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All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sont filmAs en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminent soit per la derniire pege qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iliustretion, soit par le second plet, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmAs en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iliustretion et en terminent par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — 4»> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END "), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols ~-ngrcF8, at Wasblnstou. All lihjltU Ikscrvtd. PREFACE. DruiNTi the year ISTf) I piiblisliod under title of TJtc Native l*acex of tlic Pacljlc States >vliat i)iirjM)rts to be an exliaiistive research into the cliaraoter and customs of the aborin'inal iidiabitants of the western ])ortion (;f North Anioi-iea at tlie time they were first seen b^' their subduers. The jiresent work is a liistoiy of the same territory from the coming of llie Euro- )>eans, Tiie plan is extensive and can be here but briefly ex- ])lainrd. 'I'he territory covered end>races the mIioIc of (Central America and ^lexico, and all Anglo-Amei'icau domains west of the Ilcjcky ^lountains. {''irst tj;ivi'n is a glance at Euroj)ean so(;iety, particularly Spanisli (ivili/.ation at about the ch)se of the fifteenth ccntiu-v. This is followed by a sununary of maiitime explora- tion from the fourth century to the year 15 10, with some notices of the earliest American books. Then, beiiinnincr uitli the discoveries of Columbus, th(3 men from I'^uropt; are closely followed as oin.' after another they find niid take possession oi' tin; enun- try in its several parts, ajid the doiuL^s of their f^ucGOSSors are chronicled. The result is a IIistouy OF Tin: Pacific Sr.vrKS op Xoutii Amkuica, under the followiu!^ j^eneral divisions: — Ilisfori/ of Cant ml .{nicn'ca; Ilistonj <>f Mexico; Histori/ of' the North Jf xicaii States; Ilisfori/ of Neiv Mexico and Arizona; W rREFACR. irisfory of Qilifornia; Ilisfon/ <>f Xcvdd-i.; IT/y.!:>rif of Ufdh; IL'.';fon/ (f the North nrst Codst; Jli^tcit/ of Orc'jon; IlUonj of Wash'iwjtoii, Idaho, and JJoit- tnna; Jlistori/ of Brlthh Culiunhia, and JIi:rovinces, and later to each o{' the federal niid in, hut the annals of the several Central Ameiican and ^[exiciin ]^-T'ovinces and states, both before and after the llevolution, run in n'roovcs too ncarlv paralli;l lon-j^ to coumiand the attention of the g'cneral reader. Jn all tlie territorial subdivisions, souilu rn as well as northei-n, I. treat the lie^inninc^s and cni-liest de- velo[)ment more exhaustively than later events. After the Conquest, the histories of Central America and Afrxico are presented on a sc;de sulliciently conqire- hcnsive, but national rather than lo'-al. The nurth< in rnnFACR. Ml ^Mexican states, liaving liad a more varied cxpori- enco, arlsiiifj; from nearer ccmtact with progressional events, receive somewhat more attention in n-tj^arcl to detail than oilier parts of tlie rrjuiMic. To the Pacilic United States is devoted more spa<"e com- ])aratively tlian to soutliorn rei^ions, California bciii^j reo-arded as the centre and culminatin'jf ])oini> of this liibtorical iield. For the Ilistori/ of Central America, to whicli this nuist serve as special as well as general intro(hicli( tlie sub- ject fell into my hands. ]\Iuch of the material used by me in writing of this veiy intcr(}sting [)art of l!io world lias becni drawn from obscure sources, froMi local and unknown S[)anish works, and from tlio somewhat confused archives of Costa Kica, Hon- duras, Nicaragua, Salvador, and Guatemala. ^Material for the history of western North Aiikm'I a has greatly increased of late. Ancient manuscripts of whose existence historians have never known, or whioh were supposed to be forever lost, have bci a brought to light and printed by patriotic men and intelligent governments. These fragments su[)j)ly many missing links in the chain of early events, aiid illuminate a multitude of otherwise obscure parts. -^[y ellbrts in gathering material have been con- tinued, and since the publication of The Natire Jiac<.'i liilcen thousand volumes have been added to my col- VIII PREFACE. lection. Among these julditlons arc hound volumr-.s of orii^^inal documents, copies from puluic and private ai'cliives, and about eight hundred jnanuscrii)t dicta- tions ])}' men \vho j)layed their i)art in creating the liistory. Most of those wlio thus g-ve me their testi- mony in person are now dead; and the narratives of their ob.servations and experiences, as they stand re- enrded in these manuscript vohimes, constitute no unimportant element in the foundation ui)on which the structure of this western history in iis several parts must forever rest. To the exp(>rienced writer, vho miglit otherwise regard the completion of so vast an undertaking within so apparently limited a period as indicative of work supcriicially done, I would say that this History was hegun in 1SG9, six years before the publication of T/ic Native Races; and although the earlier volumes of tlic nveral divisions I was obliged for the most part not only to j)lan and write, but ^o extract and arrange my own material, later I was a ie to utilize the labors of < )thers. Among these as the most faithful and efficient I take i:)leasure in mentioning ]\[r Henry L. Oak, Islv William Nemos, ]\Ir Thomas Savage, Mrs Frances I'uller Victor, and ]\Ir Ivan Petroff, of whoui, and of others, I speak at length elsewhere. Of my methods of working I need say but little here, since I describe them more fully in another place. ^J'hcir peculiarity, if they have any, consists in the employment of assistants, as before mentioned, to bring together by indices, references, and other de- vices, all existing testimony on each topic to be treated. ] thus obtain important information, which otherwise, with but one lifetime at my disposal, would have been PRKFACE. is Ixyoiul ronti'»>I. Coiiipletciioss of cvidciicc l)y no iiK.'uim insures a wiso tkcisiou from an im-onipotont JLidj^u; yet tlio wise judi^o j^huUy avails hinisell' of all attainable testin:.M,v "•'. lias been my j)U!j)ose to,i,'ivo in every instance due cn:dit to sources of information, and cite freely such conclusions of other writers as (liH'er from my own. 1 am more and more convinced of the wisdom and necessity of such a cou?"se, l>y which, nu)reover, I aim to impart a certain hibiiojfrapliic value to my work. The tletail to be encomjtassed aj)- pearetl absolutely unlimited, and more ^';an Muce I despaired of ever completiuL? my task. i'rep^raS .y invest i'/;:' ion occupied tenluld more time i,L^:i the writing. I doom it |)roper to express briefly my idea of what history should be, and to indicate the general line of thought that has guided nie in this task. From the mere chronicle of happenings, petty and momentous, 1;> the historico-philosophical essay, ilhistrateil with here and there a I'act sup[)orting the writer's theories, the I'ange is wide. Neither exti'ejuc meets tlie re- quirements of liistcjry, however accurate the one or brilliant the other. Not to a million minute })hoto- gra[)hs do we look for practical iul'ormation res|)ecting a mountain rangi-, nor yet to an artistic painting of some one striking feature for a correct desciiption. From the two extremes, eciually to be avoided, th(j true historian will, whatever his inclination, lie im- j.'clled by j)rudcnce, judgnuiut, and tluty from theory toward fact, from viviil coloring to\vard photograpliie exactness. Not that there is too nnich !)i';'liancy in current history, but too little fact. An iiccurati; record (jf e\ents must fi)rni the foundation, and largely tho Ui.vr. t'l.M. Am., VuL. 1. a , X PREFACE. .suporstrnctiirc. Yet events pure and simple are l>y no means nioi-e important than the institutionary de- velopment which they cause or accompany. ]Men, institutions, inqual care, I may add that I liave at- tached more than ordinary importance to tlie matter of iniM'lianical arnmgement, by which througii tilh>- jxages, chapter-hea(Hng.s, and indices the rea(K'r m,iy ex])editiously refer to any desired to])ic, and fin 1 ail that the work contains about any event, period, ])Lace, institution, man, or book; and above all I have aimed at exactness. Wo hear nuich of the philosophy of liistory, of the science and signification of history; but there is only one way to write anything, whicn is to tell the truth, jilainly and concisely. As for the wi-iter, T will only say that while he should lay aside lor the time his own reli-'fion and iiatriotism, he should be always ready to recoirnize the inlluencc and weigh tin} value of tl)(j religion and patriotism of others. The exact histo- lian will lend himself neith"r to idolatry nor to dt;- ti'action, and will positively ilecline to act either as the ohamj)ion or assailant of any ]>arty or ])ower. l-'riendships and emnities, loves and hates, h" will throw into the crucible of evid«'nce to be relined and cast into forms of unalloyed truth. He must Ik; just and humblt'. 'i'<; clear judgment he nmst add strict integi-ity and cntholicity of opinioi\. Ever in mind should bi^ th(^ oi'cult forci's thyt mny(> mankind, and tlu> laws by whirh ar*^ fni'inulated Ix liel", censcienee, and character. The actions of men are ;''o\-iiued by ]»ro\imate states of mind, ami these ni-e generated both from antecedent states (A' mind and antecedent states of l)()dy, influenced by social ans of nature; nor sliouUl he forget that standards of niorahty are a. freak of faslilon, and that fi'oni wronufs bcLTotten of necessity in the wcnub of ])roiTi'oss has been l)r;)iight fortli rin'lit, and hkewise ri-'ht lias euLTendered wi-oii'-'s. He should remember that in the worst men tlai-e is much that is good, and in the best much that Is bad; that constructed upon the present skeleton of human nature a pi.'rfect man would be a monster; nor slmuld lie forget how much the world owes its bad men. IJut alas! who of us are wholly free from the efiects of early training and later social atmospheres ! Vv'ho of us has not in some degree faith, h()[)e, and charity! Who of us does not hug some ancestral tradiuoii, ( r rock some pet theory ! As to the relative importance of early history, hero and elsewhere, it is premature for any now liNipg to judge. Beside the Woody battles of anti([uity, the ^sieges, crusades, and wild convulsions of unfolding civilization, this transplanting of ours may seem tame. Yet the great gathering of the enlightened from all nations ii})on these sliores, the subjugation of the wilderness with its wild humanity, and the new ('mi)ire- modelliuLr that followed, may disclose as deep a sig- nillcanco in the world's future as any dis[)lay of army movcincnts, or dainty morsels of court scandal, or the idiosyncrasies of monarchs and ministers. It need not bo recited to possessors of our latter-day liberties that the [ieo[)le are the state, and rulei's the servant^. It is historical barbarism, of which the ITomoric poems and Carh)vingian tales not aVnw are guilty, to throw tiic masses into the background, or wholly to ignore rniTACE. Xlll ect, or uiture ; )"■ arc a. ten of ^TOU'-'S. here is is bad; liuuum should 11. l]at ccts of v;ho ;liarity ! lion, * r I'V, lun-c 1 vii";- to i lly, the 1 I folding 1 u tamo. 1 roiu all ■..■ of tho i (iuplro- i a sIl;-- 1 )l" army , or tlu; 1 It uood 1 il)ortio.3 1 M \ aiit-^. m • IiOi'lUS jjl tlirow ■ 1 ii'iiorc v,3 v them. "Ilcureux le pouple dont Tliistoire ennuie," is an oft repeated nphorisni; as if deeds diabolical ^vere the only actions wortliy of I'ecoid. ]>ut we of this new western development are not disposed to exalt brute battli!i;jc overmuch; as for rulers airl r or ex- amine the structure and operations of religion?*, society refmenients and tyrannies, class aflinitios a-id antago- nisms, wealth economies, t!ie evolutio!!-^ d' arts and industries, intellectual and moral as well as :v'sthetio culture, and all domestic phenomena willi their honulyjoys and cares. For these last named, even dov/n to dress, or the lac'k of it, arc in part the man, and the man is the nation. With past hiotory we may become tolerably familiar; but [)rcscnt devel ^pmcnt-; c so stran'jTO, their anomalies are so startliirr to him ar 'o^' who attempts to reduce tluni to fm-m, that h.c is wdl content to leave for the moiiient tlie grosser extrava- gances of antiquity, liowsoever nuieh sup .i'i. r in in- terest they maybe to t!i'' average mind. Yel in ilie old and llie new we may alike from tlie abstract to the' conci'u'te note the gonesis of history, and f>'>m tho concrete' to the abstract reu'ard th" analvsis oi' liisioiw. Tlie historian should be able toanaly/.e and to ";,;neral- ize; yet his path leads not alone tlirough the enticing lields of spectdation, nor is it liis only provinei; to jihiek" tlie fruits and tlowers of pliilosophy, oi- t » blmv brain l»nb1>les and weave the(»rems. He m: t j.lofl along the rough highways of time and deNelMjiment, and out of many entau'j'lements brin--- tin; vi!:d faefs of hi.dory. And therein lies th(> richest leward. " Sludv-pcre's capital di.scovery was this," says Ed- XIV PREFACE. ward Dow Jen, "that the facts of the world arc worthy to command our lilghcst ardour, our most resolute action, our most solemn awe; and that the more wo penetrate into fact, the more will our nature be quick- ene 1, enriched, and exalted." That the success of this work should bo propor- tionate to the labor bestowed upon it is scarcely to be expected; but I do believe that in duo time it will bo generally recognized as a work worth doing, and let mc dare to hope fairly well done. If I read life's lesson aright, truth alone is omnipotent and immortal. Therefore, of all I wronixfullv olfciid I crave before- hand pardon; from those I rightfully offend I ask no meicy; their censure is dearer to me than would bo their praise. I worthy esolutc lore Avo 3 quick- CO]^TEXTS OF XniS VOLUME. propor- rcoly to c it will ng, luul lad life's iinorial. beforo- [ ask no k^ould bo CHAPTER T. IXTRODUCTIOX. SPAIN' AND CIVILIZATION AT Till; LKIIINNING 111' THE .SIXTKKNTH CKNTrRY. PAUE, G<-'ncral Muw — Ti;iusitiou from thu Olil to the Xijw Civili/ation — His- torical Skcti-'h of Spain — Spanish Chiinictcr — Spanish Society — I'niniiiicMit Fiatuns of tlic A^^'n — Doinchtio Matters — Tliu New World — Comparative Civilizations and Savagisiiis — Earliest Voy- ages of Discovery i CHAPTER II. COLfMIirS AN1> HIS UISCOVEKIES. 1492-1500. Early Expcrirnccs — The Onnpact — l^iulinrication at Palos — The Vny- a,i;e --I iseovcry of Land— Unfavoralile Comparison wiihtlic I'aradiso of Marco Polo — Cruise among llio Islands — OncXature l'^v( ryulieri' — Desertion of I'iuzon — Wreck of tlie Santa Maria — Tlin I'ortre^s of La Xavidail Krerted — lleturn to Spain— ]ii^;lit.s of Civilization — Tiio Papal I'liill of Partition — Fonsi^ca Appointed Superintendent of the Lulirs— Second Voyage — Xavidad in Paiins— Isahela Ivstahlished — Discontent of the Colonists— 'explorations of the Interior — Coasting (. ' ■ :u\ Discovery of .Jamaica — Failure of Columbus as Governor — Ii. Ui- ourso with Spain — Destruction of the Indiana — Covernmcnfc of the Indies — Diego and Dai-tolome (,'olon — Charges a'_'aiii:st the Admiral — (.'oinmission of Inquiry Ajipnintcd — Second Hetuni to Spain — Third Voyage — Trinidad Discovered — Santo Domingo Founded— The Koldan Pvchcllion— Francisco d(! IJohadilla Appointed to Sii|Hrscdo Coluniliua — Arhitrary and Iniipiitoiis Conduct of Boliadilla — Columlms Sent in (Chains to Spain l.Vi CHAPTER III. niSCnVJ'.RY Ol" DAHIKS. I."i()0-lo0_'. Hodrigo de P.astidas— Kxtcnsion of New World Pri\ ilcges— The Pvoyal Share— Juan de la Cosa— Ships of the Early Disco\erei's Coasting [xvl XVI COXTEXT.S. PACE. Daricn — Tlio Tcrrihic Torctlo — Wicckod lon and his llistiuy — Ovando Denii^j the ICxjicdition I'.ntrance to Santo I)omin;^o Harbor — Colnm- l)us Sails \\'est\varil— Strikes the Shore of Hondunus near Ouanaja Lslaad— Ili;!y Auuriixui Cartogr-.phy— Colundms Coasts Southward to the I>arien Istlnnns— Then lietin-ns and Attempts Settlement at \'era;jna — Driven fhenec, his Vessels are WrecUeil at Jamaica — There mid.it Starvation and Mutiny he Uemains a Year — Then ho Reaches Ksj.anola, and linally Spain, whore he shortly ai'tvrward Dies — Character of Cohnnhus— His Biographers '202 CIIAPTEPt V. AUMINlSTliATIO.V oi- TlIK INMIKS. M!)2 I.VJ(i. Colundms the Rightful Ruler — lua-.i Ai^'nado — Francisco de r-oUadula — IS'ii'(j!a:f de Ovando — Santo Domingo the Capital of tlie Indies — Extension of Drgani/ed (lovennnent to Adjacent Islands and Main- land — Resideneias — Gold Mining (it Fspanula — Race and Caste in Government— Indian and Xcmi Slavery— Cruelty to the Natives — Siianish Sentimentalism — I'acilieation, not Comiuest — The Spanish JMonareliK always tlie Indian's Friencis — liail Treatment ilae to Dis- tance and Fvil-minded .'V^rents — Infamous !>(.iiigs of Ovando — Rejiartiunentos and Fncomiendas — The Sovereii^n^? Inteniiniiu','o wiiii.'Ii < Iradu.illy As.^umes all the Fuuclions of an -\udiencia, and as such I'iiially (eiverns the Indies — Las Ca^as in Spain — Tlie Consejo de ludias, and C.isa di' Contrat."cion — Legislation for the liuli^s L'47 CONTEXTS. xvii CHAPTER VI. Tir". r.OVnUN'MF.NTS ok NTKVA AM>AI.r(i.\ and CASXtLI.A I)I".I, ORO. irjOG-i.jio. PAOB. Tiorra Firmc Tljnnni Open to Colonization — Rival .Applications — Alonso do (J'rila .\ppijiiitLd (lovcnior of Niieva Amlahuiu, ami Diijo ilu NiciKsaof (.'a.stilli ilcl (Jio — Ilostilo Atlitudi.iof thu llivals.iL Santo Domingo — Ojeila Kinliarks for Cartagena — Jjuiltlstlii' Fortress of San Si.ba:itiiin — Failure anil Death — Xicuesa Sails from Vcra^'ua— Parts Cuiiipiiuy witli lii.i FKct — lli.s Vessel is Wrecked -Passes N'eragua — Conliucd with ids Starving Crew on an Island — Suocor — Failure at Veragua — Attempts Settlement at Nombrc do Dios — Loss of Ship Sent to FspiLiiola for Relief — Ilurrililo SuH'erings — ';il»lii);:r;ip!iical Notices of Las Casas, Oviedo, I'uter .Martyr, Gomara, and ilcrrera — Character of the Early Chroniclers for Veracity -89 CHAPTER YII. y. SriTLKMKNT OF SANTA -MAKIA I)i; UA ANTICJl'A UKL UAlw lolO-l.'jli. Francisco I'izarro Abandons San Sebastian — Meets Enciso at Cartagena — ]Ic and hi.i Crew Look like Pirates — They arc Taken bark to San Sebastiuu — Va: eo Niifie/. de Lalboa — T)o;irds Ihieiso's Ship in a ( 'n.-k — Arrives at Sau Sebastian — The Spaniards Cross to Darien— 'I'Im' Uivcr iind llio Xajiie — C<.'niaco, Caciipie of Darim, Defeated — Foiunlin^; of the Metropolitan City — Prestn, Change! The llMinbre ilclC.isco Up, tho liachiller Down— Vasco Nunez, Alcalde — Nature of the Oliice — llegidor — Coliacnareii, in Search of Nicuesii, Arrives at Aiuigua — llo Finds Ilim in a Piliable Plight -Anti .'ua Makc-j Oveitures to Nicuesa — Then Ilejccta Ilim — .\nd Finally Drives Him Forth to Die— Sad End of Nieucaa 3Jl CHAPTER VIII. lACTIONS AN1> roIiAilINCH IN liAKIlS'. loll I.Jl.J. Tho Garrison at Xoinbrc do Dios— Subtle Diplomacies— V'asoo Xuucz Assumes Conuiiand — Fnciso, his Lifo and Writiri's- The Tnwn and the Juil— Jlights of .Sanctuary — Valdivia's Voyage— Zamudio's dlission — I'.NpiiIition to CoilMi — Carcta (lives Va>-eo Nuno/ his Daughter— Pi mca IMudshed— Jur;i, tho Savage StateoUiaii— \'i it of the Spaniards to Cnuiagro— Panciaco Tells Them of a Southern Sea— The Story of Valdivia, Who is Shipwrnknl and lia'.eu ljy Canniba's— Vasi'o Xufiez Undertakes an li!i;ious Pilgi image, to the C-olden Temple of Dabaiba — Conspiracy lAirnuil by tin' Natives to Destroy Antigua— Fidvi.v i/ivulges tho Plot — Darien (Jnieted— Vasco Nunez Receives a Royal Connnissiiju— Serious ('harges — Vaseo Nunez Resolves to Discover the Southern Sea befure He is Prevented by Arret :!;)7 xvui CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. DISCOVEUY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. lol3. PACE, Departure of Viisco Nunez from Antigua— Carcta's Welcome — Difricultics to be I]iieouiitereil — Treacherous Character of the Country —His- torical I'.loodliounils — Ponca lleconcileil — Capture of (j>uiire(iu:'i — First View of the Pacilio from the IIei:^'hts of Quarei|ua — The Spaniards Descend to (,'hiapes — Take Formal Possession of the Soutij Sea — Form of Taking I'ossession — The Names Soutli .Sea and I'acilio Ocean — Further JJiscoveries — I'erilons Cauoc Voyage — (iold and Pearls in I'rofusion — Tunmco I'jiciliod — The Pearl Jslands — Tlio Ucturn — Teoca's Kindness — ''onca Murdered — Pocorosa Pacilied — Tubauamii Vanquished — (Jold, (Iold, Gold — Panciaco's Congratula- tions — iijrival at Antigua 3.">8 CHAPTER X. PEDUAnUa DA VILA A.'^srMES TlIK (iOVKHNMENT OF D^UUEN, i.-.i4-ir.i.".. IIow the Discovery of a South Sea wius llegavdcd in Spain — The Ene- mies of Vasco Nunez at Court— Pedrarias DAvila Appointed (Jov- ernor — Departure from Spain and Arrival at Antigua — Arliolandia in Spain — Pedrarias Persecutes llalboa — Tlie King's Iiei|uireinent of the Indians — Juan de Ayora Sent to Phmt a Line of Fortresses between the Two Seas — Which Work lie Loaves for Wholesale llubbery — liartolome Ilurtado Sent to IJring in the Plunder- Dis- astrous Attempts to Violate the Sepulchres of Cenu — Expedition of Tello dc (luzman to tlie South Sea — The Site of Panam;i Discov- ered — 'i'lie ( lolden Temple of 1 )aKdba Once ^lore — ( Jiispar tie Morales and Francisco I'i^ai'ro Visit the South Sea .'JSG CHAPTER XL DARIEX EXl'EUrnoNS rNDEIl rEDKARL\S. I5ir)-i:.i7. Gonzalo dc Badajoz Visits the South Sea — UTiat lie Sees at Nombrc de Dios — Ilia De^ilings with Totonagua — And with Tatarachcrubi — ^Wives at Nata — The Spaniards Catlier nnich Cold— They Encoun- ter tlic I'u'doubtable Paris — A Desperate Fight — Badajoz Loses iiia Cold and Kcturns to Darien— Pi'drarias on the War-patli — lie Strilvcs Ccnii a lilow of Itevenge — Ada Founded — Tlio Governor ]\eturns III to Antigua — Ex])edition of ('aspar de Espinosa to the South Sea — Tiie Licentiate's Ass — Robbery by Law — Espinosa's llclation — A liloody-lianded Priest — E.--pinosa at Nat;i — He Courts the Accpuiint- nnce of Paris — Who Kills the Ambassadors — Ilurtiido Surveys the Southern Seabniird to Nicoya — Paaam:l Founded — An Aboriginal Tartarus — lleturn of Espinosa's Expedition ■ill COXTKNTS. x!x J.-8 r.sG CHAPTER XII. THE FATE OF VASCO NUSEZ DE BALBOA. irilfl-1517. PAi'.B. AlT.iirs lit Antigua— Different Qualities of Pacification— Complaints of Vasco Nufic/ to the King— A New Kxjicdition Planned— Vasco Nunez Made Adelantiulo and Captain-general of the South Sia— IVdrariaa Keeps Svcnt the Appnintiiieiit— lleconciliatiou of liillxia and Po- di-arias— Hctrothal of Dona Maria — Vaaoo Nuacz (Joes to Aela — Massacre of Olano— The Mniiioipality of Ada Kstahlish.-d— Mate- rials for Ships Carried aeros-! tiie Monntain-i— Dillioultic^, P.rils, and Mi'i-tidity — I?iiU)oa at the Pearl Islands — Pnidietion of Micer Coilro, the Astrologer— Uiiniorei I Arrival of a Xew governor at Antigua — Meditated 'A'asion of New Authority — 'I'lie Infamy of Garabito — Vasco Nunez Summoned by Pedrarias to Aela — His Journey thither — Trial and Kxeoiitiuu -l^l- CnAPTER XIII. DECLINE OF Sr.VMrill SETTLEMENT O.N TUE NOIlTil COAST. 1517-10-23. Dinhonosty the Best Policy — Pedrarias Stigmatized — Tlis Authority Cur- tailed — Quevedo in Spain — lie Encounters Las Casas — The IJattle of the Priests — Ovicdo Knters the Arena — P.u.siness in Darien — 'I'ho Interoceanie Koad Again — Its Tenaini — Pedrarias ami l^spinosa at Panama — The Licentiate flakes another llaid — The l'"riars t)f Sfc .leronie have their Kyo on Pedrarias — The Cabildo of ^Vntigua Shakes its Vinger at llim — Cxiutiuued Attempts to Oepopnlate tlie North Coaiit — Albites Builds Nombre de Dios — Lueliy i^iei^iliate — Arrival and Death of Lope dc Sos-a — Oviedo Returns and Does Battle with the Dragon — .:Viid ia Beaten from the Field 4tiO n to their Ships — Niiio'a Voyage to Fouaectt Bay — Return to Panatn.l 47S uiiaii! COXTENTS. CHAPTER XV. sPA.Ni;;ii UKpniiDATio.Ns luirsi) j'.vnamA n.vY. European Settlement on the West Coast of America — Progress of I^m- aiiiii — I-aw.s Respecting Spanisli Settlements in Aniericii — Finul Ali:i!i'lfiii:i!i'!it of Anti;]\ia — A(lmitu::tration of the Simtli Sua Covi'm- niciit— Piracy \\[X}n Principle — Pasciial mj\'iri!.'a aa Covernor — Ilurtado Col(ini,:o.s CIiiri(jai — C oiiHpIracy — Capture and llscapc of Unacd — Scleral Years iiku'c of War 4['o I ! I ii CHAPTER XVT. TUE WAK3 OF THE SPAN lAKD*. 10-23-1024. Oviedo in Spain — lie Secures the Appointment of IVdro do los FlIos as (iiivinKM- (if Ca.stilla del Oro — IVdraiiad Dclennines to Posslks Nicaragua — He Sends thither Cordoba, wlio Found.) I'rusJlas, Gra- nada, aiul Leon —And Carries a Ship acnus t'.ie Land frori tho Pacilic to Lake Nicaragua — lie Makes a Survey of the Lake — Informed of Spaniards Lurking tliercabout — Development of tho Spanish Colonial System — Cil (ion.-^alLZ Eocapea with h!.s Trcasuvo to Ksnauola — Dcs'patchesi Cereceda to Spain witli Intelli;.;eucc of lli.^ Discovi-ry — Sails from Santo Domingo to the Coast of Honduras — Arrives at Puerto Caballos — Founds San f;il dc llucnavi^ila— En- counters IleriKindo dc Soto — Battle — CrisLobal do Olid xVppears — Founds Triunio de la Jiuz 511 CHAPTER XVII. COLONIZATION I.N IIONUUIIAS. lo24-lo2J. Corti's in Mexico — Extension of his Conquests — Fears of Encroachments on t!;-: "a;* of Spaniards in ('entral Amcnca — Crist.iljal du Olid Sent to Honduras — Touching at llabana, He is Won from Allegiance to CortJs — Trinnfo de la Ci'uz Foinuled— Olid iis Traitor — Meeting with Cil Conzalez— Tlie Wratli of Cortes-Ca^^aa Sent after Olid— Na\al Engagement in Triunfo Harbor— Casas Falls into the Hauds of Olid, Who is soon Captureil by tho Ca[itive — Death of Oliil — Keturn of CasaM to Me.