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SBHHWHHI ft70 Copyright, 1880, by PHILLIPS 4^ HUNT, New Yfwit. Ill PREFATORY Compared with the nations of the Old World those in the New have but little exter- nal history. Except during the French period, the history of Canada consists chiefly of a record of internal progress. During the French period it is mainly an account of the struggles with the Indians and English colo- nists to maintain and extend the French power in America. This little book is intended to give an in- telligent view of the leading facts of the his- tory of Canada to those who have not time to read a larger work on the subject. It is also designed to aid students, who have read a more detailed work, to review for examina- tions. By dividing the history into periods, and grouping the events of each period into appropriate classes, instead of giving them promiscuously in chronological order, it ii> believed that a student can in the shortest possible time, obtain a clear view of the history of any country. Attention is directed to the brief chapter on the constitutional growth of Canada. ■I i CANADIAN HISTORY. — ♦ ■ II. I ■ FIRST EXERCISE. Let us take a glance at the Canada of to-day. 1. Extent. — Between the Arctic Ocean on the north, and the United States on the south, lies a vast tract of land, the whole of which, with the exception of Alaska and Newfoundland^ is included in the Dominion of Canada. " It has an area of about three and a half mill- ions of square miles, or nearly the same as that of the United States." — Har^ per*s Geography, Its population is between four and five millions. 2. Territorial Divisions: Provinces. Capitals, Nova Scotia Halifax. Prince Edward Island Charlottetown. New Brunswick Fredericton. 8UEBEC Quebec. NTARio . , Toronto. Manitoba Winnipeg. British Columbia Victoria. 6 CANADIAN HISTOBT. r ■ i I Besides these, there are the District of Keewatin and the North-west Terri- tory. Ottaura is the capital of the Oo« minion. 3* OoTernment, — 1. Canada is a ^colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. < 2. The country is ruled by a Oov* emor-Oeneral, who represents the Queen or Sovereign of the United Kmg- 6&XXU and is nominated by the British Cabinet. 3. The Governor- General is advised by a 19Ilni§try or Cabinet, consisting^ of fourteen members, who must be members of the (Senate or the House of CommonSe A ministry remains in office only so long as it receives the support of the representatives of the peo- pHe in Parliament. 4. The ISenate or Upper Rouse consists of 7§ (Senators, who are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of his ministers. They re- tain their positions so long as they possess the necessaiy qualifications — virtually for life. CAIS^ADIAN HISTORY. District Terri" e Do- la is a if Great Oov- nts the 1 King- British jised by pust be [louse tialn» ^-es the le peo- [ouse \o are -al on ley re- lossess illy for 5. The House of Commons or LiOnrer House has 206 members, who are elected by the people of the different provinces every fifth year. The election may be held at other times: when a ministry is defeated, or appeals to the country for confirmation of a certain policy. 6. Each province has its own Lieuten- ant-Governor, and its own Legislature for deciding local questions. STUDENTS REVIEW OUTLINE. 1. Ex. All n. of U. S., but A. and N. i% in. Pop. 4-5 m. 2. Prov. & Cap. N.-S., H. ; P.-E.-I., C. ; N.-B., F. ; Q., Q. ; O., T. ; M., W. ; B.-C, V. ; K. & N.-w. T. 3. Gov. I, C. of U.-K. ; 2, riiler G.-G. : 3, M. 14 ; 4, Parl't— (S. 78 and C. 206.) REVIEW QUESTIONS, 1. Give the geof^raphical position of the Dofninion of Canada. ■ T 2. How many square' w.il€s'6xx.^\\. contain ? 3. Name its seven pr9vi»cts and their capitals. 4. By whom is the Governor-General appointed \ 5. How arc the two houses 0/ Parliament consti- tuted ? 6. How many members are th«re in each house ? - , « CANADIAN HISTORY. SECOND EXERCISE. We will next divide the history of Can- ada into four periods : 1. Indian, 3. French, 2. Discovery^ 4. English. !• Indian, Algonquins.HuronSylro-' iquois, 2. DI§covery. looi A.D. to 1534 — 333 years. 1 . Norsemen . . 1 00 1 — Erickson . 2. English .... 1497 — JohndXi^ Sebastian Cabot, 3. Portuguese .1 ^00 — Gasfiard CortereaL 4. French 1 524 — Verazzani ; r 534 — Jacques Cartier, ■ 3. French. 1535 to 1763 — 228 years. 1. Exploration and settlement, 1535 to 1663 — 128 years. 2. Royal Government, 1663 to 1763 — .100 years. 4. Engliih. 1763 to present. The dividing lines of this period are : 1. Separation of Upper Canada {On- tario) from Lower Canada^ I79i« 2. vUnion of Upper and Lower Canada, (Quebec,) 1841. 3. Confederatio7tt 1867. CANADIAN H19V0RT., 9 y of Can- ich, :Iish. ehasttan ortereai. • '534— :8 years. 1535 to are: a (On- anada, STUDENTS REVIEW OUTLINE, 4 Per. I., D., F., E. Ind. A., H., I. Dis. N'n^ E., rooi ; Eng,, J. and S. C, 1497 ; For,, C, 1500 ; Fr.^ v., 1524 ; J. C, 1534. ^r. 1535*01763—228; i,^j:.a«^i'r/.,iS35toi663— 128 ; 2, R. G.^ 1663 to 1763 — 100. Eng. I, Sep. 0/ U. C, 1791 ; 2, «/«. ^/ £7. antlL. C, 1841 ; 3, Con.^ 1867. REVIEW QUESTIONS, 1. Name theyj?«r periods into which the history of Canada is divided. 2. Name the Mr^^ Indian tribes that inhabited Canada. 3. Give the names of the four countries connected with the discovery of Canada ; the names of the lead- ing discoverers^ and the dates of their discoveries. 4. How long did the French period continue ? (tf .) Exploration and settlement ? (3.) Royal Government ? 5. When did the British obtain possession of Canada ? 6. Give the date of the union 0/ Upper and Lower Canada, and of Confederation, THIRD EXERCISE. Sketch of the events preceding the French period : Ist Period. Indian Tribes.— Little need be said of these. Canada was occupied originally by three tribes : Al- ITOnquins, Hmrons, Iroquois. The Ai§ponquin race occupied Nova 10 CANADIAN HISTORY. ! Scotia, New Brunswick, Northern Quebec, and portions of the North-west Territory, The Hurons resided mainly in the Province of Ontario, and the western part of Quebec. The Iroquois, or 5/jf Nation Indi- ans, lived south of the St. Lawrence, chiefly in the present State of New York. 2d Period. DI§eoTery. 1. IVorsemen. — Letf Briekson sailed from Iceland in looi as far south as New England, and named Newfound- land Helluoland — ^"the land of broad stones *' — and Nova Scotia Markland — " the land of woods." 2. Ung^lista. — Stirred to action by the reported success of Columbus, Henry VII. of England, desiring to make good the loss he had sustained by his refusal to ac- cept the offer of that great navigator, commissioned John Cahot to go on a voyage of discovery toward the mysteri- ous West, in search of " islands and coun- tries, either of Gentiles or Infidels, which had hitherto been unknown to all Chris-, tian people ; and to take possession of, and to set up his standard in the same, as y^s- .