety of Tourmaline).— Black; in three or nhie-sided prisms longitudinally striated, or in acicular or columnar masses ; II., G-5.7 ; G., 3'l-3*3. Easily fusible with bubbling. SpTiene (silico-titanato of lime).— Brown, black, yellow, greenish, &c. ; in sharivedged oblique prisms, more rarely ni Inmellr.^ masses, H., 5-5-5; G., 3-4-3-6. B., becomes yellow, and fuses on the edges with bubbling into a dark glass. § 2— INFUSIBLE, (a) VERY EASILY DISSOLVED IN BORAX BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE, TUB GLASS WITH SUFFICIENT QUANTITY BECOMING MILK-WHITE AND OPAQUE. Apatite (phosphate of lime).— White, green, blueish, &c. ; ill hexagonal prisms, fibrous and globular masses ; H., 5 ; G., 3-0-3-3. Zinc Spar (carbonate of zinc).— White, brown, «fec. ; in aggregated rhombohedrons, often with curved faces, and also in botryoidal globular and granular masses ; H., 5; G., 4-1-4-5. Electric Calamine (silicate of zinc). — White, brown, yellow- ish, greenish, &c. ; in closely aggregated prismatic and tabular forms, also in botryoidal and granular masses ; H., 5 ; G., 3-3-3-5. Pyro-electric. B., sometimes decrepitates and in- tumesces slightly. Gives off" water in the bulb-tube. The borax glass must be well saturated to become opaque. This and the preceding mineral are the chief " ores " of zinc. (b) VERY SLOWLY SOLUBLE IN BORAX, THE GLASS NOT OPAQUE. SPECIFIC GRAVITY UNDER 3. Letmte (silica, alumina, potash). — White, yellowish, grey ; chiefly in trapezohedrons or little grains in lava; H., 55-6; G., 2-4-2-5. /T 19 Opal (liydratcd silica). — Of all colours, sometimes colourless or yellowish, aud exhibiting a beautiful irrideacencc ; in amor- phous, sharp-edged, or nodular pieces ; H., 5*5-G5 ; O., 2'0-22. 33., becomes white and opaque ; gives oft' a little water iu t!:o bulb tube. N.B. Some of the semUopnls closely resemble obsidian or pitch-stone, from which, however, they may bo distinguished by their infusibility. Quartz (silica more or less pure). — Colourless, pink brown, violet, yellow, green, &c, ; in hexagonal prisms and pyramids i(the planes of the former streaked across) and also in stalactitic, nodular, and amorphous masses; II., 7; G., 26-2'7. R, fiasible with carb, soda (with effervescence) to a clear glass. N. B. Rock Crystal, Amethyst, Calcedony, Cornelian, Chrysoprase, Jasper, Flint, Agate, &c>, are merely varieties of Quartz, dependent upon colour and transparency. Emerald and lolite. — Fusible with difficulty. See Sec. 1. Page i7. r V-.^ HW> ^ (c) LIKE m BUT SPECIFIC GRAVITY OVER 3-0. "Cassiterite or Tinstone (binoxide of tin). — Brown, &c., and sometimes colourless; in small square prisms and pyramids; also in rolled pebbles and granular masses ; II., G-7 ; C>., 6'3-7'0. B., with carb. soda and borax on charcoal, yields globules of tin. Its high sp, gr, and great hardness, taken together, serve to distinguish it from ail minerals of a similar aspect. It is the "ore" of tin. Rutile (Titanic acid). — Red, brovmish; lustre almost sub- metallic; in square prismatic crystals often "geniculated," more rarely in pebbles or massive, sometimes acicular in quartz ; H., 6-6-5 ; G-., 4-2-4!-3. B., titanium reaction with borax. Anatase (Titanic acid).