-:ico — Trujillo Founded— Interfci'cnce of tlie Andieneia of Sanlo i>omin;:o o'-'2 CONTEXTS. xxl CIIAPTEIl XVIII. MAnCII OK CDT'.TKS TO IIOXIU'RAS. l."i'J4-l.")'J."». PAf'K. I)(jiil;ta conccniing Casaa — Cortos Tired of Inaction — Determiner, to do ill ri'i>iou to Honduras — Set.s out with a Lai';,'u I'arty — Ai'.ivea ;it tJoozacoalfO — The Gay Anny soon Conies to y tho TrouLle.s at I'auuco — A Second Array Or^an.zcd — Tho March — .Sub- jiij^ation of Socouusco — The Taki.ig of Zaj it ■•laii 017 I I CHAPTER XXIIl. CONQUEST OF OCATEJIALA BEGUN. February -March, 1.j"24. Overtures of Klcab Tanub to the I^rds of the Zutugils and Cakchiqnels — JX'ath of the Quicho King — Tecum Umam his Siiccessor — Gr.thers a Gieat Army— IntrenciicH Himself at Zacalia — Passage of I'ahiluinoh by the Spaniards — A Skinnish — A Bloody Engagement — Quc/:d- tcnango E.stablished — The Anny Advances on Xelahuh — The City Deserted — liattle of Xelahuh— Tecum Umam Slain — Forcible I'roso- lyting g:!2 CHAPTER XXIV. DOWNFALL OF THE QCICIIli NATION. April, 1524. Utatlan, Capital of tho Quichi^'S — Its Magnificence — The Royal Palace and Pyramidal Fortilicatioiis— Private Apartments and Gardens — Plan to Entrap the Spa- iards— A Feast Prepare I — The Ijiemy Invited — The Treachery )iseovercd — Masterly Retreat of Alva- rado — The QiucIk' King •■' I Xobles l^ntrappcd — They are Made to Gather Gold^And are \ 'i Destroyed — Utatlan Punied and the Country Devastiited — Sub ;ation of the Quich(ia Complete 043 CH PTER XXV. THE rAKCntQUELS AM /I'TrcilS MADE SUBJECTS OF SPAIN. April-May, 1521. JIareh to the Cakchiqucl Capital — With a Brilliant Retinue King Sina- cam Comes forth to Meet the Spaniards — Description of Patinamit — Occupation of the Cakcliifiucl Capital — Expedition against Tepcpul, King of tho Zutugils--Tlie Clilf City uf Alitlan— A Warm Batlle— Entry into the Stronghold— Reconciliation and Return to Patina- mit — Love Episode of Alvaiado Gd2 COXTEXTS. xxiil CHAPTER XX\T. EXPEDITION TO RAI.VADOK. 1524. Campaiim a^n.n.t Itzciuntlan-A Routjl. ^^ar<■h_Tlic Town Snrnri„.l-_ D-spomtc r),.fc-ncc-Alvara,lo D.tcnnines to Explore still farther bouth-Cro«.ii.- the lliver Miuhat..yat-Thc Spaiiianls Cov.o to xVti.impac. Tacuylula, Taxisco, Xa.uintlan, an.l I'axacu-Tl.e Towtis Do...rt..,l-l",„.„„.a Stakes an.l Canine >Saaitice-Knter Salvador- .Ux,,u/.vlco and Acatapcc-ISattlcs of Acajutla and Tacnx-caL-o- . Ll..o.l.thir,stincs3 of this Comincror-Kntry into C.xcatlan-Fli.dit of thu Inliabitar/^a— Return to I'atiuaniit ° (^.^ CHAPTER XXVII. REVOLT OF THE CAKCIIlQtJELa. lo24-l.-25. Return of tl.c Allie.s to Mexico-Fonnding of the City of Santiago-The Citj-Duhculty m agan> Reducing Then, to Sul.jection-R.inforeo- nu. s from Me.uco- Campaign against Mixco-Captnr.,- of It Stronghold-I^ht wi. the Chignautecs-Superhnnin N'alor o Cavahyman-Comue.. of the Zacatepce Valley-Expedition a^ain, ^^Lunes^Dcfea. of Can Iloeah-Ent.y into Hnehuetena^.o- >^n-ge of Zakuku-burreuder of Caibil Ralani .-^ fJio in! AUrnORITIES QUOTED IN THE HISTORY OF CEXTRAL AMERICA Aa (Picttv vniulcr), Xaankcuri'jo Vcrsamcling. Lcydoii, 17D7. HO vnh. Abuiiii;^;'i (.Ji'.sto), lA ."•'(.■iiiulor iJiivct.)!' l'i'ijvi.sorio a sun Ci)iii;)i'i.i'iijtas. A,i;o3to r>(lc I8,jl. [Loon, ISJl.l i»U .. Aliljott (John S. C), Ciristoplior (jolnnihus. Xow York, l',S7">. Aliljott (John S. C), Ilisioiy of llornando (?orto/. Now Yoik, IS")."). Acosta (.roaiiuin), ( 'ompcndio llidtuiico ilc! Dcscuhihuicnto, etc., lU; la Xuuva (Jranada. 1' ;i8. Acosta (.Foscf lie), Do N'alvra no\ i oHjIs lihri ilvo. S:ili Af(.sta(Ji'Sff dc), I'o I'n uida Salvti.' ini irviii. .S;',hn;intii.-a' l.")S'J. loss. Ac;).,ita (Jii.scf dc). lii.sCoria Xatur.il y Mural do las \'iidiao. SoviJla, l.")00. [Qiioicd a.s Hist, liid.] Acosta (Josef dc", Tiie XaUirall and Morall Historic' of the l!:ist and \\'e:..t lu.li liondi Ailanis()'. 15.), Cat- d. [Ii;0.)l. (Quoted as Hist. Nat. h V naina. ^llell^ Now Yolk, 1 :.._'. 1, y Aeuna (Uodrigc) de), Svniarios do la lioco[)ilueion ;jonei';d do la.>i 'y Aki Ala ilu-(.M niada (A Ir.s 1 1), ITII'I Madrid, lOJ:: I'ia «ol)i''' el cultivo del ( "afo. ( luateniala, \>^-l' U' 11 tin I 10, X loarai'ua, Dec :i, i; MS. del- \V IS-iCl •iiaften, Sli:::iiii;J)o;ieliti', AI)iiandliiirj;en. rn'vlin, l-S.iO <'t .SCI M n (Li'icas), I)i3oi't:'.cioncs soliro l.'i Historia do la lli'puMica ^'l•jiean;^ JK'O, I'lM). .'{vols AL-iiiian (LiK"s\ Hist-na do Mijioo. Mejieo, 1 .S tO -.">■_*. ."> vols .>Ml)rilario y i'ei'ii|iiill.i All .11 Salvad(jr, I :;.)_'. I folii )orn')z, ( ,'rta i.: I'aehi il Ili'niv rador, 1.') l>ii-. I.' In Icazbalceta, Col. l>oc., torn. A'l A il Ciirdona.';, Col. \>'y<\, t iiiu .\ie;,ir nil). ii)!nn ^onuini Mo 1, S,m J i.) er. soil '■p, 1S,")(( et HO Aleali/:ida (Vielori,i), Dl.soiirsos I'l'oiiuiiciiK l!"!!i4. foH( Ah'odo(.\iitoniod<'), IHcoi n!ivio(!co'^i:ilico Hist/ oni. XII. los, Aliril 'JO do iSd: ^Um a'/ua. Ak (F I'anelsri) Mexi.o, I' n. ;! v.^l . Madrid. 17f^.(iO. .'ivol.i laviof), Histoiv.ile la. ( 'oitipahia, do.Iosuseii Nneva llsnania Allen (llird*, Skotohof the I^istern Coast of Central Aiuerioa. In Loud, (i Alt Jonr., isn. v Lif oi. M. riiiaoion. In <'ol. Doe. Iiu'd., t oin. xxvi. Aliny (.lolm .1.), l;e|iort on Cliirii|n(. IXowYork). IS.")0. Allo^ l.os, Maniliesto doeiiinentado (iiie ol (lubierno, etc. ( '.latoinala, lo'l'J. folio. illsl. C..M', .\ 1 , \..L. I. U l*XT] XXVI AUTHORITIES QUOTED. Alvnvnilrv (O'-'iiznlr) Ao), Moinoiin. ;MS. Al\;r,iilo ( iic'iiaiidd (li ), iiud .luaii do rndilla. Uolncion del dr.scnbriniicnto ik-l mar del siir. Ju rai/licco and < Mrdiiias, ("nl. i)(X'., torn. iii. Alviiradi) (I'cilri) do), Asionto y Capitiihuiou, in I'aoliccii and C'anlonas, Cul. DdC. , tnni. xvi. Alvm-ado (IV'dro do), Cartas Varias dosdo ]'>',]-l liasta 15H. MS. folid. Alvarado (Podri) do), I'luidac'lon do (Jnicias d Dios, lolKJ. In J'aohoco and Ciirdonas, (,'ol. Doc, toni. xv. Alvarado (I'odro tlo), hottros de Pedro do Alvarado a Fcrnand Cortea. In Tornaux-C 'oniiians, ^'oy., s^orio i., toni. x. Alvarado (IVdro do), Ileal Codula a I'odro do Alvarado, 1(! Aliril, l.'iOS, In I'aoliooi) and (Virdoiias, Col. lino., tnni. xiv. Alvarado (I'odro do), Itolaoion lioolui a ilornando Corlos, '28 de Jnlio, lo2l. In liaroia, llisloriadnros I'rini., toni. i. Alvaros (I'odro), \a\i.;ati(in. l.'i'-'O. In llainm io, Via::r,u'i. toni. i. Alzat"y Ivamiroz (.Idm^ Antonio), (laoota.s do J.,iteratura do Moxioo. ^Icxico, i7!IO-4. 3 vols.; iind I'liol.la, ls:!l. •» vols. Aniidor do los ];io.s (.lo.>;,), ^■ida y Ilsoritiu do Ovio(lo. In Oviodo. toni. i. Aniorii'M, J)osori[)oion do la Anierioa moriodional y Soiitontrional. (Madrid, 1S(I!».) MS. tolio. Aniorioa, Disortaoion solii-o varias ouostionos intcresanto.s })oitoncoiontos a loa noL'ooias do -Vinoi'ioa. ^ladrid, |S2i. Ainorioa u oxanioii fonoriil do l,-i .^itnaoion jmlitioa. Xortlianiiiton, l.'.'JS. Ainorioa: or a ( ionoral Survey of tii.' I'oliiioal .'•■ituntion. I'inladoliiliia. Anieiioa: or an exact dosori[itii)a of tlio West-Indies. London, Moo. Auierioa Settiiitrionalo e nieiidionalo. Torino, |J'..")I>. Anierioa, The I'rouress and l'id:pi'ets. Xew ^'ork (lS,"i,"i). Anierioa Central, < laoota Oliei:;!. Manai^ua, IS-II) et .'•('i|. Anierioa Central, Koolaniaoion do la Intervoueion do AKj. Macdouald. Leon, [IS4-_'.l Amerioan -Vlnianiio, I'oston, 1S.")0 ot poij. Anierio.in Annual l!e'ri;itor. Xew York, etc., ISO." ct soij. Aniorioau Antii|narian Soeioty. l'rouerie;. l'iii!adel]iliia. IS,, 7 et yv.i. Ainei ieaii I'liilosopliical Society. I'liiladel[ilii;i, l;d',l et secj. American Qunr'icrly l;c'.'i;;tcr an 1 .M:!''.i,.iiie. T'liLulolpIiia, 184.S ct soq. American Quarterly IJoview. riiiladolpliia, ISJ7 et seq, Amerioan lleui.tt.'V. riiil;idel]iliia, lS>i7 et .scci. American IJeview. l'iiiladcl|iliia, ISII et sccj. Aiiiei'ii-:',n State l'ai>i'rs. I'losloii, I.*il7 et s.i|. American and l'"orei;n Cliristi.in Union. Xew York, 1S,"0 ot soq. Anierjiino Centralo, Colonisation dii |ii,ilrict do Saiito-Tliomas, (Jnatonial.a. Paris. ISU. Aniorctii (Cliarlos), I'rimo Yia'_";io iiitorno al Cloljo. . .falta vial Antonio I'i'jafotta. Mllano, I'OO. Aml.i-oya (I'aseual de), Carta al l!oy, '22 Oct., \r:.U. .Vndau'oya ( I'asciuil do), Xariativo of tlie l'rocei'din;,'s of Podrarias Davilji. London, |,S(i,"). Anda;;()ya (Pascnal di'l, Polacinn do los sneosos do Podnirias P.'ivila. l;i Xavarroto, Col. do \'ia'..'os, toni. iii. Anderson (Adam), Historical and {~lironolo','ical doilnctioii of l!ie oii in of Coninii roe. London. IS()|. folio. I \(ils. Anderson (Yonn^;), Eastern Coast of ( \ ntral .\nii rica. Report IS.'JO. Jiondon, is:;!). Andre\\.s(W. S.), Illustrations of West Indies. London, n,d. folio. Andrino (.1. V..), Kemitido A la (!aeeta do Salvador '20 Julio, l>s.~),S. San Salvador. IS.'iM. folio, Annales lies Voyar'os. Paris, lS()t1-14, '24 vols. AmuiKs of Jjiit.jli Legislation, i^ondon, 1S,">0 et ,soi|. 4to, i AUXnORITiES QUOTED. xxvu acq. * Ann:ils cif Conr,Tcsa. (1st to ISth Conc^rcsa. ) Washington, ISnt-.'fi. 42 voh. Animal Ki'irislor. Lonilon, 17-"'S-lN07. 41 vols. .Vii-'ii (( icoi'.'ti, A N'dViiu'o roiitiil the Wuilil. London, 17"»0. Autiiiiclli (Jiuui Ijimtistin, [nstriu'cioii, licclia. por el In .rcnioro p;ira San .Tii;ni do L'lua. I.") Mar, i.iIK). In l'ai!i(>r<> ami ('iiidiiiiis, Col. i)iii., loni. .\iii. Antiuu'Z y Aeuvi'do (Ilafacl). Mi'nioria.s liistinicas. Madrid, 171*7. Ajiiano (redi(i), Cosniograplda corrcgida y anadida jiur Gcnniui rrisin. Anvi'i-.i, 1,")7."). .■\]iiaMu.s (iVtiMis), Cosinogra]iliiciis LibiT, Land-jlinta', ]'nica Sonilica y Apostolioa. ^Madrid, 170_\ fulio. Ai'i'illaga (r.a.-nlio 1 ).), Int'i'mio (|uo'dior.>n lo-s (Ji'msiilos. Mo.-doo, IMS. -f!". Ar:ic)hnl). J. do), llo-itiniidad do la Adniinistraoion llarri.is. |Lcon, isiij. | Aitii'da, I'acilioaoiou do L'o.sta Kica. 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Doc, toia. x. r>.'riio.j ((ii'iaido), A los pueblos .-i (Ccrardo), I!! ]«)ri|Ui'' (!;■ la caida do I'r.rrio:-!. Sa'.i Salvador, lS(i3. I^ari'ion (* -erardo), .Maiiife-^^o of. X'ueva ^'lll•k, I'^iiL Barrio;) (( Jeraido), I'rcsidento Loyitimo do la Kepnhliea del Salvador. I'an- nnia, ISi:-.'!. Barrio.! (( levardo), llekieiouos eon el (loliierno do Xiea.niTiia. Ma:i;!;riKi, \'^t''^0. Barrio i (.Jos:'' Kulimd, ( leiioial on Cofo, :i los I'ni'liio.Ti del Sa'\'adoi', .M;;\m .S, l.s7d. San Salvador, l!i7d. Barrov,- (.rolm), 'I'ho Lii'o, \'oya;,'e-. and I'Aploitsof .Vdiairal Sir I^ranois Di'a'io. Loiulon. l.S4!i. r>arrinidia. (.loiio), Diseurso ri'oiiiiiieiado, Setieinlnv lo, I'TiO, San Salvador, Bastiil:!:'. (llodri;io do), A^iento<|ne ln::o census Ma jc-^fcjiles Catolicis, o.Tunu), l.'iOi). In raelioeo avid Ciir 'enas. Col. Doe., toni. ii. Bastida:! (RodriL'o do), Inrorniaeion do los Servieios, In Paelicco and C:ir- donas. Col. J)oe., toni. ii. 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Centro America, I'ar.i eunociniieuto de lo^ piuliloi, Fekrero 'JO, \'C,:\. ['re;_'ii- ci 'alpa, Ui.V). | folio. Centro America, Por L)i;5posicion dil CkjlneriKj.Jeneral, Julio ;!l, IH,")) . [kconl lS."d. Centro .\;iK'rica, Propo:.;icion (A la A-.'unklea Xacioual, Octuhre, 1S.")2). Tegu- cigalpa, lo.,'_'. Centro America, Proposicior. (pie cl Sr. Iteprcientante por el Sak.-ador Don J. Ila-.'rundia. [Leon, Ifirik] Centro Ami'iica, I'rovi.;orio de ki Kepuklica, Xovieinljic -JO, 18.'.'J. [Coma- yagiia, |s.");i.j folio. il J XXXIV AUTIIOKITinS QUOTira Ceiitni Amcricn, Piioblos Toilos dc Ccntro Amuiica, ^larzo 2, 1S.",^. Tcjjnci- g;i!]i:l, l.S.'i.'t. folio. Ccntii) AiiKM-iiM, Itutloct'ioiH'.i Dcditiula.s ii los Lcjislaturas du lo.s J'^sUulus. lliKTo I, 1S.').'{. San \'ic(iiti', I.S.'.;!. Ccutio Aiiiericu, licprcscntiiuiou Xacional, Ocluliro 8, ISol. San Nalvailur, is.-)!. Ccntro Anicrica, Sccretai-ia ild dcspaclio rulaciones, Ijii'io 'Jl, IS.'/l. [Chi- rian(l('','a, liSoi.] folio. 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Mnliei of Voltci'ra, Commentariorum nrbanorum. Eome, l."C(). folio, Ma^elhaens (I'ernando de). Voyage. In Berenger, Col. Doc, torn. i. Magin. See Wytlliet. !Ma;;lianos, St Francis and Franciscans. Mairo (A.), Uensci'rnenn iits sin- lo Cintrc-Amerique, etc. Pari.5, 1844. ]S]:;j(n-(i;ic!iard Henry), The Life of Prince H-nry of Portugal. Ln-dou, ISCS. Major (i;ic!uud Henry), Select Letters of Columbus. London, 1847. (Ilakl. Soc. ed.) Maldonado (Antonio), Repertorio de las Cedulas I'rovisionos i Ordenanzas Ivcalea. n.pl., n.d. Malte-P.run (V. A.), Precis de la Geograi^hie Universclle. Brnxelles, 1839. G vols, and atlus. AUXnORITIES QUOTED. li I la goucmaciCJ 04.1 ri;i (le Mexico. ,s Occi Jcutalca. .uu, 17()2. 11 Ldiid. CJcog. Vi:i .X's, toiii. V. indoii, 1S4". lias, Col. Doc, acioiial, Marzo, MS. [ICIX).] •itisli (Joiinui)ia. Hartford, 1808; a Siul avcc los crcm. Tiajccli Xorte. Loon, Loudon, I.'Cj. ].,onilo!i, !''.'/>. ry \)y CoLunlius ,'t,vul.ii.,pt.ii. iidiiyt, vul.iii. r,. folio. ti'Ui. i. ri.?, ISU. L.):-..lon, 1S;-;S. L'ilT. (Ilakl. s i Ordonanzas Sruxol'.os, 1S3'J. Maitrafainicnto df Viidios. A ridlf'tion. MS. folio. M.iikIcvIIIi; (Sir.li>lin), Tnivcls of. London, 17'i.">. ( Haklnyt .Soc. cd.) M.uvli y Lal)oi-i;s (.lose), llistoiia do la Marina liual K:ii)aiiolu. Madrid, lSr)4. 4to. "J Mils, and atlas. Mart!) I'olo, 1>(J Vtniisiiido la meravci^'liose cose del mondo. ^'cnice, I4!)(i. Marco I'olo, iJti Viii>;gi di Mcssur Marco Polo Gcutirhvomo Veiictiaao. In Il;iniiisio, Via.;gi, toni. ii. Marco I'olo, Vtiu-ti do rogioiiiiius oricntalihiia liliri trcs. rolo'^nc. 1('<7I. Maicoii (.Inks), Origin oflliu name America. Li Atlantic Montlily. Marcii, 1S7.-,. Mariana (.Tunn dcV llistoriaOcnoral dc Ivspana. Madrid, 17^0. folio. 'J vol.<. Marie (Adolfot. i;i \\ievo I'eieclio ilo Oenlci observadofii Salvador, Miiyo'J^i, ISol. ((.iiiatclii.-da, IS.'iL) folio. 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'2 vols. Mexiciiii Ncwsj^iapurs (cited Iry name.) and ilatca). Mexico, A 'J'rip to, l)y a BarrisLcr. I^oudon, I !).")!. Mexico, Act'is del (.V)iKn'cso Coustituyento Mcxieauo. Mexico, IS'J^-.j; 10 vols.; also r\Ie.\ico, lS.24-5. 4 vols. Mexico, Aiialea del Mini itcrio do I'oiiieuto. Mexico, ISot-."). IS vols. .Mexico, DecreVos. [Dili'eieiit dates.] Mexico, Dedcar^'o.-i del Man(uej de (jclves A loa Cargoa. MS. folio. Mexico ill 1S42. New York, 1812. .Mexico, Memorial. la Pachecaaiid C irdcnas, Col. Doc, toin. vi. ilexico, Meiuo! ias. [Of the dili'ci'ciit departments, (jiiierra, Jlaciendu, etc., cited ]>y dale.i.] Mexico, Noics made in 182'?. Philadelphia, 1821. Mexico, I'oLicioii Particu ar y Deacripcion do toda la Provineia ilcl Santo Evair;e!io. MS. folio. Mexico and Ccn'.ral America. The Prohlem ;"id its .Soluticii, n.pl., n.d. Mexico y (luatcmahi, Ciieodon de Ijinait.s. ^Mexico, Jo7-J. Meyer (l.'arl). Xac!i de;n iSacivinieiito. A'lvau, hS.),'>. MichoU (li. C), A iStatiitical Accumt and Dc3criptlou of the I.^iand of Itaatan. In Uniied Service .lournal, An';iiMt, lijoO. Mills (Xj.'liola ), lli.itory of Mexico. London, l;:.21. ^liiiin; Ma;.a; inc. '',)vols. Xcw Vorl;. KS,')I> ct fiC(|. Modcin 'i'lave'lcr (The). Mexico and Guatemala. London, 1.S2."). 2volj. ; also Lo.iton, 18:5). 2 vols. Mofi'a:-! ( i >u;Iot de). Exploration dn Territoii'c do L'Orev.on. Parii, If M. 2 vo's. !Mo!ina (Felipe), JJosipicjo de la liepul)!! -a ile Cojta Itica. i,'ev.' York, lo 1. Molina (i"eli;'c), Boundary Question of Costa ilica and Nica;'a,.;ui. Waali- in;jton, IS.d. Molin.i (IVlipcl, (^osta Rica y Xueva Cranada. AVashin'^lnn, l.'r.2. Molina (i'elipe). Coup d"(Jeil rapide siu' la Itepuhlicpie de Costa Uica. I'a'.'i.-i, ly.Hl. Molina (Felipe^ ^Icmoir on the Boundary Question, Costa Rica and Nica- ragua. NVasliim^Lon, Is,")!. AIoll!iaii:;en (i'alduin). Diary of a Journey from tlio Mississippi. Eo. don, 1808. 2 vols. Mollieu ((-t.). Voyage dans la Repulilicpm de Colombia en IJiJ'). l';uis, \ti2C>. 2 vols. Monglave (l-'u-^i'no ilc), Rcsum('' do I'llistoiro du Mexiciue. Paris, E 'J'i. Monroe Doctrine, Paper liyE. Everett; Eettcrof .r.(,>. Adanii. XewYorl;, 18();i, Montalliodd >, Pa' i X(ju:imento retri)u:il.i, Et Xouo Mundo da •VUierico Vespuiic), Elorentino intitulato. V'inccntia, l.~>i)7. Jlontanus (Arnoldus), Do Xieuwo en Onbelcende Wecreld. Vm.iterdam, KiTE folio. Montanui (Arnoldi.s), Die U^nliekannto Xeuc Well:. [Translated hy D;',[)]\r.J Ainslcitl'iii, I'iTit Montauhiin, Relation du Voya;To. Amsterdam, l(i!)H. Monlcjo, Caita dcscribieudo el Rio (irijalva, Al)ril El, KIJ!). In I'achecD (Kid C:irdcna^', (-'ol. l>oc., toni. xiii Montenriyir y Corilova do Cuenca ( Tuan I^rancisco de), iSvmarioi do las C(-ilvlas Orderus )ior sn Magestad hasta lliTT. Mi'>;ico, l!i78. I'oiio, Monterey (\arci.; 1), I'royecto de rcurgani/iacion naeional en (Jcntro-.Vuierica. I Salvador. IS.Hi.] j\[oute.-'itnlar (Eorea:'o), Respuesta, al sc.Ljiindii Opiisculo de Scuor Don Jjoren/,o Montufar sobru Jusuitus. Leon du Xiea)'agua, 1873. AUTITOmXirS QUOTED. m :>:,:. in Pa- ::| ,1 ir,70. 2vul3. , l.S2_'-.j; 10 vols. lio. aciumbi, etc., ji;i ucl Sail to li.|il., 11. d. lio Inland of '2voli.; iiUo ,lR1-t. -Jvos. I' York, l>- 1. ,gin. Wash- r.2. liica. l*a;'i.-5, i;a ixiul Xica- ii. ]-:).. don, I'aiid, ISJJ>. :, l; J). a-Yovli.lSOn. (la ,\.lljin'ica .•\.m..U'rdani, l.ylhpjvT.J 111 I'atliL'OO lari li do las ■>. r.ilio. tr()-Aim.U'ii.';i. 7, I'll-'. Ill \o:-h, ls;'.!>. hull Loivii/.o Moiitnfar CManucl), Memorias i)ara la Ilistoria do la Rcvolucion do Centra Anii'ii'M. .lal.'ipa, ISM'J. M'ira (1. M. S.), Mcjioo y sus Revolucioncs. I'uris, 183(5. .1 vols. Moralos (A,"iKstiii), A los (V;itro-AimTieaiios. JIaiia,<;n.i, 1840. Jldi-ali.s (.\;,'iislin), IVlciiiica. [San Salvador, hs.il. J lolio. ^Itiiaxaii li'.), Al I'lU'lilo (■(.■iiti'D-AiiMiiL'iMi ). [i^avid, 1;'.H.] Morazau (I\), Apiuiti.'s ».")7. 2 volj. Tilorclli ((iriaousK I'nsii N'ovi Oilii.sct ( ^-iliiiatiomiin. \'('!-.c.i!-, I77'J. 4li>. ^lorcno, Infonnacioii .soiiro lixccios on 'i'nixiilo. In Paclioco and C.iri!en:n, Col. Doo., toiu. ii. Moreno (< o r, nyino), licglaa ciortaa y pretiviKioiito iiooossarias para Juozos, iMo:.ioo, l,;..7. Moi- ;r;iii, il.c lliiccanoor. Ilarpor'a .Monthly, vol. xix. iMoro (( lorarilt), Tiiforino on doreolio s^oln-o (|no la conii:;;uia do ol Peal Asiontc do !a < ii'iia Prctana. Mexico, 17-4. Mori'.'il (l".>.':iii!Miin), A Xarrativo of four Voyages to tlio South Soa, etc. :;cu- Vo:l;, 1,S.,2. Mosaico Moxic.nno (i'^i). ^loxico, ),'i4(t-12. 7 vols. Mo:i(ji'ili;i, (^ invoiK'ion rcLitiva :'i la .Mo>,([iiitia cntro Xicara^jua y S. M. 1), MaiKU'iia, 1>S()0. MosIoH(|nito (,» u-.iLion, PoemneiitH from till' S (, lie-, f.iiirary. ;SI,-!. and ]iriiit. Mo.i(|iiiiO S.ioro, (V.so of His Mijf.ity'ii Sal j.'rts. Lo"il<.in, IT^;'. 4;;>. Mofiiuilo T( iritorv, Cnrr'd]Kinu<'tie(! picsentod to tlio llonau of Coniinons, .(uly ;(, IMS. 'London, ISIS. f(.!io. Mo'.a l'.;di;!:v (Matia.i do 1,;). llisforia do la CoiKjuista do la Xucva (ialioia. , 1 S,V_'. [foniaya'^un, l.Ti'J.] folio. Minio/ (.lo.(> Tiiiiidiiu!, Carta, A'joatoLM do )s".|. M -. i'olio. Miii.o;', (I.).;.' 'IVinidad), l^l (lonoral Su;jcriho a loa Xioara'.'Ucaso.), '.\" ; ( lu;:ii Ptii'.isUi^ Ilistoria del X novo M undo. Mailiid, 17".'!., torn. i. ■Munoz (M' lie!), Doi'onsa do l.is llavoado San IVdro. Xnova \i\>-k, Is.il. MiawU'r (.n !i, ),('()• nio:'r:ip'iia. I'a.sil, I.VJ".; iil'iocditioiiii i.Vi.'i; li 1 l./Kl. folio. Murohisoii (. ir Podoriek), Addivi<. Myers (11. .M.iiiid I'. V. \.), Life an. 1 Nature uiidor the Tropics. Now Voik, Naoiionie, Dictamen Kolire los Paotos Celehrados por la Convonoioii. Conia- J.i'jua, IS4S. Naoioniil ( i;h. Leon, 1S,V; it He(|. Xaliarro, Lelaoion, In Doe, Lu'd., loin x\vi. Napiono di Cocoiiato, Delia iialria di '. ristoloro Colombo. I'loreueo, 1808. i(1 Uv AUXnORITIES QUOTED. I ! M ' ! i {illii Kapionc tli roconato nrnl Pc-Ponti, Patria c i>iografi€a del Grande Ammiraglio J >. Ciistdfoio ( 'oloiiiho. ]!()inu, IS,"i;f. Katioiiiil Calmclnrainl Annals (if tlio I'liited States. Washincjton, lSl!2etscii. Xav iiri'ti! (Martin Fcmaiidez), C'oloi uion dn los A inges y I'o.-cnliriitiientos (jne liiviuron log Kspafiolcsdosdo lines del Siglo XV. Madrid, ltS'JJ-U7. ovols. Xavnrni, Kdaoiun. In ])(jc. Ini'd., torn. xxvi. Mavani) (Luis liicz), l''xtracto do una llelacion sobre el Antiguo Reyno do (iuateniala. (Juateniala, 1S30. Kave.'.'aciones do los vascongados A los mares do Tcrranova. In Xavarr<.'tc, Col. do Viages, toni. iii. Xi'W (Iranada and the United Stiites of America, Final Controversy. J.ivcr- f.dol, [1 857.] New Voik '.'lianiber of Commerce. Fourth Annual Report, 18(il-"2. New York, tSG'.'. X;\v York Historical Society, Collections. Xow York, 1841 ct seq. Newc Lades (Of the), and of ye people foundo by the nicsscn.cjorg of tiie Kyngo of portygale, named I'lniaiiuel. Antwerp, [15'Jl or \o-'2.] Xeweu Zeytiing, Cojiia tier, n.pl., n.d. Xewc Zoytnng, l!in .Sclione. Augsburg, fl.")2"2.] Xiiaragua, A Los Pueblos del Ivsiado. [Leon, 1S.")'2.] .'" lio. Xicaragua, Alocueion (pie Unos (Jranadinos. [Orauadn, b''..)!.] folio. Xicai'agua, Al Publico. [Separate slieets, witli varifjus signature;! and ilatcs.] Xicaragua, Al S( nor Publico, l)ici(inbre '21 d(! IS.jL Li.'ou, ISjl. folio. Xicaragua, America del Centro Menioria diri jida. Loon, 1S47. Xicaiagua, (A^^audilca Constituycutc.) Managua, l!S4S. Xicaragua, Abcrcion Docunu^ntaila. Managua, 1S70, Xicaragua, Atlantic ami Pacilic International Sliip-C'anal Company. Papers. I'aris, n.d. folio. Xii'aragua, llolctin do Xoticia.s. Leon, ISOOetscq. Xicaragua, JVjlcliii Olicial. Leon, etc., 1S4',) et secj. Xicai'a'^ua, liolctin del Pueblo. Leon, ISliIJ ot scij. P-ondiardi-ment ct cnticro Hcitnution ile Crey-town. Paris, ISriO. Xicaragua, Xicaragua, Xicaragua, Enero Xicaragua, a vols, Xicaragua, Mana''iia, 1871. foli^ Codigo do la Lcjinlacion_ __ ^ ,-.-_- . Colcccioii do Dccretoa y Acuci'd.ns Uuhernativos ]'"m;tidos do II IX'cicndire do IStJ!!. Managua, 18(jtl. Colcccion do Dccretos (luliornativos, 1804-08, !Managtia, 18(;()-7'2. Managua, LS7."1. 2 vols. _,..._, Colecciou dL,'\'aiios'riab:iios Imjiortantes. [Managua, 1S,")2.] folio, Xiiaragua, Contestacional Mcnsajo del I'rcoidcnte, 187r). Managua, 187.'). 4to. iSicara;;ua, Coutestacion a I'nos Versos Publi(.'ados en Leon por I'-u Pablo Puitpago, etc. [(Iranada, I7"d.| tolio. XiearaLTua, Coutestacion del Sr Prcsidcnte del Concresoal Mensage. 5Ianag"a, 18(i!). folio. Xicar.igua, Constitucion Politi(>a, 18^8. [Leon, IS.IS.l Xicara_:Ma, Continuacion do Corrcsponddu'ia ()iicial do Limites entre Xica- ragua i Costa-Rica. Managua, Ks7"2. Xicaragua, (Contratas con (.'(iiupauias lU^ Vapores.) [Leon, 184'.).] 4to, ^,icara,:,ua, Contrato do Canali;'a. Xicaragua, ('onvencion( 'oiisul.'i' AiusUida entre la Rcpublica de Nicaragua i l!i ino de Italia, Managua, lr.72. Xicaragua, Convencion dc l^stradiciiai ciitro la Pcpalilica di l']sl;idos-l'nidos dc .Vincrica. Managua, 1871. Xicaragua, Convencion postal entre Xicaragua y S. M. 15 Xicaragua, Convencion I'usial. Managua, 18(l',l, Nicaragua, Convencion lielatixa A la Mosijuitia. Managua, JXIiO. Nicaragua, Cunveiuo (.'clcbrado en la Ciudad do Oranada el dia 19 dc Agoato, 1851. Oranada, 18o2. 1 N'icai'auua i los Managua, 1800. AUTIIOr.ITinS QUOTED. Iv \c Ainmiraglio m, IS'iSetscq. nimientos (pio S'Jj-o7. 5 vols. guo Reyno do III Navanvtc, vcrsy. I.'.vcr- 18()l--2. Xe*r t scq. sciiL;or3 of the • 10-'.] ] folio. wvA :\uil . ^;or Til I'aMo ii;.-o. ^luiuiiV'a, Tti's cntrc Nioa- .'un, ISTH. is::'.. NiLarn^^'iia i A iNii'Mvayua i li'a llimap:ua, ISCiO. 1. 4ti). 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Nic:u-a.;u;i, Docunieutos de la Arbilraricdad del (lobicrno. Oe'Lolirc ]'2 do !.,_'. f[.eou, l:i.j_\l folio. Ni'.virn"!!!!, Docuinciitoii < Veailos solirc I'laticas do V.v/.. Craiiada, IS'l. folio, Ni .•:•■ .1 :'.;:i, Docuinrnlos 1 'iploni/ilicos i)ara si.'i'vir ;i lalli-doi-ia. r;'.ri;,l.'li!'. 4:o. Nicar.". :iia, Docunieutos Diploinaticos llelativos a las lleclainacloues, Mana- g:;Ti, 1 ■■7-'. Nicai'a -an, D.Kunieutos relativos .i la lieclainacion del (iencral IJarrios. ^laiuigua, 1. ''().">. Ni.';;r:' ;an, l>ocuiuciito3 relativos al ,\rinistieio, ^lar.-'o, 1;'.!S. [.con. l.'vlS. Nic.ii'a ;.'. 1, I)ocuiuentos i\ lativos a l.is I'Uiinas Negociaciours I'litre Xiea- vr./:-- i ( 'oota ];ica. ^laua'jua, \'~2. Ni 'ara'aa, Docuinentns "obr:^ la ^dl'di:;cion. ^laiiaTua, l'''''D. Ni.j;.;-;' , v.a, llKJiurinilauto tlcueralde laCaballcria del J-ljercito Di'inocratieo. I Leon, l'V.!.| folio. Nie •.•:;a;>, 111 Director d.el Mstado, "I'laiues Ksnortadores.Tunio'J, 1SJ7," MS. folio. 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( lohn L.), \ i'lje.a Yneatan en 1S4I--J. Cnnineehe, l' : -. SLiAensl llinry), Jlistorieal anil (ieocraphicnl X'ote i ou'the lOariicst Discover- l.S HI rica. I4."i;>-1. ■>;«). Xewllavon, ISIIO. [■wnrt (William Frank), Last of the Filil Stilh St ilmie/a s Misters. :'nto, 1.' •I. 1>. 15. ), Soeking tho Golden ITecce. San Francisco, etc , 1ST I'tolo ny. Cracoviic, l.il: Sioiit (I'eter F.), Reniinisccnccs of X'icar Qu 1S.-.7. n ..vr.ierican X(;te ■^toiit (I'eter 1'.), Xieanernn. I'hiladelpliia, lS."n, an (.1. G.l, Paper c.ntlie History and Pro-pectsof Inter-Oceanic Coiiim cation, .hiiie 17, ISol!. Xew Yolk, IS.")l 1 ^ JJ. S:r;ni-i^\vays (Tliomasi, Sketch of t!io Mij^piiu) Shore. i:din'i.ir;-h, . ., S.relnr (i;.), E\i)o,icion Documcntada Bobro loa Siico.-;o.s do Oinoa. Salvador, 1874, Si.arez y Xavarro (.rii!Mi>, Uistoiia d [are y Xav "il M M' e.Mco, I irro (.Tun 10(». • iro y u 1 G A. I., de Saiit.i fiifo Snehim camliios polltieos tni el est ulo de Vn ■hi-.' Ins Caiisnf v C i!';ii'fi'r di; los I' eat.in, -Mc reciient< i 1 .;;i. C..I. IV 1, Carta do sin Caeiipies, Mayo '2, WYX la Paclieeo and C. tiiiii. xiii. riienas, Suckainilcnridcj.Le.iGraadcsYoiesdu I'r o a'LuSue/.ct llunduruo. Pi.ris, ISO'J. Ix . iii AUTHORITIES QUOTED. !l m Suckaii (ITciiri ilc), Unc Voic Nouvclle ii travcrrj L'Aintrique Ccntralc. Pai is, Sac (Jiiscpli), ITcnri Ic Chancelicr, Souvcuii's d'uii Voyage dims rAiuc'i i^iuo (.'(-■ntnilu. Paris, 1S."j7. Suniariu.s do las G^dulas i^uo so Iiau Dcspachado dcsdo cl auo 1()"28 Iiaata l(i77. Mexico, 1078. Sutil y Moxieaua. Rolacion del Via.'jo licclio por las Gulctas. ^Madrid, 1H><"J; atlas ill •! to. .Syllacio, ad Sapictissimu . . .do isulis, etc. Pavia, 1491 or 1495. Tdpia (Andrt'S do), Rolacion sobro la Couquista de ^li;.\ico. In Ica::l)alotta, Col. Doc, torn. ii. Tapia(!Mi','cniodo).Hi.stoi-iadola Civilization Espanola. Madrid, 1.S40. 4 v(il^. 'i'aylor ((ieorgo), .Sixoch in U. S. lluuso S. ii.pl,. :i.d. To^'uci'-'.ilpa. 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Ztinya(.)os,; .Maria), Al Publico, Diciembre 7.1853. [Sar. Salvador, 1853.] folio. Zelaxa (.Jose Maria), Junta Jencral del llo.^pital Set. '2(j, 18.52. [San Salvador, "1852.] Zeledou (I'edro), Contcstaeion que da al pap'd quo con fcclia 27 de Euero, Leon, 1S()4. Zeno, I)(_i Coinmentarii del viaggio in Persia. Venezia, 1553. Zorzi. See .Montalbcjddo. Zuazo, al muy ilustre ^Monsieur do Xevres, Enero 22, 1518. In Paclioco and Ciirdenas, (y'ol. Doe., toni. i. Zumi'uniLja, Carta a su Ma^estad del OVnspo electo D. .Tnan do Zunuirraga, Ajrorto 27, 152!). In Pacheeo and C:irden.'is, Col. Doc, toni. xiii. Zumdrra^a, Lotschaii't dea Urosuniechtigstcn Kouig.s Dauid. n.pl., n.d. M;ulrid, 1844-4(i. Zaprila (Francisco 1).), Z:i|>ata (Francisco 1 ). Znpata (Francisco ]).) mm t.ltcs. Xc\7 i, 159S. 4. c. London, )m. xxvi. ascribed to I. V. . toni. i.-ii. Itramiiiina. >>IS. folio. Leon], 1S,"j2. folio. a (li'l Peru. :ico. Parid, [iploniati'.-i. IS:,X] folio. n .Salvador, ' de Enero. 'aclioco and i^uniiirraga, siii. ., n,(l. r Kit H I lA -I r r N.