---\ CANADIAN HISTOBY. 11 1 Quebec, srritory. y in the itcrn part ton Iftdi- awrence, ew York. ickson far soid^ jwfound- f broad 'kland — by the iryVII. ^ood the l1 to ac- igator, fo on a lysteri- coun- which Chris-, |of, and LS vas- sals of the crown of England." In 1497 he discovered Labrador, Newfoundland^ Prince Edward Island, 2,x\6 Nova Scotia, His son l^ba#tlan Cab€>t returned to America in 149§, and sailed along the coast from Labrador to Florida, 3. Portuguese.— Oa§pard Cor- toreal in 1500 sailed along the coast from Newfoundland to Greenland, He returned next year and lost his life. 4. Freneli, — The French deserve the honor of being the real discoverers of Canada. By them it was first explored and settled. In 1524 Terazannl was' sent out by the King of France. In the name of his king he took possession of the country from Carolina to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, under the name of Neur France. Ten years later came Jacques Car- tier, v^rho in 1535 (second voyage) pro- ceeded up the river St, Lawrence y and visited the Indian villages of Stadacona, (Quebec,) and Hochelaga^ (Montreal.) Cattrer made two other voyages to Can- ada, but added nothing to his former dis- coveries. Vi CANADIAN HISTORY. STUDENT'S REyiElV OUTLINE. I. Per. I. A., H., I. ; A. in N.-S., N.-B., Q. and N.-w. ; H. in O. and Q. ; I., s. of St. L. IF. Per. Dis. i, N. L.-E., loox., N, and N.-S.; 2, £. J. and S. C, 1497-8, L., N., P.-E.-I., and N.-S. ; 3, P. G.-C, 1500, from G. to St.-L. ; 4, F. V. 1524, C. to St. L. ; N. F. ; J. C. 1534-5, S. (Q.)andH.(M.) REVIEJV QUESTIONS, X. Name the three tribes of Indians found in Can- ada, and the /<^r/;V>«ju Quesno, after the governor. Wash- ington attempted to establish himself at Fort Necessity, but on the 4lh of July, 1754, he was driven from his position, and the French remained masters of the Ohio Valley. In 1755 Oencral Braddoek was sent from England to take command of the British forces in America. After a conference with the governors of the vari- ous colonies it was decided to attack the French at four points. 1. In the Ohio Valley. 2. In IVoTa ISeotia, (for expulsion.) 3. In the l.ake Ckamplain district. 4. At IViag^ara. t. Braddock himself took command of the army of the Ohio, but was defeated and killed while on his way to Fort Du <|ue9ne, and his army nearly annihilated. ir. CANADIAN HISTORY. 23 said, - 1 am rclers are to le Ohio Val- d a fort near (Pa..) but he French, eel it Fort or. Wash- himself at » of July, >s position, ters of the lock was nimand of After a ( the vari- ittack the >uIsion.) 1 district. ommand defeated ort Du "hilated. 2. The Acadian§ were expelled from IVova H^cotia in 1755. Longfellow's " Evangeline " is based on this event. 3. The other two expeditions were fruit- less. In 1756 the French captured the Brit- ish forts at 0§¥irego, and in 1757 they took Fort YTilliam Henry. Gen- eral Montcalm was clearly master of the English. However, Pitt now sent out some ^ood generals to take command of the British. In 175§ the French were attacked by three separate forces. 1. In the Easf, Amherst and IVolfe secured Louisburg, the key to Canada from the ocean. 2. In the H'^esff Fort Du Que§ne was taken, and named Fort Pitt. This separated the French on the Mississippi from those on the St. Lawrence, 3. In the center an unsuccessful attempt was made to drive the French from the Lake Champlain district. Abercrombie was defeated at Ticoiideroga. In 1759 "ii^olfe captured t in the 7§9, in NE. veral forts ; . M., Ar., 4 ; 2. Roy, 77^ to lygi. •Q, 30,000 B. in 1784; V. in N.-S. 5". Z760 and da by the ion which : A cty and tsf 6. What brought about the passage of the Constitu- tional Act? 7. When was tiie first newspaper issued in Can- ada ? 8. When and where was the first college founded in Canada ? SIXTH EXERCISE. History from the Separation in 1 791 till the Union in 1841. 1, Wars, Foreign, *'War of 1812.'> Civil, Rebellion, 1§37. I. ''War of 1812." This was caused by the British government making stren- uous efforts to checkmate Napoleon in his weak attempt to blockade English ports. They passed an "Order in Couneil'' prohibiting all foreign ves- sels from trading with the P>ench, on penalty of seizure. They also . claimed the "Right of Search," in order to ex- amine any foreign vessels with a view of finding deserters. The l>enioeratic party in Congress urged strongly for war. The IV'diir £ng[lancl lState§ strong^ly ** objeeted, and held that the war was a rash, unwise, and inexpedient measure." 32 CANADIAN HISTORY. A convention from different parts of New York State declared the invasion of Can- ada to be " inconsistent with the spirit of the federal compact." Flags in Boston harbor were hung at "half-mast" in token of sorrow at the declaration of war. • Many Americans expected that Canada would be glad of assistance in " breaking from British bonds/' and it was known that England was taxed to her utmost limit by the struggle with Napoleon. However, the Canadians, both in Upper and Lower Canada, hastened to resist in- vasion in the most loyal mannen E:¥ent§ of 1§1S. The Americans invaded Canada at three points : "De- troit, IViagpara, and by way of Lake Ctaamplain. All three attempts proved failures. In the IVes^ General Broek captured fort Maekinae, drove Gen- eral Hull out of Canada, and forced him to surrender at I>etroit. In the cefUer the Americans were defeated at ^ueenston Hel^^lits. The brave Brock was killed at this battle. In the East the invading army retired after a slight skirmish near Rouse's Point. On the ocean the American ships Con- CANADIAN HISTORY* 83 s of New 1 of Can- ; spirit of 1 Boston nast" in n of war. • Canada breaking s known r utmost fapoleon. n Upper resist in- :s mericans : De- Lake s proved Broek Oen- forced In the :ated at brave In the after a oint. €oii- j«titutton and Unfted l^tate§ captured three British vessels. Erent§ of 1§13. The general plan of invasion in this year was similar to that of i8i2. In the West General Proetor defeated the Americans at Frenehto\iriiy but he and the cele- brated chief Tecumseh were after- wards defeated at Moravian Toi¥n by Creneral Harrison, In the center the Americans captured Forts York (Toronto) and Oeorg^e, but were de- feated at IStoney Creek, near Hamil- ton, and Beaver Dams, near Thorold. In the East two strong armies intended to attack Montreal, one by way of the St, Lawrence y the other from Lake CkamY plain. Both were defeated by forces scarcely a tithe of their number, the forr mer at Chrysler's Farm, and the latter at Chateaugay. On the ocean the British had the advantage, the most notable event being the capture, of the Chesapeake by the ([Shannon, near Boston. The Americans were victorious on liake £rie ^under Commodore Perry. £vents of 1§14. Notwithstanding 3 H.L'itMi'. ,^\. ii ■!!::• * 34 CANADIAN HISTORY. the reverses of 1813 the Americans con- tinued the war. The first invasion was made in the direction of Montreal. It was repulsed, however, by a small force in l 44 Americans. 