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ROBINSON'S MATHEMATICAL SERIES. 
 
 T iJ E 
 
 METEIC SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 WEIGHTS AM) 31EASIIIES; 
 
 tOMUlNIN(i 
 
 MANY Ki;W AM) |-UA( TIC.VI, IMl'KOVKMKMS IX Al'.UANGEMKNT, 
 NOTATION, AND Al'l'l.lCATIUN.S. 
 
 I'liupAl:!;!) I'uit 
 
 KOBINSON'S PROGRESSIVE ARITHMETICS, 
 
 Hy JIALCOM McVICAK, a. m 
 
 ri;iNCn'AI. uK the state XOUMAL and TUAIMXG SCIIOOI. at IlKOCKrORT, N.V. 
 
 18(58 r:^ 
 
 n 
 
 e- NEW YORK: 
 I VI SON, I'lIINXEY, BLAKEMAN ^ CO. 
 rnrLADKr.piiiA; ,1. r,. mitincott & cu. 
 
 CIIK'AUO: S. C. GUItiClS & CO. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In the discussion of the Metric System of Weights and 
 Measures ijrescntcd in tlicsc pages, the following points 
 claim special attention : — 
 
 1st. The clear and comprehensive manner in which 
 the nomenclature is presented in the general analysis on 
 pages 8 and 9. 
 
 2d. The simple and entirely original abbreviation of 
 the nomenclature, completely retaining its expressiveness 
 and universality, and at the same time adapting it to the 
 wants of business men. This abbreviation obviates one 
 of the greatest objections to the use of the ]\Ietric System. 
 
 3d. Its simple, original, and scientific notation. 
 
 4th. Its full and intelligible exhibit of the measure- 
 ment of surfaces, solids, and angles. 
 
 5th. The employment of but two simple rules for 
 changing from the old system to the new, and from the 
 new system to the old. 
 
 Kiitcred, accordinj; to .\ct of Cimjn^flg, in the year lSfi7, by 
 
 DAXIEL W. FISH, A.M., 
 
 In the Clerk'* Office of the District Court of the United States fur the Eastern District of New Tork. 
 
 ■K 
 
 y 
 
 
 WE 
 
 Tlie )7i( 
 tlio metre 
 ilerived — 
 iill regard 
 17!tO, tlic 
 ■md, in 
 , iimiitrio.s 
 
 III ro!<j)on.' 
 ' iiiis.siuiied 
 i |iniR-i|)al ! 
 IJ iiated liy t 
 I to prepare 
 • '. s(!loct a istii 
 ;; might at j 
 i ^lioidd 1)0 ] 
 I tho standa 
 
 iigtli.s, wl 
 
 iiovisional 
 
of Weights and 
 bllowing points 
 
 xnncr in which 
 eral analysis on 
 
 Till] M1:TRTC 8YSTE3I 
 
 III' 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 abbreviation of 
 ; expressiveness 
 apting it to the 
 )n obviates one 
 Metric System, 
 notation, 
 if the raeasure- 
 
 niple rules for 
 ,v, and from the 
 
 W7, by 
 
 item Diatricl of New York. 
 
 j INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ne metric system of toeights and measures — i=o called ))ocau«p 
 ; the metre is tl.o unit from wliieh the other units ,.f the spten. arr 
 , enved — ha.l its (.rigiu in France during the Kevolutinn, a time when 
 nU^ regard for institutions of the past was repudiated. In the year 
 1 ' !»0, the Freneli government resolved to introduce a new .system • 
 ^md, m order that it might 1,e received with general favor, other 
 nmntries were i.nlted to join with it in the elu.icc of new units 
 In respon.sc to this invitation, a large numher of scientific men, coin- 
 I nns.s,one.l by various countries, met in Paris, in consultation with the 
 ! pruicipal men of Fran.-e. In the year 17!»1, a conunission, non.i- 
 ; ii^.tcd hy the Academy of Sciences, was appointed hy the ( lovernmcnt 
 : to prepare the new system. The first work of the commissior. was to 
 :j select a standard of lengths from whi.'!, the system of units adopted 
 i nngljt at anytime be restorc.l if f,-om any cause the original unit 
 Mould bo lost. A ,p,adrant of the earth's .neridian was chosen as 
 tho standard, and the ten-millionth part of it taken as the unit of 
 l^gths, which was called a metre. In 1795, this standard and a 
 provisional metro whose length was determined from mea.surements 
 
 (■0 
 
TIIK MKTIMC SVSTKM. 
 
 [ 
 
 nf till' (Mvtli's ini'iiliiiu, wliiili liail iilivmly I fiMi iiiinli'. wii- ;iiln)i|i'(l 
 liy llir !;iiV('i'iniii'iit. 
 
 Ill 111!' iiiciiiilinif, twii ciiiinriit .•i.-ti'(iii(iinors, Mcclmin uml |)i'lin\ilii('. 
 wciv I'liuM'icil ill ilcliTiiiiiiiii'j; till' i'\:i(t Infill cit'tl:' ;irc of (lie im'ii- 
 ilinii lictwccii huiikiik ill lln' imrtli if I'niiici', jiml Itan-clniiii in 
 S;.i;iiii. At a liil>i' |icri(Hi. IJiut iiinl Arago nu'iiMUfil tin' ]iiiiliiii^^a- | 
 timi (if lliL' ."aiiu' iiiiTiilitin as far as the i.-laiid of Fmiiu'iitara. Fn>ni ' 
 tlii'M' iiicasiircnicnts, tdgi'tlicr witli (Hh- f .nncrly made in rcni, tht'V 
 (iciluicil. as llii;v suiijui>((l, till' exact distain-c fimii tln^ ciptatnr tn 
 tlic |Mili', wITk-Ii ilill't'ird siii;lilly fnuu llu' stiiiidaid a-Miiiu'd in IT'.l.'i. 
 Ill IT'.i'.', a law was jiassi'd iiiaii;j;iii;j; tiio Iriij^tli of tlic iiii'trc adn|ii('d 
 in IT'.i.'i s(i as to confonn witli tliis dilU'rcnci!. Tlie iiK'tic thus dc- 
 tciiiiincd was iiiarkcil liy two very lino iianilld lilies drawn on a pla- 
 tiiiuiii lar, and di'iio^itud f u' iircseivation in tlit; national aicliivcs. 
 
 Wliiii' a imrt of the (■oiiiiiii»ion were engaged in e>talili>liiiig tiie 
 exact icnirtli of tlie metre, otiier nieinliefs ]mr>ued a eonrse of inves- 
 tigation for tlie ]mviioso of deterniining a unit of weiglits, wiiicli would 
 su>tain an invarialilo relation to the unit of lengths. As the result 
 of ihclr invistigations, the weight of a enlie of jiuro water whoso eiigc 
 was one-li\uidvcdlli p.irt of a metre was tiie unit elio-en. The water 
 was weiglied in a vacuum, at a teiii|ierature of 4" ('.. or ;!'.». "J' I''., 
 whicli was supposeil t() 1m! the teuiiieratnre of greatest density, 'ihi- 
 weiglit was called a i/nniiiiir ; and a piece of |datiimiii weighing one 
 thousmd m-anmics was dcno.-ited as the standard of weight:- in the 
 national archivL's. 
 
 Had the work of the coinniission ended in deteniiining the-c i 
 standards <if lengths and weights, their labor wonhl have lieen futile 
 For, while the conceiitioii of basing their system n|Min an ahsolnte 
 standard in nature was good, the execution iiroved a failure, iiater 
 investigations have ,>;|iown that the metre is less than the ten-millionth 
 part of the earth's nieiidi:in ; consequently tho nietrie system of 
 v>-cights and niea>ures is referalile not to an invariahle standard in 
 nature. Imt to the platinum metre (h'posited in the national archive- 
 of I'laiice. The 'H'eat henellts which result from (he laliors of the 
 coiiniii.-sion arise from the achiption of the decimal scale of units, and 
 a simple yet general and exiirosive nomenclature. The amount of 
 
 liiiie aiM 
 trie*, \vl 
 i- iiicalc 
 whole II 
 of the p< 
 !-c'i(Uent 
 ailopted 
 were till 
 I'nriiiciiv 
 eight, oi 
 and ena 
 the nici 
 lias liei'i 
 nf o'licr 
 only in i 
 ill < ileal 
 li.'iS heel 
 liiiateni: 
 Cjiili, S; 
 :iutliori/.( 
 lowing li 
 
 An Act 
 
 fli It ri, 
 'I' Anil rii 
 
 Art, it .1, 
 llh' Wciul 
 
 t' pluailii 
 ' .aise tlic 
 nii-isiircs 
 Si:(iio 
 iicii'to ail 
 '11 Icyal |i 
 imw ill us 
 ' Njiri'sscd 
 ':i\\l'ii!ly I 
 «iiulits iv 
 
 1. 
 
[ 
 
 ■II lllMlll', Wll- illlnjill'il 
 
 Iicliiiiii iitiil l*('liniil)it', 
 lit' ll-' ;irc of till' iiit'ii- 
 ICC, jiiid Uan-clniia in 
 ciiMircil llic jiiiiliiiiga- 
 if l''cirnicntarii. Fnim 
 ly made in I'cni, tlii'y 
 c I'lmii tlii^ ('((iialur tn 
 ianl a^iiiiu'il in IT'.l'i. 
 li ot' tlic metre aiie|iteil 
 Tile metre tlius de- 
 l lines drawn (in a pla- 
 it! national areliives. 
 ired in e.>taMi>liiiiL; the 
 •sued a course of inves- 
 if weiglits, wliieli wmild 
 n^liis. As the result 
 |i\irc' water whose ede;e 
 lit eliii-en. The water 
 of 4' ('.. or :!!I.-J' v.. 
 ;iri'afest density. Tlii ■ 
 |datinnm weii^liinif one 
 idard ot weioJit:' in the 
 
 ill deteniiiniiiLi; the>e 
 vonld ha\e lieeii I'lilile. 
 stem ujMiii an ahsolnte 
 roved a t'ailnre. ijater 
 s than the ten-millionth 
 
 tlio UK'tric system of 
 I invariahlo standard in 
 n the national arehivo 
 
 from tiie lahors of the 
 iiiial scale of units, and 
 atnre. The auiouut of 
 
 Tin: MKriiK svsti:m. r> 
 
 lime mid money used in carryiiii; on '■\chiinu-es lietween ditU'reiit conn- 
 
 : tries, which would he sived l.y the iini\ersal a<lo|ition of iliis svMem. 
 
 I i- iiicalciilnhle, 'I'he ,sy-icni was dccjarcil olilij;atory throii^hoiit the 
 
 I wlmle of l''iaiice after Nov. '_', l>^ll| ; Imt, owiii;; to tlie i.rejndices 
 
 it the |ieo|i;c ill f;,vi.r of estalilished customs, ;:nd the coiifiision ciiii- 
 
 H'i(neiit ii|ion the use of the new measures, the » iovernmciit, i;i l^l'J, 
 
 ailo|)ted a ciinijiromise, in the si/sfrmi' iisiu'/i\ wln.-e iiriiici|i:d units 
 
 wer(! the new ones, while the divisions iiiid names were nearly those 
 
 liiniii rly in ii-e. iiscendinj; < nioniy in ihi r;itio> of two, tliiee. tiuir, 
 
 ci.:ilit, or twelve. In 1^87. the government aholished this system, 
 and I'liaeted a law attaching a iicnalty to the u.-e of any other than 
 the metric system after .Ian. I. jstl. Since that time, the system 
 : lias heeii iidojited liy Spain. I)e|ij,iniii, and I'oitngal, to th(> eNclnsion 
 iif o'lier weights ;iiid mi asnres. In Holland, other weights are u.S'd 
 mily in componnding medielnes. In isiM, the .■system was legali/.ed 
 ill < I leaf IJritain ; and its nse, either as a whole or in some of its parts, 
 lias heeii authorized in (irecce, Italy. Xorw;iy, S-,\eden, .'NIcnIco, 
 • iuatemala, \'enezn(da, Kcnador, I'liited States of Colnmliia, Mrazil, 
 <'liili, S;ni Salvador, and .\rgenliiie IJcpnlilic Tn l^dll. ("oiigro.s.s 
 .iiitliori/ed the metric sy.-tem in the rnitod States liy passing the fol- 
 liiwing hills and re.-^olution : — 
 
 As Act ro .MTnoiu/K rni; r«i. in rni; Mirrnie .Sysri'.M or WKHiins 
 
 .\M> .\Ii:asi Ki:s. 
 
 fir it niwtid III/ t!,r Sniitlr iinil Ilmis ■ (,)' /,', /jirxt'iildliir^ of tho riiilnl .'^liilis 
 I' Ami rim in Cinii/riss iisurml./ii/, 'I'liat. tVom miil iil'ccr tlic ]ii\sse^e of this 
 Art, it sliiill lie lawful tlinm-liout the I'liitcd Stiites of Ainci'ira to ciii|iliiv 
 ili>' Wciulit.s anil Measures of tlie .Metric Svsfciii : ami no coiitnii't or ilcaliiiL', 
 !■ plcailin;;' in any court, shall he ilccincil liivaliil. or llalile to ol.Jci-tioM. I,c- 
 ■ .laso the wcii.'lits or measures exprcsMMl or rcfcrrcil to tluavin a.'c \vcij;lits or 
 iiii'asiircs of the Metric System. 
 
 Si:(rioN 'J. Anil /«• it fmilur imi'lid, '| hat the taMes in the scliciliilc 
 iiiMi'to iiniiexeil sli.ill lie rcco^iii/cil in the couslractioii of contract^, ami in 
 11 leyal proceciliiifrs. ns estnlili>hin,i,', in terms of the wci-lits ami incanires 
 i:n\v in nse in the rniteil Slates, the (•(|nivaloiits of tlic wei-hts ami iiiea.snivs 
 ' Njiresseil therein ill terms of the Mctrii' System; anil said tahlc^s mav lie 
 l.iu rally iiseil tor ci)in|mtintr, ileterniininir, ami c\|)ressiii;.' in cnstomarv 
 «\iL;hts and mcasnivs. the weights iiml ineasnres of the Metric Sv.steni. 
 

 
 IIIK MKTIMC SVSTKM. 
 
 A 1)11.1. TCP Al lIK.Ill/l: Till'. r«l; IN V<>*\ ((111.!., nl III). Wl.ll.MIH 
 
 til' nil; DnsiiMiN V I KIN ni (iiiAMMi;;*. 
 nrilimirtid hi/ llic Siiiiili iiwl lions, ,,/ l!, jins, nl(ilif<s of ih,' I'liitnl Shitef 
 ,.r.\mu-im 11, ruwjnsn assimllil, 'I'liMt llif l'<.<lliia>trr Hum nil be, illid hu U 
 lici-L'hv, niitliiiii/.i''l aiwl clirtrtcl to (iiniisli to llic poM-ollicrr* ox<lmiij;iiiK 
 Miuils'witli Inivijjii couiitriis, mid to smli oiIut ollircs ns lie .-hall lliiiik cxpi'- 
 ilii'iit, iio.-ml l.aliiiii'cs (U'TKiiiiiniitcd in ^'niiimii's of \\n- nictric svHtnii ; mul, 
 until otliciwisi' provi.lnl 1 y law, onclmlf oiiiic.' iiNoiidiipois sliull lie (Imiu'ci 
 mill liiixcii lor postnl iPiiipo'i's ns the (■(|Miv;il.iit ol' lil'tccii crmiiinc!* of tin' 
 iiictnc wi'i-iits, mill so ii<loptiil in progrctision ; iiml ilu' raU's of jiostagc sball 
 lie iippiifil iiii(irilin}:ly. 
 
 Joint Kksi.i.i iidn to r.NAni.K Tiir, Skcuktaiiv ok tiii; TmiAsnu 
 TO II iiM-^ii TO i:a( II Stati; om: >*i;t or tiii; Standakh Wkk.iit^ 
 AN II .Mi:a>i i!i;t OK I hi; .Mktiiic (SvsTt.M. 
 
 Iti il n.wlrtd hi) till- S.iiilti' niiil Hoiisr nt' Rei'nsnitdllrig a/'llif I'iuIkI SldUn 
 i.fAmirini ill CiiKijnsii ussiiMnl, 'i'liat tlic Suiirtiiry of the Tmisiiry lie, uml 
 he i< lici-eliy, iiiitliorizcil iiinl iliintcil to liiriii-li lo fiuli Stiitc. to lie delivered 
 to the governor thereof, one set of the stmidiird wei^Mits und measures of the 
 niL'trie systLiii, for llie u-e of the States re>pcetively. 
 
 TAIU-KS AlTlloKI/.r.I) 15Y ( ( iNliKKSS. 
 .Mi;.\si i;i:s OK I.KMillls. 
 
 Metric I)eiioiuiimli"u> uiul Vahii-»< 
 
 Ki|iilvuU-ntK ill tK'lintniiiutiouii in uiiu. 
 
 Myri.iiiietre,. 
 Kiluiiietre, . 
 llcetcuiietre,. 
 D.'canietre, . 
 
 Metre 
 
 Deeinietre, . . 
 reiitiinetre, . 
 Millimetre, . . 
 
 lii,iHiM iiietre<, 
 
 1,MOO metres, 
 
 1(10 metres, 
 
 10 metres, 
 
 1 metre, 
 
 ,lj of 11 metre, 
 ^5 of a metre, 
 
 (!.2137 miles. 
 
 0.(!2I37 miles, or 3280 feet, 10 iaehe- 
 
 32H feet and 1 ilieli. 
 
 aid. 7 inelies, 
 
 :!!t.37 iiielie-. 
 
 ;i.ii:i7 hielii's. 
 
 ii.:i'.<:!7 iiieli. 
 
 0.(j:l!i4 iiieh. 
 
 MKASlitr.S OK srUKACK>. 
 
 I .M.-trii' IK-u.MiiliiutiMii. »ut\ Viilm-s. i:.|uivul™ts in Di'iiomiiiation. in usi'. 
 
 I Hectare, ' 10,000 sipiure metres, 2.171 aires. 
 
 ', \,.,. I 100 .sqniiro metres, ; 1 111. i) sipiaie yards. 
 
 i Ceiitiare, 1 sipiare metre, i l.'i'iO sipiare inelics. 
 
 N'mi 
 
 Kilnlilre, 
 llietnlitn 
 
 I alitre 
 
 Litre, ... 
 |li'eilit|-e, 
 ('.■ntilitri 
 Millilitro 
 
 N 
 
 Millii-r, 
 Ijiliiital 
 .Myria;:! 
 KJlo-ra 
 IIeetn;.'r 
 lleea}.'!-: 
 ilramm 
 heeiL'ra 
 ('eiitii.'r 
 MilliL;ni 
 
 NiiTK 
 
 tho talili 
 the I loll 
 
 is lint II 
 Milijuet ; 
 ninilitiui 
 
 .Vs r 
 inlopU'il 
 luiil thi. 
 
 Tliu 
 loiii; us 
 
'riir, \I>',TIU{' SYSTKM. 
 
 cr.* Ill' nil, Wi.K.ill'* 
 VMM lift. 
 
 itirt s of' till I 'iilli il Slitles 
 IT lluiii ml 1)1', mill hu is 
 |)..>t-i)Hi(is oxclmiiKiii}: 
 •s lis 111' simll lliiiik t'X|ir- 
 ilir nirtric svsti'iii ; iiml, 
 liriliipoi-i sliuU Ih' ili'ciiii'cl 
 I' lil'tcrii ^rniiiiiiics lit' till' 
 till' raU'.s 1)1 |M)>ta;.'(' >liall 
 
 Kv or nil; 'rui:ASiiiv 
 i; SiANKAiti) Wlk.iits 
 
 tits in Oi'iiuiiihiatiiinB hi ubc. 
 
 lire van Is. 
 iiro inches. 
 
