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 copy' fUfhgd N 
 ttM 9«fi«rotitv (B 
 
 / Library o< 
 Archivatc 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 Tti« ifiMf M appear 
 poMibI* eofitidwrfij 
 of th«.orlf rhal «opi 
 filming cofilNet tp 
 
 Oriflfipl eoptot In p 
 baglnnftig-wltti th» 
 thplMtpMOwMfi 
 tion. or thO' bock e< 
 othor orfginol eopta 
 first «iflo whli a pf 
 ilon. amfondlng.pl 
 or Hluatrataill Impfp 
 
 Tho loot rocbrdod fi 
 •haN eontaiit ttio ax 
 TINUEO"). or tho fi 
 whiohovor appliaa. 
 
 Mapa. plataa. elwrt 
 diff aront raduction 
 antlraiy Ineludad in 
 baglnning in tha up 
 right and top to hot 
 roqulrod. Tho follow 
 mothod: 
 
 i 
 
1 ' ■ 
 
 in«d h«.r« Hm b««n rtproduMd thinks 
 'MitylDif:; . ,._4 
 
 ibriryoftlMNatioiMr 
 rchivM of Canada 
 
 appearing hpra arp tfia bpat quality 
 widari^g tha condMan and lagibility 
 lalappy and in kaaping witn ttia 
 ^aat apaeificatlpna. 
 
 iaa in printad papac aavaia afa iNniad 
 Hti tha ftant titftm and anding an 
 I withr a printpd pr Nhiftraiad impraa* 
 baek aayar whan apprppria t a. AN. 
 il eapiaa ara fNmad baginnlhg an tha 
 Itb a printad ar Nlus^ratad bnprap- 
 ding pn tha laat paga whh a printad 
 I impfpaaian. ^ 
 
 .-> . \ • ■;: .:v. ■ .'■ 
 
 irdad frima an aach mleroflcha 
 I tha tyimbal «^« (maaning "COM- 
 r tha ivmbal ▼ (maafiing "END"), 
 PPlI^- 
 
 ■ f f . 
 
 I. Charts, ate., may^lba fUmad at 
 uctian ratias. Thaaa tap larga ta ba 
 idad in ana axpoiura ara fHmad 
 tha uppar laft.hand camar, laft te 
 » ta battaiii. as many framas.as 
 I failawing diagrams illustrata tha 
 
 I'asamplalra fttmi fut rapraduit grlea A ia^ 
 gdmlrpsitA da: 
 
 UMMiotMqiMdatArciiivti / 
 
 natienalai du Canada ^ 
 
 * . ■• 'i ■ "^ ■» 
 
 - ■ ^■■ # . 
 
 Las imagas siilvantas^it AtA rapreduitat avac la 
 plus grand sain, campta tanu da la eandition at 
 da la nattatA da Taaamplaira filmA. at an 
 eanfphnitA avac Wa eandMana du eantrat da 
 Mmaga, / "■ - • ., -x- i 
 
 Lai aaamplalraa ariglnaux dartt la eauvartu 
 papiar aat ImprimAa apm filmAa an camm 
 par ia pramiar plat at/an tarminam salt pa 
 damlAra paga 4^ aamparta una ampraima 
 dimpraaaian pu dlNuatra^an. aalt par la tacond 
 plat, aalan la aaa. Taua Iaa autrasLaaamplairaa 
 priginaua sant WihAs an eamman^ant par ia 
 pramlA r a paga qdl aamparta una ampralnta 
 dimprbaalan au dINuatratlan at ae tarminant par 
 la damlAra paga qui aamparta una talla ' , 
 amprainia.\7 -■■■vgi, ,• . 
 
 Un daa aynibalaa aulvants apparattra W la 
 damiAra imaga da ehaqua mierafieha. salon la 
 Aas: la symbala -^ aignifia "A SUIVRE". la"* 
 aymbola ▼ aignifia "FIN". 
 