— Light or dark brown, grey, indigo- blue ; chiefly in small acute square-based pyramids ; lustre inclin- ing to sub-nctallic ; H., 5*5-6 ; G., 3-9-4 ; B., like Rutile. Corundum (alumina, more or less pure). — ^Red, blue, green, grey, black, &c. ; in hexagonal prisms and pyramids, and rolled peljbles; sometimes massive; H., 9; G.,3'9-4!. Lustre of the ilark varieties, more or less sub-metallic. N.B. The true Ruby and Sapphire arc red and blue Corun- dums. Adamimtine spar is is a coarser variety. Emery is a 20 massive or granular grey or black Coniiulimi, often mixed with magnetic iron ore. Spinel (aluminate of magnoaia, &c.).— Bed, blucish, grey, dark-green, black, &c. ; in small octahedrons (frequently twins) and in granular masses 5 H., 8 ; G-., 3'5-4-9. N.B. Galmite or Automolito is a dark-grccn variety contain- ing ox. of zinc, and Plconastc a black variety containing iron. The Diamond (pure carbon).— Colourless, red, brown, &c. &c. ; in small octahedral and other monometric crystals, mostly with curved faces ; H., 10 ; G., 3-5-3'G. Zircon (silicate of zirconia).— Brown, grey, red, &c. ; in square prisms and pyramids, and in rolled fragments ; II., 7-5 ; G., 40-4-7. Topaz (silica, alumina, fluorine).— Yellow, colourless, bluish, greenish, &c. ; in rhombic prisms and pyramids, the former striated longitudinallv, also in rolled pebbles and columnar masses; H., 8; G., 3-4-3-6- The crj^stals and pebbles when broken across show a laminar structure. B., intumesces slightly. Tourmaline. — Most varieties (silicate of alumina, Ac, con- taining boracicacid). — Brown, green, blue, red, colourless, Ac. (The black variety, or " schorl," is fusible.^ In 3 or 9-sided pjisms longitudinally striated, also in columnar masses. H., 6-5-7-5; G., 3-3-3. PjTO-electric. B., occasionally, though rarely, fusible. The more deeply-coloured prisms, even in short pieces, are opaque longitudinally and translucent when viewed across. Eubellite is a red, Indicolite a blue, variety. Btaurolite (silicate of alumina and sesquiox. of iron). — Bark-red, brown, grey. In rhombic prisms (usually six-sided by the replacement of the two acute edges), and frequently in compound cruciform crystals. H., 7-7'5 ; G 3'5-3"8. Andalusite (silicate of alumina). — Grey, red, greenish ; in rectangular or rhombic prisms, granular and columnar masses ; H., 7-7-5 ; G., 3-l-3'3. Chiastolite, in cruciformly-arrauged prisms in clay-slate, is most probably a variety. Cijanitc or Kyanite (silicate of alumina). — Blue, grey, reddish, greenish, white, brownish, rarely black. In oblique prismatic crystals (sometimes closely associated with crystals of Stauro- K r V» ' iMKU'- W 21 fibrous maasca lite), })Ut more entnmonly in laminar, bladocl, ancUl of a pearly-vitreoua ludtre. 11., 5-7 ; (>., IV5-3-7. Ci'i/HoVtte or Olivine (silicate of niafftiOHia and protox. of iron. Green, j^eeninh-yellow, browniwli, ycUowiwh. Karely in prismatic crystals, generally in little granular masses in basaltic and volcanic rocks. II., 0-7 ; Q., 3*JJ-35. f V» '*j^!'*!>- M B— HAEDNESS NOT SUmCIENT TO SCRATCH OltDINAllY WINDOW-GLASS. § I— SAPID. SOLUBLE IN WATER, (a) SULPHUR REACTION^WITII^ CARJJ.^SOmpIN A REDUCING FLAMB Alum (sulph. acid, al., potash, water.)— Wliito, &c. In crusts, rarely in octahedrons. Taste, swectish-astrnigent. Epsomite (sulphate of magnesia.)— White ; in crusts and acicular prisms. Bitter taste. Sulphate of Zinc— In white earthy crusts. Taste, metallic astringent. Sulphate of Iron.