 'aliris of till- I'liitiil Stiitia 
 v of tlic 'rreasiiry be, uiiil ' 
 ■mil Stiiti', til lie ilt'livei'eil 
 i'Mits aial iiicusurt's of the 
 
 iNtiUKSS. 
 
 iits hi DcniitniiiittionB in use. 
 
 Ie>. 
 
 lies 1 11- .'!2S0 feet, 10 ilH'lie- 
 
 iliil 1 ilieli. 
 
 11'-, 
 
 le-. 
 
 MKASIKLS OK CAI'Al riY. 
 
 Mi-trir t)«'iit'>nlnatloiu mill Vuliir 
 
 ] i:i|iii\iili'iil« in IK'niiniiimtliin" In ii«b. 
 
 .NaiiiiK. 
 
 I Kiliilitre,()r«tei'i 
 I lln'tiilitre, .. .. 
 
 i lii'i'iilitfe, 
 
 ; Litre, 
 
 Hicililre 
 
 reiitilitre 
 
 MlUilitre, 
 
 No. or 
 
 lilro. 
 
 I'uliii' .Mi'iij-un', 
 
 l»rv Ml ni«iirr. 
 
 I,li|lllil nr Mint! 
 
 Mii'iiMliri', 
 
 liniii 1 eiiliie metre, l.:)iiN eiilile y.l. 'JiH.l" p'H 
 
 1011 j'^ iif II ciiliie metre, . . . 1 liii. .'I..').") |)k.. . Ji'i.ll" ^rnllmi. ] 
 
 111 10 eiiliie ileeillietres,. . . '.>M (|lllirts, 2.f.ll" irilllull. 
 
 I I eulile ileelmetre, O.'iliH iiiiiirt, ... l.o.'OT ijimi't. 
 
 ,'(, jViifiieiiliie ileeiiiietre, i;.|ll',i'Ji'llliie in. 0.'' I.-. (Till. 1 
 
 ! - 10 ellliie eeiitiiiietri's, . . il.OlO'J I'llliie ill. O.IIUH lllli'l nZ.j 
 
 . L . 1 ellliie. eeiitillietre, . 
 
 \Vi;i(lll l.S. 
 
 Metric Di'iiniiiinulioiii* oiiil \'uliii'it 
 
 io.OOl ciiliic ill. . o.'.;" Iliiiil ilr. 
 
 Niiiiie!<. 
 
 KunihcT of I Wiiuiil ui wliul qu»ntlly olwutiT 
 
 trrainnu'H. 
 
 lit nmxliiiuiii ilini-lty. 
 
 I Equivnli'ntt In l)i'- 
 1 noniinutiiinH in uki-. 
 
 AvdlrilupoiN wt'ij^lit. 
 
 MilliiT, iir tdiiiieiiii,. 1,111)11,0110 
 100,000 
 10,000 
 1,0110 
 100 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 (.lllllltlll, 
 
 Mvriiifiriimme,. . . . 
 Kilnjinimtiie, orkili 
 lli'itii;.'niiiinie,. .. . 
 
 lii'i'ii>;niiiime, 
 
 ilniiiiiiie 
 
 IieeiLrnimiiie 
 
 I I'lltiLTiimille 
 
 Milli'jniliinie 
 
 I'o 
 1 
 
 uaa 
 
 1 iiiliie. metre, '.J'Jiit.ii iMmiiils, ' 
 
 1 heetiilitre, •.J'Jo.4() pmiinls. 
 
 10 litres, 2'.'.0 Hi |iiiuiiils. 
 
 1 litre 2.20111 iioiiinl.i. 
 
 1 ileeilitre, n..V274 miiiee.'. 
 
 10 eiibic eeiitiiuetres, 0.;i.')27 miiiee. 
 
 1 eiiliic eeiitillietre l-'i. I'i2 frriiiiis. 
 
 1-10 of a eul)ie eeiitillietre, 0..'. t:!2 eniiii. 
 
 10 ellliie millimetres, o.l.'u:! (.'niiii. 
 
 1 euliie luilliiuetre, 0.01.'')4 irriiiii. 
 
 XiiTK. — Tliu si)L'llin^ ill tlic- aliove tables is init tlio same as in 
 j ilic tallies ill tiie seiiedule uiiiii'-xed to tlie vcjinrt (iftlu! eDiiiiiiittee of 
 ■ till.' House of lieiireseiitiitives on weights and measures. The eliango 
 ; is not made to indieate any prefereneo for any standard u|ton tliis 
 I Milijeet ; hut to earry out what the author lielieves to lie an e.s.sential 
 
 eiiiiiiition to the utility and sueei'ss of the system. 
 
 i; As remarked liy u distinguished senator when the tables were 
 
 I ailiipted by Congress, "T/ie ndiiics are coswojxilitaii ;" ainl to rv- 
 
 I tuin tins character full II , the spvlluig must also be cosniopolltaii. 
 
 The Freneh introduced the nonienelature and spelling ; and, so 
 
 mig as the names remain unehanged, the .sjielling .should be retained. 
 
•nil', "iivrritf systkm. 
 
 N(iM;.\( LAITKi; AM) lAlil.KS. 
 
 'riii'ic Mi'c i'i;rlit kiml 111' i|imiitili»"< I'nr wliii li tiilil<s iiro u'liiilly 
 (■(inMnirlcil ; vi/... I<cii';;tlis, Siiifai't's. N'ulmm's or SnliiU, ('ii|iMiilii'', 
 Wcijilils, N'lilut's, Tiiiii's, and Aiij^lun or Arcs. 'I'ln' liilile for 'I'Uni- 
 is the siiiif ill tlif iiii'tnc as i.i (lie onliiiiiry systrin. Tlio talilc t'nr 
 Anj;li'> i- tiiii-iniricil ii|i<iii a ri'iitoiiiiiil t-nAr. Tin- tallies t'nr tln' 
 ritlicr >i.\ kimls dl' i|iiaiitiru's arc ciiiistriicti'il \\[\in\ a (Irciinul M'ali'. 
 ill cacli of ilic laMi'.s t'lir liCii;,'tlis, Suifaccs, N'liluincs. ('a|iariiic.., aini 
 Wci^'lits, tlici'L' are cijilit ili'iKmiiiialiims cif uiiil.^i, — niii' |iiiiii'i|ial mi'I 
 seven di'iivalive. Tlio iiriiiei|ial units are tlie nntir, wliieli is llit 
 lia-e ot' ilie svsteni, and tiii»e derived directly fniin it. 'I'be twn 
 f'nllnwiinr t.diniar vii'W;; prex'iit tlie I'ac'ts ri'L'-ardiiiL' llie |priiiei]ial and 
 ileri\ati\e units, wliieli hliovild lie li\ed in tin' inenmry. 
 
 r 1. I'riiii'i|ial unit nf Len^^tlis. 
 
 •J. The lia>e i<\' the iiietiie sy.steni. and nearly 
 ' one teii-inilliiintli jiart uf a i|n;idrant nf 
 
 llio earth's ineiidian 
 l_ :!. Ki[uivaiciit, o'd.-'iTll"^ indies. 
 
 ^ I . Principal unit (A' snrt'aci~. 
 •J. .\ sijiiare wimso side i- ten inelres. 
 :>. Ki|uivalent. 1 1'.t.Ci si(iiare yards. 
 
 1, i'rincip;il unit nf vnlunics er siirnl>. 
 
 'I. \ clllie \vhii>(> e(|j;e is diie metre. 
 
 :>. Knuivaleiit. I.IJlIf* ciiliic yards. 
 
 I. Principal unit df capacities. 
 
 ■J. .\. voM'l \vhn>(! Xdlniiie i- (';|iial (ci a culic 
 
 whiise edji'e is (ini'-teiitii nt'a metre. 
 :i. Ivpiivalent, .!•(•>< ipiart dry meaMire, n 
 
 1.051)7 i|uart> wine measure. 
 
 1. Piiiii'ipal unit nf weijilits. 
 
 2. TIk! weinht (if a eulie iit" ]iiire Viiiter \vhii> 
 edire is l.KKf iif a metre. 
 
 ;5. The water must lie \veiglie<l in a vaciimii 
 4^ ('., or :!!i.2° F. 
 *- 4. E(^uivak'iit, IbAo'l grains. 
 
 ii 
 
 I. MKriii; 
 
 II. Ai;k. 
 
 U III. Stkiik.. 
 
 X. 
 
 i: l\'. LiriiK. . 
 
 I 
 
 \'. t!l!.\.MMK, 
 
iiii; .MKTiMC svsti:m. 
 
 •I 
 
 i,i;s. 
 
 li liilili's iiro ustiiillv 
 
 II' SiiliiU, ( 'ii|iMiilii'>, 
 
 Till! t!iKl.( fur Time- 
 
 stnii. Tho tiiMo t'.ir 
 
 'i'lic tlllili'S fnl- tllr 
 l[iiill !l (!rcilli;il M'.'lli' 
 UIK'S, ( ':i|i;ii'ili('>, iiinl 
 — mil' |iiilii'i|iiil Mill 
 viilrf, wliii'li is till 
 ,• t'l'oiii it. 'I'lii' tvvii 
 iiiL' ill'' iiriiH'i|i;il iiiul 
 •iiiiiry. 
 
 ;llis. 
 
 i- Hysti'in, mill ticiirlv 
 
 liii't (if 11 i|niiilniiit lit' 
 
 M 
 illrln'S. 
 
 ICI'S. 
 
 s tell lliutl'i's. 
 iiMi'c yards. 
 
 nil's (ir siilnls. 
 line metre. 
 Iiie yards. 
 
 citie.s. 
 
 le is (';|lliil (i) :i eillir 
 
 telltli lit' II lui'tre. 
 
 :irt ilry iiie;i>iire, i r g 
 
 I' measure. 
 
 ;lits. 
 
 of ]iiire \v;iter wlms 
 
 metre, 
 iveinlied ill a vai'iimii 
 
 frains. 
 
 1 . Tliiee nnlers (if smaller iiiiit>, nr siiliimiltiiile* nf eaeli 
 l<iiii|, iire t'lirmeij liy ili\iilii|ij; eaili nf tli" |iriii(i|ial units 
 intn leiiiji-. Iiiunh 'illliv ami tliiiu>;in(ltli*. 
 
 ■J. I'"iitir (irdcrsdf larj;er units, nr miilii|ile- uI'imcIi kind, 
 arc fiirmed liy cnn-iileiinu' as a unit ten time«. nne 
 liiindre I limes, nm- llimt-and times, and ten tlniiisuiid 
 times, eneli nf the |ii'iiii'i|i;d unit-. 
 
 ._. ( The names nf deri\ati\e niiiis iire fiiriiu'd liv 
 I 2 i I attiieliiiii; a |iiitix tn the name nf the |iiinri- 
 |i:il unit fiiiin which tiiey are derived, which 
 indicates their rcialinn In tin' |iiinci|ial unit. 
 
 I. .^Iille>i?llus, (ine thousandth, cdiitiacted 
 
 .Milii. /■:.nilil/>/r. .>Iillilitre= , „'„ „ (if;i litre; 
 
 X iiiiiliiitres = ,,;„„ of a litre. 
 ■J. <'eute-inius. one huiiiiivdili. contracted 
 
 eenti. A'.c. Centiare : , i„ of an arc ; \ 
 
 eelitiarcs -:;: I ,',,, of, 'in .-ire. 
 •"!. hcciiiins, tcntli. contracted d(>ci. /Jr.. |)e- 
 
 cimetro ~ ,',, metre ; :! decimetres =: ,'„ 
 
 metre. 
 
 I 1. I>eca, ten. A\ifniiji/,\ Decametre :rt ll» 
 •Ji metres ; .'i dccami^tl'e.s =; ;')() metres. 
 
 = ^. ■_'. Ilcc.iton. one hmidred, contracted liccto. 
 i'J A'./'., Ilcctiilitre =r 1(10 litres; 7 hcctuiitrcs 
 
 1? 
 
 1^ 
 
 TtlO litres. 
 
 
 "• -. i -^ •!. Kilioi, one thousand. eontr.icN'd kilo, AV. 
 , 41 I Kiloi-ramme -- IIMKI crammes. 
 
 1^4. Myria, ten tiiousan I. AV., .Alyri.istero — 
 ^ ' 1(1.(10(1 steres; ."! myriastt res =;!(). (10(1 .sferes, 
 
 l^ - ; ■>. The fMii deca and myra. and the " in lieeto 
 t. and kilo, are did|iiicd when |ireli\ed to mr. 
 
 riip tallies liciii'j; ennstructed ii|iiin .-i (lecini:il .«cale, ten 
 units of a lower order make one of the next hi'dicr 
 thus: 10 millimetres =r 1 centimetre; 1(» eentimutres 
 = 1 decimetre; 10 dt'cimetreis =1 metre; 10 me- 
 tres = 1 deeametro, &c. 
 
10 
 
 Till-; METRIC SYSTKM. 
 
 Tlio facts in tlio prcccMliiig views licing iniistcrod, tlin ta1)los cnii lio 
 constnii'tod liy tlu' \)a[nl at siglit. For cxainjilo : The nuiiu's of tlio 
 (lt'nv:itivo units aru forincd hy attacl.iiig tlic seven prefixes, in their 
 order, to the nrincMpal units of tlie tables. The order of progression 
 bcin" ten, the tahle of caiiaeities will he written thus : — 
 
 10 Millilitres = 1 Centilitre. 10 Litres = 1 Decalitre. 
 
 It) ("cntilitres = 1 Decilitre. 10 Decalitres = I Hectolitre. 
 
 10 Decilitres = 1 liitre. 10 Hectolitres = 1 Kilolitre. 
 
 10 Kilolitres = 1 Myrialitre. 
 
 All the tables peculiar to the ^Metric System are presented together 
 in a convenient form in the two following tables : — 
 
 TABLE OF SUBMULTIPLES AND PRINCIPAL UNITS. 
 
 >'AMES OK Units. 
 
 1 
 
 PRONUXn.VTlON, I 
 
 PRKKIX. 
 
 BASE. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 - Metre 
 
 Miir-c-mec'-tor 
 
 10 Milli- 
 K(|Uiil 
 
 , 
 
 Are 
 Stcrc 
 
 Miir-c-are 
 Miir-o-ster 
 
 1 Centi- 
 
 
 Litre 
 
 Mill'-e-li'-ter 
 
 
 
 L Gramme 
 
 Mill'-e-grani 
 
 
 
 r Metro 
 
 Sent'-e-mee'-ter 
 
 10 Ccnti- 
 Equal 
 
 -1 
 
 Arc 
 Stere 
 
 Sont'-c-are 
 Sent'-e-ster 
 
 1 Doci- 
 
 
 Litre 
 
 Sent'-c-li'-lcr 
 
 
 
 L Gramme 
 
 Sent'-e-gram 
 
 
 
 r Metre 
 
 Des'-e-mcc'-ter 
 
 10 Dcci- 
 E((ual 
 
 
 Are 
 
 Store 
 
 1 Des'-e-are 
 1 Dcs'-c-stOr 
 
 1 Principal 
 
 Unit. 
 
 Litre 
 
 1 I)es'-c-li'-ter 
 
 
 
 L Gramme 
 
 Des'-e-grani 
 
 
 r Metre 
 
 Mee'tcr 
 
 10 Principal 
 Ecjual 
 1 Deca- 
 
 Units ^rc 
 - Stere 
 Litre 
 - Gramme 
 
 Are 
 Ster 
 Li'-tcr 
 Gram 
 
 .Symbols. 
 
 T 
 
 ;ulo[ 
 tiiat 
 that 
 llatic 
 iiieii 
 T 
 versi 
 Ipolit 
 any 
 all, . 
 are 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
EM. 
 
 i'lU-: XIKTlllC SYSTEM. 
 
 11 
 
 uistcrod, tlio tallies cnn be 
 iiiiliU) : Tlio nauu.'s of the 
 le seven jtrefixes, in tlieir 
 Tlie order of jirogre.ssion 
 ritteii thus : — 
 
 res 
 
 — 
 
 1 Decalitre. 
 
 calitros 
 
 — 
 
 1 TIeetolitre 
 
 ^etolitres 
 
 = 
 
 1 Kilolitre. 
 
 •ialitre. 
 
 
 
 item are presented together 
 ablus : — 
 
 rniNCIPAL UNITS. 
 
 UXCI.VTIOJ). 
 
 c-mee'-ter 
 
 c-iirc 
 
 L'-stOr 
 
 L'-li'-tcr 
 
 L>-graiu 
 
 •e-mec'-tcr 
 
 ■e-are 
 
 ■O-Sti'V 
 
 ■c-li'-lcr 
 
 -e-griim 
 
 e-mcc'-tcr 
 
 L'-are 
 
 >stOi- 
 
 e-li'-ter 
 
 SYMBOLS. 
 
 
 L'-^'raii) 
 
 jG 
 
 er 
 
 M 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 S 
 
 r 
 
 L 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 TABLE OF MULTIPLES. 
 
 Namks ok Units. 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'ROSL'NCIATIOX. 
 
 Dek'-a-inee-ter 
 
 
 PRKFIX. 
 
 llASK. 
 
 r Mi'tru 
 
 'M 
 
 
 10 Tfcca- 
 
 Arc 
 
 Deiv'-are 
 
 'a 
 
 Eijual - 
 
 Stere 
 
 I)eli'-a-ster 
 
 •s 
 
 1 Ilccto- 
 
 Litre 
 
 Deli'-a-li'-ter 
 
 'L 
 
 
 - (irammc 
 
 I)ek'-a-f,'raiii 
 
 '(i 
 
 
 r Motro 
 
 Ileu'-to-mee-ter 
 
 =-'M 
 
 10 TIccto- 
 
 Art" 
 
 Ilee'-tare 
 
 -A 
 
 Iv|ual ■ 
 
 Store 
 
 Ilee'-toster 
 
 'S 
 
 1 Kilo- 
 
 Litre 
 
 !Iee'-to-li'-ter 
 
 "L 
 
 
 L (irammc 
 
 Ilec'-to-frratu 
 
 'g 
 
 
 r Metro 
 
 Kill'-o-mce-tcr 
 
 ■\m 
 
 10 Kilo- 
 
 Are 
 
 Kill'-arc 
 
 ''a 
 
 Equal - 
 
 Store 
 
 Kill'-o-ster 
 
 »s 
 
 1 Myria- 
 
 Litre 
 
 Kill'-o-li'-ter 
 
 "l 
 
 
 ^ (i ram mo 
 
 Kill'-i)-f;ram 
 
 "g 
 
 
 ' Aletrc 
 
 Mir'-e-a-nice-ter 
 
 \m 
 
 
 Are 
 
 Mir'-e-iire 
 
 'a 
 
 Myria- -; 
 
 Stere 
 
 Mir'-e-a-ster 
 
 \s 
 
 
 Litre 
 
 Mir'-c-a-li'-ter 
 
 ^L 
 
 ' 
 
 - Gramtno ; 
 
 Mir'-c-a-graiH 1 
 
 ^G 
 
 ABBREVIATED NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 To secure the fullest advantage to business men by the universal 
 adoption of the new system of weights and measures, it is necessary 
 tliat the names used should bo short and ea.sy to write and pronounce, 
 that they should express clearly the relation of the different denomi- 
 nations of the same table to each other, and that they should be 
 iileiitieal in all languajres. 
 
