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Maps, pistes, charts, stc. may be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too lerge to be entirely included In one expoeure ara filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa ae required. The following diegrems illustrste the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvant itre fiimis i des taux de reduction diffirents. Loraque le document eat trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un aeul cliehA. il est film6 i partir da Tangle aup^riaur gauche, de gauche a droite. et de heut en bes, en prenent le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diogrammes suivants iiiuttrent le m^thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE FIRST BOOK OF HIS^ COMBINED WITH GEOGRA RONOLOGY, BY JOHN G. SHEA. NEW YORK: D. & J. SADLIER & CO., 164 WILLIAM STREET. BOSTON: 128 FEDERAL STREET MONTREAL: CORNER OK NOTRE DAME AND ST. FRANCIS XAVIER STS. :*',.< V''' '\ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1864, by D. k J. SADLIER & CO., In the Cleric's Office of tlie District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New Yorls. "■ •. '';-;,<*" ^■■i ■fj IV Vh Stareotyped by VINCENT DILL, S9 A 81 BeekniM St., N. V. ■.>?;? i. A-Jk PREFACE. le This work, intended as a First Book for nse in oor Schools, is, OS snch, presented to the public. To follow up the first ideas of Geography by a small History, is undoubtedly the best method, but in adopting the usual plan of a division into Ancient and Modern History the child is lost: he no longer recognizes the countries about which he has already gained some idea. In the plan here adopted, which is not however new, the child is still better grounded in his notions of Geography, and at the same time acquires a knowledge of the History of each country down to the present time ; and on taking up a larger work will have a definite idea of the various countries men- tioned in Ancient and Medieeval History, without being com- pelled to study separately a work on Ancient Geography. Should the present attempt meet the approbation of teachers, it will be followed by a Second Book of History, on a more extended scale, retaining, however, as far as possible, the plan adopted in this. 1. ft PREFACE. The compiler, who has drawn his matter from original sources, and left the track of preceding compendinms, will cheerfally receive such suggestions as practical teachers may give after a trial of it. Added to which, the publishers have spared no pains nor expense in passing the work through the press, as will be apparent from the number and superior execu- tion of the illustrations, which are adapted to the capacity of the juvenile student ; the maps also may prove of much assist- ance to teacher and scholar, as an easier reference at the moment than having to displace a class to refer to a larger map. It would be idle to give any directions as to its use, hince two teachers rarely agree in their mode of instruction ; yet the author would urge that the maps, so conveniently placed, should be really used in class, and made the object of lessons during the period devoted to the study of the historical portion. New Tobk, October, 1854. 'iiti::'i'- ^ivi^i'^ vuM^i. -- .-••:; i-'^, ,..<; {,. ^ ■-■■ , ■■■ ,-T.^;V,^!^: ' - I . 1 ( ■■.•■..> : • CONTENTS. ■**<■ Divisiona of the Earth, . .13 Geography of Asia, . . 14 Map of Asia, .... 15 Questions on the Map of Asia, lU History of Asia, ... 18 The Creation, ... 20 History of the People of God, 26 The Israelites in Egypt, . 29 Departure of the Israelites, . 31 The Kings 37 Chronology of the Bible, . 45 Empires of Asia — Babylon and Assyria, . . . .46 Persia, .... 49 China, 51 Chronology of China, . . 59 Japan, 60 Arabia — The Saracens, . 62 Tartary, .... 69 Siberia, . . . . 72 Hindostan or Indir . . 73 Farther India, ... 77 Chronology of India, . . 79 General Chronology of Asia, 80 Map of Africa, . . . 81 Questions on the Map of Africa, 82 Geography of Africa, Egypt, Nubia and Abyssinia, Barbary States, . Other Aft-ican States, Chronology of Africa, Map of Europe, Fkg* 83 86 98 96 98 99 100 Questions on the Map of Europe, 101 Geography of Europe, . .102 Greece, . . . . 103 Turkish Empire, . . .112 Modern Greece, . . . 114 Chronology of Greece, . .114 Italy — The Roman Republic — The Popedom, . . 116 Chronology of Italy, . 127 Spain and Portugal, . . 128 Chronology of Spain and Por- tugal, . . . .134 France, .... 134 Chronology of France, . . 142 England, .... 143 Chronology of England, . 155 Scotland, .... 156 Chronology of Scotland, . 160 Ireland, 160 Chronology of Ireland, . 167 VUl CONTENTS. Page Germany, .... 167 Switzerland, . . . 173 Prussia, . . . . 176 Ctironology of Germany, . 178 Holland and Belgium, . 179 Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 181 Chronology, . . . .185 Poland, . . . . 186 Ctironology of Poland, . .188 Russia, . . . . 188 Chronology of Russia, . . 190 General Chronology of Europe, 191 Map of North America, . . 193 Questions on the Map of North America, . . . 194 Geography of North America, 195 Iceland and Greenland, . 197 Discovery of Columbus, . 199 Spanish America — The West Indies, ... 200 Mexico, 201 The British Possessions in North America — Canada, . 204 Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick, .... 207 The United States, Florida, .... Virginia— New York, New England, Maryland, .... Colonies generally, Louisiana, .... Colonies in general. The Revolution, The Republic, Map of South America, Questions on the Map of South America, Brazil, . Spanish Republics, Guiana, . Chronology of America, Questions on Oceanica, Geography of Oceanica, History of Malaysia, History of Australasia, History of Polynesia, Chronology of Oceanica, The Church, . 209 210 211 212 214 215 220 221 223 228 233 234 235 236 241 243 245 247 248 249 252 256 257 ■ y, •' '- . ■' 1 ■\ ), ri ji..-: '•^'<. '■ u yr.i: ..^.-fv'v I /■» ^f FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. PRigLIMINARY CHAPTER. THE EARTH. Q. What is the Earth? A. The Earth is a small planet, moving aroand the san. Q. Are there many other planets ? A. There are many other planets, all moving aroand the sun. They can be seen at night and all look like the stars, but when we learn Astronomy we can distingtush them. Q. What are the stars? A. The stars are believed by many to be suns, each one having its own planets moving around it, but these are so far away that we cannot see them, even with the strongest tele- scope. Q. What is the Universe ? A. The Universe is all that God created, including the sun and its planets, the stars, and all that live and move in them. Q. Do we know anything of the other planets ? A. We do not know anything of the other planets except their motions, nor of the stars except their position. * ^ Q. What is Astronomy? 10 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. A. ABtronoroy is the science whicli teaches us al .'t the motions of the planets, their distance from the sou, ^^d all that has been learned as to the heavenly bodies. ^• Q. In what way is Astronomy useful ? A. Astronomy is of great use in navigation, as it enables ships to cross the ocean, where there are no landmarks to guide them on the way. Q. Do we know much of our own planet? " A. In our days almost all parts of ou* planet are known to us, and we can learn about the different countries that compose it, the different races of men, the various kinds of animals, plants, metals and minerals to be found in different parts. '^J Q. What is Geography ? A. Geography is a description of the various divisions of the earth, and the different countries in each. Q. What things in particular does Geography tell us ? A. Geography tells us, that this earth is round like a ball, that the surface is composed of land and water, that the land is intersected by large bodies of water called oceans and seas, and is crossed by streams of water called rivers. It tells us that the earth is in some places level, in others very elevated, and called mountains. Geography tells us that men in differ- ent countries differ in complexion, language, religion, dress, habits and manners, and are in this way distinguished and separated from each other. . . Q. What is History? A. History is an account of the important events that have occurred in various countries. Some histories tell about all countries, others about only one, as the History of England, or the United States. In this book we shall see a little about the history of all the different countries. i « >. •?;: * *' THE KAJtTB. Q. How far back does History go ? A. The history of the world extends back to which occurred aboat six thousand years ago, Q. How do we know anything about the A. We should not know anything about th had not revealed it to men and inspired a hoi Moses to write it down for our instruction that did not know the Bible, had very foolish accounts j thr rrf-ation. Many supposed the world to have been or brought up from the depths of the water by a tortoise. Q. How do we know the history of the world after the creation of man ? A. The history of mankind for a considerable period, and of the Jews down to our Saviour's coming, is contained in the Bible, written by inspired men. This is called sacred history. Every nation had its own account of its origin, but the early parts are full of silly fables. This is called profane history. In modern times things are written down as they happen and more correct accounts can be given. Q. How do we know what to believe in profane history and the works on modern times? A. In many things related in profane history we cannot tell, whether they were true or not ; in modern history, we should know who the writer is, for perhaps he writes only in favor of his own country, or his own religion. Q. What is necessary then in studying History t A. In studying, or reading history, we should use only books which good and capable persons tell us may be safely read. Q. Is History an interesting study? vi* A. History is very interesting, because all people like to hear accounts of other times and countries. We like to read 12 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. abont onr first parents, about the Deluge, the Jewish people, onr Saviour and his apostles. We like to hear about the great conquerors Sesostris, Alexander, Ceesar, Attila, Napoleou, and of the great empires that have existed in the world. We like to hear how, when all Europe was buried in paganism and idolatry, it was converted to Christianity, how our own ances- tors left their idols and received the priests and monks sent to convert them, how many nations at last changed their religion again and formed the various sects. Q. What other interesting things are there in History ? A. History tells us how America was discovered, and settled by various nations in Europe, how the Indians were in many parts driven out so that we do not see them : how our ances- tors settled this country, and being oppressed by England, joined together and drove out the jrilnglish, and then made it a new country called the United States. Q. Is History important ? A. History is not only interesting, it is important. It holds up for our imitation the lives of the good and holy per- sons in every rank who have served God ; it shows us that though the good may suflFer and the wicked triumph, God pun- ishes, even in this life, the crimes of men and of whole nations. Q. In what way is the history of the world generally divided ? A. The history of the world is generally divided into anci- ent and modern history. Ancient history comprises all that occurred from the Creation to the birth of our Saviour, and modem history what has happened since that time. The birth of onr Saviour begins the Christian era, and dates are reckoned from it : thus the Creation took place 4004 B. C. (that is, before Christ), the American Revolutioc, 1116, A. C. (after Christ.) THE EARTH. ^P 'fiJ^ Map of the World. '''''" DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH. ■ Q. What are the great divisions of the earth ? A. There are on the globe two great oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific, between these lie the two great continents, the Eastern and Western. The Eastern Continent is divided into Europe, Asia and Africa ; the Western Continent is divided into North and South America. Besides these, there are a great number of islands in the Pacific Ocean, the largest of which, Australia, is sometimes called a continent. These islands generally are called Oceanica. Q. In which continent were the human family created ? A. Adam was created, and the first men lived in Asia, in the Eastern Continent about five thousand miles from us, and from Asia tiiey spread to all other parts of the world. Q. Where then does the earliest History commence ? A. History therefore begins in Asia. H FIRST BOOK OF HISTOBT. CiEOGRAPHT OF ASIA. .^ , Q. In what part of the Eastern Continent is Asia? ^ A. Asia lies in the northeast part of the Eastern Continent. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, west by Europe, south by the Indian Ocean and east by the Pacific, which separates it from North America. Q. What can you tell us of the surface of Asia, its rivers and seas ? A. The interior of Asia is a vast plain, in some parts desert; lofty mountains run from west to east, on both sides of these plains. Some summits are the highest in the world. From these mountains come some of the largest rivers in the world, the Indus, Ganges, Burrampooter, Hoangho, Kiangku, and Amour. ■ Q. What is the climate of Asia, and its soil? A. The climate in the north is extremely cold, especially on the Pacific, and the soil poor; in the south the climate is warm, and the land fertile. Q. What are the chief productions of Asia ? A. The chief productions of Asia are rice, on which the mass of the people subsist, cotton and silk used for their dresses, tea, coffee, spices, fragrant woods and many useful drugs. Q. What are the animals peculiar to Asia ? A. The animals peculiar to Asia, or nearly so, are the lion, tiger, elephant, camel, rhinoceros, the enormous snake called the bo.a-constrictor, and the bird of paradise. j^ Q. What are the chief divisions of Asia now ? A. The chief divisions of Asia now, are Siberia, or th6 GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA. 15 MAP OF ASIA. •^J: : or the 16 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. 9rA '^i^^i QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF ASIA. %■ fc. ■I -I- 1. Bound Asia. 2. What coantry lies on the north ? 3. What empire iu the East ? Of what is the Chinese Empire com- posed ? ^ns. Of China, Chinese Tartary and Thibet. 4. What country lies between the Chinese Empire and the Caspian Sea ? 5. What country lies between Independent Tartary and the Persian Gulf. 6. What peninsula lies between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea? What is a peninsula ? 7. What country north of Arabia? 8. What country in the south-east ? How is India divided ? H. B. S. A. 9. What ocean lies on the north ? On the east? On the south. 10. What mountains between China and Siberia? .^ v\ 11. ^Vhat mountains between Siberia and Europe ? ; 12. What mountains north of Persian Empire and Hindostan? . 13. What three large rivers in Siberia? What three in the Chinese Empire ? A. H. and Kiang-Ku. 14. What river in Anam? ^ns. Irrawaddy. What three in Hin- dostan? ^ns. Indus, Ganges and Burrampooter. 15. What two seas are in Asia? What seas on the borders of Asia? B, M, R, Sea of A, C, Y, J, O. 16. In what country is Jerusalem? j3n». Turkey. Pekin? Jeddo? Mecca? Calcutta? Ava? Hue? Bokhara? 17. Where is Corea? Japan? Ceylon? The Philippine Islands? NovaZembla? " , ; "' > ,'.' • I •I If ^ : «,-»v" »• • ^^iv-^^ 4 GEOGRAPHY OV ASIA. It Rassian dominibns in the north, the Chinese Empire in the middle and east, and the British possessions, or India in the Bonth. Besides these, there are in the west Turkey in Asia, Persia, Arabia, Tartary, and in the east the Empires of Anam and Barmah and some smaller states. Q. Has Asia always been divided in the same way ? A. Asia has at different times been otherwise divided, and various parts had other names. China and Japan are however the oldest empires in the world. Q. What can you tell of the language, religion and man- ners of these nations ? A. These nations differ greatly in language, religion and manners. Some are quite learned and civilized, and have made great progress in the arts. None of these countries, however, are Christian, and many barbarous and cruel cus- toms prevail. Q. What are the prevailing religions in Asia ? A. The prevailing religions are the Mahomedan, in the west, that of Buddha in the Chinese Empire, Farther India and Japan, and that of Brahma in India. Christians are to be found in all the Asiatic countries, chiefly in the west. Q. What is the population of Asia ? A. Asia is very populous and contains 500 millions of peo- ple, more than all the rest of the world together, and almost all of these are pagans. How grateful we should be that we were not born in the midst of idolatry. ti FIRST BOOK OP HISTORY. s. ?f : Ancient Tombs at Petra. HISTORY OF ASIA. Q. In which division of Asia did the greatest ancient king- doms flourish ? A. The greatest and most interesting nations in ancient times flourished in what is now called Turkey and Persia: these were the Jews, Assyrians and Babylonians in Turkey, and the Medes and Persians in Persia. Q. What is the condition of these countries now ? A. Turkey is now in a very reduced condition, having been repeatedly conquered and ravaged by diflferent nations. It is HISTORY OF ASIA. 19 governed by the Turks who give it its name. Persia is in a more flourishing condition. Both are fertile, and were once highly cultivated and abounded in wealth. Q. How is Turkey bounded ? A. Turkey is bounded on the north by the Black Sea, east by Persia, west by the Sea of Marmora, the Archipelago and the Mediterranean, and south by Arabia. Q. How was Turkey anciently divided? A. Turkey was anciently divided into several states. Troy, and afterwards Asia Minor in the northwest, Armenia in the northeast, Syria and Palestine in the southwest, and Nineveh and Babylon in the southeast. Q. What are the rivers and mountains of Turkey ? A. The chief mountains are the Taurus range and the moun- tains of Eoordistan; the Euphrates, Tigris and Jordan are the chief rivers. ■fl ii , i i' i: ^li i. 20 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. n I! THE CREATION. 1. We shall now tell you how this world was created, and then we shall proceed with the history of man, from Adam who was the first of all. The account of the Creation which we give, is found in the Bible, which was inspired by God; it is therefore true, and no other can be. 2. God created the world at first dark and bare, enveloped in a deep mist; nothing existed but rocks and water; there were no trees, no shrubs, not a blade of grass, nor any living 1. Where do we get the account of the Creation? Why are we cer- ( ^ THE CREATION. 21 crcatare ; all was dark and silent and desolate. Sach was the earth as it first assumed form. ' 3. At the word of God, light appeared and purified the air, and the darkness rolled away. God then began to adorn the earth and prepare it for the abode of man, for whom he had created it. First of all, on the third day, he made the plants, from the blade of grass to the tall oak, and the earth was now clothed in beauty and verdure. Then God created the sun, the moon, and the stars, and made them centres M light, and all the planets began in their orbits to move around the sun. 4. On the fourth day, God first formed living creatures to inhabit this beautiful world. At his command, the sea pro- duced the birds of every kind which fly in the air, and the fish which glide through the waters. Then the forestis echoed with music, and the brilliant hues of the songsters enlivened the green leaves of the wood. On the fifth day, God created all the quadrupeds and reptiles of every size and kind, from the tiny mouse to the great elephant, some fitted for warm cli- mates, others for the coldest regions. 5. When God had thus created the world, adorned it and peopled it with animals of every kind, he at last, on the sixth day, created man to enjoy it. Adam was the first man. God placed him in the garden of Eden, a Paradise of pleasure, and soon after formed from his side Eve, the first woman, to be his com- panion and wife. On them God imposed but one condition : tain of it? 2. How was the world when first created? 3. What ap- peared at the word of God? What did God create the third day? AVliat on the fourth? 4. What on the fifth? What on the sixth? 5. WHiat did God create last of all? Where did he place Adam? What condition did he impose on our first parents? 6. What was the Ll li n f' 22 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. he forbid them to eat of the fruit of one tree, called the "Tree of the knowledge of good and evil." 6. Adam and Eve enjoyed the greatest happiness in each other's society, in the converse of angels and of God himself ; they were free from all care, sickness and troable ; they suffered neither from the seasons, nor from hunger ; all animals obeyed them and their days glided on in the most unalloyed happiness; free to enjoy all in the garden except the single tree, of which God had forbidden them to eat. t. God had created beings superior to man, the spirits called Angels. Some of these rebelled against God and were de- prived of the happiness of heaven. God permitted Satan their chief to tempt man. Eve listened to the tempter, she eat of the forbidden fruit, and offered some to Adam who also eat. By this sin all was changed. They became subject to sickness and death ; they were driven from Paradise ; the earth no longer produced fruit of itself ; they were compelled to labor in order to procure food, and to shelter themselves from the animals, most of which now became fierce and cruel. 8. All this was the consequence of one sin ; but besides this they lost all right to heaven, though God to console them in their misery, promised that a Redeemer should arise among their descendants who would restore them to his favor. By believing in, this promised Redeemer and avoiding sin, they and their descendants might yet obtain heaven. Thus God has always punished sin, here and hereafter. Happy we, if truly state of Adam and Eve? 7. What other beings had God created? What had some^of them done? What did God permit them to do? How did our first parents fall? 8. What was all this the consequence of? What consolation did God give them? 9. How did Adam and Eve live? THE CREATION. as in each bimself *, J suffered la obeyed lappiness; of wbicb ,irit8 called i were do- tted Sa^a'* smpter, sbe nn wbo also B subject to jiradise; the e compelled x tbemselveB :ce and cruel. [t besides tbis ,ole tbem ia arise among As favor. By sin, tbey and :bu8 God bas )y we, if truly [ created^ contrite, wo obtain pardon through the merits of Christ, and atono in this world for our transgressions. 9. Adam and Eve lived many hundred years and great num- bers of children and descendants grew up around them. Of these Cain was the oldest. He was a wicked man, and al- though he knew how much misery came from one sin, and how necessary it was to please God, he offended him and offered him in sacrifice only the poorest of the productions of his field, for he cultivated the earth. When he saw that God was pleased with his brother Abel, Cain resolved to kill him, and blinded by passion, committed a dreadful murder. Thus one sin leads to another, and a neglect or indifference in our reli- gious duties leads to the greatest crimes. 10. After committing this murder Cain fled away with his wife and children. His life was constantly tormented by fear, and when his family increased he built a strong city to live in. His descendants are noted as wicked but skillful and ingenious men. They discovered the use of metals, worked mines, made tools, invented tents, musical instruments and many other arti- cles for pleasure or comfort. ,; . ' 11. The descendants of Seth, another son of Adam formed a nation by themselves. They were less enterprizing than the children of Cain, but they were good and served God. At last, however, by mingling with the wicked and marrying among them, they became as wicked as they. See how dan- gerous it is to associate with those who are bad ; we soon be- come like them. 12. As men liad grown wicked, God resolved to destroy What do you know about their children? 10. What did Cain do then? 11. What did the descendants of Seth do? 12. What did God resolve it i M FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. them all except a pious man, named Noe, and his family <:on- sisting in all of eight persons : so few were there pleasing to him. To give them time to repent, God announced to Noe, that he wduld destroy the world by a deluge, and ordered him to build the Ark, that is, the chest, for it was a largo ship, closed in like a chest. Noe was a hundred years building it and all that time urged men to return to God: but theyridi- ciilcd him and continued to live in sin. This seems very fool- ish, but wc act so, whenever we remain in sin without seeKicr to recover God's grace. 13. The time for the Deluge came at last : Noe entered the ark with his family, and couples of all kinds of beasts. The sea rose, and the rain poured down in torrents for forty days and forty nights, so that the whole earth was covered with water above the tops of the highest mountains, and all men and other living creatnjs on the face of the earth were de- stroyed. This occinred 1656 years after the Creation, 2348 years before the coming of Christ. - y, ,.,{;, 14. After the expiration of forty days the waters began to subside, but it was not till the expiration of a year that the Ark rested on Mount Ararat and the earth became dry. Then Noe and his family went out, and, raising an altar, offered up a sacrifice to God, to thank him for his mercy to them in this awful punishment inflicted on the guilty. 15. The whole earth was now greotl\ changed ; the mass of waters on the earth weakened the r*i'.i!;/th of all created beings. Noe and his family were t c o::!y '^uubers v.. aie human family, and the length of their life was reduced, al- to do? Wbat did God order Noe to do? 13. What came at last? What iid '» oe do? 14. How did the Deluge end? Where did the Ark rest? \;s. >Vaat w*s the effect of the Deluge? 16. What foolish attempt did i TIIK CRKAflOW. 26 imUy ':on- Icaslng to d to >'oe, :dered Viim largo bI"P. building it ittheyTidi- 8 very fool- lout BCCiiicS ' .,«. " •'11 ■ ■ '• 5 entered tbo beasts. The or forty days covered ^^»<^^ ^ and all men larth were de- .eation, 2348 aters began to year tbat the ^medry. Then ^ar, offered up a to tUem in tliw .uged -, the mass • U of all creattvl aubera v- -»« was reduced, ^^' .edidtheArkTC^t. foolish attempt did tliouj^h they now began to uso fitronger food and oat the flesh of uiiinials. 16. As the descendants of Noe hicrcascd in niimhors tliey sjH'oud along to the valley of t!ic Tigris and Euphrates Wlieu tl. 'j' i' id become quite numerous, some proposed to build a irtv r. "»3 top of which should reach to heaven. God wjw (li^pleas'xl at the folly and impiety of their design and ron- i unded their tongues, that is, ho changed their language, so that they could not understand each other. They were now "oinpclled to abandojj the tower, thence called Babel, or Ton- fusion, anvl, separating from each other, spread to different countries, wlicrp their descendants formed the various nat »ns which now people the earth, differing from each other iu iiu- guago, complexion and customs, for all were changed. n. The earliest nations that established regular goven - ments, and formed kingdoms whose history can be traced, were Babylon, Assyria, Egypt and China. Some families roamed off alone and subsisted by hunting and fishing ; these lost all knowledge of the arts, and much other knowledge then handed down by tradition. In this way they became ignorant and savage. Others kept together, and by aiding each other, ad- vanced in civilization. By degrees however, all, both barbar- ous and civilized forgot God and fell into various kinds of idolatry. Only one family, which afterward became a nation, worshipped him faithfully; and we shall first give their history, Ithough their kingdom in its greatest prosperity was small and inconsiderable. It is, however, so connected with the his- tory of the true religion and of civilization, that we begin with it. the descendents of Noo make? 17. Which are the oldest nations? What BOOQ spread thi'ough till uatlous? 3 1 26 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. I! Moses smiting the Rock. HI8T0R¥ OF THE PEOPLE OF GOD. 1. The children of Sem, one of the sons of Noe, were more faithful than the rest to the service of God. Four hundred years after the Deluge, however, there were few even of thera who had not become corrupted. Among those who still con- 1. What family was more faithful to God? Who was Abraham? HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF GOD. 2t tinued to worship God was Abraham, a descendant of Sem, who dwelt among the Babylonians, or Chaldees. 2. The Chaldees had now almost all fallen into idolatry, and worshipped the sun and fire. They began to erect tem- ples to them, and their priests offered sacrifice to inanimate things, to creatures instead of offering them to God. This form Df idolatry is called Sabaism, and it prevailed all over the world. 3. To save Abraham and his descendants from being per- verted by the bad example of the Chaldees, God ordered him to leave bis country and go to live in the land of Chanaan, as Syria was then called. Here Abraham and his family settled with then* flocks and herds, and their numerous servants and herdsmen, for he was very rich and powerful, and though never styled a king was as mighty as any. He defeated some of them in battle, and was honored by them all. 4. God made to Abraham a promise that the Messias should be born in his family, and repeated it to Isaac, the son and suc- cessor of Abraham. On the death of Isaac, his son Jacob be- came the heir of the promise. Jacob is also called Israel ; he had twelve sons, whose descendants formed the twelve tribes of Israel. 5. Tip to this time, the descendants of Abraham dwelt in Chanaan, but in the time of Jacob they went down into Egypt. One of his sons, Joseph, was his favorite, and his brothers soon disliked Joseph on that account. Other causes increased their dislike, and when he told them of a dream, in which he saw 2. Into what had the Chaldees fallen? 3. What order did God give Abraham? What did Abraham do? 4. What promise did God make Abraham? Who succeeded Abraham? Who followed Isaac ? 5. Where ^11 28 FIRST BOOK OP HISTORY, H : n i 'I f ■■ ' himself raised above them all, they determined to kill him. One of the brothers, wishing to save Joseph, told them to throw him into a well, and he then went away to get help to save him. During his absence some merchants came by, and the wicked brothers, changing their mind, sold Joseph as a slave. They then took his robe, and sprinkling it with blood, took it to their father, pretending that a wild beast had de- stroyed Joseph. 6. In the meantime that poor young man was hurried away, and sold at last in Egypt to Potiphar, a high officer in the court of the king. Here he lived for some time in peace, till Poti- phar's wife accused him falsely of a crime, and poor Joseph was thrown into prison. God, however, befriended the inno- cent — he gave Joseph power of interpreting dreams : and this soon became known by two cases which occurred in the prison. . .iv.i-^.;"' ^': :f:'v ,:^> ^-"- , • va. >-; ■■: ^-^•. 1. At last the king had a dream which none could explain ; and hearing of Joseph sent for him. Joseph told him that his dream was a sign from God, that there were to be seven years of great abundance, to be followed by seven of great scarcity. He also advised the king to gather up all the grain he could for seven years, so that when the famine came, there would be plenty to eat in his kingdom. The king was so pleased that he made Joseph his prime minister and gave him all power iu Egypt. 8. After the seven years of plenty, the famine came on Egypt and all the countries around, and men and cattle perished • I, had the descendants of Abraham lived thus far? "Who was Joseph? What is his story? 6. What became of Joseph in Egypt? 7. How was he released? To what office was he raised? 8. Who sent down to 7 HISTORY OF THE I'EOPLE OF GOD. 99 because they had nothing to satisfy their hunger. Jacob with his family suflFered like the rest, but hearing that there was plenty of provisions in Egypt, he sent his sons there to pur- chase a supply. Joseph recognized them, though he was not recognized. Treating them as spies, he detained one till his brother Benjamin, whom he dearly loved, was brought ; then he declared to them who he was, and, sending for his father, brought the whole family to Egypt, where they settled in the land of Gessen, or Goshen. THE ISRAELITES IN EGYPT. 9. The Israelites soon became so numerous as to excite the jealousy of the Egyptians, who having been oppressed by a pastoral tribe, hated the Israelites, who, like them, lived by their flocks and herds. One of the kings compelled the Jews to labor in making bricks, and building walls and fortresses in various parts of the country. Although these labors were constantly increased the Israelites remained as numerous as ever, and the wicked king passed a cruel law ordering every Ijoy to be put to death as soon as he was born. Many inno- cent children perished in this way. 10. Some of the Israelite women saved their children. One of them, the mother of Moses, concealed her child for several Egypt for food? 9. How did the Israelitea prosper in Egypt? What 3* ,'i ' 1 r \. ■ [ : W 30 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. months, but fearing discovery put hira in a basket, and set it floating down the Nile, while her little daughter ran along the shore to watch it. At last it drifted to the shore, just were the king's daughter came down to bathe. The princess re- solved to save the handsome babe, and the sister of Moses asked her whether she should run and get a Hebrew woman to nurse it, and brought her mother, who, full of joy and grati- tude to God, received her child from the princesc and took it home. 11. Moses had been adopted by the princess, and after re- maining a few years with his mother, was taken to court and educated there in all the learning of the Egyptians, then the most civilized nation in the world. They were, however, ignor- ant of God, and worshipped animals and even vegetables, such as leeks and onions. By this we see that all human science and knowledge will not lead us to a knowledge of God and of truth. In this pagan court Moses preserved the worship of the true God, for his mother had carefully instructed him. What a blessing it is to have parents to instruct us, and how weak and wicked it is to disown our religion for those whom the world calls great, or learned, or fashionoble. . 12. When Moses was forty years old, he killed an Egyptian in attempting to defend an Israelite, and fearing the anger of the king, he fled away to the Madianites in Arabia, who were like him descended from Abraham and worshipped the true God. Here Moses remained several years, till God ordered him to return and lead the Israelites cut of Egypt. Moses cruel laws were made? 10. What child was saved by his mother? 11. Where was Moses educated? What was the religion of the Egyp- tians? How did Moses behave at court? 12. What happened when HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF GOD. 81 and set it I along the , just were )rinccss re- • of Moses rew woman ' and grati- : and took id after re- > court and IS, then the rever, ignor- •tables, such man science of God and the worship tructed him. us, and how those whom an Egyptian the anger of ia, who were ped the true God ordered rypt. Moses jy his mother? n of the Egyp- happened when went to the king and told hlra of the orders of God, but the king would not obey, and Moses by the command of the Al- mighty struck Egypt with several plagues ; the country was overrun with insects of various kinds, and with frogs, the rivers were turned into blood, plagues and diseases swept oflf thou- sands of the people and cattle, but the king was inexorable, until God sent a destroying angel to kill the eldest son in every house. Then the wicked king gave them leave to depart. -^. DEPARTURE OF THE ISRAELITES. ■> 1. When the Pharaoh, or king of Egypt at last gave the permission to depart, Moses and the Israelites set out for the land of Chauaan to the number of six hundred thousand, with numerous flocks and herds. When the king saw that they were gone, he repented of what he had done, and raising a large army, started in pursuit and came in sight of them, just as the Israelites reached the banks of the Red Sea. In this emergency Moses stretched his hand over the sea ; a passage opened ; the waters stood like a wall on either side and the Israelites passed through ; the Pharaoh followed, but when Moses was forty years old? To what country did he flee? Why did he return to Egypt? 1. Describe the departure of the Israelites? How did they pass the 32 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. Moses reached' the opposite side lie again stretched his hand over the sea, and the Egyptians all perished. V' h ^' •■■*.