— In pale green or greyish crusts and stalactitic masses. Taste, metadic astringent— like that ol ink. B., a scoriform magnetic mass. Sulphate of Copper.- Blue ; in crusts, &c. Taste, metallic astringent. B., flame coloured green. If dissolved m a little water, the copper may be precipitated, as a red coating, on a bright knife-blade or polished piece of steel. (5) NO SULPHUR REACTION WITH CA. ^A. mtre (nitrate of potash.) In white crusts on the w^^s of caverns, &c. Taste, cooling and saline. B., flame coloured violet blue. *To detect sulphur, in anv form, in mineral bodies, fuse a small quantity of the substance under examination with carb. soda on charcoal in a good reducinK flame. Detach the fused mass, moisten it, and place it on a piece of bright silver, or on lead test-paper. [A coin or glazed viaiting-card may bo substituted for the purpose.] If sulphur bo pieseut, a yellowish, brown, or black staiu will rcciult. ^ > 22 Natron ((nirhouato of moiU.) Wluit', yi>llowia1j. In cruals, &c., on the driud-uj) beds and margins of eertani lakon. iMlri- VoHcort in acids. Tmnn is a kindred Hpeeie«, ehietiy in doubly- oblique priams and columnar uuiHties. Nitrate of Soda.— In white or Rrey cniHts, and in largo beda in Chili. Cooling Haline taste. B., flame coloured yellow. Sal Ammoniac (chloride of ammonium.)— In greyish cniHta and glol)ular masses, chieHy on volcanoeH. Pungent saline taste. B., entirely vol. ; chlorine reaction.* Rock Salt (chloride of sodium.)— Wliite, red, &e. In lam- ellar njasaes and cubical crystals. Strongly saluie taste. B., often decrepitates ; entirely vol. 5 chlorine reaction.* 8 ^-TAKING FIRE AND BVRNING IN THE FLAME OF A CANDLE. {a) A BITUMINOUS Oa RESINOUS ODOUR EMITTED DURING BURNING. Common CortZ.— Black, more or less slaty, G., 1.25-1.35. Brown Coal or Lignite.— lirov-n, often in li-neform masses, (showing evident traces of woody structure ; (x., 1 U^ l;3. Jet lies between common coal and brown coaL— Brownvi-black; fracture conchoidaL Bitumen (solid specimens.) -Black, brown, green. In nodii- iar and stolactitic masses ; fracture, conchoidal, vitreous ; U., i'O and less. Elatcrite is an elastic bitumen, sott and clammy. ^j>,7-,^._Tellow, greyish; in nodular masses, with resinous I'iSV^V (j-.^ 1-08. Em'its a peculiar aromatic odour wlnlst fcuming. Various other fossil resins and bituminous matters belong to this division. *Testfor Chlorides. If soluble, place a drop of the solution in contact with a fragment of sulphate of copper on a piece of -clean silver ; in a fe*? minutes the silver will be stained yellowish-brown. If insoluble, add a por- tion to a bead of raic. salt coloured deep green by previous fusion with .1- _r - „„^ «.rr,oan ♦!.« wholo On a loon ot olatinum wire to the (blowpipe ilume. Tbc latter wiU assume a rioU purple colour. w^-W r* 23 (hj A SULrilUUOUS ODOUR EMITTEP DURINO rifllMNft. (THK PL.VMR COLOURKD BLUE. ENTIRELY VULATlLiZABLE. 8nlp7iur.—Y oWow of various nhades, incUtiinp; to grooni«h nnd reiUlish-vellow ; nk. very piili^ ; lustro resiiious ; in lu-uto rhombic octaljedroua, crusts aud granuiiir iiiasaes ; II., 1-5-2-5 ; a, 20-21. Cinnabar (sulphide of niorcur>'.)