 Tiio last two of these requirements would be secured by the uni- 
 ivcrsal use of the nomenclature adopted by the French. It is cosiiio- 
 : liulitau in its character : it belongs to their language no more than to 
 any otlier. The former, however, is not secured. It is evident to 
 all, that, for business purposes, the long names of the metric system 
 are inconvenient, and that to shorten them would j)rove a great 
 
12 
 
 THE METRIC SYSTEM. 
 
 ■ulvanta.^.". m.vi. l.ave l.-.n nuule to intn.lu.-c short H;un.s ; 
 but tlu,;^ otlWrts have invariably s.-rilinMl tb.ir univovsal au'l oxi-r.^- 
 sive .Imrador, wln.l. is of .uoro i.nportanru to tho l.us,n..ss ^vor^l 
 
 Tla. only tru.. •■..urse vvhi.-h s.o.ns to l.e oj.n, ,s to al -rev.ate tl,. 
 nan..s alr'uly iutnnUu.cl, iu such a ^vay as to r.tain the.r po.uhar 
 
 (•liaractoristics. ... . i . 
 
 To secure tl.is, the f^^Uowin;^ l.lan of ahhrevat.nn is suggested . - 
 First. Let the prelixes 1 e ahlM-eviated thus : Myr, U.l, he.-t, .ler 
 
 ''''w""Lctthe initial letter of the nan.es of the five i-rineii^i 
 units i,e US0.1, instead of the uau.es then.selves, thus: For nu-.n.. u.^ 
 , ,,l,i„l M ; for arc, use a eapital A ; for stere, a eai^tal S ; U 
 litre, a eaintal L ; and, for graunue, a eap.tal Vr 
 
 Third I'or the uau.es of umltiples and sul.nn.lt.i.les, attaeh t^ 
 these i.ntial eai-itul letters the ahhreviated prefixes, thus : kd M, pn- 
 „„n,„,.d l,ill-eni' ; Kil S. pronouneed kill-ess', cSce. 
 
 15 V thi. n.ethod of al.l.reviatiou, the elen.ents ot the ongnud ten - 
 are i^tained iu such a forn, that each part is clearly lud.cated. 1 • 
 capital letter used after the prefix will aUvay> p ..nt to the hase-^vn^, 
 of which it is the iuitiul, although the prouunciatiun is ebangea. 
 
 TABLES WITH AI5BREVIATE1) NOMEXCLATUWE. 
 ME.VSURES OF LENGTHS. 
 
 \ 
 
 Wiiltiii. 
 
 10 Mil M, 
 10 Cent M, 
 10 Des M, 
 10 M, 
 10 Dee M, 
 10 licet M, 
 10 Kil M, 
 Myr M, 
 
 rrunouiicril. 
 
 Mill-em', 
 
 Cent-eni', 
 
 De.s-cm' 
 
 I'Ini 
 
 Dek-eni', 
 
 llect-eni'. 
 
 Kill-em', 
 
 Mir-eni'. 
 
 make 
 
 1 Cent M. 
 I Des M. 
 I M. 
 
 I Dec M. 
 I llect M. 
 1 Kil M. 
 1 iSIyr M. 
 
 13 
 
THE MKTBIC SYSTEM. 
 
 13 
 
 rodiii'C slim't n;uiu!< ; 
 imivcrsiil niv\ fSiHV- 
 [o lliu liu.sincs.s \vorLl 
 
 11, is ti) iililn'L'v'uitc till' 
 11 rotain their iicculiai 
 
 iiitinii is siig:^estoil : — 
 s: Myr, kil, liwt, iluc 
 
 .! 
 
 ."' 
 
 I's i>f tin; livo iirini^il'ii 
 ;, tluis : Fni" nu'tiv, um 
 itciv, !i cMiiital S ; t'lr 
 
 <i. .1 
 
 sub-nmltiiiles, attiidi t^ 
 
 is.'s,tlms: Kil M, i>in 
 
 its (if tliG origiutil tcnii- : 
 (.•k'uvly iiiiVK-ateil. Tli. 
 jyjiiit to tlie liasc-wmv: 
 .ciatiun is cbanged. 
 
 itMEXCLATUlU: 
 
 MEASl'lUvS OK Sl-UFACES. 
 
 Written. 
 
 I'l'oinMiiU'f'd. 
 
 10 Mil A, 
 
 Mill-a', 
 
 10 Cent A, 
 
 Cunt-n', 
 
 10 Des A, 
 
 Des-u, 
 
 10 A, 
 
 A, 
 
 10 Dec A, 
 
 Dek-fi', 
 
 10 n-.'L't A, 
 
 II(;et-ri', 
 
 10 Kil A, 
 
 Kill-iV, 
 
 Myr A, 
 
 ^lir-a'. 
 
 laki! 
 
 1 Cent A. 
 1 Des A. 
 1 A. 
 
 1 Dec A. 
 1 Heet A. 
 1 Kil A. 
 1 Myr A. 
 
 MEASUUES OF VOLUMES, OR SOLIDS. 
 
 Written. 
 
 10 Mil S, 
 10 Cent S, 
 10 Des S, 
 10 S, 
 10 Dec S, 
 10 Ileet S, 
 10 Kil S, 
 Myr S, 
 
 rronounci'd. 
 
 Mill-ess', 
 
 Cent-ess', 
 
 Des-ess', 
 
 Ess, 
 
 Dek-cs.s', 
 
 Ilect-ess', 
 
 Kill-ess', 
 
 jMir-ess'. 
 
 make 
 
 1 Cent S. 
 1 Des S. 
 1 S. 
 
 1 Doc S. 
 1 Ileet S. 
 1 Kil S. 
 1 Myr S. 
 
 IS. 
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 
 
 1 Cent M. 
 I Des M. 
 1 M. 
 1 Dec M. 
 1 Ileet :M. 
 1 Kil M. 
 1 Myr M. 
 
 Written. 
 
 Pronounced. 
 
 
 
 10 Mil L, 
 
 Mill-ell', 
 
 make 
 
 1 Cent L. 
 
 10 Cent L, 
 
 Cent-ell', 
 
 t( 
 
 1 Des L. 
 
 10 Des L, 
 
 Dess-cir 
 
 tt 
 
 1 L. 
 
 10 L, 
 
 Ell, 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Dec L. 
 
 10 Dec L, 
 
 Dek-cll', 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Ilect L 
 
 10 Ilect L, 
 
 Hect-ell', 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Kil L. 
 
 10 Kil L, 
 
 Kill-ell', 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Myr L. 
 
 Myr L, 
 
 Mir-ell'. 
 
 
 
u 
 
 TllK MKTKIC SYSTKM. 
 
 Written. 
 
 10 Mil (i, 
 10 Cent <i, 
 10 IX'sC, 
 10 (i. 
 10 iKc (1, 
 10 Ikit G, 
 10 Kil G, 
 Myr G, 
 
 MKASI'IJKS OK 
 
 Prnllnulu'Cfl. 
 
 Mill-j;co', 
 
 CcMlt-jri'L'', 
 
 l.)es-gui/, 
 
 Goo, 
 
 Dok-goo', 
 
 Hoct )j;ee', 
 
 Kill-;^oo', 
 
 Slir-Sioe'. 
 
 WKUJHTS. 
 
 iiimUo 
 
 1 Cvnt G. 
 I DesG. 
 1 G. 
 
 1 Deo G. 
 1 Hect G. 
 I Kil G. 
 1 Myr G. 
 
 NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 
 
 Til tlie practical application of the metric system, it is not always 
 convouiont to use llio piinoipal units as the unit of number. For 
 example : Should tlie j^ramiiie, the principal unit of weight, be used 
 as the unit of number, in the grocery or any similar business, small 
 (luantities wouM 1)0 expressed l)y inconveniently largo luimbcrs. 
 Example : asij lbs. are expressed by IT^.OOO granmios. To avoid 
 this inconvonionce, the higher denominations arc used as the u:iit of 
 numl)er when large quantities are measured. 
 
 No general system of notation is yet agreed upon, 
 quantity is written in various ways by different authors 
 A'l metres, S decimetres, and 5 centimetres, are written 
 
 The same 
 Example : 
 
 4-2.Sr)M. 42 ".'So. 
 
 in rni 
 
 4-2.85. 
 
 M 42.85. &c. 
 
 Tnasmuch as the principal units of measure are not always used as 
 the unit of numlicr. it is important that a system of notation be adopt- 
 ed, whicli will apply e(jually well to both principal and derivative 
 units. 
 
 It is believed that the system given below, while simple and con- 
 venient, expresses clearly the relation of the unit of number to the 
 principal unit of measure ; and, hence, has an advantage over any 
 contractions of the names of the derivative uuits or arbitrary signs 
 which might be adopted. 
 
 I. T 
 
 (Icnomin 
 inmd)er. 
 uictros, 
 1 1 II 'ires, 
 
 II. A 
 i- used 
 |in's.>;ed 
 (hvdtiis, 
 of the 1 
 ;iro, re.- 
 li\mdro( 
 
 Fron 
 for notii 
 
 Hi, 1.1 
 iiii'ncin 
 mttliin 
 ir/iir/i 
 
 Ilur, 
 
 M ;;42. 
 
 iiii'tres 
 
 liM'ill; 
 
 1. I 
 
 I'utimi 
 
TIIK MKTUIC SYSTEM. 
 
 15 
 
 1 r.Mit (5. 
 
 I Dos G. 
 1 G. 
 
 1 \)w G. 
 1 Hct G. 
 1 Kil G. 
 1 Myr G. 
 
 .TION. 
 
 stem, it is not always 
 iiiit of number. For 
 init of woiglit, bo usod 
 himilar liusinoss, Kmull 
 iontly largo numbers. 
 ) graiume.s. To avoid 
 re used as the u:iit of 
 
 ^0(1 upon, 
 it authors. 
 re written 
 
 The same 
 Example : 
 
 M 42.85. &c. 
 
 are tiot always nsoil as 
 MU of notation be adopt- 
 rineipal and derivative 
 
 , wliile simple and con- 
 unit of number to the 
 an advantage over any 
 units or arbitrary signs 
 
 (n:Ni:i;.\r. riMNCii'i.iis ur notation. 
 
 T. Tlie .'-eale in tlie metric system being decimal, the ediisecutivi' 
 (Icnomiiiations are expressed by the cuiiseciitivo orders of units in a 
 inmd)er. Thus, 7>>042.i5.J8 metres is an e.xpressiim for 7 iii\n;i- 
 uietre.s 8 kilometres, (> hectometres, 4 decametres, '1 metres, .'5 di'ci- 
 iiietres, f) centimetres, S millim(^tres. 
 
 1 1, Wliicliever one of tlie eiglit denoniinati(ms of units of measure 
 i; used as the uidt of a inimber, the higlicr denominations are e.\- 
 pvessed as tens, hundreds, and so on ; and the lower as tcntlis, liiiii- 
 (hvdtiis, and so on. Example : 7>'4.5(i decametres. Ifcre tlie unit 
 of the nundier is a decimetre ; c(msoquently the tens and hundreils 
 are, respectively, liectonuitres. and kilometres, and tlie tenths and 
 liimdredths are metres and decimetres. 
 
 From these principles and illustrations, we derive the following rule 
 tor notation : — • 
 
 Uii.K. ]\'ritc (he roiiscriifive denowlnnltotis in tlieir orilcr. mm- 
 iiii'iiriii;/ with the, hii/her, and phirlntj a rljiher irhrrerer a dvnoini- 
 iKifiiin is oinit/ei/, and the deeimul point (ij)vr the denomination 
 irliicli in the unit of the number. 
 
 KUI.I'.S Foil IXDK ATING Till: DF.NOMINATll IN. 
 
 lluiiK I. When a prineipal unit of measure is the unit of nxtii- 
 lirr. phiee the initial letter of tlie unit used before the number, thus: 
 ■ >I ^'A•1^^. Read, three liundred and fortij-ticn and f re-tenths 
 metres ; or, ii hectometres, 4 decametres, '1 metres, T) decimeln-s. 
 
 EXVMPI.KS FOR VUAf'TII'K. 
 
 Write the numbers which represent th(( following quantities, con- 
 >i lering the principal unit of measure the unit of number. 
 
 1. Seven niyrianietres, 4 hectometres, three decametres, and eight 
 r,.„timetres. Ans. M 70430.0s. 
 
 '1. Thirty-four kilometres ami forty-three millimetres. 
 
 Ans. M ;54000.04:]. 
 3. pjighty-soven heetograiumes and fifty-nine centigraunnes. 
 
 Ans. G 8700. .")0. 
 
f 
 
 16 
 
 Tin; MKTUIC SYSTEM. 
 
 4 Thlrty-twn inyria^'rainiin's, f(.l•ty-l•i,^llt .loc:i<^raininos<, tivo luilli- 
 p-,.nn.n..s. ^f"*'- ^ :!-(l4S(..UU,-,. 
 
 ;■) TlirtM! ImiidnMl and two kilarcs, ciglit limulml aiul seven cen- 
 ,;,„,!,, .his. (; ;5(I12()08.(I7. 
 
 () Four luviialltres, sixty-two decalitres, iive iiiiililitres. 
 
 Ans. I. 4(tti-20,005. 
 
 T. Four lunidred and tliirly-three kilosteres. niim luiiidrcil and 
 ei'dity four hcctostcres, seven tiiousaud two hundred and three eeiiti- 
 steres. ^'"^' ^ •'-! iT^'»- 
 
 Ivri.K II. When a nmltiiile of a jirineipal unit of measure is tlie 
 uiiir of nuniher ; — l'"irst, J'l'tre hifore the ii>iml»T (h,- liutlnl Ivt.tir 
 nf t/if pn'nri/)(il null fmm whlvk the miiltipl- is derived Seeond. j 
 liK/irale (he order of multiple used hif a small fiiure phtred to the \ 
 left and ahorc the letter prefixed to the nambcr, (See symbols in 
 talilo of nniltiplos.) 
 
 Example. 42.') kilometres, is written "M 4"i. 5. 
 
 The -M lieforo the niunher iudieates that the metro is the unit of 
 measure from whieh the unit of the number i.s derived. The .small 
 W iudieates that the third order of nuiltiple, or kilometre, is the unit 
 of number. 
 
 KXAMPI.ES FOR lM!.\CTt(:E. 
 
 Write the numbers whiih \e])resent the following quantities, con- 
 sidering the denomination named as the unit of number : — 
 
 Unit of Xamher, Kiloyramme. 
 
 1 4)1 myriagranmies, 7 deeagranunes, ;") granuiies. 
 
 Atis. HMm.Olh. 
 ti. S kilogrannnos and !] eentigranniie.s. Ans. "(i 8.0tlU()3. 
 ;} T;!() lieetoiM-annnes, 243 centigrammes, and 4 milligrammes. 
 
 Ans. •'(173.(302434. 
 
 4. 2000 hectogrammes and 3 centigrammes. 
 
 Ans. T. 200.90003. 
 
 Unit of Xuniher, Decalitre. 
 
 5. 254 litres and 43 millilitres. Jhs. 'L 25.4043. 
 
 •t. 
 10. 
 
 U. 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 Rui. 
 
 i- the 1 
 
 >'cconi 
 jilaeed 
 syuibo 
 
 Wr 
 
 ^iderii 
 
 I. 
 
 >) 
 
 ;>. 
 4. 
 
r 
 
 'cagrainnios, tivn luilli 
 l„s. G;!-j:(I !*<»». 0(1.'). 
 iiiidnHl anil wvcii ctMi- 
 Aiis. (i IJd-JOdS.OT. 
 vo millilitn's. 
 Ans. L 4(tt;-20,0fl5. 
 •fs. iiiiit! luindrcil ami 
 iniilrcd and {hrw coiiti- 
 
 Aiis. S .■):U47-20:5. 
 
 unit of niuasuro is tlic ; 
 unii/ifr the initial letter 
 de is derived. ScLMind, j 
 lU Jii/iire phired to the 
 iber. (Sue symbols in 
 
 4-2. a. 
 
 10 niutro is tlie unit of 
 
 is dorived. Tins small 
 
 ir kilometre, is tlio unit 
 
 :,'E. 
 
 illowlnij; quantities, oon- 
 of number : — 
 
 amine. 
 
 • grammes. 
 
 Ans. "(1430.07;'). 
 
 Ans. «(i 8.00003. 
 
 es, and 4 milli!;;rammcs. 
 
 Ans. M 73.(30-2434. 
 mes. 
 Ans. ''G 200.90003. 
 
 •alitre. 
 
 Ans. 'L 25.4043. 
 
 ('>. 
 
 iIIK MF.THIO .SYSTEM. 
 ;',C.4 mvrialitres, 47 litres, 384 millilitres. 
 243 deealitrcs, 47 centilitres. 
 
 17 
 
 'h3(U004.73S4. 
 ins. 'J. 243.047. 
 
 s. 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 Unit of NumlH-r, Second Order of Multijdes. 
 
 Ans. -M 2;)00, 00072. 
 
 Ans. •■'S 40000.07002. 
 
 Ans. -A 30.0042. 
 
 2:! myriamctrcs, 72 millini<'tres, 
 4(»(I(I0(>7 stcrcs anil 2 millisteres. 
 3 kilures and 4:! centiares. 
 
 Unit of Xiindter, Myriwnetre. 
 3 heotomctres and 2 centimetres. An 
 
 ."> miHiinetrcH. 
 
 3 decametres and 2 centimetres. 
 
 ^M .0:]0002. 
 Ans. ■'M .000000;"). 
 Ans. ■'M .0030(J2. 
 
 Euir in When a subnuiltii)le of a principal unit of measure 
 i, ,he unit of number; -First. Place before the nund.er the initial 
 klterof the principal unit from irhich the sulnnnltiple ,s dern-ed. 
 S.con.i Indicate the order of sulnnnltiple vsed In/ a snndl fijure 
 j,laeed to the left and Mow the letter vrefxed to the nnndwr. (bee 
 symbols in table of subnuiltiples.) 
 
 EXAMPLES FOR rUACTICE. 
 
 Write tl.e nun.bers wl.ich represent the following ,iuantiti..s, con- 
 .iderin" the denomination named as the unit of number. 
 
 Cnit of Xiindier, Millimetre. 
 
 1. 
 
 o 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 32 decametres and 2 decimetres. 
 7002 hectometres. 
 7 myriametres and .^) metres. 
 3 kilometres and 2 decametres. 
 
 Ans. ,,>! 320200. 
 
 Ans. .,M 700200000. 
 
 Ans. ,,:M 7000r)000. 
 
 Aus. M 3020000. 
 
 Unit of Xnmher, Second Order of Suhmidliples. 
 i kilogrammes and granunes. 
 
 Ans. .fr 500900. 
 
 302 nivriastcrcs, 5 decasteres, and 3 centisteres. 
 
 Ans. „S 302005003. 
 Ans. „L 400900500. 
 Ans. .,A 20002. 
 
 4009 kilolitres and 5 litres. 
 2 hectares and 2 centiares. 
 