 \ .'■■.■-. *■' ■ , 
 
 '•..-■'♦.■ * ■'•■., ■- ■ 
 
 Laacartaa. planchaa. tablaauK. ate. pauvant Atra 
 filmAa A daa taua da rAduStion dlff Aranta. 
 Laraqua la deaumant aat trap grand pour Atra 
 rapraduit an un aaul eliehA. il aat fNmA A partir 
 da I'angla supAriaur gaucha. da gaucha A draita. 
 at da'haut an baa. an pranant la nombra 
 d'Imagaia nAcaaiqira. Laa diagrammas suivants 
 muatrant lamAtheda.. . 
 
 •V 
 
 6 
 
 /■. 
 
 '^ 
 
 .y<f' 
 
'' ^ 
 
 A '.., 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 f kD}iAHCE PnOQr-(f<J,Jecttoref){t{ou). 
 Thif |»rouf is wut to ynu 11* diwuMiu^ oijj-, ami ou tin- «xpri'i«-t- 
 uii«lor!iUu*liD<r that it w-tiot Id be uwl lor nny (iili.r j»iiriK)i»f what- 
 *iv>r.- (^Ste Se,.. 4T ,,/ the CoH$tihilioH)' 
 
 / • 
 
 ^^iirindifli; ^ociclii of |^ipil_ 4pnoi:!Ci'f';.. 
 
 INCOKI'OHATED IHHT. 
 
 ' TBAHSACnOMB. 
 
 N.H — I'liiH So^icly, an a body, JwiVnol liolil itWlf rcK|H>n.«ibl<> for Ihe.fuctiK 
 mild o|>iiiioiiH sutoit ill any of itH piibliculioiilt. 
 
 'W 
 
 r^. 
 
 OKMBNT MORTALS IN KKKBSilN<J WKAl'llKH. 
 
 S^ \ . Bv M; J. BiTLEa. 
 
 . ',:■••• A ■ ■ ' ■' : 
 
 \{TfKhi mid Thwr%ihuj,\tlK, April, \m\:) 
 
 / 
 
 I I 
 
 In ooiiiiiilcriiiK what is licsi to |ji- iloiio wboii it is fouml iiocesHur}- (o 
 carry on masonry work in froositij; witutbur, if'unu sL'un-lii<«( ibc r^HHinls 
 uruuiuvntiHortiirs found in t<hv l'r(MM-c>diii<:s ot'ibo viirious EngiiMNtrtn" 
 Socii'tiis, in ibc standard text-books u'^td as a i^uidi; in tbc practice of 
 tlic Proi'oMiion, it will Ixj found tjrjit tlic verdict is " don't do it." 
 Fuilurcsin tlit! past can be, no doubt, traceable to tlic effects of frost ; 
 ncvcrtbcless, HU«,'Cfi'H may Ihj bud by taking tbc necessary precautions. 
 
 In tbc late fijill of Ihtfli tbc writer waif eomi>clie<l to construct about 
 (iO(> oubit; yai^*^ of masonry. After consultini: all available flouKfcs 
 tor iulorinatUni and precedents, added tbc followin;; clause to ^lie spS* 
 oiiicalioUM i^overimi^ the wtirks under bis direction : — • 
 
 " No nuiHonry will be allowed to be laid iii fretisin}; wcatlier unlelis so 
 ''ordered by tlie engineer, in wliicb ca.se tlie fbllowiug precautious 
 " sbtiU be taken :--Tbe stones sliull be warmed to remove auy ice from 
 '* tbc ;«urltice, and \X\\i mortar iiii.\eil wilb brine made asjollows : — Dis- 
 ' solve one |ioun<l of Aalt in iH gjiUoii."! of water wben the tcui|>erature 
 "iiy 32'"' F, a^d add onKouneti'of niIi IVir cvei y d'j;rcc the tem|Kirature 
 '•is below 30** F, or i-nouj-b .-ah, wliat^'Vtr tlie lumpt-ratuie to prevent 
 '* fiWiirtg."* * 
 
 Tbe suud sball be betacd suffieiently to tliaw any fi-oson |>artiok-8." 
 icre fiirnislicd by 'the Kailwuy (Jo. 
 [ng un»of tbc work tbe steps taken were as' 
 
 -A 
 
 Ccmcut and sal 
 In the -iietuak. 
 uUows : — 
 
 ili^uire II 
 
 ricuBNt. 
 
