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N«w , rk UG09 uS* (716) 482 - 0300 - Phon, (716) 288- 5989 -Fo« DOMINIC" OF CANADA ^ OEPT OF AGRICULTURE BlUNCB OF TRB COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE AND DAIRYING SEED DIVISION J. W. BOBBSTIOir, CoamiMieaar. 0. K. OLABK, OU«r (f iMd IH?iil«a WEED SEEDS OOHUONLT rODND IN TIMOTHY, ALSIKE AND RED CLOVER SEEDS. BT G. H. CLARK. B.S.A. With niustratioM by J, H. Faull. B.A, BULLETIN No. 16-NEW SERIES Publish^ by DmEorroN or th. Hok. Stdket A. Fi.hk^ Ministb or Aobicultuui. B'WBRTTA.RY, 1904. 1 » % The Ilonouriible The Minister of Agrioulture. Ottawa, Febniary 15, 1904. Sir.— I \)eg to transmit herewith a bulletin on weed «eered» with which they arc found make* their detection difficult to an untrained ey« even when they be pre«ent to the extent of «everal hundred per pound. Tbua the Medi of White Cockle, Sheep Sorrel and Dock do not materially alter the general appear- ance of Aliike unleaa nn examination be made with a strong magnifying glaaa. During 1C08 and 1903, nine hundred and eighty-ieven lamplea of graaa and olover Medi) were analyied in the seed laboratory. Of these, three samplea oontained twenty or more, twouty-aeTeu samples contnined fifteen or more, and one hundred and twenty-eight samples contained ten or more speciea of foreign seeds. Forty- ei«rht different species of seeds were found in Timothy, Alaike and Red Olover alone, though fully one half of tliem were seeds of comparatively luirmleaa plants, h^eed that contains a large number of harmleu seeds is less undesirable than that containing only a few of noxious weeds. It is therefore of great importance to b« able to identify at leost the seeds of those weeds which are seriously injurious in agriculture. The illustrations presented in this bulletin are published with a Tiew to assist fanners to identify the more dangerous weed seeds common to grass and clover seeds. Plates I., II., III., and IV., illustrate the appearance of the various fliecies of seeds when examined under a glass that would magnify fourteen diameters. Th./e are few farmers or local Deed merchants who have made a sufficiently cars- I'll] study of weed seeds u> enable them to identify the seeds of even those which srs cost common and most noxious. Those who are engaged in the commerce of seeds fho'ild have access to a reliable and comprehensive collection of specimens of seeds of ti ore important, useful and noxious plants; they would thus be enabled to identify with which they were not familiar. With a view to meet this need collections of authentic specimens of seeds have bteu prepared in the seed laboratory for distribu- tion to Canadian seed merchants at a nominal price of $2. The colleotion consists "f the seeds of one hundred species of plants, about sixty-five of which are weeds. Ths seeds are in two drachm vials and are arranged according to their boitanical classifi- cation in trays especially designed for this tarpo'c. The trays are made from mill- board and covered with binding cloth. The vials are consecutively numbered witK the common and scientific names of the seeds to correspond with a printed list on ths insiide of the cover. (See illustrntion.) It is desirable that every rinal school and farm home have a con^^ rehensive ool- Ifction of correctly named specimens of weeds, pressed and mounted, and of weed aeeds in ttles conveniently arranged for reference. Pupils in rural districts shonld foch be required to prepare ii i'olie< tion of not fewer than fifty specimens >f aoxions plants and their •'eeds b'>fore leaving the public school. Collecting and mounting pyecimens of pere .tent gri>uing weed? and their seeds by boys ond girls who live on ■farms, ccmbined with instructions as to their hahits of growth and how they become disseminated will do much toward stimulating to nii application of intelligent anil f-fTective methods of combating we^ds and preventing their introduction. 6 HOW DIFFERENT HPECIEH OF HERDH ARE IDENTIFIED. Ib diatiiiffuithlac mmnU, •!