18 
 
 TllK MKTUIC SVSTKM. 
 
 il. 
 1(1. 
 11. 
 
 I'liit of Numhcr, Decilitre. 
 ano-j lu-ctulitnw Mild 4 inillililivs. .ins. ,T< :l()()-2li0O.O4. 
 (') iiiyrialitn-s ami 1 ilofulitre. 
 .4Ul miUilitics. 
 
 Alls. ,l,ii()(l.l(IO. 
 Alls. ,li .000(14. 
 
 HKDUC'l'ION. 
 
 Ill r.K Koii IIkdlhtii.n I'KSCKNi.iNii. .Uiilti/ilij t/ic '/I'mi qnniitltii 
 hij llifi iiiiiiikr of tin- irqiiiretl (Iviioiiilmidoii ii'hicli iiiahs a Hint oj 
 the (/iirii i/i'iiDiiiiiifilioii. 
 
 Since the imiltipruT is always 10, 100, 1000, &<•.. tl.o ..peration 
 is perfDiined l)y removing tlio ileiMinal i»oiiit as many places to tlic 
 riij/it as thcio aro cipheis in the nmltipruT, annexiug uiiilicvs when 
 nuccssary. 
 
 K.\.\Mri,KS FOU I'KACTICE. 
 
 1. IIlmIucc 'M ;)•->..« to millimctiTS. 5. UimIuco -'LOH-S to docilitres. 
 
 ■>. llcducc 'M T) to decimetres. 0. Uediicc *S 81),^) to decasteres. 
 
 ;j. Reduce (; lo-i to miUifrrammes. 7. Uedu.'C "A !»()3.2 to milliares. 
 
 4. Keduuc =A f.'.;) to centiares. i 8. Reduce '(". 531) to centigrammes. 
 
 Hulk fok Kkpuction Ascknutno. nrvi'ile the i/ireii qunntllij 
 'by the iinmbvr of its own cknoiiiiiiiition tc/iich iiiides a unit of tliv 
 irijiiiinl di'iiomlniitiuii. 
 
 Since the divisor is always 10, 100, 1000, &c., the operation is 
 performed l)y removing the decimal point as many places to the left 
 as there are ciphers in the divisor, prefixing ciphers when necessary. 
 
 EX.\MPLE3 FOH PR.\CTICK. 
 
 1. Reduce oA .5 to myriares. 
 
 2. Reduce jM 4o3 lo kilometres. 
 
 3. Reduce ,S42.3 to liectosteres. 
 
 4. Reduce jA 7.2 to decares. 
 
 5. Reduce „(} 3 to kilogrammes. 
 
 G. Reduce .A. ^.1 to hectolitres. 
 
 7. Reduce 3M !) to myriametres. 
 
 8. Reduce .,S47.3 to decastere?. 
 
 MEASURKS OF SURFACES. 
 
 RKLATIOX.S OF IXrT.S OF SUIJFACE TO rNIT.S OF LENGTH. 
 
 Decimilliare = One scpiare decimetre = 100 sciuarc centimetres. 
 
 (10 sipiare decimetre.-, or a plane figure whose 
 :Milhare = j ^,^^„^\l is one metre and hreadth one decimetre. 
 Ccutiux-e = One si^uare metre = 100 square decimetres. 
 
 pi'ciare = 
 
 prcare = 
 
 Hectare = 
 K ilaro = 
 Mviiare = 
 
 The colli 
 tlie niimliei 
 the unit of 
 
 The foll( 
 til Ills of th( 
 
 Ft will 
 ]i'irallel to 
 "llii.'r, divii 
 iiiiiiiy row.s 
 mw coiitai 
 J^iigth. I 
 
 i^ ri|Ual to 
 
 ;inil hreadi 
 
THE METRIC SYSTEM. 
 
 10 
 
 ,l;{()()-2ooo.o4. 
 
 bis. ,l,iiOO.l(IO. 
 Ai'S. ,Ii .(KKMlt. 
 
 //ic (jlveii qiKditifi/ 
 rh iiKihs a unit of 
 
 &c., tlio (ipenitioii 
 niiiiiy iiliici's to till' 
 exiug uiiilicvs wliuii 
 
 [);?.-2 to (locilitres. 
 8l».J to ilecasteres. 
 !»();!. 2 to milliari's. 
 539 to centigraiiimes. 
 
 t/ie i/ircii f/unnliti/ 
 iiit/ces a unit of the 
 
 m., the operation is 
 ly places to the left 
 lers when noeessary. 
 
 ad 3 to kilogrammes. 
 
 „L5.7 to lieetolitros. 
 I aM i» to myrianu'tres. 
 1 „S47.3 to detastere*. 
 
 ■.S. 
 
 ITS OF LENGTH. 
 
 square centimetres. 
 
 plane figure whose 
 adth one decimetre, 
 are decimetres. 
 
 ( 10 s(iuare metres, or a ])lano (igure whose length is one 
 " ( dccaiiH'tri' and breadth one uietre. 
 
 Arc = One .«(iuaie decametre = 100 sijuare metres, 
 
 t 10 siiuarc decametres, or a plane lignre whose length 
 ( IS one hcctometri' and breadth one decametre. 
 
 Hectare = One st|U!ire hectometre = lOO .scpiare decametres. 
 
 ,.., ( 10 siinare hectometres, or a plane figure whose length 
 
 Kilare = -; . ' , , 
 
 ( IS one KuoinPtre and nreadtli one hectometre. 
 
 Myriare = One siinare kilometre = 100 S(iuure hectometres. 
 
 NlMKlt.M. KXI'ltKSSION FOR SUUF.\('E. 
 
 The contents of a plane liguro is expressed numerically Ity giving 
 ilic ninnlier of times it contains .Mune given area, which is assumed as 
 ilic unit of surface. 
 
 The following illustrations will show how tlie various denomina- 
 tiiiiis of the table are u.sed in numerical e.\pre.s.iions of surface : — 
 
 ILLCSTUATION FIRST. 
 
 
 Length () metres. 
 It will be seen, by examining this figure, that the lines drawn 
 pindlel to the sides, at the supposed distance of a metre from each 
 inilii'r, divide the .surface into square metres, and that there are as 
 iiiimy row.s of square metres as there are metres in the breadth, each 
 mw containing as many square metres as there are metres in the 
 in^th. Hence the number of square metres in the area of the figure 
 1- i(|Uiil to the product of the two numbers which indicate the length 
 mil bre.idth ; and A 0.21 is a numerical expression for its contents. 
 
20 
 
 THE METRIC SYSTEM. 
 
 IMX'STHATION SKt'oNK. 
 
 iiiftri'ii, 
 
 In tl,i« lijruro, till! lines drawn imrulU'l t.. the sid-s .livi.l.- tl,. 
 ,;,„,, i,„., :!,; ,„illiurcs,orol.longs, ^vlm.i,. length is .m. ..u-tn' and 
 l,a.a.lth on. .IcM-iuiutre. It i.s ovident that ton of these- ol.h.njs ,.ut 
 to-retiicr will constitute accntiare, or s((.iaro metre. Heneo the cx- 
 ,,ression. M miUiares, may l.o written iJ.f. eentian-s; nn.l read, throe 
 und six tenths eentiares. or tln-e (••■ntiares and six n.ilhares. ^ 
 
 UV leduein" the length to deeiinetres, the nuinerieal expression ot 
 the cH^ntcnts will be, by Illustration First, 00 x 0, or 'MO deeinnUiarcs 
 or siiuare deuiiuctres. 
 
 ILLCSTBATION TIIIIII). 
 Lcngtii 1 dccumitro, 2 mi'tres, ond I dcclnictro 
 
 MilUare. 
 
 Dcclmilliurt . 
 
 Tl 
 
 -ulli 
 
 X 
 
 !■' 
 
 iiiiiii 
 
 Kiva 
 
 I! 
 
 It II' I 
 if 
 
 T 
 
 iiiit 
 iiii'ti 
 iiivi-i 
 
 Tn this fi.nire, wc have illustrated the relations of different denomi- 
 nations of units in expressing the contents of a given surface. 
 
 lnv 
 
 I 
 
 iiiii 
 
ii:m. 
 
 TiiK Mirrim; svstkm. 
 
 21 
 
 iMt. 
 
 A to till! sill'".-' iliv'ulf tin 
 ! loii<'tli is (iiui iiR'tiT ami 
 ; toil of tliL'si) oliloii;>;s imi 
 110 inotro. IIciico tlio ex- 
 I contiiiics; iiml io;ul, tlireo 
 ; and MX iiiilliaiTS. 
 ho nuinorioal ox|irossiuii of 
 (30 X 0, or aCtO dooiiuilliarcs 
 
 [HI). 
 
 nil I itfclnictre. 
 
 Millie 
 
 flio followlii;^ niialyw, cai'li part of tli> cnnfiMiU h ]nv*ciitiMl 
 atcly, ai it woiilil 111' iilitaiiii'il liy iiiiilti|>lyiii;,' tlio ifri^lli liy llio 
 llli. Till' li'anicr >liinili| rari'riilly iiutc oac'li |iart, ami aiialyzi! ii 
 it'iit imiiiliiT of oxaiiipli's to lix tlio |irim'i|il('s in tln' niiml. 
 
 AXALVSI.-i. 
 
 I Oiii' cici'limlic = 1 ilii'lmlllliirn 
 ( liir ill liiiii'trc X , Ivm imin 1 — ,; niMlmri< 
 
 Doclmilliurt . 
 ! relations of difforcnt donouii 
 nts of a given surftice. 
 
 =r A (MUKil 
 =.- A o.iKrJ 
 ' I hie iliciimi'tic = 10 iiillliiii'('-< -:: I ci'iilliiri' A ill 
 I < (lie ilicimilri' =rr 'J iiilllhiri'M = A n.iKiJ 
 
 TwK iiulri'H >; . I'im) mi'liis =: 4 iriitiari'^ = \ not 
 
 ' line iliciinirtru = J ilci'iiiri'< _ A ".J 
 
 { 1)111' ilniiiii til' = 111 iiilllliirc — 1 c< iillari! — A n.nl 
 I )iir iliimiMirr X J I'"!' iiiitrc^ = 'J clri'lnnt = A ii.J 
 
 P! ' Hill' ili'i'aimtrr = 1 lire iir siiimrr iiii'tru =^ A 1. 
 
 'Ml.'Jl X'Ml.'Jl = A I mil 
 
 I'roin tlicsi' iliiislratioii-*, wo ilorivo flio followlnji; riilo for timliiif u 
 imiiiorioal exiirossion for a givoii surfnoo of uniform length ami 
 lnvailth : — 
 
 III I.K. Jifldnce the Ivnijtii aiiil lin-inlllt to the .sinnr tlvnottiliKilliii} ; 
 Villi the product af the two tlhneiixlona (iftcr roihirtlon. (did puint 
 "if lis iniiiiji dvriiiiid p/arcs in t/is jirodiirt (is thin; (irc (firiiiiul 
 lilnrrs ill. tlie two dhni'iisiiiiis. 
 
 'riic unit of tho niiiiicriral oxiirossion thus fuiiml will ho a dooiiiiil- 
 
 liiri' when tho unit of loii;,'lli is a dooiniotro, a oontiaro when tho 
 
 iiiif of lonj^tli is a inotro, an aro wlioii tho unit of lons^th is a doca- 
 
 iii'tro, a hci'taro when the unit of lenijth is a heetoniotro, and ii 
 
 yriaro when tho unit of length is a kilometre. 
 
 KXAMI'l.KS FOR I'llACTirK. 
 
 1. ITow many ares in a flour .M 1.2.J long, and M 8.7 wide? 
 
 Ans. A-lU.^To. 
 '1. How many fontiaros, how many kilaros, and how many liee- 
 Invs in tho wiiiio tloorV Aiis. „\. lO.STO. 
 
 0. IIow many are.s in a board M 5.32 by .^l 47. V 
 
 Ans. A .02r)0(»4. 
 
 1. How many milliares, how many myriaros, and liootares in the 
 niic hoard ? 
 
 IIow many metres of a earpet nine decimetres wide will cover 
 
22 
 
 TIIK MKTItlC HVSTKM. 
 
 n fliHir MX ini'tri''* li'ic^ iiinl llvi' iiml rniir-lciilli« iiu'tn"* wiili- '.' mil 
 wlial wiKilil ln» till) cusi iiftliti tiii|Kt, lit S'j!..'i(t II I'i'iitiaru? 
 
 AuM. y\ 'M\. SOI, 
 
 (i. Til ii t'iriii ciiiiMstiMn; ,,f fniir li.'l.ls of tlic t'ollHwiiij,' (liiii('iisi«m>, 
 linw iniiiiy lii'i't:iiv-< ■.' First lii'lil, lih;;tli .M lU'J, liri'iullli M -To ; 
 s.MM,n.l lii'l'l. l«'ii','ili M ti:U, l.rrndili M :!'><» ; lliinl lieltl, U^ufiU 
 M i:.0. l)ivihlili .M :VS.> ; I'ourlh lifl.l, k-nglli M 7;!0, Im'iiiUli M ^>''>:1' 
 
 Alls. -A '.i-J.nisT. 
 
 7. A pill' of IiiiiiIht wiH t'nimd to contain l."iil lioanls .M 4 Imi,' 
 iiikI ,M I. wlili', '1'1'i boiirils M tl.-J l.iiiii; iiml ,,M iVJ. wiiU'. nnd (U.i 
 lioiirilH M .'i.'^ loiij; atul ...M 415 vi'uh'. U»w nmcli was it wortli, at St.. 
 |iiT arc, face tiicasiirc vl«.v. SltM)><.:i>^ +. 
 
 s. I low iiiaiij liricks ,M '2.'2 X |M 11 woiiM |mvo a wili'-wall; 
 M <\-iy> lonif ami .M '22 wiilcV ami wliat would Im tlio wliolo cost 
 at S'J cents per coiitiarc. Aiis. TUf.llO laicks. >l.'rj(t.il.> -f- 
 
 MKASI'Ur.S i>V \<ii,rMi:s, nU SOMOS. 
 ijr.i.ArioNS OK I NITS oi' Vol.1 Mi;s ro tM rs oi' i.i;\(M1i-^. 
 
 Millistoie = A I'lihic ilcciiuctrc : - I (Kid culiii' centimetres. 
 
 / 10 ciilne ileeinietrcs, or a volmnc, or solid, who- 
 Ccntistcri' =- length is one metre, and iireadlli and thickness 
 
 ( decimetre. 
 
 ( Id centi. teres = Idd culiic decimetres, or a volniii' 
 Decistere -: ', wlio.so lenglli and hmultli is one niutre, and thick- 
 
 (. iiess ono decimetre. 
 
 ( .\. enho metro = 10 doei.steres — 100 ocutistcres - 
 
 ( 1000 millistorus or cubic deeimutres 
 
 i;iun 
 
 n|'\0 
 
 Til 
 
 of flu 
 
 10 
 
 in 
 
 i.iid I 
 
 Stero 
 
 ^ 10 euhic metres, or a volume whose lon;j;th Is on- 
 Decastcre = ^ decametre, and breadth and thickncs.s one metiv. 
 
 ( 10 docasteres = 100 culiio metres, or a V(dume whose 
 IIoctostLM-e = ' length and breath is ono decametre, and thickue- 
 
 (. one mt!tre. 
 KiliLStere = A cubic decametre — lOOO cubic metres. 
 
 f 10 kih)steres, or a volume who.se length is one hecte- 
 Myrio-stere = ■ metre, aud breadth and thickness each one deca- 
 
 ( metre. 
 
 Id 
 metre 
 
 I'n 
 metre 
 
PKM. 
 
 •-tciitlis ini'triw wiili' '.' mil 
 !.."iO u ccntigiu'' 
 
 A„». M M. SOI 
 f till' t'llliiwiiij; irnin'n>iiiti>, 
 M :!|-J. liivaillli M -JT:! ; 
 il.'iO ; tliinl (l.'lil, Icii^'ili 
 
 I M 7;!<>, iiivmiiii Mt;:;2.7 
 
 Aiis. -A !i-J..'.1^7. 
 iluin l."i() lioanls .M 4 Imi,' 
 mil ...M iVJ. wiilf, nnd (U- 
 luucli w.is it wortli, lit St-. 
 
 Aiis. SKHLS.lis -f . 
 I would |mv(( ft Hiili'-wiilk 
 t woiilil l»<i »1h* wlmlo fiist 
 
 ;, nil SOI, IDS. 
 
 I) IMIS OK l.i;\<llll-i. 
 
 (1 ciiliii' ccntiuictri'M. 
 
 n vciliiini'. "T siilid, wild-' 
 
 I liri'inlili Jiiiil tliickiu'.ss ijiii 
 
 lie ili'ciiiit'tn'S, Of !i voliini' 
 Itii is uiio niutre, iiinl lliitk- 
 
 teri'S — 100 ccntlstcres - 
 ic (lofimetres. 
 
 ilimii? wiio.^i! loiii;;th is oin 
 1 and tiiiikiics.s out! iiiftrc. 
 metres, or a vohimo wlioso 
 10 (lf(;ainotre. and tliickuo-^" 
 
 00 cubic metres. 
 
 wliose Icngtli is one hcctn- 
 
 id tliickness eaeh one deca- 
 
 ni K MKTKir HV.><TK.M. 
 
 M Miitn \i, i,\rith:"<>i<i\ mu mii.i mk, >>\i sniiKiiy 
 
 23 
 
 Till' Mdiditv. or ciiMteiits, of n miIuiiio i^ cxiiri'ssr-d im/l/wrteallv liV 
 uiwii^' the miiiilicr of times it coiitaiiis some ;,'iveii .solid a,.« tie' unit 
 "f voliiiiie. 
 
 Till' lollowiiiu; illustrations will sliow liow tin- various ileiioiniiiations 
 111 the lalile ari' ii-i'd in iiiimerii'al ex|ires.-<ioiis of volmni'. 
 
 Milll-lrri', iir ( lllilr Kii'liiiclrr. 
 
 1<> iiiillisteres, placed side liy side, make a volimie wliose lc'iii;tli 
 i- I'lM' iiii'tre, and lireadlli and tliiekness each one decjinetre, thus, — 
 
 Ci'iili-liii- -= 111 Alllllsiiri',*. 
 
 In I'i'iitisteri', |ilaeed sido liy side, make n volume wliose |..||Hrth 
 iiiii hreailth is eaeli oiio metre, and thickness one decimetre, thus, — 
 
 Id decisteres, placed faoo to face, inako u eulie wliose edge is one 
 nutre, thus, — 
 
 nil 
 
 .store = lu Ui'clatLTCS = 100 Ccntisteri'S = 10(XJ Milllstcrcs. 
 
 I'nmi these illustrations, it is evident that the contents of a cuhie 
 ■tie may be expressed uunierieally, as S 1, ,8 10, 38 100, ^8 1000. 
 
24 
 
 THE Mirrnic system. 
 
 Tlic fdllowing figure* illustratu the use of 
 tlio sumo four ik-iumrmatioiis in cxiirossiug , 
 tlio coutcuts of II culiiu volume wlmsu edge i 
 is one metro and one decimetre. The sur- 
 face of one face of the volume contains! 
 one ccntiare, two milliarcs, and one deci- ; 
 milliaro, tlius, — L 
 
 !«.■ 
 
 Ccntiaro. 
 
 Milliiin'. 
 