-: Israelites' Passage of the Red Sea. 2. After this, God, on Mount Sinai, gave his law to Moses, engraving the ten chief commandments on two tablets of stone. He also instituted a regular form of worship, made Aaron his high-priest, and gave very minute directions as to the manner in which his worship was to be conducted and his temple to be Red Sea? 2. "WLat ocCTirred at Mount Siuai? What was the first tern- HISTORY OF THE PEOrLE OF GOD. 33 his hand ,\v to Mosos, ets of stone, e Aaron his the manner temple to be arranj^ed. The first temple was only a tent or tabernarlo, but after the Israelites reached the land of Clianaan a temple of stone was built for the service of the Almighty. 3. After marching across a small portion of Arabia, they came near Chanaan, but the Israelites, who were a stubborn people and had already fallen into idolatry, refused to enter the ])roiuisod land, because the people were powerful and valiant. For this and other sins, God compelled them to wantler for forty years in the deserts of Arabia. After that time they reached the river Jordan and Moses died, but Josuc, his suc- ccj^sor, led the people through the river, and entered the country which they had so long sought. IS the first tem- SacriAce. t 84 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. i ii ■ ft ■itu 4. The Chanaanites made a vigorous resistance and fought many hard battles, but Josue was miraculously aided by the Almighty, he defeated all the nations, and divided the country among the tribes of the Israelites, each tribe having a separate section of the country, except the tribe of Levi, who were priests and attendants on the temple. As long as Josue lived he ruled the people, and after his death they were governed by the High-priests or by the Judges, who were holy prophets raised up by God. 5. The Judges governed Israel for 356 years, and during this period the tribes were often subdued by surrounding na- tions, whom God raised up against them to punish their idolatry. Sometimes, too, they made war against each other, and one tribe was almost entirely destroyed. Of the Judges who go- verned during this period, the greatest were Gedeon and Samson. 6. Gedeon was raised up by God to deliver his people fi'om the Madianitcs, and he succeeded in this way. He took three hundred men and gave each a trumpet and a lamp covered by an earthen jar. With these he advanced by night close to the enemy's camp, and at a word of command each broke the jar and began to sound his trumpet. The Madianites, seeing the lights flashing around them, and hearing tlie noise of so many trumpets, supposed that an army of Israelites was already in their camp, were thrown into confusion and attacking each other, died by their own hands, and the Israelites were delivered. 1. Samson was a very strong man ; and was raised up to I , •■ *: m pie? 3. Why were the Israelites compelled to wander in the desert? 4. Did the Israelites enter Chanaan easily? Who led them in? 5. Who governed Israel after Josue? 6. What can you tell about Gedeon? HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF OOD. 86 Gedeoa and the Angel. deliver the people from the Philistines. His strength was Buch that he once killed a lion by tearing his jaws asunder ; on another occasion he carried off the gates of a city which had been locked to prevent his escape. His end was very mournful. Going among the Philistines, a woman whom he loved, learned the secret, that his strength lay in his hair. While he was asleep she cut it off and his enemies came and bound him. He was then blinded and put in prison, but as his hair grew out his strength returned and being brought out one day into a temple to exhibit to the people, he seized two of the columns and throwing them down, caused the im- mense building to fall on all the crowd within, not one of whom escaped. \ i: It 111; l! I I A \ :■. ?{' I"! 36 FIRST BOOK OF JIlciTOKY Samson throwing down the Tein li"". 8. When the Israelites had been governed for some time by Samuel, the last judge, they began to wish for a king. This displeased God, but as they again and again besought Samuel to obtahi tl)is, thlB prophet at last, by God's directions, elected a young man of the tribe of Benjamin, whose name was Saul, to be king over Israel. 7. Who was SamBon? II ow did lie die? 8. Who was the last judge? What happened in his time? HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF ODD. 37 THE KINGS. 1. Saul was the first king of Israel ; for some time lie fol- lowed the counsels of Samuel and was a good king. lie delivered liis country from the Philistines, and established order in all the tribes. After awhile, however, he fell into sin, and the last judge 1 " .' The Death of Saul. t • God chose as king, David, who when very young had distin- guished himself by defeating the giant Goliath in single com- bat, lie was Saul's son-in-law, but Saul now sought every 1. Who was the first king? What was his character? 2, Who sue- l> 38 FIBaX BOOK OF HISTORY. i i means to put him to death. At last tho rhilistiucs ngaiii attempted to subdue the country, Saul marched against them, but was defeated and slain in the dreadful battle of Oilboo. 2. David then ascended the throne. Ho was a warlike prince and delivered his country from all bondage. Although he once fell into a grievous sin ho was a holy man, and inspired by God wrote many psalms, full of most sublime poetry, and containing many prophecies concerning our Saviour. His sin was punished by the rebellion of his son Absalom, who was at last killed. 3. Under Solomon, tho son and successor of David, the 1) Tlie Temple of Solomon. ceeded Saul? What can you tell of him? 3. What kind of king was Hl.^TOtY OF THE PEOPLE OF GOD. 30 /i. kingdom reocbed its highest point of power and glory. Neigh- boring kings sought his alliance ; his wisdom was renowned throughout the world. During his reign an extensive trade was carried oi with other nations, and Solomon erected in Jerusalem a magnificent temple to Almighty God, and built a splendid palace for huuself. Ho, too, was an inspired writer, and the Book of Proverbs was composed by him ; yet in npito of all his wisdom and former piety, he at last fell into the sin of idolatry, from a foolish complaisance for his pagan wives. 4. After Solomon's death his son Eoboam succeeded, but as his rule was tyrannical, Jeroboam who had raised an insurrec- tion in Solomon's time, returned from Egypt and being sup- ported by ten tribes formed the kingdom of Israel. Judah and Benjamin adhered to Koboam, and constituted the king- dom of Judah. 6. Jeroboam established idolatry in bis kingdom, and he and his successors were wicked men, and their reigns are one series of wars, crimes, tyranny and oppression. Achab and his wife, Jezebel, are above all noted for their wickedness. God raised up jn'ophets in Israel to convert them, but finally gave them up to the Assyrians, who overthrew the kingdom of Israel, and carried the ten tribes away into captivity, from which they never returned. 6. The kingdom of Juda had some good kings, who adhered to the worship of God, but most of them fell into idolatry and imitated the klugs of It^rael. On the death of Ochosias, his mother Athalia, killed all his children as she supposed and Solomon? 4. What happened on Solomon's death? How are these kingdoms called? 5. What did Jeroboam do in Israel ? How did God punish the wickedness of Israel? 6. What was the character of the 40 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. |p : It ,•> usurped the throne. An infant prince, Joas, was saved in the temple by the High-priest Joiada, and some years after Joiada armed the people in the temple, put to death the wicked queen, and raised Joas to the throne. 1. After several wicked kings, the country was invaded and subdued, Jerusalem was destroyed, and at last all the people carried off captives to Babylon, where many were already in bondage. This captivity lasted seventy years, and is pathet- ically described by the prophet Jeremia3, 8. When Cyrus overthrew the Empire of Babylon, he per- mitted the Jews to return. They rebuilt the city and temple after great difficulties, and have never since that time relapsed into idolatry. Those who went back were chiefly of the tribes of Levi, Benjamin and Judah, but there were some of the other ten tribes, 9. From this time the Jews have seldom been independent. When Alexander overthrew the Persians they fell into his power, and on his death were included in the kingdom of Seleu- cus. The tyranny of succeeding kings drove the Jews to revolt and under the brave Judas Macchabee, they at last achieved their independence, and the Macchabees, who were both kings and high-priests, ruled till the Romans invaded the country, and made Herod king of Judea, under them. 10. While the Jews were thus subject to the Romans, and in the reign of Herod, our Saviour, tlie Messias so long ex- pected by the Jews was born at Bethlehem, of the Blessed 41 kin{!;8 of Juda? What is the story of Joas? 7. Wliat finally became of tlic kingdom of Juda? 8. When did the Jews return to Jerusalem? 9. What ia their history after this? Under whom did they revolt? Who lust conquered them? 10. What happened in the reign of Herod? i I HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF" GOD. 41 ■ ' "!; ■ The Nativity Virgin Mary, who, though very poor, was descended from the kings of Juda. Herod hearing that the Messiah was born, and fearing for his kingdom, ordered all the infants in Bethle- hem to be put to death, but our Saviour had, by direction of God, been carried into Egypt by Joseph and Mary. 11. On Herod's death his kingdom was divided, and onr Saviour returned, and grew up unnoticed by the Jews. At the age of thirty he was announced as the Messiah by St. John the Baptist, and began to preach. Few followed him, although he proved his power and goodness by his miracles and doctrine. 11. What happened on Herod's death? When did ou» Saviour begin 42 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. 12. The high-priests at last resolved to put him to death, and he was seized while at prayer in the garden of Olives, dragged to Jerusalem, scourged and crucified by Pontius Pilate, the Roman Governor, to whom the Jews had given him. Thus were accomplished all that the prophets had fore- told of our Saviour ; and long before David, Isaias, Jeremias, Daniel and many others had announced the time and place of his birth, and many circumstances of his life and death. :' r ■ t f't . The TraDsflguration. 13, The death of our Saviour completed our Redemption, and by its merits we can enter heaven, if we are faithful to to Breach? 1«. Who conspired against our Saviour? Describe his HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF GOD. 43 bis holy law and remain in the Church which his Apostles founded after his death. These Apostles were twelve poor nion, chosen and inspired by him, who, all but the traitor Judas, preached the gospel in different countries. 14. Not many years after our Saviour's death, the Jews revolted against the Romans; but after a terrible siege in which a million of people perished, Titus took the city and destroyed it, as our Saviour had foretold, so that not a stone was left upon a stone. The Jews who survived were then dis- persed all over the world. 15. Their country remained in the hands of tho Romans for a long time, and was not only inhabited by Christian." but visited from every country by pious pilgrims. At last in the seventh century it was conquered by the Saracens, who were Mohammedans. These new masters persecuted the Christiana and oppressed the pilgrims who came from other countries. 16. These persecutions at last became so great that the Popes exhorted Christian princes to expel the Saracens from the Holy Land. A hermit named Peter went through Europe preaching to all to join in so good a cause. The army of the first crusade was without order or generals, and nearly all perished. The next was a powerful army, chiefly of French knights led by a prince named Godfrey, who took Jerusalem and founded a new kingdom. Other crusades were undertaken to support this kingdom, but Saladin, a powerful prince a*^ last took Jerusalem and made Guy the last king a prisoner. Describe his passion? 13. Wiiat was tlie effect of our Saviour's death? 14. What caused the destruction of Jerusalem? 15. What was the state of the country after this? Who next conquered it? 'tfi^Who aroused Chris- tian nations to rescue it? What was the result of the first crusades? It 44 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. i : ill It. Richard I. of England, Philip of France and Frederic of Germany attempted to retake Jerusalem, but though they gained some advantage, they all failed. The last crusade was led by St. Louis, but it was unsuccessful. The Saracens re- mained masters of the country till they were subdued by the Turks who now possess it. = - , » 18. Judea is still a country greatly venerated by all Chris- tians, and many pilgrims go to visit the spots made holy by the mysteries of our Saviour's life, death, and resurrection. At all these churches have been erected, and on the great festival of Holy Week, Christians of every nation are found gathered there. ,. * I. Who overthrew the new kingdom? 17. What kings endeavored to recover it? Who led the last crusade? Who finally conquered the country? What is the state of the country now? ,1 HISTORY OP THE PEOPLK OF GOD. 4& CHROXOLOGY OF THE BIBLE. B. 0. God created the world, . ' 4004 The Deluge took place,* 2348 Abraham was called by God to found a people, .... 1921 Joseph went down into Egypt, . . . . . , . 1715 The Israelites left Egypt, . . ' 1491 Saul is chosen the first king, 1095 David became king in, . . 1055 Solomon built the temple of Jerusalem, . . . , . 1004 The kingdbm is divided into Israel and Juda, . . . . 975 The kingdom of Israel was overthrown in . . . . 721 The kingdom of Juda was overthrown in 606 The Jews return to Jerusalem in 636 The Jews conquered by the Greeks, 332 The Jews achieve their independence under John Macchabee . 167 The Jews conquered by the Romans, ...... 65 Birth OF Christ, ►vjI^ a. c. Jerusalem destroyed, 70 Country conquered by the Saracens, 634 First Crusade, 1096 Last Crusade, 1248 Country conquered by the Turks, 1517 46 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. \\ll The Walls of Babylon. THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. BABYLON AND ASSYRIA. 1. Soon after the confusion of tongues Nimrod founded near Babel the kingdom of Babylon, and about the same time Assur founded that of Niniveh. These were both powerful kingdoms, and after a little while were united by Ninus who was a great warrior. 1. Who founded Babylon ? Who founded Assyria? 2. Who succeeded THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. 4t 2. After the death of Ninus his v/ife Serairamis ascended the throne. She was a very ambitious wo.aan and did everything to extend the power and magnificence of her empire. She adorned Niueve with splendid buildings, and made war on many nations, several of whom she conquered. She invaded India but the people of that country defeated her and drove her out. 3. After the time of Semiramis the history of this country is very obscure. Sardanapalus was the last king : he was a very effeminate and voluptuous prince and being attacked by one of his satraps, set fire to his palace and perished there with his wives and treasures. On his death three new kingdoms arose, Media, Babylon and Nineve or Assyria. 4. The Medes at first formed a republic, but after a while elected Dejoces to be their king. They were a brave people and in frequent wars maintained their independence. Their country lay around Ecbatana and is now called Irak The greatest of their kings were Phraortes and Cyaxarefi. 5. The kingdom of Babylon was founded by Nabonassar, but after a short time it was conquered by the Assyrians. Tiglath Pilezer founded the new kingdom of Assyria, which soon became very powerful. The Assyrians conquered Babylon and Israel; and after several attempts against Judea, Nabuchodonosor conquered it, with Syria and Egypt. Nabuchodonosor was a very great king, and is remarkable for having been struck with a strange insanity not long before his death. During the long Hio succeeded Ninus? 3. Who was the last king ? What happened on his death ? 4. AViiat was the 8rst government of the Medes ? Who was the fii-st king ? 5. Who founded the kingdom of Babylon? Who founded the kingdom of Assyria? What conquests did the Assyrians make? Who was their gToatestking? C. Who was the last king? By whom was he overthrown? 48 FIRST ROOK OF HISTORY. f\ ^ f ft period of seven years, this greatest of the eastern monarchs roamed about the fields like a beast, living on the grass. On recovering his senses he recognized the power of God, and by a public decree acknowledged him as Sovereign Lord of all things. 6. Baltassar, his successor, was a wicked king. He disre- garded the counsels of the prophet Daniel, whom his father had honored, and profaned the sacred vessels of the temple of Jeru- salem. That very night a hand was seen writing on the walls, and the words explained by Daniel foretold the overthrow of tiie king. Cyaxares II, king of the Medes, and Cyrus king of Persia, were then before Babylon ; during the night they entered the city, Baltassar was slain, and Babylon became a part of the Medo-Persian Empire. *I. Babylon and Ninive were once two great cities, surrounded by immense walls, and filled with splendid buildings and gardens. The ruins of those cities still exist and show how great they were. When we see them, we feel the power of God, for while they were still great and prosperous cities like New York or Loudon, God foretold that they should become desolate and a heap of ruins. 8. The country continued under the Persian yoke till the Saracens overthrew that empire. Then they founded at Bagdad a new empire under the Caliphs, which lasted for many years. Of these princes the greatest was Haroun-al-Easchid, noted for his military conquests, his love of letters and the fine arts. Under these princes science and learning flourished on the Euphrates, more than in any other part of the world. 7. What docs the fate of Babylon and Nineve show us ? 8. "Who founded a new empire near Babylon ? What is the empire called ? 9. Who finally overthrew the Saracen power ? Who now rule the country ? THE EMPIHES OF ASIA. 9. After a long line of Calij:* . their power was over- 49 1055. thrown by the Turks, who now conquered all the Mahom- medan countries and extended their conquests in Europe. Since then the country has gradually sunk, and is now in a very fallen state, without any signs of its former greatness. PERSIA. , :, 1. After the fall of Babylon, Persia became the greatest of the Asiatic kingdoms. Cyrus on the death of Cyaxares united Media to his other provinces, so that his empire em- braced all that is now Persia, Turkey in Asia and Arabia. He was a wise and good king ; he permitted the Jews to return to their country and always respected their religion. He was at last killed in battle with a barbarous race that invaded Persia from the north. 2. His son Cambyses added Egypt to his empire. He and his successors lived in great pomp at Susa. One of them Xerxes attempted to conquer Greece, and marched against it with the greatest army that the world ever saw; but the Greeks were very brave, they defeated the Persians and drove them back to Asia. . " ' ^ " 'V"' ' "■"" '^■•'--' ■ -•• 3. Some years after the time of Xerxes, Alexander the Great led the Greeks into Persia, and conquered Darius the last king. This put an end to the first Persian monarchy. Persia was then included in the kingdom of Syria founded by 1. Who founded the Persian empire ? conquer ? What did Xerxes attempt ? 2. What country did Cambyses 3. Who overthrew the first Per- M FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. !' I ; If 4 i {• f : ( Hi A. C. 233. Seleucns, but the Parthians soon after entered Persia and founded a new power. Of the successors of Seleucus the most famous is Antiochus the Great, who, after conquering much of Asia, was at last defeated by the Romans. < • , 4. Arsaces was the first Parthian king. The greatest of his successors was Mithridates who conquered the Bactrians, Per- sians, Medes and much of India. His successors maintained a series of successful wars with the Bomans, but some time after the Christian era the Persians revolted under Ar- taxares, and threw oflf the Parthian yoke. 5. Under these kings Christianity made great progress in Persia in spite of the persecution of the Fire-worshippers. Sapor was one of the greatest kings, he defeated the Roman Emperor Valerian and took him prisoner. So great was his pride that he compelled the emperor to act as his footstool whenever he wished to mount his horse. 6. His successors carried on the wars with the Romans, and in the course of them Julian the apostate, the Roman Emperor, was killed in battle. During all this time the Persian kings per- secuted the Christians with great cruelty and sought in every way to destroy them entirely. 1. The Saracens at last, under Omar, overthrew the Persian monarchy, and introducing the religion of Mahommed persecuted the Fire-worsbippers as much as they had persecuted the Christians. From this time Persia formed part of the Caliphate, till it was conquered by the Turks sian Monarchy ? "Who founded a new kingdom ? 4. Who was the first Parthian king ? Who founded the second kingdom of Persia? 5. What was introduced soon after? Who was the greatest of these Persian kings? 6. What Roman emperor was killed by them in battle ? How did they treat the Christians t 7. Who overthrew the Persian kingdom ? Who took A. C. 634. fc 1' : ^ THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. 51 A. C. 1739. about the time of the crusades. Towards the end of the fifteenth century a Persian named Sopiii, of the sect of Ali, began a re- ligious revolution by which his son Ishmael was raised to the tiirone. His successors, called Sophis, ruled till the time of Kouli-Khan who poisoned the last king of that line, and becoming a mighty but cruel conqueror, over- threw the empire of Delhi and India. 8. Since the time of Kouli-Khan princes of several lines have ruled in Persia, and iu recent wars with Russia they have lost much of their territory. In spite of all the changes of govern- ment and religion the Persians have preserved most of their ancient habits and manners. "" ' ,- , t ,,., , i ,, ■ ' ; -';; CHINA. :;"• [jr ^ 1. The Chinese Empire is very large, covering all the centre and east of Asia. It consists of China, properly so called, the most wealthy and populous portion, Tartary and Thibet. . The population of this empire is so great that it contains one-fourth of all the people on the globe. > . .;^:^f - •• 2. China lies on the Pacific, it is separated from Tartary on the north by the great wall, an immense structure made for the defence of the country. This wall is fifteen hundred miles long Persia from the Caliphs ? Who were the Sophia? Who overthrew them ? 8. What is the history of Persia since the time of Kouli Khan ? 1. What can you tell of the Chinese Empire ? Of what does it consist? What is its population ? 2. What separates China from Tartai'y ? Dea- 52 F1113T BOOK 0¥ HISTORY. and runs over the rivers and mountains that are on its line. China is divided into several provinces, and abounds in immense cities, canals and other public works. 3. The Chinese are industrious, civilized and ingenious ; edu- cation is much attended to, and is the only means of obtaining office. Several religions prevail, the chief being those of Con- fucius, Taotse and Buddha. There are some few Christians, but the great mass of the people belong to one of three idolatrous sects. The priests of the idols are called Bonzes and their temples Pagodas. 4. The Tartars are not as civilized as the Chinese, but are more brave and warlike, and have frequently conquered them; several of the Tartar tribes lead a wandering life and subsist by their flocks and herds. Their country is in many parts ex- tremely cold. Thibet is a mountainous country, dependent on China, and noted as the residence of the Grand Lama, or Living Buddha, the head of the religion of Buddha, or Fo as it is called in China. In Thibet the priests are called Lamas. 5. The Chinese Empire is traversed by three large rivers emptying into the Pacific : these are the Amour, Hoang-ho and JCiang-Ku. It is separated from Siberia by the Altai mountains, from India by the Hiramalehs, and is crossed by the Kuen-lun and Celestial mount lins. The chief agricultural pro- ducts are rice and tea, while silk is the chief article of manufac- ture. Glass, powder, printing and the compass were known in China long before their invention in Europe, but in these and the arts they are now far behind us. The Chinese are noted for the extraordinary respect which they pay to their ancestors. cribe the great wall. 3. What kind of people are the Chinese ? 4. Des- cribe the Tartars. 5. What can you tell ua of the productions and inven- THE EMI'IKKS OF ASIA. 53 t. China is the ohlcst empire now existing on the globe. It was founded soon after tlie Deluge, about four thousand years ago, by Fohi, one of the nearest descendants of Noe, or as some suppose by Noe himself. 8. Yao was so great and good a king that he was beloved by all his jieople, and to this day they have not forgotten hini, for when they wish to praise a man, they say : " He is as good as Yao." He regulated his kingdom, improved the navigation of the rivers, introduced new modes of farming, and on all oc- casions showed himself a father to his people. ' 9. The history of one of the next kings is very interesting. A usurper overthrew the reigning prince and put him and all his family to death except the Empress Min, who escaped to the mountains, and there her son Chao-Kang was born. For fear of the usurper she brought him up like a little shepherd, and as she supposed no one knew about the little prince ; but the usurper found it out and tried to kill him. So the Empress put him in the kitchen of a good governor as a little scullion, and his life was saved. 10. In a little while tht, governor seeing the boy suspected that he was some person of rank, and he questioned the Em- press, who revealed all tu him. When the good governor found that Chao-Kang was the rightful prince, he raised an army, marched against the usurper, and, defeating him, placed Chao- Kang on the throne. 11. Chao-Kang was one of the best emperors, for he had been poor and felt for his people, so that all loved him. This tlons of China? 7. Is China an old empire? 8. What can you tell of Yao ? 9. "What is the story of the Empress Min and hor .-on Chao-Kang? 10. "What did the governor do? 11. Was Chao-Kaug a good prince? 5* II < i u i ?»; f : J V ■|: 54 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. ifr family had some good kings, but some were very bad. At last one named Ku, who had a very beautiful wife committed great cruelties at her wish, so that the people drove them out and chose a new emperor. This we find in the history of every country, new families succeed each other; these families are called Dynasties. Down to the present time twenty-two dynas- ties have reigned in China, and a new one is now about to begin. 12. Vouvang the first emperor of the next dynasty was a very great prince. He founded Corea, and Japan and the south- ern kingdoms were tributary to him ; but after his reign these various tributary kings made war on each other, and on the em- perors. The war of the tributary kings lasted five-hundred years, and almost destroyed the country : it was deluged with blood, and the people were almost all swept away by the sword, or disease, or famine, for their fields were ravaged by the armies, and their towns and villages burnt. 13. During this period some important events occurred. Con- fucius and Mencius the most learned men of China, endeavored to restore morality among the people. The Tartars also invaded China for the first time, and the war between them and the Chinese began, and after being stopped several times has begun again. --■ .,.; • n, 14. Chi-hoang-ti was the first emperor who reduced all the princes, and gave the empire its present form. He was a great monarch, but was often foolish and cruel. He defeated the Huns and Tartars, completed the great wall of China, to keep out the Tartars, and ran it over mountains, Who was the last of his family? 12. What is a dynasty? How many have there been in China ? What do you know of Vouvang? How long did the war of the tributary kings last? 13. What philosophers lived during this period ? What people invaded China at this time ? 14. Who A. C. 203. I' THE EMPir.<^S OF A^IA. 55 crossing rivers on arches. Wishing to be thought the foander of China he attempted to destroy all the books and learned men. Like most tyrants he was afraid to die ana spent great treasures in endeavoring to find a drink to make him immortal, but amid his folly death surprized him. It is foolish to hope to live for ever in order to oflfend God ; if we are good, we shall be more happy to die, in order to see and enjoy God. 15. China was next for some years at war with the Huns, but the Chinese always repelled them, so that the Huns at last proceeded westward, and settled in Europe (under their King Attila), after overruning most of it. By these wars the Chi- nese had become brave and warlike, and Youti, one of their kings, waji a great conqueror; he subdued many kingdoms in the north and south, and made all tributary to him as far as India. 16. Mingti who reigned some years after the coming of our Saviour, hearing that the Holy One had appeared in the west, sent an embassy to seek him, but the embassy brought back the errors of Buddha instead of the truths of Christianity. This shows that it is not enough to seek the truth with a good will, we must use great caution, and not believe every one who pretends that he has discovered the true manner of pleasing God, but adhere to those whom Christ had appointed. n. A strange rebellion broke out about two-hundred years after Christ. A quack pretended to cure diseases by a magical water, and got great crowds to believe him. When he saw so many deluded by the imposture, he thought it would be a very reduced the empire ia its present form ? What are the chief events of his reign ? 15. What people next made war with China? What great con- queror arose ? 16. For what is the reign of Mingti famous ? 17. What pnp 56 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. good thing to be emperor instead of doctor ; so he raised an army, made all his troops wear yellow caps, and tried to overthrow the governments, but he was soon defeated and his army dis- persed. His partisans however formed a yellow-cap society, and frequently gave great trouble. - » 18. Soon after this China was divided into two empires, sepa- rated from each other by the Yang-tse-kiang, and the empire remained in this way for three-hundred years, during which China declined greatly in power and civilization owing to the frequent wars between the two parts. At last they were united again by the brave and skillful Kao-tsou-venti, in 698 A. C. 19. Taitsong, who came to the throne in 628 A. C. * was one of the greatest emperors of China. He was wise, frugal and affable, and is regarded as the Solomon of China for his learning and wisdom. He encouraged learning, founded a college, and collected a library. In his reign ambassadors came from all surrounding nations to honor so great a monarch : and from India came Olupuen, a holy priest, who for the first time introduced Christianity into China. It extended rapidly under succeeding emperors. Churches were built in the prin- cipal cities; and religion flourished for several centuries. 20. In the tenth century the Leao, a Tartar tribe, conquered the northern part of China, and founded a kingdom which last- ed over two-hundred years. At the expirat''.ii of that time the Chinese, with the help of the Nuitche Tartars, drove them out, strange rebellion broke out about 200 A. C? 18. What event occurred soon after ? How long was China thus divided ? Who reunited the whole country? 19. What was the character of Taitsong? What happened in his reign ? What was the progress of Christianity ? 20. What happened in the tenth century ? Who expelled the Leao ? Who next conquered THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. 57 but their own allies, the Nuitehes, kept the country and held it till '.he time of the great Mongol conqueror, Zeughis-Khan who subdued them, and founded the Empire of the Moguls in north- ern China. 21. Zenghis-Khan was one of the greatest monarchs of his time ; his dominions included a great part of Asia. In the reign of his son Koublai-Khan the Roman Catholic religion was introduced into China by John de Montecorvino, a Francis- can friar, who was afterwards made archbishop of Pekin, aud by other holy men. The Christians already there had embraced the errors of Nestorius and opposed them, but they soon made great progress. Koublai extended his sway over the southern provinces, and in 1279 the last Chinese emperor lost his life and crown in a terrible sea fight, in which an immense number perisliv;^ 22. ; >I Jguls ruled in China for nearly a hundred years, and iouaaed Pekin which has since been the capital. The Chinese then recovered their independence, drove out the Mc)i- gols, and a bonze, who had become a soldier, raised himself to the throne, and assuming the name of Tai-tsou, founded the Ming dynasty, which ruled for nearly two-hundred years. The great canal was built under the Mongols. 23. During the rule of the Ming dynasty St. Francis Xavier attempted to enter China, but died near Canton. In 1581 Fathers Ruggiero and Ricci, both Jesuits, began missions in China, and by their zeal and learning gained many to the faith. Other missionaries followed, and before the fall of the Ming dy- China ? Wliat was Zenghais-Khan's empire ? 21. What happened in the reign of Koublai-Kban ? 22. How long did the Monguls reign ? What dynasty succeeded ? 23. What missionaries entered China under the Ming 58 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. uasty, there were Christians in the army, in the palace, and in all ranks of society, converts of the new missionarios; for all the converts Montecorvioo and the Nestorians had been driven out with the Mongols, and Ricci had to begin the work anew. 24. About the year 1600 a Tartar king invaded China, and a long war ensued, in which many bloody battles were fon^jht and great confusion prevailed. During this state of trouble a general rebelled against the emperor and besieging him in his palace compelled him to commit suicide. Usanguey, a faithful general, commanded an army at the great wall; he invited the Tartars to aid him in punishing the usurper. The Manchoo king marched into China, defeated the rebel, but made his son Chuntche, emperor. Some princes oi the Ming dynasty at- tempted to expel him, but they were successively defeated and Chuntche became emperor of all China in 1650. , -^ *>^ 25. Chuntche introduced the Tartar dress, but made no other changes ; like his predecessors he encouraged Christian mission- aries. His successor Kang-hi was one of the greatest kings of bis age ; under Yong-Ching the missionaries were expelled, and persecutions began against the Christians, which have been re- newed from time to time ever since. Many priests and lay Christians of both sexes have been put to death, banished or deprived of their property, and not even members of the imperial family escaped ; out all the efforts of tyranny failed. The Christians increased in fervor, and whenever the persecution ceased, resumed their worship as before. 26. In subsequent reigns attempts were made by Russia, dynasty? 24. Who conquered China in the seventeenth century? What general called in these Tartars? And why? 25. What did Chuntche introduce 7 What can you tell of Kang-hi ? Of Yong-Eiug r THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. #• Holland and England to open intercourse with China, but with- out effect, although the Russians obtained leave to have agents at Pekin. The country remained closed to Europeans till 1840, none being permitted to enter any port but Canton, and none in fact entering but courageous missionaries who often lost their ]Ues. In 1839 the Chinese government resolved to prevent the English from introducing opium at Canton, contrary to the laws of the empire, and seized a large quantity. A war ensued ; great numbers of Chinese were slaughtered by the English troops, and China yielded to England the Island of Hong-Kong, and opened four new ports. 27. After the peace of Nankin a French ambassador obtain- ed of the Chinese government free toleration for Christianity in the empire. In 1851 a rebellion broke out in one of the pro- vinces, and Tien-te, an assumed descendant of the Ming dynasty, is now at the head of a large army, and in possession of most of the country. In every battle the Tartars have been beaten. The insurgents, restore the Chinese dress, and destroy all idola- trous temples. It is believed by some that the leaders are per- sons instructed by the Protestant missionaries, who have labored for some years, and especially since 1840, at Canton and the other ports, as they have already begun to persecute the Ca- tholics. CHRONOLOGY OF CHINA. FoLi began to reiga (about) Confucius flourished (about) B. c. 2000 600 What was the state of the Ciiristians? 26. Who tried to trade with China? How long did its ports leraain closed ? What led to the war with Eng- land t 27. What did the French obtaiu after the peace of Nankin ? y, 60 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. Tartars first invade China a. o. Empire united by Chi-tioang-ti, 203 Empire again Aividtd (about) 300 Kaotsouven^' tes it again, 598 Christianity i- jdr-^ed by Olopuen, 636 Zenghis-Khan conquers China, 1210 China conquered by Mongols, 1279 Chinese recover their freedom, 1368 Christianity preached by Father Ricci, 1581 Manchoos conquer China, 1650 English make war on China, 1840 •U'..