(•, iiliiip«, colour and •urfaoo iiMrkiiigt aro of faryinif iinportatKT. In leticral, Mch i>|MN'i«>« ot mmI pommwm charactorintict which rotuliT iU idantifieation oomparatiraly eaar. altboogb th* tiaa, colour, and ahap* ar« not alway* MMiaUnt in tha lama apaciea; variationa aro brought altout by dilI«>ronc««of ■oil.aeaaoii. ace. alaire of maturity, and <-rowdiuK tocetiier during growth where acverul ■«««!« ar>* f rodurvd in tht* mibw mmI veMnel. Burface markings, form, Hiia and colour vary grratljr in M«d« of different fain- IIIm. RenI* from planta which are cloaely related, uaually have eharacterittin ahapea, and are similarly marltad with ridgea, wrinkles, tuburcW or wing<*t|uire strong magnitioation before Mieir diatinotive characteristics may be di»- tiiiguished. Accurate identitication is cilremi'ly difficult in only a few apeciaa <>f aeeds. The most imiwrtant of tlica*> belong to the genus Brassies. Tlie work that hiti« thuB far been done in tli<> MemI Islmratory witli a view to d(rminc some reliable wny to differentiate between seed of B. SinapiHlnim and some jf the allied spocies, has brought out no conducive eviitence ' > hIiow tliat ttn-y may be distin$ruishe«i except by a growing test. Himilnr cases are ■•> rare that although accurate ideiititicatinn of seeauMe of the delay nf twenty days that is required to make a growing teat of f^nniples containing seed of certain apeciea of the I stard family. IMPURITIEa OF jIOTHY. AL8IKE AND RED (LOVER SEEDS. Impuritiea of Timothy, AUike aud Red Clover seeds consist of (a) seeds of noxi- ous weeds, (b) seed^ of useless though practically harmless plants, (c) inert matter, as chaff, pieces of 'broken stems, and sand, and (d) seeds of other useful grasses and clovers. Screenings and ipferior grades are apt to have quantities of all theste im- puritiea and often contain from ten to twenty speciett o{ seeds of noxious and um- leaa planta. Tho aocum*-1ation of so many apeciea of weed leeda indicatea that tha rtock consiata of a mixttire of various lots of aeed obtained from different places of production. Small differencee in the size, weight and shape of xpurious secdin are taken advan- tDge of by means of screens and air currents in the process of re-cleaning. The better grades of re-cleaned seeds usually contain only such impurities as cannot be separated l-y mechanical devices. Buttercup — (Ranunciihin 'if' L). Tlie seeds are irregularly oval in outline and thickly flattened. The fn'ly . cd steeds usually present several shades of colour, ranKinfr from dork brown to black; immature seeds show a distinct tinge of green. They are about one-tenth of on inch in length. The short curved appendage at tiie apex ond the scar are noticeable choracteristics. The surface is dull an|y Kruniiliir. Tlir' l^^^^'>\% nr<- priNlncisI in nuuu'ruiit p« ■ImIkmI imvU, ami nft.-n form forty or fifty tliouituiul mi niii- i>liiiit. (Sw- plati' i.> The plant is nn iitinual hihI wlntrr annual, nml i* very tr<>ul>li>«ini(> in •li*tri>'t« wluTi. fall wheal Im KMwn. If i« iMin oiu- Ui Iw.i f«i in >i<-itfht. pnMliuf^ |Mti> jrfllow l*u\vcr« hikI iiiatimii » eii from June to St'iitniilM i. Wiirni-M-etl MiMtHni. Tr< i.lt- XluMtHnl (AVjyximMin rhtirtinfhoiiht. I^i, Tlu* ••••••b an vcr>- ^innll. Tin- •iirfiKi- i« unitHtih nml of a liftht r«M|ili«h yt-llow iii|<»iir. A wpU th- fiuoii groove runninK lenvthwiM nnti itimM olilii|iii-ly arnw* th<> iwmi \* dititinutl. i'vie« nmnll jruilow flower* on alendur ipreadtng ttalka during June and July, and mntureo K» «t*' dull hlack In colour and nimoat «pliericfll. Rxaniiiuil under a len* the »urt' ;>r«'w'ntj< a net- work of flnc ridge*. OcrnMinniil ianipleti of Red Clover and A k ^l* have hwn found to eontain teed* of this speciea. The plant ii* an annual of wide dixtrihution, fmni oni- lo . .i-.t fft-t in height, coiiiinon in oprinic grniun. and to a leu* extent ir new meadow*. It prnduct-* riiecme^ of ttnnl' ,< How Howem from Jum- to SepteinU'r. nnd inuturc-* «<'(il from Jiilv to (K-fnU-r. Slifplicrd'* I'nrs'' — (CnpneUii Biir»ii-iiiiMli,rii. .Miencli. ). Tin- *f«il« are very uniull, reguliirly oldonir luid tlatti>ne, am' of ii reddish lirown colour. Tlu-y pn-Hi'iit u (•lldflit lii.