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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de I'angie sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 32X V ^ c. "■'^ ."V ■'*SONl»»* C,c-^' r)^ THE NUMERAL ADJECTIVE IN THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE OF SOUTHERN OREGON. BY ALBEItT H, OAT8CIIKT. ^'om the American Antiqdaman, Vol. n, No. III. i> t ' In the large majority of Indian languages the numeral noun raorphologically differs from the Indo-European and Semitic numeral. We distinguish with precision between the cardinal and the ordinal and adverbial numeral; the Indian, in many or most instances, neglects this distinction, but in counting uses two torms of the cardinal, a shorter and a longer one. A series of distributive numerals is a rarity in the old world, but on the I'acitic coast of America it is sometimes met with. Classifying adjectives, participles, or particles, are not uncommon in America as additions to the numerals, determining the shape of the objects counted or spoken of. In Indo-European languages the numerals are so much ground down in their forms on account of their high antiquity, that only lengthy and most erudite comparisons can teach us the fact, that the numeration system is the quinary one; but m most Indian tongues the numeral *orms are so trans- parent and perspicuous, that we can determine without trouble whether the counting system is the binary, ternary, quaternary, quinary, decimal or duodecimal. Of the language spoken by the Klamath or Maklaks Indians of W)uth western Oregon, I have given short descriptive articles in V ol. 1, x\os 2 and 3, of this quarterly, and from these it will be remembered that both dialects, the Modoc, or southern, and the illamath Lake, or northern one, show some slight lexical differ- ences. In this upland language there are two modes of countin<^ In the l^iger the numerals are formed by the formative suffi.K -/w, a suffix usually appended to adjectives designating abstract qualities; the numerals in -ni are cardinals and adverbial numerals simultaneously, and if anything like ordinal numerals could enter into the mind of the Maklaks Indians, they would answer for tins series also.* The shorter form represents the nude stem of the numeral without the -ni, and stands for our cardinal only; it mostly serves for counting, rapid figuring, and tor torming compound numerals above ten. The numeral undergoes the same inflectional changes as the adjective. It is declined almost like the. adjective; that is it torms a series of cases by means of case-suffixes, or a kind of postpositions which are not quite so numerous and multiform afi_injthedecle^isJon^ tji^s ubstantive n oun, ^also possesses thnl ««veT»th. '"'"""• ^n** 8"nlx can also be dropped, and then we have mawinisua- / t- L ^v\ N^ O .^ a distributive form, which inflects for case exactly like the abso- lute form and can in almost every respect be to ten. Distributive Form. uanigshtani nan ash la'lap'ni, la lapi nddndani vii-unepni tiitenepni nanashkshaptdnkni One half: na-igshta, Modoc: na'gshta Eight Nine: Nine: Ten: iian'gshta ndnasli Idlap nddndan vu-unep, li-unip tiitenep niinashksapt Idlapkshapt ndandanksapt One: na'sh. nas Two: la'p Three: ndAn Four: vunep, n'iiij> Five: tiinep, tunip Six: nashkshdpta, na'sksapt Seven: lapksha2)ta, la'pksapt ndanksapta, ndanksapt na'shskoksh, na's^eks (Klamath Lake) ndnadsjeksh shkekish, skoks (Modoc) sjes^ekish ta-uiiep, tc-unip tetiinep, tetiinip The Klamath numeral j!