 A careful chemical aualy.si8 of^tlie ccmcut supplied slunvcil the fol- 
 lowing;; coinptisitiun : — ' 
 
 Lniic '\ tjtr.isv ' * ^ 
 
 Silica \ 24.30 
 
 Alumiii and iron Oxid 10.78 \ 
 
 Mttguetiia 
 
 Alkul^i 
 
 1.18 1 
 1.80 j 
 
 NENKSH. 
 
 S^ven |icr cent, residue was left oiiva .standard sieve of 10,000 mushes 
 to' the square inch, 6 pcr.oont. of wlikli pai^d through a sieve of 
 22,000 meshes to the Njuare iiicb. 
 
 ^' ^uot«d by J. J.' U. Gross, Transactions Ameribaii Society of Civil Kur 
 gmem, Vol. XVI, p. B4, aud there cre«lited to the Royal ^iiKineers ; see al^ 
 Bauer's Treatise on Masonry Coustruction, page 543. 
 
 , , ■ , 1... 
 
V- 
 
 TKNMI.r. xTltK.\<ITH. 
 
 fl 
 
 :mii)1. V |,f, |,:ir.-.l Willi jriinrrcnt. of 
 
 ilcr. 
 
 :im 
 
 ifc-Siil willi till' 
 ,!<»mI six iIrv-* iti 
 Wiii.v. I.rnk,. will, :iii iivi lajr I(iihI.> .mriiiii mI :5r»» \hs. f . llir>.|iiiin' itidi. 
 
 IS into lilt' iiioiilils. will II iillfiWTil 4111(1 iliiv 
 
 III :iir 
 
 . lloTi-KST. 
 
 All •lirciiuMil u-'<il\va> niivfully sulmiiUcd to il,. U.iliiiy ,,.», |„ 
 thin p..l,s on -^[.i-^. \o,|.' ol ili,. s.itnplcs shn^^^J miy cjucks iiikI 
 
 4>Ut one or two i<(l I he ;;lii.s^. 
 
 '>^ SANK- 
 
 Tin' Hiiiid tisod wnvi clc.-iii, rallicr lonrhip, .x|inr|i | rfvc'r suU. very 
 iM'iirlj nil siiir:i. I 
 
 ^ Kiiowi"K 'Voiii tlio Hurecs-i of tliv hot t.-st tiiiit tU'pio w.^n un (liin<:«'r 
 to hi', fearej Irom " l.iowiiiL'j" all llio lirim' 'Wnj.. njado with vervlMit 
 wiil.T. Th.! Nsmd was kfj.t as hot as]»ossi^|.^- tji stoiirs were iiof • 
 hqatoil, hut ciiiv was taken to set! thtt ho it-c wiw oil tlioiii. 
 
 iMiiiii'^ tin- const rucl ion ol" the wdik lhcSt(Mi|icratiiiv variid. Im> 
 Iwivn :{lt" altovf (o 111" b<'low /cru V. 
 • The wliojc woiU w.is p.nriril Coiw ird to sMfrevsrul 
 wiiN and i>"'ati>')a(torv iiu'vciy nsjiipt, no sninll v 
 the contiiK'tor lor the fjiro'iiiid skill lic^^hoWod in |ii 
 under very unfav(Miral)lc('oiidilioii>;. . 
 