44 British. 44 44 44 41 Americans. British. Queenston Heights.... Rouse's Point French town Moravian Town Fort York 'Fort' George '...:. "Stonev Creek ■ Beaver Dams Chrysler's Farm Chateaugay La Colle Mill Chippewa. — Lundy's Lane 2, The Rebellion of \Zyj , For several years an agitation had been going on both in Upper and Lower Canada in fa- vor of Re§pon§lble Oovernment. if- CANADIAN HISTOBY. 35 :ans con- ision was treal. It lall force Niagara t Cbip- In the »us ; after itately to in 1§14. 1 812."; ^on by British. 4i > mericans. *» ik British. 4i ii ti il lericans. British. • several oing on a in fa- imenf. The leaders in this needed reform were IVilliain Lyon M'Kenzie, in Upper Canada, and Liouii Papineau, in Lower Canada, Failing to secure their ends by appeal to the British Parliament they decided to rebel. Time has proved their demands to have been reasonable. M'Kenzie and his friends had special reason to feel aggrieved at his treatment by the dominant Family Compact, but even in his case it was neither right nor prudent to substitute rebellion for constitutional effort. Both leaders, but especially Papineau, aimed at the estab- lishment of a Republic. Both attempts to overthrow the British power were hastily made, and both were total failures. The leaders fled to the United States. For about a year bands of sympathizing Americans hovered about the frontier of Canada. The largest of these occupied Navy Island^ in the Niagara River. There M'Kenzie was proclaimed "Presi- dent of Canada," and from his head-quar- ters he issued manifestoes, one of which offered a reward for the capture of the Governor of Canada. The most exciting incident in connection with this absurd 36 CANADIAir HISTOBY. mi> movement was the burning of the Caro* line, a steamer employed in bringing provisions to Navy Island from the American shore. A few adventurous Canadians seized her and, setting her on fire in mid-river, allowed her to float over the falls. On the whole it is to be re- gretted that even a few good men volun- tarily associated the idea of rebellion with that of reform. Boundary Disputes, especially with reference to the line between Maine and New Brunswick caused imminent danger of war during this period. They were finally settled by the Ashburton Treaty, 2. Constitutional Growth. This period of fifty years may be briefly de- scribed as that of the rise, rule, and down- fall of the Family Compaet, and the struggle for Responsible Govern- luent. The Constitutional Act of 1791 left the appointment of the Cabinet or Ministry in the hands of the Governor. Its members were quite irresponsible to the people. This controlled the elected Assembly, so that in reality the people had little to say in the making or administra- CANADIAN HISTORY. 37 e Caro* bringing rom the enturous g her on loat over o be re- in volun- lion with ;specially n Maine mminent I. They l>urton h. This efly de- d down- and the K>vern- of I 791 Dinet or overnor. sible to elected )ple had linistra- tion of the laws. Many grievous abuses grew out of this system, the most odious being the formation of the Family Compact, consisting of the Legislative Council, the irresponsible Cabinet, and their office-holders throughout the coun- try. They attempted to form a privi- leged, patrician class, and indignantly re- sented the demands of the people for reforms and equal rights. The struggle between the elected and appointed legis- lators led to the Rebellion in 1§37, and brought about the pasisage of the Union Act which came into force in 1841. 3. Progress. The population of Upper and Lower Canada increased from 1 50,000 to 1 , 1 56,000, an increase of over a million. Public schools w^ere established by law in Upper Canada, New Brunswick, and Norua Scotia, Several colleges were founded ; newspapers multiplied ; a num- ber of banks were opened ; manufactures increased, regular lines of steamers were established, and the country opened up by leading roads. Slavery was abolished in Upper Canada in 1793, and declared to be illegal in Lower Canada in 1803. 38 CANADIAN HISTORY. Toronto, under the name of York, be- came the Capital of Upper Canada in 1796, as it was held that Newark (Niagara) was too near the American frontier. STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE, From 1791 to 1841 — fifty years. I. Wara. I. For. " 1812." 2. Reb. 1837. Ev. of i«!a. Am. dteU at Mac.^ Det., Q.-H.^ and /?.-/'. On ocean. Am. vie. Cons, and U.S. Ev. of 1813. Am. def. at Fr.^ S.-C, B.-D,, C-F., and Ch., also Ches, and Shan,; Am. vie. at Mor.-T,^ K., and F.-G.^ also oti L. E. Ev. of 18x4. Am. def. at L.-C.^ M.^ and L,-L. : Am. vie. at Ch. Reb. of 1837. M. in U.- C, and P. in L.-C, both def. ^. Cons. Gr» Strug, for Res, Gov. led to Un. Ac, of 1841. 3. Prog. Pop, incr. over a mil. ; Pub. Sck, est. by law in U.-C.., N.-B,, and N.-S. ; col. nenvs.y ban.y steam, y and roads ; si, ab. \n U.-C. in 1793, dee. ill. in L.-C. in 1803. Tor.y cap. of U.-C. in 1796. EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. 1. What led to the war of 1812 f 2. Sketch the events of 1812, 1813, and 18x4. 3. What is meant by the Fatnily Compact ? 4. What led to the Rebellion of 1837? 5. Name the leaders of the discontented. 6. What were the two leading features of the Union Billf 7. Sketch the progress made between 1791 and 1841. &. When did Toronto become capital of Upper Canada ? CANADIAN HISTOBY. 39 York, be- lain 1796, g^ara) was 37. Ev. of !/?.-/'. On 1813. Am. , also Ches» F.'G.^ also ^M M.^ and M. in U.- to Un. Ac. 'ch. est. by dec. ill. in ?. P4. 9 le Union 1 791 and Upper SEVENTH EXERCISE. Events from the Union till Confederal tion. 1. €liange§ of Capital. The ^e used Uerests m were wment "inures. istricts ^renck nearly e indi- s were opor- ubmit us na- eudal le pe- reatly ^nt of 1 the com- 4. Reciprocity Treaty of 1854. This treaty provided for the " free interchange ol' the products of the sea, the soil, the forest, and the mine," between Canada and the United States. It also allowed Canadians to navigate Lake Michigan, and the Americans the rivers St. Law- rence and St. John. It ceased in 1866. 5. British North America Act, In 1865 a convention of delegates from the various provinces met in Quebec, and agreed upon a basis for Confedcra* lion. This basis was afterward adopted by the Canadian Parliament, and ratified by the English Parliament, which passed the British North America Act^ uniting Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Tlie Dominion of Canada was inaugurated July i, 1867. 