— Rtnl, brownish; bistn^ inclininf? to subMnotidlic ; sk. scarlot-red ; in minute rhombo- hedral crystals, granular, massive, and in crusts ; li., 2-2-5 ; (>., 80-8-2 (or only 0.7 in certain impure varieties of a brownish colour.) It is 'the principal " ore " of mercury. fc) AN ALLIACEOUS ODOUR EMITTED DURING BURNING. (ENTIRELY VOLATILIZiiBLE.) Orpiment (a sulphide of arsenic.)— Clear golden-yellow, paler in the streak ; usually in laminar masses, sometnnea in small prismatic crystals; sectile; flexible; II,, 1-5.2; G., 3-4-3-5. Realgar (a sulphide of arsenic.)— Orange-red ; sk, orange^ yellow; in oblique prismatic crystals, massive, and in grains j il., 1-5-2 } G., 3'4-3'G ; sectile. 8 %—NOT COMBUSTIBLE. TIELDING AN" ALLI^ ACEOUS ODOUR BEFORE THE BLOWPIVE, (a) B. A BUTTON OF SILVER OR LEAD. Liglit Red Silver Ore (sulphur, arsenic, silver.)— Red ; streak Ht»ht red ; usually in crj'stalline masses ; H., 2-2-5 ; G., 5-4-5-0. b" decrepitates; yields a silver globule with evolution ot arsenical fumes. Mimetese (arseniate of lead oxide.)— Yellow, R^cen, &c. ; in curved hexagonal crystals and globular masses ; II., 3-5'4 ; G,, 7-2-7-3. B,, is reduced. fbj B., A MAGNETIC SCORIA. Cube Ore (hydrous arseniate of iron oxides.)— Dee^ green, yellowish-brown ; in groups of very small cubes, with, in gene- ral, the alternate angles truncated ; H., 2-5 ; G., 2-9-3-0. B., yields a magnetic scoria, Scorodite (hydrous arsen, of sesquioxide of iron.)— Pale ' • ^ liana of Tniiiiii'fi TirisiTiatic crvstals ; H., if" 3-5-4 ; G., 3-1-3-3. B., like cube ore. ►'.' J 24 fcj B. COPPER REACTION. All the mincrala of thia aubsectiou are hydratcd arscuiatea of oxide of copper. OKvenite.—mrk green, broxvnish ; in groupa of mmute pris- matic crystals and globular masses; II., 3 ; Cr., d-J-4-4., iJ., deflacrrates on charcoal, and yields a white metallic globule, which on cooling becomes covered with a red crust. Water, 3.5-4 per cent. Aphanese.-mvk-green to dark-blue ; in minute oblique prisms and radiated groups ; IL, 2-5.3 ; G., 4-2-4-4. B., de- flagrates. Water, about ^.5 per cent. Euchroite.—Yme green; in smaU prismatic ciystals; H^ 3-75 ; G., 3-39. B., deflagrates and is reduced. Water, 18-19 per cent. Copper Froth-LigU-greon to sky-blue ; in reniform and radiated laminar masses ; H., 1-5.2 ; G., 3-1. B., decrepitates. Water, about 18 per cent. Copper Mica.— Rich emerald-green ; chiefly in scaly or foliated masses ; H., 2 ; G., 2-4-2-7. B., decrepitates and throws otf &caly particles. Water, about 23 per cent. Xirocom^e.— Sky-blue, light-green; in groups of small crys- tals } H., 2-2.5 ; G., 2-9-3-0. Water, about 25 per cent. (dj NO METALLIC GLOBULE, SCORIA. OR COPPER REACTION. PharmacoUte (ar^eniate of lime.)— White, greyish, sometimes pink from admixture of arseniate of cobalt ; chiefly m crusts or fibrous crystals on arsenical ores. B., a white enamel. Water, about 24 per cent. 8 4—IfO ALLIACEOUS ODOUR, ^e. FUSIBLE, STREAK WHITE OR GREY. (a) YIELDING LEAD GLOBULES WITH SODA BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE. Anglesite (sulphate of lead.)-White, dark-grey ; in pris- matic crystals and lamellar masses; H., 2-75-d ; G^ b;2-b-d, B., generally decrepitates ; fuses per se in the U. Jj . mto a milk-white bead. Cermite (carbonate of lead.)