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 NAIHJVAf, LfHRARY 
 
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 BlBLiOi Hi (.).!: NA7IONALE 
 
 ;^^^ 
 
 - \1 
 
 ON METONYMS, 
 
 OR TRANSLATED AND QUASI-TRANSLATED PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 BY THE REV. DR. SCADDING, 
 
 HON. LIBRARIAN TO THE CANADIAN INSTITCTE. 
 
 lasmmmMmtatm 
 
 41 ■ 
 
mmmi^mm 
 
 sz 
 
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 f. 
 
 iv%* 
 
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 OX ]\[ETOXYMS, 
 
 on TRAXSLATED AND QUASI-TIIANSLATI^D PERSONAL NAMES. 
 
 V.X TFIK REV. 1>!1. SCADDINO, 
 
 HON. LIBriAItlAN TO THi; C A N A D ! A M IN iT IT ITT.. 
 
 ]MoFt readers iiro aware that t.lie nauios ICrasuius aiiil Melauclulion 
 aru not the original native names of the persons who are thus usually 
 lle^iJ;nateJ in h:st>;ry anJ literaturi'. They also prubably know what 
 tlie original names of those tAvo dlMtiniiuishcd men were. Thoy know 
 that ^L'lanchllion is the German iainily name Schwartzerd, lilafkcartli, 
 in a Grecised form. They may remember, too, the aneedote of the 
 popularity of his Loci Communes or Theological Summary, at I'ome, 
 while circulating as the production of one Ippufilo da Terra-negra, but 
 its instant condemnation when discovered to be the work of the German 
 reformer Philip ]\Ielanchthon. They may know likewise tliat the family 
 nam.e of Erasmus was the Low-German one of Gerrit. in Iligh-Ger'nun 
 Gerhard, fancifully and no doubt wrongly held to be a corruption of 
 Gernhabcr, an aiitifjuc synonym of Licbhabcr, of which Erasmus, 
 IJciovc'l, was supposed to be a sulTicieiit translation. MorctiVer it will 
 bo r.Muembercd by some that the pronomen of Erasmu-*, iiaiiuly 
 Desiderius (wliich is intended to be identical in sense with Erasuius, 
 the JJcloved.) originated in the baptismal name of the little Gerrit, 
 which was itself Gerrit, the same virtually as his surname: t'.iat, in 
 fact, like Sir Crcfswcll Cresswell, the great scholar of I^ittordam was 
 christened by his own family name, and that the reiteratiuii that 
 resulted was attonipted to be rendered by the respectively Greek and 
 Latin terms Desiderius Erasmus. (Iioth names were familiar enough 
 at the time, as belonging to popular 'saints,' one being identical with 
 the French St. Didier, the other with the Italian St. Elmo or Erino.) 
 
 Now there are many other less familiar examples of somewhat simi- 
 larly translated or quasi-translated names to be met with in literary 
 
 Iv.^ 
 
 ite 
 
 I 
 
^ v 
 
 4 ON >IET0NYM8. 
 
 liittiiry ; and as we have not been so fortunate as to light on any 
 detailed collection of such instances, we have thought it might be of 
 some interest and even occasional utility, to niako a record here of our 
 own memoranda in this regard, incidentally jotted down from time to 
 time. We ha 'e seen such works as Barbicr's Dictionaire desOuvrages 
 Ationynies et Pseudonymes, published in Paris in 1822; Wheeler's 
 Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction, published at Boston in 
 ISIi.') ; and the Handbook of Fictitious Names by " Olphar Ilamst," 
 published in London in 1808. liut in these we find no detailed list 
 of the class of names now referred to ; and which we have ventured to 
 style Metonyms, translated or quasi-translated cames. 
 
 Salverte has a chapter on translated names; but the scope of his 
 work (History of the Names of Men, Nations and Places, in their con- 
 nection with the Progress of Civilisation) did not require him to enu- 
 merate more than a few examples. In Lower's Patronymica Britannica, 
 the Latinised names are of a class to be met with only in the old Char- 
 ters and legal lecords of England. Baillet's Auteurs Deguises, had 
 the work been within our reach, might possibly have helped us. We 
 offer our collection simply as a contribution to a more complete list, for 
 the use and information of the student who has occasion to consult t!:o 
 original authorities for the civil and literary history of the lOth cen- 
 tury; and under correction, for we have not been able, in every 
 instance, to recover the source of our notes. Hallam, Whewell, 
 Disraeli, Dibdin and Brunet furnished us with some of them. Our 
 translated names will be those which, like the instances already 
 described, convey in a Latinised or Grecised form the sense, real or 
 supposed, or approximated to, of the vernacular name. Our quasi- 
 translated names will embrace such as have, for convenience, been 
 moulded into a Latin form, and have assumed in the process a shape 
 under which the vernacular form is not, at first sight, readily recog- 
 nised ; as, for example, Linnncus, for Linn<5, Grotius for de Groot. 
 
 At the period of the ' Revival of Letters,' when the Latin and Greek 
 tongues came again to be familiarly understood among the literary men 
 of Western Europe, and to be used by them with elegance in the 
 writing of history and other works, and in correspondence and even 
 common conversation with each other, it was found that the proper 
 names of persons (aa also of places) constituted, in many instances, 
 sounds harsh to the ear, aud forms uncouth to the eye, in the midst of 
 the flow and harmony of the lately-revived, so-called classical languages. 
 
r/- 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 5 
 
 The plan was consequently soon adopted of softening and harnioni>ii)i: 
 the naujcs required to bo used, either by translating them accDrdiiig to 
 their etymology, or by resuming the forms of the same names as they 
 were before becoming barbariscd in the fourth and flfth centuries, or 
 by sutlixing convenient terminations. 
 
 Tor this smoothing-down of rough foreign proper names there was 
 the authority and example of the great authors whose works were again 
 becoming widely known. The Greek historians moulded to their own 
 vocal organs the names of Persian and other Asiatic persons and jilacos. 
 Livy did the same with Etrurian, Oscan and IMiujnician names. Civsar 
 and Tacitus did the same with places and persons in the West, the 
 writers in each instance preserving in the metonym, material of high 
 value now to the ethnologist and comparative philologist. 
 
 The fastidiousness of taste generated by the newly-revived studies 
 carried men too far when, as in some of the literary clubs or academics 
 in Italy, they adopted the custom of addressing each other by venera- 
 ble names that did not. even in sound, belong to them : just as, centu- 
 ries before, under the influence of another partial ' revival of letters,' 
 Charlemagne had saluted his (Jhancellor Angelbert as Homer, and 
 Alcuin, the head of the Palace-schuol, as Flaccus. (It was chanieter- 
 istic of the age in which this earlier revival had happened, that Charle- 
 magne himself was styled by a natne not taken from Creek or lloman 
 annals, but from the records of Holy Writ; — he was aeadomically, •^o 
 to speak, King David ; while his superintendent of public woiks, and 
 subsequent biographer, Eginhart, was addressed by the name of the 
 ingenious nephew of Moses, Beseleel.) These are examples of pseudo- 
 nyms, not metonyms: conceits playfully indulged in by great men, but 
 not worthy of much attention. It was quite another thing to Latinise 
 or Grecise a name that had become barbariscd: or, when harsh and 
 uncouth-looking from its Teutonic or other foreign constitution, to 
 translate it, according to received analogies, into a corresponding 
 equivalent term, in communications by writing or word of mouth, car- 
 ried on between literary men. 
 
 The learned Greeks who found their way from Constantinople to 
 Italy i;i the fourteenth and two following centuries, would readily shew 
 their pupils how to transmute conveniently names that seemed uncouth; 
 and to construct out of them others that would resemble those borne by 
 themselves and by the Byzantine writers with whose works they were 
 familiar. Here are the names of some of these literary emigrants ; 
 
7/3 
 
 ON MET0NYM8. 
 
