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L^i^ \\ 0-^- iC' i^^ h/1^ THE BURGOYNE CAMPAIGN, yULY-OCTOBER, 1777. " Qui n'avnnce pas, r&ulel" — Michelkt. " Whoever ceasea to advance, loses ground." The result of about forty years' critical examination of history has led, step by step, to the inevitable conclusion that if "history is philosophy" or experience " teaching by examples," very little is generally known, if at all clearly developed, of the methods by which the great problems of human progress have been solved. A recent writer of ability — or so considered, it is to be supposed, because he is so extensively quoted — observes, "The philosophy of history undervalues the work of individ- ual persons. It attributes political and spiritual changes to invisible forces operating in the heart of society, regarding the human actors as no more than ciphers." He is right. Individuals are undervalued. God operates and achieves miracles through individuals, justifying the remark that genius is the manifestation of the direct action of God, Deity, upon men through a man. The great difficulty in arriving at a correct judgment lies in the fact that merit in this world is gauged by success, whereas the greatest merit has, as the rule, been a failure so far as contemporaneous recog- nition and reward is concerned. Some of the men who have exercised the greatest influence on human progress perished of- misery or by fire, and their mutilated or charred corpses seived, simply, as steps for some audacious charlatan to mount to celebrity and fortune.^ 1 The examples of unrewarded merit in all ages are not only multitudinous, but exquisitely painful to contemplate and record. For instance, consider the follow- ing: "The history of the recovery of the Iranian alphabet and literature forms a chapter of almost romantic interest in the arid annals of philology. In the middle of the last century a portion of the Avesta was attached by an iron chain to a wall of the Bodleian, and was regarded as a mysterious treasure of which the key was lost. Fired with the ambition of unlocking the secret of Zoroaster, Anquetil Duperron, then a more lad studying ■" Paris, enlisted as a common soldier with the object of reaching India. Landin .c Pondicherry, he mastered Persian and Sanskrit, and thus equipped for his enterprise, he succeeded after years of hardship and adven- tures in reaching Surat, the goal of his hopes, where, worming himself into the con- fidence of the Paris priests, he obtained from them the key to their ancient alphabet and language, and copies of their sacred books, hitherto guarded with the utmost jeal- THE BUBOOYNE CAMPAIGN, ■,.'■& These thoughts and this article were suggested by a recent visit to the Saratoga Battle-field Monument, erected in honor of the event which undoubtedly became the first step in securing the Independence of the Thirteen Colonies. It was erected at Schuylerville after a long struggle, as severe in ita kind as the ciunpaign it commemorates in Us way. Massive, imposing, and complete as regards the outward world, its ac- complishment is due solely to the perseverance of its successive Boards of Trustees, who labored for the result with a fidelity rarely equaled, and the product is a credit to their economy and judgment. The his- tory of this uionument, like the history of the battle-ground, has never been told, and yet it is an honorable one for more than one individual, who, like the real hero of Saratoga, never has and never will receive tiie acknowledgments he deserves. The site of the monument, except as to its lookout, is unfortunate. It is not of historic interest in itself, and like pretty much all else in this country of mistakes, it is the result of expediency or compromise. It is not the place where Burgoyne surrendered nor where any fighting occurred. It simply commands a fine view, and is an attraction for, and an ornament to, the village which it overlooks. For a long period, the writer was greatly interested in studying up the Burgoyne Campaign, and wrote a series of exhaustive articles on the subject. They were as complete as they could be at the time they appeared, but have been indorsed by the more recent discovery of ad- ditional data. Successive developments establish two facts : 1, that the failure of the Burgoyne Campaign is attributable solely to Bur- goyne himself, and, 2, that the success of the Americans is due entirely to Schuyler. This " Justice to Schuyler" is the more trustworthy since the pen that records it is one that, if influenced by inherited feelings and by causes of complaint transmitted by blood and tradition, would set down an adverse decision. He was the main cause of the ruin of i \i\ ousy. After an absence of eleven years he returned to Paris, and the next day de- posited in tlie Bibliotheque Koyale the treasure won at the cost of so many perils. Seven years of labor were devoted to the task of preparing a translation of the Zend Avestu, which was at last published in 1771, only to be received