>-' W ■ ^' \''--':- JAP AN. -^' ■' "- '" "•; 1. Japan is an empire composed of several islands lying off the northern coast of China. These islands are fertile, populous, well cultivated, and abound in mineral wealth. The people resemble the Chinese in language and manners, but are a distinct, and in many respects a superior people. 2. The early history of Japan is involved in fables. The mon- archy according to the best accounts was founded 660 before Christ, by Syn Mu, the first Dairi or emperor. Situated on an island they were aloof from the wars and troubles of the conti- nent, so that, except occasional wars with Corea, its history is quite unifori i. Of the sovereigns distinguished in war, one of the greatest is Singukogu, an empress who reigned in the third century of the Christian era. .^ , ,u 1. Describe Japan. 2. Whenwasthe monarchy founded, and by whom? THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. 61 A. 0. 203 300 698 636 1210 1279 1368 1581 1650 1840 w lying off populous, le people a distinct, The mon- )60 before ited on an the conti- history is ar, one of I the third id by whom? 3. Tho national religion is the Sinto. Buddhism was intro- duced in the sixth century, in the reign of Kinmei. About the middle of the twelfth century the power of the Dairi was shaken by the dissensions of the petty kings, and in order to restore peace, Konjei, the 66th Dairi, created Joritomo, general or Ziogun. Joritomo suc^eded, but usurped the power, leaving the Dairi merely the name, and his successors for four centuries preserved .his power. 4. When Genghis-Khan had conquered China his son Koub- lai-Khan twice invaded Japan : in the first invasion, in 1274, he was repulsed with loss, and the second armament, fitted out in 1281, was destroyed by storms, and such as escaped cut to pieces by the Japanese. After this the Mongols made no further at- tempt on an empire so well defended by nature. 5. In 1542, Pinto, a Portuguese was driven into Japan, and thus opened a way to intercourse . Europeans. St. Francis Xavier, in less than seven years after this, landed there to preach the gospel, and for two years labored in various parts, preparing the way for the other missionaries who followed him, and con- verting many by his zeal and power. Such progress did Christi- anity make that, in 1582, a solemn embassy was sent to Rome by the kings of Bungo and Arima, and the Prince of Omura, and the missionaries and their convents enjoyed the favor of the Em- peror Nabunanga. 6. In a few years however Nabunanga was murdered, and the Ziogun Fidejos assumed the regency for his son. But soon AVho was one of the greatest sovereigns ? 3. What religions prevail ? What happened in the middle of the twelfth century ? 4. Describe the Mongol attempts against Japan. 6. When did the Portuguese discover Japan ? Who introduced Christianity? What was its progress? 6. What 6 62 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. proclaimed himself Cubo, or civil emperor, under the name of Taikosama. He filed with great wisdom and ability, but being very hostile to Christianity began a violent persecution in 1586. This persecution was renewed at various times by his successors, and all Europeans expelled. The Dutch alone were permitted to trade and have a factory at Nangasaki. . ► : . -v 1. In these repeated persecutions several hundred thousand Christians perished, and at last, in 1632, those in Simabora took up arms to defend their relig'on, and by their valor long withstood the imperial troops, and were at last conquered only when the Dutch besieged and took their stronghold. By this service, and by trampling on the cross, the Dutch succeeded in obtaining the privilege which they now enjoy. Since then Chris- tianity has to all appearance become extinct, as no missionaries have been able to reach the interior. Since the exclusion of the Spanish and Portuguese, the English, Russians and Americans have at various times attempted to open commercial relations with the country, but always without eflfect, till the present year, 1854, when a treaty has been made with the United States. ARABIA. 1. Arabia is a peninsula in the southwestern part of Asia, lying between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. The interior consists almost entirely of sandy deserts, and in no part are happened soon after ? What was his treatment of the Christians ? What people only were allowed to trade ? 7. When did the Christians revolt ? Describe the war ? What can you say of the subsequent history of Japan ? THE EMPIBES OF ASIA. 63 '.-••V: The Bed Sea. there any streams that can be called rivers. There are some fertile spots on the coast, where coflFee and spices are raised. The Arabs are descendants of Ishmael, a son of Abraham; and most of the tribes even now live in the same manner as the patriarchs mentioned in the Bible. They have no towns, but dwell in tents, and move from place to place, subsisting by their flocks and herds. This kind of life is called a pastoral life. 2, On the sea coast they live in towns, and are governed by chiefs and kings, f.ome of whom are very powerful. The Imam of Muscat is the greatest of these princes: besides his own 1. Describe Arabia? What are the Arabs, and how do they live? I I r I H , l*-^'' ■ M'j ; w ft' p ^w- 64 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. territory he owns several ports in Persia and Africa, and his people carry on a very extensive commerce. Some years opro this Imam sent a vessel to New York, with presents for the President of the United States; and a treaty was concluded with him. 3. We know very little of the early history of Arabia. Job, who was so famous for his sufferings and patience, was an A rabian king. He is the oldest and most sublime of poets. 1x0 wrote inspired by God, and his poem shows how good and holy a man he was. serving God faithfully, although even then many of his countrymen worshipped the sun. 4. Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses, was another celebrated Arabian; he was a priest of the true God, and ruled in the land of Madian. "When the Israelites passed through Arabia several tribes opposed their passage and gave them battle, but were all defeated with great loss. One of the most powerful of these were the Moabites, commanded by Balak. Balaam, a prophet, but a corrupt man, aided this king, but foretold the future glory of the Israelites, and the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. In a battle soon after Balak and Balaam were both slain. 5. After this period we know little of the history of the Arabs. Egypt, Babylon, and Assyria, in all their glory, at- tempted to conquer Arabia, but the people never submitted to them, Alexander the Great conquered them, but after his death they recovered their independence, and extended the limits of their country by new conquests, 2. What prince rules on the southern coast ? 3. What do we know of the early history of Arabia ? What can you tell of Job ? 4. Who was Jethi"o? What king opposed the Israelites ? 6. What countries failed to conquer ' :i THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. 65 (vnil his irs ocro for the ncluded a. Job, was an )f poets. 50od and veu then '■ ■ '.■ elebrated sd in the ;h Arabia tattle, but t powerful Balaam, it foretold- fall of the id Balaam ory of the ' glory, at- ibmitted to t after his tended the 6. Three centuries after the time of Alexander the Great, the Romans, under Pompey, tried to conquer the Arabs, and subjected some of the tribes; but the Uomcyrites in Yemen aud the people of Nedsjcd defied all the efforts of the llomuns, and immortalized themselves by the successful struggle for freedom. 7. i\rabia was one of the first countries where the Gospel wae preached. Many became Christians, but the Jews and Pagans often persecuted them with great cruelty. The last king of the Homeyrites was a Jew, and lost hia life and throne from his oppression of the Christians; for the king of Ethiopia, indignant at his cruelty, marched against the tyrant, and defeated him in a battle, in which he lost his life. This was about 500 A. C. 8. About a hundred years after this, a strange revolution took place in Arabia. As we have seen, there were many Jews and Christians in the country^ but the majority were idolaters, aud most of them worshipped with great reverence the Kaaba, a black, shapeless stone at Mecca. A cunning man, named Mahomet, with the help of a Jew and a Christian, drew up a book, and announced himself as a prophet from God ; but tiie people of Mecca, where he began to preach his new religion, refused to hear it. They drove him out, and he fled to Medina. This event is called the Ilegira; it took place 622 A. C, and from it all Mahommedans reckon time, as wo do from the birth of Christ. > know of the 9wa& Jethi'o? id to conquer fH Arabia? Who at last sulnlued them ? 6. What Roman general conquered a part ? Who maintained their independence ? 7. What can you tell of rcilgion in Arabia ? Where were the Christians persecuted ? ». What religion prevailed ? What impostor preached a new religion ? What is the 6* ri ^ f, hi! \ \ ■ t \ i 99 ' FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. 0. Having been joined by powerful friends at Medina, Maho- met raised an army, returned in triumph to Meeca, was acknow- ledged as king, and soon conquered ail Arabia and Syria, establishing wherever he went his now religion, an impious mix- ture of Christianity, Judaism, and Idolatry. His doctrines were contained in a book called the Koran, and to those whom ho conquered ho gave no choice, but the Koran or the sword. In the midst of his prosperity he died, having succeeded as uo other impostor had ever done .... Muscat, on the Persian Gulf 10. On the death of Mahomet, a contest for the sovereignty arose between Abubeker, his father-in-law, and Ali, his son-in- Hegira and when did it happen ? 9 . What succesa had Mahomet ? What ia the Koran ? 10. What happened in Mahomet's death ? What two sects THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. ^ law, and tho followers of the impostcr, bccnmo divided into two sects which still subsist. The Sheas favored Ali, and are now chiefly to be found in I'ersia; the Sonnitos favored Abu" bcker and embrace the great majority of the MoMlenis, as the Mahommedans are also called. Abubeker was made king or caliph: bo defeated the Greek emperor, and Omar, his suc- cessor, a still greater warrior, conquered nearly all that is now Turkey in Asia, Persia, Egypt, and all the north of Africa. Othman, the next caliph, added Tartary to the empire, which was now one of the greatest in the world. 11. On the death of Othman, Ali was at lost elected. His name is still revered in the east as one of the best an^l bravest of the caliphs. His reign was short but glorious. He removed the seat of his empire to Cuja on the Euphrates, as a more con- venient place. Thus was the religion of Mahomet establish'^d in a va'st territory by a judgment of God. Pagan nations v. ho had refused the mild doctrines of the Gospel, were now com- pelled to embrace the Koran or be put to the sword. Chris- tians who had fallen into heresy and separated from the church, saw mosques rising on the ruins of their churches and monaste- ries, and their land filled with blood and misery, so that in a little while scarce a Christian could be found in the Saracen Empire. 12. Almansor, a subsequent caliph, built Bagdad, and it remained the capital till the caliphate expired. It was one of the most splendid cities of the east. Almansc" wjh a man of talents and education; he encouraged learning and the arts. arose? "What is the difference between them ? 11. Who was elected on tho death ? Where did he remove the seat of empire ? How was the Mahommedan religion finally established ? 12. Who built Bagdad and FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. 1^ ?: His successors followed his example, and the Saracens soon became the most learned and polished of all nations ; and the seats of the caliphs of Bagdad and Cordova in Spain became the best schools of astronomy, medecine, philosophy, and ma- thematics; while in the manufacture of all articles of superior beauty, ingenuity or finish, the Saracens were unsurpassed. The figures we now use in calculation came to us from the Arabs. - '.. ' " 13. The greatest of subsequent caliphs was Haroun-al-raschid, a famous prince and patron of letters. His name is celebrated in Arabian literature which attained his highest perfection in his reign. His valor, equity, impartiality, and attention to his duties are described in many of their works. Like many of the caliphs, he attacked the Greek Empire, but none succeeded in conquering any part of Europe. 14. The caliphate had now declined. Spain, Egypt, Mo- rocco, and India, had their own sovereigns, who were only nominally subject to the caliph of Bagdad, Among later caliphs, Mahmoud of Ghaznee was one of the greatest; he con- quered India, and reared a new empire, which did not however long subsist. At last Bagdad, after being for nearly five hundred years the seat of the Saracen Empire, was taken in 1258 by Hulaku, a grandson of Genghis-khan. Mostasem, the caliph, was put to death, by being dragged around the streets in a leather sack, and the empire of the Arabs or Saracens entirely overthrown. 15. Under the later caliphs Arabia became divided into a removed the caliphate to it? What did the Saracens now become ? 13. Who was the greatest of subsequent caliphs ? What was his character ? 14. What occorred soon after ? Who w^as Mahomoud of Ghazuee 7 Who THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. 00 number of small states, and has remained so till the present time. In the last century a sect, called Wahabees, arose, and for a time ruled a considerable part of the country, but their power has now ceased. Arabia is still the centre of Mahom- medanism, and Mecca, the birth place of the false prophet, and Medina, his burial place, are celebrated pilgrimages, which every strict Mussulman tries to visit once in his life. ' . TARTARY. 1. All the interior of Asia, from China and the Pacific above it, to the Caspian Sea, is called Tartary, and the various tribe which inhabit it, though differing from each other in many re- spects, are all known to us by the name of Tartars. Those nearest Europe reside in cities, and are far advanced in civiliza- tion and the arts. They are independent and form several petty kingdoms. East of this they lead a pastoral life, roam- ing about with their flocks and herds, and are subject to China. 2. The Tartars have at various times issued from country, and with terrible armies overrun rich and populous countries to the south, east and west. The Scythians were a Tartar tribe who ravaged Persia, and defeated Cyrus the great, leaving him dead on the field. Darius invaded their country, but unable to conquered Bagdad ? 15. What is the history of Arabia since the fall of the caliphates ? Who were the Wahabees ? 1. What is Tartary ? Describe the Tartars? 2. What have the Tar- 10 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. I follow them over their plains, returned with but a small portion of his force. 3. The Huns are another Tartar race : after several attempts to conquer China, in which they were constantly defeated they turned westward and settled on the Black Sea. In 442, under Attila, they invaded the Greek Empire, and turning westward, carried the terror of their arms from the walls of Constanti- nople to the Bay of Biscay. They were defeated however by the Franks, and falling back, ravaged northern Italy till Attila's death. They then dispersed, and a few settling in Hungary gave it its present name. 4. The Mongols are another Tartar tribe, who still occupy the part called Mongolia. In the thirteenth century Temujin overthrew Ouangkhan, or Prester John, and acquiring a do- minion over several tribes, assumed the title of Genghis-Khan or King of Kings. He now resolved to conquer the world, and began by invading China. He subdued the northern part and established a new empire there. Soon after the massacre of his ambassadors gave him a pretext for invading Persia. Ma- hommed, the King of Corasmea, raised a large army to defend the country, but was defeated, and Persia fell into the hands of Mongols. The conquerer soon after died. 6. The death of Genghis-Khan did not ruin the cause of the Mongols; they reduced all China, and conquered India, under Octal. Batukan invaded Europe, and swept like a torrent over Russia, Poland and Hungary, while Hulaku stormed li' tars often done? Who were the Scythians? 3. Who were the Huns? When (lid they invade the Greek Empire ? How far did they extend their conquest? 4. Who arc the Mongols? What great mongol conqueror arose in the thirtenth century ? What countries did he subdue ? 6. What ■ werq (lid 7. ^V Wha 1 THE EMPIRES OF ASIA, w Bagdad, and put an end to the Empire of the Caliphs. He was repulsed by the sultans of Egypt and Syria, but the Empire of the Moguls was long maintained. 6. The Turks were another Tartar race, descendants from the Corasmeans. In the fourteenth century they too became formidable, and under Othman founded a kingdom in Asia Minor, the part of Turkey in Asia, lying under the Black Sea. Although conquered by Tamerlane, of whom we shall soon speak, they soon recovered, subdued all that is now called Tur- key in Asia, overthrew the Greek Empire in 1453, and soon after reduced Egypt and all northern Africa, everywhere intro- ducing or supporting the Mahommedau religion. Their kings are called sultans, and reside at Constantinople in Europe to this day. t. The Usbecks were another tribe of Tartars, connected with the Moguls. They rose to power in the fourteenth century, uuder Temour-bek or Tamerlane, the most cruel of all their conquerors. He was Khan of Samarcand : he first invaded the country of the Turks, and defeating Bajazet took him pri- soner. Syria was next overrun, Persia and Northern India were then deluged in blood. Theu* empire in India alone stood for any length of time, and was in after years renowned for its splendor and power. Tamerlane died while marching to the conquest of China. 8. The Manchoos are another Tartar tribe, who after several conquests invaded China, in the seventeenth century, overthrew were the conquests of his successors ? 6. Who are the Turks? Where (lid they found an empire ? When did they overthrow the Greek Empire ? 7. Who were the Usbecks ? What great conqueror did they produce ? What conquest did Tamerlane effect? 8. Who are the Manchoos? 12 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. the Ming dynasty, and to this time are the ruling race in that empire. At this moment ho Chinese have risen, and are en- deavoring to expel the Miinchoos. 9. When China passeil unf' 3r the yoke of the Manchoos, the other Tartar tribes were soon subdued, and Tartary has since then formed part of the Chinese Empire, except a few states in the west which preserved their independence. , SIBERIA. _ 1. Siberia is a cold country lying north of Tartary. It Is washed on the north by the Arctic Ocean, and is sep irated from Europe by the Ural Mountains. The inhabitants resem- ble the Tartars, but are not so brave and enterprising. About two hundred years ago, a robber fled from Russia to Siberia to escape the ofl&cers of justice. Here, by degrees, he attained great power, and having raised a considerable army, he sub- dued the whole country. 2. When he had thus established his power, he made it a means of obtaining a pardon from the' Emperor of Russia for his former crimes. In this way, most of northern Asia passed to the Russians, who gradually extended their power to Kams- chatka, and even into America. Siberia ha^^ since been used by the czars as a place of exile, and here they send all who dis- What country did they conquer? 9. Since then who rules Tar- tary? 1. Describe Siberia. How did it become a Russian province' 2. What did he do on obtaining power ? How does Russia use Siberia ? i J! ' THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. ta please them. When Poland was seized by Russia, thousands were sent to this desolate country because they preferred free- dom and the Catholic religion to Russian despotism. Many of the present inhabitants of Siberia are descended from these exiles. HINDOSTAN, OR INDIA. 1. Hindostan is a large peninsula, lying south of the Ilim- maleh Mountains, and chiefly between the Indus and Burrain- pootcr. It is a fertile, well watered, and populous country. Grain of all kinds, sugar, cotton, indigo, exquisite fruits and spices, are here raised in abundance. The Hindoos are nearly black, but have none of the negro features. They are an indolent race, and easily submit to opptession. Their customs are very peculiar, and they adhere to them with great fidelity. Among these is the division into four castes — priests, soldiers, merchants and farmers, which are kept so distinct that no one can marry or even eat and drink with a person of another caste. The religion is the worship of Brahma and other gods. 2. India was one of the first settled and earlicEt civilized portions of the globe. Its history, at first, is involved in much obscurity, and the fables of the Brahmins give no assistance in discovering the truth. Solomon traded here a thousand years before the Christian era. Alexander the Great invaded the 1. Describe Hindostan. How are tlie people divided? What is the religion? 2. What can you pay of the early history of India? Who traded to India? What Indian king was conquered by Alexander? 7 I*' ll %i FIRST BOOK OP HISTORY. hs In ■s In m northern part and defeated Porus, King of the Punjau]), but reinstated him in his kingdom. 3. Soon after tho time of Alexander, Chandragupta forided a Hindoo Empire, uvcr which his dynarty ruh d for b< vera! ;'«'n- turies. Of succeeding kings, the most famous is the wuriiko Vicramaditya, who flourished about the time of Juliii^ Caesar, (56 B. C.) From this time no impoit.ant event occurs for oeveral centuries. The country was divided into several tjtates. and these were generally at pe;i e. 4. The ripe of tlie Mohammedan power soon threuten- ^ India, bui it was not invaded till towards the iloso of th*: tenth century, wuen M.iiuaoud o( Ghaznee, in the present Afghanistan, assembled a !u;';: > army, and entered Northern India, putting all to tire and sword. His cruelties are. still remembered in the countr}'. He founded the Kingdom of Lahore, which lasted for a considerabio time. 6, In 11 ST, another chieftain, Mahommed Ghore, seized Lahore, and extending his conquests founded the Empire of Delhi. His son raised it to its greatest splendor jind power, having repeatedly repulsed the Moguls, who attempted to effect the conquest of India. 6. In 1400, the celebrated Tamerlane invaded Hindostan, conquered Delhi, and ravaging the country, made the finest provinces complete deserts. After his departure, the country was ruled by Afghan monarchs till 1525, when Ibrahim, the i' ' i: f fif". 3. Who founded a great Hindoo Empire? What famous warrior flourished about the time of Ca*sar? 4. What Mahommedau con- quered the north? What kingdom did he found? 5. Who overtlirew this empire and founded that of Delhi? 6. Who invaded India In 1400? What people next ruled? Who founded the Empire of the ' f THE EMPIRES OF ASIA. 16 last of the line, was defeated and killed by Baber, a descend- ant of Tamerlane, who fonnded a new empire, commonly called the Empire of the Groat Mogul, 7. Several of the succeeding emperors were great men. There was Akbar, who took the Hindoo city of Chaitur, after a long siege, and conquered nearly all Northern India, lie Lahore. afterwards embraced Christianity, and was preparing to intro- duce it, when his death destroyed all the hopes of the mission- aries. There was Jehanghir, whose love for Nourmahal led great Mogul? 7. What great conqueror embraced Christianity? What can you tell of Jehanghir and Aurungzebe? Who Dually took the t£' T6 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. H 1 I him into much trouble with liis family. There was Aurung- zebc, a cruel and bigoted tyrant, who, in a long reign, subdued nearly all India. After his time, however, their power declined, and the English took possession of their territory. .. , 8. While the descendants of Tamerlane were founding an empire in the north, the Portuguese attempted to establish one in the south. About 1500, Albuquerque occupied Goa, and soon, by his wise policy, made it a flourishing city. Subse- quent governors extended the Portuguese power over a consi- derable portion of the coast and the neigiiboring islands. During their time, St. Francis Xavier arrived, and with other missionaries, established missions in India and Ceylon, which exist to this day in spite of the persecutions of Mohammedans, Hindoos, English and Dutch. 9. These missionaries spared no toil or suffering to convert the people. They joined the various castes, instructed all, and after grounding them in the truth and detaching their hearts from idolatry, baptized them. Besides St. Francis, the greatest were Nobili, who began the Madura mission ; and to gain access to the Brahmins assumed the dress and life of a Saniassi, and the Blessed John de Britto, who, like many others, was put to death. 10. As the Portuguese power declined, the English and French entered Hindostan. The English soon acquired Hi i-fi : 1 •K ; 1 ' !! 1 territories of these emperors? 8. What Europeans first formed a colony in India? Wliat good governor occupied Goa? What holy roan preached in India? Where are the descendants of his converts to be found? 9. What can you tell us of these missionaries? Who were the greatest? 10. What two nations followed the Portuguese? Which finally acquired the ascendancy ? 11. Who took Ceylon from the Portu- TIIK KMI'IKKS OF ASIA. 11 rung- )dued lined, [\g an 3I1 one a, and Subse- i, consi- islands. . h other , wbicb medans, convert all, and r hearts cis, the •, and to life of a ke many IJoiiibay, Madras niid Calcutta, and formed the great East India Company, which still possesses supreme authority in tiie country. The French began their settlei' uts at rondicherry. Both endeavored to extend their power by favoring the con- tests of Hindoo princes; but in the war between England and France, in which France lost her American possessions, she also was deprived of her power in India, although General Lally did all that man could do to overthrow the English. 11. The Dutch took Ceylon from the Portuguese, but never enjoyed the good will of the people, whom they oi)pressed for their religion. It also passed into the hands of the English, who are now undisturbed masters of India. By degrees they gained possession of state after state, by war, treachery, bribery or frond. The most formidable oi)ponents whom they met were HyUer Ali, Sultan of the Mysore and Tippoo Saib. Of late years, they have subdued the Sikhs, conquered Af- ghanistan, wrested several provinces from the Birmaus and acquired Malacca. clish and acquired formed a it holy man iverts to be ho were the se? a the Portu- FARTHER ODIA. 1. Beyond the Bay of Bengal lie several states of similiar manners and customs, which taken together are called Farther India. The separate states are the Birman Empire, the King- gucso? Who took it from the Dutch? "VMio was the great opponent of the English? How have the English extended their power? 1. Describe Farther India. 2. What can you tell of its history? i9 FIUST BOOK OP HISTOUY. Scene in Farther India. dora of Siam, and the Empire of Anam, Anam embraces Tonquin and Cochin China. All these countries are populous and fertile; the governments are despotic, and the religion idolatry — the people being worshippers of Buddha, here called Gaudama. 2. A^ery little is known of the history of these countries. Birmah has been deprived of much of her territory by the What empire arose in the last century ? What progress has Christianity made? ™B EJIIIIIES or ASIA Kiigli.,1,. Tlio Knjpiro of i '* ".ri»ti„„it, „„» uurodulur-rr" '" '"" '"^' ""'"^^ ««o, l.y Fu,l,„ Ilhouos, a a h 'o Ir"'"' '" '"""'■•^••' ^'■•''™ /»r.» «|- A„ara. CVael^ JL X'"^'', '"'"''y Cl-ristian, i„ „„ •'«»i"»t*em;„„,,„ai„-„^,:;'""°'' ''''™ ''«" oarricd on "'f'o put to .toatl,. An Am I™ „ '""^ f'™"^ ""d l»opIo m..„„„arioa a few years .go Wi! TV '''"'•' '''''''">'- Biuikok. ""t"" to labor at Malacca and Cflit01fOI,OGr OF IJS braces piilous eligion called ntries. •y the tianity DIA. Solomon traded to India Alexander conqaers India, ' ' * ' Vicrumaditya reigned, . ' * * Tamerlane conquers India, ' ' * I'ortuguese reach India ' * * ' Baljer founds the Empire of /hn n' ' ' Anru„g,obe began to reign, ' ' ' * Nader Shah invaded India, * ' * Pond.cherry taken by the Engli;h ' ' * lyder All begins his war, ^ ' * * ' ^"glJsh take Ceylon, . * ' * • attack Bnrmah * * * * • Afghanistan, B. C. • 1000 330 56 A. C. 1000 . 1187 1400 . 1498 1525 1600 1632 1660 1739 1761 i-79 1795 1825 1839 80 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF ASIA. B. C. Babylon and Ninovo founded, about 2260 China founded, . . .' 2200 Semiramis reigns, 2000 Abraham called, 1»21 Israelites leave Egypt, 1716 Troy destroyed, 1584 Pbcenicia founded, 1504 Asia conquered by Sesostris, 1485 Jewish tnunarchy, 1096 Japanese monarchy, GCO Nineve destroyed, COG Jerusalem destroyed, 687 Cyrus begins to reign in Persia, 638 Alexander conquers Asia, 431 Chihoangti unites all China, 203 Vicramaditya rules in India, 66 B. c. Destruction of Jerusalem, 70 Kingdom of Persia founded, 223 Huns invade Europe, 442 China united under Kaotsouventi, 698 Mahomet begins to preach, 630 Persia conquered by Saracens, 634 Power of Dairi ends in Japan, 1160 Genghis Khan conquers China, 1209 Saracen Empire ends, . . .1258 Tamerlane flourishes, 137G Portuguese in India, 1600 Mogul. Empire founded, 1520 Xavier in India and Japan, 1550 English power in India, 1600 Christianity destroyed in Japan, 1632 Tartars take China, 1650 English conquer most of India by 1800 English attack China, 1840 i •' . •ft' / •' 10 _i^ ,10', OEOORAPHY OF AFRICA. 81 J. c. :'250 1200 JOOO I'J'Zl 1715 1584 1504 1485 1095 C60 GOG 587 638 431 203 66 B. C. 70 223 442 598 630 634 1150 1209 1258 1376 1500 1520 1550 IGOO 1632 1650 1800 1840 AFRICA. liIiEOlliB Ivory Zoef^irf^'^^Sli: ai/zp OJPi £? C/j:Ji£ ^Ascension I ■i4 0u\>rGO ST. SALVADO "R cTiif^tor •R. ETHIOPIA ^_^ Waihdcriiig (P AKTGO sr.PHlLlPE DE BliiTatJ*: \^ \ BEN.GT7 v;J*.St .Helena M :^i.M*^ oinijA'i \ ^ ■i 'I » ■' JS' '^ !,* ^ T' S •1 . ^ -. .-,4->-Hi'.-^:«'--^V<.^ OF HISTORY. QUESTIOXS OK THE MAP OF AFRICA. 1. Bound Africa. 2. What ocean on the west ? On the east? What sea on the north? On the north-west? 3. What desert in the north? What four ranges of mountains in Africa ? A, M, S. L. 4. What two large rivers? What two small ones? 6. What isthmus in the north-east ? "What straits in the east ? What lake in the centre ? 6. Where are the Bai'bary States? Name them. Which is the most easterly ? Ann. Barca. Which the most westerly ? Where is Egypt ? 7. What other countries lie on the Red Sea ? 8. Where is Soudau ? Senegambia? Guinta? 9. What colony lies in the south? What cape in this colony? Where are Mozambique and Zanguebar ? 10. What large island near Mozambique ? 11. Inwhat count'-y isCairo? Dongola? Derne? Morocco? Cape- town? Goudar? Tunis? Tripoli? Mozambiqr-? Melinda? 12. Between what countries are the straits of ( ibraltar? the straits of Babelmandel ? the isthmus of Suez ? the lied Sea ? 13. Where is Cape Verde? Cape Guardafui? Cape of Good Hope? Cape St. Mary? 14. Where is Sahara, or the Great Desert? Lake Tchad? Sierra Leone ? GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA. 83 GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA. Q. Ill what part of the eastern continent is Africa ? A. Africa is a large peninsula in the south-eastern part of the eastern continent. Q. How is Africa bounded ? A. Africa is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, east by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, west by the Atlantic. Q. What are the striking natural features of Africa ? 84 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. A. The striking natural features of Africa are its lofty moun- tains running from east to west, namely: the Atlas Mountains in the north, the Mountains of the Moon in the middle, and the Snow Mountains in the south ; the great Desert of Sahara, and the great want of streams and rivers. " Q. Are there no large rivers ? A. There are only two large rivers, the Nile and the Niger, w^hich fertilize the countries which they traverse, but much of the country is sterile. Q. What are the animals of Africa ? A. The animals of Africa generally resemble those of Asia, the Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Giraffe, and Zebra are how- ever peculiar to Africa, as weW as the Ostrich and several kinds of birds. - ' ■ Q. What is the character of the people ? • A. The inhabitants, except along the Mediterranean, are black, and are called negroes. They are all very barbarous, and we know little of their history. Those in the north were more civilized, and their early histoiy is verj interesting. This contains Egypt and the Barbary States. Q. Why is it better to take up the History of Africa next ? A. It is well to take up the history of Africa next, because Egypt was one of the oldest kingdoms of which we have any certain history, and contains remarkable monuments, which were erected many centuries ago, making it one of the most interesting countries in the world. Q. What are the most remarkable countries in Africa ? A. Africa, as now divided, contains on the north-east Egypt, next to it Barca, Tripoli, Tunis, which are all independent states; Algiers, a French colony, and the Empire of Morocco. These countries all lie on the Mediterranean, between the Atlantic and y 1 ci it GEOGRAPHY OP AFRICA. 85 the Red Sea. South of ^gypt are Nubia and Abyssinia, for- merly called Ethiopia. On the Atlantic lie Scnegambia and Guinea, in the interior Soudan, but all this country down to the English colony, at the Cape of Good Hope, is cut up into small states, or inhabited by roving tribes. Q. What is the condition of the people ? A. The people in the north are Mahommedans and are some- what civilized, though far inferior to their Saracen ancestors. The Abyssinians are Christians, but have many barbarous customs; in other parts the people are savage, and idolatry in its most terrible shape universally prevails. -^ ople con- ciugrtoin'.' his cou- into Europe; while in Africa, he added Libya and Ethiopia to his dominions. All his bloody wars served only to gratify his ambition; his conquests were soon lost, and Egypt found that she had shed the blood of her best soldiers, and wasted her treasures for a wicked man. 1. Soon after this, the kings oppressed the Israelites so that God raised up Moses to deliver them; and, in consequence of the obstinacy of the king, visited Egypt with every species of plague, by which the country was made desolate. After the departure of the Israelites, the king pursued them, but was overwhelmed with his immense army in the Red Sea. 8. About 910 B. C, another conqueror arose in Egypt; this was Sesonchis or Sesak, who aided Jeroboam, and took Jerusalem. Soon after Egypt was itself conquered by the Ethiopians, and for a long time was divided into several states, which frequently made war on each other. At last, in 610 B. C, Psamraenitus made himself king of all Egypt. His son, Ncchao, was a warrior; he conquered the Jews; attacked Babylon, but was defeated by Nabuchodonosor. 9. In the reign of Psamraenitus, 52 G B. C, the Persians conquered the country, and kept possession of it for more than a hundred years. Amyrtaeus, an Egyptian, then freed his country from the Persian yoke; but, in 350, the Persians agaii; reduced It, and kept it as a province till their own empire was overthrown a few years after by Alexander the Great. quests ? 7. "Wliat was the treatment of the Jews ? 8. What conqueror arose in Egypt about !)70 B. C? Who soon after conquered Egypt? Who was tlie first of Egypt after this? 9. Who conquered in i,26 B. C? Who delivered his country? When did the Persians re- conquer it ? Who next subdued it ? 10. What family next ruled it ? 8* a r i II i i mi. 90 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. 10. On the death of Alexander, the country was given to Ptolemy, his half-brother, who began the Grecian dynasty 323 B. C. The first Ptolemies were warlike sovereigns and •*%. Arabs Traveling. extended their power; but they became tyrannical; civil dis. sensious arose, and Ptolemy XI., at last, left his throne to the Romans. The family of the Ptolemies continued to reign under the Romans, till the time of Cleopatra, a queen famous Who was the last of the Ptolemies? Who then became masters HISTORY OF AFRICA. 91 reign for her beauty and learning. In the contest between Antliony and Augustus for the Roman Empire, she joined Anthony, whom she loved, and on his death, killed herself with a poison- ous snake. Egypt then became a Roman province and was governed by a pro-consul. 31 B. C. 11. Egypt had gained much under the Ptolemies, who built Alexandria, encouraged learning and the arts, and collected immense libraries. By order of one of them, the Old Testa- ment was translated into Greek; and this version, now called the Septuagint, was that used by our Saviour and his Apostles. 