 ,** 
 
 :>~ 
 
 Takini'' a slalj of the face cmc decimetre thick, tims, — 
 and we have one docistcre, two 
 c'cnlistcres, and one millisitere. 
 liut tlie volume is eleven deci- 
 metres thick ; therefore we have 
 eleven ,'«ucli slaks or eleven times one dccistere, two cetitisteres, auJ 
 one millistere. 
 
 ( 11 millisteres = 1 eentistere and 1 millistere ~ S 0.011 
 = \ 'I'l ceutistercs ~ 2 decist(;res and 2 centisteres = S (1.22 
 (11 deci>teres — 1 f;tero and 1 decistcre = S 1.1 
 
 Ml.l X Ml.l X Ml.l = Sl.;)31 
 
 From these illustrations, we derive the following rule for fmdinL' n 
 numerical e.xpression for a givja volume of uniform length, breadth, 
 and thickness : — 
 
 Hulk. Reduce the leugtn, hrendtit, and thickness to the sniih 
 denomination ; find the pnduct of the three dimensions, after n- 
 duct ion, and point off as r.^any decinud places in this product ii> 
 there are decimal places in ihe three dimensions. 
 
 The unit of the numerical ixpression thus found will be a millistcn 
 when the \init of length is a d.'cimetre, a store when the unit of lengtl. 
 is a metre, a kilostere when the unit of length is a decametre. 
 
 EXAMPLES FOR l^RACTICE. 
 
 1. How many stores in a wali twenty-four metres long, eight aivi 
 tive-tentli metres high, and iifty-two centimetres thick? And whui 
 would be the cost of building it, at $1.25 a store? 
 
 Ans. i.^ 100.08. Cost, $450.84. 
 
SYSTE>r. 
 B USO of 
 
 1 
 
 -U L'dgO 
 
 he sur- 
 •ontains 
 10 (lecl- 
 
 ii 
 
 Centlare. 
 
 MilliMi'v. 
 
 ■-<>^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 nctre thick, thus, — 
 
 10 tlccistore, two centisteres, aud 
 
 . iiiul 1 millistcMC = S 0.011 
 
 < and 2 ci'iitisteros = S ().-J2 
 
 1 ducistuic = S 1.1 
 
 Il.lXMl.l = Sl.:]31 
 
 the following rule for finilini: n 
 uuic of uiiifonu length, breadth. 
 
 dl/i, mid thickness to the saw. 
 f the three dimensions, after n- 
 cinud places in this jjroduct "> 
 a dimensions. 
 
 ion thus found will be a nuUi.stc'i\ 
 •e, a store when the unit of length] 
 
 1 of length is a deeauictie. 
 
 I J-RACTICE. 
 
 wcnty-four metres long, eight aivl 
 centimetres thick? Aud whui 
 $t.'25 a store V 
 $. 3 100.08. Cost, $450.84. 
 
 TUii ilKTlllC hV.STKM. ^J 
 
 -2. Vt'lial wfiuld be tlio cost of ii \nh of wood iii'tceu r.nd scvcn- 
 tcntlis nu!tves long, tlwee iMctros high, and seven and tfly-two huu- 
 ,licdtlis metres wide, at ;?l..")0 u store '! Ans. ^fi^:iA>>. 
 
 ;',. AVIiat would be the cost of excavating a cellar eighteen and 
 tluce-tenths nu-trcs long, ten and s^'vciity-ihrc!! luuich-edllis metres 
 wide, and three aud four-tenths metres deeii, at l."> eiMits per store V 
 
 Ans. $100.14-}-. 
 
 4. How deep imist a box be, wliose iiu-face i:i tliirty-two milliares, 
 t.. (ontaiu .-uvea iUid tliirty-.-ix hiuidroilths s;ere.'>V Ans. ,^I 2.'). 
 
 5. llow many stcres in live sticks of timber of tlie folhnving di- 
 iiinisions: First. jM 5.2 by ,M 7.:?, and M i:5 long; .second, ,,:M 4:!. 
 by..M ()5, and M 17.5 long; third, ,:M 5.3 by ,M 3.7, and M 15.12 
 long; fourth, ,,:M 31) by ,M 50, and ?■! 14 lung; iiftli, ,>I 4.52 by 
 ,m1].78, and M 15 long. Ans. H 1 ^.470352. 
 
 0. Wliat nni.-t be tiic heiglit (f a load of v.uod, M ;>.2 long and 
 ^! l.l wide, to contain S 4.012S. Ans. M 1.14. 
 
 MEASUllEMEXT OF AXGLES. 
 
 I:i the ordinary or i-exagesinuil system, a riglit-angle, whicli is used 
 as tlie measure of all jilano angles, is divided into 1)0 e^ual parts, 
 (idled dcrees ; a degree is divided into 00 cipial parts, calh.'d 
 minutes ; and a minute into 00 ei^ual parts, called seconds. 
 
 In the centesimal or French system, a right-angle is divided into 
 100 ciiual parts, called grades; a grade into 100 eipml parts, called 
 iiiinules; and a miinite into 100 ei[nal parts, called seconds. 
 
 The former is called the se.irigcsim(d system, on account of tlio 
 (iceurrenve of tlio nundier sijly in forming the subdivisions of a de- 
 irrea ; and the latter ccnfesimal, on account of tlie occiu-rence of the 
 number one hundred. 
 
 (Irades, minutes, and seconds arc usually written thus: 3.5-' 42' 
 24^^ ; read, thirty-five grades, forty-two minutes, twenty-four second.s. 
 
 Since the scale is centesimal, minutes may be exjiressed as hun- 
 dredths, and seconds as ten-thousandths ; hence any number (jf grades, 
 minutes, and sefonds may bo expressed decimally thus : 73" 4500 ; 
 read, seventy-three grades, forty-five minutes, sixty-nine seconds. 
 
T 
 
 26 
 
 THE MRTinC SYSTKM. 
 
 Tu ii ri-ht-an-lo, tluM-o aro 100 gi-ulos, or 00 dcgrcos ; luMirr, fnr 
 every lo"-nules there uro 9 .leaves. Diviain- tl.e 10 grades into 
 1» e,iual parts or degrees, eaeh part will .•ontaii. \}, grades; theret.nv 
 a de-reo is (Miual to 1 1 grades. Hence, in any n.nnl.er of grade- 
 ,lKn•o^lro as n.any dei^rees as V,, is contained times in tl.o given 
 „nnd.er of grad..s ; an.l, conversely, in any nrnnl^er <.f d.-grecs there 
 arc 1 i times as many grades as there are degn^es. Hence the iol- 
 lowing rules : — - 
 
 TO rllANCE THE n:XTESIM.VL MKASUi:K TO TUK ^KXAGESIHAI.. 
 
 Wvuv.. /;./y;/r.« ih- minn'cs anl m-onds <is a dcnmal of a 
 qrade; dlruk h,,V,: ^l>e (juo'>ent vill cr/nrss flu- v>n<ihrr of ,/r- 
 \,,rrs and drrlmuh of a dr.jnr in (h- <jircn nnmh'v vf </nid.'S, mm- 
 
 ides, and seconds. 
 
 r.\AMi'i.'.:s. 
 
 Change the foUowing .luautilies from the centesimal measure to 
 
 tl:;' sexagesimal. 
 
 . o>- o,4^ 4.)" Ans. 22° 48' .'55.208". 
 
 .; ;,U;,v Ans. 31' 1G.!):52". 
 
 "• s3«i:/sT*. ^««- 74° 40' 29.;5S8". 
 
 30'' 08^ 15". ^««- •>>' ^'' ■^^\- 
 
 U«15M',0«. vt«s. 12° 44' 25.44". 
 
 1)0^00^ 00". ^i''^- ^^°,'^^^-^^'; 
 
 18^ 50^ 25". "■^"''''' ^^*° "^'"^ ^''^ ' 
 
 TO ( IIAXGE TIIK SEX.VGESIMAL MEASUIIE TO THE CENTESIMAI.. 
 
 Hn.i;. liediire tin- m!nn1os and srronds in a decimal of u de- 
 ft ree ; nmltipl,/ the dcf/rces and deciwul of a decree. !>,/ 1 ' : t/<e pm- 
 'duct is the nun>her<f f/rades, minutes, and seconds in the g.reu 
 number of degrees, minutes, and seconds. 
 
 EX.VMl'I.KS. 
 
 Change the following quantities from the sexagesimal measure ti 
 the centesimal. 
 
 1 3(1° 18' 27". -^"^- '^^^'^ ^"^^ I'^a"- 
 
 2'. 50' 54". •'■^"*- ^'' '^^ ^^^V'- 
 
 3. 
 4. 
 
 5, 
 (1. 
 
 •). 
 4. 
 5. 
 0. 
 7. 
 
 jiriir 
 flie f. 
 
 1. 
 
 "■y 
 ;it 
 t 
 
 ,!i;i)0 
 l-J i: 
 time! 
 
 av«Wfc««s----''"» 
 
 
 1 
 
-:m. 
 
 :)r 90 degrcos; luMUf, fnr 
 ivitling tliu ID gnulcw into 
 itiiiii 1 ,\ gnuU's ; thoretuiv 
 in any imiulier of griulc- 
 aincd times in tlio given 
 \l nunilii'r of (Icgrces tlicrc 
 (Ic'Ti'Cs. llunco tlio i'lil- 
 
 ; TO TIIK M;XAGESni.VI.. 
 
 oikIs <is (t dcriiiKtl of It 
 c.rpirss the iniiiil'cr of </'■ 
 'II nnnihiT of <j null's, mni- 
 
 tlic centesimal measure to 
 
 Ans. 22° 48' :5:i.208". 
 
 Ans. 31' 1G.!):52". 
 
 Ans. 74° 40' 29.388". 
 
 Aus. ;!r IT' .00". 
 
 Ans. 12° 44' 25.44". 
 
 Ans. 81° 49' 5.111". 
 
 Ans. 10° 30' 8.1". 
 
 CUE TO THE CEN'TESIMAI.. 
 
 •oinls fn a decimal of u d<- 
 of II deijrec hi/ 1 ,', : tlie pm- 
 , and seeonds in (lie given 
 's. 
 
 . the sexagesimal measure ti 
 
 Ans. 40^' 34^ lO?,". 
 Ans. 1^- i)' 37 ^V'- 
 
 THE MKTIilC SYSTE.M. 
 
 27 
 
 3. 27° 3(i' 45". 
 
 4. iS'.t^ 1;V 20". 
 
 5. !13° 14' 5S". 
 0. 147° 24' 4S". 
 7. 117° 30' 54". 
 
 Ans. 30- (IS^ 5|;«. 
 Ans. 21<i^ 2S' 30i|^\ 
 
 Ans. l(y- 27^ 7H';". 
 An.i. KW'/ 70' 2.^18}". 
 
 Ans. 130'-' 68* 33",". 
 
 TO ril.VXGE THE JIF.TIMC TO THE COMMON SYSTEM. 
 
 Rri.K. Reduce the i/iven t/niinfili/ to the denoniiniition of tlie 
 jirineipal nnit if the table ; innltijilij bij the equivalent, and reduce 
 tlie product to the required denoini nation. 
 
 1. '.M 3.ti. liow many fcetV 
 
 Analysis. — Tlie metic is 
 the iiriiHi])al unit ot'tlie tal>li'; 
 hence we reduce the kilume- 
 tres to metres. Since tliero 
 are .">!». li 7 incites in a metre, in 
 
 Ol'UKATKI.V. 
 
 ■31 3.0 X 1000 ~ M 3(100 
 ;i0.37 in. X 3(100 rr 1417.32 in. 
 141732 in. -=- 12 in. = 11811 ft 
 
 ii^iiO metres there are ."idOO times ;)!i.;?7 inches; and since there are 
 I J inches in a foot, there are as many feet <as VI inches is containe<l 
 limes in 111 7;i2 inches. Therefore ''.^I 3.0 is eijual to 1181 1 feet. 
 
 EXAMPLKS FOIl IMIACTICK. 
 
 2. TIow many feet in 472 eeiitiinetres? Ans. 15.4855\ ft. 
 ;!. How many cubic feet in 2 kilosteres? Ans. 70(i."52 cu. ft. 
 
 4. How many gallons, wine measure, in 325 decilitres V 
 
 Ans. 8 gals. 2.343 — qts. 
 
 5. How many gallons in 1 08.24 litres ? Ans. 28.594 -j- gals. 
 0. How many bushels in 3202 kilolitres"^ 
 
 Ans. 92559.25 bush. 
 7. How many S([uare yards in 430 arcs? 
 
 Ans. 52145.(3 s([. yds. 
 S. In 942325 centilitres, how many bu.shels V 
 
 Ans. 207.3S47 + bush. 
 9. In 430 niyriagranunes, how many pounds 't 
 
 Ans. 0011.9314 lbs. 
 
 ii^Li'ri^^^^.-^^ii-''- 
 
28 
 
 THK MKTIUC SYSTKM. 
 
 OI'KHATION. 
 
 10 U.S. 4 <>/.. - lo.-jr) lbs. 
 
 10.'2r)llis. X 7000 = 71Tr)0 jjr. 
 
 Tlir.O -r. -^ 1.V4W -r. = (i 4t;4'.t.43 — 
 
 (i 4C,4<,t.4:! — -^ lOiioo = ^G .404114:; — 
 
 Ins. 
 
 T(. CIIANI.I-. 1I!(.M Tlir. (OMMON TO TUK MKTUIC SYSITM. 
 Ull.K. /^'■'/"'■'' '/"■ '/'■'■'■" '/"""''■','/ '" '''"■ '/''"O""'"'"''"' '■" "'^"'''' 
 
 ,/,V,V/-- />// t/ns e.iuhmlvni. and rclnr, (he .rmtioa to the re^iunrd 
 (lenitnunatliiu. 
 
 1. Ill to lbs. 4 <>:',. h(iw many myriagramincs? 
 
 Analysis.— 
 'I'lic <iraninii'. 
 the pniK'ili:il 
 unit of till' 
 table, i.s I'x- 
 j)it'sse(l ill 
 
 .rniiin; lioiu'c we iT.lin'e the i-oumls and ounces to ^'rains ir).4:i-.' 
 grains make one -vamme ; hen<e there are as many arainn.es m. 1 ..v' 
 grains as l-..i:V> jirains is contained times in TIT.V) rrrains.^ Ami siiirr 
 there are louoo ;^ramines in a niyriap-amnie. dividing G 46 10.43— bv 
 10000 will pive tlie myriajxraimnes in 10 pounds 4 ounces. Therefore 
 10 lbs. 4 oz. is eijual to Hr 404943 — 
 
 KXAMl'LES KOK I'RACTICK. 
 
 '> In G17-2.8 i.uuikIs, how many decagrammes? 
 
 Ans. 'G 280000. 
 r,. ITow many lieotares in 2:]!)2 .sciiiaro yards'^ Ans. "A .2. 
 
 4 How many arcs in a square mile 't 
 
 Jms. A2r.809.0Gr.5r.2— . 
 
 5 How many millisteres in 18924 eubio yards? 
 
 Ans. ;,S 14407889.0082 +. 
 
 In 892 "rains, how many hectogrammes? 
 
 J»s. -G .578019. 
 
 7 In 2 miles, furlongs, 39 rods, and ;"> yards, how many 
 kilometres? ^^-- ^M 4.020410 +._ 
 
 H. Bought 4.".4 bush, wheat at S3, and sold the same at b'S..' 
 per hectolitre ; how many hectolitres did I sell ? Did I gain or lo.- 
 
 '"^^^^"^'""'-■•^■- ^n.. =L1G0. Gain,S38. 
 
 R. 
 
 AV 
 
 Ci 
 
 j'i-»«eRiSBi*e?**»--- 
 
 , J jSKwPas.Sr'i^ ""^^ 
 
 ..."-•-, -., .>if,^.^~W*^i£-ie^u.'i: -Ir.at-' 
 
1. 
 
 THK MKTUIC SYSTKM. 
 
 29 
 
 UK MKTUK SYSTKM. 
 
 (IrllomliKlfrilt ill will' I: 
 ii'tiir htlilv is ix/»rss('il : 
 rpiotient. to f/ie ref/iilrrd 
 
 lunics : 
 
 Analysis.— 
 
 'I'lic <iraniiiii'. 
 
 the pniK'iii;il 
 
 unit ol' 111'' 
 
 tiibli', is I'x- 
 
 prt'ssed in 
 
 ouiu-es to jiiiiins 15.4 lij 
 
 ,s many |.'r;innnc's in TK.V 
 
 717,')i» grains. And since 
 
 . (lividin;.' (;i(!l!».4;<— hy 
 
 iuUs 4 ounces. Thurefon', 
 
 - Alls. 
 
 ncE. 
 
 n-iimines ? 
 
 Alls. Hi 280000. 
 < yards V Aiis. "A .2. 
 
 IS. A2r)809.GGrj5r)2— . 
 bic yards? 
 ,814407889.0082 +. 
 
 mnics ■' 
 
 Ans. -G .578019. 
 , and f) yards, how iniiir 
 
 Ans. •'M4.()2(U10+. 
 111(1 sold the same at S8.7i 
 t sell 'i Did I gahi or lo.so 
 
 ns. "-L IGO. Gain, $38. 
 
 MISCKLL.XNKOIS KXAMTLKS, 
 Required the footings of the following bills : — 
 
 0) 
 
 Nkw Vokk, A|inl 2;>, 1S(J7, 
 
 W. J. Mll.NK, 
 
 31 122 Rroitdeloth, 
 
 " :!20 Hid. Shirting, 
 
 " 2:!0 White Flannel, 
 
 " 2(li;.i") Tifking, 
 
 " 107.!) IJlk. Silk, 
 
 Reed Payment, 
 
 Hot of L. Coor.KV & Son. 
 di Sli.dO 
 
 .no 
 
 .31 
 2.40 
 
 Ans. S12or).!,l75 
 
 L. CooLKv & Son. 
 
 (2-.) 
 
 ]?i;kkai.o, :MMy I, 1SG7. 
 C11.VS. D. M(Lean, 
 
 lio't of W.M. liKNEDICT. 
 
 40 chests Tea. each ''C 30.5 C" S 2.50 
 
 12>acksJava CoflVe, '• 40.(1(1 
 
 25 hills. Cotiee Sugar, each "(I 110 " .32 
 
 10 " Crushed " " ■■■(;■ !»5 " .38 
 
 30 hoxcs Uai.-^ins, " "G 12 " .50 
 
 Ans. 
 Reed Payment, 
 
 S4! 15 1.00 
 W.M. IJenkdut. 
 
 3. A man hon^ht a lot of land 'M 40 long and '-'."M 20 wide, and 
 Mild oiie-tliird of it. How many ares had he left, and what was the 
 (mM of tlie lot. at SKlO jicr acre'.' 
 
 Ans. tvjirst, A 53333. 33.V. Ans. to second, SGG889.G3 -[-. 
 
 4. A farmer sold "L 540 of wheat at SO, and invested the jiro- 
 ceeds in coal at $8 per ton. How many niyriagrainmes of coal did 
 he purchase".' Ans. H! 3G741.835147 -|-. 
 
 5. AVhat will be the cost of a pile of wood M 42.5 long, IM 2. high, 
 .M 1.9 wide, at §2 per store '? Ans. S32o. 
 
 ,- ...--.-, :, .i^5r__A.';-ti4«^J:^!i*- 
 
80 
 
 THE METRIC SYSTEM. 
 