by the learned world with mockery and derision, as a puerile and audacious forgery. The controversy raged for half a century, and it was not till twenty years after the death of this in- trepid pioneer of science that the researches of Park and Burnouf set the question at rest, and finally established the genuineness and unique importance of the treasure 80 hardly won." [From " The Alphabet. An Account of the Origin and Develop- ment of Letters. By Isaac Taylor, M.A., LL.D. In two volumes. London, Kegan, Paul, French & Co., 1 Paternoster Square, 1883," — vol. ii. pages 253-54.] Paracelsus is another notable example. Although he introduced opium, calo- mel, antimony, arsenic, sulphur, and other chemical remedies into medical pharma- copoeia and practice, and taught the faculty to study and enlist nature in the ser- vice of the sick, he was persecuted while living and calumniated when dead by the pedants and charlatans he unmask 1 and unfrocked. It is only within a few years that his memory has been cleansed from the filth cast upon it by the regular profes- sion of his day, and his true character and all his great capacity revealed. \ THE BUROOYNE CAMPAIGN. 3 those nearest and dearest to the writer in the Colony of New York, and yet it is unquestionably true that nothing but his ability, his moral courage, and his complete devotion to the cause that he espoused — whatever may have been the inciting motives — made such a result a possibility. Schuyler was an eminently cule, common-sense, and there- fore uncommon-sense man. Of him might be sjiid, as Henry IV. remarked of LesdiguiSres, defending Dauphiuy against the Savoyard, "Cefin renard!" Witness the "Canteen Ruse," which so delayed and bothered his adversary. He took advantage of the manifold weak- nesses of his opponent, Burgoyne ; made the proud Briton to play into his hands, and thus won the game, — not for himself, unfortu- nately, but, luckily, for his country. Bradstreet foresaw all this, and gave Schuyler his first lift. Thus started, he took all the other springs himself, and secui'ed the success, but not the reward of merit, — that fell to the intriguing, mediocre intellect of Gates. Under him Arnold was the great factor, and, below the latter, again, Morgan, if sharpshoot- ing, military murder, is a legitimate source of renown. To pick a man off' in cold blood with little danger to the expert is a pretty cruel pro- cess, and yet by deliberately shooting Frazer, Burgoyne was certainly deprived at the crisis of his ablest, in every sense of the word, subor- dinate. Frazer was as brave as he was capable, and his judgment so often neglected would have prevented at least one catastrophe, Hoosic, misnamed Bennington, fought in New York, not in Vermont, and won, when it was almost thrown away by New Englanders, by a Continental or regular Regiment; — for the glory of which New York has as much claim as New England. As for Gates, he had and has as much right to the laurels of Saratoga as the winners of supreme prizes in the late civil war to which their predecessors were morally entitled, since to the latter the means to complete their work were denied which were abso- lutely necessary thereto, — means which were accorded to the fortunate ones witli lavish promptitude. Schuyler belongs to the class at the head of which stands " our noblest and our best," George H. Thomas. Without Schuyler there would have been no Saratoga, and the name of Gates would scarcely receive a mention, because his utter failure at Camden was due to the factitious renown acquired on the Hudson, and without the Nashville of Thomas the " March to the Sea" would have been just exactly what the Southerners predicted if Thomas had not been left behind to annihilate the rebel strength west of the Alleghanies. Both Schuyler and Thomas were treated with injustice living and misrepresentations dead. Fortunately, nothing can drown the thunder-tones of what they did. When a Democratic executive selected Clinton and Livingston to represent in bronze the State of New York in the Capitol of the nation he did as great a wrong as when Congress superseded Schuyler by Gates, and if the people of this State were instructed in the truth, the principal niche in the battle-monument THE BURQOYNE CAMPAIGN, m intended for tlie statue of Schuyler would not be vacant for an hour, because the desociulant of every Whig Now Yorker, man, woman, and child, who j)rotited by Scihuyier's address and determination would flock to contribute to phvce the grandest effigy of the real hero of Sara- toga, Philip Schuyler, in its appropriate station. There is another aspect under which Schuyler must be considered. Just as the Consul Varro, after the catastrophe of Canna), just so Schuyler after the fall of Ticondcroga and defeats following, almost equivalent in their effect at the time to the catastrophe on the Aufidus, the American General like the Roman Consul — "did not despair of the republic." No parity of circumstances, in regard to the peril from Burgoyne, existed