 Aiiothrr <ii«c whoiv the masonry work wfts lieiiiJr hujll under the 
 same sppcilieation. and wh.ie ihr .niitrartor was olili^cd to furnish tin 
 
 ind that as a eon- 
 throe inehcs hack 
 the consisteney of 
 
 c(Yin|iletion. anil 
 •edit lioinjr due to' 
 shins' on the work 
 
 ueeoioir a hniht- 
 tk, failed cntirc- 
 
 ^ "the lietnn, con- 
 
 thi'ongh n throe* 
 
 :ili intci\>stiiijr fact 
 
 Halt, it was I'ouiid thai insuflieieiVi salt w:i^s n-ed, 
 sequence the outer portion of the niorlar U-d. aliouf 
 from tlie faee. in the followin;^ sprinj; w;is pf ahout 
 l.'ached ashes, whieh had to b.- raked out and replaced with fresh 
 I'orllnnd eomeiil inorlai : the inner part of the mortar bed was set hard 
 and ooli.l— .U^nhtl.'s, the. outer portion fror.e^jp}irf jhe iimer beiiiir 
 protected from the s,veiv fin«l l.y the ovefJytfi;r^si ,!,|,. and at the ed-re 
 by the pnrt>! destroyed. 
 
 Another case where iiatiiral eemeiil wasus<-d in 81 
 iiiL'. hnvihi- lueii |iiil on in a coatalHiiit one inch th 
 ly. In liict, natural cements will not stnnd frost in the senw kcreiii 
 iuiplied. 
 
 J)urin<: the const ruction of the Kalisas ( "jiv Rrid^e 
 " sistinj; o( eij.dit parts? |inie.«it<iiic, „.as broken to jiass 
 •" inch rinj;, two of sand and tin..' of Vement. It is a.. .„..-. v,w..k »ci 
 " that both masonry and lieton wete laid in the abo^e works in the 
 " severe winter months by the iisi' of hot sand anil hU water. At the 
 •' (iuiney Jlridfp.-, dm injr the coldest weather, each stoLe was held over 
 - " a brazier of charcoal to iImiw out the ftost. The mor[ar thus used was 
 "found the followin<;spiiii!,' tohe IS hard and jit'ifedt an any on th« 
 '• work." 
 
 I)urin<,'the construction of the rhjirneeto Ship jlailway in 'Nova 
 
 Scotia, s.»fnc exp.iHmeiit.s were trie.d, which seemed tosLw a rcductiori 
 
 ill strength in the samples submitted to the testin<j macljiiu'.| fMiibt- 
 
 1 less the effect of frost on small saitiples, (roin the fact that it will peue- 
 
 Wate the whole liiassj is more .serious than in actual works where the 
 
 ^iffcets will be confined to the outer edjrcR of tl^c fhortai beds. 
 
 In'the construction l.f the" works of a loi^ at the St. Mary'« Kails' 
 .ji«nl+ in 1R77, it was foiin.l that Portland cenieilt mortars «atis- 
 fiictorily withstood the effects of frost, but that natural Lment mortars 
 wciy disintcsrrated to the depth of 3 or 4 inches ; in thclsamchwality 
 Portland cement concrete, which froze solid provoJ satislii ctory. 
 
 * Manual lor lUiiroadKnjtineers l.v (Jeo. I,. Vow ■ 
 
 T I'roepuliiigs Inst. C. K., Vol. C VII. 
 
 ; 1 riAsafe. Ainer. S.m;. CK., Vol. .\ VI, pp. VJ ct sw, 
 
 V 
 
 ? 
 