 Johatjuef Arryropyla.^. John Silverfrate; Antonius Eparchus, Antonj 
 le Pnfti : SE(?)ba3 and Zachariah Calliergus, Nicholas and Zachary 
 Fainrwi : G^iorrioa Gtmistus or I'letho, George Fulraan. Any one of 
 thefie itii.'ii W a metonym from the Teutonic or some other Western 
 dialect, fjj-l-ir to those which we arc about to enumerate. The names 
 of the Uxrindne writers are of a similar stamp : Johannes Stolaea* 
 JoLnff--- '■■; Photius. I'lijrht or Manly ; ]Maximus J'lanudes, A?lniy 
 Tli.'^u- 2I._u*teT, the Teacher; (loorgius Chujroboscus, Swineherd 
 DcinetrJz* TrWmins, Butler, IJuffetier; Theodorus I'rodronius. Scout 
 Mauui. .'. -', Alclud; Georgius Syncellus, Fellowfriar, Confiere. 
 
 Chuia ; Crwtintinns Psellus, Stammerer ; Gcor^'ius Pachymere?, 
 ClutD+^j; T!s«ij'I'>nw Anngnostes, the Reader; Johannes Philnpinu* 
 LjTf ■? -': — ■ -:'7 nrithirij; of earlier and more venerable names. Ltiiin 
 £B V • :, -■ :.p!o and compound, all possessing visible vernacu- 
 
 lar ^ :■ ■.- -- 
 
 A ...'.hr as the instances of Erasmus and ^rdanchthon, nrc 
 
 those «f G>; .'.i.-upadiu.-i. professor of Divinity at Bale in 1528; Bucct, 
 pro£eBSor ©f Divinity at Cambridge in 1540; and Capnio, the very 
 learned priee>*pcor of Molanchthon. The first is properly Ilussgen. cor- 
 rupted fiwBi H^BSchein, Ilouselight; the next is Kuhhorn, Cowhorn; 
 and the fast is Reuchlin, Smoke. Capito, a friend of Bucer's. was 
 
 rca 
 
 !i.r jr., 
 
 •?. Head-stone. Melissus, author of eight books of Mele- 
 teii^v'j. -;.!:-. printed at Frankfort in 1505, is Paul Biene, Bee 
 (Melit^sti. ' -i . We have also a printer at Bern, named Apiariu?. 
 Cocll'.p. a*. ia:hor of a Historia Ilussitaruni, and an opponent of the 
 . VM Wendlestcin, Cochla^a, Periwinkle, Winkle. Perizo- 
 .:' Origines Babylonica3 et -t-Egyptiacra, was Yoorbrctck, 
 
 Ref 
 
 AjT'.r. 
 
 lu V : -:r:;r-^ at C;ilo, not far from the resting-place of Erasmus, is 
 atul.].;i t ^1- r'.lend Episcopius; and near by are other more recent 
 m<iiL..yli^-^ :.> meoibcrs of the same family', whereon the vernacular 
 name <. f liindkoff b resumed. Parous, author of three folio volumes of 
 diviiiitT, ia 1533. was Wangler, wange being cheek in German, and 
 par.!:. ; tkeek in Greek. Macropedius, a writer of Dramatic 
 
 pic ' ■ - ; :r,2. was Langevelt, macro having reference to Lange, 
 auu ].'.:,. i- :; «.;ite. field, campus, pedion. Opilio was Schacfer, Shep- 
 herd. oj,2iji fceiag shepherd, as though ovilio, from ovis. Lentiliua 
 was Liiiwdbaritt, a supposed progeny of linse, German for lentiL*. 
 MsJlfc'JuE. a«ocest diminutive of Charles Martcl's name, was Hem- 
 
 I. 
 
//^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ON METONYMS. 7 
 
 mcrlfin, which is sufTicicntly linplish in sound to speak for itself. IIo 
 
 was a divine of Zurich : some of his treatises were printed at Ilfilc in 
 
 1-^07. Jerome Hock, Anj^licr liuck, a naturalist, whose Kroutcr-buch 
 
 was printc' "t Strasbourg in 1540, appears on the title pajro of tlio 
 
 Latin version of that work, as Ilieronynius Tragus, the efiuivalcnt of 
 
 Lis name in Greek. Manneken, author of a Complete Letter V.'ritor 
 
 in 1470, elevates liis family-name l)y Latini.-^ing it Virulus, nut Ilomun- 
 
 culus. Kamnicrmeistor, a di.stiiigni.shed commentator on the Now Toa- 
 
 tament, was Canierarius, Chanil)erlain. (Ilis family-name was once 
 
 Liobhard.) Loos, in Low-German, crafty, compiler in 1581, of Illus- 
 
 trium Genn;iniiU Utriusquo Catalogus, is Callidius. Kallison, a i>iijil) 
 
 of Molanclithun's, became Callistus and Cali.xtu", Formosi.ssimus. I'hic 
 
 Jlolitor in 1489 lean doubtless a 3Iueller; as also Crato ^lylins, a 
 
 printer at Strasbourg, and a Farinator in 1477. Vermeulen i.s Mol.iiius, 
 
 and Walscemuelle . Ilylacomylus. The real name of Regiomontruuis, 
 
 the great mathematician at the close of the fifteenth century, was 
 
 rdueller. Kegiomontanus, Montrcalcr, is his designation as being a 
 
 native of Kon'gsbcirg, Mont-real, in Franconia. Johannes do Trittci*- 
 
 heim, a voluminous historical writer in 1540, is known as Trithennus. 
 
 Jodocus Bisdius Asccnsius, the learned printer, is no more thati Josso 
 
 Bade of the village of Asche, in Flanders. 'We meet with distinguished 
 
 Hebrew scholars bearing the evident mctonyms of Aurogallus and 
 
 Acoluthus. 
 
 Giles Overmarin, translator into Latin of the romance of the Ules- 
 
 picgel (whence the French espieglerie), in 1G57, is ^TCgidius Periander. 
 
 The mctonyms in -ander arc very numerous. An obvious one is Xcan- 
 
 der fur Neumann. Of this name there were many men of note. The 
 
 family name of the modern theologian Ncandor was ■Mondel. Ho was 
 
 born a Jew, and asfsumcd the name Ncander on rcliofjuishiiig the 
 
 Jewish faith. On a tablet in Wostmiiister Abbey appears the full'nving 
 
 inscription under the name of a Franciscus Newmanuus : — 
 
 E\utj*i jam carne, nnimarum hi sedo 
 rvcccptiis, vere Neander fuetiis est. 
 
 One Stephen Neumann figures as Homo Novus. iMegandor is Gros- 
 
 nian. ]5ut Albertus [Magnus is Albert de Grout. (His Works consist 
 
 of twenty-one folio voIuidcs,) Tlieodurus Biblianiler is Theodore Buch- 
 
 uiann. Xylander, editor of Greek and Latin authors in 15.S2, was, in 
 
 the vernacular, Holzmann, Woodman. Then we have several Oslan- 
 
 dcrs, Huiligmanncr, a name now degenerated intoOsmaun; and a medical 
 
'y/6 
 
 8 
 
 ON MErONYMS. 
 
 writer of ITcssc, Johannes Drj-auder, John Eiehmann. Wc may con- 
 jecture what the orij^inals may have been of Onosandor, Gaiiaiider, 
 Nicandor, Cratander, Kyriander and Melandcr. The hist was pcniapa 
 Schaefor attain, Sheop-inan. Matthias I'lach rraneuwitz, principal 
 author of the Ecclesiastical History known as the ('enturijc .Maj^debur- 
 penso.«, was Flacius and Flaccus Illyricus. Valentin us Paceus was 
 llartunjjr Frid. (Hart, vnlens; Friede, pajv.) 
 
 Conradus Dasypodius, a mathematician, and translator of ' Thcodo- 
 sius and Autolycus on the Sphere,' in 1072, was Conrad llauchfiiss, 
 Ilaiiy-fuot Lycosthenes, compiler of a once well-known volume of 
 Apophthcpjmata published at (leneva in IGo.J. is Wolf-hart, that is, as 
 Kilian says, Fortis ut Lupus. Maurolycus also seems to speak for 
 itself. Neoai'ios is Neuonaar, aar being eagle, that is, aetos. Comes 
 Ncuenarius, Comes Nea'tius, and Conies Noviu Aquiliu, all mean Count 
 Neuenaar. Pelargus is Storch, that w, Stork. The family-namo of 
 Joachim Fortius llingelborgius, in lolG, was also Storch. An Abbot 
 Anser bnrc the family-name of John IIu.ss, Latinised. Luscinius was 
 Naelitii:all. Godofredus Rabus is Godfrey Fkaaban, Raven. In Ra- 
 banus .^Iaurus we have a hint of huw * raven ' may have been applied 
 in .some cases as a sobriquet. Glaums is 'The Moor.' I'ctrus Niger, 
 a German, was the author of a work, Ad Judtuoruni FerCdiam Kxtir- 
 pandaiii, printed at Esslingen in 1475. Coracopetra was Rabenstein. 
 Other names from colour are Cyaneus and Drunus. One from taste 
 is Sapidus, a metonym however, probably, from Weise, Wiseman. 
 Frederic Ijarba-rossa, i. c. russa, red, will be familiar to all. (Gildebcr- 
 tus is said to signify much the same — Rutilus barba.) There are many 
 Lupuses ; and a Canius, who was a Netherlander, dc ^'^ondt, the Ilouud. 
 Wolfgang, a common prenomen, appears to have been simply furnished 
 with the termination -us; although it is explained to be Lupi incessus, 
 Wolfgait, Musculus, diminutive of Mus, is Mauslein, Little mouse. 
 