^__„r..M' .liM Vivlilhl , Tr|t»»«|ili »T W_ M A ^ . \,c' «.^' '"''".yuinh i»tiin -^ '^ ' .. ^ s.,n r,M. , ^ J, - lilll-IM KslMT.IIIK'll^ ,, N.,1 l,.rl;' 'I' <>'-*<»^>C ^ ' V .^^ 1, ''**'•/,. ..r X.irvHVnll...l..llil // > ' ^ / ;■ I. A X' ^ # J ./', It I or Itl R 'fptflirinalj-a n, J > — . Tt)nri«A • I liiiiiilio II M;il,i>,<,il|>.i •V "■"'•■J" 1. MiimiKT." .V ■■■■ '^-.. ' JVM"«* AND TIER HA. FIRME J /: r .1 II 11 4111 II i i ', \ittrtii r fit i/^a ;o ■ ■— -^ ' — n — r ' ' ""^ •" * t-rr-sf "^r ■ - i TT-B Hli 8S HAN( »M»I- I s IMS InH Y or 1 I /luu'.-r inf.. Ti>tu,i<. *»moii , tiTppeujui -iv •^'' /•' •^"'■"ogiimhiirtiiii 'vJ * ' 11...... .• L*........ ......... ''*iin') I t'ttff L' .^« ' /■ ?latl .l«!rt;» af illilDt'bcrf * I '■'•' ' ■' / '■'? f JiMi-ia-^.M IhitH . ^ , - ' "7 »■/,,, " <.piii,iviii!ii;i ^V o .1 ' •^''•Xn. "''"n ■" ViliviiV,iliii.l,.li.l /y "^.Wr* c.SinlsiiiiHlr --';?!j,'|/{ TcLlu .aaliin' ,JHla|i«c %'yiivift ^ .rriijutiir"\i;;^(ifi,,„o i i,«,.,iiiiiii ■ f ^*¥»™^ iii.S»riSalwi,l..i- /"/ai atnrolurB : 8 I'liiiinclt'ltuTrl ...i MAV OIF AND TIERRA FIRME J U II I. Ml) //.; .\/,»y ni<,dit, and trenddiiiLf aniiil-ships by day. Learning was chiefly eoniined to the clerf]^}'. Feudaii^;m as a system M'as dead, but its evils remained. Innumerable burdens were hea})etl upon the people by the dominant classes ■\vlio gave them little protection in return. Upon the most frivolous pretexts the fruits of their industry were seizi.'d and ap|)ropriated by their masters. It was a praisworthy performance f{)r a hundred thousand men to meet and slav each other to f^ratifv the whim of a statu minister or a king's concubine. Then came a cliange, and by reason of their revised Ptolemies, their antipodal soundings, and new geographies, their magnetic needles, printing machines, and men-killing implements, learning began to revive, and the people be<»'an in some faint doLjree to think i'or themselves. Under the shifting sands of progress truth incu- bates, and the hatched ideas fashion for themselves a great mind in v.hich they may find lodgment; fashion for themselves a tongue by v.hich to s]Kak; fashion for themselves a lever by which to move the world. The epoch of which I speak rested upon the con- fines of two civilizations, the old and the new. It was a transition period from the dim twilight of the dark aGfo to the brinhtness of modern thoujiht: from an age of unquestioning faith to one of curiosity and Bcepticism. It was a period of concretions ond crys- tallizations, following one of many rarefactions; re- ligion was embracing science; astrology was merging into astronomy; magic into physics; alcliemy into chemistry. Saltpetre was superseding steel in war- fare; feudalism having fulfilled its purpose was being displaced by monarchical power; intei'C(nu-sc was spring- TRANSITIOX.VL ErOCII. ic con- ^^. It of the froiu ty and fcrys- ns; rc- icrginiJf ly into n war- bcin,!^ spring-- in'jf up l)i'twocn nations, and intornationnl laws v.'orc ])v'nv^ made. Even the material nnivcrsc and the icalnis ot" space were cnlarginLj with the enlargement of mind. Two worlds were abcait that time uuwik-d to Sj)aiii,an oriental and an occidental; hy the caj)[ure of Constantinople ancient (Ircck and Latin Icariiini^ was emancipated, and the Christian i-elig'ion became settled as the I'aith of ]:^urope; while toward tho west, the ndsts of the ages lifted from tho ocean, anu 'hstones was dtMioininated truth, though human I'eason '.-ould net grasp it. Jjikewise, any stray I'act which bv tliese tests failed satisfactorily to ac- count for itself, Avas pronounc(3d false, though human I'eason declared it true. J do not mean to say tliat all darkness and nescience Merc sw(.'[)t away in a Ifrcath, or that knowledge I'ell suddenly on mankind like an insjiiration; it was (.■nough for some lew to learn for thi; iii'st time of such a thing as ignorance. Although the change was real and docisivo, and the mind in its attcir.iit to iathom new phenomena was elfectually lured iVom ihe mystic pages of anticjuity, there yet remained enougli and to spare of ignoraiH.'o and credulity. Searehei's after the iruth yet saw as through a glass darkly; tlie clearer vision of face to lace could he attained be attaineil (.Uifered }>'reatlv from that which we are SPAXISII HISTORY. .1 no\r !^cclcin,<:>', i^^o tlio result was proportionately diflor- tiit. The teiuleiiey <»f education in tli(! iii'teeiitli ern- Ini'V was towai'd a nioi'e determined reliance and iKlicI" in authority and in I'evelation; the tendency <>t' (■(hic;iti<)u in the nineteenth century is toward iiKpiiry and sce])ticisn). As to the comparative value of thc^c; I'csults there are of course many diilc'renccs of opiii- idii, and I shall not di.icuss them here. \\v. may I to sm-c, however, that in whatsoever direction lunnaii miihi i> ii';iin<.'d hy other huni;in i;iiiid, ^]:> I'e is •■\'er jiieseiit and miderlyiuu' ;dl ;irti\ilies inexoi-ahle l>ro;^- I'ess, ;m etei'ual unt'oldiiiL;' into e\-er i'nirei" pro[)ortions ol' all that is best and nohlest in mankind. I Our history dates from Spaiii, at the time when (^astilo and Ai'a<^on wm) the dominant power of J-]u:'oi)e. JJel'oro enter! iiuj upon vhe doing's, or passin:^ jiia^^anent u})on the character, t)f tliose whose i'ortunes it is th<^ jiurposo of this work to i'ollow ir^to the forests of the New World, let us p;lance at the (,/ri;.;ln of the Spaniards, examine tlie cradle of their eivili;'a- tiou, and see out of what comhtions a people so unlil;c any on the globe to-day were evolved. Far back as tradition and theory can I'eacli, Iho Iberians, possibly of Turanian stock, foll'>wed their ]'uile vocations, hunting, fishing, fighiing; guarded on one side by the Pyrenees, and on the others by tho sea. Next, in an ■^poeh to wliose date no approxima- tion is now })os.siu!o, tho Celts came down en h)])aiii, the iirst wave of that Ar^'an sea destine*! to .submerge nil ]']urope. Under the (Jeltil>crians, llu^ llorco and jtoweri'ul compound race now i'ormed by the union wf ]! )crian anc I Celt, brok(!n indeed into vaiious iribe-i but with analogous custom^; and tongues, Spain iir^t lecame .nowu to tl to •IV ',( '( I world Tl u'U oamo the coimnercial and coh^ni/ing J'lr"iiician ;nid planted a settlement at Cadiz. After them t he CarthagiuiauH landi>d oil the casierii shore of Ww. J\'ninsula and founded Carthago Nova, nov; Carta-jcna. Tiie power e INTRODUCTION. inii of the Cartliaginians in Spaii). was broken by the Scipios, in the second Punic war, toward the close of tiie third century u. c; and yet, says Ticknor, "they have left in the population and lan':,mage of ►Spain, traces which have never been wh'-li}' oblit- erated." The Romans, after driving out the Carthaginians, at- tacked the interior Ccltiberians, who fought them hard and long; but the latter being iinally subjugated, ail llis[)ania, save porha})s the rugged north-west, was di- vided into lioiuan ja-ovinces, and in them the language and institutions of Home were established. l'"urced i'rom their hereditary feuds by the iron hand of their conquerors, the Coltibcrians rapidly increased in v/ealtii and numbers, and of their j»i'0sperify the Einpli'e wa.s not slow to make avail. From the fertile lields of Spain il(jwed ^•ast (]uantities of ccrealia into the gran- aiy of Home. The gold and .silver of their nietal- veincd sierras the enslaved Spaniards wore i'orccd to produce, as they in succeeding ages wrung IVoiu the natives of the New World the same unjust service. The introduction (jf Christianity, about the mid;;l; of the third century, brought upon the adherents of ihis religion tlu; most cruel ])iU'secutions; which, h(/V.evcr, instead of destroying' it but rooted it the more ilr:nly. Some say, iiukHxl, that Saint Paul [ircached at Sara- gossa, and planted a church there; however this may l)e, it was not until the eonvcson of Constimtiiie that Christianity became the dominant religi.Mi of ilio einns sula. I Tlie jirth century opens with tlic diss'iliilion of the omj)ire of the ITomans, for the bar!)a!'i;ms arc upon tliom. ()v(M' the Pyrenee"^, in awl'r.l (! lugo, swec^p Su'^\i, .ManI,A''andals, an 1 Silingi. The Suevi, in A. i>. ■!(;;), ki'^e possessiini es the inhospitable west and takes refuge in the ca[)ital dt" the eastern empire, which tlicreafier becomes tho dcoository G,:'tho wrecks of classic learning". In their dilennna the il{jmauized indigenes call tt) their hel[) t'.ic los.i uncouth Visigoths. In 427 the A^uidals jjass into Africa. IJetwoen A')3 and 581 the A'isigoths conquer the lloinans and subjugate the Suevi; so that now their kingd(jni stretches ironi th(' bank of the Ijoire to (Jibraltar. Thus to the ]_'itin is added the Ciothic clement; the Lutin languag'' corru[)ted as it had become, gains u])on, or rather lor tlie most i):uu luildo its original advantage over the (Jothic ton:''ue, and becoinos the basis of tlio modern Cas- i..;, \ wiih such granunatical simpliiications as the u •: 'lern taste renders necessary. Still the great Peninsida seethes and bubbles like a caldron oxer the furnaee-lires of its ])rogressional um-est. Two centuries of contentions between states, and between kings and nobles, a'jfL'Tavated by the UMi d conviusKins incident to elective monarchies, .sulii''o to bring upon them a lunv foe. 'i'lie crescent of Islam, vesting on !Mecca and threatening at once the ]>o,.porus ,.nd the Pillars of Hercules, ilames suosito of Arabic, Gothic, Latin, Hebrew, and Gallic, witli the Iloinance, or corrupted Latin of Spain, united with the Limousin, the language of the gay science spoken in Languedoc and Provence, as a base. Out of this came the Castilian, which after undergoing various mo;hfications settled into tlic Spanisli lan- guage, lea\ iiig it substantially in its j)resent form, though relined and [)olished by subsequent centuries of civilization. It was not, however, until near tlie reign of Alfonso X., 1252-1282, long after the THE EIGIIT-CEXTURY ^VAn. oil no nto ted >ut 111- Christians had emerged fi-om the mountauis and had ninigled with the reconquered indigenes, that the CastiHun became perlectly estabhsliod as a written, settled, and pohtc language. Xor were the couse- ( I nonces of Arabic occu|)ation confined to language; they tinged the whole lite of the nation. The 8[)aniards who under Pelayo had taken refuge in the mountains of Asturias, in 71G founded a small government called the kingdom of Oviedo. There the seeds of liberty, tramjiled by adversity, took root, aud from the patriot soil arose a nation that spread its branches wide over the land. GradualK- tlic Christian kingdoms cnlarixed. First Galicia, then, two hundred years later, Leon and Castile wi;re added to the little empire. The latter part of the tenth century the kingdoms of Leon, Castile, and Xavarre, held the northern extremity of the l*eni;i- sula, while all the rest was under the dominion ol' the cali[)hate of Cordova. And now, emerged from the mountain flistncsses Mhither they had iled before this southern swarm n\' turbaned Infidels, tlic sturdy Christians ])ress heavily on their foe. Inch by inch, each step count- ing a century, they fight their way from the l*yi\':ieos back to Granada. Assuming the title of caliph, .Vbilurrahmau III. defeats the Christians at /a- urn repulsed, in ;»;!S, mora on the Dovu'o, but is in t at Simancas. In vain the ^lahometans call to their aid the .Vhnoravides of ^Morocco; their I'ace upon the IVninsula is r un. As portions ot the counlry f the ai't; wrested from them, lands are awarded to uolabK ( 'hristian leaders, who at intervals pause in i\\v\v holy crusade, and i'all to warring on eacli other; aud by tht>se intestine brawls moiv Christian blood IS Spl ilt 11 laii by a 11 th e (•jiiiitcrs ol tl 10 Sar icelis. At such times the Infidels nuLrht turn and mal vO llie Christians 4jvd their strength and left thei 10 IXTnODUCTIOX. I I ! ! ■ I ml K 5i nerveless. It U tlio old story alike of people^i, sects, and individuals; discipline, begotten by necessity, en- genders sti'cngtli, Vv'liicli fattened by luxury swells to Vv-ealvness. The beginning of the eleventh century finds the Christians occupying about half the Peninsula, that i-; t(j say the kingdoms of Leon, Castile, Aragon, Xavarre, and Portugal. Leon Avas but another name for the kingdom of (Jviedo, or Asturias, the birth- placo of Spanish niiiionality. Castile — lloman, cas- tt'lia; Arabic, anio-l-kuld'i, land of castles, so callc«l from the (Xisti/lo--, or forts, built there — thougli destine 1 eventually to al)sorb all the kingdoms of tl\e I'eninsula, was at hi-st a republic, consisting of a fciw small towns or fortified castles, which had united for mutual jiroteetion from both Mahometans and contentious Christian brethren. In 10o7 Leon was united by Ferdinand I., called the Great, to Castile; and from its central jiosilion, and the strength arising b'om perpetual vigilance, the new kingdom gradually widened and added to its domin- ions, until eventually all the kingdoms of tlie Penin- sula were unlti^'cl under the banner ol' Castile. Navarre belonged to a Prench count, whose ruccessor drove the Sara(,'ens fii'U) the territory adjacent on the south-west, and founded tlie kingdom of Aragon. ' In 108.3 the Cid, i\ Castliiaii chieftain, born at Pih'gos, and famous in poetry, romance, and war, seized Toledo, and overran Valencia; in 1 1 J8 Alfonso of Ara •i.'on wrested Saragossa from the Mije ruiLcna of their imiuediate successors. A lonir liuo 12 INTRODUCTIOX. of aiiiljitious and able princes had raised the cni|)iro to a giddy licight; but with an ilhterato and noii- progTossive populace, no sooner did the rulers Ijeconie in('(jnipetent than the nation fell in pieces. In the height of his grandeur Spain's grandest monarch sur- feited of success and abdicated; and with the death of his son Philip the ghny of the empire departed. Then might her epitaph be written Nine centuries of steady growth — a long and lusty youth, more than falls to the lot of most nations — and in three brief centuries more she rose, and ripened, and rotted. It is not with death, however, but life, wc have to do. Intellectual sparks were lighting up the dark corners of the earth, and a scries of brilliant epochs beiran ^ith the reiu'n of Ferdinand and Isabella— modern (Jolden Aujes they mi^-'ht be called. The golden ago of Spain, dating from 1474 to lalG, was followed by Geruiany's golden age, which Avas during the reign of Charles V., lal'J-loaS. Then came En- gland witli tlic reign of Elizabeth, 1558-1(503; then France under Jjouis XIA'^. and Louis XV., 1G40-1 740; Ilussia under Peter the Croat, 1072-17:25; and Prus- sia under Frederick the Croat, 1740-178G. During this time European civilization was bursting its nar- row confines and encircling the hitherto unknown world in every direction. The Spaniards we would know and judge. We shall judge them, even though wc know them not. We love to judge our fellows, and to think how nmch better are we than they. Little attention we give it, though it is a self-evident projtosition, that to judge a people by any other standard than that to which tliey have been taught to conform is to do ti:em great in- justice. If wo may believe psychology, thouglit, in its higher phases, develops only with the do -elo])n)eiit of language; the conce|)lions of the mind "an not rise much higher than forms of speech will enable it to ex])rcss. Apply this postulate to the measure of MEASUREMENTS OF CILmACTER. 13 ■40; Wo Br^ not. ij unci I S' .'■■If vo it, w, tliey ^r*' t iu- 1 it, ill m IMOllt m not ■ «K- it B ro o cliaractcr, and the corollary is, that to interpret fairly, wo must restrict our imagination to such iilcas, our mind to such beliefs, and our tongue to Mich formulas as belong to those we judge. This, liowovcr, is no easy matter. In the present age of intellectual progress and changing activity, when old delusions are being rapidly dispelled by science, and now discoveries are constantly opening new channels to distinction, it is almost impossible to place ourselves ■witliin the narrow limits of mediaeval restrictions, in wliich thought and opinion were not allowed to giir- iuinate,but were passed unchanged from one generation to another, "It often happens,'' as John Stuart Mill rcniarks, ''that the universal belief of one age of man- kind — a belief from "svhich no one was, nor, Avithout an extra effort of genius or courage, could at tliat time l)v\ free — becomes so palpable an absurdity, that the only difficulty then is to imagine how such a thing can ever have appeared credible." Xot only were the Church dogmas of the Middle Age accepted as truth, bat at that time to hold opinions antagonistic to estab- lished creeds was seldom so much as deemed possible. From the foregoing premises it clearly follows, that rightly to measure the character of tliose who cariied ]:]uropean civilizationinto tlie wilds of America, we must, in s(j far as we may, divest ourselves of the present, and enter into the spirit of their times. We must fix in (jur minds the precise epoch in the history of human j)r()gress to which the discovery of this Xew World belongs. We nmst roll up four brilliant centuries of the scroll of science, cloud nine tenths of the world in obscurity, throw a spell upon the ocean; then wall the imagination within the confines of this narrow horizon and (Conceive the eftect. We must know sometliing, not alone of national polities and the attitude of kings, but we nmst enter the society of individuals, and study the impulses of the people. Wo must call lip the inscrutable past, surround ourselves with tho> o iulhiences that give the stamp to character and the 14 INXnODUCTIOX. ■ i ■: color to creed. Wo must familiarize ourselves with scenes familiar to the people wo discuss; ^vc must M'alk tlicir streets, look through their eyes, think their thoughts; \;o must personate them and })ractically construe them. We should fill our breast witli the aspirations that impelled them, our imagination with the fears that restrained them, and feel those subtle forces which for generations had been developing in- tellect and moulding opinion. Vv^o should dare evuu to gain access to their domestic and religious pcuc- tralia, to invade the sanctity of the hearth and altaj-, to sound the hidden chords of domestic life, to walk softly throuGfh vaulted aisles and convent corridors, oending the ear to catch the whisperings of the eon- fessional; we should enter with the monk his cloister- cell, with the gallant the presence of his lady-love, and learn whence the si'/t/a, and Spain presents the anomalous race of the world. Ill different provinces different race-elements pre- ponderate, that of lionie tincturing the whole more strongly than anv other. Under analvsis these sev- cral social ingrecHents may be easily detected. Py comparison with Strabo, Arnold traces many C)f the social characteristics of the Spaniards back to the Iherians. "The grave dress, the temperance and so- briety, the unyielding sj^irlt, the extreme indolence, the perverseness in guerilla warfare, and the remark- al)le absence of the highest military qualities ascribed l)y the Greek and Poman writers," ho affirms, "are all more or less characteristic of the Spaniards of modern times. The courtesy and gallantry of the Spaniard tc women has also come down to him from his Iberian ancestors." So in the volatile, dark-haired Celt, where reckless courage and Indiiference to human lil'e reached their height, where quick perception and reatly wit su])])lied tlie place of sober thought and logical deductions, \\liere man ^\as courageous and changeable, and IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / •^ ^ // <. k' %s y 1.0 I.I a^ ill 2^ 2,2 112 liilO JJ- 1.25 1.4 JA ^ 6" — •-♦■ V] V] .% / //A //a 4'%:^ 6^. Photographic Sciences Corporation V ^^ < ^^ O ^\ 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WiBSTER.N.Y 14580 (716) 873-4S03 cS^ i '<^ '^ ^^ '^ i/.x ''i 16 INTRODUCTION. woman was at once fickle, chaste, and passionate — in these fierce barbarians we see a multitude of traits handed b}' them to their descendants. Of Phoenician and Iberian influence, traces are seen in their skill in scientific mining; of Gothic, in their comparatively liberal forms of government, their attachment to military display, and in their good faith, integrity, and morality — would these latter had been a trille more Gothic; of Roman, in their love of ecclesi- astical forms, church and sfate loyalty, in their stately dignity and sobriety of deportment; of Arab, in their hatred of work, their love of freedom, their re- ligious enthusiasm, their tactics in war, and in fxieir language, poetry, art, and architecture. Some of these terms appear paradoxical, but human nature, in its ingredients, is ever paradoxical. In the Spanish lan- guage Brace discovers that the principal "terms for agriculture and science are Latin; for the Church, Latin or Greek; for arms, riding, and war, Teutonic; and for arts and i>lants in southern Spain, Arabic." From the north c id east and south the boldest of the nations liad congregated on this frontier peninsula, waiting the outburst which, after a thousand years of fermentation, broke over its western slope. Buckle, in support of a theory referring the origin of character to physical causes, ascribes the supersti- tion of Spain to famine and disease, to cartlKjuakos and the awe-producing phenomena of wild scenery; their fickleness he attributes to climate, the heat and dryness in Spain interrupting labor and leading to des- ultory habits; their love of romance and adventure he traces to pastoral life, which prevailed to tho neglect of agriculture during the Moorish invasion. The fall of Granada left the Peninsula occui)ied essentially as follows : In the north and west were tlie descendants of Goths and Celts who, unmolested by Koman or Moor, retained in a measure their an- cestral characteristics. Low of stature, thick-set and awkward, as strong and as hairy almost as bears, the EVOLUTION OF THE SrANISII NATION. 17 men of Asturias and Galicia, of Leon and Biscay, century alter century come and go, living as their fiitliors lived, neither better nor worse, caiing nothing for Arab or Dutchman, and little even for the Spanish kings; proud as ever of IVlayo, of the mountains that cradled Spanish liberty, of their great antiquity, which they boast as greater than that of any living nation; superstitious, irritable, and impetuous, but lioncst, frank, and sincere; iujplacable as enemies, but faitliful as friends. Their boast is that never have they been subdued by jMoor. Their chiefs were of tht! ancient Gothic blood, hluc Idood they called it, not l)eing tainted with Arabic like that of their darker southern neighbors; of such material were earlv founded the kingdoms of Leon and Castile. On their eastern side was the kingdom of Na- varre, founded b}'- the counts of tho French marches. Though at one time these two sections had been uniteil, the usual partition of heritage had soon dls- uiemljered them. Portugal, an olVshoot of Castile, was permanently separated; Aragon, founded by Xavai're, became also independent. Upon the east- ern seaboard the |)eo[)le of Catalonia and A'alencia, tiiough diluted with the Limousin element, yet retain traces of their foreign relationships. "Of the modern evidences of race ni tho different jjrovincrjs," says Ih'ace, "travellers tell us that in Valencia the j)eoplo rescnible both their Keltibcrian and Carthaginian ancestors, being cunning, perfidious, vindictive, and sullen. The burning sun has tanned their skin dark anil aided to form in them an excitable and nervous temperament; they have, too, the su|)erstitious tend- encies that characterize the people of a hot climate. Tlie Videncian women are fanner than the men, and are conspicuous for their beauty of form. They wear tlie liair and tho ornaments of the head after the old liomish style. The Catalan is rude, active and in- dustrious, a good soldier, and fond of his indopen«l- ence, resembling both Kelts and Iberians in his Uiit. KltiM, Am., Vol. I. 'i Il: 18 IXTRODUCnON. covetous, 1>()](1, "riu'l, and warlike eliaractcr. Tlie Araufones*; are tvo children of the (Jotlis in llicir force of will, tbi-ir attachment to eonstiluiionnl lil>- erti(^s, and their opposition to arbitrary }i(»w( r." The tall, tough, ai^ile eastern niountaincei" pi-esents as marked a contrast to the stubby Asturian as does the sparklinuf Andalusian to the «^rave Castilian. For a loii;^ time the })eo{)li' of Andalusia were semi-^rooi'ish in ^heir character. There, where the soft air oi' Afi-ica comes fivsh I'roin the ^[editerraneaii, h;id dwelt the dusky, graceful Arab; worshipping ^raliomet as tlu! Castilian worshipped Christ, and regarding his Chi'is- tian and Jewish neighbors with as little allcction as either Jew or Christian regarded him. Scattered along the banks of the Cruadahjuivir, and in sej)arate (piarters of many towns of southern S[)ain, wert; bands of that anomalous race the gypsies. Sliort, dark, ugly, with long, coarse, wavy hair, mixing with other men as light and darkness mix, tiiey j)li<'d their trade of buying, stealing, and selling. J)uring the latter part of th(^ war they occupied themselves in bring- nig horses from Africa and selling them to Moors or Christians. In the mountain fastnesses of Toledo there yet lived a renmant of Silingi stock, known as rings, found A momentaiT restmg-place. Before the arrival of the Visigoths, it is said, a colony of l[(;l)rews ])lanted themselves hear Toledo, and by their industry and guperior tinancial ability, became at length the royal bankers, and notwithstaiuling bitter prcijudices, tliey n>8e high in iutluence, even to the honor of having tl)cir daughters enrolled among the king's mistressi^s. Jims fbr a time the several parts of the Peninsula RESULTS OF INTERMIXTURES. 10 (lifT.'