 8. 
 many 
 wheat, 
 
 [). 
 
 10. 
 
 r, IIow ...any .n.'t.rs of .l.irting, at S.'25 p" metre, must be 
 give. i.. exchange for -'L JJOO oats, at Sl.'iO per '""-'^J'^'J^^'^^ ^.^j^_ 
 
 7. A Ki-ooor In.ys letter at S.'iS per 11.., a..a sells it at !?,t;u per 
 kilogran...."e. Does" he gain or lose, and what per ee..; ■''■ 
 
 Alls. Lost i:ii]:\ >• 
 
 A lii.i of wheat measures M ". S((nare, an.l M "25 -leep. 11"W 
 hcetolitres will it contain, an.l what will be the cost (^_the 
 at S2 per bushel? Ans. ^.C^^b. $:5r.4(i.8.o. 
 
 What price per pounil is eriuivalent to $2.50 \m- -0 I 
 
 Aii.s. Sll.o4. 
 
 A merchant bought M 240 of silk at $2, and sold it at §1.95 
 
 per yard. Did he gain or lose, and how much V 
 
 ' Alls. <»ain Sjj.il.ol. 
 
 11 Find the measure of V 5" in decimals of a degree. 
 
 Alls. .00945. 
 
 1-1 \ mcrhant shipped to France 50 bbls. of cotlee sugar, each 
 co..tai..i..g 250 lbs., paying §2 per l.u,.dred for tra.,spo,-tation. He 
 sold the sugar at $.B4 per kilogra.nme, a.d invest.-d the pr.,cec. s m 
 l„.oadeloth at S4 per metro. How many yards of broadcloth d.d he 
 , , Ans. 45S.71 + yds. 
 
 i;{ The diflcrence between two angles is 10 grades, a..d their 
 sum is 45°. Fi..d each a..gle. ^ns 18° and 27 . 
 
 14 l)eter...ine the number of degrees in the unit of angular 
 measure when an angle of GO^ grades is represented by 20 
 
 Ans. 6 . 
 
 15 IIow many centiares of plastering in a house containi..g six 
 roo...s of the foUowh.g dimensi.3ns, deducting one-twelfth for iloors 
 wh.dows, and baseV and what would be the cost of the work at d8 
 ce,.ts per ectiareV First room, M 0.2 X M 47 ; «'-W romn, 
 M 4 52 X >I -I ; third room, M 6 X M 5.2 ; fourth room, INI ^8. X 
 M 3 82 ; fifth room, M 7 X M 0-2 ; sixth room, M 4.5 X M 4.'-o. 
 Heighlofeach room, M 3.8. ^««. ,Ayu8.940G4-. $212.40—. 
 
 The 
 Aiimi.M 
 
 ■■< iiiit 
 
 .""(■vrr 
 il'.hl III 
 •.rti'd. 
 
 I'liis • 
 witli pre 
 
15 por metre, must be 
 }v lu'ctolitre V 
 
 Ans. 1440 yds. 
 nil sells it at !?.<■>•» per 
 per een; . '! 
 Atis. Lost 'mi %• 
 md M '2.-) deeii. IT<>w 
 ,-ill be the cost of tlie 
 i(V25. $:5r)4(>.875. 
 $;2.50i.er-OY 
 
 V1//.S-. sn.34. 
 ;2, and sold it at SI. 05 
 
 Alts. Oain S31.81. 
 s of a decree. 
 
 Ans. .00945. 
 Is. of cotleo suj:;ar, eaeh 
 for transportation. He 
 invested tlic proceeds in 
 (Is of broadcloth did be 
 Ans. 458.71 + yds. 
 i is 10 gi-ades, and tlieir 
 
 Ans. 18° and 27°. 
 
 in the \init of angular 
 resented by 20. 
 
 Alls. 3°. 
 n a house containing six 
 ng one-twelftli for doors, 
 a cost of the work at 38 
 < M 4-7 ; second room, 
 ; fourth room, M 3.82 X 
 room, M 4.5 X M4.25. 
 [)40G4-. §212.40 — 
 
 PERCENT AGE. 
 
 Tlic follinviiiK pnfjcs on rfrcciitnKP nro tiikcii from Rotiinson's IIioiikr 
 Ai;miMi;ri( , ami will be found of jiructlcivl vuluf to the s'tuiknt iinJ tlic biisi- 
 ii'--< man. 
 
 Scviral pages, on tlie (lid'erent kinds of I'. S, Si'ciirUi'K, /iOkiAi, Trmnvrii Xolr.i, 
 ''•"I'l Investments, Cum my, I'yi-., with I'raitical H.vnniiilis, have recently been in- 
 •irted. 
 
 Tliis clmngo and addition will not interfere, in tlie use of the use of tlie book, 
 Willi previous editions of the liunie. 
 
 iviiv^i'-A^ii-Wr'fr 
 
^. i - gt awr - 
 
S T (' K S. 
 
 403. A Company is an assnciatinn of iiidiviihiiils Inr trio 
 jToseeution of somo industrial undiTtukinj,'. Companies may lio 
 incorporated or iinincorporatod. 
 
 46J. A Corporation is a body formed and autliorizetl )>} law 
 t(i act as a sin^'lc person. 
 
 403. A Charter is the lojral act of incorporation, and defines 
 the jiowers and obliirations of the incorjiorated body. 
 
 400. A Firm is the name under which an unincorporated 
 company transacts business. 
 
 j{„TK.— A iirii-iite banking oompary, or a mnnufiicturin); or cnmmeroial firm 
 is also callucl ii Il'mnf. 
 
 407. 'ri'i^^ Capital Stock of a corporation is the money con- 
 trliiuted ami employed to carry ou the business of the comjiaiiy. 
 
 408. Joint Stock Is the money or capital of any company, 
 incorporated or unincorporated. 
 
 400. Scrip or Certificates of Stock are the pajicrs or docu- 
 liients issued by a corporation, irivinf,' the members their vesjiectivu 
 titles or claims to the joint capital. 
 
 470. A Share is one of the equal parts into which capital 
 stock is divided. The value of a share in the ori;:inal contril)U- 
 (ion of capital varies in different companies; in bank, insurance, 
 iind railroad companies of recent organization, it is usually SIOO. 
 
 471. Stockholders are the owners of stock, either by oriirinal 
 title or by subseijucnt purchase. The stockholders constitute the 
 
 company. 
 
 XoTKS —1 The capital stock of any cnrporntion is limiteil by the charter. As 
 II I-enerul rule, (mlv n portinn is pui.l at the time of Bubsaiptiun, the residue 
 bung reserved fur future uulliiys or disbursements. 
 
:u 
 
 l-KIU'EXTAdK. 
 
 2. Whpn tl,o c»ril.>l "t"'-'' »'"• l"""" "" 1'""' '"• "'"""•'' '"vi ''7"7' • '^ "7';- 
 ,„n, l.y / .ur.Ml l.y .m.r.^'nj!,. ..1-. the l.r..,„.r.y. ili.' '--'« .»-ue,l l.r 
 
 ii,.;.. I..II.K- .mill.' tin- ii"i'i« r- <" » '■""•'' ••'"•; "' "'"•"■*[■ . , , 
 
 ■1 StM.kM, a. u i!r.,..r;,l na i.M'li'" tn lb.' mti,. mm.) l..,n.U ..f n c..rp.,rn ion, 
 
 t,.'p,v.T.nnrnl Ihhi.I^ iiii.l l.ul.lio Hvuriri.',., iiiul I., ull pap'T ri'lTen'iillng juii.l 
 cupilal (.r .liiiins ii|.<.n onrpdn.tr' ImmII. K. r. ii.r,,i. 
 
 4 TIh' iiirii.luTs (pf nil iiic.riiiinit.Ml .'uinpany aro mdiviaually liaHi- fnr t) •• 
 ,l,.l'l.« ana olilipilhiiis c.r 111.' (M.iiii.aiiv. I" iIk' ninmint ..f i.:rir inl.Tri.t nr ol"' k 
 
 i„ il„. , ,.„,,iv, ami In nil ^'r.■al.•r aiiiuiiiil. Hut lli" intiiitn'rB ol a liim or limi- 
 
 nr.' i.i.livi.lunllv lial.lo ('..r all tin' ili'l't- nt„l ..l.linatii.ns ..f llio f(.iii|.aiiy, without 
 lojiaia In lliu a'liiHiiiit <.f lli.'ir ^llarl! or inHT.sl in llu' c.iiicrrii. 
 
 Tlio ciili'iiliitiim^^iii'licrcontagc in stocks aro tivati'd in this worii 
 
 umicr tlic heads of 
 
 Stuek-jolljing, Afsscssments ami l)i\iiIi'nJa, and Stock Invcst- 
 
 nii'iii^. 
 
 sTorK-Jonnixo. 
 
 •I7r2. Stock-jobbing is the ImjinL' and scllin-; of stocks with 
 u virw til r.ali/.i' -iiiii rrmii thrir tIm' aiid fall in tlic market. 
 
 '1715. 'I'he Nominal »r Par value of stock is the sum In. 
 vliiiii the scrip or certificate is is^^iicd. 
 
 47-1. The Market or Real value of stuck is the sum fir 
 whiih it will sell. 
 
 47."5. f^tuek is At Par when it s.lls fir its first cost, or 
 
 iHiiiiiiial value. 
 
 470. ^'"ik is Above Par, at a premium or advance, when it 
 sflis for mure than its iinniiiial vtiliie. 
 
 477. Stock is Below Par, or at a di«coun; when it sells fur 
 
 less tiian its numinal value. 
 
 v,,r,.- —Wli.n tliP business of n. company pnys InrRe prolM to the Pto,k- 
 holikTs'.'tlie .took will lie worth more lliaf it- oricinal eost ; hut -.vhen tlie hu.-, 
 ne<i aoes not nay expenses, the value of the .«toek will lie less than its ,,ripi,;il 
 cost. The uver.iiie iniirkel vaiiie of Muck generally varies Uireetly as the r.itj 
 of profit which liie husiness jiays. 
 
 47H. A Stock Broker is a person who buys and sells stocks, 
 tltii.r for himself, or as the airent of another. 
 
 X„Ti- —A person cmploycil bv a manufacturer, wliolesnk- (tenlcr, or commission 
 tnJrelia'nt. to seek eust.niier.s iiiiil close luircains, at or from his place ol buBiness, 
 is eiilled 11 l.n,l.-e,; of the clas3 or kiuJ corresponding to his husiness. 
 
 479. Brokerage is the fee or compensation of a broker. 
 4SO. The calculations in stock-jobbing aro based upon th. 
 following relations: 
 
 ■ 
 
 -' '^ !rtsSfl|i(ft^*- — 
 
STOCKS. 
 
 35 
 
 iiinry iiiny li" niiM'il, if niri <. 
 
 juTly. 'lllf hiilliln liiKUUii I. r 
 
 ■rcM. 
 
 nml IhiimU (if II curponilinn, 
 I nil ftai'iT ri.'i>rviiL'iitiiig juli.i 
 
 ro iiiiliviilunlly liiiMi- fcir I) " 
 
 llllt irl' l.irir illllTi'l't IT ft'" k 
 
 ic iniiiilnTB (il'ii Unii nr liiiii-i' 
 iniin (.r till' Cdinliiiiiy, without 
 111' conciTii. 
 
 I uro tri'iitrd in tliis work 
 oiiJa, and Stock Invtsl- 
 
 1(1 scllin;; of stocks with 
 I'itll ill ill!' iiiiiikct. 
 of stuck is the sum In. 
 
 of stuck is tlic sum i'^r 
 
 Us for its first cost, or 
 
 Ilium or lulvancc, when it. 
 
 liijcouiii ^\llcll it .sells for 
 
 lys liifRO priiOM til the ptuiU- 
 ijliiiiil cost; lull '.vlicii llii; liii.-i 
 li -iviU Iju 1<'ss Itiaii its (iri(;iiiiil 
 iilly varies diri'illy as tlio into 
 
 :lio buys and sells stocks, 
 
 ithor. 
 
 wliolcsale (Ipnlor, or commission 
 
 lit or from liia |iliice of business, 
 
 iing to his liufiness. 
 
 cnsation of a broker, 
 biuy aro based upon th<" 
 
 I Tniiiiiim, discdunl, tiiid brokcrn;.'C iiff cnc]\ a prrrcntngr^ 
 
 |i.||||iUlcd upon (lie p.ir \;iiof of tlic stock as llir /»rs''. 
 
 li. Tlic niiirkct value of stock, or the jirocccils of a sale, is ilio 
 iniiniiiif or i/ij)'i n iiir, uccordinj: tis the sum is greater or le.s.>* tliaii 
 till' ]iar value. 
 
 NmTk 1.— In all ('xamplo? r.'lnting l' utork^, $100 will bo ronsiilcred n i^liarc, 
 uiilcsa utUvrwinu ululcii. 
 
 KXA>n't.F.S FOR rnACTICE. 
 
 1. "What cost !')\ .shares of Heading Railroad stock, at 4} '/o 
 
 |>i I'lniuin ? 
 
 fiPKiiATiov. Anai.v.-is. \\C tir>t 
 
 $.VIOO X .ti l.'i = 8-4;{, iircmiiun. c(iiii|niti' thi' pniaiiiin 
 
 ?JKJ(t + ?-l.'i = MV-i, Ann. ii|M,ii ilo' par \ahii' ni' tho 
 
 Or, stuck, ami llml it to Im 
 
 f)4(IO X 81.04.") = ?5t;4;i, An». ^-.H'' : H'MiiiK this to ilio 
 
 S.Vldl), wecilifaiii tlicccist, 
 i.r market value, l^.'il'il,'!. <lr, since every ilnllar ipf the stock will cnst 
 H jiliis the premium, or 1*1. Oh'), $.*>4ttU will cost o4(H» X !?l.(l4.j =3 
 fxi-lli. 
 
 L'. What do I receive for Itli sliares of tclcfrraph .stock, which a 
 lipiker .sells lor me at l.'i '^ discount charj,'injr 1 '/( hrokera;;e? 
 
 AsAi.vsis. .\i|iliii(; 
 the rate of iirokeraj;o to 
 tiie rate of ill.seoiiiit, we 
 lia\e .l.VJ.'i; hence i^l 
 will hriiij;8l— S.1.VJ')= 
 $.S47'), and l?;!l2(H) will 
 
 Ol'EKATION. 
 
 .15 + .OOiT) = l.'iL'.'S 
 ?1.U(.» — e.l."j:io = ^.XAlb proceeds 
 
 of 81 of stock. 
 'J200 X S.S47r. = 8-J71'.', Aus. 
 
 ring ;it200 X S.M475 = 82712. 
 
 '•>. J jmt 8:55400 into the hands of a broker to hi! invested in 
 iissouri State Bonds, when their market value is 1- '/, below par; 
 
 iw many shares shall 1 receive, if the broker eharoea k '/^ I'ur 
 IS .services 'i 
 
 OI'ERATIO.H. 
 
 81.00 — 8.12 = S.S8, market value of 81. 
 8 .8*S + g.OUi = .885, cost of 81. 
 8d5400 -V- .f<.^5 = 84UU0O = 4UU share.s, Ans. 
 An.\i,vsis. Since the stock is \'2 </r Jielow par, tiie market value of 
 ^1 is 8.S8 ; adding the rate of brokerage, we liuJ that every dollar of 
 
.30 
 
 rK.RCKNTA'M". 
 
 * ;L, 'Jo. The r«.. ..f l>r„.cr,.«. u. NVw Y„rU H.y iw. ..... ft... by eu,- 
 
 »'■?;, '^ir;;::::r.... .„. ; ;--•!):; r":"';:;::!^:::'".':^--: ^ S 
 
 4 What is the umrket value of 15 Ohio State b.,...!. at , . 
 
 Am. rlti!^"- 
 
 r, What .hull T realizo .,„ 20 chares of I'anuu.a railmul .tn,k 
 
 „, i:!-, V;.hrokera...-at 1| '/,'! :!"'•/-*,, 
 
 r, M^...-nthou,h, l;.rnHM20.haro«of^^^.(Vntvalr:,, 
 
 road stoek, imjin;. m '/. , and charging brokerage at i '/ juh.t 
 
 did tlie stock eust liie .' ,, , ■ 
 
 7, What cost :;.; shares in the Merchants' muk, at a prennum 
 
 of 7* '/, , brokerage J '//' . , ,, i i 
 
 8 A speculator invested $lVm in shares of the llarlen. nnl- 
 
 roah at a discount of Wl '/ ; »'"^^ "•''">' '^'"'"'^ ''''I '^^ ''">.,,., 
 (». If K)U shares of the Hank of Conuuerce sell for m)\A 
 
 what is the rate of prcnuum .' . ■ '!"'\ i\\ 
 
 10 \ broker receives ^IS447 to bo invested .n bonds ot tl. 
 Michigan Central railroad, at «).U ^/c ) how "'uch Htock cu» ho 
 h'lv iillo\vin<'lJ '/^brokerage? 
 
 'l M V a.-ut sells h:!U barrels of r,.>nesee flour at SO p.-r barr.l, 
 connniJsion 5 >/, , .„d invests the proceeds in st,,ck of tW IV.u,. 
 .ylvania Coal Con.pany, at H23 '/. , charging i % !or n.ak.ng tl. 
 T.urchasc ; how many shares do I receive I ^1 «■'• ' 
 
 12 T purchased IS shares of Ocean Telegraph stock, par va n 
 ?r,00 ,.er share, at a premium of 2 r/„ and «old tl'^';-'»;",i^;'^- 
 .uunt of 2S 7, ; what was my loss ? -l''«- «-7««' 
 
 NoTB 5. - The rate of loss i9. 02. +.28 -=.30, or. 30 »^. 
 
 13 A speculator exchanged 83000 of railroad bonds, at .) , 
 ai..count, for 27 .shares of stock of the SufTolk Ba..k, at d ^, 
 premium, receiving the difference in cash; how much money d,! 
 
 ^'i4.''a uierchant owning 525 shares in the American Exchaufc' 
 
 Hank 
 wiiril 
 
 •■nld I 
 
 It; 
 
 [ireni 
 
 17 
 
 comp 
 
 Mt !».") 
 
 ill.' > 
 
 IS 
 niiun 
 
 10 
 nf 10 
 jiurel 
 
 20 
 par, t 
 in trt 
 
 21 
 M <■/, 
 
 n</, 
 
 \anc( 
 
 2;! 
 
 lirok( 
 
 4J 
 
 i|;iire 
 
 '%> 
 meet 
 
 I I'dtit 
 
■,\n<) tho broVor rnn Jmv 
 
 rk city hnii l'""*" ««"' ^'J ""■ 
 
 fiiiinn "r iliKomint. tin- rule ! 
 ■ uf |iri'iiiiiiiii or (liKCiiuiil, ' )■ 
 lull iiiiiv require, 
 ■mill yrr ront. "f the y-"''. "J 
 iioii'il ul 101 ';, ; itioi'k ttt a ',) 
 
 io State boiulr* at 11- '/i •' 
 
 A,u. 81C.S0. 
 of Paiiuiiiii railniail ^tnik 
 
 An». 8-'»">6r>. 
 
 res of X. V. ('.Mitral nil- 
 lirokfra-i' at { '/, ; wlii' 
 
 Ann. ?'.t7r)0. 
 ants' l^aiik, ut a preiuiiini 
 
 hares of tlio llarli-in rail- 
 ly nliaros d'ul lu' buy ? 
 (iiiiuercc sell for ^lOlfiO, 
 
 Ans. i </,'. 
 invested in liomls of tli.' 
 liuw much Btoek eau 1^' 
 
 [icsec flour at SO r<'r ^'f""''' '• 
 eds in t^toek of the IV'iiii- 
 rj;in" i '/v f'^r mtikini.' tli-: 
 .J.V .Irts. 57. 
 