after Gates arrived, as there was before. The charm of British and Hessian invincibility had been completely dispelled. Burgoyne had displayed himself in his true character — inertion. To the west, Fort Stauwix ; to the east, Ploosic — misnamed Ben- nington — had occurred before Gates appeared. The fact was now patent tliat Americans might conquer. The prej^arations for defense were complete. The tide was on the turn and Schuyler about to place his foot within tlie threshold of the Temple of Immortality (as Wash- ington — to whom alone he was second — had done the previous winter) when Fate arrested his ascent and thrust him aside and down, pushing forward into his place Gates, who possessed as few attributes of a grand leader and soldier as any who figured in any important position in the Continental Armies. The writer's race have reason to withhold such applause from Schuy- ler, but it must be given, for it is Truth. If the Revolution was justi- fiable, which many think it was not, Schuyler is entitled to a position next to Washington in tlie regards of the American people, certainly of those of the State of New York. 'N ii\ When Horatio Gates, the hero of an intrigue, met Burgoyne to re- ceive his surrender, he uttered a compliment which may have been the pink of politeness, but was entirely without truth. He said, " I shall always be ready to testify that it [the surrender] has not been through any fault of your Excellency." To admit that the failure of Bur- goyne was no fault of that general individually was a flattery too gross to be admissible, except from one who, if not permeated with self- conceit, must have appreciated how little he had to do with the success which sealed his opponent's fate. Now let us go into a concise consideration of the events of this campaign, and in the first place let any one truly interested in the sub- ject seek to discover why Burgoyne became so prominent. If any officer living deserved the place conceded to Burgoyne it was Carleton. He alone had saved Canada in 1775-76. He possessed every qualification which was necessary to the operations of 1777, in THE BUROOYNE CAMPAIGN. all of which Burgoyne was deficient. With very small means he had accomplished very great results. To talk ahout bravery or courage aa the grandest (juality of a general is folly. Bulls are brave, but the skill of the matador laughs brute bravery to scorn. A bull-dog is brave, but he is very easily disposed of by common-sense dexterity. Bravery without discretion in a general almost realizes the words of the proverb ahout a woman and a jewel in the unclean animal's nose. A general to be great must resemble a chain of large and little links; some extremely great and some extremely small. In many cases the lack of one of the most diminutive of the links is as fatal as the rup- ture or absence of one of the greatest. Burgoyne's chain was one destitute of many links of different sizes, each, however, indispensable to military sncoess. His campaign was a tissue of blunders almost unredeemed by a single creditable stroke due to his own generalship. To begin. He took Ticonderoga. The excessive value set upon this position, in, upon, around, and against which so many millions had been wasted by France and England and the Colonies, was one of the popular errors of the day. The estimate set on it was like that of Halleck in regard to Harper's Ferry, a delusion and a snare. Its possession decided nothing, because " the valley of decision" was not there. This was shown in 1755 and 1759. The Bible contains more common-sense truths in concrete language than almost all the rest of the books together. " Awake, O sword, smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scattered." Quebec was the shepherd for the French in Canada. Wolfe took it (Quebec), and the fall of its dependencies was simply a question of time. Ticonderoga was relinquished imme- diately when menaced by Amherst. [Quebec was invested in the latter part of June, 1759, by Wolfe; Fort Niagara fell 24tli July, Ticonderoga, 27th (30th ?), and Crown Point, 1st August. The great battle on the Plains of Abraham took place 23d September, 1759, where literally a single volley at thirty or forty yards blew the French dominion and military prestige in America to the winds forever.] Another piece of physical and mental blindness ! If Ticonderoga was the key to Lake Champlain, Sugar [Loaf] Hill, eight hundred feet high, or Mount Defiance — not Mount Hope,* — as General Phillips * To demonstrate how little trustworthy ordinary histories are, consider the conflicting statements in regard to " Mount Hope" and " Mount Defiance." Lossing (P. B. A. R., i. 134, 2, 3) says Frazer gave to the former, — about nine hundred and nine yards nortliwest of latter, — 4th July, 1777, the title it bears. Stone says it was 80 named by Abercrombie in 1766. Trumbull (2Gth June, 1776) calls the elevation " Mount Hope," and also alludes to " Mount Defiance," writing of a year before Frazer or Phillips saw them, although