-lri' wlii'ii exiiniined uinler n iniiKuifyinu (tin**. Kiwh -idi' of tln' wed in miirkfd with twfi >li>ttin<-t groove^^. (Si-e iilntc II.) The plant is an annual und winter unnunl front one to two Uft in height, ninl i^ widely distribute*!. It producea racemcK of Atnall white floweris. and mature!! i«>eee plate III.) The plant is an annual end wint< • annual from one to two feet in height. It is one of the wont pesta in cultiv its strong odour, smooth dark green leaves, white flowers, and rov'^'d. yellow, WiP^ed seed pods. It produces flowers from May to October, and matures ^^ 1 from June to November. PepiKTgrasj* — {Li'pidiiim Virtfhiiriim. Willd.). The s<>eds ai-e flat, thin and oval in outline, iilMinf one-sixteenth of un inch in lent^th. nnd of n colour viirvinjr from yellowish red to reddish l>rown. The magniticd s\irfuce presents u finely roughened appeuruncc, with 11 siiitfli" groove down cncli face. The seeds are prodiieeil in riiitteiicd circular jKids, which are slightly nutched at the extremities. (See plate 1.) The plant is an annual and winter annual of wide distribution. It grows from one to two feet high and produces inconspicuous white flowers from May to October, and deeds profusely during the entire summer. Corn Cockle, Purple Cockle — (Lychnin Githago, Lam.). The seeds are irregularl- rounded and occasionally somew' t triangtilar in outline. The two face surfaces aij roughened with concentric rows of spines which begin and end near the scar, at which point the seed lb much thinner than the outer marufiu, thu^ .giving it a somewhat \r 8 vredgeshaped appearance. Thejr vary from a daric brown to a dull black. The seeda aro occasionally found in Red Clover, but are more common in cereal grains. The plant is an annual and is very common in grain fields. It is easily recognized by its bright purple flowers and profusely branching hairy stems. It matures seed during August and September. Evening Lychnis, White Cockle — (Lychnis vetpertina, Sibth.). The seeds are kid- neytshaped, about the same size as Alsike seed, and grayish brown in colour. The sur- face is characteristically marked with regularly arranged rows of small tubercles which give a granular appearance to the surface of the seed. The seeds of this species re- semble those of Silene noctiflora and 8. inflata. Th^ rows of tubercles on those of 8. noctiflora are, however, less distinctly marked, and the seed presents a more finely granular surface than that of Lychnia veapertina, while the tubercles on the seeds of the 8. inflata are more prominent and the concentric rows are more distinct and wider apart. The plants of 5. noctiflora and L. veapertina are equally noxious in character, and are so closely allied that they can be distinguished only by an expert botanist. (See plate II.) The plant is biennial, from one to two feet in height and is becoming more com- mon in Ontario and the Eastern Provinces. From June to Augiist it produces white or pinkish flowers, which open at dusk and remain open until morning. The seed matures from July to September. Night-flowering Catchfly, White Cockle — (Silene noctiflora, L.). The seeds are similar in character to those of the preceding species, in the description of which the differences between the seeds are noted. The plant is an annual and winter annual, bearing white or pinkish flowers from July to August and mnturing seed during August and September. Common Chickweed — (Stellaria media. Smith). The seeds are very sm ill, broadly o^al in outline, and thickly flattened in shape with rounded edges. Like the other members of the Pink family the surface ic roughened with broken ridges or tubercles. (In seeds of 8. Graminea these rows of tubercles blend into short curved ridges, and the seeds are larger and more circular in outline). The seeds vary in colour from a reddish to a dark brown. The plant is a comparatively harmless annual and winter annual, common to moist lands. It