12. The original religion of the Egyptians was the grossest idolatry; their chief gods were Iris and Osiris; but they also worshipped many others, and paid divine honors to several kinds of animals, reptiles and birds, which received adoration when alive, and sumptuous funerals after death. The Persians, Greeks and Romans, introduced some of their ideas; but soon after the country became a Roman province, our Saviour en- tered Egypt flying from king Herod. Then, according to an old tradition, the idols all fell down; but from that time idolatry declined. 13. Egypt was one of the first countries where the gospel was preached, and was long the most fervent part of the Church. In spite of persecution, truth at last triumphed, and no country produced more illustrious saints. Here St. Paul founded the life of hermits ; St. Anthony, monasteries for monks ; and St. Syncletica, convents for nuns. Origen, St. Athanasius, and many other illustrious fathers were Egyptians. of Egypt? 11. What was the state of Egypt under the Ptolemies? 12. What was the religion of the Egyptians ? 13. What was the pro- ft. flit- 2'* ■ i m m m 92 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY, t fr I I' ' hi Cairo. 14. When Mahomet founded the Saracen power, Egypt soon fell. Oraer conquered it in 635, and destroyed elinrches, monasteries and libraries. As the power of the Bagdad caliphs declined, Egypt was governed by its own caliphs at Cairo, till it was conquered by Noureddin, tlie first sultan. The greatest of his successors was Saladin, who led the Mahomedans against the Crusaders in the twelfth century, and founded the cele- brated body of soldiers called Mamelukes, who down to the present century were the ruling power in Egypt. gi-ess of Christiauity in Egypt? 14. Who conquered Egypt in the 1 1 HISTORY OF AFRICA. 93 15. "Wlien the Turks foniuled their empire nnd subdued nil thut is now Turkey, they overthrew tiie Saracens in Ejrypt in l.^n, and ^iIlcethen Ejfypt has been {governed by pachas under the Turkish sultan, and its history presents few matters of interest In 1798, it was invaded by the French under Bonaparte, who soon conquered the country restored to the Turks by tlie victories of ' this, Mehemet Ali massacred the Maraelui\ j, to make E^ypt independent. He was a m^" and did much to elevate and improve his people. In 1831, ho made war on the sultan and attempted to take Syria, but was at last driven back by the united armies of En«;:land, Austria and Turkey in 1839. By a treaty signed at London in 1841^ Egypt was guaranteed to Mehemet Ali and his descendants, under the title of pachas. ')ut was soon lish. After 'cavored it ability i KUBIA AND ABYSSIJflA. 1. Xubia is a country on the Ked Sea, lying inunediately below Egypt, and like it watered by the Nile. It ah(Minds in ruins of ancient cities and temples, and has been at various times, and is now, subject to Eg}"pt. . 2. South of Nubia lies Abyssinia, a mountainous country, partly inhabited by the Gallas, a savage tribe, and partly by seventh century? What great caliphs ruled Egypt? 15. Who con- quered Egypt in 1517 ? Who invaded it in 1798 ? What great Pacha governed it till within a few years ? 1. Describe Nubia. 2. Describe Abyssinia. 3. What was Ethiopia IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGFT (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 tii*23. 12.5 ■^ ^ 122 u lift "^ IJil Hiotographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTH.N.Y. MSIO (716) •72-4503 t » ^ or 94 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. the Abyssinians, who are Christians, but almost as savage as any other African tribe. Both Nubia and Abyssinia were for- merly called Ethiopia. , ■■ Port on the Red Sea. 3. Ethiopia was in ancient times a civilized and enlightened country. Its kings conquered Egypt, and their fame spread to the tribes in Europe. In the time of Solomon, the Queen of Saba, whom the Abyssinians call Maqueda, visited Jerusalem. She was one of the wives of Solomon, and their descendants, according to the annals of the country, ruled for many centu- ries. From the time of Solomon many Jews were to be fonnd in Ethiopia, and about the time of our Saviour's death a cham- anciently ? What queen visited Solomon ? Who ruled in our Saviour's HISTORY OF AFRICA. 9ft -r3 riour'8 berlain of Queen Candace visiting Jerusalem on a pilgrimage, was baptized by St. Philip, the Deacon. 4. In the fourth century, the whole country was converted by St. Frumentius and Edesius, two brothers from Tyre. The former, ordained bishop of Ethiopia by the patriarch Athana- sius, of Alexandria, converted Aizana, the king. In 522, Elcs- baan was king of Ethiopia. Aroused by the cruelties practiced by the Jews in Arabia, he invaded that country, and restored the freedom of the Christian worship. 5. The Jews in the country formed a little kingdom, and about the middle of the tenth century, Esther, a Jewess, made herself queen of all Ethiopia, and cut of all the family of Solo- mon but one prince, who fled to Shoa, and founded a new kingdom. A Christian dynasty, called Zegue, succeeded Esther, and ruled till the thirteenth century, when the Kings of Shoa became kings of Abyssinia. 6. In the sixteenth century, the Mohammedans, under Mo- hamet Graan, attempted to conquer the country, but were defeated by Claudius with the help of some Portuguese. Ber- mudez, a Catholic, was appointed Patriarch ; some Jesuit Fathers were sent, and every effort made to bring the Abyssi- nians to a pure and uncorrupted form of Christianity. For a time they succeeded, the Church of Abyssinia submitted to the Pope, but in a few years the Catholics were persecuted, the missionaries put to death, and to the joy of many in Europe, the Abyssinians returned to their superstitions, and still practice them. time? 4. 'When was Abyssinia converted? "Wliat king protected the Arab Christians ? 5. What kingdom arose in the fifth century? What new Christian kingdom arose? 6. What Mahommedan attempted to conquer Shoa? What efforts were made to reform religion ? r>0 Cnrthage founded, 813 Pcralana conquer Egypt, fi26 Alexander conquers Egypt, U32 Carthago destroyed by the Romans, 146 Egypt conquered by the Romans, 30 A. o. St. Anthony flourishes, 320 Ethiopia converted, 327 Vandals conquer northern AiVica, 43!) Saracens conquer Egypt and Barbary, 650 Turks conquer Egypt and Barbary, 1517 Portuguese in Abyssinia, 1517 Dutch colonize the Cape of Good Hope, 1515 Egypt invaded by Napoleon, 1798 Barbary States chastised by America, 1815 Algiers taken by the French 1830 Mehcmet Ali, pacha of Egypt, died, 1848 It* 100 FIRST nOOK OF HISTORY. n GEOGRAPHY OF EVROPE. Q. In what part of the eastern continent is Europe ? A. Europe, the smallest of the divisions of the eastern con- tinent, lies in the north-west. It is separated from Africa by the Mediterranean Sea, and from Asia by the Ural Mountains. Q. How does it rank among the various divisions ? A. Although the smallest, Europe has long been the most powerful of the great divisions. The nations of Europe colo- nized America, and still control many other parts. Q. What parts of Europe attained great eminence in ancient times for civilization and power ? A. The first European states, in ancient times, that attained eminence and power were Greece and Rome. Rome finally conquered Greece, Spain, France, England, and Germany, as well as parts of Asia and Africa, and introduced civilization throughout the parts that had been barbarous. Q. What was the fate of the Roman Empire ? A. This empire at last perished, destroyed by the Huns from Asia, and savage tribes from Norway and Sweden, who founded various new kingdoms, some of which still subsist. Q. What are the principal powers in Europe now ? A. At this time the chief states are England, France, Russia, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Denmark, Turkey, and the various states of Germany and Italy. m GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 101 MAP OF EUROPE. ..j-^':, '/^ 102 FIRST BOOK OF UISTORY. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE. I 1. Bound Europe. 2. ^Vhat oceans on tho north? On the west? What sea on the south? ^Vhat continent on the east? 3. What seas between Europe and Asia? What three seas in the north? N. E. W. 4. What country occupies all the east of Europe? What country is between the Baltic and North Sea ? Between the North Sea and the Atlantic ? Between the North Sea and the Mediterranean ? 5. What country between France and Russia? ins. Germany. What arc the two largest German States? Ana. A. and P. 6. What small republic between France and Austria? What two countries between the Mediterranean and Atlantic? ^Vhat long penin- sula in the Mediterranean ? 7. What country is between the Gulf of Venice and the Black Sea ? What country south of Turkey? What sea east of Greece? Ans. The Archipelago. 8. What mountains between France and Spain ? Between Italy and Switzerland? In Turkey? Between Europe and Asia ? Between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea? 9. In what country is the river Loire ? The Tiber ? The Danube ? The Dnieper ? The Don? The Volga ? 10. In what country is London? Rome? Berlin? Madrid? St. Petersburg? Dublin? Athens? Brussels? Stockholm? Lisbon? Copenhagen ? Vienna f THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. 108 GREECE. 1. Greece was settled by the descendants of Japhet, and as it was settled at different times, several small states arose; the greatest of which were Athens and Sparta, both founded, as is supposed, fifteen hundred years before Christ. 2. These colonies were at first extremely rude, and were fre- quently at war with each other. The names of many kings are mentioned, but the accounts of their kings and heroes arc so mixed up with stories of the gods and goddesses they worship- ped, that there is no certainty about it. 3. The greatest of the early kings of Athens was Theseus, ' of whom many brave deeds are recorded. In his time took place the Argonautic expedition to Colchis, on the Black Sea, a war in which most of the Grecian princes joined. The next general war was that against Troy, in which Agamemnon, king of Mycence, led the nations of Greece to avenge the wrongs of Menelaus, king of Sparta, whose wife Helen had been carried off by Paris, a Trojan prince. After a long siege of ten years, the city of Troy was taken and burnt. 4. According to one account the Greeks got into Troy by a stratagem. Pretending to be tired of the long war, they made a wooden horse as an offering to the gods, and pretended to sail away. They, however, sent one man to persuade the Trojans to take the horse into the town, and the foolish Trojans took it 1' 1. By whom was Greece settled? And how? What were the two great states? 2. What can you tell of the early history of Greece? 3. Who was the greatest king of Athens ? What expedition took place iu his time? What was the next general war? 4. IIow was Troy m 104 FIRST BOOR OF HISTORY. in. This horso was full of men, and by night they got oat, and opened the gates to the Greeks. 6. The last king of Athens was Codrus, who laid down uiS life for his country. The idolatrous priests had declared that the nation which lost its king in the next battle, would triumph in the war. Codrns, hearing this, rushed into the midst of the battle, and was slain. The Athenians, seeing this, easily won the day, but felt so much respect for Codrus, that they would not choose another king, and were governed by Archons. 6. After some time, the history of Greece 'jecomes more cer- tain. About 884 B. G., Lycurgus, king of Sparta, a wise and intelligent man, reformed the constitution and introduced many laws to make the people brave, hardy and temperate. Soon after, the Olympic Games were restored, and in all the states of Greece men imitated the Spartans so as to be able to win the prizes at these games, for boxing, wrestling, running and driving. T. Athens received a new constitution from Draco, a good but very severe man, whose laws were extremely cruel. Solon, a philosopher and patriot, modified these laws: he divided the people into classes, erected a senate and a court of justice, and endeavored to put a stop to the political parties which agitated the state. Before he could succeed, Pisistratus, the head of a party, by pretending to have been wounded by his enemies, caused a revolution and became king. 8. Pisistratus, although he had usurped the throne, reigned taken ? 6. Who was the last king of Athens ? How did he die ? Wliat form of government followed ? 6. Who was Lycurgus, and what did he do ? What were restored about this time ? 7. Who gave a new consti- tution to Athens ? What great legislator followed ? Who usurped the tia THE HI3T0RY OF El'ROPK. 105 well; ho established order, encoiirnj^ed learning nnd the arts, and erected many beantlfnl buildings. In his time the ;)ocra8 of Homer were first collected, and have ever since been the ad- miration of the world. Homer was a poor blind man, who sang his verses about the war of Troy, and was so little thought of in his life time, that we do not know where ho was born, nor when nor where he died. 9. After the death of Pisistratus, his two sons ITipplns and Ilipparchus, succeeded him; but one having given offence to a young man, the latter and his friends formed a plot and assas- sinated Hipparchus, but lost their «»wn lives. The movement, however, had begun, Hippias was soon expelled and Uarmodius was celebrated as a martyr to liberty. 10. About five hundred years before Christ, Darius, king of Persia, determined to conquer Greece, instigated by Ilippias. He advanced against that country with an array of 500,000 men, but the Greeks were undaunted; the Athenians raised a small army and met the PersiaiLS at Marathon. Here a bloody battle was fought, and the Persians were entirely defeated. Miltiades, the Athenian general, soon after died in prison, where he was confined by his ungrftteful countrymen. 11. The defeat of this army did not dishearten the Persians. Xerxes, a new king, raised an army of nearly a million; but he was a proud and foolish king. On his march, he ordered a mountain to get out of his way, and punished the sea by lash- ing it with chains for dispersing his fleet. He entered Greece, kingdom? 8. What caa you tell of Pisistratus? 9. Who succeeded Pisisti'atiis? How did thoir power end? 10. Who nmde war on Athena about this time? Who defeated the Persians? What became of Mil- tiades? 11. Who next invaded Gi'eece? Tell some of his foolish 106 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. B. C, 480. but his immense array was stopped at ThermopylaB by 6000 Spartans, under their king, Leonidas. Xerxes ordered him to give up his arms. "Come and take them," said Leonidas. Xerxes tried, but his bravest troops v/ere cut to pieces, al- though the stout Spartan had sent away all but a few hundred men, and he never would have taken it, if a Greek traitor had not led him around by a secret path. Leonidas and his party were then killed and Xerxes marched on to Athens, which he burnt to the ground. 12. Xerxes was now in the height of his glory; but the Athenians, under Themistocles, defeated his fleet at Salamis, and with the Spartans routed his army at Platsea. Humbled by these reverses, Xerxes fled to Persia, leaving his army in Greece. The Persians fought hard to maintain their ground but were repeatedly defeated by Cimon the Athenian, and at last, all expelled. 13. Greece was now at the summit of her military fame. Athens, under Cimon, Pericles and Alcibiades, was the seat of learning and art. Here flourished the poets ^schylus, Aris- tophanes and Pindar, Euripides and Sophocles; Phidas, the greatest of sculptors; the painter Zeuxis; Lysias, the orator; Hippocrates, the physician ; and Herodotus, the father of his- tory. Pericles was one of the best men that Greece ever pro- duced. He ruled for forty years, and yet on his death-bed could say, that not one of his fellow-citizens had ever been compelled to put on mourning by any act of his. 14. Under Alcibiadpo a war broke out with Sparta, which acts. Where was he stopped? 12. Who defeated Xerxes on sea and land? What was the result of the war? 13. What was the state of Greece at this time ? What eminent man flourished ? What can you THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. lot 431-405. lasted twenty-eight years and ended in the total hamiliation of Athens. It is known as the Pelopon- nesian war. Lysander, the Spartan general, overthrew the popular government, and appointed thirty captains to rule Athens; but their conduct was so cruel that they are known in history as the thirty tyrants. After three years of bondage the Athenians rose and expelled them. 15. About this time there lived at Athens a very wise man named Socrates. Although brought up in idolatry, he saw its absurdity, and taught his disciples that there was only one God. His enemies made use of this to ruin him, and at last had him put to death, ^^s he was dying, one of his friends re- gretted that he should dij innocent. " Would you have me die guilty?" he asked, teaching us not to fear death, but to fear sin, which is worse than death. 16. Sparta next made war on Thebes, another of the Grecian States. The other states joined Sparta, but the Thebans were brave and resolved to maintain their indepen- dence. Led by her great generals Pelopidas and Epaminondas, Thebes broke for ever the power of Sparta in the bloody battles of Leuctra and Mantinea. In the last, Epaminon- das died in the arms of victory. These two generals were also good men and noble patriots. 17. These civil wars ruined Greece; her resources were gradually exhausted; her great men had fallen; corruption and B. G. 363. f ^ I53- ;ii tell of Pericles? 14. What war broke out under Alcibiades? Who conquered Athens? What government followed? How long did it last? 15. What philosopher lived about this time? What can you tell of him ? 16. What state did Sparta next attack ? Who were the great Thcbon geaerals? 17. What was the effect of these civil wars? Who m 108 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. intrigue prevailed. Philip, king of Macedon, a territory in the north of Greece, had acquired great power, and when a new war arose among the states about the temple of Apollo at Delphi, he advanced with an army, and tdough Demosthenes roused all Greece against him, he defeated the united armies of Athens and Thebes at Chieronea. He was now master of Greece, and had been appointed to command the armies raised for the conquest of Persia, when he was assassinated. 18. On the death of Philip, his son Alexander, succeeded to to his power. He was only twenty years of age, but he had been carefully educated, and had already shewn him- self an able general and a good soldier. On his ac- cession several northern tribes revolted, but he soon reduced them ; and as Thebes and Athens were endeavoring to throw off his yoke, he defeated the Thebans, destroyed their city, and thus overawed the rest. An assembly of the states was convened at Corinth, and here Alexander was appointed com- mander-in-chief against Persia. 19. Alexander soon entered Asia with an army of 35,000 men, and defeating the Persians at the Granicus, conquered Asia, Minor. Darius, himself, met him at Issus, but was de- feated with great loss, and all Syria fell into the power of Alexander. Tyre resisted him, but after a long siege was taken, and every cruelty exercised on its brave defenders. Alexander then marched to Jerusalem, but spared it, and afterwards conquered Egypt. 20. Darius endeavored to make peace; but Alexander again now acquired supreme power? "What orator opposed him? 18. Who succeeded Philip? Who opposed him? 19. What were the results of Alexander's war with Darius? 20. What was the end of Dai'ius? THE UISTORY On' EUROPE. 109 10 bf I? Alexander taming Bucephalus. advanced, and by the victory of Arbola, became master of Persia. Darius fled, but was soon after murdered by one of Ills officers. The conqueror then subdued various tribes in tluit part of Asia, while his general, Autipater, defeated the Spar- 10 3' I! i 13 if i c 'Si ' no FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. tans who had revolted in Greece. The last exploit of Alexan- der was the invasion of India. 21. Alexander had now reached the pinnacle of glory, and was one of the greatest conquerors. He had some good quali- ties — he was brave, generous and liberal, but proud, vain, ambi- tious, and at last drank to excess. While under the influence of liquor he set fire to Persepolis, killed his friend Glitus, and at last died in the year 324. 22. On the death of Alexander, Greece fell to Cassander, one of his generals, but for many years it was plunged in the wars, especially those of the Achaean league against the Mace- donians, in which Aratus and Fhilopcemen acquired great renown. At last, in the year 197, the Romans attacked Macedon, defeated the king, and in a few campaigns overthrew the power founded by Philip, after it had lasted nearly two hundred years. 23. Greece now prospered for a time under the Achasan league, to which Sparta and Corinth belonged. They at last, however, were rash enough to provoke the Romans, who sent the Consul Mummius to subdue them. Corinth the capital was taken and burnt, the men put to the sword, the women sold as slaves. Thus ended in 146 B. C, the independence of Greece, and the country became under the name of Achaia, a part of the Roman dominion. 24. The history of Greece, as a Roman province, is not re- What wag Alexander's last exploit? 21. What is the character of Alexander? 22. To whom did Greece pass on Alexander's death? What league was soon after formed? Who overthrew the Macedonian power? 23. Who conquered the Acliajans ? What did Greece now be- come? 24. What change took place while Greece was a Roman TllK niriTOKV OF EUROPE. HI er of Icath? Ionian kv be- loman St. Paul preaching at Athena. markable. Soon after the establishment of the Chnrch, St. Paul preached the gospel in varions parts, and gradually the whole country became Christian in spite of great persecutions. In the year 306 A. C. Constantine the Great, who had become Christian, founded Constantinople, and made it the seat of his empire. After this, the idolaters were excluded from the cities, and from living in villages were called in Greek, pagans. 25. In 395 Theodosius, the last of the great Roman emperors died, and his two sous divided the territories. Arcadius founded the Greek Empire which lasted several centuries. It province? Who transferrod the Empire to Greece? 25. What hap- pened in 395 ? What did the Greek Empire embrace ? What was its I r I: r itr h i Ill Iff . li 4 ■■s 112 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. U . II! '1 < ■ \ i 1*1 embraced Greece, Turkey and Egypt ; then, all Christian countries; and many eminent doctors flourished, as St, Basil, St. Chrysostora, St. Gregory. The history of the Greek Empire is uninteresting; the country was attacked by barba- rians, and the people divided by various heresies, in which the emperors often took part. 26. Among the greatest sovereigns were St. Pulcheria, the daughter of Arcadius, equally eminent for her piety and virtues as a woman, and her skill and genius as a ruler. Justinian I.^ is famous for the code of laws compiled in his reign, and for the victories achieved by his generals Belisarius and Narses, over the barbarians in Italy and Africa. He died in 565. Hera- clius, who was crowned in 610, was a great warrior; he defeated the Persians in six campaigns, and during his reign enjoyed a state of peace which it had seldom known. 27. After this it was governed by many weak and wicked kings; and in the time of the crusades so often betrayed these warriors of the west that they took Constantinople, and for sixty years French or Latin princes governed the empire. The Sara- cens took all the Asiatic possessions of Greece; the Turks went further: in 1453 they took Constantinople; the last emperor, Constantlne, died lighting amid his English guards, and the Greek Empire ceased to exist. TUKKISII EMPIRE. 28. Greece then took the name of Turkey and has been so called to the jirosent time, cxcopt a small portion in the south history ? 26. Who were the greatest sovereigns ? 27. By whom Miid f!! mmm wicked these sixty Sara- went THE HISTORY OP EUROPE. 113 which became independent a few years since. The Tnrks made Constantinople their capital. Maliomet II,, the first sulton, was a wise and politic prince. Selira coniiuercd all Northern Africa; Solyman, the magnificent, attempted to take Vienna, and the other sultans likewise tried to extend their conquests in Europe, but always in vain. The Knights of Malta long held Rhodes, and afterwards Malta against them, as the Vene- tians did Candia. 29. After the time of Mahomet IV. who conquered that island, but was defeated by Sobieski at Vienna, the Turkish power declined. The power was in the hands of a body of soldiers called Janizaries, who frequently put the sultans to death, and raised others to the throne. This formidable body was broken up and massacred by the emperor Mahmoud only a few years since. 30. Russia has for the last century been gradually encroach- ing on Turkey, and now occupies some of her territories with a powerful army. In 1821 Greece revolted and became inde- pendent; the Pacha of Egypt, Mehemet All, did the same, and endeavored to overthrow the power of the sultan, but was at last defeated. 31. The Turks are Mahomedans, and adhere to their Asiatic customs, although many changes have been introduced by the last two sultans; the Turks are the ruling people in the empire, jen so south km wurf the empire seized for a time? Who took the African and Asiatic provinces? Who finally ovcrtlircw the empire? 28. "WHiat name did Greece then take? AV'ho wore the ^''^'iitcst sultans? Who Itnii^ opposed them? 29. After wliose rcij^n did their power decline? \\ ho ■were the Janizaries? 30. What has? been the relation of lliissia to Turkey ? What province revolted in the present century ? 31. Describe 10* 114 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. but there are many Greek, Armenian and other Christians, who do not now experience much oppression, although formerly much persecuted. \<> [■: n MODERN GREECE. 32. When the Greeks, by the help of England, France and Russia, achieved their independence, at the decisive battle of Navarino, they formed a republic and elected Count Capo d'Istria as president. He was assassinated in 1829, and then the European powers made it a kingdom, and chose as the first king Otho, a Bavarian prince, who has governed them ever since. * CHRONOLOGY OF GREECE. B. C. Greece settled by Inachus, 1856 Athens founded, 1556 Trojan war, 1184 Lycurgus makes laws for Sparta, 884 Draco for Athens, 624 Persians invade Greece, 480 Pericles, 445 The Peloponesian war, 431 the Turks? 32. What government did the Greeks adopt? Who was the first president ? Who is now king? THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. lift Philip conquers Greece, 338 Alexander begins Iiis reign, 336 Ttic Achsnan league, 251 Macedonian power destroyed, 197 Greece conquered, 116 A. c. Roman Empire transferred to Greece, 395 Crusaders seize the Empire, 1204 Greek Empire overthrown, 1453 Solyman reigns, 1529 Greeks revolt, 1821 Greece, a kingdom, . . 1832 ( i ITALY. THE ROMAN REPUBUC. B. C. 11856 1556 lll84 884 624 480 445 431 'w -r- 1. Italy is a fine country in the south of Europe, extending into the Mediterranean in the form of a boot. It is traversed by the Apennines, and encircled on the north by the Alps, and contains the only volcanoes in Europe; these are Vesuvius, Etna, and Stromboli. The soil is fertile, the climate delightful, and its position for commerce excellent. 2. Italy was once the seat of the powerful Koman Empire, but has long been divided into several small states. The Pope presides over one of these, and resides at Rome; although as a ■J ! was 1. Describe Italy. 2. Of what empire was it the seat ? Of what V l« t 116 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY The Popo blessing tlie People. temporal prince, his power is very trifling, yet as head of the Catholic Churcli, he reigns over as many hearts as the greatest emperor ever did over subjects, 2, Italy was, iu aucieut times, divided into several small i( states, before of a I e.\j)osc a she w brothe was coi after d 3. F Hostiliu TuNius, wisely, a quln II. at a erir from the 4. On republic. Many sta king of CI taken the army at tl prevented 5. In th Tarquin; i common p patricians, actually re power now 2 whom was I tlieir charact 1 ^ mB msTonv OF «-R0PB, etotcs, ofilitTiTCnt orwin n„ •f- Cl,n,., ,y t:X:-„.^"l!n '"""f "- "-"^ «2 ^crs «cpo.,cd ou ,|,e Tiber, b„t floa ,„" ', "'"" '""''• "'«/ »„re « «l.e wolf. Shortly a tor fo™ ,"*^ ,? "' ""° ™'-*''^^'f 'V » brother, and ruled alo/' I, at? .,"'{' ''"'""''"^ """-^d',,-, 7s compelled ,„ .at «„' l^r:"" '"^ ""''""''■ R"™"'- after died. *'"= "^ »» associate, and soon Ho*tt:iit:~T::i; ??- "■" '^«'^""-.- ^-n- Tullins, and Tarqui„'linLto"d Ti'm' ■""""'" '' ««"™ -foly, and extended the pl^ ra„dt "' "";'"'' ^"'"""^ q«m n. was a tyrannical pnnee and ,"""'' "' ^°""'- Tar- at a eria.0 committed by Ws l"!*' ':;"''''' "t Ia.t. roased from tl,e throne, and exnell, 1,T ! f ""' ^'"'^ ''™ republic, to be governed bv two n ,'"°'"'' '"''<'» R"™" » Many states made war on Romll "?''' '""'"' ^''"^ ^'ar. ki"o"of Clusium, advanced with V;/"''"'" '''"•^•""- Porsenna, taken the city, had not Horati s a , "T' """ ^"""^ ''"'o army at the head of a b die ;,?»"" ^'"»""' "''^ked Lis Ti"l-? "'™^ '■""' °'^^«K. *""' '"' " """■"' ""-J Tarqui^^JeHhrXga: fo"!"! f"'^" "" '"- ^ends of :!!!^:!!:i^4:iro7t power now' 3 jTf, ~ " whom ,™ R„„„ <.„;„,™ 'f'f °;f "«y *-vi,Icd? wie„, .„a w < i! • I } 118 FIRST DOOK OF HISTORY. 493 B. C. return till tho patricians nprccil to the olcctio: of tribunes of the people to defend their rij,'hts. 6. Coriolanus was a brave nobleman who had won several victories. IIo was a great opponent of the common people, and tho tribunes had him banished. Indignant at this, he joined the Volscians, raised an army, and marched on Home. The people now endeavored to appease him, but neither the senators nor priests could move him. As a last hope, his mother went out to intercede for Rome. Coriolanus was a good son, he yielded to her prayers, and exclaiming, "Mother, thou hast saved Rome, but lost thy son!" withdrew his army. For tliis the Volscians put him to death. 1. From this period, the Romans gradually extended their dominion hi Italy under Cincinnatus, Garaillus, and other brave generals. The government was for a time in the hands of ten men, called Decemvirs, chosen at first to form a code of laws; but as they became tyrannical, and were guilty of great crimes, their power was abolished, xn 385 B. C, Brennus, king of the Gauls, a people of France, invaded Italy, took Rome, killed the senators, and many of the people, but were at last driven out. About 300 B. C. the Romans conquered the Samnites and Latins, and soon after defeated Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who had invaded Italy. 8. When the Romans had conquered all Italy, they at- tempted to take Sicily. This led to a war with Carthage, which claimed that island. This war is called the Punic war; Rome now become ? What king made war on them '■ ixonv long did these wars continue ? What troubles came next ? 7. Who was Corio- lai.u8, and what is his story? 8. What brave generals flourished? Who rulfdfor a time? Who invaded Italy in 385? What wars followed? i; ii rriE HISTORY p RmoPi. 119 of ley at- Irthage, ic war; jiong did Cono- id Who Qllowed? it was twice renewed, ond ni; 'V Imttk-s were fonprht in AfricA, Italy, nnd Spain. Hannibal, the ('iirthojrinian, ietl ai> army from Africa tiirough Spain, and over ilie Alps into Italy, llrro he defeated the llonmns at Cannir, with such slaujf liter that the gold rings of the knights were gathered in baskets; hnt Irs em ir;oL recalled him to Corthage, and made pace. The ('jir- l.i' ji. ifi ,1 renewed the war again, but were defeated, and tueir ciiy was destroyed, 146 B. C. 'J. In the same year the Romans, who had previou.*«ly defeated the Macedonians, conquered the Greeks, and Wwia mnsleicj o^ Greece, Italy, Spain, and all northern Africa, \x . On the death of Pedro, in 1820, Don Miguel ascended the throne of Portugal, but after a time a party was formed against him by the ex-emperor of Brazil, who proclaimed his daughter, Maria, and she, at last, expelled Miguel in 1834, formed a constitutional government by the help of other coun- tries, and reigned till her death in 1853, when she was suc- ceeded by her husband, Peter of Saxe Coburg. 17. A similar scene occurred in Spain on the death of Fer- dinand VII. in 1833, Charles, his brother, claimed the throne on the ground that Ferdinand left no son, and that daughters were excluded. Christina, the mother of Isabella, took up arms; a civil war ensued, and Charles was at last de- feated by tiic aid of England and France, and Isabella ucknowled,;cd (luccn. French revolution? Who wua placed on the throne? 15. What was the state of l*ortnp;al then ? What colony became an eini)ire ? 10. What civil war took place in l'urtu.5\(i'Uilo.l ; tilt" Dniiilinil w Ml nIiIji It'll i ( 'litlfilliiiilly wiiH lulro.hn'Cil, i«i\il Hl'lrr (ho liiuo ul r.MiMiniiliiio Mjirciid ovri' nil (ho |Mo\lu«'(V Tlu> WiWAM' of 1 Tluiint'i*, ;^. Tho l\onu\ns wowv vo\\{\\\v\'kh\ llio tiorliioni purl of llio islan(i. ami Imilt sovornl walls (o prottTt (licir pnivinoc nn^iiiiist tho riots niul So\>ts, As (ho oPipiro «locUi»o«l (lioso biirharoiis (ril»os orossod tho wall smd ravagi'tl (ho <'outilry. Uiialih! lo dofoml (hoiusolvos. or proouro l{oiuai\ ai«l, (ho Briloiis piir- Wu> fii^t invrtttoit U ? ITinv wax Uu> Uoiusin pmvor rslaltlislictl ? X WImt can yon s>y ol' tho iiihahitunts of tho ntu'diorn purl. V Whom did tiio lilt' MI-'.lMlo ii)'- I'irM'il'K. ]it, oC (ho •Ivlll/.ii- iviiMitii' Mtit(MM iiM'l oIIm'I' (J'Tfrtriri \.n\n», lli'-ri cnil/liiK III ||ii< Nnt'lli U '»f iriiil'orn*iMilut<(t« ili'Mlrnyiiil llin cliiii'i'lii'N iidil llliriii'lcti, iiihI iitmlo IIm; niiirtlry iiti liiirliiH'iMii! MM t'vriv 'I'lin ItillniiM ||im| Im WhIi'M iuiiI ('oniwiill III I'liit/liiinl, iiimI Id jti'illiiiiy ill i<'riiiii'«<, iiml llnir ili'f.«'<-ii'luiiM (ire hi III lit lio IuiiikI IIm'II', 'I'lKy, inn, hi IImwi wiini, |i»«l, mmli III' llll'ir i'lll'llirl' ll'lltM'llll'lll, Mini rivili/.iiti'Mi ft, 'Till' Mil \IMIM ri(l)ll(li»»lllM| Mi'ViTllI l(iM(ri|oiri:i, ihU, wlllrll (tr«1 nilli'ij Iii^i'IIm'I' IIh' Hmxmii ll)-|iliiri'liy 'I'lfy MiilwiMlrij r«)»iinili'ly till HOO. Diiriiip;; llih )ici'iiM| llm «'i»ijiifry wux «Kiiiii «oiiv«Tt<'l III CliriMlliiiiily liy Hi., /iiiKunliiH', Hi., riiuliiiiiw, iirid oIImt iiiitiikH, who mImo iljij nnii'h to rivili/,*) iJio Huxoiin, uikJ noft,iii lilt ir nuld liiilillM. Ii. Ill HOO, K)ijl)ii't., khij,; of Iho wi'hI, Hiixoritt, hy tr';ul.y or wiir, iiiiilcd iiiiijci' llii povvir nil I In; kiii^'iomf'., iiml roiiinh'il Ui« l'!ii|;;liNh iiioiiiirrliy, In Min lnt.l, yi'iriH ol' liir< Vf'ufu, III'; roufil ry wiiM iiiviulnl hy Ili(< DiiiH'M, who inidif Imh HiinicMori* ruvdj,'*;*! IIm^ coiiiitry, liilli'il two HiiiTCKKJvi! kiiijTM, iukI roiripiiliil thu iirxl, Allri'il, lo wiimlrr iiliont in iliM^iiifc, Al'lir a whih; Al- IVi'ij niJHi'il nil lU'iiiy, ili'lciitnl tin; |)iitH'M, iiinl i;oni(>l«;t«'ly lUn- troyi'd tJM'ir power. III! then Ih'ciiiik! a very win*; »ri i '. t ■\ ' I i '. 1 t. 1 i i i; the country? What can you toll of King Alfred? 7. What was the character of Atliel.staii? Whom did Edwin persecute ? What was the character of Edgar? 8. How did Ethelred II. ascend the throne ? What happened in his reign? Who linuUy divided the kingdom? Which sur- vived? 9. What can you tell of Canute. 10. What was the character of )nragcd a f^reat lie was iemlshlp lie Fair, Dunstan , Edp;ar, ras once le of his when he ute kuig. id Ethel- 8 in Eng- irk, came )n died, a mute, son vided the e became he ruled cession in 3d all his een Dane warriors, at was the lat was the me? 'What "Which sur- laractcr of THE HISTORY or EUROPE. Ul \ by the example of his own pioty. His flatterers called him kiiif^ of kings, and to rebuke them, he had a seat placed on the sea shore, and ordered the waves not to approach; but when they came up around him, he rose, and taking his crown off his head, placed it on a crncilix in the cathedral of Winchester, and never wore it again. He died in 1035, soon after return- ing from a pilgrinmge which he made to Home. 10. After the short reigns of his two sons, Edward, a son of Ethelrcd, was made king. He was so holy a man, and so good a king that, after his death, ho was canonized as a saint. During his reign, the people enjoyed great |)eaee, and the laws which he compiled were so just, that the English in after years, never asked anything better than the customs and laws of Edward, the Confessor. At the Reformation, however, they forgot him, and insulted his remains d, but were at last Edward the Confessor? 11. Who was raised to the throne on his death ? Whom did Harold defeat? By whom was he defeated ? 12. What can you tell us of William ? Why did these Norraun tyrants persecute the i : I 148 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. m I .; Ic • ' '\ IM i M defeated, and William ever after treated them very cruelly, and the people would have been deprived of every right, had not the clergy constantly contended for their liberties. For this reason William Rufus and his successors persecuted St. Anselm, St. Edmund, and other holy bishops. 