 Crusius is a quasi-Latinisaiion of the Low-German Kruys, Cross; 
 ab<o of Kraus. There are likewise a Crucius, a Cruciger and a Cruci- 
 gerus. Van Horn became Ceratinus, 'keras' being *horn.' Vander 
 Steen was ii Lapide, 'steen' being 'lapis.' Erastus is Lieber, akin 
 respectively to Erasmus and Liebbaber, 'liebe' being ' eros,' love. 
 Thomas Xa^georgus is Thomas Kirchmeyer, *naos' being 'Kirch, 
 ecclesia,' and ' meyer,' colonus-villicus, farm-bailiff. 
 
 Several authors are named Cellai-iusj all probably Kellners, that is 
 Cellarers: one, in IGGl, published in Amsterdam an Atlas of the 
 
ON METONYMS. 
 
 
 
 y. 
 
 Heavens. There are three Opsopoci, in all likelihood Kochs. that is, 
 Cooks. LutinlseJ names from trades or occupations ore numerous. 
 I'ellicanus was Kur«hncr, Furrier, one dealin<» in pellcs, peltries. 
 Messenmaker, Cutler, is Cultrifox, in 147U, from culter, a kriifo. 
 Ilermanus Figulus w.-vs Herman TiJpfer, Potter. Wo meet with Pi.s- 
 cator, Fischer; A<;rieola, Pachter, Farmer; Serrarius, Sawyer, llulz- 
 sajrer ; Caspar Sagittarius, Archer, IJoocnschiiko ; with Latomus, 
 ^liner, Steinbrecher; with Sartor, and Sartorius, Taylor, Schneider; 
 with a Pistor. Baker, doubtless Becker; a Ravisius Textor, Weaver, 
 Weber; a Tinctor, Dyer, Farber; a Sutor, Shoewrighfc, Schuster; and 
 a Lapidanus, Stoner, Steiner : also with a Kaiser Karl Fidicen, who 
 was surely a Fiddler, Geigcr, or Lutist, L(i('. r. A Felix Fidlerus or 
 Fiedlerus occurs. The la.«t epistle written b , Melcnchthon was to a 
 Johannes Aurifaber, Goldsmith. It is ^'!j;ned ''Philip ^Iclanchthon, 
 brovi raoriturus," p. 4o(), Ed. Elzev. ^J47. Geor-Ius Acanthius wo 
 niiy suppose to have been George Dorn, that is. Thorn. Rivinus, the 
 botanist, wc know, was liachman, from oach, beck, rivulus, rivus ; 
 and Vander Boeken or Beken, Torrentius. Vander Bosch was Syl- 
 vius, and Fagius was Buchlein. diminutive of Beech. 
 
 Printers as well as authors allowed their names to appear iu Latin 
 and Greek forms. Several of the metonyms already noticed apper- 
 tained to printers. Oporinus is Ilerbst, that is, Harvest. Eucharius 
 Cervicornus, at Cologne in 1520, is Eucharius Hirichhorn, Staghorn. 
 (We meet with Cornucervinus also for Von Hirschhorn.) Petrus 
 Cnesaris, a Fleming, was Pieter Keyscre. Petrus Pcrna was Peter 
 Ham, Schinte. Graphajus was probably Schreiber, and Cephahcus 
 Hauptmann ; Nicolaus Lupus, Wolf, was a printer at Lj'ons in 149'J. 
 We have not at hand the famous Epistoloo Obscurorum Virorum. 
 Some amusing imitations of metonymised names would doubtless be 
 found therein. 
 
 It is unnecessary to remark upon such direct Latinisations as Zump- 
 tius, Zuinglius, Vossius, Arminius ( Ilermansen); or on such obvious 
 ones as Vredius for do Vree, Venius for Van Veen, Arimreus for Van 
 Arum, Musius for Muys, or Chocrius for Vander Keere, which in 
 French is du Tour, that is, like Keere in Low-German, Turn or Cir- 
 cuit. Dodonoeus, a physician and botanist in 1616, is Dodoens. 
 Christian Gottlob Sachs was first Sachsiusj then Saxius. Zypwus is 
 Vauden Zype. 
 
10 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 Judex is the name of a Danish writer on Printing. (We Ijavo ihn 
 name Judge in English.) A Danish mathematician was named Nico- 
 lius Raymarus Ursus. The Icelandic author of the Orkneyinga Saga, 
 sive Ilistoria Orcadensium, printed at Copenhagen in 1780, Jonas 
 Jontcus, i.s, in effect, Jonas ap Jones. Rcinicr Gemma, surnamed the 
 Frisian, must have been Jeweel, Jewel, in his own vernacular Low- 
 Geru'an. 
 
 A surgeon of Ghent is renowned in 1722 under the name of Palin- 
 gcnius. This appears to have been a fanciful expansion of his real 
 name, which was PalSn. In like manner, from a partial similarity of 
 sound, the name of the Cretan grammarian iMoscopuIus was usurped by 
 Peter von 3Iiisschenbrock, literally. Swallow-brake. Noviomagus is 
 simply a local name for Nimeguen, anciently Nieuwmegcn. His real 
 name was GelJenhanr; as that of Pomeranus was Bugenhagen. I\Iy- 
 conius we once supposed to be a Grecising of some word signifying 
 Ibldhead; but Pipericornius, literally Pfcffercorn, Peppercorn, in his 
 Chronieon Thuringiacum, says, Fuit Myconius alio nomine !?Iecum 
 dictus; but what Mecum may be a corruption of, is not evident. 
 Tabernremontanus, a naturalist, whose Eicones Plantarum appeared 
 at Frankfort in 15S8, was so named from his having been born at 
 Taberna3 Montansc, that is, Bergzabern, a town in the Palatinate 
 (stadt in der Pfalz). 
 
 The famous name Paracelsus was probably intended to express a 
 relation to Celsus, the great medical philosopher of the first century, 
 ani seems to be formed on the analogy of 'paradoxus,' 'contrary to 
 opinion;' as though it would describe one who could astonish Celsus. 
 Two of his Tracts are entitled respectively, Paragvanum, Paramirum. 
 It has however been imagined by some that ' Paracelsus' has reference 
 to ' Ilohenheuii,' a place from which his father derived an agnomen; 
 the family-name being Bombast von Ilohenhcim. The comjilutc scries 
 of names possessed or assumed by Paracelsus himself was : Philippus 
 Aureolus Theophrastus Paracelsus Bombastus ab Ilohenheim Eiemita. 
 He was born in 1493 at Einsicdeln, the site of an ancient Swiss n)onas- 
 tery : in monkish phraseology, the neighborhood was styled Tlelvetire 
 ilrenms. Hence comes the final term in the series of names borne by 
 Paracelsus, Eren)ita. The inflated and mysterious words adopted profes- 
 sionally by Paracelsus are said to have been the original ' Bombast,' as 
 applied to language. Here is a brief specimen of a letter of his to 
 Erasmus, who had consulted him at Bale in 1522: ' Qua> mihi sagas 
 
 -<^ 
 
ON METONYMS. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 .. 
 
 musa et Astoos tribult medica, candide apud rae damans: similium 
 jadiciorum niaiiifostus sum auctor. llcgio hepatis pbarmacis non indi- 
 get, noc alia} dua) species indigent laxativis. 3Iedicamen est magistrale 
 arcanum potiu3 ex re comfortativfi speciflcu ex nielleis ahstersivis, id 
 est, consulidativi8.' More follows. (The Astoos is probably the mys- 
 tic familiar, Azoth, kept by 'IJombastus,' as Butler spcak>i, Ilud. iii. 
 1. G28, " shut in the pummel of his sword.") Erasmus appears to 
 have been well pleased with the opinion given. In his reply he .«a}s : 
 'Dcmiror unde me tarn penitus noris scaiel duntaxat visum. ^-Enig- 
 mata tua non ex arte medica, quam nunquam didioi, sed ex niisero 
 sensu verissima esse agnosco,' ko. The great specific of I'aracelsiis 
 was a tincture of opium : a remedy omiiino lau<l;indum : hence by 
 popular corruption our familiar word ' lauilauum.' 
 