 Teleirraph stock, par vain 
 and sold the same ut a iW^ 
 Ans. 82700. 
 
 I, or .30*^. 
 
 of railroad bonds, at o '}. 
 he SuflFolk Bank, at SI ',: 
 ish ; how much money JiJ 
 
 in the American Exchan;.'' 
 
 STOCKS. 
 
 .•17 
 
 I?ank, worth I'U <^ , oxchanp'.'' them Cr I'liitod Stnlejt Imnd^ 
 wurili Kt'i '' ; how miU'h of the l.'itlcr sfo«-k doi-< he receive l* 
 
 l.'t. I purehii-ed I 'J -liiirc'* of slm k ;ii a preuiiiini ot" ft >/, , and 
 -'iiid the same nt ft lofls of AOft ; what wu* '^le sellitii: price? 
 
 Hi. llavinj: hoiiv'ht ?rttOOO stock in t'leCnniinl iiiiii', at "J '^fi 
 preiiiiinu, at wliiit [irii'o must I sell il, tu _ lin B2!)iW! 
 
 Ann. ]0i\ '/^. 
 
 17. A sprenlator houp;ht 2r)0 shares in a (^arson \'alley niinini; 
 company at lOl! '/, , and I 'il> sliares of the Western Hailmad stuck 
 lit !•.") '/(, ; he exchati^'ed the whole at tlie same rates, liir shares in 
 the N. V. Central Uailroad at Si) '/,., which he aft.Tward .suld at 
 h,') ^. How mueli did ho j^ain? Ans. ?2ri(i(>. 
 
 IH. I purchased stock at par, and sold fhi> same at '.\ '/,■ pro- 
 niium, thereby jrainintr 87^10; how many shares did I purcha.soy 
 
 1(1. A broker biin^rht Illinois State bonds at W',\ '/„, and .•<old 
 nt 10') '/(I. His prolits wuro d'2U); what wna the ninount of lii.H 
 
 [lurchiise ? 
 
 Aii^. 812000. 
 
 20. A man invested in mining stock when it was 4 '/o above 
 jar, and afterward sold his shares ut 5J '/g discount, lliti losa 
 ill trade was 87t)0; how many shares did he purchase? 
 
 21. ] invested 8('iS(U in (iovernment lionds at 10(1 '^^ , jiaynij? 
 Jl '/, bnikerafic, and afterward sold tiiu stock at 112 '/, , paying 
 ] ' '/ brokerajre ; what was my j^ain ? Ann. 8208. 
 
 22. How much money must be invested in stocks at 3 'y^ ad- 
 \aiicc, in order to jrain 8l!^0 by .sellin;,' at 7 '/„ advance? 
 
 'j;'). How many shares of stock mu.-jt bo sold at 4. '/u discount, 
 brukera!.'e J f^, to realize 84775? -I'w. -'lO. 
 
 INSTALLMENTS, ASSKSSMENTS, AM) mVinEND3. 
 
 4SI. All Installment is a portion of the capital stock rc- 
 i|iiir(il I'f the stockholders, as a jiayment on tiieir subscription. 
 
 .JS*}, An Assessment is a sum required of .stockholders, to 
 meet tlie losses or the business exjienses of the company. 
 
 '1H3. A Dividend is a sum jiaid to the .stockludders Irom tho 
 1 idlits of tho business. 
 
38 
 
 PF.nCEKTAnK. 
 
 484. Gross Earningc ar.^ all the moneys rcceivca from tl.o 
 rc"-uliir business oi' the eoinpaiiy. 
 
 4S.1. Net Earnings are the moneys left after paying expense., 
 hw.es, ami the L.terest upon the bonds, if there be any. 
 
 486 In ;1h! division of the net earnings, or the apportion- 
 ment of 'dividends and assessments, the ealeulations arc made by 
 ■;i„ding the rate per eent. whieh the sum to be distributed or a<. 
 ^e-e.i bears to tlie entire capital stock. Hence, 
 
 487. Dividends and assessments arc ix p,ranta<jc comput.u 
 upon the par value of the stock as the base. 
 
 EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 
 1. Tlie Long Island Insurance Company declares a dividend 
 ot G '/o ; vvhatlloes A receive, wlio owns 14 shares? 
 
 Analysis. Aecnrding to 
 
 orr.RATiov. 449. we multiply tlie baso, 
 
 $1-100 X .U0 = S8-4 ei40f\ by the rate, .(Hi, anil 
 
 olitaiu the dividend. S'S4. 
 
 '> \ canal company whose subscribed fun.ls amount to 8S4000, 
 rcpiires an installment of $0300 ; what per cent, must the stock- 
 
 holders pay? 
 
 AvM.vsis. Acoording to 
 orEKATiox. ^'^•^■^ ,. ., , . 
 
 cr-nn ■ j^JOno- 07 J 450. v.o divide the iii- 
 
 gO.,00 -r- ^4000 - .0/ * ,t,„,„,„t, s(iyuO, which i= 
 
 i^nrcntwie. by the ha,c, $84000, and ..btuin the rate, .OTA = 7J </o. 
 
 3 A nan owns 50 shares of railroad stock, and the company 
 has declared a dividend of 8 % ; what does he receive? 
 
 4 I own $15000 in a mutual insurance company; how many 
 .hares shall I possess after a dividend of G r/, has been declared. 
 
 ,', . , , V ^'l».s-. 159 shares, 
 
 payable in stock ! ,. . , , t- i - r/ 
 
 5. The I'ittsburgh Gas Company declares a dividend ot lo y< . 
 
 what will be received on 05 shares? 
 
 G \ received $000 from a -1 </, dividend; how much stock 
 ,. . ■, , Ans. $15000. 
 
 did he own i 
 
 24 
 
 J I --.JIiMB LAB]ilj-|, ■ 
 
STOCKS. 
 
 no 
 
 \i; nioiioys received from lli(> 
 
 rys loft after pnyuip: cxpcnso', 
 ds, if there be any. 
 't cariiiiiirs, or tlio apportion- 
 the ealeulations are muJe l>y 
 sum to 1)0 cHstributeil or as- 
 ck. Hence, 
 
 ts are a pirrmtoijc computed 
 he baAC. 
 
 rUACTICE. 
 
 Company declares a dividend 
 owns 14 shares? 
 
 Analvsis. According to 
 449, wo multiply the liaso, 
 SllOII, by the rate, .(Ki, ami 
 obtain the diviiloml. 8f<4. 
 
 •rlbod funds amount to 8S4000, 
 what iier cent, must the stock- 
 
 An'ai.vsis. Aeeordinfj to 
 450. v,e divide the in- 
 stallment, N(iL)tiO, which i= 
 oiitain the rate, .OTJ = 'ih f". 
 lilroad stock, and the company 
 what does he receive ? 
 
 A)is. 8448. 
 insurance company ; how many 
 end of % has been declared, 
 
 Alls. 159 shares, 
 y declares a dividend of 15 ^/i ■ 
 
 s? 
 % dividend; how much stock 
 Alls. ^15000. 
 
 7, The paid-in .npital of an insurance company is SooOOOO. 
 .ts receipts fur one year are S'l'.fJSO, and its losses and e.xjien.'^e.s 
 :'Av .?r)li40(>; what rate (d' dividend can it declare':' Aiis. H '/r. 
 
 «. The net earnings cd" a western turnpike are d'MU). and ll;c 
 iMiount of stock is 850000; if the company declare a dnidend 
 ,1' (i '/ , what surplus rev^Miue will it have? Aii^. 8-.)l). 
 
 II. The capital stock of the lioston and Lowell llailroad Co. 
 i. 818;!0000, and its debt is $450000. Its gross earnings for the 
 vrar 185S were 8407:!'.lO, and its expenses S-MTO-'l. If the coni- 
 piiiiy jiaid e.<penses, and intere.-t on its debt at 5i '/, , and roservod 
 ;i7^" what dividend would a stockholder receive who owned .'lO 
 d.ares? _ _ '<"- $-"0- 
 
 10. The charter of a new railroad company limits the stock to 
 .?HlO,000, of which :^ inslullnienls (f lO '/ . Ii5 '/ , and 35 '/,, re- 
 spectively, have been already paid in. The exi)en<litures in the eon- 
 .tiuction of the road have reached th" sum of 8540,000, and the 
 i-tinuited cost of completit.ii is 8400,0',:0. If the eomiiany call in 
 
 i'>iniian'(i 1,'usu ui uL'iii|injin'ii lo H. ., — •. - - ---1 ^ 
 
 (lie final installment of its stock, and assess the stockholders for the 
 remaining outlay, what will bo the rate % ? Ans. 17 J. 
 
 inainmg ouiiay, wiiuu \>iu uu im. •••■■i' /,v • -• -- 
 
 11. The Eaiik of New York, having 8150753.19 to distribute 
 ;„ the stockholders, declares a dividend of 51 '/t> ; what is iUl 
 amount of its capital? Aii.'^. 82,085,775 nearly. 
 
 12. The passenger earning.? of a western railroad in one year 
 were 8574375.25, the freight and mail earnings were 8f)43072.:;r>, 
 the whole amount of disbursements were 8051113.53, and tli' 
 company was able to declare a dividend of 8 % ! li"W much scrip 
 had the company issued? ^^"'- 870SG076. 
 
 13. Having received a stock dividend of 5 %, I fmd that I 
 .Au 504 shares; how many shares had I at first? Aiix. 4S0. 
 
 14. 1 received a G % dividend on Philadelphia City railroad 
 >tock, and invested the money in the same stock at 75 %. My 
 Mn, k had then increased to 81G200 ; what was the amount of my 
 I- ■ , ,0 A)u. 8000. 
 
 15. A ferry company, whoso stock is 828000, pays 5 % divi- 
 dends seua-annually. The annual expenses of the ferry tire 
 ildbO ; what are the gross earnings? Ans. 857 jQ. 
 
 i-iiilSSsi'Si^S^t 
 
40 
 
 rEl!Ci:XTA(il-;. 
 
 STOCK INVKSTMKNTS. 
 
 48S. Till! net ciiriiiiiKs nl" a oorporatioii are usui'lly <liviilii| 
 imidii;;- till! stocklioliliTs, in scuii-amiual tliviilemls. Tin- iufoiiio u( 
 cdjiiUil xtock is tlRMrfori' lluctuaiin.u, lieln,;^ ili'iiciuicnt iii"iii tlii' cuii- 
 ilitioii of liusiiR'ss; wliiii' \\w uwrnw Miisiiiji trmn hmtih, wlii'tln'i' nf 
 oovonmii'iit i)r corpDratidns, is fixoil, boitift a certain rate \w\- tent.. 
 ainmally, of the par \iilne. or faee of the biinils. 
 
 4S». Federal or United States Securities are of two kinil>: 
 
 viz.. IJimds anil Notes. 
 
 Bonds are of two kinils. 
 
 Fint, Tiiose whieh are jtayaljle at a fi.xeil ilate. ami are known 
 and i(noteil in eununereial transactions liy the rate of interest tiny 
 hear, thus, : I'. S. O's, that is, Tnited States Bonds hearinj,' ',', 
 interest. 
 
 S,r(,i,il, Those wliii-h are |)!;yal.le at a (ixcd date, hut whiih may 
 he [laid at an earlier siieeitied time, as the (Joverninent may eleif. 
 These arc known and inioted in eonnnereial traiisaitions hy a eonihi- 
 nation of the two dates, thus: l'. S. a-^O's, or a cianhinatini! of tli.' 
 rate of interest and the two dates, thus: U. S. (Vs -V-JO ; that is. 
 honds hearing '/, intere.st, whieh arc pnyahlo in twenty years, hut 
 may he paid in five years, if the Government so elect. 
 
 When it is necessary, in any transaction, to di.^tin.enish from eadi 
 other diflerent issues which hear the same rate of interest, this is 
 done hy addiin>; the vear in which they hccome due, thus : U. S. !> > 
 of 71 ; U. S.' ;Vs of 74 ; U. S, U"s o-'iO of '84 ; U. S. G's r.-iiii 
 of "S.'t. 
 
 Notes are of two kinds. 
 
 First. Tho.^e payahle on demand, without hitcrest, known a> 
 T'nited States Legal-tender Notes, or, in common language, "Green 
 
 Backs." 
 
 SiH-imd, Notes payahlj at a siiccilied tune, with interest, known 
 as Treasury Notes. Of these, there are two kinds, — Si.x-per-eent. 
 Comiiound-interest Notes, and Notes hearing 7,''„ ';, interest, the 
 hitter known and quoted in couunercial transactions as 7.30's. 
 
 The 
 
 iransat 
 
 The 
 
 'I'he 
 
 Will 
 
 1 i(iial i 
 
 nirren 
 
 for wh 
 
 The 
 
(Ill iire usui'lly diviilril 
 iIl'ikI.s. Till' iiiLMiiiit' 111' 
 l('|ic'ii(lcnt ii|"iii tlu' ciiii- 
 t'roui liiiiiils, wlu'tlicr nf 
 I certain rate \kv cent.. 
 ids. 
 ities are uf two kiiul- : 
 
 (1 (late, and are kiinwn 
 lie rate of interot tiny 
 :os Bonds hearing <> ',,' 
 
 :cd date, but wliidi ni:iy 
 (Jdverniiieiit may elect, 
 transactions liy a i-onibi- 
 , or a eoinliinatidi! of the 
 J. S. (Vs r)--20 ; that is, 
 ililo in twenty years, but 
 t >so eleet. 
 
 to di.-itinjrnisli from eadi 
 
 rate of interest, this i> 
 
 mo due, thus : U. S. W> 
 
 of "84 ; U. S. (j's r.-iiil 
 
 liout interest, known a- 
 inimon language, "Grevii 
 
 line, with interest, known 
 so kinds, — Six-iior-eeiit. 
 
 ii'S "I'o '/' !"*ci't^!^*> *'"^ 
 saeti(Jiis as 7.30's. 
 
 STOCKS. 
 
 II 
 
 The nomenclature here ex]ilaiiie(l is the one used in eoinmerci;d 
 transactions, which involve similar .-eciirities of States or eorporatiuiis. 
 
 'J'he interest on all honds is |iayalile in gold. 
 
 'I'he interest on notes is payaliie in Legal-tender Notes. 
 
 \\'licii Moiids or i^tocks are sold. :i revenue stam|> must lie used 
 I i(U.'il ill v;ilue to one cent on each sjllO. nr fraction of sjlKI, of tlicir 
 nirrcncy value. If sold Iiy a luuker, this is charged to the per.>^oii 
 for wlioiii they are sold. 
 
 The following are the jirinciiial United States Securities : — 
 
 iioxus. 
 
 r. S. ()"s of 1s(i7. 
 I'. S. (i"s of ]S(i8. 
 
 r. 8. (i'« of is«o. 
 r. s. ti's of isst. 
 r. s. .">"s of 1S71. 
 
 V. S. ;Vs of 1S74. 
 
 V. S. n-JIfs, due in ISS'2, interest 5 ffc- 
 
 v. S. fi-JO's, due ill 1SS4, intere.-<t (i </, . 
 
 V. S. iViO's. due in ISS."), interest (1 f/, . 
 
 v. S. KMO's. due in l'.H»4. interest 5 <}{ . 
 
 I'acific Hailroad (i"s (jf IS'.I,'). 
 
 I'acitie llailroad ti's of IS'.Hi. 
 
 -NOTKS 
 
 Coniiiouiid-iiiterest Xotes of lS(i7. 
 Compound-interest Notes of 1SI).':<. 
 7.:^(> Notes of lSli7. 
 7.:!0 Notes of 1SG8. 
 
 
-12 
 
 l'i;i!( KNTACi;. 
 
 orr.uATiiiv. 
 ... . . lo.t 1 ;..... .1.10 
 
 CASK I. 
 
 490. To find whut iiHM.tiu; any investment will pr..- 
 
 ' "l \viiat in.-.m..' will U ol.taiiu'.l l,y i.ivosting --OSlO in stock 
 
 lu'iiring tl '/,, uii.l imruliasiMl at U.') ',,' •' 
 
 Analysis. \\ oili- 
 vide the iiivestnii'iii, 
 
 ..,,..^ - ■ . silsiii, liv tlio cost ot' 
 
 !?7200 X -Uti = ^-^='-• """""' ""-■"""-■• SI, an.l obtain S7-Jon. 
 
 tl,e stock wlmh the investment vill ,..Mrl,ase, (452). An,l sinee th. 
 uic siuLiv >;-.,n() V oil =>^i;!-.', the annual 
 
 stoik bears (! '/,. interest, wo lia%e >'2'iO X -"i' — 
 ineomu obtained by the investment. Ilenee, 
 
 Ri;u,. _ /7/n/ //o»- much sforl: the inrestwn.f null ,,„rchns,', and 
 fl,m compute the income at th.' !,mn rate upon the par value. 
 
 F,.VAMri.i;S t'OK I'ltACTUE. 
 
 1. The tmstecs of a sel.ool invested S;5r.:574.S() in tl,o U. S. 
 5 <L bonds as a teael.ers' fund. i>ureluising the stoek at K^, J, ; 
 if .i,o .alary of the Prineipal be ^KIOO, what sum ^vill 1'^ [^^^ to py 
 ,, Ami. > _.).nU. 
 
 "Ttyoun, man. vecoivin, a lo.aey of S4^00.. invested ono^ludf 
 in r, 'L s'toek at l.r... ',' , an.l the other half in V' ^toek at l\1 1.. 
 ..yin^brokerageat:^ ',; ; what a.nn.al income did he sc.ur.,^-on. 
 
 his legacy 
 
 . l"havo :V23nO to invest, and can buy New York Central s 
 at So v; , <'f New York Ce.itral T's at 95 '/o ; l'"W much n.ore prot- 
 itablo will the latter be than the f..rmer, per year V 
 
 4 A owns a farm which rents for S411 45 per nnnnm. ^It ho 
 sell the same for SS22!), and invest the proceeds in U. S. 5-20 s ot 
 
 •S4 at 105 'X , Paying ^' '/ '"•"l^'-''-''S^'' ^^""^ ^''" y'"'"'^ '""""! ' 
 inereasea or diminished, and how much ! Ans. Increased b..(,.;.o. 
 
 5. A sold SS700 of r. S. 5-20's of "^4 at 104 '/,, pymg f;r 
 necessary revenue stamps, and invested the proceeds m U. h 10-4U > 
 at 04 ^/c, brokerage h % both for selling and buying. Did he gam 
 or lose by the exchange, and bow much annually ? 
 
 Ans. *4iJ.u2 — . 
 
 .8»] 
 
 -i\ ell 
 
 1. 1 
 
 |iU!cli;i; 
 
 f;;;i 
 SI 21 
 
 i'i'i|uiri' 
 .,1' I lie 
 i;i(;oo, 
 Hence 
 
 Ik I. 
 