!' Avlili'ly in language, manners, and institutions; !.ut at length, by wars and political combinations, riU'c-Uarricrs are bn^kcn down, and opposing clan- ships welded by an intonser hatred for sonio coniUKm enoniy. The south through its Mediterranean trade soonest attains eminence, but warlike Castile sub- se(juently acriulros ])rcdominance. Meanwhile the masses i-etain their old ways better than tiieir leaders. The noi)ility, and Ircfjuenters of courts, mingling more with the world, adopt the fashions of courts, and change with their changes. The inhabitants of the border |)rovinces feel the influences of the war com- paratively little; u[)on the great central plateau, bow- ever, there meet and mix almost all tlie stocks and creeds of the then known world. Aryan and Se- mite; Roman, (jloth, and Mauritanian; Mahometan, Christian, and Jew; i)lanting and plucking, building u|) and tearing down, fattening and .starving, fighting ami worship[)ing and burning — the whole tal)le-land of Spain turned into a battle-arena of the nations, into a world's gladiatorial show; its occupants alter- nately marrying and battling, ^loslem with Chris- tian, Moslem with Moslem, Christian with Christian, Christian and Moshnn uniting now against Chi'istian and now against Moslem, while the .slaugliter of Jew, heretic, and gypsy hlls tlio interlude. So pass centui'Ies; and from this alembic of nations is distilled the tall, synunotrical, black-haired, bright-eyed, shar[)- featured Castilian and Kstremaduran. Out of this heterogeneous medley of opj)osing (|ualities we have now to draw gcnoral chai-act(;risi ics. In domeanor the Spaniard is gi-ave, ])Uiictilious, reserved with strangers, j»!alous of familiarity or (!n- croachment on his dignity; but among his acquaint- ances, or with those who are ready to recognize what lie conceives to be his due, he throws oif restraint, and becomes an agreeable companion and a lirm friend. While impatient antl resentful of fancied INTRODUCTION. X 1 I: slights, ho is easily won bv kindness, and is always dazzled by skill in arms and personal valor. In disposition ho is serious almost to melancholy, firm to stubbornness, imperturbable, lethargic, inert, moody; yet when roused there breaks Ibrth the deepest enthusiasm and the most ungovernable ])assion. So punctilious is his sense of honor, so zealous and truthful is he in his friendships, so aliec- ti(jnate and humane in all his private relations, that at one time tlie term 8|)anish gentleman was synonymous with everything just, generous, and high-minded throughout Europe. In intellect he is contemj)lative rather than profound, apt in emergencies, but lacking breadth and depth. In habits he is temperate antl frugal, easily satisfied, indolent. To live without work is his iileal of enjoyment. ])issoluteness and intemperance can not be ranked among his vices, nor do travellers i)lace hospitality in his list of virtues. There is no such word as rowdy in his vocabulary. Turbulent from imposition he may be, and after injury vengeful; but brawler, disturber of peace and social order, he is not. Though taciturn, he is deep in feeling; in his love of country he is provincial rather than national. Though hanl t») be driven he is easily led; acting collectively, ollicially, hu is given to venality, when j)ersonally thrown ujwn his lienor he is scrui)ulous and trusty. In manners the Spaniard is proverbial for high breeding, courtesy, and decorum. Whether beggar or courtier, his politeness seldom deserts him. "Dios guarde a usted,' May (lod protect you; "Vayausted con Dios, caballero," God be with you, sir; are the usual valeilieiions. In rejdy to the importunities of a beggar the cavalier exclaims, "Perdone usted, por Dios, hermano," For the love of Crod excuse me, my brothel". To the highest noble and to the meanest peasant tlie greeting is the same. Sedate, sober- minded, reserved, the Spaniard is but the modified result of his several exemplars. "All Spaniards," CASTILIAN' mroE AXP POLITENESS. 91 remarks Ford, "arc prodigal to cadi otlicr in cheap iKiiiios and titles of honor; thus even heggars ad(hesa ciicli other as scuor y aihulUro, lord and knight. The most coveted style is excclcncia, your cxcel- K ncv." Nicknames are common. No one rises to distinction without carrving with him one or more jippcllations significant of the skill or occupation of his (>urly days. The Castilian has less ingenuity in nieclianics, less skill in trade, less taste, less delicacy of ])erception, than the Italian, but far n>')re pride, lirnmess, and couraLje; a more solemn demeanor, and a stronger sense of lionor. lOvrry Spaniard of whatever class considers himself a cdhiil/cro, a well-born and Christian gentleman, the sii[)erior of most, the equal of any, the inferior of none. Profu.so in profTers of kindness, he is no less slow to fuhll tliem than to accept favors from otlu-rs. lie is very vain; vain of personal appearance, vain of his ancestry, his breeding; vain of his ignorance and s'ijierstition ; proud of many things he should bo ash nncd of, and ashamed of nothing. Thievinij was iievi r prominent as a national vice. As a rule Span- iiiiils an; too ])roud to steal; the impulse of wounded iitleetion or injured pride nerves the arm that strikes, ol'tener than the desire for plunder. The old German cosmographer Sebastian Munster must be reconstructed." "All the force of Europe," exclaims I*etcrborough, "would not be suffi- cient to subdue 1 he Castilcs with Uv^ p-ioyile against it." So great is their reverence for r.ntiquity, that they appear to live almost as mucli in the past as in tlie present. Aj';e is synonymous with wisdom; tho older tile habit or opinion, the more worthy of belief it is. REVERENCE FOR ANTIQUITY. 23 fiiMovalion tliuy iiblior as dangerous; the universe of ku(Avledgu stands already revealed; there is nothing more to loarn. Their premises they know to be sound, their conclusions correct, their beliefs true^j what necessity tlien for further troubling themselves?* Children in everything but teachableness, with them- selves and their traditions they are content. Their educaticMi is iinished. This is the most hopeless fonii of ignorance. Their legends they carefully preserve, oM-lime customs they love to ))ractise, and they dwell with dovotetl enthusiasm on the exploits of their an- cestors. To this day, twelve centuries after the occurrence, the peasantry of Asturias are divided be- tween the descendants of those who aided the patriot Pelayo against the Moors, and those who did not — the latter being stigmatized as ixiqncius; while the Andulusian Morisco keeps alive the story of (Jranada'si grandeur, and dreams of ^Moslem warriors, of Aben- cerrage knights, and the restoration of I'ormer grout'- ness. So strong is the inlluence of tradition and dead ancestry. ISj)caking of the quality of firmness, and tenacity of pin'[)ose, says IJell, "So obstinate is the Spaniartl, and m some provinces so remarkably self-willed, that i\tp inhabitants of one part of Spain make a jest of the others on that account. Thus the obstinate Biscayan is represented as driving a nail into the wall with his licad, whilst the still more obstinate Aragonian is fig- ui'ed in the same act and attitude, but with the point of the nail turned outward!" With the poniard at his throat, many a })rostrate foe will die rather than yield, and as surely will the victor plunge in the fatal wea})on if the cry for (juarter l»e not quiclily uttered. In .Vndalusia there was a fashion prevalent among (hiehists, when determined to light their (juarrel to the end, of linnly binding together, below tiie ell)Ows, the loft arms of the cond)atants; tlien, with knives in tlu'ir right hands, they fought until one or both were dead. 24 INTRODUCTION. t Xotwithstandinsf their excessive lovaltv to their rulers, tlieir love of antiquity and hatred of cliange; and notwithstandiuL^ the op[)ression of their princes, the condition of the lower classes in Spain at the close of the fifteenth centurv was far ahove that of the same class in any other European country. This was o\vin<>f, not to any special consideration on the part of their political or ecclesiastical rulers, but to that greatest of scourges, war. While the rulers were aljsorbed in conquering, and in keeping themselves from being conquerealously k('[>t distinct. The first distinction was that whidi stjiarated them from foreigners. In t!ie days of Caesar and Cicero, Home was master of the world; lumio was the world; were any not of l?ome they \\v\\) baib;nians. So it was with Spaniards. To be of Castile was to be the most higldy favored of mortals; to lie a Spaniard, though not a Castiliaji, was some- thing to be proud of; to be anything else was most unfortunate. The next distinction was between the Spaniard of pure blood and tlie C*hri:4iaiii:ied native of foreign origin. In tiic eyes of the Castilian baptism couKl not whcilly cleanse a ^loor or Jew. IMorlseos the Church n)ight make; lieretics the Inquisition miglit reconstruct; but all Sjiain could not make fi'oni I'oi'eign material a Christian Spaniard of the pure tUK'ient blaniards." ^Ir. Ward, En- glish consul at JMexico in 182r>- 7, affirms that "the Bon, who had the misfortune to be born of a creole motli(.;r, was considered as an inferior, in the house of his own father, to the Eur()])ean lxn)k-kce})er or clerk, for whom the daughter, if there woi'e one, and a largo share of the fortune were reserved. 'Eres criollo y basta;' You are a creole and that is enough, was a common ])hrase amongst the Sp niards when an*jfry with their children," Truly it was a u:ood thing in those days to be at once 'of Christ' and *of S[)ain.' It was positively l)elieved by some that blood ilowed in accordance with the majesty of law, and that the (|uality of one was inferior to the quality of anotlier. Tlie blood of the Indian was held as scarcely more human than the blood of beasts, and was often shed as freely. 'J'hen, too, there was a distinction between the pro- ftjssion of arms and all other professions. Following republican Rome again, the education of no man a^pii'ing to a public career was complete until he had served as a soldier. No one can ti'utld'ully charg'' the Spaniards of the sixteenth century with lack astri, and the pro- |'\)llo\vin,'4 no man ll he had |y charji" ll lack ot of man I not only Ml their wars hut in their sports. Life was dull unless hrighteiied hy blood. Jn Aragoii the barons were ^'niitrd to a few j^reat families who traced their descent fro .a twelve peers, called ricos homes tic natura. AlthoUjL^h obliu^ed to attend the kinir in his wars, in every other respect they were intlopendent. They Nvero themselves ex- cnijit from taxation and punishment, and held ahso- hite authority over the lives and property of tlieir va-^sals. Tlie next lower order of nobility in Arai:^ou was called itijanzoncs, correspond in jj^ to the hidalo'os of (.'ustile. Tho cahallerus, or knii,dits, were the im- mediate followers of the ricos homes, and were pos- sessed of iiiii)ortant V'/ileLres. In La Mancha the peasantry wore of a (piality ditfereiit from : 'lose sent by Castile and Estremadura to tho New World. Quiiitana writes of them, "He who travels throu-j^h La Manelia will see the scaffold l)ei"ore he sees the town. They are lazy, dirty, (juar- relsome, and never sutler from hun;i^er, for when they wish to become the owners of anything they take it;" and remarks another, "They live on parched (/ in the extreme. Two incidents of the crown- ing' d'" Pope John XXIII., in 1410, as related by IMonstrclet, give us a tolerably fair idea of the feel- ings entertained toward the Jews. In his progress tlirough Rome, these people presented him witli a manuscript eopy of the old Testament. lie, "having examined it a little, threw it behind him, saying, 'Your religion is good, but this of ours is better.'" And ayain, "There were belbre and behind him two hundre;l men-at-arms, each having in jiis hand a leathern mallet, with which they sti'uck the Jews in such wise as it was a pleasure to see." With such an example the condition of the Jews grew more serious. As for the S[)aniards, they bi-t- tered the instruction, as was suiiiciently jiroved by their expulision-edict of j\Iarch, 14'J2 — an edict foi- bidding unbaptized Jews to be found within the limits of Spain at the end of four months; an edict allowing tliem in tliat time to sell their j)roperty, but Ibrbid- val town there was a Jewish district, in wiiich, says M. Depping, their historian, "Jews like ti'oo[)s of h'pers were thrust away and huddh (I together into i\\v. most uncomfortable and most Uiilualthy quarters of the city, as miserable as it was disgusting;" or, as Paul Lacroix describt;s it, 11 THE CHARGE OF CRUELTY. flf "a large enclosure of wretched liouses, irrerime(l prison-like syna- n(M_>ut' usually occupied the center. But even in these wietchcd places they were often suhjected to crui'lties the most severe and sickeninj^. Terrii)le as were the indignities heaped upon this unfortunate ])eople it must not he supposeil that they were wholly unpro- Adkc'd, or that all the forbearance was on the part of the sullerers. ()j)inions on these (piestions are widely (liver^t'nt, and 1 refer to them lici-e only to show more clearly the condition of Europe at the time of which I write. Tiio Spaniards of the sixteenth century have been called a cruel people; and so they were. Yet they were no more cruel than other nations of their day, and no more cruel relatively, accordinpr to the progress of Jiumanity, than are we to-day. Time evolves in many respects a more refined civilization, but the nature of man changes not. Individuals may be less beastly; society may be regulated more by law and less by jiassion ; between nations in their wars and diplomac}'' there may be less systematic torture, less unblushing chicanery; but the worhl has yet to find a weightier right than might. I fail to discover in America, by Catholic Spaniards or hcatlien savages, deeds more atvoeious than some committed in India and China v.ithin the century by Protestant England, the wo:«!d's model of piety and propriety; and yet the treatment of Indians in North America by the people of Great 'h'itain has been far more just and humane than their treatment by the people of the United States. ]]efore such a charge as that of excessive cruelty can be made good against a people, there are several thinjjfs to bo considered. And lirst the motive. The INTRODUCTION. surgeon who amputates a limb to save a life is not called cruel. Now the Spaniards were the s[»iritual surgeons of their dc. y. Nine tenths of all their cruel- ties were committed muler the conviction that what thev (Hd was in the line of dutv, and that to refrain from so doing would have been no kindness. Thtaigh with the i'X[)erience of the past and by the cleaiiT light of the nineteenth century we conclude that these convictions were false, and though M'e contcm- jtlato lliem with horror and condemn the acts which resulted from them as barbarous, yet it is almost supeiihious to say that with tiieir teachings and sur- roundiu'jjs wo should have been the same. IMic in- herent (jualitics of human nature seem to be changed but little if at all by the cultivation and development of mind. Secondly, the quality of cruelty is not ])ro- nounce(l,l>ut relative. Tlu'reai'e cruelties of the heart, of i\\v. sensibilities, no less cruel than bodily tortures. The a^;e()f sava<»ism is always cruel. Cruelty s|)rinLis I'rom ignorance I'ather than I'rom instinct. (MiiMliki! and thouuhtless thinre not i'ree from what would seem to us studied and unnecessary cruelty. I will cite a few instances of Lnropeaii cruelty, not confined to Spaniards, which will show not only that Sjrnin was not more cruel than othir nations, but that tlie savages of America wore m)t TIIK BARB^VTJSMS OF EUROrE. li more rrncl ilian llio Europoans of their dny. Both tortured to tho uttoriuost %vh(>i'e thoy hated, even as men do now; the chief (hil'oreneo was, the J']iiroj)i'aiis, heii!L,^ thc! stroiiLifer, could torture the liarder. Civil- i/.;itioii ch;in.L;'es, not the hastiano d(> Branca in his dinry, ahout tlit^ year loOO, ''Cjesar Borij^ia was tli(^ cruciest man of any at^e." To sei've his purposi's ho (lid not lu^sitate to use poison and iierjuiy. He was treaclierous, incestuous, nuirderous, eveii kee])in,LC n ]irivate executioniM", Michilotto, to do his [)id«lin_iL,'. Louis XI. of France, and otluM- ])rinces, ke|>t a couit assassin. The hi'teenth c(>ntury was lurid with atro- cities. Bodri'^'o Ijcnzuoli, the father, Jjucretia, tlu; dauj;hter, and (^a^sar, the son, coin})rised the Borgia llio, distinu^uished no less for tlu'ir intellect, beauty, wealth,anfl brav(My',thaiifortheircraft,lust, ti-eachei-y, and ciueltv. Says Leckv: "Bliilin II. and Isabella thoCalholic inilicted more sulUrinn' in (>bedienc(> to their consciences than Xero or Domitiau in obedience to their lusts." In I4l.> John IIuss was burned for his relii^ion, and in 1431 Joan of Arc for her patriotism. In like manner perished thousands of others. Mahomet II., disputing with the Venetian artist Gentile ]:{ellini as to the lenjiifth of John the Ba|)tist's neck after de- collation, called a slave, and striking off his head with one blow of his cimeter, e.Kclainied: "There! did not T say yours is too long?" Princes made bloodshed a, pastime. Edward IV. put to death a tradesman for perpetrating a |»un; caused a gentleman to be executed for sj>eaking against a I'avorite; and condenmed his own bi-otber to death in a lit of ]»etulanci>. Jn an interviinv be- tween this same Ivlward of England and the king of I'rance, the monarchs were brought together in inigo iron cages, each distrustful of the other. Louis XI I. oontined Ludovieo 8for/,a, duke of ]\Iilan, in un iron 32 INTRODUCTION". iti*! cage for ton years, and until his death. This was a punishment eoiinnon at that time in Italy and Spain. Pedro el (,'ruel is charged by Hallam with having nmrdered his wife and mother, most of his brothers and sisters, many of the Castilian nobility, and multi- tudes of the connnonalty. The church tolerated the persecution of its enemies, l)elieving it was for the glory of Clod. Nor was this idea confined to Spain or to the fifteenth centary, for we find in England and even in America that perse- cutions for conscience' sake, with all the cruelties that refined civilization could devise existed at the opening of the present century; nor indeed is the world yet com[>letely emancipated from this thraldom. Yet the Spaniards, I say, were bad enough. The cruelties following the capitulation of Malaga, in 1487, were more befittinuf fiends than a man and woman who prided themselves in the title of Catholic* king and queen. Since the establishment of the Inquisition, relig- ious ])ersecutions had become but too gratifying to the national taste. On this occasion at Malaga, the apostate j\[oors were first caught and burned. Twelve apostate Christians were then fastened to stakes in an open ])lace and made the barbarous sport of Span- ish cavaliers, wlio, mounted on fleet horses, hurled at their naked luxlies pointed reeds while rushing past at full sj)eed. This was continued until the torn and bleeding flesh of their victims was filled with darts, and the wretched suflerers cxpiied under the most excruciating torments. Then, of the rest of the Moorish ])risoners, three divisions were made; one for the r('(K'nq)tion of Christian captives, one to be distributed among the victors as slaves, and one to be ))ubli('ly sold into slavery. Spanish knights returned from their incursions against the Mocs ol' their rehgion. Troin making slaves of prisoners of war, a traffic in Iranian llosh springs up. A slave-traile association was liirnied in Portugal in 1443. (lonzalez brouglit slaves to Seville; Columbus sent to Spain a cargo of Indian .'-laves in 1495; in laO.T the enslavement of American Indians was authorized by Ferdinand and Isabella; and in 1 ji)8 the African slave-trade unfdded in all its hid- eous Ijarbarity. The slave-trade, however, was toler- ated hv these sovereigns from mistaken kindness, rather than from cruelty. It was to shield the Indian, who died under the infliction of labor, that Isabella permitted the importation of Africans into the colonies. Cruelty was a prominent wheel in the machinery of government, as well as in religious discipline. Torture was deemed inseparable from justice, either as preparatory to trial to elicit a confession of guilt, or as j)artof an execution to increase tlie iiunishment. Ilippolite do ^Marsilli, a learned jurisconsult of I]o- 1 "giia, mentioned fourteen ways of inllicting torture, which are given by Lacroix. Among them were conipi-essing the limbs with instrumentsi or cords; the iiijoctlon of water, vinegar, or oil; application of liot pitch; starvation; ]»lacing hot eggs under the arm- pits; introducing dice under the skin; tying lighted caiKhos to the lingers which were consumed with the Vva\, and droppinj atcr from a great lieight upon the stomacli. Josso Dandioudere mentioned tlurtecn modes of execution or i)i;nishnient — lire, the sword, mechanical force, quartering, the wheel, the fork, tho gilihet, dragging, spiking, cutting olf the ears, dis- membering, llogging, and the ]>illory. I']\-ery country luid its peculiar system of torture. In l.")47 Kuijlish vagrants were branded with a V and enslaved for two years. Should the unfortunate a'ilemj)t escape, a hot S was burned mto the llosh and he was a slave for life. A second attem[)tcd Hisr. t'EN, Am., Vol. I. 3 31 IXTnODUCTION. escape was dcatli. Tii those tlays \vin'-wlii]>j)iiiic was ucoiuiiKMi and ivspculablo doiuestie dist-iiiliiu"; rulprits in tlie pillory and stocks were stationed in the market- place whoro all the peojtle might strike them; pris- oners were stripped of their clothes, coniined in iilthy dnnixeons half hlled with stairnant water, and there not imfreijuently left to starve, while slimy reptiles crawled owr the naked hody, or drove their poisonous fani^s into the (piiverinLj ilesh. The sports of the Spaniards we now regard as cruel, as ours will be regarded four hundred years lience. Although delighting in games, in pantominiir i!;ior antl more refined amusements. Tliis to tliem Avas ;i misfortune, although the repulsive sport did losler a spirit of courage and endurance. The coi'i-ida de loros, bull-run, or bull-figlit, tlio national sport of Spain, is a relic of JNIoorisli chivalry, vet no less Spanish than Arabic: for the institution as it exists in S})ain is found neither in Africa nor in Arabia. Originally, as in the ancient tournament, ill the s})ort engaged only cavaliers, or gentlemen, in whom were combined sucli skill and strength that the liead of a bull was sometimes stricken oil' bv a sinirle blow of the montantc. Since which time thi tourna- ment has degenerated into a prize-ring, and the chiv- alrous bull-light which in principle was a display of courage combined with skill in horscmansliip, and in the use of 'he lance, has become a sort of !e — consist of narrow, tortuous streets walled by .M inri.jh mansions enclosing cool courts. Shutterless will K)ws, through which half-muUled lovers whisj)er sell nothings to ])ar-imprisoned scuon'^as, open wilh- out; fresh young love and musty antiquity thus min- gl;:i;,' i:i b.armonious contrast. Then, favored bv tlie 3G INTRODUCTION. voluptuous air of spring, or broiling beneath the ener- vating heat of summer, arc Oranada, Cordova, and ^lillaga, wlierc glory and shame, heroic vii'tuo and unblushing vice, erudition and ignorance, Christianity and paganism were so blended that the jiast and })resent seem almost one. As it' proud of their ]\Iour- i,Mi origin, these cities of southern Spain battle with time, and hold in fast embrace the shadows of de- partetl grandeur. The better class of ^loorish houses are yet ])reserved; and the otherwise unendurable heat of this so-called oven of Spain is rendered sup- })ortable by the narrow, crooked streets — so narrow, indeed, that in some of them vehicles can not i)ass each other — and by the irregular, projecting stories of the terrace-roofed houses. Though widely separate in their i-eligious systeni>^ nuich thei-e is ahko in the national characterisl ics nf these gr;!Vi' and haughty sheiks and the Spaniards. To both were given coiujuest, wi'alth, and o[)})()rtunity. IJoth struggled blindly and bravely, sinking into na- tional decay and corruption, whiih elosed in around them like a ])estil(Mice. But in their religion there was no iloubt a diirerence. One was sensual, tlie other spiritual. In one were the seeds of ])r(>gress, of intellectual culture, and of all those eidighteninents !Uid rilineinents whicli make men moie iit to dominate this earth. -,Vnd though iUcA/fah alhar echot's from the receding hosts who worshij) (jod and his pro])]i('t, V(>t its mis.sion is fulfilled. Where now is the miLiiit of Mauritania :* Where tlu' i>ower and pride that caused l*]gV]it to di'cam again of the days of the Pharaolis and the I'tolemies!' Syria and Palotine are desolate, Ix'douinized. To l^agdad remains but the memory of ancient s])l(.!ndor; her palaces are hea[)s. No moie the good liaroun al Paschid walks her streets; no more the universities of Knfa and IJassora, Samai- cand and Balkh enlighten the world. The sons ol' liagarhave had their day; their work is ilone. What. Sjjain and her colonies now are neeil not here be told. DWELLIN'OS AXB FURNITUKE. ST Every S|)anisli town lias its i)laza, great sijiia re, or j'.'