produces small white flowers, and matures seed from April to No- vember. Cinquefoil, Five-Finger — (Potentilla Norvegica.L.). The seeds are very small and somewhat kidney-shaped. They vary in colour from light straw to dark brown, the majority being of the lighter shade. The surface is marked with shallow grooves and ridges which branch irregularly. (See plate I.) The plant is an annual and winter annual, from eight to twenty inches in height. It produces small yellow flow^fs and matures seed from July to Siptember. It is a very common pest in meadows and pastures throughout Canada. Common Evening Primrose — ((Enothera biennis, L.) The seeds are light brown in colour, usually irregularly prismatic in shape with the edges slightly winged. Occa- sionally one or more of the faces is rounded. The surface is dull, finely roughened f.nd is sometimes slightly ridged lengthwise. The Evening Primrose is common everywhere in damp meadows and along road- sides. It grows from two to four feet high and is easily recognized by its spike of bright yellow flowers, and strong erect growing stems. The seeds are produced in great j.rofusion in September and October. Ragweed, Hogweed — (Ambrosia artemisuB folia, L.). The seeds vary in length from one-twelfth to one-sixth of an inch and are somewhat pear-shaped. The surface is dull «i » i 9 and varies in colour from light straw to dark brown, the darker coloured specimena frequently having a dark purplish hue. The apex of the seed is long and tapers to a bhiirp point. 1.16 surface is veined and slightly ridged lengthwise. These ridges usually terminate in sharp teeth, which form a circle around and point toward the apex. These teeth vary in number, size and regularity and sometimes are entirely absent. The outer covering of the seed is brittle and may be more or less broken awny, thus revealing a smooth, brown inner cover. (See plate III.) The plant is an annual, from one to four feet in height, and is common in culti- vated lands throughout Canada. It produces terminal racemes of minute, yellow, sterile flowers, and green, fertile, axillary flowers at the base of the spikes from July to September, and matures seed from August to November. Mayweed — {Anthemit Cotula, D.C.). The seeds are tapering, about one-sixteenth of an inch in length and present various shades of colour varying from light to dark brown. The surface is roughened with distinct tubercle? arranged more or less sym- metrically in longitudinal rows. The smaller end is pointed and usually of a lighter colour. (See plate III.) The plant is an annual, about one foot in height, and is common in meadows, waste places, and along roadsides. It flowers and matures seed from June to Sep- tember. Ox-eye Daisy, White Daisy, Bull's-eye — {Chrytanihemum Leucanthemvm, L. i. The seeils are tapering, about one-twelfth of an inch in length, and are marked with ten ni"re or less regular white longitudinal ribs, which appear more conspiouously be- cause of the black interspaces whioh form the backgroimd. A single plant produces from five thousand to eight thousand seeds. (See plate I.) The plant is a persistent perennial, from one to one and a half feet in height, and is common in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime provinces. It flowers and pro- duces seed from May to September. The seeds are light in weight, and are common in Timothy seed grown in the eastern provinces. Canada Thistle — (Cnicus arvusis. Iloffm.) Tlie sctils an- irregularly o.vliiidrical or club-shaped, wit'.i the end bluntly pointed, and the ai)e.\ presenting a cup-like appear- ance. They are about one-eighth nf an inch in length ancl of a grayisih brown colour. The surface is smooth. The crowding together of the seeds in the head accounts for the irregularity in the form of different seeds. (See plate II.) The plant is common throughout Canada. It is a perennial, propagated by seeds and underground stems. It grows from two and a half to four feet high, flowers from June to August, and produces stcd from .July to September. C'liicory, Succory — (Cichorlum Intyhus,^,.). The seeds are about one-t(nth of an 'inch in lenpth. irregularly oblong in shape, and frequently taper toward the base from the end to whi. h the pappus is attached. They are irregularly ridged lengthwise, and frequently pre.