Carrington (B. A. R.,808) states that General Phillips promptly occupied the hill, giving it the name of " Mount Hope ;" and again (809), by the morning of 5th July, a British force crowned the summit of Sugar Loaf 6 THE BURQOYNE CAMPAIGN. named it — was the key to Ticonderoga. Phillips, Burgoyne's chief of artillery, saw this at a glam'o. They say that American officers had pre- viously discovered the truth of thih, undcrMtowl the danger, and knew that guns could he got up on the height. Their advice was tieatee- hall) until the 23d July, nor Fort Edward until the 13th August. Mark these dates! This delay enabled Scliuyler to block the route be- tween Lake Champlain and the Hudson to the north and send Arnold to the relief of Fort Stanwix to the west, in extreme peril th.-ough the slaughterous defeat of Herkimer by Sir John Johnson, on ihe 6th August. Arnold's approach and the outrageous misconduct of the Indians compelled St. Leger to decamp at noon of the 22d August, while Burgoyne was still at Fort Miller, about ten miles below Fort Edward and three miles above Schuylerville, where he crossed the Hudson to his own " Caudine Forks." Again, Schuyler was not superseded by Gates until the 19th August, while Burgoyne was still at Fort Miller, whence he sent his Germans to their destruction at Hoosic, or, as Stark himself styles it, Walloomscock,' in a letter detailing the stealing of his horse by his own men, — not Bennington. In the detachment of his Germans to their discomfiture at Hoosic, Burgoyne demonstrated how utterly unfit he was for the command he exercised, and also how entirely deficient he was equally in his estimate and comprehension of men. It was just exactly such a blunder as was * The loss of Stark's horse, while he was engaged in a reconnoissance on foot during the action, is recorded by Professor Butler, who publishes it as having found the advertisement in an old file of the Hartford Courant, of date October 7, 1777. It is as follows : (From tlie ConntcHcut Couranl, Tuesday, October 7, 1777.) "twenty D0LLAB8 REWARD. " Stole from me the subscriber, from Walloomscock, in the time of action, the 16th of August last, a brown mare, five years old, had a star on her forehead. Also a doeskin seated saddle, blue housing trim'd with white, and a curbed bridle. It is earnestly requested that all committees of safety and others in authority, to exert themselves to recover said thief and mare, so that he may bo brought to justice, and the mare brought to me; and the person, whoever he be, shall receive the above re- ward for both, and for the mare alone ono-half of that sum. How scandalous, how disgraceful and ignominious must it appear to all friendly and generous souls to have such sly, artful, designing villains enter into the field in the time of action in order to pillage, pilfer, and plunder from their brethren when engaged in battle. " John Stark, B. D. G. " Benninqton, 11th Sept., 1777." 14 THE BURGOYNE CAMPAIGN. i i i ml 1^ made in the selection of the troops intended to profit by the explosion of the mine before Petersburg, in 1864. There is no use of dilating upon that! Recent revelations confirm the worst that was originally surmised or charged. If Burgoyne had undertaken to pick out, man by man, from those under a'*ms, the most unequal to solve the problem he had in hand, he could not have blundered more fearfully nor more fatally to himself. Wliy did lie not send Frazor, " the gallant General Frazer [who] was the directing soul of the Brltisii troops in action," with his elegant Light Infantry, than whom, at th's time, there were none better in the world ? nor could a better leader be found for the " Light Bobs" than the capable, experienced, and intrepid Frazer himself. Even as it was, in spite of all the stupidity manifested, the Americans, vic- torious over Baum, fell to j)lundering, as they afterwards did at Eutaw Springs, and at other places, and as the rebels did at Shiloh and at Cedar Creek, and on otiier occasions, and lost sight of the grand prize, victory. It was touch and go at Hoosic after all. Breyman came up, was winning back all that was lost, when in stepped Warner with his Continentals or regulars. New Yorkers as well as New Englanders, and the victory first won, then almost thrown away, became assured. There is no benefit in following out this series of blunders, except to say that down to the 16th October Burgoyne's c e was by no means desperate. I^et his friends assert it as loudly and vehemently as they may or can. Gates was looking over his shoulder and casting wist- ful glances towards his bridge of boats and the rear, even after the success which Arnold, against his will and intention, won for him on the 7th October. It is all very well for those who wish to rehabili- tate Gates with ink on paper, — be the inciting cause whatever it may, — he was one of the popular humbugs of the Revolution. He cooked and got his gruel at Camden. The " good and gallant" Cornwallis who settled his hash there would have done it just