.lilie market-place, whieh every day ])resents a, imsy Meiu\ Thitlier ill early moruiiij^ resort the iiiijirovi- (Iviit — tliouu^li not specially lazy — coiiiinon ])eoplo lor 1 heir daily supply of I'ood. Then there is the ji'tsca, or puMic promenade, or, as it is more f'recpieiilly (•;i!K'(l, the alaincdd, from d/amo, ])oplar, a heautil'ul ^v:dk, shaded on either side by trees. There mav he sci'ii every pU'asant day after the siesta, or midday si -ei*, j;rou})S of either sex, and all classes, hi^-h and 1 »\v, rich and poor, M'alkiiig to and fro, chattiiii;', siiiokiii''', ilirtiiiij', drinkiiiLT in health and content and merriiiieiit with the cool, diilicious eveniiiL'" air; while ladies in carria;j^es and cavaliers on curvet iny,' steeds occupy and enliven the roadway. Xuaiherless kinds of dwelling's obtain in various jiarts, cons[)icuous amoiiL;" which are the Asturian ea\i'rns, the subterranean abodes of La ]\Ianclia, Ihe iorls of Castile, and the ]\roorish ])alaces of Anda- lusia. Stone, lievrn and unhewn, is the material i-ni- ]>l(»yed in mountainous districts; mlohc, or sun-dried brick, with thatched roof, upon the plains. A coiii- iiioii class of architecture is a windowless parallelo- gram divided into two rooms, one lor the family, and I'le oilier lor the cattle, the attic beiii'^" us(>d as a liarii. J [ouses of this kind are built in one and tw(> stories. An out-house for stores, which is also used a^ a sleepiu'H'-place for the women, perched on pillars ci^-'iit feet hi,L;'h, sometimes stands adjacent. Across one end of the family room, W'hich, of luM^'ssity, is used l'"i' all domestic [)ur[)Oses, extends a tire-[)lace, ten or Jifteen feet in length and six feet in depth, over which j; a large l)(>ll-shaped chinuiey extending out into tlie i.iiildle of the room. This stvlc; of buildiii''' miLjht ''i' (elaborated, wings added, or the form changed. Tiled roofs are common, and overhanuin'^ eaves. Si>:iie houses are of three or four stories; others run I'lii Ion;;; and lowui)on the ground, ^iore ])retentious tlwelliiigs are often in the form of a holh>w scjuare, 38 INTRODUCTION. "witli a patio and garden within. Of such are con- vents with cloisters, and over them ranges of corri- dors and rooms. ^X'Mong the upper classes the apartments of the lady consist of an antechamber, or drawing-room, a houdoir, a bed-room, a dressing-room, and an oratory. Tiie drawing-room is furnished with tapestry hang- ings on which are represented battles and biblical scenes — war and religion even here; polished oak or mahogany high-backed chairs, clumsy, and elaborately carved; in the corners of the room triangular tables on which stand heavy silver or gold candlesticks with s})erm candles, the light from which is rellected by small ovcd A'enetian mirrors, in fantastically wrought gold or silver frames; cupboards with glass doors for ])late, etc. In the boudoir is a toilet-table before Venetian niirrors profusely draped in handsome lace; a book-case, work-table, arm-chairs, sacred paintings and family portraits; in the sleeping-room, a tall heavy bedstead with damask or velvet curtains, a crucilix — the imago of silver or gold, and the cross of ivory — with a little basin of holy water near it, a pried lea and ])rayer-book ; in the dressing-room a wardrobe, and all necessary toilet appliances; in the oratory an altar, a crucifix, two or more priedieux, and, if mass is said, as is often the case in the houses of the great or wealthy, iinages of saints by the masters, with all the acconipan3'ing ornaments of de- votion. The dwellings of southern Spain, large and small, lean toward the Arabic in architecture — Arabic do:'- orations, with second-story balconies; the rooms ric'n in carved ceilings, wainscoting, and arabesque; tli" entrance from the street in city houses being through a vestibule and an ornamented iron-grated gate Durinii' l.ho summer, when the sun's ravs strike lik^' poisoned darts, the family live for the most part in the patio. There upon the marble pavement, bcsido the cooling fountain, and amidst fragrant orange, H WOMEN AND DRESS. W ])al!n, ;tn(l citron trees, vi.sitoi-s arc received, cliocolato (Iruiik, aiul cigarettes smoked. There too they dance to tlic niusie of the guitar, play cards, and take their i>iesta. To oriental customs may be attributed the jealous privacv 1))' which the women of Spain were guarded by husbunils aiivl fathers. Besides her natural weak- ness, woman was yet inferior, ine})t, characterless, not to bo trusted. The fortress-like houses of the better sort, which are scattered all over the table-land of the ]'eninsula, with tlieir spacious inner court and iron- burred windows, were so arranged that the ])art occupied by the female members of the household was separate from the more [)ublic rooms of the men. This precinct was unapproachable by any but the most intimate friend or invited truest. Their domestic })()]!cy, like every Other, was suspicious and guarded. This is further illustrated by the -node of entering a house, which also shows the eftect of centuries of wai'fare upon manners. In outer doors, and in tliose of distinct iloors, and apartments, was inserted a small grate and slide. On knocking, the slide moved back, and at the grating appeared the lustrous, searching eyes of the inmate. "Quieucs?" Who is it? was the salutation from within. "Gentc de paz." Peaceful people, was the reply. Extreme sensitiveness with refj^'ird to dress cliarac- terizes Spaniards of the bettor sort, and rather than n]ipoar in public unbecomingly attircl, tlicy remain liiddcn at liomc,only stealing out for necessil les at night- fill, or perhaps in the early nioi-n, and tlien back to their home for the dav. In this Ave sec a stronuj mixture ot pride and hienscancc, in which there is more sensi- tiveness than sense. But man can not live by reason alone. lie who in this factitious world is guided only by the instincts of a sound mind, regardless of tlie frivolities of fashion, of cunroiaiicc, indifTerent to liis neighbor's ideas of propriety, and to any taste IXTIIODUCTION. except his own, coimuits a mistake. Tlioui^di he alono is wise, aiul all the \vorl(l ibols, yet of necessity he must heeoMie ioohsh, olsu he is not wise. ]\Ialos, in their costume, were the hinls of jj^ay pkinia,!jfe at the bei^iunin;jf of the sixteenth century. So fantastically clatl was the English nobleman in his laced doublet aiul o[)en gown, that he was scarcely to be distinguished from a woman. In the time of Charles V. courtiers dressed in briLlht colors, but with his sombre son IMiilip, all was black — blade velvet trimmed with jet; ami stitV — stiff collars, and stiff black truncated cone hats, with brim scarcely an inch wide, in place of the soft slouchy suiii()rcro. The natit)ntd and characteristic garment of both sexes in S[»ain for about three centuries was, for the outer covering, the capa, or cloak, of the cavalier, and the mnniUhi of the ladv. In the reign of Charle; V. the f )rmer was a short caj^e, and the latter simjily a head-dress; but with time both enlarged until one reached below the knee, and the other below the waist. Somo writers give to these garments a remote antiijuity. They point to ancient coins where Iberia is re[)resented as a veiled woman, and ignorin^' sex claim that to the Iburians the llomans gave the t'xjii^ and that for tifteen centuries the fashion con- tinued. Others deny such connection. It is mi- doubtedly true that the capa of t lo sixteenth century was much shorter than the do-: i of to-day, beinii' a capo rather than a cloak, and i ; at all rescmblhig the llouian toLja. Sebastian Fri. c in his Wt'lthucli, Tubingen, 15.^4, writes: "Their wc lenwear a curious dross around the nock; they ha\ ; an iron band to which are fastened bent prongs ^•ea(diing over the head, over which, when they desire it, they draw a cloth for the protection of the head, and this they hold to bo a great ornament." To the men and women of Spain this garment is as the shell to the turtle; within it, though on a crowded thoroughfare, they may at any moment retire from the Avorld, and vm m III TITE MANTILLA AND CA?A. H onseonce tliomsclves within theinselves. The cavalier villi a peculiar iliiii^', utterly unattainablo i>y a Ibr- ei:;!ier, throws the .si;irt over the hreast and .^houliler M» as to partially or coni})letely hide the lace ai-i.-ord- inuf to his pleasure. On the way to and Ironi church t!ie Luly's I'aco is covered; and the ^' dlant si;j^liin<^ tor a ^iinijjse of features divinely' fair, is oLlii;-e'd io . ator the sanctuarv, hide liehind a cohunn near the ■dtar; then as one female after another a}){)roaches, kneels, and unveils, he may I'citst his eyes on the faces h 'fore him. 1'he mantilla serves as a honnet, veil, and shawl; formerly it was but an oblong piece of cloth, v»ith velvet or lace border; later a lace veil was added as part of it; and now the Spanish lemalo face is becoming more and more visible in public. The capa is indispensable to the Spaniard; it hts his nature like a glove, antl is almost u part of him. It may be worn over u rich dress or it may conceal r.igs or nakedness; it may jover a iiol)lo, generous lieart, or a multitude of sins. Hidden beneath it, in secret the wearer may work out his purpose, though in the market-place. It keeps out the cold; it nuiy hide tlie assassin's daufu'cr; it serves as a dis^-uise in love intrigues, and is a grateful ])rotectiou from im- portunate creditors. Twisted round the left arm, it is a shield; at night, it is a bed; and with a sword, capa 11 cspada, it not unfre(|uenily constitutes the en- tire earthly possessions of the haughty, poverty- sfi'icken cavalier. Whatever be the jharacter or con- dition of the wearer, dignity is lent him by its ample folds, and comeliness by its graceful drapery. It is an uii[)ardonable breach of tlecorum I'or a nndlled cavalier to address a person, or for any one to s[)ea]c to him while so nudlled. l\)liteness teaches him to throw open to his friend both his garment and his iieart, that it may be plain that no concealed weapon is in the one, or malice in the other. A son dare not s))eak to his own father when his face is covered l>\' his cloak. 42 INTRODUCTION. The peasantry flaunt od the gnvcst and most pic- ture.S(|iie attire on hohtUiy occasions; the rnajo, a rustic beau, wore a ligured velvet waistcoat with .square velvet buttons, and brilliant with C()h)retl rib- bons; embroidered stockings, silver-buckled shoes, and a colored capa thrown gracefully over the lel't shoulder. The dress of Figaro in the play, is that »tf an Andalusian dandy. The costume of A'alencia is more Asiatic, or Asiatic-antique it might bo called, j)artaking somewhat, as it does, of the ancient Greek costume — wide linen drawers, linen shirt, hempen sandals, footless stockings, wide red woollen belt, gay velvet jacket with silicon sash, willi a colored capa over all. The long hair is bound by a sili;en band in the form of a turban. The female peasant dress is no less showy; a rod velvet bodice, with scarlet or j)urple petticoat, all profusely cnd)r()idercJ, a gay- colored square-cut mantilla iastened ly a silver brooch, with chains and jewels and colored stones according to the purse of the wearer. The ordinary peasant dress of Estremadura con- sists of wide ck)th knee-breeches, closely resenibling those of the floors, a gabardine of cloth or leather, and cloth leggings. I'he men wear the hair lonii'. The women ha\e a fashion of putting on a great number of ])etticoats; the rustic belles of Zamar- ramala, a village of I'^stremadura, manage to carry i'rom iourteen to sevent(;en. In Andalusia ilio men have short jackets ornamented with jet or steel beads, knee-breeches, and highly ornamented leathern leg- gings; the women wear short embroidered and flounced petticoats, and a ^Moorish sleeveless jacket embroidered with gold or silver and laced in front. Aslurian })easants have wooden sho(>s with three large nails in the soles, whicli keep them iVom tlit^ ground; leathern shoes they frequently cany in theli' travels, and to and from church, under their arms, or on theii" heads, ])uUiiig th(>m on just before entering' the vilhiu'c or church. -4 The women A\ear ear-rings VAPaOUS COSTUMES. 43 and necklaces of olass imitation of coral; a handkor- rliicf, foKled triang-ularly, covers the liuad; at funerals, a larg'o black mantle i^ worn. Tlio C'astilians wear t^anilals, called ^/ycovrs', tied to the ankle by narrow stri[)s of rawhide. The E.stremadiirans wear a hat, very broad-brimmed; the Catalonians, a red Phry- gian cap; the Valencians, a kind of (Jreek cap; the Asturiaiis, a tliree-cornered black or dark blue ca'p with velvet facins^s; the IJiscayans, a ilat red woollen, cap; the Andalusians, a tarban-like hat, or a silk handkerchief. In Arapj'on, as well as in some of the southern ])rovinces, the broad-brimmed slouchinjjf som- brero obtains. Hats were invented by a Swiss, l\ui- sian, in llOl, and a Spaniard lirst manufactured them in Jjondon in 1510. Jews in Spain wei"o obli,<^ed to wear yellow hats; in (.rermany bankrupts, in like manner, were reipiirod to wear hats of green and yellow. The jjfencral costume of a Sjianish nobleman con- sisted of a silk cfabardinc, with sleeves close-iUlin bi'oad hats. The robe of the friar was of coarse wool ; that of the clergyman serge, witli a cloak, low leathern shoes with buckle, black stockings, kneo-l)reeches, a white collar, and a l)lack liat with broad brim turned up at tlie sides. The robes of vicars, jiarisli curates, and oilier church diufnitaries were of silk. The Fran- ciscan's robe was of a yellowisli gray color, the Dominican's white, tho Carmelite's reddish gray, tho ill EXCESSIVE RELIGIOUS TRAIXIXG. rajiucliln'.s silver gray, the Jesuit's black, l)i>h()}»'s color was violet, the cardinal's red or \ 45 Tho purple. Domestic routine in Spain, Avitli allowances for class, sea'?on, and locality, was substantially as follows. The noble or wealthy master of a household was served before rising with chocolate, which service was caUed the dcsaijuno. lie then rose and dressed; ai'ter which, kneeling before the crucifix, he said a ])i-aycr; then he proceeded to the avocations of the (lay, taking las once, or the eleven o'clock luncheon of cake and wine, citlier at home or at tlie house of a friend, or wherever he happened to be. After a twelve or one o'clock dinner came tho siesta. At Wxo o'clock there was to be eaten tlir mcrienda, con- sisting of chocolate, preserved fruit, and ices; and be- tween nine and eleven, supper. In the private chapel of the grandees mass was said. The middle class usually attended church about sunrise; after which breakfast, and at noon dinner. Tlie religious training of children was excessive. At daybreak the aiif/cliis was ivcited, then to chapel or cluu'ch to mass, after which the child miu'ht break- fist; at noon angelus and dinner; after tlie siesta vespers at church, and rosary at home; at six o'clock angelus and chocolate; prayers at eight; sujiper at nine; after which more prayers and to bed. Tho (•liild was expected to attend all these devotions, tho night prayer perliaps exce[)ted, the youngest children being sent to bed after the rosary. And this not alone Sunday, but every day. A national dish, centuries old, common to Sjiain and all Spanish countries, called tlie o/l't junh't'da, (■i>nstitutes a staple ibod with almost all classes. It is made of meat and vegetables boiled together, but usually served in two dishes, and its constituents depend uj)on the resources of the cook, for e\ery- thing eatable is jiut into it that can be obtained. l)eel', mutton, pork, and fowl; beans, peas, potatoes, 40 INTRODUCTION. onions, cabbage, and garlic; the water in which th». mess is boiled is served as soup with rice or bread, and the two courses constitute the whole of every meal of tlic lower classes. On the tables of the weallli}', after the olla podrida, fish, roast meats, and a profuse dessert of sweetmeats, jellies, preserves, and bonbons are served. The Andalusians make a salad of cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, green-peppers, chiccorv, with oil, vinegar, salt, pepper, and stalo bread, which with them is a staple dish, called (ja> 2V(cJio. It was a gluttonous, sensual age, that of the century preceding our epoch; but from these vices Spain was ])robablymorc free than any other civilized nation of Europe. There the discipline of war ab- sorbed the attention which elsewhere was given to luxurious living. We find nothing in Spain such as we are told about in England, where the households of the great were composed of brawling retainers, ill-mannered clowns, and riotous servini; men and women who terujinated many a feast with bloodshed; where guests snatched and scrambled for food, gorg- ing themselves with whatever they could lay hands on; where drunken broils were of daily occurrence, and the master of the household was not unfrequently obliged to sheatli liis sword in the body of some con- tumacious servant grown dangerous by the unbridled license in which he had been indulu^ed. Wliat shall we say of the monks and cardinals now grown fat from the \vt>ll filled cotters of the Church? With their wealth in some instances thov had grown sensuous and exti'avagant. Their cu])- boards were loaded with rich viands, in which tiny freely indulged; and their tables were surrounded by nuisieians and all the luxuries and delicacies the woi'ld could contribute. Not to the faults of the iew, how- ever, would we call too nuich attention, l)ut to the virtues f)f the many; for during these ilark years of igncir.nce and volu])tuousness tlie Church was phiiit- gorg- iand>5 rOOD AND FILTHIXESS. 47 ill'.;- .ii'.'l watorlnn^ tlic seeds of the sanctity of marrlaG^o ;iiKl(l<'iiiestic life in Spain, and surrovuidinL'' tlie family ;;ltar with so many safei^uards among her people, that tlic li)ng ages since have not sntHced to disjK'l nor (Irsti'ov them. The Avealthy families of 8i)ain had llu'ir court jesters, but coai-sc buffoonery or indecent JLst^ were seldom tolerated. Two persons often ate from one plate, using their fingers lor forks, A sheath-knife, or dagger, which they carried upon the person, served to cut the food. Ainonerior. S})aniards, as I have said, are called inhospitable; but this charge nnist be taken with allowance. ]]vei'y phase of human nature has its generous (piality; locked in every heart is a wealth of kindli- ness which oj)ens to him who holds the key. 13y natnre these peojile are reserved, suspicious. They ( ! N) window in their breast. In their tlomestic .-■ J 5 hey are specially reticent before strangers. 'J h u vive:? and daughters they hide away; their troubles tluy cover within the ashes that preserve them; thch- sensibilities shrink from cold contact with the world. If some lind certain Spaniards at given A5nJSE3iIENTS. 49 iiants '0 cx- loiigh siuall docs n' iia- ;lll)ply rvc it U>jr l)y y ^vitll Kiy 1>o iujuri- i cigar, )ipc or null, to years soir^ |i>es of .y the it able; ^vaucc. iiorous Ivimlli- r,y They inestic |iij.>;ors. their :;servo It with • •iveii ]-)Oiio(ls inhospitable, others at other times and places iind them very generous. In early times inns were not common in Spain, and we are told that in certain places every private house had its guest's quarters consisting of one or more rooms according to the opulence of the owner. To this apartment every stranger of v;hatsoever degree was welcome. There he lived as long as he pleased, fed and cared for by the host; and — you may call it pride — if through jioverty provisions grew scarce, the family would uiulorgo the greatest privation rather than the guest should suflcr want, or be forced to hasten his de- jiarturc. Furthermore all was free; to offer pay for entertainment was deemed an insult, though a present might be given and accepted. While called a melancholy people, amusement appeared at times to be the life of the nation. Itoyalty and religion at rest, peace here and hereafter secured, there was nothing more of life than to enjoy it. To labor when one might repose; to sigh when one might sing; to undergo the pains of culture when sweet pleasure temptingly proposed a holiday — ah no! Fools attempt to better their condition and make it worse. Let those who need improving scour themselves; we know enough. So lazily lapped in stupidity, beside their feast-days and bull-fights, their passions and passion-plays, they lolled upon the greensward and danced to tambourine and castanets, and wrestled, and ran races; they fenced, fought, played cards, shook dice, and enliv- ened home monotony by all sorts of games and gym- nastic exercises. Dancing was carried to such excess as to lead to dissoluteness and occasional death, even as it does to-day. The dances of the peasantry in many instances bear a striking resemblance to those of the native races of America. In Asturias, men, and sometimes men and women, form a circle joining Lands by the little finger. A leader sings in plaintive UiNi. CBN. Am., Vol. I, A M IXTRODUCTION". monotone a description of some Spanish feat of arms; priol* to the eleventh century, or of a tournament of later days, or of some unhappy love adventure, or of a thrilling incident in the conquest of America. At the end of ever}'- strophe, all sing in chorus the refrain which sometimes terminates in an invocation, as for example. May Saint Peter be with me! May tho Magdalen protect us! The dance is a long stop for- ward, and two short steps backward and laterally to the right, so that th j circle keeps constantly moving in that direction, moanwhile keeping time to the music with arms as well as feet. Tlicse dances take place on Sunday afternoons, and on foast-dayr;, and when the priest is present men and women aro separated in the dance. The fandango, danced by two persons with castanets to the music of the guitar, is peculiar to the south of Spain. Between the eras proper of tournaments and bull- fights, a species of tilting called corrcr la sortija was greatly in vogue. A gold finger-ring was suspended by a thread from the top of a pole, and at it charged the cavalier with lance in rest and horse at full speed. Tho smallncss of the object, its constant motion, and its proximity to the polo rendered it an exceedingly difficult feat to accomplish. Cards and dice were at this time in the height of their fascination. Every class, age, profession, and sex were filled with a passion for gambling — a mof-t levelling vice, at this juncture, bringing in contact noble and commoner, knight and squire, women, sei vants, and trades -people. An English poet about tho year 1500 thus laments the degeneracy of tlio nobles : " Before thj-a tjnnc tlu-y lo^•y(l for to juste, Anil ill tihotyngc (.'liet'clj' tlicy sett thor myndc ; Anil thor liuulys iinil iKisscssyous now sett they moste, And at cardcs and dyce ye may them ffyndc. " From her low estate of medijBval drudge or plny- thing, woman was lifted by the exaltation of tlio FE!iIALE CHASTITY. 61 f arm^; Qcnt of c, or of a. At refrain I, as for [ay tlio ,top for- !rally to moviii!^ to tlio dance:? ist-day:-, men aro /need l)y ,e guitar, xnd biill- ^rtija ^vas luspendcd charged dl speed, tion, and ccdingly ttieisjbt of pion, and -a mo; t contact Incn, sei let about of tlie or pliiv- li of U>o Yji-nrin, — lifted too high l)y chivahy; then fell too lowVith the sensual reaction. Finally, after many waverings, she rises again, and in the more favored spheres takes her rightful place beside her lord, his confidant and equal. At the time of which I write, however, she was less respected than now, and licncc less respectable; less trusted, and consequently less trustworthy. Her virtue, fortified by bolts and bars at home, was watched by servants abroad. Fallinor into the customs of the invaders durinsf ]\Ioslem domination, Castilian ladies became more and more retired, until the dwelling was little better than a nunnery. The days of tournaments, and jousts, and troubadours w^ere over, and indillcrenco succeeded chivalric sentimentality. Seldom has Spanish society been conspicuous for its high moral tone. Female chastity was an abstract quality, the property of the father or husband, rather than an inherent virtue for the safe-keeping of which th.c female possessor w^as responsible. The master of a household exercised sovereign authority therein, claiming even the power of life and death over the nioiiiljers of his family. He was addressed in the third person as 'your worship;' sons dare rot cover their head, cross their legs, or even sit in his presence unless so directed; daughters were betrothed without thuir knowledge, ai>d to men whom they had never seen; the selection of a husband rested entirely with tlic father, and the daughter had only to acquiesce. Female decorum and purity were placed under espionage. A duena kept guard over the wife and daugliter at home, and closely followed at their heels whenever they stepped into ljio street. Ladies, clo^^ely veiled, marched solemnly co church, preceded liy a rodn'gon, or squire, with cushion and prayer- book, and followed by a duena. At service, her place was in front, and men took up their station behind her. Teach woman first that she is inferior, next that she is impotent; add to this intellectual inanity INTRODUCTION. ,;ti!|, MM and implied moral unaccountability, and you have a creature ripe for wickedness. This excess of caution defeated its ov/n purpose. Women, left much alone within their cloister-liko homes, waited not in vain for opportunity. The gay mistress could often too easily win over her attendant, and make of her duena a fjo-between ; yet if wo may believe the record, infidelity was rare, and for two reasons. First, woman in her seclusion escaped many temptations ; and secondly, a wholesome fear, the ccr • taintv that venixeance, swift and sure, would follow the offence, resulting in the death of one or both of fenders, placed a curb on passion. Females of the hnver classes, left alone to take care of their virtue as best they might, with faces open and actions free, were less given to transgression than their wealthier sisters. Lewd women could not testify in criminal cases. Respectable women were permitted to testify, but the judge was obliged to wait on them at their homes, as they were not allowed to attend court. Learning to write was discouraged in females, as they (XHild then have it in their power to scribble love- letters to their gallants. Queen Isabella did much to elevate and purify both religion and morals. The court of Enrique IV., her predecessor, has been de- scribed as but little better than a brothel, where "the (|ueen, a daughter of Portugal, lived openly with her parasites and gallants, as the king did with his min- ions and mistresses." Maids of honor were trained courtesans, and the noblemen of the court occupied their time in illicit amours and love intrigues. From the king (m liis throne to his lowest subject, all who could afford it kept a mistress. Ware states that within a century the widows of Madrid were "compelled to pass the whole first year of their mourning in a chamber entirely hung with black, where not a single ray of the sun coul^l penetrate, seated on a little mattress with their legs I .