3. Riot§ and Rald§. i. Riots in Montreal, A mob, enraged by the pas- sage of the Rebellion Losses Bill, burned the Parliament Buildings and Public Documents'^ 1849. In 1853 Oavazxi. an Italian priest of remarkable power and eloquence, who had been converted to Protestantism, was preaching in Montreal, 42 CANADIAN HISTORY. when a mob of his former co-religionists created a violent disturbance on the streets. The mayor called out the mili- tary to assist the civil authority in main- taining order, and several persons were shot. 2. Fenian Raids, An infamous organ- ization, whose pretended object was to secure the freedom of Ireland, was formed in the United States, and, strange as it may seem, was actually allowed to drill, and in every way prepare for the invasion of Canada. They crossed the frontier in 1866, and plundered the property of a few defenseless people in the district. The whole country was aroused, and volunteers came from all parts to drive out the inr vaders. A couple of skirmishes were fought at Ridegway and Fort Erie, and the Fenians Retired to Buffalo to avoid capture. Demonstrations were made along the St, Lawre7tce and toward Montreal. The presence of armed representatives of the British Lion they so intensely hated cooled the ardor of the invaders, and they went home in disgrace. 4, Progre§§. The population in- creased as follows : 3^ionists on the le mili- 1 niain- s were organ- was to formed B as it 3 drill, ivasion itier in 'a few The nteers he inr were e, and avoid along treaL atives hated they \ in- CANADIAN HISTOBY. 43 184T. 1851. x86i. Upper Canada 465,000 953,000 1,396,000 Lower Canada 691,000 890,000 x, 111,000 Nova Scotia 33tiOoo Niiw Brunswick 353,000 The country also made remarkable ad- vancement in commerce^ railroads^ and education, STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE, From the Union 1841, till Confederation 1867. I. Ch. of Cap. z. King. ; a. Mont. ; 3. Tor. and Queb. ; 4. Ot. 1858. a. Ch. Pari. Acts. i. Reb. Los. ; 3. Sec. of CI. Res. ; 3. Ab. of SI. Ten. ; 4. Rec.Tr. ; 5. A. of B. N, A. ; Dom. of Can. 1867. 3. Riots and Raids, x. Ft. Build'gs Bt., 1849; >• Gav., 1853; Fen. Rds., 1866. 4. Prog. Pop, more than doubled ; Gr. Ad. in Com, R. Rs.^ and Ed, REVIEW QUESTIONS, X. When were the Houses of Parliament burned ? 3. What led to their burning ? 3. Name the chief parliamentary Acts of this pe- riod. 4. Explain the objects of the Clergy Reserves BiU^ and the Seigniorial Tenure Act. 5. W^hen was the Dominion of Canada inaugu- rated ? 6. How long did the Reciprocity Treaty remain in force ? 7. Sketch briefly the Fenian Raids, 44 CANADIAN HISTORY. EIGHTH EXERCISE. From Confederation to the present time. The first years of the Dominion have been busy, and marked by a steady prog- ress which has erected few prominent historical landmarks. 1. Territorial Extension. The Dominion of Canada, as constituted by the British North America Act, in- cluded Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and A^ew Brunswick. Manitoba was organ- ized in 1870, British Columbia was ad- mitted in 1 87 1, and Prince Edward Isl- and m 1873. tJ. Parliamentary Aet§. Two de- serve special attention : The liVasIiing^- ton Treaty, and the Paeifie Rail- road ISclieme. I. The Washington Treaty. This was framed by a Joint High Commission of representatives from the British Empire, United States, and Canada, Several vexed questions were settled by the treaty ; among others the Alabama Claims, the Fishery Disputes^ the San ^ uan and Alaska Boundary Lines were settled or CANADIAN HISTOKY. 45 resent have prog- linent The ituted :t, in- %, and Tgan- s ad- ode- rail- 5 was 3n of pire, veral -aty; the and d or referred to arbitration. The treaty was ratified by the Canadian Parliament in 1871. 2. The Pacific Railroad Schejne. This was introduced in 1873 in order to keep faith with British Columbia. The build- ing of a railroad to connect the Pacific Slope with the Atlantic seaboard was one of the stipulations made at the time Brit- ish Columbia entered the Dominion. When completed it will be the greatest public work of the Dominion. 3. Di§tiirbaiice8« i. Red River Rebellion. In 1868 the Canadian Gov- ernment obtained possession of theOreat Bifortli-ire§t Territory from \\\e Hud- son Bay Company, The French half- breed poptilation of the district deter- mined to resist all attempts to establish a regular system of government in the ter- ritory in connection with the Dominion. Led by one of their number, Louis Riel, they formed a provisional government, and refused to allow the Canadian gov- ernor to enter. Loyal citizens objected to their course, and one who refused to submit to them was seized and shot, afier a ** mock trial by a rebel court-martial." i 46 CANADIAN HISTORY. Sir Garnet Wolseley led an army of Cana- dian volunteers through the wilderness between Ontario and Manitoba, but found no Riel there on his arrival. He took peaceable possession of Fort Garry, and Canadian authority was established. 2. Second Fenian Raid, In 1870 the Fenians again congregated on the Can- adian frontier, intending to move on Montreal. A few farmers in the district quietly waited for them, and immediately on their crossing the border line saluted them with a volley from their rifles. The invasion was ended. Loud had been their threats, long had been their prepara- tion, great was their consternation, and hurried their flight. Their ** valiant gen- eral,** skulking a mile and a half in the rear, was captured by a United States Marshal, and the President soon after issued an order forbidding future inva- sions of a similar character. 4. Progre§§. The young Dominion has made rapid strides. Three additional provinces have been added to the four united by the British North America Act, The great ** North-west** is being rapidly opened up and filled with a CANADIAN HISTOEY. 47 thrifty and enterprising people. The va- rious conflicting interests of the different provinces have been brought into har- mony, and the few causes of discontent which at first existed in some parts have been removed. Each province is now thoroughly loyal to the Dominion, and all sects and parties are zealously work- ing together for the development of a great and prosperous nation in connection with the British Crown. Commercially Canada has attained a very high position. She ranks fifth among the nations of the world as a maritime power. Rev. Joseph Cook says : ** To- day Canada is a competitor with the United States in the ports of the United States and South America; and, in case of certain articles, in those of Great Britain herself. The interchange of traffic, which from 1820 to 1866 was largely in favor of the United States, un- derwent so great an alteration from 1866 to 1873 as to show a balance against the United States and in favor of Canada of $51,875,000." The Intercolonial Railroad has been completed, and thus winter communica- 48 CANADIAN HISTORY. tion directly established between the in- terior of the country and the Atlantic sea-board. The future of Canada is full of hope. With her large territory, her free institutions, her unsurpassed system of education, her firm dovotion to moral- ity and religion, the young Dominion gives promise of a vigorous, a progress- ive, and a noble manhood. 