— AVhite, grey, &c.; in pris- matic crystals, frequently atellated ; alao amoqjhoua ; II., 3-35 ; N -^)»<: \ 26 G., 6'3-G-6. B., decrepitates, becomes yellow and red, and is reduced. Effervesces in diluted nitric acid. Pijromorphife (phosphate of lead). — Green, brown, grey, yellowish ; in curved hexagonal crystals, acicular groups, and botryoidal masses : H., 3-5-4 : G., 6-5-7-0. B., not reduced per se, but fusing into a globule, which crystaJlisea on cool- ing. Tungstate of Lead. — White, yellowish, &c. ; in modified square-based pyramids ; H., 2-7-5-3; G., 7-8-8-2. B., with raic. salt in K. F., a fine blue glass. Molyhdate of iea(7.— Yellow, green, greyish; in square prisms and pyramids ; also amorphous ; H., 275-3 ; G., 6-3- 6-9. B., decrepitates, and is reduced; with mic. salt in E. r,, a fine green glass. -^B»(: %^ (6) SULPHUR REACTION WITH SODA BEPORE THE BLOW-PIPE, BUT NO METALLIC GLOBULES. Gypsum or Selmite (hydrated sulphate of lime).— -White &c. ; in pearly, fibrous, and lamellar masses, the lamina) flex- ible; also in oblique prismatic crystals; H., l'5-2; G., 2-25- 2-35. B., becomes opaque, exfoliates, and forms a white enamel. Water, about 21 per cent. [The properties of yielding to the nail, and becoming opaque in the flame of a candle, readily distinguish this important mineral. Deprived of its water, it constitutes "Plaster of Paris," so largely em- ployed in the arts.] Anhydrite (sulphate of lime) .—White, greyish, chiefly in lamellar or granular masses. H., 3-35; G,, 2-8.30. B., a white enamel. Barytine (sulphate of baryta) .—White, yellow, &c. ; in pris- matic crystals, globular, fibrous, and lamellar masses ; H,, 3-3-5; G., 4-3-4-7. B., decrepitates, and fuses to a white enamel, tinging the flame pale green. Celesiine (sulphate of strontia).— Pale-blue, white, &c. ; in prismatic crystals, fibrous and lamellar masses ; H., 3-3-5 ; G., 3-9-4-0, B., generally decrepitates, fuses, and imparts a red tint to the flame. Websterite (sub-sulphate of alumina). — White, eaitli^, la nodular masses which adhere to the tongue; H., 1-2; G., l-6-l'7. B., curls up, but does not fuse. D ''>^ I t 20 Ic) NOMETALICGLOmiT.ES.NOIl SULVHUR REACTION WITH SODA BE- ^ FORE THE BLOWPliE. YIELDING WATER IN THE BULB TUBE. [IIYDRATED SILICATES.] Fdlers' EartTi.—(3cveem^\ grey, brown ; in earthy masses, which receive a polish from the nail, and form a paste in boil- ing water. Fusible into a vesicular glass ; water about 20 or 22 per cent. Stilhite*.—'W[y\ie, red, brown, &c. ; in vitreo-pearly radiated and fibrous masses, prismatic and acicular crystals ; H., 3-5-4 ; G-., 2-1-2-2. Fusible, with previous intumescence; water, about 17 per cent. HeuUndite.—\Yhiie, red, &c. ; in vitreo-pearly radiated and fibrous masses ; frequently also in oblique prismatic torms ; H., 3-5-4 ; Gr., 2-1-2.2. B., like Stilhite . water, 14-16 per cent. Chahasite.—'\^\xite, pink, &c. ; generally in groups of small vitreous rhombohedrons or six-sided pyramids ; H., 4-4-5 ; G., 2-0-2.2. B., intumesces ; water, 19-21 per cent. Thomsonite and Me.?o/.?/j?e.— Certain varieties. See A, Sec. 1 (a), p. 15. Ilarmotome.—'W^ite, brownish, &c. ; usually in small pris- matic crystals ; frequently in cruciform compound forms ; H., 4-5 ; G-., 2-4-2-5. Fuses quietly : water, about 14 per cent. PUllipsite.—UkQ Ilarmotome, but intumesces before fusion- ApophyUite.