 In the metonyniising of Italian personal names, Mic process is often 
 simply to revert to the original form of the word. As when Perbuono 
 becomes Perbonus ; Giovinazzo, Juvenatius; I'aulo Giuvio, Paulas 
 Jovius; Giovanni Giocondo, Johannes Jucundus; Feboni, Phcjebe 
 nius , Yottori, Victorius; Scttali, Septaliu*'; Navigero, Naugerius 
 Thus, Acconsi, author of the "Great Gloss," a work on Law in sis 
 folio volumes, published in the l-jth century, is also Accursius. Some- 
 times a compound name is represented by a similar compound, as when 
 Mezzobarba, the name of an aunotator on Occo's Xumismata Imperii- 
 torum Ilomanorum, becomes Mediobavbus. Sometimes the name is 
 Latinised by a translation of its meaning in Italian : as when Banchieri, 
 Bankers, Exchange-brokers, became Cambiatores, and llicci, ' of the 
 curled locks,' professor of Belles Lettres at Florence in 1500, became 
 Crinitus, and Pictro Capretto, an Italian mystic writer in 141)2, became 
 Petrus Ha)dus (kid). Giovanni Giglis is Johannes de Lilii.-:, Giglis 
 being from Giglio for Lilio, that is J^ilium, Angliee. Lily. Occasion- 
 ally the name is Grecised in a similar manner : as when Fortegucrra 
 becomes Crateromachus, ' Strong i' th' Fight,' and Buonacorsi is sup- 
 posed to be sufliciently expressed by Calliniachus, signifying probably 
 for the occasion, * Of graceful action in the Tournament.' Johannes 
 Yictjr Rossi, a Roman satirist, is, somewhat niixedly, Janus Nicius 
 Krythranis, and Giampietrc Arrivabene, elegantly. Kutychius. Ritius 
 represents lliccio; also Iliz, Ris and Rit. One would have supposed 
 tliat Galeotto, ' Galley-slave,' would have chosen some more elaborate 
 metonym than 'Galeottus.' By entitling a work of his 'De vulgo In 
 
(y/9 
 
 12 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 tl 
 
 cognitis,' he, in the 15th century, forestalled the ' Things not generally 
 known ' of Mr. Timbs. 
 
 Local, territorial and family appellations are expressed by appropriate 
 local and gentile adjectives. Thus Rucellai, head of the Platonic 
 academy at Florence, is Oricellarius ; Chiaramonti, Claramontius ; 
 Lorenzo de' Medici, Laurentius Mediceus; Ambrogio di Calepio, Am- 
 brosius Calepinus, In Belcarius (Hist. Rer. Gallicarum), Ercole 
 d'Este becomes Hercules Atestinus. 
 
 We have an interest on this continent in the name of Amerigo Ves- 
 pucci. On the title page of his Novus Mundus, addressed to Lorenzo 
 de' Medici, it is metonymised into Albericus Vespuccius. Albericus 
 was softened into Americus : Italianised, it became Amerigo. Ip old 
 French he is called Emeric de Vespuce. This identifying of Amerigo 
 with Albericus determines the prosodiacal quantity of the penultima of 
 America in Latin, all the Teutonic proper names in -icus having it 
 long; but custom has rendered it short in America. In a volume 6f 
 Latin and other verse in the Bodleian, of the date 1761, we have the 
 old soldier of the reign of George II. describing his exploits on this 
 continent and speaking in good iambics of 
 
 Americre sinua, et immnnes lacns, 
 Comata sylvis montiura cacuminn, 
 Gravesque lapsus fluminum, uroium situs 
 Et barbarorum corpora, et vultus truces, «fec. 
 
 The familiar name of Columbus is the pure Latin form of the old 
 North Italian and old French Colon, which in the latter language is 
 also Coulon. Both are corruptions of Columbus, the masculine form 
 of Columba, Dove. Peter Martyr looks as if it were a name belonging 
 to our list of metonyms, but deceptively so. There are two Peter 
 Martyrs. One the author of an Enchiridion de Nuper sub Carolo 
 ropcrtis Insulis, printed at Bale in 1521, and of the De Orbe Novo 
 Decades octo, printed at Alcala in 1530: works of interest, both of 
 them, to us on this continent. On the title page of the old translation 
 of the first-mentioned little tractate his name figures as Pierre Martyre 
 de Millan : and in a copy of the wck, now lying before us, he is styled 
 Petrus Martyr, ab Angleriit, Mediolanensis. The other Peter jNIartyr 
 is the reformer so called, who was a native of Florence and professor 
 of Divinity at Oxford in the reign of Edward VI. His family-name 
 was Vermiglio or Vermeille, Latinised into Vermilius. Petrus Martyr 
 
 V 
 
^ 
 
 ON MET0NTM3. 
 
 18 
 
 was the name under which a church hard hy his father's house was 
 dedicated. This suggested a baptismal name for the child. 
 
 Dante's name is an abbreviation of Durante; and Durante, as an 
 Italian family-name, is Latinised into Durandus. In the case of the 
 poet, however, it assumes a kind of Greek form, Dantes, when meto- 
 nymised. In Keble's Praelectiones de Poetica) Vi 3Iedici5, he appears 
 as Dantes Aligherus (to express Allighieri) j and in the Poemata et 
 Inscriptiones of Landor we have 
 
 Dantcn sfpcula qnina transiernnt 
 Cum Florentia funebres honores 
 Solvit manibus optimi poetje. 
 
 In the church of St. Onofrio at Kome is to be seen the brief inscrip- 
 tion over the remains of Tasso: Tobquati Tassi 0.ssa. Tasso we 
 thus learn became Tassus, just as Bembo became Bembus. Paolo 
 Sarpi, bettor known as Fra Paolo and Father Paul, historian of the 
 Council of Trent, is Paulus Sarpus. But his name is often concealed 
 under the anagram Pietro Soave Polano. formed from the words Paolo 
 Sarpi Ycnetiano. (There is a writer on German Typography, named 
 Paul Pater.) Aldo Pio ]Manuzio, the father of the Aldoses, each, like 
 himself, a learned printer either at Venice or Rome, is Aldus Pius 
 Manutius. Aldo itself is said to have been Theobaldo abbreviated. 
 
 The name of Tifi Odassi, a writer of >Iacaronic verse in the 15th 
 century, has, like that of the artist Taddeo Gaddi, when uttered by 
 Italian lips, an Hibernian ring. In Latin it is dignified into Typhys 
 Odaxius. This was probably a taking advantage of sounds. Giovanni 
 Paolo Parisio in that way became Johannes Paulus Parrhasius, a name 
 famous in its day, and liable to be confounded with that of the artist- 
 pupil of Socrates. (^In passing, it may be remarked that some Irish 
 names submit readily to the Italianising and Latinising process. The 
 well-known Montreal name Donegana looks as if it were an example 
 of this; and on the title page of a Compendium, in Latin, of Irish 
 Church-history, anno 1G21, we have 't set forth that it was composed 
 ' h, Philippo OsuUeuano Bearro, Iberno.') In Nicolaus Laurentius for 
 Cola di Rienzi, we have a correction in Latin of a kind of slang once in 
 vogue in Italy in regard to names, — the custom, that is to say, of 
 speaking of persons of note by abbreviated, nursery-names. Giotti'.s 
 name is said to be a fragment of Ambrogiotto, that is, little Anibrogiu 
 or Ambro.sius. Italian writers Latinised the Scottish name Crichton 
 into Ciitonius, lu Italian itself the famous Crichton was Giacomo 
 
 i^ 
 
 1 
 Ail 
 
 iMI 
 
'^/ 
 
 wmmmm 
 
 u 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 Critonio. IJuchanan tualies it Crihtoniu3. Here we have helps to 
 the pronunciation of the original name. In Latin versions of some of 
 the treatises of Savonarola, that name is treated as purely classical 
 We have also his letters printed at Paris in 1074 : Ilier. Savonarola3 
 Epistolo). lie is ordinarily known as llioronynio and Girolamo da 
 Ferrara : and is frequently quoted as Ilieronymus Ferrarius, that is, by 
 his Christian and local names Latinised. Old English writers speak of 
 him as Jerome of Ferrarie, and Jerom Forrarie. 
 