5. Ooveriiors since Confeder- ation. Lord Monck was governor when the Dominion was inaugurated. He was succeeded in 1868 by Sir John Young, In 1872 £ulferin be- came the representative of the Queen. During the seven years he spent in Can- ada he did more to cement the bonds b.ecween the Mother Country and her foremost colony than any man who had preceded him. All parties, nationalities, and creeds in the Dominion deeply re- gretted his departure, and their regret would have deepened into mourning but for the cheering fact that he was to be succeeded by the ]VIarqui§ of Liorne and his royal wife Tlie Princess EiOUise. The welcome given to the Gov- ^ ernor-General and Her Royal Highness CA.KADIAK HISTOBT. 49 iS.E was the most united and enthusiastic effort ever made by the Canadian people. The interest which they have taken in all that jjertains to the highest welfare of the Dominion proves that they are worthy of the truest loyalty of any people. The Queen will ever be more warmly loved by her Canadian subjects, on account of the true womanliness, the broad culture, and the Christian character of her daughter* GOD BLESS THE DOMINION! OOD SAVE THE QUEEN I STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. Period since Confederation, I. Ter. Ext. M. 1670; B.-C. xZ^x\ P.-E.-I. ilys. 1. Parit. Acts. i. W. T. ; «. P. R.-R. S. 3. Disturb, i. R. R. R. i368, L. R., Sir G. W. ; «. Fen. Inv. 1870. 4. Prog. I. in Ext, ; 2. in Harmony : 3. Omt., sth max. f0wer ; Intereol. R. R. y. Gov. z. Ld. M. ; 2. SikT J. Y. ; 3. Ld. P. ; 4. M. of L. REVIEW QUESTIONS. z. Give the names of the tkir«e j^rovincet a^tnitted to tlu5 D*minion since Con£ieder»tiA«« aod the dates 9l which they entered. 3. State the questions settled by the WasAtHgtPM Treaty, |. Wkatled4o4heR«dRiinsrRoheltioB? 4. What is the vtarittm4f rank of Canada ? * 5. Name the governors of Canada since Confederation. .4 mmm mmmmm VI I 50 CANADIAN HISTOEY. NINTH EXERCISE. Sketch of Constitutional Growth. During the French period the laws of France prevailed in Canada. The following is a summary of the changes and advances made under the British : 1. Military Government, 1760 to 1764. 2. Government by Eng[li§li Laur, 1764 to 1774. 3. Government under the Quebec Act, 1774 to 1791. 4. Government under the Con§tUu» tional Act, 1791 to 1841. 5. Government under the Union Act, 1841 to 1867. ,6. Government under the Briti§ta Morth America Act, 1867 — present. 1« inilitary Oovernment, 1760- 1764. During most of this period Can- ada was an English province only by right of conquest, so that French laws were administered by Gen. Murray, com- mander-in-chief of the British forces. 2. OoTcrnment under £iigli§ta I^aw, ■>! 764-1 774. When the king of England assumed possession of Canada ■■ '*■>■ CANADIAN HISTORY. 51 formally, he appointed a Governor and Council to administer English laws in » it. The people had nothing to do with e laws framing or amending these laws. Their . duty was merely to submit to them. The of the enforcement of English laws on a French ler the population naturally caused much irrita- tion. Some remedy had to be provided. 1764. • and after securing careful reports, the Law, British Parliament generously passed the Quebec Act. lebec 3. Oovernment under the Que- bec Act, 1774-1791. This substituted stUu- French lor English law, in all but crim- inal cases, and removed the prohibitions 1 Act, against the holding of State offices by Roman Catholics. It gave great satis- *iti8ta faction to the French, and equal dissatis- jsent. faction to most of the English in CanadC 1760- The number of the latter was soon aug- Can- mented by the coming of the United ly by Empire Loyalists, The agitations of the laws British settlers for a change led to the com- passage of the Constitutional Act, s. 4. Government under the Con- glisb stitutional Act, 1791-1841. This act \g of divided Quebec into Upper and Lower anada Canada, for the English and French re- « \ ■ ^^:^r'^zi::^.■ mm^ 52 CANADIAN HISTOBT. sp66tively, and recognized to a certain extent the right of »elf-g:oYernmenl. Eiich province had a Lieutenant-Governor, a Legislative Council, and an Assembly. The Governor appointed the Council, the people elected the Assembly. No Act ot the Canadian Parliaments became law until it received the approval of the king of England. Of course the Lieutenant- Governor and the appointed Council were the disallowing parties in reality. They had it in their power to neutralize the de- cisions of the representatives of the people. This gave rise to serious abuses, and a large section of the people in both provinces strongly opposed the exercise of controlling power by irresponsible ad* visers of the crown. The struggle for n/espon»ible Oovernmeiir led to rebellion in both Upper and Lo^ /er Can- ada., and brought about the union of the provinces. ^« Oovernment under tlie ITnion Act« This lasted 26 years, from i^i to 1867. The Union Act granted the adirantages of Responsible Govern* laent. The advisers of the Crown imjst now have the support of the ma- "*.\ CANADIAN HISTOBY. &3 certain iment, ovemor, ;sembly. ncil, the ) Act oi me law he king itenant- cil were They the de- of the abuses, in both exercise ible ad^ :gle for led to tx Can- iaii of the s, from ted the »vera« Crown be ma^ jority of the representatives of the people. Race jealousies, however, and other local causes, ultimately rendered the har- monious working of the two provinces impossible, so the wider scheme of Con- federation was brought about. 6. Oovernnient under the Brit- ish jVorth Amerlea Aet. This came into force on Dominion Day, July i, 1867, ^^^ continues in force till the pres- ent time. It gave a Governor-Generiil and Parliament for the Dominion, and a Lieutenant-Governor and local Legisla- ture for each province. The Dominion Parliament consists of two Houses; the Senate and the House of Cammons, The members of the former are appointed by the Governor-General, on the recommend- ation of the Ministry, those of the latter are elected. The Ministry are responsiblie to the House of Commons, and must have the support of a majority of its members. STUDENTS' ftEVlEW OUTLINE, Coostitutional Growth. X. Changes, i. Mil. ; 2. £ng. Law, 1764 ; 3. Que- bec Actf 1774 ; 4. Cons. Act, 1791 ; 5. Un. Act, 1841 ; 6. Con. 1867. 