 /'",'/•'-■ ■ 
 11. 
 
 nlW do 
 
 1. 
 
 iiivest( 
 •> 
 
 linker 
 
 :iiinua 
 4. 
 
 ticient 
 
 yield 
 
 iiiaiiid 
 
 >U1I1 o 
 
 U.S. 
 mnie 1 
 ill uac 
 
 -t-^m^^ji^simme^^s^:''-''-^--*'"'''''^*'^^^ 
 
 !»»**=«??*■ 
 
STO(. KS. 
 
 43 
 
 ivestmciit will pro- 
 
 csthig --(iS^O in Ktui'k 
 
 AxAi-Ysi*;. WtMli- 
 
 vide the iiivestnii'iit. 
 
 si;s.|(i, by tlio cost of 
 
 SI, aiul obtain -^T-Jiin. 
 
 (452). Ami slneu till' 
 
 .00 = SI ;!•_', the amiuiil 
 
 wilt w!U /lurcknse, and 
 ion the jiar ralue. 
 
 :e. 
 
 Br)aT4.S0 in tlio r. S. 
 
 tlie stoL-k at 10-2 .V f'/,. \ 
 
 t sum will lio left to imy 
 
 jw.s. S"-2r).(;o. 
 
 48000, invested one Imlf 
 iuC/; stoekatll2 <;{ , 
 omc did lie secure fioiu 
 
 Alls. S-2:):W. 
 
 y New Voik Central G's 
 ; ; bow nmcli more prof- 
 ■yeavV 
 
 1 4") per anrmm. If !•'' 
 iceeds in U. S. 5-20's of 
 rill his yearly income lie 
 {lis. Increased S.JC).^;'). 
 S4at 104 '/. py'"S ^'"' 
 proceeds in U. S. 10-40 s 
 iiid Imying. Did he gain 
 
 mally? 
 
 Am. S45.G"2 — . 
 
 CASE II. 
 
 ■ IIWI. 'J'u find uliiit sum iiuist bo invested tn ulifaiii ii 
 ^i\eii iiiCDiiio. 
 
 1. What sum mu.-t be invotid in \'iririnia ■"> per cent, boiids, 
 iiuicliiisalile at SO '^,' , to obtain an income of ^(JOOV 
 
 olT.liATIo.V. .V.NAI.Ysrs. Pince 
 
 s;;0() -f- .().-) zrr >i1-JtKM», stock re(inircd. ^^ "'' «'"' '•""'^ "''" 
 
 Sl-2tMI X .SO = ?<UtiOO, cost or investment. «'"''''> *■"•"' in'oinc 
 
 to obtain SHoo will 
 
 riiiuirc ;;;^i;oO — .0.") = >;12000, (Case 1). ]Mnlli|ilyiiig the jiar vahie 
 .,f tlio stock by the market jMice of 81, wo have $12000 X ■■'<i» — 
 ^iMloo, the cost of the reciuircd stock, or the sum to be invested. 
 Hence the 
 
 IJi i,i;. I. ])!rl(lf tli(> i/i.ru income by thf '/u w/ii</i the stuck 
 pays • ///!■ t/iiotinif irill Iw thf inn- riilite oftlif stock m/'iini/, 
 
 ir. Mii/tip/y t/ic par rahic of the storl; //// thr niarLii niliifl of 
 iiiiv dollar of the s'ork : the product will he thf iripdrvd invvstnaiit. 
 
 K.\A.M1'LK.S FOU I'UACTICK. 
 
 1. If Missouri State (Vs arc 1(5 % below par. what sum must bo 
 invested in tins stock to (ditain an inctmie of ^IHlO? 
 
 '1. What sum must I invest in U. S. iV'JO's of 'S-2 at OO'I '/, , 
 Krokcrage \ 'i[~, to secure an ainiual income of SlaOO. 
 
 Alls. $-20100. 
 
 :!. How much must I invest in U. S. 7-aO's, at 100 %, that my 
 annual income may be S17;V2".' Ans. $2.)440. 
 
 4. If I sell Sl.")(iO0 U. S. 10-40's at 07 *;,' , and invest a suf- 
 ficient amount of the proceeds \\\ U. S. ;V20's of "H.'i at 1(I7 <,[ to 
 yield an aiuuial income of Sr)40, and buy a house with tlie re- 
 iiiainder, how much will the house cost me'.' Ans. $.'t.)ll'2. 
 
 ."). Charles C. Thomson, through his broker, invested a certain 
 >uiii of money in V. S. G's n-'20 at 107 '/ , and twice as much in 
 r. 8. 10-40's at OS^ fj,, brokerage in each case \ '/,.. His in- 
 innie from both investments was $1()74. How much did he invest 
 in each kind of stock '.' 
 
 Ans. First kind, SlOGO-2. Second kind, 821384. 
 
 :-,tote*»ie*' 
 
it 
 
 I'KUCKNTAdi:. 
 
 (AfK 111. 
 W*i. To liiid wliiit \n'V relit, till' iiicoiiie i.s of the in- 
 vc.-tiiHiit, wliLii stork is imirlmse.l iit a given ]>rirp. 
 
 1. W'U-At \>i-v .Tilt, cf my invostimMit sluill I .secim' liy iiiuvli;i>l;i: 
 the Nrw Vdik T iicr ifiits, at lO.'i \i '.' 
 
 Analysis. Since 81 (if'tli<? ^tm k 
 <>I'i;i;a HON. will (w/ si.O.'), iiii<l /<(/// S."7, tlic in- 
 
 niuiit. Ilcmi' till' 
 r>ri,K. lYinihi ihi' atiiiiKil r«A- of iiiroiiir ir/n'r/i tin' stork I'cuis 
 1,11 f/ir jin'ce of the stuck ; the ijiwtiviil vlll bv tlm rate Kjwn the in- 
 
 I'VStlllVllf. 
 
 i;.\A.Ml'l.i:S KOIt I'liACTH'K. 
 
 1. Wliat percent, of Ills money will a man obtain liy investing 
 in C. per cent, stock lit lOS '/, V yl««. f);; ',;',. 
 
 '1. \\liat is tlie late of income upon moniy invotcil in H i"'i' cent. 
 
 lionds, luiicliascd at a difieouat of !•> '/, ': 
 
 Ans. 71 V • 
 
 ;;. J'aiiania riilroad .stock is at a pveniinm of -W}. '/, , ninl tlic 
 eliarire ioi- l.rokcra,i:-e IS 1 1, '/, ; wliat \vill lie the rate of inenmo on 
 an inveslinent in tlie.se fniuls if tlio .stock pay< a dividend of X\ ',, 
 nnmiailyV _ vI/'n. 0] %. _ 
 
 4. Vviiich is the lietter investment, to l)iiy ."I's , t 7t» ^/c, or 0.'' 
 
 lit SO '_; v 
 
 r.. ivhicii is the more prolital.le, to Imy S"s at 120 %, or Ti's at 
 
 '•";■• 
 
 (■(. AVJKit is tlie rate of income upon money invested m I . >. 
 7_:;()V at. km; ',; ? ^'"••«'- ''•;'//' • 
 
 7. Willi li i< till! lietter investment, V. S. Ti-'JO's of "Si at 
 IdSi r^ ,„. \\ S. lO-lO's at 118 '/, , and liow nnicli per cent, per 
 .nnnni'v ^1"^- »'. S. n-^d's. ■,^^^ %. 
 
 S. Jfa man invent slOOOO in V. i^. KMO's at (IS '/, , and ex- 
 cliaii.iics them at par for U. H. 7-30's at 102 '/, , wliat is liis rate of 
 
 ineoiiie '.' 
 
 *t. "What jier ct'nt of his money will a man gain by investing in 
 
 raeilic I'.aiiroad 0"s at lU.J '/^ V 
 
 191 
 
 i.liasei 
 
 1. . 
 
 Ill obtai 
 
 s.oi! -^ 
 
 Wvv 
 
 '.// t/ie 
 j.n'ro (>, 
 
 1. ) 
 
 vi'.-tiiiei 
 •) 
 
 io pun 
 
 iiieiiey' 
 
 !!. > 
 
 kut will 
 
 4. 1 
 
 'ived 
 
 lat pi 
 
 :>. w 
 id t; 
 .;. ) 
 
 when a 
 
 ;;it thi 
 S. 
 
 iieiit n 
 
 'f«aijS»5fe 
 
 ,i^ii!,Ui0>..~. 
 
 ± 
 
income is ol' the iii- 
 ;i givi'ii ]>riro. 
 
 s. SiiK'i; !~1 <it'lli<' stdi k 
 ,().">, iiiul i>ii!i S."7, tlif in- 
 
 ,. = (i§ '/, of till! iiivc-i- 
 lU-l.! till' 
 
 nil' irlilrli tin' t^locl Jintrs 
 hi' (III'- rale upon t/ic in- 
 
 CK. 
 
 uiiiii obtain liy investing 
 
 Alls. ;');; '/,.. 
 T invoti'il in I) i"'i' fcnt. 
 
 Jus. 71 V- 
 liuni of '.>\}. '/, , iuiil tl'c 
 <• till.' nito of inc'iinio I'li 
 |iay< a (iivideinl of ^I,. ',< 
 
 l)ny o's .1- 70 '^j,, or (Vs 
 
 • 8's at 120 %, or S's at 
 
 money invested in I . >. 
 Aiis. 0;!^ V'- 
 
 r. s. r)--ji»'s of "s-t at 
 
 I liow nuieli jier eent. jici' 
 '. S. r)-20's, -,«/','■. '/• 
 )-40's at OS '/, , and ox- 
 [I'J '/, . wliat is iiis rate of 
 
 . man gain by investing in 
 
 STOCKS. 
 
 15 
 
 (ASK IV. 
 
 •193. To find tlio ]irico nt which stock must he jnir- 
 I liiiseil to (d)ltiiii !i oiveii rate upon the investment. 
 
 1. Al wliat ]irice mnst (> |icr cent, stocks be jiun based in onier 
 !n obtain S '^/i inionie on tbe iiivestinenf.' 
 
 oCKUA I io\. Analysis. Since s-.ot;, ilip in- 
 
 ... n,. ,.^ ..._. come of >1 of tlic stock, is s ',, of 
 
 s.OI) -=- .OS = ^(.). , . , ,. . , ,„« 
 
 llie sum ]iai(l lor it, we lia\e, (449). 
 
 s.OC) -f- .08 = S75, tiie purcbase price. Hence, 
 
 I'l i,K. Dirii/r ihr iniiniiil nitr c/' iiiromr ir/u'r/i flir shir/,- Iriirs 
 'y l/ii' nifi' n'(/iiirc(/ mi llic inn stninil ; the ijiioliiiit irlll he the 
 l.rirc iij' the sturic, 
 
 E.YAM1'I.KS KOK IT.ACTICK. 
 
 1. AVbat nnist T pay f<ir (jiovernmcnt fi per cents., tbat my in- 
 vi^tment may yield S '^, i Ans. 02.1 '/, . 
 
 '1. .\t \vliat rate of disc.<innt nnist tlie ^'ernlont (> per cent. Imnds 
 I' piircliased tliat tlie person investing may secure ti] '/, upon bis 
 iiiuneyV Ans. 4 "}/ • 
 
 '■>. What ra'te of tm-mintn does 7 per cent, stock boar in tbe iiiar- 
 I't when an investment j)ays (1 '/, V 
 
 4. A speciibitor .invested in a Life Tnsnr;nice Company, and re- 
 I'ived a ihvidend of (> '^', , which was 8', ''/, on iii.s investment ; at 
 
 what price did be pnn'cliasi' V ..ins. I'l ''/, . 
 
 .'i. Wliat nui.'t I pay for U. S. 10-40's, that my investment may 
 .iid f. r/^l Ans. S:{.', ^,. 
 
 0. What rate of premium docs V. S. G's "i-'Jff bear in market 
 slien an investment |)ays "> c,' V 
 
 7. At wliat I'ate of discount must I' S. 7-'!0's be puicbased, 
 iiat the investment shall yield 10 % V 
 
 5. What mu.«>t I pay for govcruniont G's of 'SI, that my invest- 
 eiit may yield 7 % 'I 
 
^^ 1'EUCi:nt.\<;i- 
 
 GOLD INVr.STMr.NlS. 
 
 „::•.. ■.v».»™i,.,i r„ni„...v..,- --;;;;';.; 
 
 ^ , ■„,„.,, .1,,, «..,• ,.im,l»liiis m.'ilmn- "l..'!. M-y I'-". 
 
 ; ii:'i-:::;.::;iii4 >-^ .-»;'"":";:;;,.!;:::;;,::: 
 
 • ; S,li.,oiai...n,osnnolr.'tofmv.stn,o,...lu._s^^^^^^ 
 :: o„L.n.i.l lan,ua,. ,.l.ns n,..sontoa as v.^^ 
 
 f^m : . Im. ..oin.;.. tin. st:nulara of valu.^ .t .mno, va^^^ h- 
 
 V Hon i" i^.lu. nH.aiu,n .r.i.rnla.ion subs.i,u...a lor ,oia : l.. ;•.•. 
 
 :!;:Lu is nuae the stauaanl .1.110 UisviHually below l^ 
 
 CASK I. 
 
 To rliiin"-c trnl.l into ciirronry. 
 !;;:": J. ..0^0.. ..an l,e bought lov SI ^Om^oiavv^^^^^^ 
 
 »'l^' '=* •'' ^'" '"' ■ Analysis. Sm.cc, a aoliar of goUl i^ 
 
 '"■'•'■■'■'""'■ xvoi-tli *1.'0 in .unriu'V, thure can lu- 
 
 !^1.7() X I"'"' = ^-'''' as nianv tinu's SIT" of currency boi.-l.t 
 
 .. „,cn. arc .loHavs of .oH. Thcrcib,.. Sl.TO X U.O =^:i- i^ "- 
 
 an.ount of currency which can be .urchasca tor S.:.0 u> ,old. 
 
 ^//e >/((H/i<?r of dollars of gold. 
 
 o What is the value, in euvvent funas. of ^>^.\i_J^- ^vb^^ 
 
 "":! K Itri^ias ..;0n.. U. P. 10-40-s, what would bo Ins an- 
 „ual incouL in current funds if .old is at 157 '/. Ans. ^hL 
 
 4 V n.erchant purebasea a bill of .ooas for wlueh be was to ,u.v 
 .TOOo\:currency!or..500ingoia,atbiso,.ion. ^^ be .an 
 ,rh.ebyacc,,,in,tbe.tter,.oposit.n.^n^^;^^ 
 and bow much m currency .' 
 
 „f 'S.) 
 when '. 
 
 To 
 
 1. : 
 
 Lcinji 
 
 lUi 
 ■ > 
 
 i> at -J 
 
 >» 
 •I. 
 
 RT.t fl 
 
 ;inil :! 
 4. 
 
 rt'llts 
 
 ■^i:"-^!JixiJf^., 
 
cdi.i) i.\vi:.sTMi;.N'i> 
 
 47 
 
 ills (if KxcIkiii.l;!'. r>:iiik 
 fdV iiKiiu'V cmiili'Vi;"! m 
 
 „t' (•(.IllllinilltifS liL'tWlMM 
 
 er (•inMiliitiii,i< inciliiiiii :- 
 
 iVlMllllirllt >tallililVil. Ill 
 
 liuiii. wIkmi lii'ldw i»;n-. i- 
 im.l .mIv.t. If. tVnii) ;ni,v 
 iR>, »;« It liiis (luiic ill ill • 
 investment, tlic snuc ii- 
 r(>i)R'sonto(l as visiii,!: inil 
 hie. it ciiiiiint vary. '1 'i'' 
 bstituti'd for golil : '"'H''''- 
 curriMify. or ciiculatiii'j: 
 ■ivtually below i)ar. 
 
 It lor SI.'iO in gold wluu 
 
 .<. Since adoliarof jloUl I- 
 I in cnrreiK y, tlierc can \»' 
 OS $170 of currency boii;:'..! 
 1.70 X 1''0 == ^-■''' '* ''"■ 
 I for Sl.')i» in Jiold. 
 lar of <jold in nirrencn /,'/ 
 
 Is of ^;'250.47 f^oW. wlicn 
 
 Ans. S;>-jT..')4G— . 
 40"s, what would be his an- 
 
 ,157 %■? ^"s- ^■^'•■ 
 ods for which he was to |i;iy 
 t his oi»tion. Will lie s.m\\ \ 
 ion, gold being at l;{8?, ',, 
 Am. Lose $017.50. 
 
 f). 15uni;lit liroadcldtli C" ^•"i in gold, and .•^"Id the .snne f" >^1 in 
 iiiireney. I'id I gain or loi-e liy the transaction, and how nmcli [ler 
 ,rii'. ill currency, gold hcingat I K» </, ''. Aus. l.o.-t \\\ ',', . 
 
 (i. A broker invested ?^;JO(HI of ;;old in \ . S. (iV, wbidi were 
 worth Itl- \, in currency. What was liis animal income fioiii the 
 investment, gold liciiig at Kll '/, V and what the rate jier cent, '.' 
 Alls fii Jii-sf. s-^;!i;.}7. Aii.1. Ill /list. ;')!;■ '/, . 
 
 7. .\ gentleman iiivc-tcd slO.dUO, cnrrcnt fund,-, in \' . S. .'i -d's 
 nf 'S.'), at 104 ^/, . What will be his aiiiiiial income in currency 
 when gold is at l:!7 ';V Ans. ^71l0.:is,';,. 
 
 (wsi; II. 
 
 Til cliang-e curren(\v iiitu o()l(]. 
 
 1. How much gold can lie imrcim.-^ed for :;r7') current fund^ gold 
 
 iiigat 150 '/, ■.' 
 
 Analysis. A dollar of gold costSl.'jO 
 in currency, therdbre there I'an he as 
 many dollars of gold luu'chased (or S7."i in 
 currency as ^\.M is contained times in S7."i. 
 
 lIiLi:. Dii-iile the amowif in ciirreiKi/ ly the pr'irc of </i'l'i- 
 
 •1. What is the value in gold uf a dollar in currency when gold 
 i. at -Hy.i Vc? ^"*'- '^•^•*-A^:i- 
 
 :;. Gold being the standard, what is the rate of discount upon cur- 
 Ri;t funds when^gold is at i:!4 '^ , 150 '/, . 175 V' . 1^0 '/, . Iil5 %, 
 m\ :598 '/,, 'i Ans. to first, '1^ J '/,■ Ans. to /ii.^f. 74 1 ,',* f/, . 
 
 4. What is gidd iiuoted at when a dollar in currency is worth "20 
 «'iits ill gold, ;•>(> cts., 50 ets., 15 cts., 'J5 ets., and '2 cts. i 
 
 ... How many yards of cotton, at '25 cts. in g(dd, can be imrchased 
 fur s-250 eurrent funds, when gold is at 175 '/ V 
 
 Ans. 571, yds. 
 
 oi'::uArioN. 
 S75 -i- $1.50 = 50 
 
 and invested the 
 ivucceds in gold at 145 9^ , with which T bought l'. S. HMIfs at 
 
 (i. Sold S7800 7.00 Treasury Notes, at 105 '/, 
 
 jr.i) '/,: 111 KO 
 
 Id. Will my yearly income be increased or dimini.shed 
 y tiie transaction, and how much in gold '! Ans. Increased $78. 
 7. Which is the better investment, a bond and mortgage at 7 ^t, 
 ur U. S. 10-40's, gold being 134 ; and what per cent, in gold 'i 
 
m