>/Y't;, iiiirl iiuMitionitifjf or (•(uniting iiianiniatc objectfl of a tall, loTig, or cloiifjatcd sliaju', as chibH, Hticks, U)g8, trees, poles, boardn, feiute rails, rirlos or pistols, Ixxits, etc. The verb properly means: "to lay down, or deposit many tall or long inanimate objer^ts." N('kla or nikla, part, 'u'klatko, with their distril)Utive f(jrmB, are appended to numerals (jontaining units from one to nine after the decad, alid introduciing ol)jects of a thin, tiny or smooth and level surface or texture, as sheets of cloth, or paper, ker- chiefs, mats and other tissues, excluding blankets or arti- cles of dress enveloping the whole body. The verb shukla, of same signification, which we would expect to introduce the Jlrst unit after the de(!ad, is not in use for this purpose. Shl()kla, part. shl(''klatko, with their distributive forms, are found appended to numerals made uj) of units from one to nine after each decad, and referring to blankets, bedcloth, skins, and other large articles of (dothing which serve to enwrap the whole body, Ydla, ydlha, yela, part, ydlatko, yelatko are placed .ifter im- merals composed of units from one to nine after a decrad, and are descriptive of long-shaped, tall inanimate objects, and therefore analogous to ikla in their .ise. The following series of numerals is accompanied by different classifiei's for each decad, thus giving successively the whole series of classifying terms now in use. After the foregoing explaua- tions readers will have no difficulty in understanding its purport: NITMEKAT, SKRIKS FROM ELEVEN irPWAKD. 11 ta-unepdnta nfidsh likla, distr, liUkla 12 ta-unepdnta Is'i'p p<5-ula, distr. pepnla (and so up to:) 19 ta-unei:)dnta nddfi^cks pe-ula 20 IdpCni td-unep, distr. Idlap td-unep 21 Idp'ni ta-unepdnta nddsh liklatko, distr. lildklatko 22 Idp'ni ta-unepdnta la'p pe-ulatko, distr. pepiilatko (and so further up to:) 29 Idp'ni ta-unepdnta nddsjeks pij-ulatko 30 nddni td-unep, disf.r, nddndan td-unep 31 nddni ta-unepdiita ndsh kshikla, dis'x. kshikshdkla 32 nddni ta-unepdnta Idp ikla, distr. i-akla 40 vunepni td-unep, distr. vu-unepni td-unep 41 vundpni ta-unepdnta ndsh kshiklatko, distr. ksiksdklatko 42 vunt^pni ta-unepdnta Idp iklatko, distr. i-dklatko 50 tunepni td-unep, distr. tiitenepni td-unep 51 tiinepni ta-unepanta nddsh ndkla, distr. nendkla 53 tiinepni ta-unepdnta nddn nikla 60 nadshkshaptankni ta-unep, distr. nanadshksaptankni t4- unep iiato objectfl I, logs, treee, :. The verb tall or long )Utive forms, one to nine iiy or smooth ' paper, ker- jtfl or arti- ) shukla, of luce the Jirst e forms, are 1 one to nine h, skins, and ip the whole ied .ifter nu- *cad, and are lad therefore by different 3 whole series ing explaua- ; its purport: 1 up to:) clatko piilatko shdkla ksiks^lklatko atko ikla saptankni ti- 61 ii<''k]atk<», di^tr. 70 71 ^ 80 !)0 !>4 10(» 101 400 JOOO nadslikshaptankiii ta-unopiinta iiadHh nenakliitko lapkshaptilukni ta-un..p. distr. Iula|.kshaptankni fa-unep lapkshaptankn. ta-unei)anta ijasli shh^klu, distr. Hhleslt- lakla ndunksapti'mknl ta-u.iep. distr. iidu.idaidvsuptankni ta- iinep ' Mdanksaptankni ta-unepa.ita lap shlt'khitko. dintr. shlehh- laklatko na(lHhsk(V!jrtni ta-unep, distr. i.aiiadsp-. 1,^,,! ta-iinei) nadsIur.kHiii ta-unop«nta vunip yala, ..,• valatko, i-alatko ta-Miiepm ta-imop; hundred, tiiui hiiiidivd ta-iiiiepni ta-unep nash ksliikia vunepni ta-unepni ti'i-uncj) ta-un(5pni ta-uui'i.ni ta-uiicp; tina toiisaii It is evident, that with such le.igthv nunienils the noble science of matheniatics could not nud.e unu-h hea.lwav an 2 eh forT Tl'^'r ";'^^ii•^^-'I:'<^ -- if ti.e nc^si^^:";'^ renders the terms used for arithn. 'tic fractious uuu.anatreable and the same may be said of the operations where a IvXi numerals are re.juired. In earlier times no short tern existed for hundred and thousand. Fractious and un.ltiplica e nu er alB are formed by adding corresponding participles as '•"" m B^^parated, folded," to the simple numerals. ' ^' OKIOm 01' TUK NLMKUAt.S. Without e.xpatiating further on the various usos of the Kla- math numerals [ proceed to the consideration of their linffuis fc ongm, wh.ch for the three first is involved in mvstery T mt he numerals of this idion. have the ,uinary co,?nt^n^ ' sy Jtim for the.r basis „ apparent from the repetitii.n of the three fi,"t numera s m the teru.s for .;.,•, ,evn> and ruj/.f. The two fiS numerals are etymological I v related to the correspon.li u'\h^! found m he dialects of the Sahaptin linguistic familMXe/ Perce lakima, Klikitat, Vumatilla, etc.,) and in that of thl- Wayiletpu (Cayuse and Molale), both belJuging to tie (" lum- bm River basm. The problem of the possible. 