1. 1760-1764. Mil. Gov. Fr. Law. Gen. Mur. 2. 1 764-1 774. Eng. Law. 64 CANADIAN HISTORY. 3. 1 774-1 791. Queb. Act, Fr. Law, except crim. 4. 179Z-X841. Cons. Act, French in L.-C. and Eng. in U—C. Strug, for Res. Gov. 5. i84i-x867, Un. Act. Res. Gov. Granted. Raca Jealousy. 6. 1867. Confederation. TENTH EXERCISE. Brief sketches of the most distinguished men connected with the history ol* Can- ada. 1. Period of Discovery* 1. John Cabot was, like many other early navigators, a native of Venice. He resided at Bristol in England. He was commissioned by Henry VH. to make a voyage of discovery in 1496, and discovered Newfoundland in 1497. 2. Sebastian Cabot was a greater navigator than his father. He was born in England in 1477. He accompanied his father on his first voyage and re- turned in the following year. He made extensive discoveries in South America under the auspices of the Spaniards. He first detected the variation of the mari- ner's compass. He died in 1557. CANADIAN HISTORY. 55 M ;>t crim. . and £ng. ted. Race iguished of Can- 2 many Venice, nd. He VII. to ^96, and greater as born Tipanied and re- e made America ds. He e mari- 3. John Yerazzaiil was a Floren- tine who served under the king of France, In the year 1524 he sailed along the coast of America from Carolina to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 4. Jacque§ Carticr was born at St. Malo, in France, in 1 500 He made four voyages to Canada, (1534 to 1541,) and was the first European to sail up the St. Lawrence. 2. French Period. 1. Samuel Champlaln may be re- garded as the founder of Canada. For over 30 years he devoted his tireless en- ergies to the exploration and development of the infant colony. He founded Quebec in 1608. He traveled through the pres- ent provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and the State of New York. Lake Chami>- lain was named after him. He lost his capital, Quebec, in 1629, and was mainly instrumental in securing the return of Canada to the French in 1632. He died in 1635. 2. Count de Frontenac w as a na- tive of France, born in 1621. In 1672 he was appointed Governor of Canada. He 56 CANADIAN HI8T0EY. m was a very haughty, decided, enterpris- ing man. He built I^ort Frontenac (Kin^orston) and pursued active and ener- getic measures for the defense and ex- tension of the colony. He was recalled in 1682, but re-appointed in 1689, in time to save Canada from passing from the control of the French. He ruled Canada in all 21 years. He died in 1698, '* re- spected and feared alike by friend and foe." 3. Bi§liop LavaL What Fronte- nac was in relation to the government and military officers of Canada, Laval was to her religious and scholastic inter- ests. He was born in 1622 and came to Canaca in 1659. During the next fifty years he was the most important man in Canada. He found<*d Quebec Seminary, now Laval Universiity, in 1663. He opened an Industrial School and Model Farm ; and made great efforts for the suppression of the liquor traffic among the Indians, and for the general welfare of the colonists. 4. Qeneral Montcalm was born in France in 17 12. He took command of the forces in Canada in 1756 and de- feated the British in several engagements. CANADIAN HISTORY. 67 iterpris- ontenac kd ener- and ex- recalled in time om the Canada >8, '* re- nd foe." Fronte- Tnment , Laval c inter- :anne to xt fifty man in Tninary, 3. He Model or the among welfare born nmand nd de- ments. In 1759, however, he was defeated and mortally wounded at the battle with Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham. He was a brave, heroic man. 3. Engllsli Perlool. 1. General James IVolfe was born in Westerham, England, in 1726. He advanced rapidly in the* European wars of his early manhood. His great ability was recognized by Pitt, who sent him in 1757 to assist in the conquest of Canada. In 1758 he was with Gen. Amherst, at the capture of Louisburg, and in 1759 he was entrusted with the capture of Quebec. He succeeded in accom- pli<;hing the work assigned to him, and died at the moment of his triumphant success. 2. Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dor- chester) deserves to be specially men- tioned in a Canadian history. He was governor of the country for a longer period than any other man. He was all to English Canada that Champlain had been to French Canada, and more. For no less than thirty-six years he was con- nected with Canadian progress, and dur- m 58 CANADIAN HISTOET. ing most of that time he was governor. He fought under Wolfe at the capture of Quebec, and by his good judgment and conciliatory manner soon succeeded in making the men against whom he had fought warm friends and adherents to himself and the throne he represented. He deserves the credit of having steered the ship of state in safety through the most difficult part of her course. He conciliated the French, he defeated the American invaders, and he secured the co-operation of the English who were dissatisfied at the great privileges allowed the French Canadians. He was born in 1725, and died in 1808. 3. JUaJor - General Sir Isaac BroeR was a native of the Island of Guernsey. He entered the army in 1755, at the age of sixteen. He came to Can- ada in 1802. He was President of Upper Canada during the absence of the Gov- ernor in England. In 181 2 he compelled General Hull and his whole force to sur- render at Detroit, although his army was much smaller *han that of the American general. He was killed at the battle of Queenston Heights, while leading his men CANADIAN HISTORY. 69 >vernor. pture of mt and ;ded in he had ents to :sented. steered gh the ;e. He ted the red the 3 were illowed )orn in Isaac and of Can- Upper i Gov- ipelled o sur- ly was erican ttle of is men up the rugged slope that forms the north- ern side of that rocky ridge. He was greatly beloved by Canadians, and has since his death been known as the " Hero of Upper Canada." A fine monument erected to his memory crowns the heights overlooking Niagara River. 4. Rig[ht Hon. Charles Pouleit Tliompson (Lord Sydenham) was bom in England in 1799. He took a prominent part in his native land in parliamentary, social, and educational reform. He was appointed Governor of Canada in 1839, and was the first Governor of United Canada in 1841. He died in 1841 from the effects of a fall from his horse. He had a share in the founding of the unsurpassed municipal and educational institutions of Ontario. 