13. Henry II., who came to the throne in 1154, was the greatest prince of his time, from his mother he inherited Eng- land and Normandy, from his father Anjou and other provinces in France, and by his marriage he acquired Guienne also. Besides this, he invaded Ireland, and was the first English king who acquired any power there. He, like his predecessors, per- secuted the Church, and caused the death of the holy arch- bishop St. Thomas a Becket, but Heaven punished him by rais- ing up his own sons against him in his last days. 14. Richard the Lion-hearted, the next king, was a chivalrous prince, and distinguished himself greatly in the crusades, but England suffered in his absence. While returning from Pales- tine he was arrested and imprisoned in Austria by the duke, but at last liberated through the influence of the Pope. His brother John killed his nephew Arthur, and was deprived of all his possessions in France. He was a tyrant, oppressed the Church and the people, so that at last the barons, led by Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, forced him, in 1215, to sign the Magna Charta, or Great Charter, from which all our liberties are derived. 15. Henry III. was a weak prince, and his reign was a !fi li Church ? 13. Describe the rciga of Henry II. What were his posses- sions? What country did he conquer ? Wlnxt holy bishop was killed at his instigation ? 14. What was the character of Richard? Describe his adventures? 15. What can you tell of John? What was forced from illy, and not the 3 reason elm, St. was the ed Eng- irovinces ne also. [ish king ors, per- )ly arch- i by rais- fnvalrous lUes, but m Pales- he duke, pe. His jrived of !ssed the led by him, in )m which n was a THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. 149 scene of civil war; but his son Edward I. was a warlike prince. Finding Scotland divided by factions he conquered the country, and though opposed by Wallace, maintained possession of it. He also reduced the Welsh, and made his eldest son Prince of Wales, and the title still continues. In 1306 the Scots revolted under Rcbert Bruce, and Edward died while marching against them in the following year. 16. His son Edward II. continued the war, but was totally defeated by Bruce, at Bannockburn, and lost Scotland. He was a weak prince, and was put to death at the instigation of his own wife in 1321. Edward III. was an able monarch, but very ambitious ; he claimed the throne of France, and with his brave son Edward the Black Prince, invaded that country, and defeated the French in two great battles at Crecy and Poi- tiers, but in spite of all his victories could not conquer any part of the country. n. He was succeeded by his grandson Richard II., who was deposed and put to death by his cousin Henry IV., a very cunning prince. His son, Henry V., invaded France, defeated the French at Agincourt, married the king's daughter, and was acknowledged heir to the French crown when he died in 1422, leaving England and France to his son Henry, only a few months old. 18. The reign of Henry VI. was one of great trouble; while he was a child the English were driven out of France; when he grew up, the duke of York, as the king was weak in mind, lis posses- s killed at escribe his reed from him? 16. What can you tell of the roign of Edward I? What was the character of Edward II? What can you toll of F]dwar(l III? 17. Who succeeded him? Who deposed Richard 11? Deii I ' ' I , I \l •'S j r t ! i r i ■ I li* j i I •I 'f ; : :ii I 152 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. riecl Philip, son of the Eraperor Charles V. ; but her reign was 5 ', tranquil; the Protestant party several times rebelled, and at last Jane Grey was executed, as the only means of destroying the pretext of rebellion. During her reign the En»5;lish navy, by its connection with Spain, first rose to importance; but Calais, the last English foothold in France, was lost by treachery. 25. On her death, her sister Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn, came to the throne and restored the Somerset religion. She was a great queen, but a bad and profligate woman. She aided the Netherlands against Spain; supported the I'rotest- ants in France; reduced Ireland; fomented troubles in Scot- land, and when Mary fled to her for protection, kept her nine- teen years in prison and then Trmrdefed her That she perse- cuted the Catholics in her own dominions is generally deemed so slight a fault that it is often forgotten. 26. On her death, James VI., king of Scotland, was the next heir, and became king of the whole island. As son of Mary, the Catholics welcomed him; but when they found him resolved to give them no relief, several of them formed a plot to destroy him and his parliament by gunpowder. One of their number betrayed the plot; Guy Fawkes was seized, the rest fled, buL were nearly all taken, tortured, and put to death. The rest of James' reign was tranquil ; he made no wars except on his own subjects. 27. His son, Charles I. became involved in troubles with his What made the death of Jane necessary ? 25. "Who succeeded Mary ? What religion did she restore? Wliat was her character? Describe her reign? 2G. Who succe.-ded her? Wiiat did the Catholics expect? What did some do? 27. Describe the reign of Charles I? What THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. 153 jign was lied, and jstroying sh navy, ace ; but lost by of Anne , religion, an. She I Trotest- in Soot- her nine- she perse- y deemed was the son of bund him ed a plot One of eized, the ;o death. LIS except s with his [led Mary? escribe her 38 expect? I? What parliament; Ireland ar.a Scotland both rose to obtain civil and religions freedom, and in England, the parliament took up arms against the king. In this civil war Charles was defeated, fled to the Scots, was sold to the parliament, and put to death. A republic was then formed, but Oliver Cromwell soon made himself protector with absolute power. He put down all oppo- sition in England, ravaged Ireland like a demon, and subdued Scotland which had proclaimed Charles II. Powerful at home, he was respected abroad, but died full of anxiety and suspicion. 28. After Cromwell's death Charles II. was recalled and placed on the throne, in 1660. He was an easy, voluptuous king, and his reign is a series of plots and intrigue^. He was succeeded by his brother, James II., who was a Catholic, and as such disliked. In early life a brave and prudent man, as a king he was rash and obstinate. A plot was formed to de- throne him and place his nephew and son-in-law, William of Orange, on the throne. William landed with an army, in 1688, seized James, and then sent him to France. 29, William and his wife Mary were now proclaimed; Ireland and Scotland refused to submit, but were finally reduced. Wil- liam was one of the best generals of his day, and very fond of war. His wife died before him, and on his death, Aiine, another daughter of James II., came to the throne. Sue is generally- called the good Queen Anne, aiiC except in her conduct to her father, deserves respect. In her reign many great authors as Pope, Swift and others flourished, and the duke of Marl- borough raised the glory of England by his victories over the French. became of him? Who then seized the power? 28. Who was restored on Cromwell's death? What was his character? 29. What was the 154 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. t .il I » ; 30. As Anne had no children, and Catholics were excluded frojn the throne, the crown passed to the most remote heir, Gs 'e, elector of Hanover. Prince James, the brother of All CI, attempted to recover his father's throne, but was de- feated in Scotland, and George reigned undisturbed. His suc- cessor, George II., was engaged in several wars, and also defeated another attempt of the grandson of James II. In a war with France, his English and New England troops con- quered Canada, which has ever since belonged to England. 31. George III., who came to the throne in 1160, had a long an . eventful reign of sixty years. England soon after his accession possessed all North America north of Mexico and west of the Mississippi ; but in 11*15 part of these revolted, a general war ensued, and England, attacked by France, Spain, and Holland, lost all her colonies, except Canada. In India, however, she greatly extended her conquests, and raised a formidable empire. When the French revolution broke out, England took an active part, and from lt89 to 1815 was almost constantly at war, and at last humbled the power of France. 32. George IV. succeeded his father, but except the passage of an act granting Catholics some rights as citizens, his reign was not remarkable. He was succeeded by his brother, Wil- liam IV., and on his death England fell to Victoria, Hanover character of James II ? 30. Who conquered England ? Describe his character. Who succeeded him? Who flourished in her reign? Who succeeded Anne ? Who attempted to obtain the throne ? Descril>e the reigns of George I and George II. 31. What are the chief events of the reign of George III ? 32. What took place under George IV ? Who ia now queen ? What separation took place at her accession ? What ore the chief events of her reign ? m THE HISTOUV OF EUROPE. 155 excluded lote heir, rother of b was de- His SQC- and also I. In a •oops con- ^land. 60, had a a after his exico and •evolted, a ice, Spain, In India, raised a )roke out, 1815 was power of le passage his reign ;lier, Wil- Hanover )escribe his igu ? Who (escribe the ents of the J 1 "Who is What are to Ernest Augustus. During Victoria's reign, Canada attempted to become free, a war with Ciiitia led to the opening of several ports, tlie British power in India was extended, and she is now at war with Russia. CHRONOLOGY OF ENGLAND. n. c. Britain iuvaded by Ciesar, 55 A. r. Boadicea defeated, 01 Romans leave England, 420 Saxons enter England, 447 England converted by St. AuTustine, 597 Egbert unites the Hepturc^ 827 Alfred reigns, 900 Canute reigns, 1017 St. Edward, the Confessor, 1041 Normans conquer England, 1000 St. Thomas ii Becket murdered, 1170 Ireland invaded, 1172 Magna Charta granted, 1215 Scotland invaded, 1285 Edward III. claims the French throne, K>2S War of the houses of York and Lancaster begins, . . . 1400 End of the war, and succession of Henry VII., . . . 1485 Henry VIII. makes himself head of the Church, .... 1534 Somerset founds the Church of England, .... 1547 Jane Grey usurps the throne, 1553 Elizabeth begins to reign, 1558 James I. of Scotland, king of England, 1003 Charles I. beheaded, 1019 Cromwell protector, 1(!54 Monarchy restored, 1000 England conquered by a Dutch army, 1088 ■M 156 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. House of Brunswick succeed? 1714 England lones American colonies, 1783 England opposes French Bepublic, 1793 to 1815 1 1 SCOTLAND. 1. Scotland lies north of England, and consists of two parts, the highlands and lowlands. The coast is much indented by bays, and several ranges of mountains traverse the country. Its chief mineral resource is coal which abounds in the south. 2. Tiie original inhabitants of Scotland were the Picts, who were, however, at a very early period, subdued by the Scots or Irish who occupied the country, and gave it its name. Its early history is obscure till the time of Fergus, who founded the monarchy in 330 B. C. Of his successors little is known for some centuries. Eugene I. was killed in battle with the Romans in 376 A. C, and the monarchy was for a time dis- solved. 3. Fergus II. restored it, and made war on Britain, but after many victories? was defeated, and slain by Aetius. His succes- sor, Eugene II., continued the war, and when the Romans left Britain, compelled them to submit to most humiliating terms, but was at last driven back by the Saxons. Of the subsequent kings the greatest were Aidan, who frequently triumphed over the Picts and Saxons; Salvathus, the best of the Scottish kings, 1. Describe Scotland? 2. Who were the original inhabitants? Who is the founder of the monarchy? When was it dissolved? 3. Who re- stored it? Who compelled the Britons to call in the Saxons? Who was in 1714 . 1783 )3 to 1815 WO parts, Jented by 1 country. ; south. i*icts, who e Scots or lame. Its ) founded is known with the time dis- but after [is succes- )mans left ^ng terms, ibsequent )hed over ^ish kings, its? Who |3. Who re- Whowas TUB HISTORY OF EUROPE. 157 and Kenneth II., who completely overthrew the power of tlie Picts, and became king of all Scotland in 842. 4. After this, many of the Picts retired to Denmark, and in- stigated the Danes to invade Scotland, and for a long time Scottish history is taken up with Danish wars. Gregory the Great, a valiant and good king, subdued the Danes and Bri- tons, and invaded Ireland. Duncan, who ascended the throne in 1033, defeated the Danes in several battles, and did much to improve the character of his people. After a reign of seven years he was murdered by Macbeth, who usurped the throne. 5. Macbeth reigned for ten years in peace, when his tyranny Induced Malcolm, the son of Duncan, to endeavor to recover his crown. Edward the Confessor, aided him with an army, and Macbeth was defeated and killed after several years' war, 1057. Malcolm was several times at war with William I. and Wil- liam II. of England. 6. David I. renewed the war against Stephen, and it was con- tinued from time to time by his successors, and proved very injurious to Scotland. In 1285 the crown fell to MK.7raret, the Maid of Norway, but as she died on her way to Scotland, the direct line failed, and twelve competitors claimed the crown. In 1292, John Baliol was made king by Edward I. of England, who deposed him again in 1296, and governed Scotland himself. 7. In 1306, Robert Bruce was acknowledged king, and maintained a vigorous war till 1314, when he gained the glo- the first king of all Scotland? 4. What can you tell of Gregory? Of Diincau? 5. What was the fate of Macbeth? Who fir.st began a war with the Normans? 6. Who continued it? Who became queen in 128'/? What happened on her death? Who ai last seized the crown? 7. Who restored the Scotch line ? Describe his reign. 8. Describe the 14 I "i '^mmammmemm ■i ■ !» • ^ ;:^' i-l^ •" I 168 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. rious battle of Bannockburn, and freed Scotland. At thia battle he drew up his army very skillfully, and in front dug pits, full of sharp stakes and covered over, no as not to be noticed ; the English knights rushed into these, were thrown into con- fusion, and easily killed. Robert Bruce was an excellent king, and restored happiness to his country. 8. His son David, while a child, was driven cot by the Eng- lish, who made Edward Baliol king, but Robert Stuart, tho regent, at last overthrew the English, and restored David; yet the king soon after invading England, was defeated by Queen Philippa, and kept a prisoner for eleven years. The rest of his reign was spent in peace. 9. On the death of David, the house of Stuart began in 13*10. They were a most unfortunate family. Robert II. died of grief for the loss of his sou killed by his brother; James I. was killed by another of his uncles; James II. died in battle in England; James III. a tyrannical prince, in a battle with his own people who had revolted ; James IV. was killed at the battle of Flodden; James V. died of grief at the revolt of his nobles. 10. Mary, who succeeded James V., is one of the most famous persons in history. She was educated in France, and married Francis II. ; during her absence great troubles arose in Scot- land. John Knox began the Reformation; churches and mo- nasteries were destroyed, and the queen insulted on her return. Her second husband, Darnley, was murdered, and herself im- prisoned by her own brother, who was false to her and to his religious vows. She escaped, raised an army, but was defeated reign of David. 9. What house succeeded in 1370 ? What can you tell of the kings of this family ? 10. Describe the reign of Mary. 11. What THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. 159 t f. and fled to England. There she was imprisoned by Elizabeth for nineteen years, and at last put to death. 11. Her son, James VI., was brought up by her enemies a Presbyterian, and during his reign the Protestant religion was completely established. In 1603 he became, by the death of Elizabeth, king of England also, and proceeded to London. Since that time the two kingdoms have been united, and few events peculiar to Scotland occurred. The Scotch revolted against Charles I., who endeavored to introduce the Chunih of England into Scotland, and finally surrendered him to his Par- liament in 1646. They afterwards proclaimed Charles II. and renewed the war, but were defeated at Worcester in 1650. On the fall of James II., the Scotch remained faithful to him ; but on the death of Dundee, submitted. They were afterwards very cruelly treated by William III. 12. In the reign of Anne, the two kingdoms were com- pletely united, and Scotland lost her own parliament. In 1715 a rebellion broke out intended to place James, the son of James II. on the throne, but it was defeated; in 1745, Charles Edward, James' son, landed, and at first met with great success. Defeating an English army he advanced into England, but finally retreated, and was totally overthrown at Culloden in 1746. 13. The S(!otch showed great fidelity to the Stuart family; and these attempts to restore them lost Scotland the blood of her bravest sons who perished on the scaffold, or the field; her happened under James VI ? What did the Scotch do in the reign of Charles I? What on the fall of James II? 12. What was done in Anne's reign? When did rebellions break out in Scotland ? 13. What was the effect of these? What events have since occurred? 160 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. I 1 f '. ,1 >■ ! noble families were reduced to poverty; the highland clans broken up, and the country rendered too weak to resist. Since then no event of importance has occurred, except the secession of u large body of the people from the Established Church and the formation of a Free Kirk. CHRONOLOGY OF SCOTLAND- B. C. Monarcby founded, 330 A. c. Monarchy overthrown by the Romans, 376 Kenneth II. king of all Scotland, 842 Duncan, king in 1033 Margaret dies, and civil war begins Ii285 Robert Bruce, king in 1306 House of Stuart begin, 1370 Mary dethroned, ISGS James ascends the English throne, 1603 Scotch rise against Charles I, 1641 Scotch proclaim Charles II, 1650 Revolt in favor of James III, 1715 & 1746 IRELAND. 1. Ireland is a large and fertile island, lying west of Great Britain. It is divided into four provinces, formerly kingdoms; these are Leinster, Ulster, Connaught and Muuster. The chief river is the Shannon, which empties into the Atlantic. 1. Describe Ireland? 2. Who were the original inhabitants? "What !i I bland clans sist. Since lie secession Church and THE IIISTOnV OF EUROPE. 161 2. The early iiiliabitants were a Oltic rncp, more civilized and refined than the Itritons; by intercourse with the Pha'ui- cians and Carthaginians, they had ndvanccd jj^reatly, and m some branches of mannfaetnro attained jrreat cxcellencti. They were called Scots, and after extending to Great Driiain, gave their name to the northern part. B. c. 330 A. c. 376 842 1033 1285 1306 1370 1568 1603 . 1641 1650 1715 & 1746 !st of Great f kingdoms; uster. The tlantic. Itants? What Iri'lamt 3. Heber and Ileremon, who led a colony from Spain, are said to have founded the Irish monnrehy about a thousand years before the Christian era. Ollave Fodla, who rei 'ij Archers of aucieut times. 1: The Germans in early times consisted of several tribes, who lived in a barbarous state. One of these, the Teutons, |ral tribes, Teutons, THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. 169 with the Cimbri, invaded Gaul and Italy in 113 B. C, and defeated the Romans with great slaughter, but were finally routed by Marius, who crushed the Teutons in Gaul, and the Cimbri in Italy, 101 B. C. At a later date, they again invaded Gaul, under a kmg called Ariovistus, but were totally defeated by Cffisar, 54 B. C, and the Romans for the first time entered Germany. 3. Under the Roman emperors many districts of Germany were conquered by Drusus and Tiberius, but the Germans, under the brave Herman, defeated and killed the Roman general Yarns, and drove the Romans beyond the Rhine. After this time the German tribes were constantly at war with each other or with the Romans, till the beginning of the fifth century, when they overran the Roman Empire. 4. Early in the eighth century, the Gospel was preached in Germany by St. Boniface, an Englishman, and St. Virgil, an Irishman, and when Charlemagne conquered the country, it soon became entirely Catholic. The Empire of the West was restored by him in 800, and on the division of his dominions after his death, Germany retained the imperial title. It was governed by the family of Charlemagne to 912, when it became elective, and the emperor was chosen by the princes of the empire. 5. The greatest of succeeding emperors was Otho I., elected in 936. He established order in the empire, and reduced most What country did they invade ? Who defeated them ? Who afterwards expelled them from Gaul ? 3. "What is the subsequent history of Ger- many? 4. By whom was the Gospel preached in Germany? What completed its conversion? Who established the empire? What hap- pened in 912 ? 5. What two emperors deserve notice ? 6. What can you 15 3*1 M^ 1 no FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. V I • \ I of Italy. St, Henry, one of his successors, was eminent for his holiness, but so good a sovereign, that when he sought to renounce the world and enter a monastery, the abbot after receiving him, ordered him, by virtue of his vow, to return, 6. Henry IV., who came to the throne iii 1056, was a war- like prince, and during his long reign was present in over sixty battles. The chief event of his reign was however the dispute with the Popes which he began, but which lasted for many years after. His exploits, bravery, and talents were more than outweighed by his violence, and he was at last deposed, and died wretchedly. Frederic Barbarossa was distinguished in the crusades, and died in Asia. 1. On the death of Conrad IV., the country fell into great confusion which continued for nearly twenty years, and is called the great interregnum. As foreign princes were elected, who never came to Germany, anarchy and disorders prevailed. At last, by the influence of one of the electors, Rudolph of Haps- burg, a Swiss knight was raised to the throne, 1273. 8. Of the election of Kudolph a pleasing story is told. When a poor, young knight, Rudolph met a priest about to cross a swollen torrent in order to carry the viaticum to a dying peasant. Rudolph dismounted immediaiaiy, and giving his horse to the priest, returned to his castle, and when the priest returned it, he refused, saying that he could never ride it to battle, but gave it to the Church. The priest became a bishop and prince elector, and never forgot the respect which Rudolph had shown to the Blessed Sacrament, and as he saw that Rudolph was as capable as he was pious, he had him tell of Hcniy IV and Fredei-ic Barbarossa? 7. WTiat happened on the death of Conrad IV ? Who was elected emperor? 8. What story is told 1 i a THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. Itl ;nt for his ought to )bot after eturn, fas a war- 3ver sixty lie dispute for many more than losed, and hed in the into great id is called icted, who ailed. At of Haps- is told. about to ieum to a ,nd giving when the rer ride it became a ect which as he saw had him sned on the tory is told elected, and only then did the emperor discover to what he owed his success. 9. Under Albert, the next emperor, the Swiss revolted, and became free. After this few events occur in the history of Ger- many, which is almost entirely taken up with the disputes between the emperors and Popes about the investiture of bishops, from which great troubles arose. In the reign of Henry VII. Germany suffered by pestilence, famine and earth- quake, which desolated the country. 10. On the death of Maximilian, in 1510, Charles of Spain and Francis I. of France aspired to the throne, and on the election of Charles Y. a war ensued. During his reign Luther, a Augustinian friar, began to preach against the CatL ;lic doctrine, others followed his example, several princes favored the new doctrines, and seized the Church property. In the Low Countries the Anabaptists rose and committed great excesses. Zwinglius roused a civil war in Switzerland. Knox did the same in Scotland, while Cranmer in England, ai^ I Beza in France endeavored to alter the former religion. 11. From these changes, usually called Reformation, pro- ceeded bloody wars, in which millions of lives were lost, whole countries demoralized, the finest works of architecture, painting and sculpture destroyed, more libraries burnt than in the inva- sions of the barbarians, and science and art checked in the pro- gress which they were making. 12. In Germany these religious dissensions led to the Thirty of Rodolph's election ? 9. Who revolted under Albert's reign ? Wliat are the chief events after this? What happened in the reign of Henry VIL? 10. What happened in 1519 ? Who began to preach ? What re- sulted in other countries? 11. What proceeded from the Reformation ? m S:: i i mi S'l'i •iff'. 172 FIRST BOOK OK HISTORY. Years' war, which in 1048 ended in the eptaldishment of tho equality of rij^hts of Catliolics and Protestants. This war was chiefly in the reign of Ferdinand II., a vigorous prince, who attaelvcd by Oustavus Adolphus of Sweden, by the king of France, and by his own Protestant subjects, niiuntained liis power undiminished by the skill of iiis generals Tilly and "VVal- lenstein. His successor, Ferdinand III., signed the peace of Westphalia, in 1(548. 13. Leopold, the next emperor, was attacked by the Turks, and saved his capital only by the aid of John Sobieski, king of Poland. In 1100 he began the war of the Spanish succes- sion against Franco, which lasted thirteen years, and involved nearly all Europe. Charles VI., his successor, died in 1740 without male issue, and was succeeded by his daughter Maria Theresa. The duke of liavaria supported by several states attempted to seize the crown; but after many dangers Maria finally triumphed in 1748, when her husband was elected under tho name of Francis I. 14. The empire was soon after attacked by the ambitious king of Prussia, and a war ensued which lasted seven years with no definite result. Joseph II. was a reformer, and made the Church in his dominions a mere creature of the state, for which he was much praised by those who dislike the independ- ence of the Church. In the wars of the French revolution, Germany suffered greatly. In three successive wars tho Austriaus, though well commanded, were defeated by the ■a 12. To what did the Reformation load in Germany? What is the cha- racter of Ferdinand II? What peace closed the war? 13. What are the chief events of Leopold's loign? What happened on the death of Charles VI? 14. What war followed the accession of Francis I? ; I THE HISTORY OF EL'KOl'E. 173 tit of tlio ■? war was inco, who kill};? of allied liis and Wal- peacc of he Turks, cski, king sh succes- l involved I in 1740 ter Maria >ral states ers Maria ted under French, and in 1806 the empire was abolished, and a new union formed, called the Confederacy of the llhine, of which Napoleon was the head. 15. Francis II. was now emperor of Austria only; Bavaria, Saxony, Westphalia, Hanover and AViirtemlxirg, were made kingdoms and the electorates abolished. A fourth war soon followed, in which Austria was again defeated; but with the otiier powers, she at last succtoded in overthrowing Xapoleon in 1813. On the restoration of peace, in 18 lo, the Germanic Confederation was formed, in which matters of general concern are transacted by a Diet which meets at Frankfort, and over which Austria presides. A want of harmony, however, greatly retarded the progress of the country; and in 1848 the people rose In many states to obtain constitutions; Hungary revolted, and a general movement was made to restore the German Empire; but the whole was soon crushed, and matters remain in the same state as before. k s"ii< ambitious veil years md made state, for independ- cvolution, wars the by the is the cha- mt are the death of Francis I? SWITZERLAND. 1. Switzerland is a small mountainous country, lying between France, Germany and Italy, and composed of parts formerly belonging to those countries, and speaking uh:;/* languages. Notwithstanding this difference, they have generally lived in "What is the character of Joseph II ? How did Germany fare durinp the French revolution? 15. Wliat changes were made in 180(i? AVhat was tlie result of the next two wars ? What confederation was formed ? What liappeucd in 184S ? 1. Desjcrilje Switzerland. 2. What was Switzerland originally? What i 114 FIIWT HOOK OF HISTOUY. great harmony, and have been (listinfi;uisli('d for the republican form of govoriuncnt which they iiave long maintained. ,* ' i}^ Scenery of Switzorhiiid. 2. Switzerland was originally a part of the Austrian domi- nions, but as they suffered from the tyranny of their governors, three cantons, Uri, Schweitz and TJuterwalden, revolted in the reign of the Emperor Albert, and formed a league to oppose the Austrians. Of this confederacy William Tell was the soul ; he had himself killed an Austrian governor, who had wantonly compelled him to shoot an apple from off the head of his only son. Tell, so the story goes, was an excellent archer, and shot the apple without hurting his child. three cantons revolted? Tell the story of William Tell. 3. What :i--' TIIK niSToRY OF KIROPK. 175 8. Albert, the ciniuTor of (lormany, ninrche«l ugainst tbera, but was nnirdered on tlio way. His son Leopold, however, entered the country with a formidable army. The canton of Schweitz alone was ready to meet him. Thirteen hundred men posted themselves on the heights, around the narrow pass of Morparten. As the Austrians entered, they rolled down roeks upon them, which crushed many foot and horse before them, and threw the whole army into confusion. Then the men of ISchvveitz rushed down and soon cut the whole army to pieces. This battle of Morp^arten was foug^ht in the year 1315: it secured the inde|)ondence of the country which took its name from the brave canton of Schweitz. 4. Tiio war was not ended, however. The Austrians did not give up all hope till they hail been defeated in sixty battles, but as the three cantons had now been joined by others, and the republic of Switzerland formed, the Austrians at length ceased their efforts. Each canton preserved its independence, but the affairs of the whole country were transacted in a diet consisting of members from all the cantons. Under this government they enjoyed, for many years, great peace and hapj)iness. 5. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Zuinglius, a Swiss priest, adopted the ideas of Luther, and added others of his own. His preaching caused great trouble in the quiet republic: a civil war ensued, and Zuinglius died, sword in hand, on the field of battle. Soon after, Calvin, a French reformer, settled at Geneva', and obtaining despotic power, made that city the centre of Protestant Switzerland. i. i it' m] attempts tVul Austria mfiko to suImIuo thorn? Describe the battle of Morgarten. 4. How many more battles were fought? T). What occurred at the time of the lleformatiou ? What was the result of Zuiu- "••Ti i L" ' '•1. i' I'M* J 116 FIRST BOOK OF DISTORV. 6. When peace was restored, the cantons were about equally divided, and it was agreed that each should determine all ques- tions of religion for itself. This state of things continued till 1846, when the Protestant cantons took up arms, and though at first defeated, at last, by the secret aid of England, com- pelled the Catholic cantons to close the monasteries, convents, and other religious houses. Since then the Catholic cantons iiave been deprived of freedom in religious matters. i a PRUSSIA. 1. Prussia is now a curious kingdom, consisting of two dis- tinct parts, coaipletely separated from each other, one bordering on France and the Rhine, the other on Russia. Both are advantageously situated, and are in ?, prosperous state. The people are all Germans, except in Posen, which is a part on Poland. Prussia is noted for i: : compulsory system of comraof schools, and the attempts of recent kings to make a uniform religion for the people. 2. The original inhabitants of Brandenburg, the basis of the kingdom, were a rude and barbarous race called Borussi. The country was finally subdued and converted by the Teutonic knights, about the time of the crusades. At the Reformation the last grand master made himself duke, and as his family glius' preaching ? 6. What was the result of these wars ? What has recently occurred in Switzerland ? 1. Doscribe Trussia ? For what is it noted ? 2. Who trt ere the ori- ; equally all ques- nued till though nd, com- lonvents, cantons two dis- )ordering 3oth are te. The part on comraof uniform SI. is of the The Teutonic )rmation family iVhat has ". the ori- THE HISTORY OF KUKOPE. nt soon after intermarried with that of Brandenburg, the founda- tion of its fortunes was laid. 3. As an electorate, its history is not striking till tlie time of Frederic William, the great elector, who, at his accession m 1640, found the electorate desolate, the villages burnt, the cities in ruins, but who, by 1ms valor and prudence, freed the state from all its enemies, and devoted himself to the happiness of his people. His successor, Frederic I., first assumed the royal title, which Austria, who needed his aid, tolerated. Ills successor, Frederic William, though rude in private life, estab- lished order and economy in his government, and raised a well drilled and effective army. 4. Frederic II., the Great, who came to the throne in 1140, was one of the greatest warriors of modern times. Immediately after his succession he invaded Austria, and wrested from it the province of Silesia: he next attacked Saxony, and though Eng- land, France and Austria united against him, he withstood them all during a war, which is called the " Seven years' war," and at last obtained an advantageous peace. After this he devoted himself to repair the losses which his kingdom had sustained, and did much to encourage agriculture, manufactures and commerce. 5. When the French revolutioa began, Prussia was one of the first to take up arms in the royal cause, but was defeated by the Republican generals. When Napoleon became emperor, war was again declared by Frederic William III., but he was so broken by the single battle of Jena, in 180G, that he obtained ginal iiihabitauts ? By whom was it conquered ? 3. What is its history as an electorate ? Who was the last elector ? Who was the lirst king ? 4. What can you tell of Frederic the Great ? 5. What part did Prussia I lain ■■>'%■ •If y> "V''' ns FIKST BOOK OF HISTORY. peace only by the loss of half his kingdom. In the fall of Na- poleon he regained this and also the provinces on the Rhine. G. Since that time there have been few important events except the religious persecution carried on for several years; the Catholics were the first to suffer, the archbishop of Cologne having been imprisoned; then Lutherans and Calvinists, who would not adopt the king's new system, were harassed in every way, and many in consequence emigrated to America. In 1848 Prussia was disturbed by risings of the people, several conces- sions were made, and the I'ing attempted to secure the title of emperor of Germany, but both were defeated. ff 't ;■ CHRONOLOGY OF GERMANY. B. C. Germany invaded by Cicsar, 54 A. c. Christianity i)i'oached, 700 Charlemagne conquers Germany and founds an empire, . . 800 Empire made elective, . . • 912 Otho I. emperor, 93G The great interregnum, l^.'iO Rudolph of Ilapsbuig elected, 1273 Switzerland revolts, 1307 War of succession, Charles V. and Francis 1 1519 Reformation began, 1519 Thirty years' war, 1G18 Prussia made a kingdom, 1700 War of succession — Maria Theresa and Duke of Bavaria, . 1740 Frederic II. king of Prussia, Hanover and WQrtemburg, . . 1742 take in the French revolution? Wliat happened iu the wars with Napo- leon ? G. What events Lave since occurred ? B. C. 54 A. C. 700 800 912 ' m' V4' ;••*! 'V" ■lib' i;^' !i ibJ 180 FIRST UOOK OF IIISTOKY. perlfy, and ])owcr. Tlio oilier jn'ovincos roiuaiiied subject to Spain, hnt partook of llui .spirit, of the rest. 4. Thf lirst stadtholdcr, William, and his sncccssor MaiuMco, wore bravo and snaTssl'nl p:(MK'rals, and raised Holland to a hij::h degree of i)rosperity. In l(»r)2 Holland was at war with (^•oinwell, and the Dnteh Adn\iral Van Tronip gained many vi('- lories. Soon after a rcvolntion took plaee, by which the stadt- liolders were abolished, bnt in lOVi William, afterwards king of Kngland, was mado stadtliolder, and by his ability as a general raised the martial renown of Holland; but llu; olVieo was again abolished on his death \n 1702, and not restored till 1747. 5. l>y the treaty of Utreeht, in 171.'{, Spain was I'orciHl to resign her l^elgian ))rovinees to Austria, which kept possession of them till the French revolution. Belgium was the lirst country invaded and subdued by the repuldican arnnes. Hol- land was then taken and annexed to France, uiuler the name of the Batavian ilepublic. Anpoleon snl)se(iuently formed it into the Kingdom of Holland, and gave the crown for a time to his brother Louis, but on the fall of the emi)eror, the A C 1815 stacitholder, or Prince of Orange, was made king. 6. The Kingdom of the ^s'etherlands lasted fifteen years, but the Belgians, chiefly Catholics, being oppressed, revolted in 18;>0, and securing their inde})endenc«', accepted as king, licopold of Saxe-Coburg, who still reigns. The rest was styled the F».ing- dom of Ilollaud, and remained subject to the house of Orange. republic distinguiHlicfl ? 4. What evtMits took plnco under the new govfrinuent ? ;">. Wliat i'liaiif!;t' 'ivas made l)y tlio tivaty of Utrecht? "Wlmt obanges took place iu the French rovolution ? ti. What took place in 1830 ? lib*! new 'trecht? Iiat took TIIK IIISTOItV (»!