7.1timate affi iy notte'oS':;:''''''^'"^^''' i"'^^ ^"""-'^' --'^ other, 3 n!-r ,'*•"" '"■'■''•"^^ ''* our comparative ignorance of hese id.oms; but its solution would uudoubtediv tl.row oine ight upon the origin of these numerals. Vunep Ind . eZe compounds of the word nep, /uc.d, and the prefixes u-aJt Z?fin -^i' }".<^a ing the termination of the countinf. on four fingers. Xshapta is abbreviated from kshapata, "to bend backwards, to lean, recline upon;" the luunerals Composed whh j-^ 'T " * " Sk b H HI thifi vorb indiuHfu thu b(!iidin^ over of the. dif^itn naiiiud, aa lap- kshapta, aemn, for laj) mi kKhajmta "two I have bunt l)a(;kward8," or Himplv lap kHhapiita, "two are reclining, leaiiiiijj; (upon the pahii) ot the other hand." XadKh-Hji'kiHh, "one Uift over" Ih in Modof abbreviated iiitoHkekinh, "what Ih left,;" the waine terra alw) ineaiiH "what wan Ic^ft bchiinl, iidieritaiice. " Ta-iniep, Am, the original form of which wecinrt to \ni t(''-nnep, is a repetition of t tlnin correctly traced, their originatoi*« must have (Counted only the four long tingern without the thuird), wmXJiiw wuh counted while Maying "hand off." The four or "hand up, haiul high" intiniatcH that the hand was held uj) high after counting its four digits, and some term e.\i)resriing this gesture was in the case of airw wid)stituted by "one loft over;" skekirth, whi(Oi means "one oidy is left until all are counted." Tribes living in tropical and hot climates mostly possess the vigesimal system of numeration, which is rather unfrecpient among the Indians of the Tnited States. Tlu^ cause of this is that the former go* with their feet luiked and therefore use also their toes for counting, while the latter are i)revented by their nrocca- Bins from doing so. Ivltunatli numerals show no affinity with the mimes given to the digits, and heiua^ it is impossible to say whether they began counting with the index, or what seemb more probable, with the snuillest finger. The comparative study of the numerals of different nations and races is most instructive for disclosing certain abstract ideas circulating among their originators, and therefore it can teach ue something about the psyc^hology and the reasoning fatiulties of the prehistoric, nations preceding our epoch by hundreds of cen- turies. No wonder that s(»me of the most gifted linguists like Fr. Pott. VV. von Ilundioldt, and Aug. Schleicher have indulged in their study; they had perceived that a patient and circum- spective analysis of these icmnants of the highest anticjiuty would acquaint us not only vi\\\\ factH, as do the grave-mounds, stone-chisels, and flint arrow-head^, but also with ideait, and that on account of the continuous order in which they follow each other, they are ;n some regards preferable to disconnected radices, stems and derivates for revealing the most anticpic modes of mental operations. 'Compare Win. M. Onbb, on tho Indian Tribes and LanguagoB of Oogta Blca, Am. PhlloB. Soo'y, 1875, p. 530. illiud, HB iHp- batikwiirdu," 1^ (upon the li(ft ovor" iii lie Hiiiiu! term ru-uiK'i), /<7/,, * a repeti' ion imlity- triieed, their iiifern without doff." The fitid wuH held Ml expreHriiiig lie loft over;" re eounted." pos.'ieHH the • init're(pient of thirt is that use also their their ntoeca- affiuity with osBible to Bay !• what Heenib ireiif nations iihstract ideas call teach us ; faeiiltiert of dredrt of een- liiifjjnirtts like lave indulged and circ.nm- eHt antiquity rave-niounds, leas, and that follow each diseonneeted .ntique modes t OosU Bloa, Am. ■^s-r I