5. The £arl of Elgin was born in London in 181 1. He rapidly rose to prominence in England, and in 1842 he was made Governor of Jamaica. In 1847 he became Governor-General of Canada, and remained till 1854. He was one of the most eminent statesmen of his age. During his period of office Canada was passing through troublous tines. Race saes 60 CANADIAN HISTORY. «/ * li i jealousies and party feeling were at their highest point ; but he managed the affairs of the country with so much wis- dom and ability that even those who at one time treated him with the greatest possible discourtesy, learned to respect and honor him as he deserved. During the last year of his term of office he saw three great questions settled : The Clergy Reserves, The Seigniorial Tenure, and the Reciprocity Treaty. He died in 1863 in India. 6. liOrd Dulferin. Canada, under the British, has been fortunate in having wise and able men as the representatives of the sovereign power in every critical period of her history. liOrd Dor- chester watched over her destinies and preserved her from disruption and con- quest in her childhood and early youth ; Lord (Sydenham performed the mar- riage ceremony between Upper and Lower Canada; Lord £lgln by his statesmanship prevented the subsequent disruption of the Union, and Lord DufTerln, by his courteous manners, his winning eloquence, his liberal views, and his high sense of justice, did more than CANADIAN HISTORY. 61 : their I the 1 wis- ho at eatest •spect )uring le saw :iergy I, and 1 .1863 • under tiaving :atives :ritical Dor- is and con- [outh ; 1 mar- and \y his jquent lOrd s, his ;, and than any other man to preserve the healthy tone and vigor of the young Dominion during those years when her borders were being enlaiged, her laws consolidated, her provincial and local claims adjusted, and the various conflicting interests of race and party being harmonized. What- ever might be a man's grievance, in the presence of Lord Dufferin it sank into insignificance compared with the en- thusiastic feeling of devotion which he every-where evoked toward the sovereign whom he represented. Lord Dufferin was born in 1826 in Ireland. He was educated at Eton and Oxford. He is the author of several works, and is now known throughout the English-speaking world as one of the purest writers and speakers of the English language living. He is recognized by both the great political parties of England as a nK>st successful diplomatist, and has been in- trusted with a number of important for- eign missions. Of those Canadians who have risen to enr.inence in their native land it is not considered desirable to give sketches. Most of them are still living. 62 CANADIAN HISTORY. '• „< STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. Distinguished men connected with the history of Canada. X. Per. of Dis. J. C. Ven.; S. C. En^. (died »557 J« V. Fior: : J. C. Fr. dis. St. L. a. Fr. Per. S. C. founded Q., (died 1635 ;) Front, gov. 21 yrs., saved col. from Ind., (died 1698;) Bish. L. rel. and sch. for 50 yrs. ; Gen. Mont, ahle, def. and killed at Queb. 1759. 3. Eng. Per. Gen. Wol. took Queb. 1759, mor. wd. ; Sir G. C over 30 yrs. ; Gen. Sir I. B. def. Gen. H. at Det.f killed at Q. H. in 1812 ; Lord Syd. gov. in 184X at U.iion ; Lord £1. very em. stn., (died 1863 Lord Duf. REVIEIV QUESTIONS, X. Name four distinguished navigators connected with the discovery of Canada. 2. Name the most noted colonizer ^ the ablest goV" ernor^ the wisest Bishop, and the most distinguished general connected with the history of the French Period. 3. Name the two brave British generals who were killed on the fields where they won their greatest glory. 4. Name the four governors of greatest eminence during the English Period, and briefly sketch the career of each. II R CANADIAN &: f^TOET. 63 tory of % (died Front. ;) Bish. lef. and ;9, mor. :f. Gen. jrd. gov. d 1863 innected lest £VV' guished French ho were greatest ninence ch the GENERAL REVIEW OUTLINES. I. Canada of To-day. I. Bx. All n. of U. S., but A. and N. 3X m. Pop. 4-5 m. s. Prov. & Cap. N.-S., H. ; P.-E.-T., C. ; N.-B.» F. ; Q., Q. ; O., T. ; M., W. ; B.-C, V. ; K. A N.-w. T. 3. Gov. I, C. of U.-K. ; 2, ruler G.-G. ; 3, M. 14; 4, Parl't— (S. 78 and C. 206.) 11. Periods op History op Canada. 4 Per. I., D., F., E. Ind. A., H., I. Die. N'^fty E., loox ; ^«^., J. and S. C, 1497 ; Por,^ C, 1500: /^r., v., 1524 ; J. C, 1534. Pr. X535 to 1763—238 ; I, £x. and Sety^ 1535 ^^ 1663— 128 ; 2, /?. G,y 1663 to 1763 — 100. Bng. X, Sep. of U, C, 1791 ; 2, Un. 0/ U. and L, C. 1841 ; 3, Con. 1867. III. Events before the French Period. I. Per. I. A., H., I. ; A. in N.-S., N.-B., Q. and N.-w. ; H. in O. and Q. ; I., s. of St. L. II. Per. Dis. x, N. L.-E., loox., N, and N.-S.; a, E. J. and S. C, 1497-8, L., N., P.-E.-I.,and N.-S. ; 3, P. G.-C, 1500, from G. to St.-L. ; 4, F. V. 1524, C. to St. L. ; N. F. ; J. C. X534-5, 5. (Q.) and H. (M.) IV. Events of the French Period. I. Ex. and Set. Ter. — A. and C. ; their chief towns P.-R., 1604, and Q., x6o8 ; founded by C. In m 64 OANADUJr HISTOBT. 1673 M., and in 1681 L.-S. Ex. and CI. the M. ''"er. ; Pop, at close of F, per., 90^000. •• Gov't, I. V.-R. till 1627 ; «. C. of H.-A. 1627 to 1663 ; 3. R. G. from 1663 to 1763. 3. Ter. Loss. A. 1713, (T. of U.) ; C. 1763, (T. of P.) 4. Gov. In all, 13 ; first, M. de M. ; last, V. ; best, F. 5. Wars. Causes : 1. F.-T. ; 2. I. and R. J. ; 3. W. bet. M. C. ; 4. Ir. H. X. Ittd. numerous. M. dest. 1689 ; C. saved by F. a. K". JV, W, Sir W. Ph. cap. P. R. in A., and was rep. at Q. ; A. res. by T. of R. 1697. 3. Q,A. W. F. burned D., (M.,) and H., (N. H.) Gen. N. took P. R., and named it A. ; in 1713 A., N., and H'.-B.-T. given to E. by T. of U. 4. /*, /. Sir W. Pep. cap. L. in 1745 ; res. to F. in 1748, at T. A.-l.-C. 5. 7'Y. W. F. seized E. in O. V. ; F.-D.-Q. B. def. and A.'s driven from N.-S. in 1755; in 1756 F. cap. O., and in 1757, F. W. H. ; in 1758 A. and W. cap. L. ; F.-D.-Q. cap. and named F. P. ; A. def. at T. ; in 1759 W. cap. Q., and Sir W, . J., N. ; in 1760, M. taken by A. and M. C. given formally to E. in 1763, by T. of P. V. BRITISH Rule Prior to 1791. Br. rule before 179Z. X. Wars. Pont, and Rev. P. took several ibrts ; failed to take D. 3. Rev. Am. in v. Can. M., Ar., an^ Al. ; M. killed at Q. Al. pris. at M. 8. Cons. Gr. /. Mil. Gov. 1760 to 1764 ; s. Roy, Proc. of Geo. III., 1764 to x^^\ ; Qutb. A. 1774 feo 1791. 3. Prog. I. Pop. 150,000 in U. and L.-C. 30,000 U.-E.-L. ; 3. P.-E.-I. organ. 1770 and N.-B. in 1784 ; 3. Tst N.^. tiie Q. G. in 1764 ; zst. coll. W. in N.-S. 1789. CANADIAN HISTORY. 65 . the M. , 1627 to T.ofP.) best, F. .;3.w. •y F. and was (N. H.) ; in i7»3 . ofU. . in 1748, B. d«f. I 1756 F. S A. and i F. P. ; SirW. M. C. d ibrts * L«f Ar.f \s. R&y. I to 179Z. 30,000 I 1784 ; VI. Fifty Years* Separation till 1841. From 1 79 1 to 1841 — fifty years. 1. Wars. I. For. '* 1812." 2. Reb. 1837. Ev. of 1812. Am. def. at Mac.^ Det., Q.-H.y and R.-P, On ocean, Am. vie. Cons, and U,-S, Ev. of 1813. Am, def. at Fr.y S.