—\Yhite, &c. ; ^'itreo-pearly ; iridescent on cleav- age faces ; in square prismatic or pyramidal forms ; H., 4-5-5 ; G., 2-3-2-4. B., fuses easily and with continued bubbling. Chlorite (some varieties) .—Dark green. In foliated and scaly masses ; rarely in tabular hexagonal forms ; H., 1-2 ; G. 2-7-3-0. Some specimens fuse readily, but others are infusible. "Water, 12-13 per cent. Chlorite is a common ingredient of many crystalline rocks. [Chlorite Slate, &c.] ♦ The remaining minerals (Chlorite excepted) of this sub-section, are most commonly found in association with trap or basaltic rocks. Apo- phyllite occurs also in certain metallic veins. V-rj W**^ 27 («/) NOT YIELDING METALLIC GLOKULES, &c., WITH SODA, NOR PRODUCING WATER IN THE BULB-TUBE. Ashfisttis and Amianthus (varieties of augite or hornblcndf). — In silky fibrous masses. Colourless, or in various shades of green, grey, or brown. [" Mountain Leather " and " Rook Cork" are also varieties of augite, in the form of llexiblo lamellar masses resembling leather and cork.] Lepidolite (lithia mica). — Pink, grey, red. In masses consisting of an aggregation of scaly particles. If., 2'5-;3'5 ; (x., 2'8-3'0. Very easily fusible, with great bubbling. The flame is coloured red. Mica (certain varieties). — "White, grey, green, brown, blai'k, &c. In foliated masses and plates, splitting into the thinnest leaves. Also in tabular crystals. Flexible and elastic in thin pieces. H., l-5-5'0, the latter on the edges of the folia. (>., 2"7-3"l. Some varieties are fusible ; others become opaque, but do not fuse. N.B. The term "mica" includes at least six or seven foliaceous minerals of dissimilar crystallization and composition, but all more or less allied to one another (muscovite, margnro- dite, margarite, phlogopite, biotite, &c.). Mica enters into the composition of most granites. Fluor Spar (fluoride of calcium). — Colourless, blue, green, yellow, violet, &c. Chiefly in cubes and cubical masses, tlie corners of which break off easily. II., 4 ; il., 3-1-3-2. B., decrepitates, fuses into a white enamel ; tlie borax bead opaque by flaming. Fluor spar becomes phosphorescent when gently heated. Witherite{ci\.vho\\^tQ of bar^i;a). — Grreenish-grey or colourless. Usually in globular masses with fibrous structure, or in pris- matic forms. H., 3-4 ; Gr., 4*3. B., generally decrepitates ; yields ^e?* sp a white enamel, and an opaque bead with borax. The flame tinged pale green during fusion |;e;' sc. Strontianite (carbonate of strontia). — Green, grey, colourless. In fibrous and globular masses ; also, in prismatic crystals. H., 35-4 ; Gr., 3G-3"8. B., swells up into a white riuiiified mass, tinging the flame red. An opaque bead with borax. V' 28 § 5,— FUSIBLE OR REDUCIBLE. STREAK COLOURED. (aj STREAK RED. Dark Red Silver Ore (an antimonial aulplmr-salt of silver). — Dark, red, almost opaque, and with sub-metallic lustre. Chiefly in crystalline masses. H., 2*5 ; Q-., 5'8-5"9. B., decrepitates, gives off antimonial fumes, and yields a globule of silver. Sulphur reaction with soda. Ruherite (red oxide of copper). — Deep red, lustre inclining to sub-metallic. Chiefly in small octahedrons, or amorphous. H., 3*5-4 ; Gr., 5*8-6'0. B., easily reducible, colouring the flame deep green. Cinnabar. — Entirely volatilizable. G., 8'0. See § 2 (J). (bj STREAK YELLOW. orange- Chromate of Lead. — Colour bright red ; streak yellow. In acicular groups of oblique prismatic crystals ; also in flaky masses. H., 25-3 ; Gr., 59-61. B., decrepitates strongly, blackens, and is reduced. Uranite (hydrous phosphate of sesqui-oxide of uranium) Light yellow, chiefly in leafy masses or in f?quare-prismatic tabular forms. H., 2-2-5 ; G., 3-3-2 ~ * ' " bead. Yields water in the bulb-tube. Eusible into a black (c) STREAK GREEN OR BLUE. The minerals in this sub-section (vivianite excepted) impart a rich green colour to the blowpipe flame, and give the reactions of copper. Malachite (carbonate of copper). — Fine green, paler in the streak. Chiefly in globular masses, with concentric lamellar and fibrous structure. H., 35-4; Or., 3-7-'1"0. B., easily fusible, and reducible to a button of copper. Yielding water in the bulb-tube. Effervesces in acids. Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). — Eich blue, pale blue in the streak. Usually in groups of small oblique-prismatic crystals. H., 3-5-4; a., 3-7-3-9. B., like malachite. Efter- vesces in acids. Copper Phosphates: — Rhenite, Libethenite, S^c. — G-reen of various shades ; paler in the streak. Chiefly in crystalline or fibrous groups ; also, in prismatic and oblique-prismatic forms. V. 29 H., 4-5 ; 0-., 3'5-4-5. Easily fusible and reducibk' ; yicldiao" water in the bulb-tube. Chalcolite (hydrous phosphate of the oxides of uratiium and copper). — Eieh emerald or deep green ; paler in the streak. Chiefly iu foliated or leafy masses ; also, in square-prismatic tabular forms. H., 2-2-5 ; Gr., 3'5-3-6. Eusible iuto a black bead. Yielding water in the bidb-tube. Vivianite (hydrous phosphate of iron). — Blue or green, streak very light blue, becoming darker on exposin-e. In acicular oblique-prismatic crystals, also in fibrous grou])s, and Bometimea in earthy masses. II., l'5-2 ; Gr., 2'0-.'^-7. Fusible into a magnetic scoria ; frequently decrepitates ; yields water in the bulb-tube. V. § 6-^INF USIBLE. S TREAK UNCOLO UB,ED. (a) NOT YIELDING WATER IN THE BULB-TUBE. Zinc Blende (sulphide of zinc). — Brown, yellow, red, green- ish, black ; streek white in the light coloured varieties, pale to dark-brown in the others ; in lamellar masses and in crystal 8 (chiefly hemihedral) of the regular or monometric system ; 11., 3*5-4 ; G^., 4-4*2. B., generally decrepitates ; sulphur reaction with carb. soda. Apatite (phosphate of lime). — Scratches glass feebly ; chiefly in hexagonal prisms. See A, Sec. 2, p. 18. Calc Spar (carbonate of lime). — White, grey, &c., &c. ; in rhomb ohedro us, hexagonal prisms, scalene dodecahedrons, &q. ; also in globular, fibrous, and lamellar masses, readily yielding rhombohedrons by cleavage ; H., 3 ; Q-., 2'5-2*8. Cau8ti., .S-7-3'0. B., blackens and becomes magnetic. ElfervesccH feebly in cold acids. BlaUof/iie (carbonate of manganese). — Pale-red; in most varieties, becoming brown on exposure ; chiefly in globular and grannlar masses, more rarely in rhombohedrons ; H., 3-5-3-1. O., 3-0-3-7. B., decrepitate's and tnrns black. Forms a tur- quoise enamel with carb. soda. Effervesces rather feebly in cold acids. Timgstate of Zm»p.— White or yellowish ; extremely heavy ; in minute sqnare-based pyramids, reniform and granidar masses ; II., 4-4-5 ; G-., GO-G-1. B., decrepitates ; with mic. salt in the E. F. forms a fine blue glass. Mlca—{mme vnrieties).