 The proud name of Julius Ca3sar Scaligcr or Scaligerus, eminent in 
 ho literature of the 10th century, was properly J. C. della Scala, of 
 the della Sealas de IJordone, who were allied, it was asserted by Julius, 
 to the princely della Sealas of Verona. Some who were irritat.ed by 
 the arrogance and ostentatiousness of Julius, professed to know that 
 his nimie was simply Bordone; and that della Scala denoted the sign 
 of his father's trade or the street where he lived. Joseph Justus, the 
 iUasirious son of Julius, took the trouble to re-assert a family connec- 
 tiuii witU the noble della Sealas. This drew forth from Caspar Sciop- 
 pius, at 3Icntz in 1007, a refutation, or supposed refutation of that 
 oliuui — Scali'^cr Ilypobolimajus, (the supposititious Scaliger), hoc est, 
 Elcrichus Epistola) Josephi Burdonis, pseudo-Scaligeri de Vetustate et 
 Splcndore gentis Scaligenc. Sannazaranus is a quasi-Latinisation of 
 Sannazzaro, St. Nazarius, author in 1502 of the Arcadia, a pastoral 
 romance, which was, in part, the model of our own Sir Philip Sidney's 
 Arcadia. This writer is also spoken of by his academic pseudonym 
 Actius Syncerus. The name of the Neapolitan poet Cariteo is the 
 Italian form of his academic name, Chariteus. In this instance, the 
 assumed name has caused the family-name to be forgotten. 
 
 Among French raetonyms, that of the Stephani will perhaps bo the 
 most familiar. Vernacularly, the Stephani were the Etiennes, Es- 
 tionnes, or Stephenses, a succession of learned printers who, through- 
 out the whole of the sixteenth century, did admirable service. Henry, 
 Robert, and Henry, junior, of this name, have the honour to be some- 
 times distinguished from each other in imperial fashion, as Stephanus 
 I., II., III. Charles, P.'ul and Antony Stephens were also printers, 
 but of less note. Another familiar metonym to be noticed here, in 
 connection with the Etiennes, although otherwise out of its place, is 
 Scapula, probably Schulterblatt, Shoulder-blade. Not many years since, 
 'Scapula,' like ' Donatus ' and 'Calepinus' previously, had almost 
 merged its personal associations in those of a book. A * Donat ' was a 
 
 irr 
 
 mm 
 
/^- 
 
 1 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 15 
 
 m,t 
 
 grammar: a < Calepin,' in French, was a note-book : and a 'Scapula' 
 was, with us, a certain large Greek Lexicon. It had an origin not 
 reputable. While Henry Stephens was bringing out his Thesaurus 
 Liriguaj Giajcfc, an ati.sistant in his printing-office, Scapula, secretly 
 made an abridgment of that ponderous work, and subsequently pub- 
 lished it at Bale. The leaser book, though itself of huge size, yet being 
 the smaller of two evils, — (the greater being in the form of four fulio 
 volumes) — the sale of the latter was hindered, and the interests of Ste- 
 phanus III. were so seriously interfered with, that his bankruptcy 
 ensued. A Scapula, now, is philologically valueless. 
 
 In the IGth century, we meet with the name Odet de Turnebu, 
 borne by the author of a French comedy; and with Adrianus Turne- 
 bus, in the vernacular, Turnebe, a Greek scholar and critical annotator. 
 This name is said to be, in fact, the Scottish name Turnbull, Gallicised 
 first into Tournebocuf, and then partially Grecised into Turnebu'^, 
 where -bus represents bous, that is, boouf, alth'iugh in verse the termi- 
 nation is found short as well as long in quantity. The original Turn- 
 bull, in the time of King Robert Bruce, was, according to the Scottish 
 legend, called Ruel. In 1644 we find printed at Paris a volume in 
 quarto entitled Adami Blacvodaai Opera Omnia, including Varii Gene- 
 ris Poemata. We here hardly lecognise, in its Latin guise, the fami- 
 liar Scottish name of Blackwood. Marboouf, a bishop of Kennes, 
 Latinised his name into Marbodus. 
 
 In Sammarthanus we have a base metonymisation of the name ' de 
 Sainte Marthe.' Two brothers of this name, Scajvola and Louis, began 
 the Gallia Christiana, a Church-history of France, publishing four 
 vuluiies in folio under that title, in 1G5G, a work that has since 
 swollen, without being completed, to fourteen volumes in folio. With 
 this name we may compare the probably more familiar ' Nostrad.uims' — 
 which is a similar base rendering of ' de Notre Dame' — the name, in 
 the vernacular, of the great 'prophet' of 1555, "medeciu du Roi 
 Cliarles IX., et I'un des plus escellents astronomes qui fureiit jamais," 
 so styled on the title page of the Lyons edition of his predictions in 
 IGll. Lodclle's epigram on this personage is well known : — 
 
 Falsi! damus cum nostra claiiius, nam fallere nostrum est, 
 Et cum nostra duiinis, non nisi fulsa damus. 
 
 Ilieronymus Natalis, author of Meditationes, &c , In 1504, is Jerome 
 Noel: that is: Noiil having been, through the Provenr^al Nadal, Nael, 
 originally Natalis, Noiil is Latinised back into that form. Comitum 
 
 Mk 
 
 mm 
 
 MiMllilliHiMriiHi 
 
723 
 
 ■■■Hi 
 
 16 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 Natalis, author of a work on Hunting, in 1681, is Noel dcs Cumtes. 
 Petrus de Natalibus, on the other hand, in 1493, is Piorre des 
 Natalies. 
 
 In 1590 we meet with Guidonis Conchylii Poiimata. These are the 
 Poems of Guy Coquille, jurisconsult and poet. Cornelius ;i Lapide, 
 author of ten fulio volumes of Scripture-criticism in 1657, is Cornellle 
 de la Pierre. The great grammarian and dialectician, Ramus, slain in 
 the massacre of St. Bartholomew, was in plain vernacular, Pierre de la 
 Ramee. Rut Camus, Caylus, Simus, Patus, Regius, Dumus, and some 
 others of a like appearance, do not belong to our metonyms. 
 
 Johannes Viator, a commentator on the book of Job, is Jean Pele- 
 grin. Petrus Comestor, whose Ilistoria Scholastica super Novum 
 Testamentum was printed in 1473, was Pierre le Mangeur. Antonius 
 Sylviolus is Antoiue Forestier; and Sylvius is du Rois. Macarius is 
 rileureux. Dionysius Exiguus is Denis le Petit. Johannes Parvus 
 is Jean Petit. Mercator is 3Iercier. Petrus Sarcinator is Pierre le 
 Couturier. 
 
 Auratus is Dorat. Calceatus is Chauss(5. Clericus is le Clerc. 
 Curtius is le Court. Clusius is de I'Ecluse. Crucius is Le Croix. 
 Creuxius is Le Creux. (This Le Creux is the author of a Historia 
 Canadensis, sen Nova) Francitc liber x, ad annum Christi MDLVI, 
 printed at Paris in 1GG4.) Calvinus is Cbauvin, Bald. Cognatus is 
 Cousin. Paschasius is Pasquier. Regnius is le Roi. Renatus is 
 R^>n6. Benenatus is Biennd, bookseller and printer in Paris in 1570. 
 
 Faber is Favre and le Fevre, A e. Wright or Smith. Aurifaber is 
 Orfevre, ouvricr en or. Tannaquil Faber is Tannaguy le Fevre, father 
 of the learned Madame Dacier. Belcarius (Rer. Gall. Hist., 4-5.) 
 speaks of Jacobus vulgo Cor appellatus : Cordatura, he adds, quod 
 Latinis aliud sonat [viz. Wise], quidam vocare malunt. This is the 
 famous, so-called French Argonaut, Jacques Cocur, of the year 1480. 
 (See an admirable portrait of him at the beginning of his Life, by 
 Louisa Stuart Costello.) 
 