-C.^ B.-D.y C.-/^, and C^., also C/ies, and Shan.; Am. vie. at Mor.~T.^ K., and F.-G.^ also on L. E. Ev. of 1814. Am. def. at L.-C.^ M.^ and L.-L. ; Am. vie. at Ch. Reb. of 1837. M. in U.- C, and P. in L.-C, both def. 2. Cons. Gr. Strug, for Res. Gov. led to Un. Ac, of 1841. 3. Prog. Pop. incr. over a mil. ; Pub. Sch. est. by law in U.-C, N.-B., and N.-S. ; col. neius.^ dan.^ steam,^ and roads ; sL ab. in U.-C. in 1793, dec. ill. in L.-C, in 1803. Tor.^ cap. of U.-C. in 1796. VII. Events between '^ Union" and "Confeder- 11 ATION. From the Union 1841, till Confederation 1867. 1. Ch. of Cap. I. ng. ; 2. Mont. ; 3. Tor. and Qiieb. ; 4. Ot. 1858. 2. Ch. Pari. Acts. i. Reb. Los. ; 2. Sec. of CI. Res. ; 3. Ab. of SI. Ten. ; 4. Rec.Tr. ; 5. A. of B. N. A. ; Dom. of Can. 1867. 3. Riots and Raids. 1. Pt. Build'gs Bt., 1840; 2. Gav., 1853; Fen. Rds., 1866. 4. Prog. Pop. more than doubled ; Gr. Ad. in Com,, R. Rs.^ and Ed. VIII. Events since Confederation. Period since Confederation. I. Ter. Ext. M. 1870; B.C. 1871 ; P.-E.-I. 1873, 2 Park. Acts. i. W. T. ; 2. P. R.-R. S. 3. Disturb, i. R. R. R. 1668, L. R., Sir G. W. ; 2. Fen, Inv. 1870. 5 1i 66 CANADIAN HISTORY. h 4. Prog. 1. in Exi. ; 2. in Harmony : 3. Com.y 5th mar. power ; Intercol. R. R. 5. Gov. 1. Ld. M. ; 2. Sir J. Y. ; 3. Ld. D. ; 4. M. of L. IX. Constitutional Growth. Constitutional Growth. I. Changes, i. Mil.; 2. Eng. Law, 1764; 2. Que- bec Act, 1774; 4. Cons. Act, 1791 ; 5. Un. Act, 1841 ; 6. Con. 1867. 1. 1760-1764. Mil. Gov. Fr. Law. Gen. Mur. 2. 1764-1774. Eng. Law. 3. 1774-1791. Queb. Act, Fr. Law, except crim. 4. 1791-184T. Cons. Act, French in L.-C. and Eng. in U.-C. Strug, for Res. Gov. 5. 184X-1867, Un. Act. Res. Gov. Granted. Race Jealousy. 6. 1867. Confederation. X. Distinguished Men. Distinguished men connected with the history of Canada. 1. Per. of Dis. J. C. Ven.: S. C. Eng. (died IS57 ;) J. V. Flor. ; J. C. Fr. dis. St. L. 2. Fr. Per. S. C. founded Q., (died 1635 ;) Front. gov. 21 yrs., saved col. from Ind., (died 1698;) Bish. L. rel. and sch. for 50 yrs. ; Gen. Mont, able, def. and killed at Queb. 1759. 3. Eng. Per. Gen. Woi. took Queb. 1759,, mor. wd. ; Sir G. C. over 30 yrs. ; Gen. Sir I. B. def. Gen. H. at Det., killed at Q. H. in 1812 ; Lord Syd. gov. in 1841 at Union ; Lord El. very em. stn., (died 1863 ;) Lord Duf. vn.y 5th ; 4- M« 2. Quc- :t, 1841 ; ur. crim. nd Eng. I. Race APPENDIX, 67 story of (died I) Front. ;) Bish. Idef. and 59,, mor. :f. Gen. rd. gov. 1863 ;) APPENDIX. (FOR REFERENCE.) aOVERNORS OF CANADA. FRENCH RULE. 1. Early Viceroys and Lieutenants-General. M. de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, 1540. Marquis de la Roche, 1598. Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons, 1612 (Champlain, Governor.) Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, 1612. Due de Montmor- ency, 16x9. Henri de Levi, Duo de Vantadour, 1625. I. Governors under the Company of 100 Asso- ciates, Samuel de Champlain, 1633. M. Bras-de-fer de Chastefort, 1635. M. de Montmagny, 1636. M. d"'Ailleboust, 1648. M. Jean de Lauson, 3C651. M. Charles de Lauson, 1656. M. d^Ailleboust, 1657. Viscomte d' Argenson, 1658. Baron d' Avaugour, 1661. 3. Governors-General, under royal Govern- ment. M. de M6sy, 1663. Seigneur de Courcelle, 1665 [Marquis de Tracy, Viceroy, 1665-7.] Count Front- enac, 1672. M. de la Barre, 1682. Marquis de Den- onville, 1685. Count Frontenac, 1689. M. do Cal- li^res, 1699. Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1703. Marquis de Beauharnois, 1726. Count de Galissonni^re, 1747. 68 APPENDIX, Marquis de la Jonquiere, 1740. Marquis du Quesne, X753. Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cbvagnac, 1755. BRITISH RULE. 4. Governors of the Province of Quebec. Gen. Sir Jeflfrey Amherst, 1766. Gen. James Mur- ^Vi 1763. Gen. Sir Guy Carleton, 1768 (Lieut.-Gov- ernor from 1766.) Gen. Sir Frederick" Haldimand, 1778. [Hon. Henry Hamilton and Col. Henry Hope Lieut. -Governors, 1785-7.] Lord Dorchester \Sir Guy Garleton,) Gov. Gen. of B. N. A., 1787. 5. Governors-General during the Firrv Years WHEN Canada was Divided. Lord Dorchester, 1791-6. Gen. Robert Prescott, 1797-1805 (Lieut.-Gov., 1796.) Sir James Craig, 1807-11. Sir George Prevost, 1811-15. Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, 1816-1818. Duke of Richmond, 1818-19. [Hon. Jas. Monk and Gen. Sir Peregrine Maitland, Administrators, 1819-^0.] Earl of Dal- housie, 1820-8. Sir James Kempt, 1828-30. Lord Aylmer, 1830-5. Lord Gosford, 1835-8. Sir John Colborne, 1838. Lord Durham, 1838-9. Hon. C. P. Thompson, 1839-41. 6. Governors of Upper Canada from 1791 to 1841. Col. Simcoe, 1792. Hon. P. Russell, (Prest.) 1796. Gen. Peter Hunter, 1799. Hon. Alexander Grant, (Prest,) 1805. Hon. Francis Gore, 1806. Gen. Sir Isaac Brock, (Prest.) 1811. Gen. Sir Hale Sheaffe, ^Prest.) 1812. Baron De Rotenburgh, (Prest.) 1813. Gen. Drummond, 1813. Gen. Murray, 1815. Gen. Robinson, 1815, Hon. Francis Gore, 1815. Hon. S, Smith, (Administrator) 1817. Sir P. Maitland, 181S, APPENDIX. 69 Quesne, rEtEC. les Mur- ut.-Gov- Idimand, ry Hope (Sir Guy Y Years Prescott, i Craig, >ir John ;hmond, eregrine of Dal- Lord ir John 1. C. P, Hon. S. Smith, (Administrator,) 1820. Sir P. Mail- land, 1820. Sir J Colborne, ,828. Sir F. Bond Head, 1836. Sir J. Colborne, (Administrator.^ i8,ft r..„ Arthur, 1838, iministrator,) 1838. Gen. 7. Governors-General from the Union op the Canadas to Confederation. Lord Sydenham. (Hon. C. P. Thompson,) ,841. Sir Charles Bagot, 184.-3. Lord Metcalfe, ,843-6 Earl Cathcart, Z846-7. Earl of Elgin, ,847-54- Sir Ed- mund Head, 1854-61. Viscount Monck, iSOi-;. 8. Governors-General of the Dominion of Canada. Viscount Monck, ,867-B. Sir John Young, (Lord L.sgar,) 1868-72. Earl Dufferin, ,87»-8. Marqui, of Lome, 2878. 1 to 1841. t.) 1796. Grant, ran. Sir Sheaffe, :.) 1813. . Gen. Hon. S. d, x8ia. »> AIDS TO BIBLE STUDY. n\RR*8 |[VDRX. A Complete and Concise Dictionary to the Iloly Bible. By Rev. John Barr. 12mo $1 00 BBiVSOIV'S CO.nMKl^TARY on the Old and New Teslauients. Imijeriul 8vo. 6 vols. Plain Rlieei> 20 00 BIBT.R FiCHOLAR'S MA1\UAL. By B. K. IVlroo, D.l). lOn^io &} TIIK l'EOPLR'8 COMMEIVTARY ; Includ- in«r Brinf N.>ce8 on the New Testament, with Coi>iou8 References to Parallel and Illustra- tive Scripture Passng-es, designed to assist Bible Students and Common Readers to Un- dei'stund the Meaning of the Inspired Word. By llev. Amos Biuney and Daniel Steele, D.D. Kevised, with Topical Index. 12mo 8 00 l'LARRE'8 COMMEIVTARY on the Old and New Testaments. A new edition, with tho Author's Final Corrections. Imperial Svo. 6 vols. Sheep 24 30 i OIVCORDAIVCE of the Holy Scriptnres. By Kev. Geor<^e Coles. 24mo 1 50 I^OVEL'S BIBLE DICTIOIVAKY. 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