•• Kl'UOI'K. 181 l> _ *-^ * 4 Fi.sht'rmon of Norway 0>i>V..^i«" DENMARK, NORWAY AND SWRDllX. 1, These tlirec countries oceiipy two peninsulas faein*^ each other, between the Nortli Sea and the Baltic, witli the adjacent isles, and arc occupied by a people of similar orif^in, language and religion. Denmark embraces also two German duchies: it is not very fertile or populous, though advantageousl^ Ituated for commerce. Sweden and Norway arc fertile in the south, 1. Describe Denmark, Norway and Sweden. 2. What were they 10 I ! 5 % 't^^ )\ . u tc:^ .f u 182 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. while the north supplies timber from its forests, and useful metals from the mines. 2. These countries were anciently called Scandinavia, and little is known of their early history. The Cimbri who invaded Italy in the time of Marius, came from Denmark, and soon after the Christian era the Swedes were famous as navigators. From the eighth to the eleventh centuries these countries sent out piratical fleets under sea-kings, whi^li ravaged all the sur- rounding countries. The Danes, Normans, Angles and others came from these parts: they were at this time barbarous and cruel, and plunged in idolatry. 3. Civilization and Christianity were introduced into these countries by St. Anscharius and others, in the ninth century, but as Sweyn, king of Denmark, apostatized, it was not till his suc- cessor, Canute, conquered England that Christianity was firmly planted. Canute was the greatest monarch of his day: he ruled over England, Denmark and Norway, and Iceland and Greenland were subject to him. We have already spoken of him in the history of England. 4. After the time of Canute, the history of these countries is uninteresting till the reign of Margaret, who ascended the throne in 1381. She was queen of Denmark, and marrying the king of Norway, subdued Sweden, Her husband soon died, and she then became sole ruler of the three kingdoms. She was a woman of great ability, and by the treaty of Calmar formed the articles of the Union, and reigned with great glory for many years. After her C nth the kings remained in Den- mark, while Norway and Sweden were oppressed by the Danes. anciently called ? What can you tell of the early history ? 3. How Vv'as Christianity introduced? What can you tell of Canute? 4. Do- THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. 183 [rying SOOU loms. ilmar Iglory Den- lanes. Row De- 6. About 1523 the Swedes grew weary of the tyranny of the Danish officers, and resolved to throw off the foreign yoke. Gustavus Vasa, son of a victim to Danish cruelty, fled for safety to Dalecarlia, a mining district: at a favorable moment he dis- closed himself, aroused the people, and in a short time achieved the independence of Sweden. 6. Gustavus was now raised to the throne, and from this time Sweden becomes an important kingdom. One of his first acts was to introduce the Lutheran religion. Many refused to receive it, among the rest his brave Dalecarlians, the liberators of Sweden, but Gustavus sent an army against them, and after a severe struggle, nearly exterminated them. Severe and sliameful laws were then passed against Catholics, and to this day no Swede can become a Catholic without losing all his property. How happy are we to live in a country which is beginning to reject such laws 1 7. The king of Denmark, at that time Christian II., was crafty and tyrannical. While contending with Gustavus he pretended to be a zealous Catholic, but soon, like him, threw off the mask, and introducing Lutheranisra, established it by penal laws like those of Sweden. From his reign the history of Denmark is not marked by any important events till a very recent period. 8. In Sweden, John, the son of Gustavus, endeavored to restore the Catholic religion, but overawed by the nobles, renounced it. His son, Sigismund, who was also king of Po- land, was a Catholic, and after a short reign was dethroned. scribe the reign of Margaret? 5. When did the Swedes revolt? 6. "What were the chief acts of Gustavus? How did he treat the faith- ful Dalecarlians ? 7. What was the character of Christian II ? 8. What attempts were made to restore the Catholic religion in Sweden ? De- m J. ;ir'- ^i* ■' n 184 FIRST BOOK OP HISTORY. m is! i' In 16J11 Gustavus Adolplius came to the throne; he waa a great warrior. After defeating Denmark, Pohind and Russia, he was entreated by the Protestants in Germany to aid them. In hopes of securing tlie imperial title, he took command of tiie Evangelical union, and for some years led the armies of the league, but was killed at the battle of Lutzen, in 1032, before tiic close of the Thirty years' war. 9. His daughter, Christina, was a remarkable woman. After reigning with great ability for twenty-one years, she resigned the throne to become a Catholic, preferring truth to the sceptre. Si»o had obtained of the German emperor an indenmity for the expenses of the war, the rank of prince of the empire, and the provinces of Pomerania and Siet.^'ii. 10. In 1697 Charles XII. came to the throne, at the age of fifteen. Two years after Sweden was attacked by Russia, l\)land and Denmark, but these powers soon found that they had roused a lion. In six weeks Charles compelled Denmark to sue for peace: mardiiug then into Russia he defeated an army ten times as large as his own, at Narva, and took 30,000 prisoners. He then conquered Poland, deposed the king, and bad another elected. Here he should have stopped; but ad- vancing again into Russia, he was defeated at Pultowa, and fled to Turkey with a few hundred men. Having at last regained his liberty he returned to Sweden, which had been invaded and ravaged during his absence. Still bent on war, he attempted to conquer Norway, but was killed at the siege of a fortress in 1718. 11. The sceptre of Sweden passed, in 1771, to Gustavus III., scribe the reign of Gustavus Adolphus ? 9. Describe the reign of Christina? 10. What can you tell us of CJiarles XII? 11. Who made s III., ^ign of lo made THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. 185 who deprived the Senate of its privileges, and made himself absolute. His reign was peaceful and beneficial to his subjects. He was assassinated in 1192. His successor was deposed, and died of want in exile. In 1810, by the influence of Napoleon, IJernadotte, a French general, who had fought as a sergeant in in India, was made crown prince, and succeeded to 'he throne in 1818. Before this, Norway had been annexed to Sweden, after having belonged for four centuries to Denmark. 12. During the wars of the French revolution, Denmark leaned to the side of France, and was attacked in consequence by England, who without a declaration of war, seized her fleet, and bombarded Copenhagen. This severe blow has crippled her naval power. In 1848, Ilolstein, a German duchy, which Denmark had received froru Prussia in 1814, in exchange for Pomerania, revolted, but though aided by Prussia, was at last subdued. CHRONOLOGY. A. C. Canute reigns,^ ' . 1015 Margaret founds the Union of Calraar, 1387 Gustavus Vasa founds the Kingdom of Sweden, .... 1523 Christian II. introduces Reformation into Denmark, about . l")iJO Gustavus Adolphus, Iving of Sweden, Kill Charles XII l(i!)7 Sweden becomes absolute, 1771 Bernadotte made crown prince, 1810 War between Denmark and Holstein, 1818 himself absolute in 1771? What has happened since? 12. What was the history of Denmark during the French revolutiion? What has hap- pened since ? 16* m li'iil m .11!;!' ■'I*' ''i f 'ill :^ .i\: m ■-^n I'^'i ik t?' "M 186 FIRST DOOK OF IIISTORV. POLAND. m 1. Poland is not now a separate country. The part of Europe where tlie PdHsIi language is si)okcn, includes large portions of Russia, Austria and Prussia. It is fertile, populous, and inhabited by a brave and industrious people, who have suf- fered greatly from oppression. 2. The Poles are of Slavonic origin, and occupied Poland about the year boO, uniler a cliief named Lt.'c:h, His successors governed until the time of Miceslas, under the title of dukes. This prince having married a Christian, embraced the faitli in 965, and sent an embassy to Home. His son, Boleslas the Great, assumed the title of king, conciuerod Moravia, Bohemia an 1 Enssia, and laid the foundation of Polish greatness. ''L \'i 1385, Hcdwigc was the heiress of the throne, but as her ht'sband Jagellon, duke of Lithuania, was a Pagan, an intcr- iCiTnam ensued till he was converted and baptized. Sigis- mund I. was the most accomplished prince that ever reigned in Poland, and endeavored to elevate his subjects by inspiring them with a taste for art and science. 4. After the death of Sigismund the crown became elective, and kings of various families and nations were chosen. This led to great dissension and intrigue, and at last ruined Po- land. Among thi se kings were Sigismund, king of Sweden, Henry III., king of France, and John Casiinir, who had been a 1. Describe Poland. 2. What is the origin of the Poles? Wlio founded the state ? When were they converted ? Who was the first king ? 3. What happened in 1385 ? Give the character of Sigisininid. 4. What happened after his death ? What can you tell us of some of of Pohu 6. 01 remaiuej the Poll persecut have hi while t| Poles r( these elel peiied af([ procecdir Hussiaas I ifi THE HISTORY OF EUKOrE. 18T cardinal. John Sol)lcski, who was elected in 1674, had l)ocn great marshal of rohuul, and hud for several years, almost at his own expense, defended rolund against tlie Turks, whom lie defeated in many bloody battles. After his election he again defeated tliem, and when Austr' was attacked by them, in 1()S3, he imirched to the r'' 'm' German emperor, de- livered Vienna, and in three i ai pletely overthrew the power of the Turks. 5. After this, neighboring powers began to interfere in the elections, and at last, in 1*172, Russia, Prussia, anl Austria seized several of the provinces. To avoid IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 1.1 11.25 £f 1^ 12.0 U 11.6 HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WikSTER.N.Y. MStO (716) S72-4S03 \ ^ <^ V ''^-V ^^-^^f.^ ^ ^^^ <>>.^ ^ i\ 188 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. with Russia, but unaided by any European power, they sank under the colossal force of Russia. ,. . V .'• • - CHKONOLOGY OF POLAND. :- ▲. c. Polish power founded by Lech. 650 Miceslas, first Gliristian duke, 961 Queen Hedwege marries Jagellon, 1385 Crown becomos elective, 1585 Sobicski ciected, 1674 First partitiovi, 1772 Stanislaus a^icatcs, and second partition made in . . . 1793 Last pai'tit'Ma^ 1795 RUSSIA. 1. Russia is a large country embracing one half of the terri- tory of Europe. The empire includes also all northern Asia and a large tract on the north-west coast of America. Russia itself is a well watered country bordering on the Northern Ocean, the Baltic, Caspian, and Black Seas, which are all con- nected by navigable rivers and canals. It possesses every variety of climate, although much of the country is extremely cold. The people are of Slavonic origin, and belong to the Greek rite, the emperor being head of the Church. 2. The Russians were a Sclavonic race, that first appear in 1. Describe Russia. What is the religion ? 2. When does it first ap- 4. THE HISTORY OP EUROPE. 189 J sank ▲. c. 550 961 1385 1585 1674 1772 1793 1795 he terri- rn Asia Kassia orthern all con- every xtremely to tlie 58 ippear in ,t first ap- history in the fourth century. Ruric, the first duke of Wla- dimir, is considered the founder of the Russian Monarchy. The history of the dukes is long obscure, and in the tenth century there existed a commercial republic, of which Novgorod was the capital. Intercourse with Constantinople led to the introduc- tion of missionaries. In 955 Olga or Helen, regent for her son, embraced Christianity. Wladimir the Great aided its diffusion, and made his country rank among Christian states. 3. In the sixteenth century Ivan Basilowitz assumed the title of czar or king, and soon after the sceptre passed to the Ro- manov family, which still hold it. In 1689 Peter the Great deposed his brother, and ascended the throne. Hitherto he had been ignorant and profligate, but he now determined to improve himself and his people. Though at first defeated by Charles XII., he finally overthrew him at Pultowa; he also carried on a successful war with Turkey, but his chief renown is the government of Russia. He suppressed the patriarchate of Moscow, and' made the Church a creature of the state. He also suppressed the strelitzes, a formidable body of troops, and founded a new capital, St. Petersburg, to break the power of the nobles. He was thus absolute, and turned his attention to his army and navy as well as to manufactures, agi'iculture, and the improvement of his subjects. He h'mself went in disguise to Holland to learn ship-building, and even visited England in search of knowledge. 4. After his death in 1725, fiv^e short reigns preceded the pear in history ? Who is the founder of the monarchy ? What republic existed? How was the country converted? 3. "Who was the first king ? What family has since ruled ? Describe the reign of Peter the Great. 4. What was the character of Elizabeth ? Describe the reign PL ill m u k 190 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. accession of his daughtei: Elizabeth, in 1*740. She was a bene- volent woman and able princess, and during her reign compiled a code of laws, and founded universities at Petersburg and Moscow. The Empress Catharine assassinated her husband, Peter III., and seized the throne. She was a bad woman, but a bold and enterprizing sovereign. She extended her empire by conquests from Turkey, Persia, and Poland, and was meditating the entire subjugation of Turkey, when she died in 1796. 5. Paul was assassinated after a short reign, and his son, Alexander, raised to the throne. He was an able prince, and the head of the alliances against Napoleon. In 1805 he formed a coalition with Austria and Prussia, but defeated at Austerlitz and Friedland, made peace. In 1812 Napoleon invaded Kussia with the largest army ever seen in modern times, and fought his way to Moscow, where he intended to winter, but the Rus- sians set fire to the city, and Napoleon was compelled to retreat in mid-winter, pursued by Alexander, who, with the allies, entered Paris in 1814, and forced Napoleon to abdicate. 6. Nicholas, the present emperor, suppressed the revolt of the Poles, whom he has since grr persecuted; he afterwards waged an unsuccessful war with , Circassians, and has just invaded Turkey with a powerful oimy. CHRONOLOGY OF RUSSIA. Russian power founded by Ruric, Olga becomes a Christian, A. 0. 862 955 of Catharine U. 5. What happened in the reign of Alexander? 6. Who is the present emperor ? ,, ..-■. ^i bene- ipiled and band, a, but ire by tating is son, ;e, and formed sterlUz Russia . fought heRns- retreat allies, ivolt of erwards as just •t A. 0. 862 955 lexauder t THE BISTORT OF EUROPE. 191 Ivan Basilowitz, first king, 1555 Peter the Great ascends the throne, 1689 Catharine II. usurps the throne, 1762 Russia invaded by Napoleon, 1813 . r k , , GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF EUROPE. . f ' B. C. Greece first settled, 1856 Athens founded, 1556 The Trojan War, 1184 Rome founded, 753 Rome becomes a republic, 509 Persians invade Greece, 490 Philip overthrows Grecian republics, 338 Alexander begins to reign, 336 Rome conquers Carthage and Spain, 149 " " Greece, 146 « « Gaul and Britain, 55 Roman Empire begins, 30 A. c. Constantine removes the seat of empire, 306 Empire divided into East and West, 395 Franks found a monarchy, 418 Venice founded, 452 Saxons found kingdoms in England 455 Lech founds a monarchy in Poland, 550 Goths found a monarchy in Spain, 583 Saracens conquer Spain 712 Temporal power of the Popes, 774 Charlemagne crowned emperor, 800 Gotricus founds the Kingdom of Denmark, .... 801 Egbert unites the Saxon Kingdoms in England, . . . 827 Russian power founded by Ruvic, 862 'MS II I" It ijt m !i I »T I: « 192 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. Brian Bom, king of all Ireland, 1027 Normans conquer England, < 106G Kingdom of Portugal founded, 1092 Genoa, a republic, 1099 Normans invade Ireland, 1172 House of Ilapsburg in Germany, 1273 Switzerland, a republic, 1307 Turks enter Europe, 1359 Denmark, Norway and Sweden united, 139(5 English drivon from France, 1450 Constantinople taken, 1453 Saracens expelled from Spain, 1492 Reformation 1517 Gustavus, flrst king of Sweden, 1523 Prussia, a dukedom, 1525 Portugal annexed to Spain, 1580 Peter the Great established Russian power, .... 1696 Prussia made a kingdom, 1700 French revolution, 1789 German Empire ends, 1806 German Confederation formed, 1815 Greneral revolutions, 1848 ^ ( '■ GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA. 103 1027 106G 1092 1099 , 1172 1273 . 1307 1359 . 13915 1450 . 1453 1492 . 1517 1523 . 1525 1580 . 1696 1700 . 1789 1806 . 1815 1848 MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. i 1 : iii'.' m l!rl M 194 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 1. Bound North America. 2. What three oceans touch North America ? What two seasT 3. What two large baya in the north? two large gulfs in the south? two straits in the north-east ? straits in the north-west ? ^ 4. What ranges of mountains in the west? what range in the east? 5. What country and island in the north-east ? What country in the north-west? What country occupies all the rest of the northern part? What republic iu the centre? 6. What republic west of the gulf of Mexico ? What republic south of the gulf of Mexico? ^ns. Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras. What island in the south-east ? 7. What island in the Polar Sea? What lakes in British America? What lakes between it and the United States "" What river between them ? Jlns. St. Lawrence. What island at the mouth of the St. Law- rence ? 8. What large rivers in the United States ? What river between the United States and Mexico ? What peninsula in the south-east ? 9. What peninsula in the west of Mexico ? in the south-east ? What cape south of California ? Which are the largest of the West India islands? 10. What is the capital of Iceland ? ^ns. Riekiavik. Of the Russian Possessions? Ans. Archangel. Of British America? Of the United States ? Of Mexico ? Of Guatemala ? 11. Where is Capo Sable ? Cape St. Lucas? Cape Farewell ? Beliring's straits? Alaska? What is Alaska? Where is California ? Florida? The Rocky Monntalns ? Yucatan? 12. Where is Quebec? Charleston? Austin? Mexico? Puebla? Monterey ? San Salvador ? t;.>.. THE OEOORAPHT OF NORTH AMERICA. 195 Korth American Indians. GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA. K (1 i iil i:;] i'- i Q. What is America ? A. America is a continent lying between the Atlantic and the Pacific, divided into two parts called North and South America. It is sometimes styled the Ne* World, because it has been settled from Europe within the last 1 jur centuries. Q. For what is America remarkable ? A. America is remarkable for its vast plains, lofty moun- tains, immense rivers and lakes. ( How is North America divided ? A. In the north-east is Greenland, which, with Iceland, be- long to Denmark : in the north-west lies Russian America, be- low these to the forty-ninth degree are the British Possessions: the centre extending from ocean to ocean and running south to 'It: » i!' • i, 196 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. the galfs of Mexico and California is occnpied by the United States. Further south lie. Mexico and several small republics known generally as Central America. Q. Who were the original inhabitant of America ? A. The original inhabitants of America were a dark race whom we call Indians : in most parts they wandered about and subsisted by fishing and hunting. Some had Tillages, but all were unacquainted with the use of iron. Mexico and Peru were inhabited by more civilized races which had made con- siderable progress in arts, manufactures and architecture, but had been surpassed by another previous race who left remark- able ruins and monuments. Q. What are the chief productions of America ? A. America had none of the common animals, trees or grains of Europe. The principal animals were the White Bear, Moose, Bison, Flying Squirrel, Beaver, Opossum, Skunk, the Mocking Bird, Turkey, Condor, the Anaconda, Alligator, Rattlesnake, etc. Q. What were the principal plants ? A. The chief plants were cotton, maize or Indian corn, the potato, tobacco, etc. , Q. What metals abound in America ? A. America is rich in metals, and has immense quantities of iron, copper, lead, gold and silver, besides coal, used for fuel, diamonds and other precious stones. I I THE HISTORY or NORTH AMERICA. 197 ICELAND AND GREENLANU 1. Iceland is a large island lying in the Northern Atlantic, between Europe and America. Greenland is the nearest por- tion of the American continent: it is a bleak and desolate country, with a thin and scattered population. Iceland is more populous, and the people are noted for their simple lives and love of learning. The country is cold, often barren, and subject to earthquakes and eruptions from the great volcano Mount Hecla. 2. Iceland was first discovered by Irish missionaries, but being subsequently visited by the Swedes, was settled in 874 by Ingulph, a Norwegian baron, who had been compelled to leave his own country. Others followed him, and Iceland became a thriving colony. Christianity was introduced, learn- ing spread, and the Icelandic was the first cultivated language of modern times., 3. The early government of Iceland was republican, but the kings of Denmark at last brought it under their subjection, and greatly checked its prosperity by oppressive laws. When the Reformation was introduced into Denmark the king at- tempted to enforce it in Iceland, but the people rebelled, and headed by a puti'iotic bishop, declared Iceland once more a republic. They maintained a gallant struggle for freedom for ten years, but were at last crushed, and the monasteries, those early seats of learning in the north, were all suppressed. 1. Describe Iceland? 2. By whom was it first discovered? By whom was it colonized ? 3. What was its first government ? What waa it then ? Who at last reduced it ? What occurred at the Reformation ? 17* 1 ill- \\n !!' 108 FIRST BOOK or HISTORY. 4. Greenland was settled as Iceland had been. Eric, driven from Iceland in 982, sailed westward, iscovered Orcenland during the summer, and was so pleased . at he Ifd a colony there. Returning to Norway he became a Christian, and brouglit out missionaries to his colony. Greenland soon attained considerable prosperity, many villages grew up, with churches, convents and schools, and Garda, the capital, was a Bishop's see. Under the oppressive rule of Denmark the colony sank, and was at last destroyed by famine, pestilence, and the incur- sions of the Esquimaux. 6. The family of Eric, who settled Greenland, were great explorers. Lief, his son, sailed down the coast of North America and discovered a place full of wild grapes, which he named Yinland. Here, in a subsequent voyage, his brother was killed. Newfoundland, the St. Lawrence, and the coast of New England were visited by other navigators, to explore or trade, and by missionaries to convert the natives. In the eleventh century, John, an Irish monk, was killed in Yinland, and Eric, a bishop, sailed from Greenland to carry the gospel to the people in the south. 6. The history of Iceland of late years presents no events of importance. In the last century the Moravians began missions in Greenland, and have succeeded to some extent in civiliziug and converting the Esquimaux. The Danes have only a few posts scattered along the coast. 4. Give the history of Greenland. 6. What countries were explored by Eric's sons ? 6. What is the later history of Iceland ? i;.. THE HISTORY OP Nf.iTIt AMERICA. 199 ll' - DISCOVERY BY COLUMBUS. 1. The North-men knew only a small part of the continent, and none suspected that a separate continent stretched down far below the equator. Some time after the fate of the Green- land colony, a Polish priest named Copernicus began to teach the present system of Astronomy, and showed that the earth is a sphere, so that it could be traveled around. 2. When the discovery of the compass enabled mariners to make longer voyages, Christopher Columbus, a Genoese in. the service of Spain, proposed to sail across the Atlant: to China, and solicited several princes to give him vessels to try it. Most men ridiculed the idea, and when almost giving it up in despair, Isabella, queen of Castile, at her own expense, fitted him out three little vessels in 1492. With these Columbus sailed from Pulos in Spain, and after u voyage of ten weeks landed on one of the Bahama islands. Believing that it was part of Asia, he called it the West Indies, and the people Indians. After dis- covering other islands he returned in triumph to Spain. 3. Great honors were at tirst given to Columbus, but after a while the Spanish government grew jealous. Columbus was deprived of his rank in St. Domingo, and sent back in chains to Spain. In other voyages he discovered the continent of South America, It received the name America from a Flo- rentine, Amerigo, or Henry, Vespucci, who sailed in an expedi- tion some yeavs after. 1. What astronomer led to new Ideas of navigation ? 2. Wliat can you tell of Columbus and his project ? 3. What was the result of his voyajre ? i; ! m j li 200 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. SPANISH AMERICA -THE WEST IXDIES. 1. All the islands lying between North and South America are now called the West Indies, though that name was at first given to all America. Four of these islands Cuba, Hayti or St, Domingo, Jamaica and Porto Rico, are quite large. All are very fertile, and as the climate is warm the productions are valuable and abundant. Sugar, tobacco, coffee and cotton, are raised in great quantities. 2. Hayti was the first island which the Spaniards settled, and from it they spread to all the other islands. Columbus a good man, but many who came over were cruel and avari- cious ; they oppressed the Indians, reduced them to slavery and by frequent wars depopulated the islands. The Spaniards then brought in negro slaves to cultivate the land aud the islands be- came rich and populous. 3. As the power of Spain declined, other nations took most of these islands. England took Jamaica and several small islands, France a portion of St. Domingo with other islands, and about sixty years ago the negroes in Hayti revolted, drove out French and Spaniards, and formed an independent state, which has been three times a republic, twice an empire and once a kingdom. It is in a wretched condition. Cuba and Porto Rico still belong to Spain, Jamaica and most of th^ small islands to England, a few to France, Denmark and Hoi laud. 1. Describe the West Indies. 2. What was the conduct of the Span- iards in Hayti? 3. What is the subsequent history of these islands? Which now belong to Spain ? What has Hayti become ? ' ''I THE BISTORT OF NORTH AMERICA. 201 MEXICO. "t ' ''f 1. Mexico is a fine country lying in the southern part of North America, between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. The land on the sea coast is low and unhealthy, but the interior is an elevated plain, which enjoys a delightful cli- mate. Mexico abounds in silver mines, which have always been a great source of wealth. 2. Mexico was inhabited at a very early period by a highly civilized race, and many ruins exist which compare with those of Egypt and Nini,e. They comprise cities, palaces, temples and other building, half buried in the earth, with trees centu- ries old growing over them. Of the history of the people who built them not a trace remaius, showing us how vain is all human greatness and power. 3. Mexico was at one time divided into a number of small states; but in the twelfth century, a people called Aztecs came from the north in great poverty, but after a while, under valiant chiefs^ rose to power, subdued the neighboring states, and founded the Empire of Mexico. The Aztecs now acquired much civilization from those they conquered : Mexico became beautiful, roads were constructed, a regular system of couriers to various parts of the empire formed, and all things assumed a regular form. Immense pyramids were raised for the services of their cruel religion, in which thousands of human victims were sacrificed. 4. In 1519, while Montezuma was emperor, the Spainards, i m ! Itl J? I. Describe Mexico. 2. Who were the original inhabitants ? 3. What race subsequently attained the superiority ? 4. What happened in the 'Mi m 202 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. under Ferdinand Cortez, landed at Yera Cruz and advanced to Mexico. They were well received by the emperor, but the fears of the people were excited, and Cortez finding himself in danger, seized the emperor. On this a revolt ensued, and Mon- tezuma, in endeavoring to restore peace, was killed, and the Spaniards were driven out. 5. Guatimozin, the last emperor, used every eflfort to free Mexico from the invaders, but Cortes and his Spanish soldiers, with the help of Tlascala, a republic at war with Mexico, re- took the city, and soon after put Guatimozin to death. Thus ended the empire of the Aztecs. The wealth of the country soon attracted emigrants from Europe, and the Spanish power was thoroughly established. The Indians were at first op- pressed, but by the efforts of Zumarraga, Las Casas and other good bishops, just and strict laws were passed. Missionaries soon spread through the city and converted most of the settled tribes, though many missionary fathers lost their lives in various places. The Spaniards intermarried with these converts of their own rank, and to this day the mass of the people is of Indian origin. 6. Mexico remained a province of Spain, governed by vice- roys, till the time of the French revolution, when it was in its most flourishing state. Its history till that time is not remark, able: it was the first formed of the North American states: here the first books were printed, colleges founded, and acade- mics of art formed. While Spain was desolated by anarchy, reign of Montezuma? Describe the conquest. 5. What efforts did Guatimozin make? What followed the conquest? How were the Indians treated ? Who protected them ? 6, What was its colonial his- tory ? When did the Mexicans revolt ? Who finally achieved its Inde- 5 i I THE HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA. 20i ''I i great troubles took place in Mexico, and the people at last resolved to form a distinct government. The first attemi^t made in 1810 by Hidalgo, a priest, was defeated: the next succeeded, and O'Donoho, the last viceroy, surrendered to Iturbide, the Mexican general, in 1821. t. Mexico was now declared an empire, and Iturbide raised to the throne, but after a short reign he was expelled, and subsequently returning, was shot. A republican government, in imitation of that of the United States, was then formed, but ambitious men soon plunged the country into anarchy, in which it has ever since continued. Santa Anna has been the most successful of these men, and has frequently obtained the chief power, and has been as frequently expelled. 8. In 1836 Americans who had been invited into Texas revolted, and declared it an independent republic. Santa Anna in person led an army to reduce it, but was defeated and taken prisoner at the battle of San Jacinto, where Mexico lost that state for ever. Yucatan soon after revolted, and in 1846 Texas, which had been a separate republic, was annexed to the United States. ' The frontier between Mexico and Texas had never been settled, and a war ensued between the United States and Mexico, in which the Americans, under Taylor, advanced to Monterey, and seized New Mexico and California, while another army, under Scott, took Vera Cruz, and fought its way to Mexico. A treaty of peace was then made, by which Mexico relinquished California and New Mexico. pendence ? 7. What did it now become ? What was, how3ver, soon formed ? Who has been the most conspicuous man since then ? 8. What happened in 1836 ? What resulted from the annexation of Texas? What did Mexico lose by the war ? fill .. I, '.J ^1 ■■' 11 204 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA. CANADA. 1. Canada is a part of the British Possessions in North America, lying chiefly on the northern shore of the St. Law- rence and the great lakes. It formerly belonged to France, and then included all the other British provinces, 2. Canada was originally inhabited by Indian tribes in a very barbarous condition. Almost all belonged to two races, the Algonquins, who lived by hunting and fishing, and roamed from place to place, and the Hurons, who were more advanced, lived in villages of bark cabins, protected by palisades, and raised Indian corn, beans, squashes and tobacco. These tribes were at peace with each other, and at war with the Iroquois, a tribe in New York. 3. Newfoundland was discovered by French fishermen in the time of Columbus. Yerazzani, Cartier, and other French navi- gators explored Canada and the neighboring coasts. After several fruitless attempts to settle the country, Port Royal, now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia was begun by De Monts in 1605, and Quebec in 1608, by Samuel Champlain. Of Acadia or Nova Scotia we shall speak hereafter, and we shall now tell of the history of Canada. 4. Champlain is styled the father of Canada. He was a good and brave man, laboring earnestly for the good of the 1. Describe Canada. 2. By what tribes was it inhabited? With whom were they at war? 3. Describe the early French discoveries? 4. Where were the first two settlements formed ? Who founded Quebec? THE HISTOBY OF NORTH AMERICA. 205 colony. He gained tbe good will of all the Indian tribes iu Canada, and joined them in their war against the Iroquois; he brought out colonists and missionaries to settle the country, to convert the Indians, and explored much of New York and Canada, as far as Lake Huron. Just as his colony was begin- ning to prosper it was attacked by the English, who carried him and most of the settlers to England, in 1629. 6. Canada was restored to France in 1632, and Champlain was again made governor, and conducted affairs with great ability to his death. The colony was neglected by the govern- ment in France, and suffered greatly in the war with the Iroquois, who had obtained arms of the Dutch. In 1649 the Hurons, now almost all converted, were nearly destroyed, and Upper Canada ravaged; the Algonquins fell next, and the colony was brought to the verge of ruin. Peace was made, however, in 1653, a)id missionaries went among the Iroquois to endeavor to convert them to Christianity: others proceeded to the Far West and preached to the Indians on Lake Superior and Michigan. In these missions they suffered great hardships, and often lost their lives. 6. The missionaries explored the country, discovered its mineral and vegetable wealth, and at last discovered the Mississippi, which Father Marquette explored, and Robert de la Salle afterwards sailed down to the Gulf of Mexico. Other missionaries penetrated into Maine and north towards Hudson's Bay. By these discoveries France laid claim to the whole valleys of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence. Describe his policy. By whom was Canada taken ? 5. When was it restored ? What was the result of the Indian war ? Where did mission-^ aries go ? 6. What parts did they explore ? '8 7. What did Dongan 'i;n I ''iff '"11 m 4 ■<: HI 'I f: ■ft 206 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. I t. When New York was taken by the English, in 1664, a new era began. Dongan, governor of New York, attempted to exclude the French from- all south of the St. Lawrence, and soon after war breaking out, the English attempted to conquer Canada. The Iroquois, their allies, attacked the town of Lachine by night, massacred the people, and put all to fire and sword. The French and their Indians began a similar war, and burnt Schenectady, Haverhill, Salmon Falls, and other villages. An expedition, under Phipps, was sent by sea against Quebec, and one by land from New York, in 1690, but the land army was overtaken by sickness, and Frontenac, the brave governor of Canada, repulsed Phipps before Quebec. 8. This was the period of martial renown in Canada. Iber- ville and his brothers signalized themselves in several expedi- tions against the Iroquois in New York, and in bittles with the English in Nova Scotia and Hudson's Bay, and led colonies to settle Louisiana, thus securing the territory claimed by France. War was renewed from time to time, but the French gradually extended, and a final contest approached. It began in 1154, and the English Colonies, with aid from England, prepared to conquer Canada; but the French were brave, well commanded, and active. They defeated Braddock on the Ohio, Monroe on Lake Champlain, and took Oswego; but they were unsupported by the French king, and after loosing Kingston, abandoned Pittsburg and Niagara. An English expedition ascended the St. Lawrence, and gained the heights before Quebec; a battle attempt? What did the English Indians do? How did the French retaliate? What was the result of the English attempt on Quebec? , 8. Describe the exploits of Iberville ? What was the final result of the war? Where were the French at first victorious? Where were they THE HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA. 207 ensued, in which Montcalm and Wolfe, the two opposing gene- rals, were killed, but the French were defeated, and Canada soon after fell into the hands of the English. 