as handsomely at Saratoga, had the victim of Clinton, in Yorktown in 1781, been on the Hudson in 1777. Burgoyne was bad enough with his conceit and self-indulgence, but Sir AVilliam Howe was worse with his "impru- dence" (Fonblanque, 223) and indolence, and Sir Henry Clinton with his nervousness, and he, again, and Vaughan with the'r perfunctory hesitations. Gordon tells the story as well as anyboi _, who has at- tempted it, and he cannot be improved upon. " We now enter upon the relation of the measures pursued by the British below Albany. You have been told what were the sentiments of General Putnam, on the 9th [October], as to their sailing up to within sixteen miles of the American camp, before removed from the neighborhood of Stillwater. Sir H. Clinton, however, in- stead of pushing up the river, intrusted the business to Sir James Wallace and Gen- eral Vaughan. The latter had under him three thousand six hundred men. Sir James commanded a flying squadron of light frigates, accompanied with the neces- sary appendage of barges, batteaus, and boats for landing the troops, and all other THE BUROOYNE CAMPAIGN. 16 movements. By the 18th [October] they reached Kingston alias ^sopus, a fine village as you would call it ; but on this side the Atlantic, a good town. Upon Vaughan's landing the troops, the Americans, being too weak to make resistance, abandoned their battery of three guns after spiking them. They left the town im- mediately for their own safety, without firing from the houses upon the British. Vaughan, however, was told that Burgoyne had actually surrendered ; and the town was doomed to the flames. The whole was reduced to ashes, and not a house left standing. The American Governor Clinton was a tame spectator of the bar- barity, but only for want of a sufficient force to attack the enemy. This seemingly revengeful devastation was productive of o, pathetic but severe letter from General Gates (then in the height of victory) to General Vaughan. The latter with a flood- tide wAght have reached Albany in four hours : there was no force to have hindered him. When he burnt Livingston's Upper Mills [between Barrytown and Tivoli], had he proceeded to Albany and burnt the American stores. Gates, as he himself has declared, must have retreated into New England. The royalists may justly remark upon the occasion, ' "Vv'hy a delay was made of seven days after Clinton had taken the forts .vo ai*e ignorant of. The Highland forts were taken the (jth Oc- tober; iEsopus was burnt the 13tli ; Burgoyne's convention was signed the 17lh. There was no force to oppose even open boats on the river ; why then did not the boats proceed immediately to Albany ? Had Clinton gone forward, Burgoyne's army had been saved. Putnam could not have crossed to Albany. The army amused themselves with bu-ning ^Esopus, and the houses of individuals on the river's-bank.' While the British were manoeuvring in and about the North River, doing mischief to individuals, without serving their own cause in the least, General Gates had express upon express, urging him to send down troops to oppose the enemy. On the 14th he wrote to Governoi- Clinton : — ' I have ordered the commanding officer at Fort Schuyler to send Van Schaak's regiment without delay to Albany, — desired Brigadier-General Gransevoort to repair to that city, and take the command of all the troops that may assemble there, — and have sent down the two ^Esopus regiments, the Tryon County militia, and most of the militia of Albany County.' But he would not weaken his hold of Burgoyne by any detachment of Continentals from his own army, or of New England militia. The New York State militia, that re- paired to the governor to assist the inhabitants, did as much mischief as the enemy, the burning of houses and othei' buildings excepted. J8^°It is too much the case of all militia, that when they march to the assistance of their countrymen against a common enemy, they do the former a great deal of damage. The laxness of their discipline and their unreasonable claims of indulgences from those whom they are to protect, make them expensive and disagreeable guests." In this connection it may be found interesting to insert the copy of a letter which the writer found among the papers of his grandfather, who was a captain in the New York Royal Volunteers, or King's Third American Regiment, which was the first to enter Fort Mont- gomery on the 6th of October, 1777, when Clinton started up the Hudson to demonstrate in favor of Buvgoyne. As the writer has never seen it in print, it may prove valuable as well as interesting. Indorsed: "Gen'l Putnam's Letter of Sept. 16, 1777, with accounts from the Southward. " On public Service. To His Excellency Gov'r Clinton, at Kingston, by Express." Countersigned on outside : "IsBABL Putnam." 