« C' , EUROrE.lN SOCIETY IN GENER^U.. SH always crossed. When this year was over, they rc- tiivJ to pass the second year ni a chamber hung with grey." This savagism is paralleled by the Thlinkeets of Alaska, who at certain times confine women in a little kennel for six months, giving them one a sizo larger for the second six months; likewise by the Taculli'js of New Caledonia, who make the widow carry the deceased husband's ashes upon her back in a bag for one or two years. A glance at English and French society shows us, however, that the character of the Spanish women of this epoch compared favorably with that of their northern sisters. Though perhaps no chaster than the French, they were not street-brawlers like the Eaglish women. These latter, we arc told, from whom the men would separate themselves in their debauches, would likewise assemble at the public house, drink their ale, talk loudly and lewdly, and gossip, swear, and fight. In a religious play of the period, representing the deluge, Noah, when ready to enter the ark, seeks his wife, and finds her carousing with her gossips at the public drink-house. " Young ladies, even of great families," says AYright, " were brought up not only strictly but oven tyrannically by their mothers, who kept them con- stantly at work, exacted from them almost slavish doforencc and respect, and even counted upon their earnings." A mother in those days was accounted a little severe who beat her daughter " once in the week, or twice, and sometimes twice a day," and " brolce her head in two or three places," or still worse, permitted her to "speak with no man, whosoever come." Witness the wooing of Matilda of Flanders by William the Conqueror. Having had the audacity to refuse him, the noble suitor entered her home, sci::c(l her long tresses, dragged her about the floor, struck her; then flinging her from him, he spurned licr with his foot. Matilda at once accepted him, ^m h;:',' ^\f' 54 INTRODUCTION. savini? : "ITc must be a man of courai]fc who dare beat me in my father's palace." Pe(h'o el Cruel, \i'n\g of Castile and Leon, about tlie middle of the fourteenth century held good, and com- manded, under heavy penalties, that no one of tlio laboring classes, man or woman, who was able to work, should be found begging. He fixed the day's wage of every class with the most punctilious exactitude. Shoemakers, tailors, armorei's, and others who worked by the job, had a dcHnite price attached to the mak- ing of every article. A shoe of such and such leather, made after such a fashion, with a double or sinvlo sole; a cloak, lined or unlined; a weapon of an oidi- nary, or of a superior temper and hnish — c tch article in its fabrication was to cost just so much and no more. It was an ago of interference in the affairs of men, the stronjij acrainst the weak. It Avas in these trade regulations, and in sumptuary laws, the superstition of j)olitical econmny and social statics, that the science of iLjnorance culminated. It was then that learned men threw dust into the air, cast a cloud about their own intellect, and labored hard to inculcate the prin- ciples of nescience into the minds of men. In Eng- land the number of servants a nobleman might have was fixed bylaw, as was also costume?, and the number of courses at dinner. Soup and two dishes leg;dly constituted a Frenchman's dinner in I'MO, Ferdinand and Isabella were, perhaps, the most parentally inclined of all. No aflair, religioas, moral, political, judicial, economical, literary, industri;d, mechanical, or mercantile could escape their atten- tion. From the reflation and organization of the high councils, and of the civil and ecclesiastical tribunals, to the ordinances for the Icathcr-drcsf^ors and cloth-shearers; from the decrees concerning tlio universities and the literary and scientific bodii ., to the orders that prescribed the weight of hor o- sliocs; from the general laws i commerce and SUMPTUARY LAW3. fiS navigation, to ilioso U'hich fixed tlio cxpontliture at Ml delinks and baj)li.sms, and the amount of wax to bo burned at funeraLs ; from the highest interests and ri"'lits of reliLjion and of the throne, down to the most humble and mechanical industries — all were consid- ered, legislated upon, and seen to by their Catholic !M;:jc:;lie;3, with inlinito pains and vigilance. In IjiO, thialiing the colonists of Espahola too fond of osten- tation and extravagance, Ferdinand issued a procla- mation, forbidding them to wear rich silks, brocades, or gold or silver lace. Owners of vessels, in times of peace, were forced to engage at iixed prices in pcril- ou:j voyages of discovc^ry or commerce. In Jilngland it appears that tnc dress of the r.iea commanded the special attention of their rulers. Sp;uiiards made men and women alike to feel the iron hocl of sumptuary legislation; while the English, in laws of nearly coincident date, for the most part oiiiltted the sex. By distinctive qualities, Edward 1\'., 1 -101-1-183, regulated the dress of his people — from the royal cloth-of-gold down to the two-shillings- a-yard, and under, cloth of the laboring classes; but, if wc may believe Sanford, ho took care to exempt his women subjects from the provisions of this act, save only tlie wives of the two -shillings -a -yard boor, who might be expected to have other things to attend to. The continental ladies, it appears, could flaunt it bravely upon occasion, at least ni France and Elan- dci';'.. For through these countries crusaded, in 14l18, Thouins Conecte, a Carmelite friar, preaching against the evils of the age, or what he considered as such. Among these, dress held a place, and many other things not generally CDndenmed at present. His nuMiaer of going to work was peculiar, and is pretty Well described by ^lonstrelet. In his audiences he alwa^'s separated the men from the women by a cord, " for he had observed some sly doings between them while he was preaching." llav- 66 TNTRODUCTION. ing taken these wise precautions, he was accustomed earnestly to admonish his hearers "on tbe damnation of their souls and on pain of excommunication, to bring to him whatever backgammon- ooarfls, chess- boards, nine-pins, or other instruments for games of amusement they might possess." Right bitterly would he then attack the luxurious apparel of ladies of rank ; especially the monstrous head-gear which was in fashion at that time ; all of which bred trouble, as may readily bo imagined, and produced no good results. We see the same style of preaching indulged !;■ by the Wesleys in England and Whitcfield and other i in America at different times, and ever with the same lack of practical results. The most costly jew- elry, the finest apparel, grand houses and free living are as conspicuous among the followers of these self-sacrificinff and conscientious men as amon<]j tlie members of any other church, or among those who are not members of any church. And if the pious Carmelite friar failed in his crusade against fine clothes, free living, and monstrous head-gear among the Spanish of the fifteenth century, so have more modern crusaders failed in similar attempts in later times. This then was Spain and Spanish character, as nearly as I have been able to picture them in the short space allotted, at or prior to the dawn of the sixteenth century. Wo have found Spaniards the noblest race on earth at that time ; their men brave, their women modest. Before them opened a career more brilliant than the world has ever seen before or since. To follow them in some parts of that career is the purpose of these volumes. We have found these people after all not so very different from ourselves — more loyal than we, but more ignorant; more religious, but more supersti- !s m EUROPE AND AMERICA. C7 tious; more daring, but more reckless; more enthusi- astic, but more chimericul. They were endowed with the virtues and vices of their age, as we are with tho virtues and vices of ours. They were sincere in their opinions, and honest in their efforts; but we have tlio advantage of them by four centuries of recorded ex- periences. Our knowledge, our advantages, arc su- perior to theirs; do we make superior use of them? Spain lighted a hemisphere of dark waters, brought forth hidden islands and continents, and presented half a world to the other half With all our boasted improvement, have we done more? It is the custom of historical commentators to praise and to blame ad libitum. This is right if it bo done judiciously. Wo should praise discreetly, and blame with steadiness. But there is really little to praise or to blame in history, and most of it that is d(jnG is simply praising or blaming the providence of progress. Would you blame the Spanish people for beinii iirnorant, submissive, and cruel? Tliev were iis God and circuRistanccs made thorn. Would you blame their king and princes for douiinccring tlioui? Tlicy wore as the people and circanistancos inadc them. Tho people were indignant if tlioir rulers did not inipos^o upon them. Says Grcnvillo, writing in liis luomoirs so late as 1818: "The llewnt drives in tho park every day in a tilbury, with his gitx>ui siUliig by his side; grave men are shocked at thiy undiguilied practice." Moanwhile, amidst the many so-cnllod spirits whioli iu this epoch hovered over man, the spirit of dis- covory was not the least potent. Curiosity, tli(> mother of soicuco, became the mother of new worlds; gsvvo Ijirtli to continents, islands, and Koas; gave ionn and boundary to earti.. Over the sea, tho mists of tho Dark Aj^e had rested witli o-reator dousitv ovou than on land. The aurora of progn.'SH now illuniinod tho wostorn horizon as of old it did tho eastern. Hitherto the great ocean, beyond a few leagues from H INTRODUCTION. shore, was a mystery. As may be seen deplete '\ on ancient chaits, it was filled, in the imaginations of navigators, with formid .ble water-beasts and monsters, scarcely less terrible than those that ^neas saw as he entered the mouth of Hades : '• Multaquo prteterea variarum monstra ferarum: Ccntauii in foribua stabulant, Scyllieque biforraes, et ccntumgcmiuus Briarcus, ac belua Lernaj horrendum stridcns, flammiaque armata Chimaera, Gorgonc3 Ilarpyiaque et forma tricoi-poria umbrae." Ancient geographers affirmed that the heat of the torrid zone was intolerable, that men and ships enter- ing it would slirivel. This belt of consuminc: heat presented an impenetrable barrier between the known and the v.nknown. What wonder that intellect was stunted, civiliza- tion dwarfed, restricted as was human knowledge to the narrow grave-like walls of western Europe 1 No sooner were these ancient boundaries burst, and the black and dreadful fog-banks which lay upon primeval ocean pierced, than fancy, like a freed bird, bounded forth, swept the circumference of the earth, soared aloft amid the stars, and dare ^ even to ask of religion a reason. One glance westward. On either side of an un- swept sea, a Sea of Darkness it was called by tlioso that feared it, there rested at the opening of this history two fair continents, each unknown to the other. 3ne was cultivated; its nations were well advanced in those arts and courtesies that sprin-^ from accunudated experiences; the other, for the most part, unmarred by man, lay revelling in primeval beauty, fresh as I'roui the Creator's hand. The loavcii of progress working in one, brought to its kno\vlcil,L;'c the exiiitence of the other; the Sea of Darkness wiili its uncouth monsters was turned into a higlnvay, and tivili.'^.ed Europe stood face to face with sylvan America. This world newly found was called the COMPARATIYE RELIGIONS. 60 New World; though which is the new and which the old; which, if either, peopled the other, is yet unde- termined. One in organism and in the nature human, the people of the two worlds were in color, customs, and sentiment sovcral. The barbarous New World boasted its civilizations, while the civilized Old World disclosed its barbarisms; on Mexican and Peruvian highlands were nations of city-builders as far superior in culture to the islanders and coast-dwellers seen by Columbus, as were the European discoverers su- perior to t.ie American highlanders. Of probable inJip:c lou:^ v'-'yia, this lesser civilization shows traces of liigL .n: Jty; even the ruder nations of the north iua-'c far behind them absolute primevalism. I do not say with some that in America were seen in certain directions marks of as high culture as any in Europe. There were no such marks. Eut this unquestionably is true; that, as in Europe, we here find that most inexplicable of phenomena, the evolu- tion of civility; man s mental and spiritual necessities, like his physical wants, appear everywhere the same. Tlie mind, like the body, craves nutriment, and the dimmed imprisoned soul a higher sympathy; hence wo see men o^ every clime and color making for themselves gods, ar^'i contriving creeds which shall presently deh^^er tlioT' from their dilemma. The civili::ations of A.U(.rM:a, unlike well-rooted saplings of Egypt, Greece, an*' Ecr.ie, w re sensitive-plants which collapsed upon tuo lirst foreign todch, leaving only the blackness of darkness; hence it was the wikl tribes, far more than the cultivated nations, that inlluonced the character of subsequent American so- cieties. In hor civil and religious polities America was every whit as c .sistent as Europe. Neither was altogether perfe * rv wise; and wo wonder at the blindness and st;;. lity of one as of the other. Although we could catch but a glimpse of the Anier- icans belbre they vanished, yet we might see that so INTRODUCTION. m ij i .1 3 intellect was not stationary, but growing, and that society was instinct with intelligent and progressional activity. In their religions the Americans paralleled the rest of mankind. Every religion derives its form and color from the mind of the wors]iippers, so that by their gods we may know them. From elevated natures emanate chaste and refined conceptions of the deity; from brutish natures coarse conceptions. Christianity is the highest a>. ' purest of all religions; but if wo study the moral pi..' i of the foremost American nations, we shall see tl. in many respects they were not far behind, and were indeed in some in- stances in advance of Christianity. True, the Aztecs practised human sacrifice, with all its attendant hor- rors; but what were the religious wars, the expulsion of Jews, the slaughter of Infidels, the burning of heretics, but human sacrifice? Moreover, while wo turn In horror from the sacrificial stone of the Aztecs, where the human victims were treated as gods and whence their souls were sent direct to Paradise, yet we find among them little of that most Infamous of crimes — persecution for opinion's sake; nor yet do we read of their Ingenuity being taxed for the con- trivance of enijfines of the most cxcruclatinfj torture, as we do In the history of Christianity. Tortures which, while killing the body, it was believed consigned the soul to eternal agonies. There was little in the social or political systems of Euro[)e of which the counterpart could not be found in America ; Indeed, the economical, social, and politic al condition of every civilization finds its counter[)art In every other civilization; and there were Institutions then existing in America at whose feet Europe might have sat with benefit. Among the wilder tribes we find prevalent the patriaivhal state, with its hundreds of languages and theologies; a slight advance from which are thoiio ass(jciatIona of families banded for safety, thus j re- AMERIC^l-f ABORIGINALa. 61 sentinf a state of society not unlike that of European feudrli.sin. From this point, every quality and grade of government presents itself until full-blown mon arcby is attained, where a sole sovereign becomes an emperor of nations with a state and severity equal to that of the most enlightened. The government of tlio Nahua nations, which was monarchical and nearly absolute, denotes no small progress from primordial patriarchy. Like their cousins of Spain and iTngland, the sov- ereigns of Mexico had their elabomto palaces, with magnificent surroundings, their country residence and their hunting-grounds, their botanical and zoological gardens, and their harems filled with the daughters of nobles, who deemed it an honor to see them thus royally defiled. There were aristocratic and knightly orders; nobles, plebeians, and slaves; pontiffs and l)ricstlioods; land tenures and taxation; seminaries of learning, and systems of education, in which vir- tue was extolled and vice denounced; laws and law courts of various grades, and councils and tribunals of various kinds; military orders with drill, engineer corps, arms, and fortifications; commerce, caravans, markets, merchants, pedlers, and commercial fairs, with a credit system, and express and postal facil- ities. They were not lacking in pleasures and amusements similar to those of the Europeans, such as feasts with ])rofcssional jester, music, dancing; and after dinner the drama, national games, gymnastics, and gladiatorial combats. They were not without their intoxicating drink, delighting in drunkenness while denouncing it. Their medical faculty and systems of surgery they had, and their burial-men; also their literati, scholars, orators, and poets, with an arithmetical system, a calendar, a knowledge of astronomy, hieroglyphic books, chronological records, public libraries, and na- tional archives. The horoscope of infants was cast; the cross was 62 EsTRODUCTIOX. lifted up; incense was burned; baptism and circum- cision were practised. Whence arose these customs so like those of their fellow-men across the Atlantic, whom they had never seen or heard of? The conquerors found all this when they entered the country. They examined with admiration the manufactures of gold, silver, copper, tin, and lead, wrought to exquisite patterns with surprising skill. They gazed with astonishment on huge architectural piles, on monumental remains speaking louder than words; on temples, causeways, fountains, aqueducts, and light-houses, surrounded as they were with statues and intricate and costly stone carvings. They found that the Americans made cloth, paper, pottery, and dyes, and were proficient in painting. Their mosaic feather -work was a marvel. There are many points of interest, well worth examination, which I have not space here properly to mention. The interested reader, however, will find all material necessary to careful comparison in my Native Races of the Pacific States, lie will there find described conditions of society analogous to feudalism and chivalry; he will find municipal gov- ernments, walled towns, and standing armies. There were Icccislativo assemblies similar to that of the Cortes, and associations not unlike that of the Holy Brothorb 'd. To say that trial by combat some- times occurred is affirming of them nothing com- pliuientary; but upon the absence of some European institutions they were to be congratulated. Although living lives of easy poverty, the wild trihes of Amei'ica cvoiywliere possessed dormant wealtli enough to tempt the cupidity alike of the fierco 8pa!ii:n'd, the blithe Frenchman, and the sombre Eiig- lislnnan. Under a burning tropical sun, where neitliir meat nor clothing was essential to comfort, the land yielded gold, wliile in hyperborean forests where no ])rocious metals were discovered the richest peltries abounded; so that no savage in all this northern coii- COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS. C3 tinont was found so poor that grasping civilization could find nothing to rob him of. When Europe undertook the mastery of America, she found the people, as a rule, ready to be friendly. Some at fu'st were startled into the seizure of their arras, the first impulse of the wild man on meeting anythinGT strange being to defend himself But their fears were easily allayed, their confidence easily gained, and their pledges of good faith were usually to be depended upon. The variations between them and their brethren across the Atlantic were less of kind than of quality. They were more children than wild beasts. Phys- ically they were complete, but mentally they were not fully developed. Their minds were not so broad, nor so strong or subtle as those of white men. Their cunning partook more of brute instinct than of civ- ilized artifice. There was mind-Dower enough, but it lacked shape and consistency. They were naturally 11!) more blood-thirsty, or cruel, or superstitious than their conquerors, but their cruelty and superstitions wore of coarser, cruder forms. The American abo- riginal character has been greatly misconstrued, and is to-day but imperfectly understood. The chief difference, or cause of difference, be- tween tlie people of Europe and the more advanced nations of America, it seems to me, lay in the igno- rance of some few things, apparently insignificant iii tlienisclves, yet mighty enough to rovolutioiii;:e ("hi'istendoin; such as the use of iron, gun[)o\V(l('i', and nu)vablo types. The absence of horses, and otlier nt' tlie more useful domestic animals, was also a dis- advantage. Ai'ter reading of the Europeans of that day it is irony to call the Americans revengeful or cruel. Where is it ]i()ssiblc to find more strongly developed those (|ualities which civilization most condemns than among civilized nations — the same, only refined? So blind 64 xNTRODUCTION. are vre to our ovm faults, so quick to see and condemn the faults of our weak and defenceless neighbor ! Catalogue crime and place the white beside the red. Seldom was t'ae Indian treacherous until he had been deceived. The Indians tortured their pris- oners; so did the white men, hunting them with bloodhounds, enslaving them, branding them with hot irons, beating and roasting them, making them work in the mines until death relieved them by thousands, butchering wives and children because the husband and father dared strike a blow in their defence. It is well to call them brutal in warfare when the white man so quickly adopts their most brutal customs; it is well to call them beasts of prey, when the white man crosses the ocean to prey upon those very beasts which he pretends to slur. In speaking of the Indians, it has become the custom wilfully to misapply terms. If a tribe resist an injury, it is called an outbreak; if successful in war, it is a massacre ; if successful in single combat, it is a murder. Thus soldiers speak to cover the dis- grace of defeat, and thus reports are made by men who regard not decency in speaking of a savage, to say nothing of fairness. It is enough that we have exterminated this people, without attempting to ma- lign them and exalt our own baseness. What should we do were a foreign power to come in ships to our shore and becrin to slaughter our animals, to stake off our land and divide it among themselves? Wo should drive them away if we were able ; but if wo found them the stronger, we should employ every art to destroy them, and in so doing regard ourselves as patriots performing a sacred obligation. This is the Indian's crime; and in so doing we call him cunning, revengeful, hateful, diabolical. But the white man brings him blankets, it may be said, brings him medi- cine, tells him of contrivances, teaches him civiliza- tion. These things are exactly what the savage does not want, and what he is much better ofl' without. SIGNIFICATIONS OF TROGKESS. es dcmn [ ie tlio til he r pris- . with th hot I work isands, isband It is ! white )ms; it J white beasts □ae the e resist 3sful in bat, it he dis- )y men ^age, to re have to ma- should to our stake I? We if we [cry art lives as is the inning, to man medi- liviliza- re does Ithout. I The white man's comforts kill liim almost as quickly as do Ills cruelties; and the teachings of Christ's ministers are abhorrent if they are C(Uipled with the exniiiples of lecherous and murderous professoi's of Christianity. These, however, were by no means all that white men gave the Indian. Wc might enumerate alcohol, s!iiall-pox, measles, syphilis, and a dozeu other dis- trustiniT adjuncts of civilization of which the savaGre bv-'fore knew nothing. Can savagi.sm boast greater achievements ? White men have killed iifty Indians where Indians have killed one white man, and this, notwithstanding that nine tenths of all injuries in- llicted have been perpetrated by white invaders. A thousand Indian women have been outraged by men whoso mothers had taught them the Lord's ]i";iyer, where one white woman has been injured by th.'se benighted heathen. At any time in the his- tory of America I would rather take my chances a.i a white woman among savages, than as an Indian woman among white peo])le. Brethren by procreation, but by destiny foes, as we behold them there the so-called New and Old thus so strangely brought together, naturally eni)Ugh we ask ourselves. Whence came the one, and whither tends the other ? Whence came these dusky tleni;^ens of the forest, and for how many thousands of ages has the feeble light of their intelligence strug- glod with the darkness, dimly llickering, no\v gather- ing strength, now falling back into dense obscurity; how long and in what manner lias the divine spark thus wrestled Avith its environment ? x\.nd whither tends this tierce fltLmo of human advancement which just now bursts its ancient boundaries, sweeps across tho Sea of Darkness, absorbs all lesser lights, and dazzles and consumes a hemisphere of souls ? !More espe- cially, when wc look back toward what we are accus- tomed to call the beginning, and mark the steady advance of knowledge, the ever-increasing power of UiBi. Cl.nt. Am., Vol. 1, 6 CO INTRODUCTION. mind; when wc consldor tlio progress of even iho last liall' contury, and listen to the present din and clatter of improvement, do we raise our eyes to the f'uluri! and ask, Whitlier tends all tills? Whither tends witli so ra])idly aeeeleratinrowlinixs, and brutal blood-shed- dings, and mingle as brethren ; we have seen wavy grain SHjiplant the tangled wildwood, gardens materialize! from the mirage, and magnificent cities rise out of the roclcy ground. Thus we have seen the whole earth placed under tribute, an:! this mysterious rea- soninuf intelllufcnce of ours elevating itself yet more and more above the instincts of the brute, and assert- ing its (U)niinlon over nature: belting the earth with an nnpatlent energy, vrhich now presses outward from every meridian, widening its domain as b(>st it may toward the north and toward the south, build- ing C(piatorial fu'cs under polar Icebergs. All this and more from the records of our race we have seen accomplished, and yet do see it; civilizalion working itself out in accordance with tlie eternal purposes ct' Onmipotenee, unfolding under man's agency, yet in- dependent of man's will; a subtile, extraneous, uniiy- ing energy, sthnulated by agencies good not moi'o than by agencies evil, yet always tending in its re- sults to good rather than to evil; an influence beyond the reach or cognizance of man, working in and round persons and societies, turning and overturning, now clouding the sky with blackness and dropping dis- order on lloundering humanity, but only to \>o followed by a yet more fertilizing sunshine; laying ■Hf > m GEOGRAnilCAL SUMMArY. C7 w.'i 'fo and Iniildlnj^ up, l)uil(rin<]c np l)y laving waste, ( iviiizlii;; as well by war and avarice as by good-will iind sweet elianty, oivilir.in;^ as surely, if not as rap- i(ilv, v>itli the world of hmnanity struji-gling against it, a; with the same human world laboi'ing for it. Slowly rattles along the dim present, well-nigh ]>urieil in its own dust; it is only the past that is well- (K'liiied and clear to history. SlMMAUV OK GliOClUAPIIICAL KnOWLKDOE AND DISCOVERY FUOM Till Eauliest Recouds to the Year 1.340. IVfoio entering upon the narration of events composing this liiatory, it si'ciiis to nic important, in order as well properly to appreciate the foregoing liitruihiotion .is to gain from succeeding eliapters ponictliing more tli.m giatillcd curiosity, tiiut .an exposition of J''arly Voyjigca sliou'.d be given,— iifiiiig powerfully as they did on evolving thouglit and materiiil duvelop- uunt, L'iving lircadlh and vigor to intellect, enthnsi.asm to entei-priac, and in i':iv:i;ing and stimulating that eonnncrcial spirit which was eventually to depose kings, exalt the people, strip from science its superstitions, from re- r jiou iUs cahalicilic forms, and liy its associations, its negotiations, its adven- tuior.s during, its wars, its alliances, and its humanizing polities, to break the lurriei's of ancient enmity and bring together in common brotherhood all the nations of the eartlu Tliertfore, I now propose to give a chronological statement of every an- tJH'iilic voyage of discovery mado beyond the Jlediterranean prior to I.") JO, while doubtful and disputed voj-ages will be discussed according to their relative importance. I shall notice, moreover, such books and charts re- lating to America as were produced during this period, with fac-similes of the lui irc iniiiortaut maps, to illustrate, at dillbrent dates, the progress uf discovery. It is my [lurposo, so far as possible, in the very limited space allowed, to state fail ly the ixmclusions of the best writers on every important point. One word as to the authoi-ities consulted in the preparation of this Sum- mary. Of books relating to America, published prior to l.j-lO, there aro in all about sixty-five; only twentj'-(ivc, liowever, contain original informa- tion; twcuiy-threo arc general cosmogi'aphical Morks wiih brief sections on Aiuciii-a compiled from the original twenty-live; while seventeen merely iiuntion the Xew World or its discoveries, and are therefore of no value in t'liis connection. Of the forty-eight containing matter more or less iiiipor- t'lit, tliire are over two hundred I'ditions, the earliest of which only, in most iusiaiu'cs, will bo mentioned, and that without extensive bibliographical iiiit;\-;. 