9. Canada obtained favorable terms from the conquerors, which the English government faithfully kept ; the people were allowed to enjoy their own laws and religion. In consequence the old English Colonies were dissatisfied, and this was one of the causes of the American Revolution, in which Canada ad- hered to England. The Americans then, and in the war of 1812, attempted to conquer it, but failed. In 1838, the Cana- dians themselves revolted, but, after a short time, peace was restored. NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK, &o. 1. Besides Canada, England possesses other colonies, each with a separate government; these are. New Brunswick, adjoin- ing Maine, Nova Scotia, formerly called Acadia, and the Island of Newfoundland. , New Brunswick is a wooded country; Nova Scotia is fertile, and abounds in coal; Newfoundland is bleak and desolate. 2, The first settlement in these parts was at the mouth of the St. Croix, transferred to Port Royal by Dements, in 1605. He was succeeded by Portrincourt, under whom the colony was wantonly broken up, in 1613, by the English, who also des- at last defeated ? 9. How was Canada treated ? When did the Ameri- cans invade it ? When did an insurrection occur ? ,1.. What other colonies has England? 2. Where were the first settle- ments made? When did the English take Port Royal? What other eettlement did they destroy? To whom did King James grant the i "ii lill i!5 in HI :' »(' '^n 208 FIRST BOOK OP HISTORY. i troyed a Jesuit missionary settlement in Maine. Soon after, James I. of England, granted Acadia to Sir William Alexan der, under the name of Nova Scotia, and the French settle- ments were again broken up. The country was restored, in 1634, and divided between three proprietors, and a civil war ensued between two of these, do la Tour and Charnise, which greatly retarded the colony, and enfeebled it so, that it was again conquered by England, in 1654. It was restored in 1667, and for a time remained a French colony ; but after repelling an invasion from Massachusetts, in 1*704, was finally conquered by Nicholson iii 1710. 3. During these changes, the poor colonists had suflFered greatly, but with the peace affairs began to prosper. In the next war, the French, who still held Cape Breton, attempted to conquer Nova Scotia, but in 1745, Louisburg, with the whole island was taken, and the French power destroyed. The English now began to colonize the country; but jealous of the French, at last, in 1755, with a large force, seized all the French settlers, to the number of several thousand, and carried them off to various points, from Maryland to Georgia, where they were landed penniless, and no remonstrance or petition ever obtained one farthing for the property of which they had been deprived. After the American Revolution Acadia was divided into two governments. Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick, and remains so still. 4. Newfoundland was discovered by Cabot, in 1407. The country ? When was it restored ? What ensued ? When was the country finally conquered by England ? 3. When was Louisburg taken? What infamous act was committed in 1755? What division wasjn^de after the Amei'lcan Revolution? 4. Who discovered Newfoundland? Who began a settlement ? Who also colonized it ? . THE HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA. 209 The valnable fisheries off the coast soon attracted vessels, and as early as 1517 forty vessels were seen at once there. The Eng- lish began a settlement in 1610, and in 1621 Lord Baltimore began a Catholic colony. The French also formed settlements, and at various times attempted to reduce the island, but it was finally left in the handjs of England. Gen. George Wanlimgton. Iklartlia WatihingtOQ THE UNITED STATES. 1. The United States is one of the largest countries in the world. It extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and is bounded in the north by the British Possessions, and on the south by the gulf and republic of Mexico. It is watered by 1. Describe the United States. 2. "When and by whom were they 18* I ;) 210 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. the Teat river Mississippi, which runs through tlie middle of its territory, and by other rivers flowing into the two oceans. It has every variety of soil and climate, and in its mineral and agricultural products exceeds most others. 2. The United States were not all settled at the same time, nor by the same nation. In its present state it is composed of colonies formerly belonging to Spain, France, England, Sweden, Holland, and a portion of the republic of Mexico. All the ter- ritory on the Atlantic once belonged to England, and we shall show the history of the separate colonies till the time when all were united under the British rule. FLORIDA. 3. Florida was the portion first settled. The Spaniards, under Narvaez and de Soto, attempted to conquer it, but failed. Some French Protestants began a settlement there in 1564, under John Ribaut, but it was destroyed with great cruelty by Pedro Melendez, who led out a Spanish colony in the following year. Melendez, so cruel on that occasion, ^^as a naval com- mander, a man of great energy and activity. He founded St. Augustine, and established forts along the coast, from Flo- rida keys to the Chesapeake. He was, however, recalled to Spain; in his absence the French attacked one of his forts, and revenged their countrymen. After his death the colony sank, and was much enfeebled by the ravages committed by the Eng- lish pirate Francis Drake. The most interesting part of its settled ? To whom did all the territory on the Atlantic once belong ? 3. Who began the first settlement in Florida? Who destroyed it? What did Melendez found ? What happened soon after? What was a great blow tq the colony ? What is the most interesting part of its THE HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA. 211 history is the conversion of the Indian tribes, most of whom were brought to the light of tlie Gospel and civilization. VIRGINIA. 4. The English who had explored all the northern coast, under Cabot, made many attempts to settle, which all failed, till 1601, when a permanent colony was founded at Jamestown, It experienced much difficulty at first, but owing chiefly to the abilities of Captain John Smith, one of the founders, soon became firmly established. Smith's life was full of adventures. The colonists soon became involved in wars with the Indians, and Smith was once taken prisoner, and about to be put to death by Powhattan, the great Indian king or chief, but Poca- hontas, the daughter of Powhattan, interceded for him, and saved his life. She was always a friend to the English, and often rendered them signal services. 5, In 1622, Opechancanough, the successor of Powhattan, formed a conspiracy to massacre the whites, and in one day cut off nearly one fourth of the colonists, A bloody war ensued, in which the Indians were almost entirely destroyed. Some years after, a war began with the Susquehannas, which led to a civil war between the Governor Berkeley and a part of the settlers headed by Nathaniel Bacon, Jamestown, the capital, was burnt, but on Bacon's death, in 1616, order was restored. NEW YORK. 6. In 1614, the Dutch, who had, under Hudson, discovered history? 4. "Where was the first Eagllsh settlement? Who was the founder? Describe his narrow escape ? 5. What was formed in l(i22? Wliat civil war occurred and what led to it ? 6. Who first settled New 212 FIRST BOOK OF BISTORT. the North River, settled at New York, whic^h they called New Amsterdam, and began the colony of New Nethoriand, Uving a commercial people, they traded in peace with tht nutives for several years, and had tradin;^ posts and settlements near the Mohawk, on the Connecticnt, and on Long Island, as well as at New York. They very soon began to export grain to other colonies, and even formed a trading treaty with the French in Canada. They claimed all the country from the Connecticut to the Delaware. 7. In 162T, the Swedes, however, settled on the Delaware, and in 1C33 the English on the Connecticut; these soci becrau to give trouble to the Dutch, and in 1G41 a war broke out wii'u the Indians, in which the colony suffered greatly, but most of the smaller tribes were nearly destroyed. Tin; Dutch next resolved to attack the Swedes, and at last Governor Stuyvesunt reduced them to submission, in 1664. The English now )>egau to covet the part possessed by the Dutch, and in the same year Charles II., reviving an old claim, granted it to his brother James, duke of York, ^vho sent out an expedition which took possession, and called it New York; the southern part was granted to others, under the name of New Jersey, and English settlers flocked into both. The Dutch recovered it again in 1613, but surrendered it the following year NEW ENGLAND. 8. After the Reformation in England, many disliked the religion introduced by Somerset, and drawing ofl', took the York? Describe the Dutch colony. 7. ^^'l.assed tlie ocuraeiits. t repealed er, abau- )me other arrisoned, argoes of etermined uspended, ; colonies, a petition e formed, began to t Boston, i'ii, ms, posed at )roceeded early one passed in Wbat were formed in le elFoct of THK IlISTORV OK NORTH AMKRICA. 223 r— ^ Washingtou'd Head QuarU-vs, Ntwburgh. THE REVOLUTION. 30. The news of the fight at Lexington spread through the conntry, all rose iu arras, and Boston, where the British army lay, was soon surrounded by troops. General Gage at last determined to oj)en his way into the country, but the Americans kept advancing their posts, and in June occupied Bunker's Hill. The English resolved to drive them back; and after a bloody battle, in which the English lost a thousand men, the Americans fell back, but still kei)t every avenue to the interior closed. Almost at the same time a small detachment seized Ticonderoga and Crown Point, two important posts on Lake Charaplain. 3L Congress now resolved to act energetically: it organized the news of the battle ? Wbat battle took place near Boston ? Did Gage succeed in breaking the American line? AVhat forts were taken by the Americans? 31. What step did Congress now take? Who wiis appointed commander-in-chief? What expedition was planned? Do- I 224 FIRST BOOK OF HISTOKY. Dec. 31, 1775. an army, and appointed George Washington Commander-in- Chief, and he at once proceeded to Boston. The reduction of Canada, always a main idea with the colonists, first engaged attention: an expedition from New York and one from New England were to cooperate : they met before Quebec, and though enfeebled by disease and want, resolved to attack it, but Montgomery, the Commander, was killed, and Arnold, the second in command, wounded. The expedition totally failed, and Canada never took any part in the subsequent acts of the Americans. 32. Washington meanwhile continued the blockade of Boston, and at last pushed his lines so near that viage had either to fight or leave Boston, and accordingly sailed away. A British fleet then attacked Charleston, in South Carolina, and thus united all parts of the country in the common cause. After entering Boston Washington withdrew, and with his army occupied New York, a key-position in the country. 33. Congress now despairing of any real concessions on tho part of the English government , resolved to take a step not at first premeditated, and on the 4th of July, 1776, passed a Declaration of Independence, and the several states assumed the powers of independent governments, united by articles of confederation. The English force, foiled at Charleston, sailed for New York, and there met large reinforcements from Eng- land. Washington, to defend the city, met them on Long Island, but his best division was hemmed in and cut to pieces, and drawing in all his troops, he retreated from New York, scribe the Canada campaign. 32. How did the blockade of Boston end? Where did tlie British then go? What city did Washington oc- cupy? 33. What step did Congress now tsxkc? On what city did the English now move ? Where was a battle fought ? Describe Washing- I nandcr-in- luctioii of ; engaged rom Now ebec, and attack it, ^as killed, wounded. i. any part of Boston, 1 either to A British and tlms se. After his army ns on tho ep not at passed a assumed irticles of ton, sailed rom Eng- on Long to pieces, I^ew York, of Boston lington oc- ;ity did the e Washing- THK lUSTOUY OF NORTH AMKKlt A, 2-' closely pursued by General Howe; and avoiding a general engngement, crossed the Hudson, and traversed New Jersey, into Pennsylvania. 34, Tlie English commander then gave up the pursuit, and posting troops at various points, returned to IS'ew York, Washington seized the moment, recrossed the Delaware on Christmas day, and surprised the whole British and ITessian force at Trenton. Lord Cornwallis was sent to check him, but Washington passed his main body, attacked a detachment in the rear, defeated it, and surprised tho post of Princeton. Encouraged by this success, he soon recovered all the posts held by the English in Jersey, and established his fame as an able general. 35. Regular articles of confederation were now adopted, tho title of United States of America was assumed, ambassadors Rent to France, and almost unlimited ])Owers conferred on General Washington. In France great enthusiasm was e.xcited, and several persons of distinction at once came over, among them the Marquis de la Fayette, Baron De Kalb, and others. 3G. At this period of the war Canada was in the hands of the liJnglish, who were also in possession of the city of New York: between these lay an American army under General Schuyler. The English determined to destro_ 'lis, and at the same time bring Washington to action, and talvu JMiiladeli)hia. General Burgoyne was sent to Canada, and entered New York to cooperate with the Six Nations, who had joined the English ■--- ■ ...... ■ .- .. ... . -■ ■ . . -y ■ -- I i» ton's rotroat? 34. What advantage did Washington gain in Docombor? Doscribo tlic sut)scquent campaign in Jersey? 8."). What were now adopted by the States? To what country were ambassadors sent? Wlio came to the United States? 36. What did tho English now attempt? Who was sent from Canada ? How did Schuyler act ? What was tiio 226 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. I- side. As ho advanced Sclmylcr cautiously fell bock, in order to draw Burgoyne to a favorable ground, and had made all preparations for the decisive struggle at Saratoga, when ho was superseded by General Gates. Burgoyne was now in tho heart of a hostile country: two detachments, sent to secure Btorcs, had been defeated at Bennington, the Americans lay in force before him. In a series of engagements he attempted to breok through their line, till, baffled at every point, he began to retreat, but failing in this, surrendered October 17, 1771. By this capitulation six thousand men, with arms of every kind, fell into the hands of the Americans. 37. General Howe had sailed in July for Chesapeake Bay, and in August advanced on Philadelphia. Washington met him at the Brandywine, but was defeated and fell back to Philadelphia, which the English soon occupied, stationing their main body at Germantown. Hero "Washington endeavored to surprise them, but failed, being re])ulsed witii considerable loss. Attempts to cut off English communication by sea also failed, and the American army was in a state of great suffering. 38. France now made a treaty with the United States, and prepared for war with England, and sent a fleet to America. On this, Clinton abandoned Philadelphia and fell back on New York, after being severely handled by Washington at Mon- mouth. After this the war in the north and south assumed a result of the campaign? 37. How did Howe proceed against Philadel- phia? Wliero did Washington give him l)attle? Willi what success? AVhat attempt did Washington make to recover the city? What was the state of the American army? 38. What country now made a treaty with the United States? What effect hud this on the English ? Wiien; did Washington give them a severe handling? AVhat character did the war iissume? What happened to Gates and his army in the south? , I t TIIK niST<»Hy (»K NORTH AMKUICA, 237 juTtliifory rlmnictor, niul j^rciit cniclties and ()ulrim;('s wrr(* |um*- p('trat(.'(l l)y the liidimis anil Torit'S. In tin; south tin' Miiiilish friiined ^reat a in uJuDni, but Marion, Sumter, and other jtnrti/.an ollicers, I), petty victo- ries, soon ffreatly weakened the British j)ower, and when (Jreeii(« took the connnand of the southern arnjy, he checked Cornwidlis in several battles, and at last compelled him to retir«! into Vir- ginia, wliere he took up a position near enough to tho sea to be able to escape. 40. A French army, under Rochambenu, now arrived, and Washington with him concerted a |>lan of action. Sir Henry Clinton, unable to tell whether they would attack him in New York, or Cornwallis in Virginia, ordered the latter to hold him- self in rcndiness, Washington finally induced him to Ijelieve New York the point of attack, but man-hed siuldeidy down to Virginia, and reached it the very day the French entered the Chesapeake. Cornwallis was surrounded, and after a vain attempt to escape, finding that his outposts were carried by the American troops and defence inipossible, surrendered ou the 19th of October, 1181, This ended the war, peace was made the next year, and by the treaty of Paris, in 1783, England acknowledged the independence of the United States. 39. Who maintained tho Aniorican cause in tho south? Who finally checked tho Entely defeated by Jacksuri? 45. What states were admitted under ^fadison and Monroe? Wiiat 20 IS I I . I I i \ I ;i 230 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. 46. The ensuiug administrations were marked by no impor- tant events. In 1845, John Tyler being president, an act was passed to annex the republic of Texas; and as James K. Polk soon after ascei\ded the presidental chair, it devolved on him to settle the questions which arose between the United States and Mexico. Hostilities began, and war ensued. The Ameri- cans acted with great vigor. General Taylor advanced through Texas to Monterey, which he stormed, General Kearney took Santa Fe and New Mexico, Colonel Fremont and Commodore Stockton took CaUfornia. The Mexicans marched with a supe- rior force on Taylor, who fell back to Buena Yista, but there gained a signal victory over Santa Anna. 41. Another American army, under General Scott, now appeared before Vera Cruz, took it, and advanced on the capital. Santa Anna met them at Cerro Gordo, but defeated there, fell back to some strong posts, near Mexico. Scott again advanced, stormed these posts, and at last, on the 14 th of Sep- tember, 1847, entered Mexico. Peace was soon after signed, and Mexico resigned California and New Mexico to the Americans. Settlers soon proceeded to these parts, and the discovery of immense gold-beds in California drew thousands there. In a short time it was made a state; Utah was formed into a territory, and colonized by the Mormons, a religious sect, who had been driven from Illinois. 48. At present the United States comprize thirty-one states, one district and eight territories, with a population of twenty- occurred under Jackson ? What Indian war bcgrn ? 4G. What took place towards the close of Tyler's administration ? What war followed under Tolk? What armies were sent into Mexico? Describe Taylor's campaigns. 47. Where did Scott land ? Describe his advance to Mexico. What treaty followed? What was ceded to the United States? What THE HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA. 231 no iinpor- n act was 3 K. Polk ed on him ;ed States le Ameri- 1 through rney took )mmodore th a supe- but there jott, now 1 on the t defeated :ott again h of Scp- er signed, to the and the thousands as formed 'ious sect, ne states, f tvvcnty- iVhat took r followed »e Taylor's to Mexico. 38 ? A\hat five millions. The whole country is covered with railroads, canals, and telegraphs, and every other means for conveying passengers or information. No country in ancient or modern times has had similar progress or gives an example of such industry, activity, plenty and happiness. The laws are made for the general good, and in most states all enjoy the same privileges. 49. The only question likely to disturb the peace of the country is that of slavery, con'orning which violent discussions took place in Congress in 1854, on the 'ill organizing Nebraska and Kanzas Territories; but no danger can result if people refuse to listen to hot and excited demagogues who appeal to their passions and are ever ready to condemn their neighbors. 50. Since the organization of the republic, the presidential chair has been filled by fourteen individuals, namely, — 1. George Washington of Virginia, 2. John Adams of Massachusetts, 3. Thomas Jefferson of Virgiuia, . 4. James Madison " " 5. James Monroe " " . . 6. John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, 7. Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, 8. Martin Van Buren of New York, . 9. William Henry Harrif^n of Ohio, 10. John Tyler of Virginia, 11. James K. Polk of Tennessee, 12. Zachary Taylor of Mississippi, 13. Millard Fillmore of New York, 11. Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, sat from 1789 to 1797. " 1797 to 1801. " 1801 to 1809. " 1809 to 1817. " 1817 to 1825. " 1825 to 1829. " 1829 to 1837. " 1837 to 1811. " 1841. " 1841 to 1845. " 1845 to 1849. " 1849 to 1850. " 1850 to 1853. *' 1853 to 1857. have been formed of this territory ? What led to the settlement of Cali- fornia? 48. What is the present condition of the country ? 49. What took place in 1854 ? 50. Name the presidents. I! II it I U , f * ' J ■ i * 232 FIKST BOOK OF HISTORY. GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AMERICA. Q. How is South America divided ? A. South America contains the Empire of Brazil, formerly a Portuguese colony, the republics of 'New Grenada, Yenczucla, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chili, Buenos Ayres, Uruguay, aud Paraguay, formerly Spanish colonies, and Guiana which consists of three colonies belonging to England, France and Holland. Q. What are the striking natural features of South America ? A. South America is skirted on the Pacific side by the Andes, which contain several volcanoes. About midway down the chain is Lake Titicaca the only large lake, and from the Andes there flow to the east the Amazon, Orinoco, and Rio de la Plata, three of the largest rivers in the world. Q. What can you say of its vegetable and mineral resources ? A. South America has extensive fertile plains on which herds of cattle roam, the soil is generally fertile, and the country abounds in mines of gold, silver and precious stones. Q. What are the chief animals of South America ? Ax. The chief quadrupeds peculiar to South America are the lama, useful for its wool and flesh, and as a beast of burthen ; the tapir, sloth and ant-eater ; the chief birds are the condor and ostrich ; the chief reptile the anaconda. Q. From what do the cities frequently suffer ? A. The cities, especially those near the volcanoes, frequently suffer from earthquakes, and some have been entirely destroyed by them ; and the whole country of the Andes is rent by chasms, precipices and torrents. I 5 ] •n>:^ S.-'OT a^ GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 233 MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. formerly a k^enczucla, guay, aucl ch consists lolland, America ? de by tiie ydown the the Andes Rio de la resources ? rhich herds le country ■ica are the burthen ; the condor frequently r destroyed is rent by i3l i?1 234 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. i : I i QUESTIONS OJf THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. ;ii I I ■ I 1. Bound South America ? 2. Between what oceans is South America? What sea on the north? What straits on the south? ^VTiat isthmus in the nortliwest? 3. What cape in the east? west? south? What mountains in the west? "What lake in South America ? 4. What is the largest country in South America ? in what part is it ? What three countries north of Brazil ? N. G. — V. — G. ^Vhat country in the south ? What two countries north of Patagonia. What two sniall Btates between Brazil and Buenos Ayres ? What countries touch Brazil on the west. 6. What large river in Brazil ? in Buenos Ayres ? in Venezuela ? What other river in Brazil ? St. F. What are the largest branches of the Amazon on the south ? on the north ? 6. What is the capital of New Granada ? of Venezuela ? of Ecuador ? of Peru? of Bolivia? of Chili? of Buenos Ayr<^s? of Paraguay? of Uruguay? of Brazil? 7. What three towns in Guiana? Where is Rio Janeiro? Para? Conception? Potosi? Callao? Guayaquil? TruxUlo? Pernambucco ? Quito? Lima? Caraccas? 8. Where is the Straits of Magellan? the Falkland Isles? Georgia Isles? Isle St. Catharine ? Joannes Island? Felix Islands? Juan Fer- nandez ? Terro del Fuego? Cape St. Roque ? Cape Horn? • i THK HISTORY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 235 BRAZIL. A. the north ? aina in the t part is it'.' hat country- it two sniivU touch Brazil Venezuela ? branches of of Ecuador? araguay? of •iro'! Para? ernawbucco? OS? Georgia .1 JuanFor- 11 1 . Brazil is one of the largest countries in the world. It was first discovered by Pedro Alvarez Cabral, a Portiiji,uese, in 1500. The flattering accounts of the country induced attempts at colonization, and settlers were sent out, but the colony ac- quired no permanence till 1549, when San Salvador was built ill tiie bay of Bahla. A large fleet was sent with settlers, and missionaries spreading among the Indians, won them to civili- zation and Christianity. 2. The accounts of Brazil attracted attention. Calvin, the reformer, sent out a French colony, in 1555, under Villcgagnon, who had been a knight of Malta, but owing to the dissensions of the leaders, and the return of Yillegagnon to the Catholic Church, the whole failed. About the middle of the next century, the Dutch, under Willekens, Ileyn, Maurice, count of Nassau, and others, conquered the country after a long struggle frohi 1624 to 1636, and held it till 1654, when it was reconquered by the Portuguese, who had revolted nine years before under Vieyra. 3. The country gradually increased in population and wealth, and its history is devoid of interest till 1306, when the royal family of Portiiual arrived at Rio Janeiro, and remained there till 1821. At that time John VI. returned to Europe, leaving 1. By whom was Brazil discovered? When was it first settled? What was done for the Indians ? 2. Describe the French attempt to settle Brazil? What is the history of the Dutch in Brazil? 3. When did the royal family arrive ? What happened on their departure? Who is the present emperor. 236 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. his son, Pedro, as regent, but in 1823 Brazil declared itself independent, and oflercd the crown to Pedro, who was pro- claimed emperor, and reigned till 1831, when he abdicated iu favor of his son, Pedro II., the present emperor. SPANISH REPUBLICS. 1. Of all the native states of South America, Peru was b^ far the most civilized. It had from the twelfth century bfien governed by sovereigns of the race of Capac, apparently Asitv tics, who raised the people from a state of barbarism. Tht Spaniards, hearing of the wealth of this kingdom, resolved tc conquer it, and in 1525 Francis Pizarro crossed" the isthmus of Panama, and sailed down the coast to explore; and tindinj the people civilized, dressed in cotton and woollen cloth, with an abundance of gold and silver ornaments, returned to fit out an expedition. 2. He sailed again in 1531, entered the country, seized the Inca Atahualpa, and finally put him to death. The Spaniards soon reduced the whole country, and founded the city of Lima. Detachments were sent to ne>ghboring parts ; Gonzalo de Xiuienes in 1536 entered New Granada, and defeating Bogota, king of Moscas, conquered the country. Almagro attempted the conquest of Chili in 1538, but was driven out. In 1540 Valdivia conouered the country, and though afterwards killed 1. Describe ancient Peru ? By whom was it explored? 2. Whon did be sail to conquer it ? Describe the conquest of Peru. Describe that red itself was pro- dicatcd iu 'eni wa« by entury boen rently Asitv ii'ism. Tl)k resolved tc e istlimus of and tindin^ I cloth, witb ed to fit out 7: seized the he Spaniards iity of Luna. Gonzalo de iting Bogota, ro attempted III 1540 srwards killed 2. "SVhen did Descrilje tbat THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 23t ill battle by the Araucanians, firmly established the Spanish ]»o\vcr. 3. Buenos Ayres was discovered in 1510 by De Solis, but it was only in 1535 that Pedro de Mendoza founded the city of Buenos Ayres, and began the colonization. The early history of the country is much occupied by Indian wars, in which, how- ever, the Spaniards under Alvez Nuiiez Cabcza de Vaca, finally triumphed. 4. The portion of South America thus conquered by the Spaniards, was soon divided into five separate governments, the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the Captain-generalship of Caraccas, the Viceroyalty of Peru, the Viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, and the Captain-generalship of Chili, under the govern- ment of Captain-generals and Viceroys who possessed almost absolute power. 5. During this period of their colonial history the chief events are their connection with the Indian tribes, the efforts made to save them from oppression, as well as ihe stupendous attempts of missionaries to convert them. The slave trade was carried on to a great extent, and these unfortunate Africans were another object of missionary zeal. 6. Iu most parts these missions were surrounded by whites, and in a manner controlled by them. In Paraguay the mission- aries were left to themselves. The mission was begun in 1586 by the Jesuits Barsena and Angulo. Others followed, and though many at first lost their lives, several tribes were con- verted, and they gradually extended their fold. At last, in of New Granada? Describe tliat of Chili. 3. By whom was Buenos Ayres settled and conquered. 4. How was the Spanish territory now divided. 5. What are the chief events in its history"? 6. Describe the missions of Paraguay. By wliom were they founded. AVhy were •I ■f ' I !li H ' 238 FIRST BOOK OF HISTOUV. 1610, they began to form them into villages, and initiate them into the arts of civilized life. As if by enoliantmont tlioy accus- tomed their neophytes to labor, trained thorn to the various mechanical arts, and prepared them to take ultimately an eijual grade with the Spaniard. Attacked by a piratical horde, who held St. Paul's, on the seacoast, the Indians raised an army, and by the counsels of their missionaries were soon formidable to their antagonists. 7. In its greatest prosperity these Reductions contained several hundred thousand Indians, in different villages, over which the missionaries presided, aided by chiefs. At last intriguing men resolved to destroy them; accusations of every kind were made, and the missionaries were at last ordered to leave the country in 1767. The Indians, deprived of their guides and protectors, were soon exposed to cupidity and injus- tice, and the villages were gradually broken up. 8. During the French revolution, when Spain was occupied by Napoleon's army, the colonies in South America were in a very distracted state. Juntas were formed in several provinces, to conduct the government, in the name of Ferdinand VII., but in 1811 Venezuela and New Granada declared their indepen- dence, and a war ensued. Miranda, the republican general, was defeated in Venezuela, and in New Granada Morillo dis- persed the congress, routed the army, and by sanguinary exe- cutions repressed all revolt. In 1813 Simon Bolivar took the command of the republican forces: though defeated at first, he the Indians formed into an army? 7. What was its condition in its best days? What led to its destruction ? 8. What took place during the French revolution ? What two States declared their indep(,'ndence in 1811? Who subdued them ? Who finally overthrew the Spaniards? ■- ''V 1 f 'I I THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AMEUICA. 239 itc them [^y accus- 3 vaiioua au equal rde, who in army, »rini(lable coutaincd •res. over At last 3 of every M-dered to i of their and injus- s occupied , were m a provhices, VII., but r indepcii- n general, klorillo dis- iiinary exe- ir took the at lirst, he lition in its ilace (luring luU'pontlonce J Spaniards? finally triumphed in Venezuela, and then in 1819 marched on to New Oranadu, and estal,>lisht'(l the freedom of l)oth provinces. 9. Tlie two provinces were now erected into tlie Ilcpulilio of Columbia, and Bolivar nnule president, liy the year 18'23 he totally overthrew the Spanlsjj power. IJolivar was, soon after, sa.spccted of airainj? at royalty, but maintained his power till his death, in 1830. The next year Columbia was divided into New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador, which have since subsisted as separate republics. Their histpry is uninteresting, being taken up with civil dissensions and attempts to enslave the Church. 10. La Plata, or Buenos Ayres, was the next to revolt: the first outbreak took place in 1810. In 1810 it declared its inde- pendence under the name of the United States of South America, and under General San Martin soon overthrew the Sjjanish power. Chili had revolted in 1810, but General O'lliggins was thwarted by rivals, and it was only by the aid of San ISIartin that the royalists were finally defeated at Maypa, in 1818, and Chili erected into a republic. Peru had hitherto remained completely in the Spanish power, and the viceroy even invaded Chili. In 1820 San Martin, with English aid, advanced from Chili into Peru, took Linm, and in the following year a republic was proclaimed. The royalists subsequently gained ground, but with the aid of Bolivar finally overthrew the Spaniards at Ayacucho, in 1824, where the Spanish rule 9. What republic was formed? What happened in 1830? 10. "When did Buenos Ayres declare its independence? Wliat j^eneral freed the country? What other country hy his aid threw off tlie Spiinisli yolvO? Wliat induced San ]\Iartin to attack Peru? Wliere was the Spanish power in South America liually o'.erthrown? What republics were 240 FIRST BOOK OK HISTORY. ill Sonth Amorica cndeil Two other repuMics wore then iorined, IJolivia ami Ptrii. 11. I'urii^'uay threw off tlic Spanish yoke in 1814, but refused uU eonuectiou with the neigliboriuij republics. Dr. Fraiicia 1 I • I I I •iT^^rrz .^j" :^ T«;\llfi)«7 "'_'*: ,/r,'>''.. ...-»-■=•• :::;:S^f''^^^^ ■4K?r*K Montevideo. assnmofl the p:overnraont, and till 1842 ruled with despotic Kwiiy, excluding: all foreifl to the forming of Uruguay ? 12. What kiud of a country is Guiaua? Why IS 7.1 Jil ere then it refused ^>s ' I \ Lull despotic to form the Ih a president claimed hy io a sepnvatc Guiana? ^Vl>y THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AMF.RICA. 241 republic. Like the Spanish republics in the north, most of these have been disturbed by civil wars, and have from time to time fallen under the tyrannical sway of ambitious mcu. GUIANA. 12. Guiana is a small country, and yet it is divided between three great European powers. It is peculiar as being the only European colony in South America. British Guiana embraces about one half of the country, lying next to Venezuela. Dutch Guiana lies east of this, and French Guiana, or Cayenne, ia between Dutch Guiana and Brazil. 13. Guiana was discovered by Vincent Pinzon, one of the companions of Columbus, and was at first supposed to be a place of great wealth. Here it was that Ell Dorado was believed to exist, a country with streets and houses of gold. 14. The first settlements -were made by the Dutch who planted a colony on the Demerara river, in 1590, and soon after in otlur places. Some years after, the English formed settle- ments at Surinam and Berbice, but their colony was conquered by the Dutch, who took them instead of New York. 15. The French colonized Cayenne, in 1G33, and unlike the others, endeavored to convert the natives by sending zealous is it remarkable ? How is it dividerl ? Which part lies next to Vene- zuela? Which in the middle? W! irh between Dutch Guiana and ed? Who was he? AVhat was it Brazil ? 13. By whom was it discov Bupposed to be? 14. By wh(Mn wen the first settlements made ? On what river? In what year? Whofoi iiied hL'ttlcments in i034? In what places? Who took these? For what did she retain them? 15. When 21 242 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. missionaries among them. Leonard Neale, an American, and second archbishop of Baltimore, was for many years a mission- ary in this part, long before the revolution. The French now use Cayenne as a place of .transportation for criminals and especially for political offenders. 16. During the wars of the French revolution the English seized all Dutch Guiana, and at the peace in 1813, restored only a small portion to Holland. * PATAGONIA. 11. Patagonia is a dreary, barren country, inhabitated by savage tribes. As no European settlement has ever been made here, it is impossible to give its history; and we here conclude the history of America. was Cayenne founded? What did the French do? What celebrated Americaa missionary labored here ? How does France use Cayenne ? 16. What happened during the wars of the French revolution ? What did the English restore at the peace? 