16 THE BUROOYNE CAMPAIGN, ♦'Peeks Kill, Sept. 16, 1777. "Dear Sir,— " Your Favour of 18th I have been duly honoured with ; am greatly obliged to you for the assistance you have ordered from the militia. I will tako particular care that they shall bo Supplied with provision and Ammunition. " The Enemy's numbers in and about Hackonsnck, by the best informat.on I have been able to obtain, are between ' and Ave thousand ; part came from Staton Island, through Elizabeth Town & Newark toward sison [us on ?], and three or four thousand crossed from Spiten divel Creek to Fort Lee. I am well assured that they have lately received a reinforcement at N. York, and this is further Confirmed by a deserter who belongs to Col. Bradly's Rcgt., taken at Danbury after enlisted with the Enemy, & came from the bridge with the party that came to Fort Lee ; — lie says they told him ten thousand recruits were arrived at York ; — that the party which came to fort Leo were not many of them from the bridge ; — thoir numbers four or live thousand ; — had deserted at Soubriskey's [Zab'-iskey's?] Mills, between Paramus and H-'ckensack, where they lay when he left them ; — & had Collected many Cattle and horses. "Col. Burr, I am informed, Surprised thoir Picquet last night, killed Sixteen, mortally wounded seven, and took the remainder. " I have wrote to Connecticut for the militia of that State to be Speedily Sent down. " Inclosed is a hand-bill containing an acc't of the action to the Southward, Since the receipt of whici. T have received a letter from Major Putnam, who was at Philadelphia, informing tbat Gen'l Washington, with his army, had retired this side the School kill, & meant to make a stand there, 'ien'l How was busied ye 12th and 13th burying his Dead ; — that we had about one thousand killed and wounded ; — and it's believed the Enemy have lost double that number ; — on the 13th the Enemy were filing oft" to the left to gain Sweed's ford 15 miles above Philadel- phia. — Gen'l Washington Sent a body of Troops to Oppose them. Assailants Gen- erally have an infinite advantage over those who act only on the aofensive ; — it's my Opinion, & I think the Opinion is Supported by our own Experience, that we shall always be beat untill we learn or venture to attack. " Gen'l Parsons, with his Brigade, & Col. Ludington, with his detachment from the militia, are at Whitephiins, where they are necessary and serve a double pur- pose, — to Cover that part of the Couniry from the ravages of the Enemy, & are as great or greater Security to this post lying between us and them than if they were at this post ; they will git the first notice of the Enemy's Motions, & Can retire here or harrass them, as shall be Judged best. Col. Brinkerhoft' has applied to me in behalf of his Reg't. I have Ordered the whole to hold themselves in readiness, — and one-third to come in at present. " With particular respect and Esteem, I have the Hon' to be your Excellency's Obed't humble Ser't. " Israel Putnam. "His Excellency Gov" Clinton." To use the words that Shakspeare puts into the mouth of *' melan- choly Jaques," — " Last scene of all. That ends this strange, eventful history. In second childishness," as to military comprehension of circumstances, contemplate Burgoyne holding " high festival" in the Schuyler mansion, — burned to the ground next morning, — at the junction of the outlet of Saratoga Lake, Fish Kill, and the Hudson, while his faithful subordinates and troops were Pi ii THE BUROOYNE CAMPAIGN. 17 l«, 1777. obliged to particular trmat.on I om Staton reo or four 1 that they n firmed by listed with I ; — Le says arty which >r8 four or n Paramus mny Cattle id Sixteen, Bedily Sent Southward, who was at retired this busied ye killed and on the 13th e Philadel- ilants Gen- 3 ; — it's my at we shall victims to the elements and the American round-shot and bullets. The deluges from the clouds were not more pitiless than. the iron and leaden hail poured in by the encompassing enemy. With his sweetheart, Bur- goyue was having a joyous time and wasting the hours, when the last chaD( e of escape vouchsafed like a rift in the rack of the storm, — the brit interval of sunshine — was gradually closing up again to end on "the field of the grounded arms," on the opposite shore, at the point which was the site of the old Fort Hardy. War in those days for the professional officer was noi the grim reality that our poor fellows found it in the Rebellion and still recognize it on the Plains. If Burgoyne was " Burgoyned" as was Stanhope at Brihuega, in 1710, or Dupont at Baylen, in 1808, or Pemberton at Vicksburg, in 1863, and the embryo of the independence of these United States ushered into being, and the Stars and Stripes, " Old Glory," flung to the winds at Saratoga, the British general was " Burt^oyned," in 1777, on the one hand by his own faults and errors, and on the other by the prescience, constancy, patriotism, and capacity of Philip Schuyler. " And through the centuries let e. people's voice In full acclaim, A people's voice, Attest the great [New Yorker's] claim, With honor, honor, honor to him, Eternal honor to his name I" iment from ouble pur- y, & are as they were Can retire plied to me readiness, xcellency's UTNAM.