'I'hese books and charts I notice in chronological order under dales ef their suceessive appearance, Tiie subject of luirly Voyages has been so frequently and so thoroughly dijcu.sdcd by able modern writers that it is unneccssaiy, and indeed im- fli EARLY VOYAGES. practicable in so condensod an essay, to refer to nncicnt authorities alonp, and provfi cvoiythiiig from the liOLrinning. I shall therefore, liosides tlio Spanish historians I'oter Martyr, Oviedo, I^s Casas, Goniara, Ucrrera, and tlio sUmdard collections of llanuisio, Grynx'us, Pnrclias, and Ilalihiyt, freely use tlic Morks of later writers acconling to their relative worth. And (if these last mentioned I epitomize the following, llistoihi tlci yiicro-MiiKtlo, e.-^, T) vols. Svo, Paris, IS.'jO-O, is a most exhaustive digest of materials furnished by Xavarrctcaiul tho older historians, illustrated with the results of the author's personal investigations. Tlie work embraces two treatises; first, the causes which led to the discov- ery of America; second, facts relating to Columbus and Vespucci, with tlio dates of geographic discoveries. Humboldt's Ali.'iiuidhiii;/ iilur die alle-i'm Kartm, printed as an introduction to O/iillitni/, Ge-fvhh'hh' dei Sc-fa/ii'i-rs lUl'' r Marti)i JJeh'tiiii, Nuremberg, 18.")3, of which I have only a manuscript Fnglish translation, is an essay as well on the naming of America as on early majis. Ajiothcr important treatise is that of J. G. Kohl, Die luideii dlirstvn Cnicrtil- Karlen von Autcrieii, Vv''ciraar, IStiO, of nearly two hundred large folio pr.^os on the earliest manuscript and printed maps, two of the fomier, dated 1.V_'7 and lo'29, accompanying the work, reproduced 1:1 chromo-lithographic fac- simile. The same author has produced oLher works on the subject, the most important being A Ifintori/ of the Discover;! of the East Coast of North Amer- ica, published in Collections of the Maine IHstorical Socirtij, 2d series, vol. i., Portland, 1SG9. This contains reduced copies of twenty-three early maps, and is perhaps the most complete work existing, so far as the northern coasts are concenied, giving comparatively little attention to more southern voy- ages. Kunstmann, Die Entdeckimij Avierika.% Munich, ISoO, is a careful compilation of uiuety-six imperial quarto pages, with copious notes and refer- iD^'ENTURES OF THE ANCIEXTS. # rncps. written to nccompany a collection of thirteen largo chromo-lithographio re nnHliK'tioiis (if manuscript maps preserved in the Academy of f^eiencos at Miuiich, and generally known as the iltinlch AtUi^. llerr Kun^tniann treats cliicily of the Atlantic i.-ilands, with special reference to the connection be- tween tlie discoveries of Spaniards and Northmen. J/. yo )•'.•( Li/r of Priiire llniyj lit' Pi.rlifjcl, London, iStiS, is the best anthority for rortu;^uesc voy- ac;es .as well as for the revival of niaritimo enterpriw in the fifteenth centur}-. Sti-v0, was written originally as an introduction ti) a book by the author's brother on his jirnposed inleroceanic conmuuiicatioa rill Tchuantepcc. It is a conciao statement of the whole matter, prutsentiiig Boinc of its phases in a practically new light. Vitnihtiijfii, ].c Prem.'er \'vijii,i<- de Aiiieviijo Vcfpurri, N'icnna, 18(j!>, must not be omittctl as the c'.iief support of a theoi-y on Vespucci's voyages Mhich nearly concerns the fnst discovery of our Pacific States territory proper. Itafn, AnUiiHitdtcaAiiun- cii^iir, llafnia', ISHT, is the source of nearly all our knowledge of the discov- eries (if the Northmen in America in the tenth and following centuries ; anil DrCd.if, The Prf-Coliimhian Discovenj of America, Albany. ISUS, presents an I'higlish translation of the same Icelandic enijas in which the cnterprisi-a (jf till) Northmen are recorded. The ' 'artojrnj'ia Mcxicaiui of Orozco y Jjcrra, pulilished by the Mexican Geographical Society, contjiins, as its title indi- eati s, a nientio' " early maps in chronologic order; and the }[ the Cldna sea. So it has been said. Indeed, the writings of Herodotus indicate tlm', over two thousand yeai^i before Diaa and Vasco da Gama, Africa «.is circumnavigated ])y a lieet of Phu'nician siiips sent by Pharaoh Xecho down the lied Sea willi orders to retta-n to I'gvpt by way of the Pillars of Hercules. A Persian, Sataspes, endeavored to accomplish the voyage from tlie other direction, but failcil. Plato's island of Atlantis, foundeil li;, tlie god Neptune, was of great sizo, "larger than Asia and Libya together, ami was situated over a'ainst tlio straits now called the Pillars of Hercules." Tlie climate and !;oil were .'o good that fruits ripened twice every year. There were metals, ^^'itIl elephanu and other animals in abundance. Upon a mountain was a beautiful ei;y Miih gold and ivory palaces, h.aving g; rdens and statues. Unfortunately iu time the sea swallowed up this island, so that it could scarcely have bccu Aujcrica. So far as tliesc voyages and strange tales concern the possible knowledge of America by tiie ancients, 1 liave already iliseus--,;d them in my Xi:l'rc J.'i!"< oj' !li(' J'dc'jic ,'ii :ii America. The theory is alily advocated in the excelU'iit worlv of l.''.\'. \'\'. Gleesim, T/iti llintunj of tlie VulhoUc Chiirrh hi ('aiij'oriiia. The iMi;ui;'..l nrgirm(;uts advane(>d maybe briefly stated as fviiiows: Pint, that t'aM\Iii!u tenor of Serii>tnre (eaeiiing is in fa\'or of the wup[iosition that the gospel w.is pleached to all the Morld from the beginning, rather than after tlio lap:e ef several centuries. Sciimd, that at a date lixed by Mexican iiiero dyi'h'' '^ as a little l- jie the iiiiddlo of tlio first century after Christ, ii eelebnilid jiersonage, certainly the most reniaricable in Mexican raytliology, came fi. iii tlie north. He is represented as a wliite man, M'ith lloMing beard, clad wi a long M'hito robe, adorned witii red crosses, head uncovered, and a utall" in his THE niOPIIECY OF QUET2ALC0ATL. :i m haiiil. This was tlM> Onetzaleoatl, whom thi; Mexicans aftenvanl worHhippcd, aiiil whoso return was so aiiNiously loolcoil for hy tiu'iii. Sco Tunjin iinuhi, Moiinri/. liid. Tliinl, that to lum popular tri;ditiou ascrilics the worship paid to tho cross, tho ja'acticc of couiossiou, and in ;i word all t!io cu.stoins fi)unil on the arrival of tho .Spaniards to bo nearly idcntiial with those of the Chi'is- tiaa religion. Vcylia, lilsl. Aiil. tie J/^,-'.//co. l^'ourtli, that the name Qact/al- coatl is synonymous with that of St Thomas. See Xii'^rr /iV((v,<, v. 'J(». I'ittli, that Quetzalooatl promised on his dep:irture to retuiji at some future d ::y ■\\itli Iiis posterity and resume .he possession of the empire, and that day was kiukcd forward to with general coniidence, Princu/r-'^ Coiiq. Mc.c, and that .-i general feelin^; prevailed at the time of Montezuma that tho period of Lis ritiu'u hud i'rrivcd. ]'c;j/kt, I/idt. Aiil. Jfr.r. Sixth, th:!t tliero were ct t!:o iinveiit of Xijapa, in the province of Oa liiero'-'iViilis eoutainiu'' all tin [irii, Clival doctrines of tho Christian religion, and the eoniiuj' of th'j Apostlo to the country. Id. v,ho wrote at the time of the enniiuest, Piic: 'f tl 10 ;''cne il bilii f in this prophecy, and assnies iia that on tue ar rival cf tile Sj^uiiai'da tluv reiicatciUy olFcred them divine li ;s, Ijolieviu;' that their ''od Ouetad- coatl had reiiirned. Ci^H'i. Jh'.v., i. cluip. iii. 'It is tlica undeniably true," says (ilccson, CaflinUr Cliiir'-h hi f'ul., isr>, •i: a po|iuli!r tradiiioa existed i:i the country i-esjn liv (i'.u't.;alc.iliua'J, in whii'h was foretold the fut nro ;irri a iM'oiiheey made V.'.l of ^^ hites on tlio cuist ; d this, \\hile it proves the reality < f the n d I lis ciiaracter as a tcaclier of reli^^ion, also proves the Liti'l more important mid 'nipreciaMo fact of his bcinj ji Ciirintiaii, and of western ()r'^;iii; for, ib was clearly ^.et forth in the prophecy, that the persona who should c. me would be while:. id of t lie same reIi''iou h The time also seems U U rp. iticd \i\ the Ajiostle, if we arc to jud;;o by the expression that tliey v.ero expeetin ; lain everyday. And, indeed, lioturini assures us that the time incitione 1 in til. M exican iiicro' ;lyphica that wliicli tho Chiistiaua t>rrived. 'J"li year rr noitl was that foretold by Quetzalcohuati, j.i.d in that jcar the Span- iaiil.i h.nded in the Country." On ancii'iit v;iy;!^'es and cosmo-rapliy .see also Ihuiiboldt, L'.Miih Crlt., torn. i. pp. b.'.V'JOO. It is tlic results of nncient voya'jea, the point of {»co^rra[i!iical l.iiowli'djo at taint d 1 y :ib civilization in its Jiiost udviUieed r4a aid bv it b d to tho Dark A;;e, and not the voyai;es t!ieniselve:i, witli which wo have It do at present. This knowleiljje is found for the most part emliodied ill the system of I'tolemy, the Alexandrian geo;.;raplier of the Kecoad ceiitiuy, \ hose v.-orks became the btandard text liooks, and hohliie; their protiiiiieneo lor fourteen hundred ycara wore not superseded as late as thi; ssixteinth ceiiliiiy, but were republisheil from lime to time, with additions, Aetli'ig forth tlie resultsof new discoveries. In this manniT tutiity-oiie editions app"ari'd the lirst half of that ci'iilurv. >i"or wa^ even I'tc oiemv the oii;,iii;ilor il'.inil; of till toeci; j;(ographer Stnibo, who gave descriptions of countries and peoides, lixiiiL; his localities usually by itinerary distances; and to tliis work of t>tialio"s, rtolemy udded u cuatui'y and a half of progress, and dctermiucd I prokintrc^d system. One hundrtd and I'.l'ly years belore him was tiio j;cogr 72 EARLY VOYAGES. his localities bj' astronomical obscn'ation. TIio work of Pomponius ^Tola, the lloman geographer who wrote probably somcwliat later than Strabo, ia regarded aa no improvement on that of his predeco-jsor. Ptolemy's World was nearly all in the north temperate zoiiO, embracing about Jifty degrees of latitude and one hundred and twenty of longitude. The Fortunate I iles, now ealled the Canari<'s, were known to rtoleniy, and by hiin used as a M'estern limit or first meridian. Thi i, and as a nucleus of poetic myths, seem to have been their only use; as Muno/. Kays, ///.■>•'. di-l A'«(iv> Miuulo, p. 30: " Fuera do csto iiso apenas aproveeharou sino para iutreteuir ociosas imaginacionos eon fai)ulas tie poetars." Tho eastirn limit was vaguely located in the region beyoml tho (ianges; actually in about lOU^ east longitude. On tho south were included the African coasts of the Jledi- terranean and lied Sea, with tho soutliern coasts of vVraiiia auil Imlia proper — the term Indi.i being rlien applied indelinitcly to all eastern lands, incluiling even parts of ^Vfrica — thus li.\ing tho southern bound at about wy north latitude in tin; west, ami 10' in the cast. Kortliward the limit may I'c placed a little above tjj', wi'Jiin wliich falls the southern part of the iSeamli- liavian peninsula, then supposed to lie an island, ami also the island of 1'hulo, the loeati )u of which is disputed, some elaiming it to liavu been Iceiarl, others the Faroe lilauds, and others the Slictland Islands, liut I'tolemys latitudes were ad some ten degrees too far north, wliile in hi i longitudes lie went sti'il further a-itray; .^iuce, reckoning from the Canaries as his i'lX.ii meridian, he nunle ids last meridian ISt)', when it sliou'.d have been Ii^'.r, jmd tiius liy naiTowiug half the eircumferenee of tiie globe some A\{\' degrees l;o made llie worltl nearly one tliird less than it really is. AuLlmrities inker, IiDwever, as to what were I'teilemy's ideas. Hut more of this liereafter. On ilio opposite page is a map in which tho world as known in the: e times is left wliite, tiio shaded portions lieing tho result of subsequent discoveriis duwn to / lltn Unili'il (S''((/m, vol. i. p. (5, r.oston, 1S70; D'Arcr.sac, in Xoitvclks Annahn di.i V, 0, says that the story of colonization by the Xorthinen "rests on narratives, inytho- lo"ical in form, and obscure in meaning; ancient, yet not conteiuporary," and that "no clear historic evidence establishes the natural probability that they accomplished the passage." Irving, Coliimbiis, vol. iii. pp. ■l?>2~'), considers the matter "still to be wrapped in much doubtand obscurity." ]>oth of these liutlior.^, however, seem to have considered only the evidence presented by MaUe-lJrun and Forster. Since their time proof.-3 beyond question liavo established the authenticity of these voyages of the Xortlinieii. T!ie sagas on American discoveries are preserved in the archives at Copenhagen, with a colieetion of otiier historical data, reaching down to the fourteenth century, the (late of their completion. It is true tliat they deal .'^omewliat in tho iiiarvellous — they would not be authentic else, written at that tiiue — but they contain talcs no more wonilerful or monstrous than the writings of more Buutheni nations. Sec an account of the Copenhagen documents and tho examiuation of their authenticity in /)e CWa'.i Pn'-Colinnhh'.n IH^'Xir. Am., pp. i-lx, Two nearly contemporary ecclesiastical Iiisto.ies — tlia^ of .\dam of llreinen, l(!7;>, and Ordcricua Vitalis, about 1 100 — describe brielly the western lands of tho Northmen. Further reference, Kumlmann, L'tililfcLuicj Am., p. [)2; L'l'/ii, AiU'iquUatts Am., p. S.'iT; Kuhi's Jlist. JJlucov., p. 70. Va jiic notions were not wanting of communication v.ith Aincri;:i befoi'O the time of tho Noi'tli'^ien, but these, whatever they were, ;',re now to us pui'o fpeeulation and may be omitted liere. Passing over a general movement by which ])eforo tho middle of t!io ninth century the Northmen appear to have broken through their former bounds, and to have extended their plundering rai'lj in all directions, taking possession of the Shetland ami Faroe islands a;;d even of the north of Britain, wo come to tho first deiinito advcuturq westward. [a. I). iStJO— 1.] Two bold men, Nadd' d and Oardar, in one of tlieir coast- i.slaiid cruises, were driven from their course to the north-west and iliscovcred Iceland, called by one SnowLind, and ))y tho other Clardar Island, Kohl, //'('.i-!nd in ft batile with the Sicrael!in;;s, or Indians, iit sumo point on tlio rliore if Massachusetts Ray. Ilis companions spent the winter at Leifsbudir and re- turned to rjicenland in 1005. [lOdS.] lu the spring of 1008 Tliorfinn Karlsefnc sailed from Grcenh'iid with three V(?sels to llrllul.-'ud — w!:icli name w;'.n applied not on'y to Ni'w- foundlaml but to the region north of tl'.at point— and thence alon;,' the coa.-t to No^a Scotia, and to Capo Cod. Here the party divided, Thorhall, tlic hunter, in attempting to explore northward, biing driven by a storm tt) Ireland, while Tlioi-Jlnn spent the winter farther south near Leif budir, wlu'ie a son was born to him. After an uusuccesi^fid search for Thorhall by ( no vessel, a third winter Mas spent in ^'inlan.>.] Adam cf lironicn speaks of Frisian or (lernian navigators who aliur.t tlic year JOoJ lauded ou an island beyond Iceland, where the iuhab- iluuts ■were of great size, and were accompanied by lierco doga — perhaps the K>kim<>3. [li'Jl.] After the expeditions that have been mentioned, concerning each of wliieli the sagas contain one or more accounts, no farther regular reports have lieeii preserved; but various viivages aro briefly alluded to in dillereufc reeonls, as tauu^^h trips to the new regions of Vinland were no longer uf Biitlieieiit larity to be .specially noticed. Such allusions refer to voyages ni:ule in li'Jl, ]-JS'), IJSS, l'2St), 1-'!10, and Kl". After l.V(7 no moro is heard of the wcitern lar.ds. The settlements wei'o gradually a'oandoned both iu Viulaiid and (Ireenland, as the power of the Northmen declined, and so far as can be l:>io\vn, even lluir memory was buried in tho unread records of fiivuier giiatuess. On Seaiidinaviau discoverie;^, Ijcsides Ifufu and L>e Costa, Bie Ki!:i-ii:iliij!Jf, L'.c(i!ii. Cr!/., torn. ii. pp. SS-l'JS; Ahslmct of Ilij'n,\.\JoitriHd Lni:if. Gco'j. ."joe, ISoS, vol. viii. pp. 11 1-2'.). Thu.i after this play of northern lights upon the wcstera horizon for four or five eeuturie.i, cntcrprijo in that direction languished, and liually tho Sea of 1 'arkuess lapsed into its primeval obscuiitj'. Neverlhelesa tho deeils of tho Si an liieivians must have beconu; moro or less known to other parts of Europe, fur tlie .spirit of unoa.^ineas which sent these Northmen across their western waters sent them also — particularly tho Danes — eastward iu the Holy CrutiiuIoH. It would be well for the student to examine the works of Adam of Bremen, and Oderieus Vitalia, who beside these pre-Columbian voya .;C3 desevibe also the Crusades. Moreover, Ice!anil had Catholic bishops and was therefore in coiiimunieation with l\omc, where the discoveries of the North- men must have beeji known. l\uh\, Aiilio Tartary and the islands of the Indian Ocean. J). Bciijamtiii 7'iideleiisi.s, Ilm- criirhnn <\c. vernioiic Moutani, Antwerp, l."7'>; Itincraiiiim D. I]('»jiUiiiii!<, Leydcn, Klo.']; Trarrlx of Bciijiimiii, Son n/Jnnas, London, 17S.'>. LI 170.] In this year is placed the reported voyage of Madoc, a 'Wtlfh prince, who, sailing to the M-est and north from Ireland, landed on an lui- known shore. Uo afterward returned to this new country with ten .sliii'H VENETIAN AND GENOESE EXrEDITIONS. 79 particular a voyiigos rs; still it bus in the r results— tU century :)SSC3siou it I, Chrioliiin ml to suuio power w;i3 )mct;in3, so oppvcsseil, iisctl at liist i^laiul, ami c to avcn_'0 •ur of Ijailia- luuc expi'U- Jerusa'.iin •as suecc^.■^fal aileil ill Huif Litmles, l"n"n I much to la- st in rcgiiiiis ountries f-ti'.l tu3 fiom tliO pcilitions are rt-hich led tt. Inary Islands; for thirtooii Iting Chuu'so Denjitiiiiiil^, .oc, a AV.'.di kl on an uu- Ith ten bhil''' with the intention of colonizing, liut was never ac;ain heard of. This voyage rests on very .slight authority, but lias claimed importance liy reason of re- ports, lon^ believed, of tho existence in various jiarts of America of WcLsIi- s-ieakiii" Indian tribes. These reports, like scores of others referring tho Americans to European relationships, proved groundless. To say the least, the voyage of Madoc must be considered doubtful. T/ie mo.nt nucicnt Dini'oufrij of Ihf tVrxt Iii'lif.i I)'/ Mwliic the Sonne of Oiccii llu ct seq.] In the middle of the thirteenth century the desire to extend Clni I'lii/m/c'i, Introd., p. Hi., liOiidon, 18')0, for an account of printed editions of Polo's work. Its au- thenticity and general reliability are now admitted, tliough doulitlcss errors have been multiplied by copyists. This journey of JIarco Polo was by far tiic most important, for revising geography, of any undertaken during tlio middle ages. From this time tho eoasts of Asia were laii' -lov-.i on nia^is and described with tolerable accuracy by eosniogroDlicrs. JJe i V'ni'jiji di Mimiiir Marco Polo, (.lentil 'hoonio Venetiaiio, in /.'aw. .v/o, tom. ii fol. 2-00; 80 EARLY VOYAGES. Mnrrn Poh iis oriental ibitt lihri Ircit, Cologne, 1(!71. Tlic Venetians were the most enterprising navigators of the thirteenth anil fourteenth eenturies. They reached England at an early date,—/ ,. nwc'iii, lliflificla'f, i)p. Ill-IG, I'aric, 18;!2 — iind not iniproliably extended their euia- niereial operations still farther north, Iceland being at the time ii ilourishiiig repuMiu with Catholic bishops. Kohl's llUt. DIkvoi:, i>p. 92-4. Xo details however are preserved of aiiy particular one of the^-e voyages, nor of such as may have been directed toward Cajjc Xon, the southern limit of oceanic nav- igation. Some time during this century a Moor, Ibii Fatiniah, was 0-l, speaks of (ienoese expeditions and the rediscovery of tlio Canavies during thij century. [Ildil ] On a map made by the Venetian Sanuto in 130G, Africa is reprc- enntcd as surrounded by the sea, but tlu'i'c is no evidence that the geogra[il!y of that legion is dtaived from any actual observations. The map .sini; ly shows one of the two theories then held respecting the shape of boutlurn Africa. [i;):!'2 it se(|.] Sir John Mandeville, an English iihysician, between \'XV2 and l.'jlili, travelled in eastern parts, incli'.ding the Holy Liind, India, aid China. On his return ho wrote in three languages an account of his .'ulvi n- turcs, wiih dcscripiions of the countries vijitud. Sec llnLiiii/t .Voc, Dinr.^ Vo;/., Intnid. p. xliii. His work coiToboratcs that of Marco Polo, and although full of exaggerations, and probably tampere. [i;)41 et secj.] As v,-e have seen, the Canaries were known to the ancients, ciul made by Ptolemy the western Umit of the world; but subsecjuently lluy were nearly forgottin until r>.diseovered and visited, perhaps several timrs, toward tho middle of tho fourteenth century, by tho Portuguese. Tin ro is a delinitc account of one of these v jyages. Two vessels were sent tlure by the Iving of Portugal ia l.'Ml, and nearly all the islands of tho gi'niip visited, but no settlement was made. Before this, Luis de la Cerda reiivc- Bcuted to tho Pope the existence of such islands, and rccci\cd by a bull of THE ZEXI. 81 0; Marci •cnth anil j.ince'iii, iicir coiii- [ouvkliii'-g Co ck'ta'.W Lif siifh as liinio uav- (lriv(.'!i I'y re was re- lic Afru':i'l ilace caili'l en fouuiUil [)0 liojail'.'. I of nil t'.io mitling t'" Go/oia N\as One of till! il anil lluui- JIUt. Xii' fo uvory of I'ao •ica 13 vcpi e- le gcogrnpliy uKip sim; ly of boiillKin Ictwei'n i:^V2 Iniliu, aiul his ndvtn- Tolo, inii^l copyists in J accounts I'f Ins than hail \urU to have sent out previous expeditions to the iilands. 'ilu' project of Ccida proveil a failure and no colony was founded. Voyajjea to till! <"anaries hecanie (^uite fre(]nent before the end of the century, tiui- i-'iii'i, y>i'.MV'iv)*(i.-f, Loudon. ISG'J; and mi'olUrlion of Vuriois Vvjaji.i, London, \s\l, p. 10; Miiilir., Ili.ll Xucvo Mitiido, pp. 30-1; Kidialmiuin, EnUleckuinj ,!/;!., pp. 1-t. MaJ ,, i\lin-e IJcnri/, pp. KW— tj, dates the bull lli.'M. [KU'i.J In August, lotti, Jaime Ferrer, a Catalan navigator, sailed from Majorca in tlic Jlcditerranean to search down the African coast for the liu- jaura, or Itivtr of tiold, and never was heard from. This is proved by a doc- riiiint in the (icnocse archives, and by an inscrii)tion on a Catalan map tf i;>7r>. Major shows this to have been an expedition in search of an nn- kiiiiwu or inia!,nnary river of gold, whose supposed existence rested on ancient tiiulitious that a branch of the Nile llowcd into the Atlantic, and which luiicf was strengthened by the gold brought from Guinea by the Arabs. llimiboldt undcri^^^taiuls this Ivujanra to have been the liio d'Ouro below Capo Bojador, an inlet named later by the rortuguesc; and he also states that Fci icr actually reached that point; but of this there seems to be no evidence. [l.'Jolit seij.] The Azores appear to have been discovered by the Portu- guese early in this haif century, appealing on a map of 13.")!. There is however no account of the voyage by which this discovery was made, al- tliough there is a tradition of a Creek who was there cast away in 1370. On a (lonoose map of the same date the Madeira group is shown, ha\ing probably been discovered by Portuguese ships under Genoese captains early in the fourteenth century. [Kjiib] Py \'illaultdo Bellefond, Relation . "JSo — i.s founded the rieiich claim of having preceded the Portuguese in passing Cape llojador and occupying the gold coast. ^lajor, I'rinci' IJruri/, pp. I17-.'!;i, maintains by stioiii,' proofs that this voyage rests on no good authority, and that the French occupation of that coast is of nnich later date. [1380.] Xieolo Zeuo, a Venetian, sailing northward for i'ngland. was ilriveu in a storm still farther north, anil landed on .some islands in possession of the Xiirtlmien, which ho named Frieshind, but which are suiiposeil to havo lii'i'ii the I'aroe group. Kindly received by the people, he sent to Venice fur his hrothev, and both sjieiit there the rest of their lives, making freipti^at ex- ciirsious to neighboring islands, and gaining a knowledge ()f other more tli^tam, lands known to the Northmen, including two countries called Drogeo ami I'^stotilaml, lying to the southward of Greenland, wliieh countries tlie Fricslauders claimed once to have visited. Nicolo died in 131l."i, and Antonio iu 1 104, after writing an account of their adventures, which, with a eliai't, ho Siiit to a third brotlier, CaHo. The manuscript was preserved by the family anil lirst published under the titio ])i i ' 'ommriitityii del r'nujijio in }'< r.siii, c'c, Vi iie/.ia, IjoS. After passing the ordeal of criticism the work is generally ucccptcd as a faithful report of actual occurrences, though embellished, like llisr. Ckm. A.m., Vol. I, fi'i !»''i IH m 82 E.VRLY VOYAGES. all writings of the time, with falile. Pello Sroprhiicnto iJil" fiofa FrUltvli Eshindit, III Ci'roL'ildiiild, ct Icarhi, in lUimusio, toin. ii. fol. '230-1; Iliikluyt't Voij., vol. iii. pp. 121-8; lios, Li'heu iler i^ce-IIeUU'ti, pp. 4VJ.1-7; CanCfUitri, Kol'r.iediColoiitho, pp. 4S-0: Lcli'ircl,('i'fo'j. 