-ent an angular appearance. When examined under the lens the sur- face appears dull with fine transverse striations. The colour varies from a gray 4o a dark brown. Tiie pliint is a perennial, from two to three feet in height, and is a common pest in grain fields and along roadsides, in some districts in Ontario, Quebec aud the east- ern provinces. The flowers are bright blue and about one and a half inches in dia- niiter. The stems of the plant are almost leafless. It flowers and mat\ires seeer and matures seed from July to October. Annual Sow-Thistle— (Sonc/tw* oleraceus, L.). The seeds are somewhat similar in character to those of the above species, but they are not so thick, the longitudinal ridges and the transverse ridges are l«ss distinctly marked. The seeds of another closely Klfted annual st)ecies {Sonchus asp^r) are smooth, and have only three longitudinal ridgee, not .so strongly marked as in the |)erennial siiecies. The colour of the two seeds IS practically the same. The plant is an annual, about two fe.-t in height, which flowers from June to August, and produces seed from July to September. Ribgrass, English Plantain, Buekhorn— (P/an/a^o hinceohifo is exposed. Two very common forms in which the seed of Lamb'a-quarters appears in gra«s and clover seeds are shown in Plates II. and IV. The plant is an annual, from one to three feet high, of general distribution and common in all crops. It produces minute green flowers from June to November, and maturr.s seed from July to November. 18 Pigweed. Green Amaranth-Mma«nwZ«»,L.). The seeds are considerably larger than those of the above species, equally triangular in shape and dull black. They are occasionally found in Red Clover seeds. The plant is a twining annual, common in grain fields throughout Canada. It produces racemes of minute white flowers and matures seed from July to September. Green Foxtail, Bottle Grass— (fl'eiario wruiM,Boauv.). The seeds are almost one- twelfth of an inch in length, bi-ronvex in shape, and narrowly oval in outline with blunt extremities. They usually appear free from the glumes as illustrated, and are a common impurity in grass, clover and other small seeds. When free from the glumes they present a light green colour, and are frequently mottled; when the glumes re- main attached they present a light gray appearance. They sometimes occur as free grains devoid of both glumes and the outer covering of the seed, in which case they ere also of a light green colour. The convex side of the seed is finely striated cross- wise and on the opposite side the shining edges of the palea show distinctly beside the intumed edges of the flowering glume. See plate IV.) 13 The plant id an annual of wide distribution, and is most troublesome in hoed crops. The spike is green and cylindrical in shape. It flowew from July to Sep- tember and produces seed from Auguct to October. Yellow Foxtail. Pigeon (irassr—(Seiaria ghuca, Beauv.) see«l> closely resemble those of Green Foxtail. bu» are considerably lnr(?er. IxHiifr about one-«i(, /,. Ox-eye Daisy. C/iryiiuiii, L. Peppergrass. Ergot. (Viiztf •/•.•■ /•tirfnrni. Till. 9. Clnquefoil. VtttiHtitUi, \iirvff^'i,n^ L. Green Foxtail. Sftaria I'lridis, iictiiiv. Mayweed. Aiilhrmis Colmla, P. C. Weed seeds commonly found in Timothy. D«inln)«n •« C«M«a. 0»pmHm»M cf •fl>*atil«wf«. KATI II. White Cockle. f /.riimt trsfi-rlimi, .Si^l^. m ALtlKK. TrtfotiHm Ai>i-#./i(w Camr/ma falim, Cnnli. Curled Dock. j Canada Thistle. 1 I Mayweed. Aullirmis Ciitn/ii, 7). C. Shepherd's Purse. t'af'srita /!urs,i /'itstttris. Moemtli. Sheep Sorrel. Kunii^ A.ttos.lhi. I.. Lamb's-quarters. Cbeutpojium tilbiim, /,. Ribgrrass. ri,iHliit;i> hinceoUitii, /,. Pepperrrasa. LfpiJiutH VirgiuitHm, L. ^^££D SEEDS COMMONLV FOUND IN AlsIKE DomMton «' '«ii«M, 0»»*'*"**"t M »'('