 ' \ 
 
 V- 
 
 t 
 
Tlif wiiiiil.- t.M> Willi Miri-HN ,,ui.niiti.V..r ^nli »s,,\ in t|„, „lov.' 
 iii.'..li..M..| uT.ik '■„ (.. ^|.,■^v tl,»r II..' .innL-ll. ..III... ii.orl»i- ii„n«;.,l 
 «'i(lMlir i)ii:iiiiiiy 4il Villi ns,..l. > 
 
 ' Z' 'I'i..' ,\..Mri:.i. So.i..|.v Ml rivil i:,....i,„.,.,> .V .\r,.|,ii..,.u: l,,.v i.rn.iU ' 
 niv.«ii-iit.,l III. .|ii.-Mi..M ..|*iii;..,.i.rv r..Msiriu-li..ri ill friTSiiiL' wcallirr. 
 • K'liii.u a i,i..|«.,M(„r, i,..|„« :.'(:' y, \ i i.ri,.fc w;.iu «.=!.• i.Mili..i..i, :» 
 
 _ '• li. » in>. I....1: I! I. S i„. n.-h, ;.ivl lO in. il,i.;k. ' Tl... iMjowini; »,.,r- 
 ■ I ill" wen' n«c<l : . ' 
 
 . •• ' I )<*..n.m..n r.ii iin.f. n...rt..r, (!') Ilniiian .'.m.ni rl.ir, Cl) |'nri. 
 
 •' I'H'I nwni nioiiar, (.|, l ..f ro.tlr.n-i '.•..ra.^f.f ,., L' ..Clim.-. (5) 
 ■ , """' =""' ^'^V' 'nnilMr. Ail ili.x. in..ri.-.i> wr,^v „.j,„| .„.,., ,.it|, c,,,,, 
 
 " Will..,- nn.l once uiM. w:.nn wnU-r (77''^ K>, !rn.rsn1r,.s<V,| t|„.,n wor.- tri«.l - 
 
 " «ul. ,'. 7 |,..r com. .•..i.i Hult «,luii..n. '\\u, wafls tv,.,v alsh |,,.iili will, 
 ^'•a »post-|.t;.,of innriiu,— J'al,.|i» lliHisl..iin.T. , , ' " 
 
 •'rinfiiM I l.r.-.' mortars w<-io ak. icst,,l ..nninr riil.il*- 1 nnr>~^ 
 
 '• wails, Um- s.in.- l.-n-ll, an'l l.cii;lil as tho l.riok walls, „u<] ir» ins. thl.k. 
 
 " Tlu! wal...' was us..(| ill, tin- sanio variations was al.ow. ' Half olcnph 
 
 •wall was ,.,nvr,..I with l)0:.rds. an.! the n.vw.l l.a'frsliowo(l in ra.-h ^ 
 
 '• caso soiHowliai Ix'tfer rnfitilts, 
 
 j^" Alter tlinc inmiths the walls wor.> .•xaiuiiM^.i ; wli.>nv,n- liiui. |,a.| ' 
 Uvn H<<.'»l. cither al«no or with coiueiit/fhe result .\}as a failure. 
 
 ,"The u*. "«■ l.'oinan eemontjjnvediff.-r.ijt results aeeorclinjr as it » 
 -"was use.l on hri.k or stone. '' ' k \ ' - ' 
 
 ••I'..r(lai..l'..in-nl with eohUajt solnti.u. an\l frost-pr.M.r cement 
 " ' Patent llansleitner ' w.re tlu- only mortars «|)ieh pave p-rleet satis. 
 •' IWlion. rfn.l ih.-s.- «.Te in -oml or.l^'r when n.se,l aM>ej(l.rior finish." 
 
 1 iiasnnj.>l. as ^^,■ in ( '.,„a.l. are .leharrca fr..m eonsiruetion »hont fpur 
 iiM.iilhs in ea.-h voai. il ii 1... nnsnie to' htiiid nia^oniv work, it is eon»i- 
 .I.Te.l ini|Hirlaiit t.. show that with proiK-r inateii-.ls properly hamllivi " 
 theiv need 1m- in. tear I., us.- Portland ocinent mortar m account of 
 eold, weather ; a nd \n the ho,,,- 1 hat th.- r.-8ultin!: diseu«d»n will brinir out 
 many pr.'e»-d.-nts thi^ loreiroinsr notes have Won prepared. 
 
 ( •) Engineering Xi-wU. 1 S!i4, j ,.>',:i, - Vol . N .\ .\ | . 
 
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