— Brown, green, wliite, grey, black, &c. ; in tabular crystals and foliated masses, splitting "into the thinnest leaves. See Sec. 4 {d), p. 27. Talc and Steatifp. — White, light-green, &c., sometimes mottled ; chifly in foliated or co]n j)act masses, which are greasy to the toucu; H., 1 •0-2-0; (1., 2-5-2-9 ; lustre, pearly in the fohi'ted specimens ; very sectile ; flexible in thin leaves, but not elastic. 8ome varieties yield traces of water in the bulb-tube. (i^ (h) YIELDING A CONSIDERABLE QUANTITY OF WATER IN THE BULB- TUBE. Chlorite (certain varieties) .—Dark-green ; in foliated and scaly masses ; rarely in tabular hexagonal forms ; H., 1-2 ; Gr., «-7-3-0. B., whitens and becomes opaque ; some varieties are fusible ; Avater, about 12 per cent. 8ee also Sec. 4 (c), p. 26. Serjientine (a silicate of magnesia, &c.). — Green, brown, red, grey, &c. ; the colours often in veins, spots, and patches ; chiefly amorphous ; H., 2-5-3-5 ; G., 2-5-2-6. B., some varieties fuse on the thin edges, but most are infusible ; water, about 12 or 14 per cent., occasionally higher. Chrysocolla (hydrated silicate of copper).— Green, blueish ; in compact amorphous masses ; H., 2-4-5 ; G., 2-0-2-3. B., blackens ; gives the reactions of copper ; water, usually about 20 per cent. Wavrlliir (hydrated phosphate of alumina).— In green or Tthite radiated and bolryoidal groups, mostly on clay-slate; 31 IT., 3-4 ; G. about 2-3. B., bpcoiiio.s wh'de niul opaciuo, scparatinji; into infusible libros, and tinging tlie llanit' pale green. Wutev, 2-i-28 per cent. § 7— INFUSIBLE. STRE ' K COLOURED. Zinc Blende. ~'^ive?ik pale brown in the dark varieties, other- wise white. 13., sulphur reaction with cai'b. soda. See Sec. G («,) p. 29. Red Zinc Ore (oxide of zinc.)— Dull red, streak orange-yel- low ; usually in disseminated parades, or in granidar masses ; H., 4!-4!-5 ; G-., 5-4-5'6 ; brittle. Owing to the presence of manga- gese OS an impurity, a turquoise enamel is obtained with soda before the blowpipe. EartJiy and Fibrous varieties of Bed Iron Ore. — Eed ; streak, dull red; in amorjihous and globular masses. B., become attractable by the magnet ; fusible on the edges in the R. F Earthy and Fibrous varieties of Broivn Iron Ore. Brown, greyish-brown; streak, brownish-yellow; in amorphous and botryoidal masses. B., like red ii-on ore. ■ jj, ^' iy i I m ■ !-■ w > ■■!" ■^f H^ WIw » . . » ^ \ ^*» 82 » ♦ HARDNESS. 1. Talc. 2. Eock Salt. ^■ 3. Calcareous Spar.-;' 4. Pluor Spax. 5. Apatite. • 6. Feldspar. ' 7. Eock Crystal. | 8. Topaz. 9. Corundum. 10. The Diamond. , ^ ^ 1 S Chapman's convenient scale, to correspond mtkfhdt qfMoJis: 1. Yields easily to the nail. 2. Does not yield to the nail. Does not scratch a copper com. / 8. Scratches a copper coin, but is also scratched by one, '■ being of about the same degree of hfcrdness. 4. Not scratched by a copper colli. Does not scratch glass [ordinary window glass.] 5. Scratches glass very feebly. Yields easily to the knife. 6. Scratches glass easily. Yields with difficulty to the knife. ' <■''' 7. Does not yield to the knife. Yields with difficulty to the edge of a file. 8. 9, 10. Harder than Quartz. SPECIFIC GEAVITY. Let fl=the weight of the mineral in air. w=the weight of the mineral in water. Then the sp. gr. of the nuneral=