 Johannes Vulteius, an epigrammatist of Rheims in 1537, is Jean 
 Faciot, vultus and facies being akin. Omphalius is du Bellay, per- 
 haps from a fancied connection with Umbilicus, through the Italian 
 Ombelico, Bellico. Philibertus Hegemon, author of a book of Fables 
 in 1583, is Philibert Guyde. Hadrianus Junius for Hadrian le Jeune 
 seems to be a base metonyra ; as a'do u.3 Pinus for du Pin and des 
 
/^ 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 17 
 
 Pins, and Feuardcntius for Feuardent. A French copjist in 1344, is 
 warned Thomas Plenus Amoris : in English Fullalove occurs. 
 
 Latinised local surnames are common : Nicolaus Vernuleus, author 
 in 1G5G of Johanna Darcia, vulgo Puella Aurelianensis, is Nicholas de 
 Vernulz. Jacobus de Vitriaco is Jacques de Yitry. (We meet also 
 ■with a Ph. R. Vitriacus.) Demontiosius is de Montjoisieu. IjcIIojo- 
 canus is de Beaujeu. Alanis de Insulis is Alaine de I'lsle. De Vetcr- 
 Ponte is Vipont. De Capite Pentium is Cheffontaines. Porretanus 
 is de la Porroe. Ssrranus is de Serres. Licius is de la Lice. 
 Baius, de Bay; Plovius, de Blonay. No remarks are necessary on 
 ]Jud;cu3 for Bude, Finreus for Fine, Galhvus for Galle, Dura'us 
 for Dure or Dury, Danoous for Danos, Cartesius for Des Cartes : 
 on Petavius for Petau, Salmasius for Saumaise, Santolius- for 8an- 
 teuil : or on 3Iuretus for Muret, Iluetius for Iluet, &c. Iloivctius 
 was probably, vernacularly, le Suisse, the Swiss. Theodorus Bcz.i is 
 Theodore de Bcze, like our Beda for Bede. He was also fancifully 
 transformed into Adeodatus Seba. De Thou, commonly known as 
 Thuanus, President of the Parliament of Paris, in his Universal His- 
 tory of the period 1540-1007, written in Latin, ingeniously translates 
 the modern names, carrying the process to an extreme. With him, 
 Charticr or Cartier is Quadrigarius, Charioteer; Entragues, Interam- 
 nas; Dos Marets, Paludanus, &c. 
 
 In the Spanish and Portuguese languages, ractonyms, when they 
 occur, will be, in many instances, as in Italian, a return to a real or 
 supposed ancient form. The Spanish name Sanchez thus becomcg 
 Sanctius, and the Portuguese Estago, Statius. Enzinas, the first trans- 
 lator of the New Testament into Spanish, is Grecised into its equiva- 
 lent, Dryander, Oakman, Aikman. The first person who sailed round 
 the world was a Spaniard named Sebastian Canus. A learned Spaniard, 
 author of three folio volumes of Institutiones Morales, &c., named Azo- 
 rius, died in 1003. An eloquent Spanish prelate who, dying at the 
 age of 40, left twenty-seven folio volumes of TheoloL'y, was named 
 Tostatus. Each of these appears to be a Latini.sed name. In Spain, 
 during the Moorish occupation, Oriental and Western tongues were in 
 close contact. From this fact we derive the advantage of having sunie 
 difficult names moulded for us into convenient shape. Avicenna, for 
 example, is more readily uttered than the full native name — Abu Ali 
 Hussain Ben .'ibdalla Ben Sina. We speak of the great commentator 
 on Aristotle as Averrhoes, instead of Ebn Roshd. llhases, a medical 
 
'3S 
 
 IS 
 
 ON MET0NYM8. 
 
 I- I 
 
 nutlinrifj i.s, in full, Abu IJelicr Muhaininccl Ben Zaeharia El Rnsi. 
 lie is si.iiiotinios nlso lUiazous. Albatcgnius is 3IuhanimetI Ben Gebir 
 Alb;itaiii. I'oiibJilla is Abu Abdilah. Conversely, as wc arc informed, 
 in Ar;;bi:in writers Hippocrates figures as IJograt, Ilipparcbus as Abra- 
 cliis, :ii;(] Pi> on. In some Spanidli documents referred to by Froude, 
 the Engli-b name Hawkins appears as Achines. 
 
 Oriental names and titles familiar to us through the Greek and Latin, 
 as Xorxo5<, Parius, Ahusueru5i, Porus, Chosroes, Sapor, would not bo 
 recognised by us in their vernacular forms. 
 
 After the Greek civilisation had invaded the previously-isolated 
 Palestine, a custom aro.-e there of adopting for use in intercourse 
 with wc-^tcrri mm, western names possessing, to some extent, a like 
 pound. Ililh'l became Pfjllio ; Joshua, Jason; Onias, Menelaus ; 
 Silas, Siivaiiu*;; Saul, Paul; and Hebrew or Aramaic names were 
 iMMdo to assume a Greek form, Eliakim becoming Alcimus; Amittai, 
 jiatthieus; Yeragon, Hircanus. Even translations of names occur: 
 as \('hen EInathan or Nathaniel becomes Dosithcus or Theodotus. Ter- 
 tullian's untenable theory may here be referred to : Quis nescit, he asks 
 in his Liber Apologciicus against the * Gcntcs,' nomen lovis a lehova 
 deductuni ; et Adonis ab Adonai, lacchi a lah, et Vulcani ii Tubal 
 Cain, ct ^Insfci ii ?Ioyse, et Tani, quo Noahum intelligo, ii Iain vino. 
 " I'y such devices," Iluet said to Bocharfc, " the Hebrew or its dialect 
 is made to furni.-ih the origin of the names of King Arthur, and all the 
 knights of tlie round table of Charlemagne, and the twelve worthies 
 of Fiance; and, if required, of all the Incas of Peru. Was it not won- 
 derful sagacity in a German whom I knew, who would prove that Priam 
 and Abraham, -I'Eneas and Jonas, were the same persons?" 
 
 In the case of Chinese names the process of Latinising has been of 
 use. Western men would not be in the habit of speaking so readily of 
 Confucius and iMencius had not some ingenious Latinist brought Kuug- 
 fu-tse and Jleng-Tseu into those respectable forms. In like manner 
 Tao-tze might be Taocius. (Somewhat similarly, Zerdusht or Zara- 
 thustra has been moulded into Zoroaster.) 
 
 Sclavonic proper names, as exemplified in some Polish and Ilussian 
 examples, look as if it would be difficult to make them presentable ia 
 Latin or Greek form. But to one familiar with the philological history 
 of such names a legitimate mode of metonymising them would present 
 itself. It is evident that such names as Przezdziecki and Oleszczynski, 
 without manipulation, would lock ill at ease in a page of Latin. Sar- 
 
y^ 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 19 
 
 blewskl, we o"b!?crvo, is mctonymised into Sarbieviu3, nnJ the family of 
 Lepzynsky is spoken of by de Thou as the donius Lascinia. The real 
 name of the Polish poet Acernus, who died in 1008, was Klonowicz. 
 (A sister of the emperor Justinian, by birth a 3Iocslan, was called in 
 her native speech Biglinitza : in Latin she became Vijxilantia.) 
 
 Early Teutonic names have been subjected to the metonymising pro- 
 cess. To the Latinisation of such names as ^Merwig, Chlotwifr, Die- 
 trich, arc due the familiar Mcroveus, Merovingian, Ludovicus, Louis, 
 Theodoric. Deutsch or Teutsch itself was transformed in Italy into 
 Thcotiscus, whence the familiar, but (until lately) detested name 
 Tedcsco. On a medal of Gregory VIII., commemorative of the mas- 
 sacre of St. Bartholomew, we have the legend VnoxoTTOUUM Straoks, 
 1.j72, where the word Huguenots, or Eid-genu.ssen, Oath bound asso- 
 ciates, is mctonymised, without being translated. Our 'Yortigern,' 
 however, is more euphonic than the Latinised names assigned him by 
 Gildas and Nennius. In the former he is Gurthvigurnus : in the 
 latter, Guorthigirnus. 
 