17. What can you tell iia of Patagonia ? CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICA. 243 ican, and I mission- inch now inals and e English 1. restored ,bitated by been made re conclude it celebrated ise Cayenne t tion ? What )u tell 1X8 of CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICA. Iceland colonized, .... Greenland discovered, .... Vinland discovered about Columbus discovers the West Indies, jMexico discovered by Cortes, Peru conquered by Pizarro, Buenos Ayres founded by Mendoza, New Granada taken by the Spaniards, Chili reduced by Spaniards, Brazil settled by Portuguese, . French in Brazil, Florida settled by Spaniards, . Jesuits begin missions in Paraguay, Nova Scotia settled by the French, . Virginia settled by the English, . Canada settled by the French, . New Yorjc settled by the Dutch, . Plymouth, Massachusetts, settled by English se Canada taken by the English, Maryland settled, Connecticut and Rhode Island settled, Brazil conquered by the Dutch, Indian war on New England, Union of the New England colonies, Hurons destroyed by Iroquois, North Carolina settled, .... New York taken by the English, . South Carolina settled, .... The ^lississippi explored by Marquette, King Plillip's war against New England, Bacon's rebellion in Virginia, Pennsylvania settled, .... Illinois and Arkansas settled by the French, paratists, • • « • • • • A. C. 874 982 1000 14'J2 1521 1531 1535 1536 1540 1549 1555 1565 1585 1005 1607 1608 1613 1620 1629 1634 1635 1636 1637 1643 1649 1650 1664 1670 1673 1675 1676 1681 1681 244 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. I M h: 1 1 ! \ "War between English and French colonies, (William III.,) Second war, (Queen Anne's,) Delaware made a separate colony, Georgia settled, Negro plot in New York, Canada conquered, France cedes to England all her colonics cast of the Mississippi, " " Spain all west of the Mississippi, French in Louisiana attempt to form a republic, English colonies obtain repeal of the Stamp Act, Jesuit missions in Paraguay destroyed. Tea destroyed at Boston, Battle of Lexington begins the American revolution, Washington driven from New York, The United States declare their independence. The English army under Burgoyne surrenders, . The English under Cornwallis surrender, England acknowledges the United States, . Washington president, .... Negroes in Hayti rc'olt, .... Louisiana ceded back to France, Louisiana purchased by the United States, . Mexico revolts, Venezuela, War between England and the United States, Paraguay becomes independent, . Buenos Ayres becomes independent, Chili delivered, Columbia becomes independent, Florida ceded to the United States, Brazil becomes an empire, Peru and Bolivia formed into republics, Columbia divided, Texas revolts, Texas annexed to the United States, War with Mexico, California and New Mexico ceded, . 1689 1702 1703 1733 1741 1759 1763 1763 1766 1766 1767 1773 1775 1776 1776 1777 1781 1783 1789 1793 1800 1803 1810 1811 1812 1814 1816 1818 1819 1820 1823 1824 18.30 1836 1845 1846 1848 i • QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF OCEANICA. 245 1689 1702 1703 1733 1741 1759 1763 1763 17G6 1766 1767 1773 1775 1776 1776 . 1777 1781 . 1783 1789 . 1793 1800 . 1803 1810 . 1811 1812 . 1814 1810 . 1818 1819 . 1820 1823 . 1824 1830 . 1836 1845 . 1846 1848 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF OCEANICA. 1. la what ocean is Oceanica? Jlns. In the Pacific Ocean. Of what does it consist ? ^ns. Of islands. What are the chief divisions? Ans. Malaysia, Australasia and Polynesia. 2. In what part of the Pacific Ocean is Malaysia? Ahs. Malaysia is in the north-western part of the Pacific, near China and Farther India. What are the principal islands in this division? Ans. The Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Celebes and the Moluccas. 3. To whom do the Philippines belong ? Ans. To Spain. The other islands? Ans. To Holland. What is the capital of the Philippi -? Ans. Manilla. Of Java? Ans. Batavia. 4. In what direction from Malaysia is Australasia? Ans. In li south-east. What arc the chief islands? Ans. Australia, Papua. Ne\s Zealand and Van Diemen's Land. AVhat ar*^ the highest mountains in Australia? Ans. The Blue Mountains. What is tlie largest river? The Murray river. What is the capital? Ans. Sidney. What other towns are there ? Ans. New Castle and Paramatta. 5. Of -what does New Zealand consist? Ans. Of two distinct islands. What strait separates them? Ans. Cook's Strait. What i.s the capital? Ans, Auckland. What tropic crosses Australia? Ans. Tropic of Ca- pricorn. "What strait north of Australia? j?/js. Torres' Strait. What strait between Australia and Van Diemen's land? Ans. Bs. 6. In what part of the Pacific is Polynesia? Ans. Polynesia embraces all the western part of Oceanica. To which continent tlots it lie nearest? Ans, America. Of wliat does Polynesia eyusist .' .lits. Of several groups of small islands. Which are tlie principal groups? Ans. The principal groups are the Ladrones, Sandwich, Marquesas, Washington, Society, Georgian, Pearl and Friendly islands. Wiiich is the most northerly group? Ans. The Sandwich islands. Of what are those composed ? Ans. Of Hawaii, Oalui and some smaller ishmds. Wliat group lies on the north-west? Ans. The Ladrones. What group lies south of the Ladroujs? Ans. The Carolines. To whom do tliose two groups belong J Ans. Spain. What group of islands lies south- 246 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. east of the Sandivich islands? Ans. The Marquesas. "What group lies Bouth-west of the Marquesas? Ans. The Society islands. "Which is the largest of the Society islands? Ans. Tahiti. What island lies south- east of Tahiti ? Ans, Pitcairns. Tv'hat groups lie west of the Society islands? Ans. The Friendly, Feejee and Nf^vifators islands. "What islands lie nearest to North America? Ans. The Sandwich i^iiands. What islands lie nearest to China ? Ans. The Philippines. To Malac- ca? Ans. Sumatra. Which is the largest island inOceanica' Ans. Australia. »li t n I GEOGRAPHY OF OCEANICA. 247 ;roup lies lich is the ies south- le Society .8. V.'hat h iKiands. To Malac- ja ' ^ns. GEOGRAPHY OF OCEANICA. 1. Oceanica comprises all the islaiuls lyins^ in the Pacific Ocean. These are soraetiines divided into Australasia, Malaysia and Polynesia; but no permanent division has yet been made. 2. The largest of these islands is Australia, which is some- times called a continent. Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Luzon, Celebes, Papua, New Zealand and Van Diemen's Land, are also quite extensive, but the rest are generally small. 3. Many of these islands are of volcanic origin, others based on coral reefs. Although most of them lie in the torrid zone, yet as they are traversed by mountains, the climate is temperate and delightful. 4. These islands are rich in gold, diamonds, spices, and the most luscious fruits, and are noted for the strange animals which are found in tliem, such as the kangaroo, orang- outang, duck-bill and black swan. 5. The inhabitants are chiefly Malays, Negroes, and emi- grants from various parts of Europe and Asia. The Malays occupy all Malaysia and Polynesia, the chief tribes being the civilized Javanese and Battas: the xVegroes occupy Australasia and several of the iJ.uids in other parts 1. What does Oceanica comprise? How is it divided? 2. Which is the largest island ? What other extensive islands are there ? 3. What is the origin of many of thesic islands? of others? In Avhat zone do most of them lie? AVhat makes the climate pleasant? 4. In what are these islands rich? For what are they noted? 5. Of what three races are the inhabitants ? Where are the Malays found? What are the chief tribes? HUB 248 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. 6. The religions vvliioh prevail are Braliminism, Buddhism, both nearly extinct, Mohammedanism, and various horrid forms of Paganism, properly so called, or idolatry. Christianity has, however, made great ;jrogress, and in some parts there is a large European population. HISTORY OF OCEANICA. ?■ MALAYSIA. 1. Little is known of the early history of these islands: they were unknown to Europeans till towards the close of the thir- teenth century, when several of the Malaysian isles were visited by the Blessed Oderic of Friuli, and by Marco Polo. The Javanese were the most powerful people, and have at three diflFerent epochs ruled the archipelago. In the middle of the thirteenth century they embraced the worship of Buddha, but retained it only for a century: when they were conquered by the Hindoos, and adopted Brahrainism. 2. The most famous sovereigns were Alit "Widjiaya in the Where are the Negroes found ? 6. What are the prevailing religions ? What two are nearly extinct ? What of Christianity ? 1. What is known of the early history of these islands ? By whom were they first visited ? In what century ? Who are the most powerful people? How often have they ruled the Archipelago? When did they embrace the religion of Buddha ? How long did they retain it ? By whom were they then conquered? What religion did they then adopt? 2. Who were the most famous sovereigns in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ? Who conquered Java in 1478 ? What great sultan flourished in the seventeenth century? What religion do they now profess? ll\ THE HISTORY OP OCEAKICA. 249 uddhism, rid forms mity has, liere is a ,nds: they F the thir- ere visited •olo. The p at three die of the iddha, but qucred by lya in the g religions? By whom )st powerful leu (lid they ain it? By tlien adopt ? ind fifteenth xn flourished ow profess? fourteenth, Angka Widjiaya in the fifteenth centuries, but in 1418 Java was conquered by the Mohammedans. Under them the sultan of Matarem, in the seventeenth century, was a most powerful monarch: his kingdom embraced not only Java, but the surrounding islands. During this epoch these islands cm- braced the religion of Mahomet, which they still profess. 3. These islands were visited by the Portuguese in the early part of the sixteenth century, and St. Francis Xavier preached the gospel in several of them; but in 157T ^he Dutch planted a colony in Java, and soon reduced all *he islands, of which they are still the masters. They maintain their authority j)artly by intrigue and partly by forts, supporting an army of 15,000 men. Batavia is the capital of the Dutch East India pos- sessions. 4. The Pi....ppine islands were discovered in 1520 by Magel- lan, who was killed there: and soon after visited by the Spa- niards, who planted a colony, and did m-^ch by their mission- aries to convert the natives. Manilla,, i .le island of Luzon, a large and flourishing city, is the capital of the Spanish East Indies. AUSTRALASIA. 5. Australia was discovered in 1606 by Louis Torres, a Si)anisli commander, and by Dnyf hen, a Dutch navigator. Tiie 3. "What European nation first yisited these islands ? Who preached the gospel in several islands? When did the Dutch plant a colony in Java? ilow do they maintain their authority ? What is their capital ? 4. By whom were the Philippines discovered? What happened to him here? Wlio planted a colony here ? What did they do for the natives ? What is the capital of the Spanish East Indies? 5. By whom was Australia discovered? In what year? Who gave it its present name ? By whom 250 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. name Australia was given to it in 1608 by Quiros, a Spanish admiral, who visited much of the coast. Van Diemen's Land was discovered in 1642 by Tasman, who gave it its present name. 6. Although several nations had sent expeditions to the shores of these islands, it was only in 1110 that any European nation claimed them. In that year Captain Cook visited Aus- tralia, and naming Botany Bay from the luxuriant vegetation which enlivened it, took possession of the country in the name of England, and planted the British flag. 1. In 1181 the English government resolved to use this island as a place for convicts, and a fleet of nine vessels was sent out under Commodore Phillips, carrying 151 convicts and 260 government employees. With these he founded the town of Sydney, and established a system of martial law. 8. Land was assigned to such convicts as showed an inclina- tion to work, and in two years seven hundred acres were cleared ; and in 1191 the convicts began to live without any government aid. Many, however, retained their old habits, and defeated all the designs of the excellent Governor Phillips, who was at last compelled to resign. 9. Under subsequent governors other settlements were formed, was Van Diemen's Land discovered? 6. When were these islands first claimed by any European nation ? Who visited Australia in that year ? What bay did he name ? Why did he call it Botany Bay ? What else did he do? 7. What did the English government resolve to make it? What did they send out? In what year? Who was the first governor? What city did he found ? 8, What was assigned to each convict ? How much land was cleared in two years? When were the convicts able to support themselves ? What was the conduct of many ? 9. What led to the transportation of many ? What were introduced In 1802? When ■ a Spanish en's Land ts present >ns to the ' European isited Aus- vcgetation II the name to use this vessels was lonvicts and 3d the town d an inclina- irere cleared; government md defeated who was at were formed, se islands first aia that year? ly ? What else Ive to make it? first governor? convict? How convicts able to 9. "What led to 1 1802? 'VVhon THE HISTORY OF OCKANICA. •251 especially when the Irish rebellion in 119S crowilcd the prisons with galUint but unlbrtuuate men. In 1S02 Inur nicrino-riuns, and as n-vny sheep, were sent out, and thus led to the raising- of wool, one of the great sources of wealth. Van Diemen's Land was settled in 1797, when Ilobart's Town was begun at the foot of Table mountain, in a beautiful location. 10. In 1827 the absoUite authority of the governors ended, a..i a legislative colony was establisiied, and regular coiuts organized, and the colony increased by einigratiun of free settlers. In 1851 a new aspect was given to alfairs, l»y tiie discovery of gold mines similar to those of California, a»id since then a tide of emigration, almost unparalleled, has Howed to Australia. 11. The religions jjvhlch prevail in the island are the Catholic and the Protestant, which are about equally balanced. The na- tives are Pagans, and the Catholic missiotmries, especially the Be- nedictines, have made great efforts for their conversion, several having lost their lives in their holy undertaking; but the colo- nists generally have no r*^gard for the natives, and treat them rather as- beasta than as men. 12. The history of the other islands la unimportant. Xew Zealand was long noted for the savage character of its people; but English settlements have been formed, and missionaries have done much to restrain the ferocity of the natives. was Van Diemen's Land settled? What was the first town? 10. la what year did the absolute power of the governors end? What was then established? What was discovered in 1851? What resulted from this? 11. What are the prevailing religions? What is the religion of the natives? Who have converted many? 12. What can you say of the history of the other islands ? For what was New Zealand noted ? AV'bat have been formed there? Who have done much to civilize the people? 252 FiRar BOOK OF iiiarouY. POLYNESIA. 1. Polynesia, which signifies " many islands," includes all the small islands in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Some of these were discovered as early as the time of Magellun, who was killed in 1521, in one of the Ladrone Islands, hn\. they were made known chiefly by the voyages of Cook and La Perouse, about the time of the American revolution. 2. The Ladroncs or Marian Islands, were inhabited by a very thievish set of people, whom the Spaniards called La- drones or robbers, and in this way the group got its name. They were fierce and savage, and though zealous missionaries tried repeatedly to convert them, the islanders refused to em- brace Christianity and put most of the missionaries to death. In consequence of repeated wars the natives are almost com- pletely destroyed. These islands and the Carolines still belong to Spain. 3. The Sandwich Islands or kingdom of Hawaii, is the most important group in Polynesia. It consists of the large island of Hawaii, with Maui, Oahu, and some smaller ones. 4. These islands were discovered by Captain Cook who was 1. What does Polynesia signify ? By whom were these islands first discovered ? In what year ? Where was he killed ? By whose voyages are they chiefly known ? About what time were these voyages made ? 2. What other name have the Ladrones ? Why are they called Ladroues 1 What can you tell of the natives ? How did they treat the mission- aries? What has become of them? What other islands belong to Spain ? 3. What kingdom do the Sandwich Islands form ? What can you say of this group? What large island docs it contain? What smaller ones? 4. By whom were these islands discovered? What hap- pened to him here ? Who occasionally visited the islands after this ? THE HISTOUV OF OCEANICA. 253 includeg all cific Ocean. )f Magellan, Islands, hn'i f Cook and lution. abited by a s called La- ot its name. missionaries afused to em- ries to death. almost com- -s still belong [iwaii, is the of the large Icr ones. ook who was Bse islands llrst whose voyages oyages made ? led Ladroues 1 the mission- inds belong to m ? What can ontaiu ? What d ? What hap- ads after this? killed here in 1718 in a contest with the natives. After that time they were occasionally visited by European and American vessels. 6. The islands were originally governed by varions petty princes, but towards the close of the last century Kamehamcha I., a man of prodigious strength and courago, after an hundred battles conquered most of the princes and ruled with undisputed Bway till 1819, maintaining his power by a well equipped army and navy. Ilis successor Kamehameha II. immediately abol- ished idolatry at the suggestion of the European residents, and ordered all the idols and temples to be destroyed, and after em- bracing the Catholic religion proceeded to England, where he died in 1823, leaving his son an infant. 6. Previous to his death, and about the year 1820, several Protestant missionaries arrived and began their labors for the conversion of the people, which have been zealously prosecuted to the present time. Tliey soon acquired a complete control of the regent Kaahumanu, and when Catholic missionaries arrived, induced her to forbid them to land. 7. From the 1828 a persecution was carried on against the Catholics and their missionaries, unparalleled in hideous false- hood and cruelty except by Nicholas in his persecution of the 5. By whom were the islands originally governed ? What great prince arose towards the close of the last century ? What did he do ? What can you tell us of him? When did he die? Who succeeded him? Whit was the first act of King Kamehameha II ? AVhere did he die? Whom did he leave as king? (5. Who arrived about 1820? What did they begin ? What did they soon obtain ? What did tlicy induce the regent to do, when Catholic niis-slonaries came? 7. What can you say of this persecution ? How long did it last '.' How were the Catholics treated? What is their present condition ? On what country is this a 254 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. & Poles. This state of things coiitimied till 1839, and in that long persecution the Catholics were imprlsoneil, tortured, put to death, deprived of their property and civil right.-!, so that they are now the poorest in the islands. It is a reproach to ns Americans that while our government tolerates all religion, any of our countrymen should have instigated and encouraged such persecution. 8. The present king is Kanichamcha III. During his reign, a great number of the people have embraced Christianity; schools and seminaries have been established, a constitution adopted, and a code of laws j)ubllshed. Much of this is the work of the missionaries, but the progress of the better class of the people themselves is extraordinary. At the same time, however, his reign is noted for the rapid decrease of the native population. 9. The government is now administered by tlie king, a house of hereditary nobles, and house of representatives; but at the present moment negotiations are on foot to annex the Hawaiian kingdom to the United States. 10. The Society Islands were first visited in 1760 by Wallis, and derive their name from the manner in which he was received by the natives. Here, too, missionaries established themselves and converted many of the natives, but involved the country in troubles by their treatment of Catholic mission- aries. Queen ii'omare was compelled by France to make reparation for injuries done to natives of France, at the instiga- blot? 8. "Who is the present king? What are the chief events of his reign? 9. How is the government adminlsterod ? What negotiations are now going on ? 10. By whom were the Society Islands discovered ? In what year? Who have labored successfully here ? What queen had troubles with France ? What missionary caused these troubles ? What THK HISTORY Of OCEANICA. 256 and in that mx'tl, put to 50 that they roach to iw all religion, I encouraged ,ng his reign, Christianity, constitution if this is tho etter class of e same time, of the native king, a house but at tho the Hawaiian 66 by Wallis, iiich he was iS established but involved ,holic missioa- Ince to make ,t the instiga- cf events of his lat negotiations Inds discovered ? jNVhat (iueeu bad Iroubles? AVhal I i tion of Mr. Pritchard, who, after thus persecuting Catholics, finally embraced the religion which he had oppressed. 11. Pitcairn's Island is noted for its curious history. In 1790 the crew of the English ship Bounty nmtinied, put tho captain in a boat and sailed off to Tahiti, one /. the Society Islands, and taking women as wives, pursued their voyage to Pitcairn's Island, where they landed and began a settlement. For many years they remainc'' undiscovered, and at last, when only one of the old mutineers was alive, a vesnel touching there was surprized to find people speaking English and familiar with Christianity. In a little while ihe whui<3 was ■ Aplained, and for the first time the fate of the mutineers becrrr., Known. 12. The history of the other islands in this division is Mt im- portant or interesting; and having th .i, ^ ven a sketch of the history of all the different nations in juicient or modern times, we shall add an outline of the history of religion, and then leave you to pursue your studies in some larger book. singular change did he make? 11. For what is Pitcairn's island noted ? In what year did the mutiny of the ship Bounty take place ? Where did the mutineers sail ? Uow many survived when the island was discovered? 12. What can you say of the history of the other islajida. 256 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. CIIROXOLOGY OF OCEANICA. Blessed Oderic preaches in Malaysia, (about) Hindoos conquer Java, (about) Mahommedans conquer it, Magellan killed at tlie Ladrone Islands, St. Francis Xavier preaches in Malaysia, Dutch settle in Java, Torres discovers Australia, Australia named by Quiros, Friendly Islands discovered. Captain Cook at Botany Bay, Captain Cook killed, Sidney founded as a convict colony, Pitcairn's Island settled, . Kamehameha I. reigns, Van Dlcmen's Land settled, Merino sheep introduced into Australia, Kamehameha II. abolishes idolatry, Protestant mission in Sandwich Islands, Catholic mission founded, Kamehameha III. an infant succeeds, Legislature convened in Australia, Persecution of the Catholics in the Sandwich Islands, Gold discovered in Australia, 1300 1350 1478 1521 1547 1577 1606 1608 1766 1770 1778 1787 1790 1791 1797 1802 1819 1820 1823 1824 1827 1828 1851 P( ■' wa THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 257 1300 1350 1478 1521 1547 1577 1606 1608 1766 1770 1778 1787 1790 1791 1797 1802 1819 , 1820 1823 . 1824 1827 . 1828 1851 THE CHURCH. 1. The history of Christianity enters into the history of most countries, and especially in that of Italy, since the middle ages, and we have frequently spoken of it. We shall here give a con- nected sketch. St. Paul atoned at Lystra. 2. When the apostles, by the descent of the Holy Ghost at Pentecost, were prepared for their great w^ork, the Church was 2. To whom was the Gospel first preached? To whom then? Who was the chief of the Apostles? What other great Apostle was raised 258 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. li ! I founded, and they dispersed into various parts, preaching the gospel first to the Jews, and then to the Pagans in various countries. St. Peter was recognized as the chief of the apostles, and assembled them to decide on various questions that had arisen. Besides the original apostles, God raised up St. Paul, who by his eloquence and zeal greatly extended the faith. 3. In the time of the apostles, the gospel was preached in most parts of the Roman Empire, in Persia, India, Abyssinia, and other parts which never yielded to the Romans. St. Peter proceeded to Rome, and was there put to death with St. Paul in the first general persecution. His successors, the bishops of Rome, have always claimed the primacy which he enjoyed, and have for many centuries been called the Popes. Recognized once as the head of all Christian Clmrches, the Pope is still the head of the Catholic Church, which embraces the great majority of Christians. 4. The Roman emperors w^ere bitterly opposed to Chris- tianity, and repeatedly instituted terrible persecutions in which millions of Christians perished, but the truth gained ground, and when Constantine became a Christian, Paganism received a death blow from which it never recovered. By this time the Church had assumed a distinct form. The Church was divided into sections over whicli bishops presided ; under them were the priests attached to the several Churches. The worship of God was the mass, considered a sacrifice in which the body and blood of Christ were daily offered up. The Churches founded up? 3. la what countries was the go?pel preached in the time of the apostles? Where did St. Peter fix his see? What are his successors called? 4. How did the Roman emperors treat the Christians? Wiio was the first Christian emperor ? Describe the form which the Church assumed? What was the worship? What languages were used? THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 259 chiug the in various c apostles, is that had p St. Paul, faith. )reachcd iu Abyssinia, St. Tcter ith St. raul 3 bishops of nijoyed, and Becognizcd Pope is still 2S the great Bd to Chris- ons in which med ground, lism received this time the I was divided lem were the rship of God le body and ches founded the time of the his succcpgovs vistians? "NVho lich the Church es were used? ■ in various parts, offered up this sacrifice in their respective lan- guages; the Greek prevailed over all that has been lately sub- ject to Turkey, except in Armenia, where the Armenian pre- vailed. The rest of the empire used the Latin rite. Thero was also a Syriac, a Coptic, an Ethiopian, and a Arabic rite, but all were the same service. 5. After the period of the persecutions, the Church was dis- turbed by heresies, which were attempts of vain men to alter the faith as generally received. Most of these originated among the Greeks, and the most important was that of Arius, which spread over nearly all the Greek Church, and was pro- tected by several of the Greek emperors. 6. While the Greek Church was thus divided, the Latin uiore closely connected with the Popes, gradually extended, and when the barbarians invaded the empire, civilized and con- verted those fierce tribes. In this way France, England and Spain were in a manner twice converted: Ireland and Scotland never were conquered by Pagans, but always retained the faith first planted. From these countries new missionaries went forth, Germany, Denmark, Norway and Sweden were con- verted, chiefly by English and Irish missionaries, *vho pene- trated even to Iceland, Greenland, and the continent of Ame- rica, everywhere introducing the Latin rite, 1 The Greek Church penetrated into Russia and Poland, and translating their liturgy into Slavonic, founded a new rite. The Nestorians, a heretical branch of the Church, showed 5. What soon disturbed the Church? In which part did most arise? What was the most important heresy ? fi. What was the Latin Church doing ? What countries were converted ? 7. What countries wore con- verted from Greece? What eastern sect spread to all parts of Ami'! 260 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. ) ■ more activity: they penetrated into most Asiatic countries, and founded churches even in China, but in no case succeeded in converting eiitire nations, as was the case in the west. 8. In all parts of Christendom monastic orders arose as piety floclined. Then persons wishing to lead a more retired life withdrew to desert spots, as hermits, or assembled in houses together, and binding themselves by vows, lived under rules. In the east St. Anthony founded the first monasterv, and St. Basil drew up the rules which now prevail. In the west the rule of St. Colomb first prevailed, but that of St. Benedict soon took its place. To these monks is due all the ancient learning that we possess, as well as many of the greatest improvements in science and art. 9. During the Middle Ages the bishops took part in the councils of the various kingdoms, and the kings claimed the right of appointing clergymen to the various churches and sees. This led to great troubles, for the Popes manfully opposed this absurd claim of the princes, and maintained the freedom of the Church. The crusades for a time checked this, and produced more harmony, and at this time arose military orders, half military, half monastic, such as the Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights and others. In all these contentions, how- ever, piety declined, until in the twelfth century St. Francis and St. Dominic founded the mendicant orders to draw people to piety, by preaching, and by the example of their own renun- ciation of all earthly comfort. 8. What aro?e in all parts of Christendom ? Who are tlie chief founders of monastic life ? 9. What position did bishops occupy in the middle ajres? What struggle ensued? What produced harmony for a time? What orders arose during the crusades ? What orders were founded to THE HISTORY OF THE CnrBCH. 261 tic countries, ase succeeded B west. arose as piety e retired life lied in houses 1 under rules. steTT, and St. 1 the west the Benedict soon icieut learning improvements )k part in the gs claimed the irches and sees. iy opposed this freedom of the , and produced y orders, half , Hospitallers, ntentions, how- ry St. Francis to draw people leir own renun- he chief founders py ill the micklle iiony for a time? 3 were founded to 10. In the sixteenth century the revival of learning aided the scholastic disputes, and gave new cause of dissension. At last Martin Luther, a man of great poi)ular eloquence, began an attack on the doctrine of indulgences, and when condemned, attacked the whole religious system. Several of the German princes espoused his cause, and plundered and destroyed most of the churches and convents, with their libraries and schools. Henry YIII. of England quarreled with the Pope, and imitated their example, although he did not embrace the doctrines of Luther. Zuinglius, and after him, Calvin, in Switzerland, like Luther, attacked the Church, on various points of docM-ine, 11. These reformers all agreed in denying the hierarchy so long acknowledged, rejected the sacrifice of the mass, and in its place substituted a service consisting simply of prayer. All likewise rejected the belief of union in prayer with the faithful departed, the validity of vows, or the right of any commissioned clergy to expound the gospel. 12. From this moment innumerable sects arose. In Eng- land, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the kings retained the degree of bishops; where the people had more power these were abolished, as is the case in al; Calvinist churches, which are now the most numerous. Few of these sects have any settled doctrines, except on certain particular points, and people easily pass from one to another, there being no duties of obliga- tion imposed, as in the Catholic Church. 13. After the Reformation there arose in Catholic countries revive piety? 10. What happened in the sixteenth century? "WHiat did the princes who joined the reformers do ? 11. In what did the various re- formers agree? 12. What arose from the difference of opinion? What can you say of tlieir precise doctrines? 13. What arose in Catholic countries? What orders were formed? Did those who embraced the 362 FmST BOOK OF HISTORY. gl.-." ' W '■ lii' hi ' many holy men, who, by new religious orders as the Jesuits, Jjazarists, Oratorians and otiiers, revived piety and learning, and carried the faith to foicigf conntiies. IM those conulries where the Reformation triuiaijiu'i, the reforiitt •• did not permit such as chose to adii';re to the ok^ relit, on, h(,t by penal laws and persecut'tiu endeavored to extirpate it eniirely: and many thousands were put to d/'ath in Germany, Sweden, England, Ir .land and Siotland. In like manner those countries which remained Catholic, jiinishcii severely iuiy .tten.pt to introduce the new opinions. Ii: France the struggle wai] long and bloody, but the Catholic religion remained. 14. After the warn of the ilsformation came a period of iudift'erence in most of the northern countries. In England several began to avow and propagate Deism, which denied all but the existence of God. This spread to France, and attacks on religion were constancy made by infidel writers, and politi- cians, who at last obtaintd the suppression of the Jesuits, whom they feared, and soon after overthrew all religion in France. Since the French revolution their wicked doctrines have spread into Italy and Spain, and a new form of infidelity, called Rationalism, has arisen in Germany, and these countries have of late been much disturbed by revolutions, aimed chiefly at religion. 15. During the French revolution a great persecution took place ill France. Many holy bishops, priests and nuns were cruelly put to death, the churches and convents destroyed, and new doctrines permit others to continue in their old faith? 14. What ensued from the Reformacion in the north? What evil did it produce in France ? To what countries has it since spread ? 15. What took place during the French revolution ? Who vvero put to death ? Who waa I-- THE HISTORY OF TIIK CIU'RCII, 203 he Jesuits, \ learniug, ;e couutncs not permit penal luws : and many n, England, iitries wbieh to introduce and bloody, a period of In England icU denied all ,, and attacks rs, and politi- Jesuits, wliom ,n in France. s have spread delity, called lountries liave ned cliiefly at •secution took nd nuns were destroyed, and xith? U. What did it produce in What took place eath t Wlio ^^■'^'* every effort made to crush rel'gion, "Wlien the French con- quered Italy they imprisoned Pope Pius YI. till his death. 10. On tlie accession of Napoleon to tlie empire he restored religion in France, but afterwards imprisoned Pope Pius VII. and began to oppress the Church. For this he was excommu- nicated, and his power from that moment fell. l'^. Since the close of the French revolution the most import- ant events in the history of the Church are the rapid increase of catholicity in the United States, the restoration of the Society of Jesus, the great missions in China and Oceanica, and the partial emancipation of the Catholics in the British islands. 18. Persecutions have, however, been renewed of late years. In Spain, soon after the death of Ferdinand VII, the new government seized all the church property, plundered the con- vents, and expelled the religious, banishing most of the bishops for opposing their sacrilege, 19. Some years later, the Protestant cantons in Switzerland nmde war on the Catholic cantons, and at last conquering tlieni plundered the convents and religious houses, destroying the liberty of the Catholic cantons — for they are no longer free to follow their own religion; the tyrants even expelled the good monks of Mount St. Bernard, whose charity is honored over the whole world. 20. In 1848 great revolutions took place in Europe, and in Italy a persecution of the Church ensued. Pope Pius IX. was imprisoned in his palace, and after seeing Cardinal Palma imprisoned? 16. "Who restored the Catholic religion? What was his subsoqiiont conduct ? 17. What have boeu the most important events since the close of the Freucli revolution ? 18. Wiiat have boon renewed ? What took place in Spain on the death of Ferdinand VJI. ? 19. What ook place in Switzerland ? Wliat did the tyrants oven do ? 20. What r. 264 THE FIRST BOOK OP HISTORY. f stabbed in his presence, escaped in disj^uise to Naples. During bis absence several hundred priests and religious were put to death in his dominions by the republican party; but tliey were finally subdued by Napoleon III. and the Pope restored. 21. In the United States the Catholics have been frequently harassed by acts of violence, and a great number of churches, convents and houses occupied by Catholics, have at various times been destroyed, and every attempt is made to misrepre- sent and blacken them in order to deprive them of their civil rights. 22. The most eminent persons who have flourished in tlio Church in modern times have been St. Ignatius, the fouiuler of the Jesuits; St. Philip Neri, St. Francis Xavier, St. Rose of Lima — an American; St. Vincent of Paul, the founder of tlie Sisters of Charity; St, Aphonsus Liguori, the founder of tlie Re