 In England, the Latinisation of a proper name has seldom availed 
 to supersede its vernacular form ; nor does it appear that the practice 
 of translating into expressions of equivalent meaning was in much 
 favour. In a few instances, local epithets as designating individuals 
 became familiar. Verulamius would be pretty widely recognised; but 
 popularly, to this day, Francis, Baron Yerulam and Viscount St. 
 Albans, is simply Lord Bacon. Armachanus would be held to denote 
 cither the pre-Reformation reformer Richard Fitz Ralph, archbishop of 
 Armagh in 1347, who translated the Bible into the Irish language; or 
 else the illustrious James Usher, archbishop of the same see in 1620. 
 Malmesburiensis might be taken perhaps for Thomas Ilobbes; or else 
 for William of Malmesbury, whose real name was Somerset. Odericu3 
 Vitalis is always quoted under that Latinised form. lie was born at 
 Shrewsbury in 1075. (The name of the Continental Vitalis is said to 
 be a conceit for Vita Lis, ' Life is a Strife.') Asserius Menevensis, 
 the adviser of Alfred the Great, is usually Asserius; but he is some- 
 times Azurius, from the "Welsh asur, azure. He was a native of 
 "Wales. Giraldus Cambrensis is seldom Anglicised. Caius is Key or 
 Kaye. Faber is, as we have seen, W^right or Smith. Carus may be a 
 Latinisation of Car or Ker. (Buchanan so Latinises Ker.) Alabaster 
 is Arblaster, i. e. Arbalistarius, Low-Latin for a cross-bowman. Sylves 
 ter is Boys, duBois. Nequara was probably, in the first instance, Ncck- 
 
 itoM 
 
I '• 
 
 2f* 
 
 ON MET0NYM8. 
 
 With ' William llufus ' all are familiar. Cjc«ar, as an English 
 krne, had arisen from the disuse of a real family surname. Sir Julius 
 Caeiar. ma:3ter of the rolls, in the reign of James I., thought fit to drop 
 tLe iarname home by his Italian ancestors. His father's nam'^, on his 
 ^kofntia^ to England, from Proviso, in 1550, was C.'esar Adelmarc- 
 lhim:ite. or Dalmarius. The first Earl of Chester, nephew of the 
 Cnt^aeror, was Hugh Lupus. Plantagenet comes near the lifltin, de 
 Fiinti ♦jenLstfi, * wearing the cognisance of the broom-spray.' Duns 
 ifeijCa* means probably ' Duns of the northern dialect.' He was born 
 Ml X'jrthumberland. Erigena, on the face of it, is Erin-born. His 
 fi!! name was Johannes Scotus Erigena — a tautology probably, as in 
 A- If. '*'!*i) Scotus alone would denote one ' Erin-born.' Pelagiu.s is a 
 Grteiaing of Morgan, Armoricus, ' of the sea-board.' He was abbot of 
 liks-zor in a. d. 4t)0. lleginaldus Polus and Poli Synopsw are combi- 
 3LIV .r.* not unfamiliar to the English eye. Each involves a Latinisa- 
 i. i .: the common name Poole. Patrick Young, librarian to James 
 I, metonvmised his name into Patriclus Junius. There is an auihor 
 ia l<5f>2 of a Hi:itoria Britannirc Insuke ab Ori'ziue Mundi, named 
 Cidbordas Vitus, who, at Basingstoke, where he was burn, wuuld have 
 bem Tulgarly known as llichard White. (Among continental writers 
 then h i Hugo Candidus. llhabanus Maurus was, as we have already 
 cecSr famous in the ninth century, together with numerous Nigers 
 W&re and since.) Bovill is Bovillus, Bullock. Erasmus so Latinises 
 the came of his English correspondent Bullock. Loveil is Lupcllas, 
 .. -.[lative of Lupus. Llewellin has been Latinised into Leonellus. 
 Uffiiacl also probably represents indirectly an animal name. The popu- 
 iiir iaclres in which beasts and birds are made to speak and act like 
 sue*, brought into common use such terms as Pieynard, Grimalkin, 
 Bffasia, Chanticleer, I'artlet. There was in circulation in the lllth cen- 
 taury a Speculum Stultorum, entitled Brunellus; where Brunellus 
 staadi for a well-known patient but much abused quadruped. The 
 astlKirof this production was an English monk named Xigel Wiroker. — 
 Ef4.-*3aaa makes Colet, Coletus, although the name, uncorrupted, is said 
 to ie Acolyta. Sir Thomas More, Erasmus metonymises into floras. 
 I:if lenced by the sound, he playfully inscribes to the English Chan- 
 fct-^iUiir h'w famous satire, the Encomium Moriae, * The Praise of Folly.' 
 -«^Me Pallas istuc tibi misit in mentera inquies?" he supposes 3Iore 
 to say to him on the occasion; he replies: "Primura admonait me 
 M:^ ecgnomen tibi gentile, quod tam ad Morisc vocabulum accedit. 
 
y2 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 21 
 
 quam C8 ipse ii re alicnus. Ks autcm vcl omnium guffra^iis alicnissi- 
 raus. Deinde suspicubar, hunc inj^cnii nostri lusuin tibi prjvcipue pro- 
 batum iri, propterca quod solcas hujus generis jocis, hoc est, nee indoctls» 
 ni fallor, ncc usquequaque insulsis, inipcndio delectari, et onniitio in 
 conimuni niortalium vita Democritum quondam agcrc." Ceeil, Lord 
 l'urn;hley, allowed his name to be converted into Cji}cilius, as though 
 he had been descended from the gens CiTcilia of ancient Home. 1' le 
 name was really Scysil, and previously Sitsili. Belcarius, (dc Tk'au- 
 caire, the reforming archbishop of Motz,) in his Ilerum Gallicarum 
 Commentarii, Latinises Seymour into Semerus. With him, Leicester 
 as a title is Licestrianus, and Warwick, Varvicus. Erasmus styles the 
 Marquis de Vere, Princeps Verianus. Payne Fisher, Oliver Cromwell's 
 poet-laureate, called himself Paganus Piscator. 
 
 With Sleidan, in his translation (published at Amsterdam in 1050) 
 of Froissart and Philip de Comines, Derby is Derbius, the Enrl of 
 Derby is Comes Derbius; Lancaster, Lencastrius ; Gloucester, Cloccs- 
 trius ; Ilarcourt, Ilaricurtius ; Howard, Ilavartus ; and St. Loger, 
 Calangerius, where the English pronunciation of St. Leger is attempted 
 to be expressed. The author of the so-called Chronicle of Turpin, first 
 printed at Paris in Lo^T, makes Fergus, Ferragus and Ferracutus to 
 be the same name. A quotation in a note to Browning's Paracelsus 
 speaks of " Anglura quondam Rogerium Bucchoncm." This is Roger 
 Bacon, the "wonderful doctor" of the 13th century to whose writin<:s 
 Paracelsus is reported to have been much beholden. 
 
 Ilallara says of Buchanan's Rerura Scoticarum Historia, " Few 
 modern histories are more redolent of an antique air," Lit. Hist. ii. 
 35G. The illusion is maintained by the classical sound of the proper 
 names euphoniously metonymised, without regard, however, to their 
 etymology. W^ith Buchanan Ramsay is Ramsjcus; Huntley, Ilunt- 
 liaeus; Cunningham, Cunigamius ; Andrew Ker, Andreas Carus; 
 Colin, Calenus; Arthur, Arcturus; Bruce, Brussius; Eliot, ^Eliotus; 
 Creighton, Crihtonius, &c. WMshart he ventures to make Sophocar- 
 dius. The name of the early Scottish historian Hector Boethius is a 
 Latinisation of Hector Boece, Boeis, probably Boyce. Sometimes he 
 is Boeotius. We have seen Boyd transformed into Bodius, Price into 
 Pricaeus, and Ross into Rossasus. Alexander Ross, author of the curi- 
 ous cento entitled Virgilii Evangelizantis Cbristias, thus Latinises his 
 name : although at the close oT his dedication ad Illustrissimum Pue- 
 rum, Carolum, Magnae Britannia^ Principem, (afterwards Charles IL) 
 
w^ 
 
 22 
 
 ON METONTMS. 
 
 he subscribes hiraself Alex. IJos (Dew). On the title pnge (ed. Lonu* 
 1(538,) there is a representation of himself, crowned with laurel, nnj 
 blowing a trumpet: an cpiiirani underneath, with uljusioris to the con- 
 ceit in Iios, explains the whole : 
 
 Ilfcc ost Vlrgilii quaiii wrnis buccina, niiiier 
 
 Mutit, 8C(1 ad flutuiu nunc animata iiKum. 
 llliiis luL'C liuinis; jam nostra in fronte vircsoons 
 
 Qu!f, nisi llos fovent, niarciilu laurns erit. 
 Quid sine voce tuba est? vel quid sine Hoke corollii? 
 
 Buccina voce crcpat, laurea Roue vlrct. 
 
 Owen, the eiiij:;ra!nniatist, is, on his own authority, and that of his 
 (MOdiiiiasts, at the bcj;inniiiu: of his littli! vm1u;iio, Audtieims. Andrew 
 ]Mir«lc, tlio oriL'iiiiil ' merry Andrew,' auih-ir of tlie ' ^^lerrye Tales of 
 the 3Iadt!ion of Gotham/ called himself, by a kitid (»f Artemus-Vt'ard 
 effort, Andreas Perfjratus (IJore.l). The title pnL'O i.f IloweH'a 'Fami- 
 liar Letters' has a Ciceronian aspect by virtue of its first headinj: — 
 Epistola) IIoellianoL;. Fuller, in his V.'o"- jics of Knulaiid, (i 407^ 
 plays in his usual strain, on the name of Up. Jewtl. " It may bo said 
 of his surname, nomon, omen ; Jt'wel his name &nd precious his vir- 
 tues; so that if the like aujbition ltd us Enalishmen, which doth for- 
 eiLrners, spociou.sly to render cur surnames in Greek or Latin, ho may 
 be termed Johannes Gemma, on better aLcoiuit than Gemma Frisius 
 entitleth himself thereunto." (Gemma Fri>ias we have already 
 noticed.) 
 
 The ambition in ' foreiuners ' here .slightingly glanced at by Fuller, 
 was at a later period satirised by Arbuthn-. t in the proposed ' Tdemuirs 
 of Martinus Scriblerus'; and by Sterne in his pretended quotations 
 from Siawkenbergius, Methe^dingius, kc. Almost the only names of 
 Latin sound wont to be mentioned in modern English literature arc 
 those of the abstractions, Junius and Sylvanus Urban. In the Poemara 
 et Inscriptiones of ' Savagius Landor' the recent names of l?rougha!!i, 
 Canning and Southey appear as Brogamus, Caninius and Sutlieius. 
 
 A ^ii'^ titular episcopal signatures of Latin f >rm, also, continue to 
 be familiar to the English cyej such as Oxon.. Ebor., Wiiiton., abbre- 
 viations of the proper local adjectives in Lnti:i. It is a note of the 
 temper of the times, that a practice has crept in of writing, in the sense 
 here referred to, Exeter instead of Exon., l^ondon instead of Londin. • 
 (short for Londiniensis). (According to old usage, 'Toronto' in this 
 sense, should be written 'Torontonj' i.e. Torontonensis; episc. being 
 
y^ 
 
 ON M ETON VMS. 
 
 23 
 
 > 
 
 understood; on the annliijry of AvoiiiDnensIa from Avonio, Sulmuneiisis 
 'rom J?uliiio, &c.: ami Culombon. for {.'.>l(jiiibitii iisia from Coloiiibo in 
 Ceylon ) It is nut wholly nlicn to our subjoct to mention here that 
 althouj;h (.'anailcnsis is a usually received term, in Science and Latin 
 p^o^e, Terrariua, in his work un the * Culture of Flowers,' printed at 
 ^^'Mne in 17o3, repeatedly employs Canadiinus. Ho speaks of •' fraga 
 Caiiadana insolitce ninfjnitudinis," 'Canadian strawberiits of an extra- 
 ordinary maiinitude,' and of a " vitis Canadana," ' a Canadian vine/ 
 as flourisliinj:; in the (iardons of the IJarberini palace. (Tlic word 
 seems to be founded on the analofry that has pruducod Cuban from 
 Cuba, Texan from Texas.) A local possessive formeil in Latin from 
 ' Ontario,' viz. Ontarius, may also have .some interest. It occuns in 
 the IJudleian volume of Academic verso of the timo cf (Jcorgc II.. 
 before referred to : 
 
 "ilanKiiie nova^ Rentes et centum ubcrrlmft regna 
 Se lirilonuiii titiili.s ultro rp;,'aliljiis juliluiit. 
 Ex quo iir.Tniiitis seopulls i>lai;a iiinca vastiiia 
 Obsuiet Usve;;jiim, 8oiutiii|ue per arva niarino 
 Ljita frumit, lucuumquo Oataria maxima sa>vit." 
 
 lu 1551 Sebastian Custalio or Castellio produced a tran.slation of all 
 the books of the Bible in flowing aad pleasant Latin. It i.s dedicated 
 to our Edward VI. In it, tlie Jewish and other oriental navies iiave a 
 classic aspect, by being provided with sufTixcs and doclined in accord- 
 ance with the demands of the construction. Sir John Cheke said of 
 this tran.-«latiun : (vide p. xxxii. Introduction to Castalio) — " Meherclo, 
 mijorem percipio fructum in legendo (Jastellionem quam in volvendis 
 omniutn scriptorum commentariis : oratio facilis est, explicata, dilucida, 
 suavis, concinna et discrta : verba pura et Latina ct qurc propius natu- 
 ram rationemque Gtsecce Ilebraicicquo locutionis attingunt." I'or 
 comparison, hero is a passage from Castalio: " Pudet conCractum 
 Moabitam, ejulate quiritantes, nunciate ad Arnonem perii.sse 3Ioabi- 
 tam, sumptumque suppliciuni esse de terra, canipcstri, do Ilclune, do 
 Jasa, .... denique de omnibus Moabiticse terrae oppidis lam reniotis 
 tarn vicinis." The corresponding passage in the Vulgate ver.>»ion runs 
 as follows : " Confusus est Jloab, quoniam victus est : ululate et ch- 
 mate, annunciate in Arnon quoniam vastata est Moab, ct judicium 
 venitad terram campestrem; super Ilclon, et super Jaf'^a, . . . . et super 
 omucs civitates tcrrre Moub, quoe longe ct propo sunt." 
 
,■ 'V-^-'T^'-'^'Vvt ..^rlfWilPP*****^^ 
 
 r^W^mw^^mr'^^wm 
 
 h 
 
 w 
 
 24 
 
 ON METONYMS. 
 
 In IGGl, Duport, regius professor of Greek in the University of 
 Cambridge, turned the Psalms of David into Homeric Greek, exhibit- 
 ing much ingenuity in raetonymising the Hebrew names. The follow- 
 ing might be a couplet from the Iliad : 
 
 2/;(t)j'a Kparipoippov' ' X^oppamv (iaviXtja, 
 
 Kai Baadvoio fiklovra, irekwpiov u[3pifiov 'Qyov. 
 
 The reader of Aristophanes will remember how readily the Greek 
 language lends itself to the manufacture of humorous compound terms, 
 Modern Greek is equally adapted to the same purpose. A translation 
 of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, published at Athens in 1854, renders 
 the names given to the characters in that book, very well. Turnabout 
 is Eumetabolos: Smoothman, Glucologos: Mr. Anything, Alloprosallos : 
 Mr. Vain-confidence, Mettaiotharrhes : Giant Slaygood, Agathoctonos : 
 Dare-not-lie, Pbugopseudes : Standfast, Eustathes: Madam Bubble, 
 Pampholux : Father Honest, Gero-Timios. This last epithet reminds 
 one of the modern Greek term 'caloyer,' which possibly may have per- 
 plexed readers of Childe Harold. It is the modern Greek Knlo-ger, 
 pronounced -yer, Kalos geron, 'the good old man,' 'the good flither': 
 the word occurs in connection with a description of the monastery of 
 Zitza in Albania : 
 
 " The convent's white wnlls j^listcn fair on hi<jh: 
 
 Here dwells the cnlo-yer, nor rude is lie, 
 Ifor niggard of his cheer." 
 
 r/ 
 
 Cii. II AR. ii. to. 
 
 V. 
 
 'X'^;* -, , 
 
 J J I