'Iiivwi.cii lijc, toin. iii. pp. 74c't s"i[. Irving, liowevcr, Coluniliii.i. vol. iii. pp. 435-40, sees in tliis voyage only jm- other of "the fables circnlatcd shortly after the discavcry of Ci)luinl>iis, to nrroLjate to other nations and individuals the credit of the achievenirnt." while Zahrtmann, /'ciiuirLi on thi' I'o'/. to the. yuil/ivru Jl-iiii^iiln rr, aArr'ihul tn the Zeni uf Venice, in Journal of the Geo'j. So;:., vol. v. pp. 102-2S, Loudon, 1.S3.'), claims that the whole account is a fable. The chart !iy the brothers Zcni, published with the nianuscript, is uf great importance as the first known ma]) which shows any part of Anierioa. It contains internal evidences of its own authenticity, one of which i-i that Greenland is much better ^ c -M^'' JS-^^^ . °^'C.., 0'xiu he Jlfit of iui>/ viim discovered (he Ilnnd of Madera, in IliUinjt, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 1; '^'urlaU'i and Eiit. Voi/., p. 13; JAr/or'j* Prince Jlenri/, p. 07; Kiiiistniaiin, Kiildcrkiiwi Am., p. 4. [1402.J At the bcgiiniing of the fifteenth century, Jean do Betancourt with a company of Nornuin adventurers conquered Lanzarote, one of tho Canary Islands, llo afterward became tributary to tiie crown of Castile, and by tho aid of the Spanish govennnent obtained possession of other islan discovery. Leaving tho pomp and luxury of his father's court, he lemoveil to tho coast of Algarve ud from tho dreary licadlaml of S;i<;res lt;t lly his imagination along tlie un.vnown shores of Africa. Drawing to liini such young noblemen as were willing to share his labors, he estab- li- lied a School of navigation, giving special care to tho study of cartography aiul niiitlicmatics. Tho geographical position of hia native land was to tho EARLY VOYAGE?. Portuguese, in regard to oceanic adventure, not unlike that of the Italians in regard to Mediterranean navigation. Several causes united to inspire tliis prince with so noble an ambition. He desired to promote geographical science ; to test the theories and traditions of the day ; to know tlio truth concerning the disputed question of tlie fonn and extent of so .Lhern Africa; to tuni tlie flow of riches, the gold and spices and :,lave3 of India, from Italy into his own country. Nor was this last stimulant lessened by the fact that of liite, by reason of Mahometan encroachments on Christian dominions, the cj'id avenues of eastern traffic vid the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf, or by th.e Red Sea and caravans a''"0S3 the deserts, were yearly becoming more insecure, and tliis too at a time when the taste for eastern luxuries was constantly in- creasing. Yet other incentives were Christian rivalry and Christian zeal, Spain had carried the cross to the Canaries; rumors kept coming in of Prcstcr John and his Christian kingdom, now supposed to be in Africa instead of in Asia. Prince Henry moreover was grand master of the Order of Clirist, and it behooved him to be stirring. Nnvnrrcte, Col. de Vkv/es, torn. i. p. xxvi. ; 2{iiHn~, Hint. Nucm Miiiido, pp. 3.3-4. [14]").] Prmce Henry began his voyages along the coast of Africa about the year 1415, at which timo Joao do Trasto was sent Avith vessels to the Can- aries, It was I [enry's custom to dcspatcli an expedition ahnost every year, endeavoring each time to advance upo'i the last, and so finally attaui the end of the mystery — whereat tlic nobles grumbled not a little about useless expense. 01)viously progress southward at this rate was very slow, and nuiry years elapsed before Cape Bojador was passed and unknown seas were entered Major';; Prince I/eivi/, pp. G4-G5. [1410-28.] Mcanwliilo Pedro, Henry's brother, travelled extensively, jour- neying through the Holy Land, visiting Ilonie, Babylon, and even England. Fortunately ho found at Venice a copy of Marco Polo's work, and brouglit it homo to Prince Henry. Galcano's Discov., i}]}. [i(j-7 ; Kundmanu, Eiit- dcckiDi'j Am., pp. 11, \'l. [1418.] Gonzalez and Vaz, who were sent this year by Prince Henry on the rcjguhir annual expedition, were driven from their course and rediscovered Porto Santo. Galvano, Dincoi'., pp. G'2-4; Kunntmanii, EnldecLuiuj Am., pp. U, 12j Curious ami Ent. Voy., pp. 14, 15. [1419.] Xicolo di Conti, Venetian, spent twenty-five years in India, Slungi, and Java, returning in 1444, and confinning many of Polos state- ments. Dinromo sojirn il Viwjijio di Kicolo di Conti Vcnctiano, in llamiisio, torn. i. fol. 373. Twice in 1419, if we ma- credit Xavari'cte, Col. de Vi(V/i'.i, torn. i. p. xxvi., did Prince Henry's ships pass seventy leagues beyond Capo IS'in. [ !4'J0.] Gonzalez agaui cmliarks from Portugal intending to plant a colony, and guided by one Morales, a survivor of Machins voyage, rediscovered Madeira. Xdrarrctc, Col. de Vnt(j(.i, torn. i. pp. xxvi-vii. ; jMaJor's Prince 1I< nrij, pp. 73-7; Kunnfmnnn, EiilJ< ckuioj Am., p. 13; (>'iilntiii>'.' Eaunes with Baldaya passed fifty leagues beyond the cape, and ia IJ.tS Baldaya advanced to a point fifty leagues beyond the iidet since known as Ilio d'Oiiro. [1441-S.] For sev.-ral years after the successful doubling of Cape Bojador, no new attempt oi imp./.-tanco is recorded, but in 1441 the voyages were renewed, and in the next eight years the exploration was pushed one luindred leagues below Cape Verde. Prior to 144(5 fifty-one vessels had ti'adcd on tho Afiioan coast, nearly one tliousand slaves had been tiiken to I'ortugal, ami tho discoveries in the Azores had been greatly c;xtended. Y>y these oxphjra- tions Prince Henry had exploded tho theory of a burning zone impassable to ni;in, and of stormy seas impeding all navigation; his belief that jVfrica might bo circumnavigated. Avas confirmed; and ho had obtained from tho pope a grant to tlie crown of Portugal of lands ho might discover beyond Cape Bojador to the Indies inclusive. [14J.")-(j.] According to Ranmaio, Via'jiji, torn, i, p. 105, Alvisc Cada- niosto, a Venetian, tho first of his co-jntrymcn as ho claims to sail down tho new coast, made a voyage for Prince Henry to the Gaml)ia IJiver below Capo Verde. This expedition derives its importance not from the limit reached, where others had preceded him, but from his numerous landing points, eai-eful observations, and the detailed account publislied by tlie voyager himself in Ln l'n,.-< Ndvhjazionc, tic, Vicen;a,, 1507; also in l!innii4o, Vhi'j'ji, tom. i. pp. 104-15. iuL cnp^orer touched at Porto Santo, Madeira, tho Canaries, Capo r>laneo, Senegal, liudomel. Cape Verdo, and the Oandiia River. [14,';7.] Cadamosto claims, Ld ni'coiida x'trhjadoiifi, m JinntiMn, Vidij'ji, toin. i. pp. 110-20, to have made a second voyage, during which ho discov- ered tlio Capo Verdo Islands; but Major, Priiici: llcuvij, pp. 27S-SS, shows that inieh a voyage was not made in tliab year, if at all. [MOO.] Diogo Gomez discovered tho Capo Verde Islands, and their colo- iiizalion was elFccted during tho following years. Major, /'riiire llcnri/, pp. ■JS.S-il.J, publishes the original account fur the first time in Englisli. Priiieo Henry di&l in Nov.mber of this year. Miij^r's Pr/no' Ileiirij, p. 303; Kmisl.- iii'itiii, I'litdcrhinij Am., p. 10. Irviag, Cnhiinhn-i, vol. i. p. 3'j, lixos thii dati^ li7;<; and Galv.uio, Di-'\< l..r.idred miies below the limit of ddamosto's voyage. L:aui. Cril,, torn. i. pp. 230etBeii.; <>- l.uid, and in tho words of liunntmann, substantiated by older authorities, "a br.ll (if NicohiM IV. to the bishops of Iceland, jinivcs liiat the pope iii 1448 was intimately acquainted witi; n.\atlers in Greenland." It seems iii- THE COLUMBI.^ EPOCH. 87 (.TcdiMc tliat (luring all this intercourse with northern lands, no knowledge of Anierita was gained by southern maritime nations, yet so far as we know there exist » no proof of such knowledge. [1470.] Johu of Koino, or Szkolny, id reported to liave made a voyage in the service ui the king of Denmark iu 1470, and to have touched on the coast cf Labrador. The report rests on the authority of Wytflict, Descriiitioiiis Plo'diinifaniKjmentum, Lavauii, .1598, fol. 188, supported by a .single sen- tence, "Tanibicu han ydo alia hombres do Noruoga con el I'iloto luan Scoluo," in Goiiuira, Hint. Gen. de las Indias, Anvers, 1054, cap. .xxxvii. fol. 31; by a similar i irjuco iu Ilerrera, Hi-it. Gin., Madrid, 1001, dec. i. lib. vi. cap. xvi., in which the name is changed to Juan Sediico; aud by tho inscription, Jac Sculciii (Irucllaiid, on a country west of Grcculaud on a map nuulo by Michael Lok in loS2, fac-similo iu llalduijt Soc, Dictr.^ Voij., ji. Tm. According to Kohl, 11 'wt. Discor., pp. 114-15, this voyage is considered apoc- ry[)lial l^y Danish and Xorwegian writers. Lelewel, Gcoj. da ino/jen wje, p, 103, regards liic voyage as authentic, aud Kunstmann, L'liUlecliiiii'j Aw., pp. 4j-;>, attaches to it great importance as tho source of all the \oyage3 to tho north v.hich followed. Humboldt, Kxam, C'l-if-., torn. ii. jip. 152-4, gives but iittlc attention to tho voyage, and confesses his inability to decide ou iij merits: "Jo no puis hasardcr aucun jugemeut sur cctto assertion do V\'ytlliut." [1477.] In this year Columbus, whom wo first find with tho Portuguese tinders ou the African coast, sailed northward, probably with an English lucrchi'ntuiiui from Eiistol, to a point ono hundred leagues beyond Thulo, iu 7;r north. Coloii, IILif. del Aliiiiraiite iu Batria, tom. i. p. 4; Miiiioz, Jl'td, Kuevo Mumlo, pp. 4.T-7; Ilumholdt, Exam. C'r'd., imn. i. p. 272. He probably visited Iceland, although ho gives the latitude incorrectly, takuig it very likely from iiucicnt guograpliy rather than his own observations. [14SJ.] According to Kunstmann, tho edition of Ptolemy this year, /Vo. loiiial Cii.iiiwi/rdjJiiii, Ulm.j, 1482, lib. viii., contains a map that includes Greenland, and nuwt have been compiled from northern sources. [14o3.] Dcsmanpicts, Jrcmoirca Cliroiwhujojiicn, etc., Dieppe, 1785, tom. i. pp. OJ-S, states tliat ono Cousin sailed from Dieppe early in 14oS, stood olT further f.'oiii laud tliuu other voyagers had done, and after two mouths reached un unkuown land ami a great liver, which ho named tho Maragnon. Twu tliij tho Maraaon iu South America? lie then nailed t;outh-er..jtward and discovered tlio ijoutliern point of Africa, returning to Dieppe in 14S0. Tho discovery v/as kept eecret, but Cousin made a second voyage round tho eapo cud Gucceeded in reaching India. Major, benidcs pointing (;ut Konio in- conui. tencics iu this account, wliows that M. l)i'.>nian]Uels " could commit liiniiiclf to assertions of great moment which are demonstrably false.'' lie id nut good autliority for uo renuirkable a discovery not elsewhere recorded. Jk'foro sti'iking out with Cohuubus in hi.i bold vent".>-c to the went, let us fi\ini np what wo have learned thus far and see where wo stand. PirHt, tho geographical knowledge of tho ancients was restricted to a paralhdogram ex- tending north-we.'it and south-east from tho Atlantic to the Indian ocean, conipri.jing one hundred and t\\ enty degrees cast and west by (llty degrees 83 EARLY VOYAGES. north and south; circumscriho thi.s knowledge with legendary stories and hypothetical and traditional beliefs concerning the regions l)eyon," and tlio important jiart played by tliem in ancient and middle-ago geography, sco lluinholdt, E.nnii. Crit., toui. ii. pp. l.j(i-'2i"), and Kuintiiuiiiii, Enl lerkawj Am., pp. ; Kuimtmaiin, Enldvckuiiii Am., pp. 7-10, and 35 ct seq. Kunstniann attaches greater geo- graphical importance to tlic fabulous islca than Iliiniboldt, connecting them in a manner apparently not quite clear to himaelf with the previous discov- eries of the Northmen. Thus stood facts and fancies concerning the geog- raphy of the world, when the greatest of discoverers arose and achieved the greatest of discoveries. Although in tlie chapters following I speak more at lengtli of the deeds of the (jfenocso and his compauious, yet in order to complete this Summary it is necessary to mention them hero. I shall attempt no discussion eonccni- ing the country, family, date of birth, or early life of Christo;)hcr Columbus. For t!ic dillercncca of opinion on these points, witli numerous references, see Jlarrisse, lUbliolhccd Avuiriaina VetuslLsmmt, New York, 18015, p. 2 et seq. Born somewhere in Italy, probably Genoa, about 1 1.^^), he received sometliing more than a rudimentary education, went to sea at the early age of fourteen, and in 1470, wliich is about the date of his eouiing to i'ortugal, had already an extensive experience in the navigation of the Mediterranean, and was skilled in the theory as well as tlie practice of his profession. Wo have al- ready seen liiui with tlio Portuguese on tlie African coast, and with tlie Eng- lish in Icelan 21uiidi of Pierre D'Ailly, or tlie more modern travels of Marco Polo and EVOLUTION OF THE ORAXD CONCEPTION. 01 Sir John Mandcvillo. Colon, Hist. ihlAJmiranlr, in D'trcia, torn. i. p. 4 ct scq.; Ml) ir'-i Prince Jfciiri/, pp. St'J, 352; llumhMt, Exam. Crit., torn. i. pp. 40, CO; Kuiinfni'inn, Eiitdcckuivj Am., pp. 74-0. Thu reault of thcso stuJici was a coinpleto acqnaintancd with tho gco- grapliical l;nowlc^l^;o of tho day, with tho greater part of what I liave thus fur cpitomiiied, tho doings of tho Northmen excepted. From all thij ho knew of tho earth's sphericity; ho bQlievcd that t!io larger part of tho world a Burfaoo waj dry laud; t'.at tho land known to Ftolemy extended over at least ISO deijrees, or half the cireumfereneo of tho globe, that is, from the Cunariea totlio Ciangcs; ho knew that by later travels tho eastern limit of geograpliical knowledj'o had been moved much farther cast, oven to Cathay; ho believed that far out in tho ocean lay tho island of Zipangu; he knew that Home eight or ten ilegrecs had been added on tho west by tho discovery of tho A;.ores; lie believed that at moat only ouo third of tlio cireumfereneo remained to bo navigateil; tliat this space miglit naturally contain sonio islantl.j available as way stationu in tho voyage; that tlio explorations in tho East were very iudefuiite, and conseipiently .Vsia might, and probably did, extend farther cast tlian was supposed; that Ptolemy's figures wcro not undisputed— Mariuo iiiiiking tho distance from tho Canaries to tho Ganges '2J5 degiees instead of 180, while another geographer, Alfragano, by actual measurement, made each degree about ono si.xth smaller than Ptolcniy, thus reducing tlio size of tho earth, and with it tlie remaining distance to India; that several ancient VTitcrs— sec (piotations from Aristotle, Strabo, Seneca, et al., in /Inmlrili/t, Eiiim. Crit., tom. i, pp. 3S, 01, 98 ct seq. — had pronounced the distance to India very short, and had aflinned that it might bo navigated in a few days; and llnally that other scholars, as ToacancUi, had arrived at tho same con- elusions as himself, possibly before liunself. CartivnU: Pablo ToxcaitcUi, Fiiico Floroitiii, (i Cristobal Colon y ul Caiitiiiijo Porlii;/iics I'l'niainlo Marlincz, snbrd el th'icnhrimieuto (hi las futliux, in A'uvarrr/c, loin. ii. pp. 1-4; Manoz, /li.tf, Kncv) Muiulo, pp. 4S-0. Seo also, on Columbus' motives, Irciinys Cohini' hits, vol. i. pp. 42-51, and vol. ii. p. 148; Mumz, Hint. Xtiivo Jliindo, pp. 4.V7; Hiimliolilt., Exam. Crit., tom. ii. pp. 324-0; SCcvi'iis' Xutis, p. 23; Mnjura Prince Ili'iinj, pp. 347-o2; Knuxtmaini, En'ilfchini'j Am., p. 74. Many of llieso conclusions were erroneous, being founded on an incorrect idea cf lungi- tudo; but tlii.t reduction of the earth's size was an error inoot fortunate fur discoveiy, inasmuch as with ;i, correct idea of tho distance to 1)0 Iravensetl, and with no suspicion of an intervening continent, such un expedition as that of the Genoese would not have been undertaken at tho time. Such were tho ideas and aspiration:! of Columbus beforu his uiidcrtii'.dugs; later in life a thcologic mysticism took possession of bis mind, and bis luic- cess was simply a fuUillmcnt of divino propiiecy in which eo.fm.igrapliical nvilities went for uothing, Seo Cartas dr Don Cristobal Colon, in Xararrclc, torn. i. p. 330. All attempts to diminish tlio glory of Columbus' aehiovcmeut by pioxin ; a previous discovery \vhoso I'csults were kiiov.n to him liiive signiiiiy lailrd. 'J'lio re[)orts of mysterious maps which have been ilaiined to have immpud liis enterprise evidently amount to nothing in view of tlio fact that Coluiriius iic\er suspected tho c.xistcnco of any new countries, yet that he saw n'..ips 92 EAKLY VOYAGES. of the worM, including the Asiatic coasts, can not be doulitctl. The case of tlic pilot Sanc!ie:5, said to have died in the house of Cohimbus, and to have told him of lands he had seen toward the west, if true, is likewise of little moment as touching the honor duo to Columbus, for many men were confi- dent of liaving seen such lands from the Canaries and other islands, and sev- eral voyiiges had Lecu made in search of them, all of which was certainly known to Columhus. The story of Sanchez was started by Oviedo, who givca no authority or date for the event; it was repeated generally with dis- iipproval liy other liistorians, until revived by Garcillasso de la Vega, with date and details; but his date, 14S-1, is ten years after Columbus is known to have proposed his scheme to the Portuguese government. Columbus originated no new theory respecting tlie earth's form or size, though a popr.lar idea has always prevailed, notwithstanding the statements of the best writers to the contrai-y, that he is entitled to the glory of the theory as well as to that of the execution of the project. He was not in advance of his age, entertained no new theories, believed no more than did Prince Ilcury, his prcdeccsaor, or Toscanclli, his coutemporavv; nor was he the first to conceive tlie possi- bility of reaching the cast by sailing west. He was however the first to act in accordance with existing beliefs. The Northmen in their voyages had en- tertained no ideas of a Nev/ World, or of an Asia to the west. To knowledge of theoretical geography, Columbus added the skill cf a practical navigator, and the iron will to overcome obstacles. Ho sailed \ .. ;3t, reached Asia aa he Ijelievcd, and proved old theories correct. There seem to be two undecided points in that matter, neither of wliich can ever be settled. First, did his experience in the Portuguese voyages, the perusal of some old author, or a hint from one of the few men ac(xi!ainted with old traditions, first suggest to Columbus his project ? In the absence of sustaining proof, the statement of the son Fernando that the father should be credited with the rcconccption of the great idea, goes for little. Second, to what extent did his voyage to tlie uortii influence his plan ? There is no evidence, but a strong probability, that ho heard in that voyage of the existence of land in the west. It is hardly possilSe that no tradition of Jlaikland and Vinland remained in Iceland, when but little more thm a Iiundrcd years liad passed since the last ship had returned from those luntrios, and when many persons must have been living who had been in Crecnland. If such traditions did exist, Columbus certainly must have made hiin:ielf acquainted witli them. Still liis visit to the north was in 1477, several ycar.i iifter the first formation of his plan, and any information gained at the time could only have been confirmatorj' rather than suggestive, liotli IIuml)oldt and Kunstmann think tliat even if he ever heard of the discoveries of the Northmen — which is thought probable by the latter — this knowl- edge would not have agreed Avith, nor encouraged, his plans. Kold, 1114. Di^cor., pp. llTt-'JO, believes that such a knowledge would have been the Btn)iige.-,t possible confirmation of his idea of tlio nearness of Asia and Iviropc, in which opinion I concur. The idea of Draper, Hist. Inf. Dtwloji., p. .14(), tli.it had Cohimbu:i known of the northern discoveries lie would have steered farther to the north, seems of no weight, since ho sought not the northern but the southern parts of India. FIRST VOYAGE OF COLUMBUS. 88 What Columl^us liad to contend with at this juncture was not, as I havo said, old doctrines oppugnant to any new conception, lint the itjnoranco of the masses, wlio hehl no doctrine beyond that of proximate sense, which spread out the earth's surface, so far as their dull conceptions conhl rcacli, in one tiniversal flatness; and the knowledge of courts, wlicncc alone tho gr-cat discoverer could hope for support, was but little in advance of that of the people. Then the Church, with its usual firmness and conserv- atism, was against him. The monks, who were then the guardians of learning, knew, or migiit havo known, all that Prince Henry, CohnnVnis, and other earnest searchers had ascertained regarding tlic gcograpliy of the earth; but what were science and facts to them if they in any wise con- flicted with the preconceived notions of the Fathers, or with Church dogmas? "II est \Tai," says Humboldt, "que les scrupulcs thcologiques de Lactancc, dc St. ChrysostOmc et de quclqucs autrcs P6rc3 de I'l^giise, contribuerent ;i ^'^? c^^'°k^^.y iL. Marti.v Beiiaim's Globe, 1492. pousscr I'csprit humain dans un mouvemcnt retrograde." And again, tho African expeditions of the Portuguese had not on tlic whole been profitable or encouraging to otiier similar undcrtalcings, and the financial conditivin of most European courts was not sucli as to warrant new expenses. lViituj;al, more advanced and in better condition to embark in new enterprise* tlian any other nation, now regarded the opening of her route to India vhi tho Capo of Uo(xl Hope an accomplished fact, and thcrefoic luokcd coldly on any new venture. Xor were tho extravagant demands of Columbus with respect to titles and authority over the new regions of Asia which ho hoped to llnd, lik':ly to inspire mouarchs, jealous of their dignities, with favor towaula penniless, untitled adventurer. Passing as well tho successive disappoint- ments of Columbus in his weary efl'orts to obtain the assistance necessary to the accomplishment of his project, as his final success witli Quccu Isabella of Castile, let us resume our chronological summary. 94 EARLY VOYAGES. [1402.1 S'.iortly before the sailing of Columbus, the learned astronomer Miirtin IJcliaim, of Xurcmbcrg, constructed a globe showing the whole surface of the earth as understood by the best geographers of the time. This globo has been preserved, and I present a fac-similc of the American hemisphcro Ijublished in Oh'dhinj, O&schirh'e dcs Si^efahrers Hitter Martin Dihaim, Nlirn- bcrg, 1833. The entire globe may bo seen in Jomard, Leu Monuments c iliscovcrcrg returned to the eastern cnth of Febru- ary, and tho other of the 14tli of March. The manuscript of one, witli copies printed in .*^pain probably during this same year, are yet preserved. Of the other, both tlio original manuscript and Spanish copies, if any were printed, arc lo.st; but of a Latin translation, six editions arc extant, supposed to have been printed in 1493, in France and in Italy, umler tho title Epistola Chrinto/ori Colom, or De fnsnlis Inventl'^, etc. A poetical para- phrase of tlie same letter appeared the same year asDidiQueMncla Ilyxtori't, etc., Florence, 1493, and four other worksof this year contain slight allusions to C(jlumbn3. Seven or eight editions of Columbus' letters appeared in dif- ferent forms during tlic next forty years. Both letters may bo found with Spanish translations in tho first volume of Xavarrete's collection. For tlio bibliographical notices of this sketch I have depended cliiefly on llarrisse, B'lh. Am. Vet., as tho latest and most complete essay on early Anioiican books, notwithstanding the few blunders that have subjected it to so much ridicule. I shall not consider it necessary to repeat the reference with each notice, as Harrisse's work is arranged chronologicall}'. As soon as Columbus had explained to Ferdinand and Isabella the nature of his important discovery, the Spanish sovereigns applied to the Pope for tlie same grants and privileges respecting lands discovered, and to be discov- ered, in tlie west, that had before been granted tho Portuguese in the south and east. Ilis Holiness, accepting the Spanish statements that the conces- sions demanded did not in any way conflict with previous grants to the l\)r- tuguese, by bull of May 2, 1493, ccdvd to Spain all lands which might bo discovered by her west of a Hue drawn from pole to pole, one hundred leagues west of the Azores; the Portuguese to have all new lands cast of the samo line. It is obvious that liis Holiness fixed this line arbitrarily, without a thought of the position or importance of the corresponding meridian at tho antipodes. This opposite meridian, according to the idea of longitude enter- tained at the time, wouhl fall in the vicinity of India proper; and the Portu- guese, besides their natural jealousy of this new success of Spain, feared that 1 9i EARLY VOYAGES. the western hcmi^;plicrc thus given to lier rival ini^lit iiichidc portions of their Indian grants, llcncc jiroac'mucli trouljlc in tlic few following years between the two eourts. See in/ra. Amidst tlio enthusiasm following liis success Columbus hud no didiculty in fitting out another expedition. Embarking from C'uIva Septemljer 12J, 1193, with seventeen vessels and over 1,209 men, among whom were Alouso do Ojeda and Juan do la Cosa, cl abnirante, or the admiral, as Columbus was now called, touched at the Canaries, discovered Dominica the 3d of Xovcm- IxT, and Guadalupe a few days later; thence sailiiig north-weat through the Caribbean Archipelago, he occasionally landed and gave names to islands. Pieating two days at l'\ierto Rico, he reached the coast of Espafiola on the "J^d of November, and on the 27th anchored off the port of Navidad. The set- tlement established at this place in the previous voyage had totally disap- peared; tlie colonists as is supposed falling victims to internal dissensions and general excesses. A new city called Isabebi was then founded at an- other port of this island, an. country ricli in gold. On the second of February, 141)4, twelve vessels, with specimens of the people and products of the country, were despatched for 8puin under Antonio ile T(jrres. ]5y tliis departure was also sent a recjuest for immediate supplies. iJeeovering from a Heri:)Us illness, Columbus checked a revolt among his peo- ple on the 24th of April, built a fort in the interior, and ih-'u sailed to explore the main coast of Asia — as he supposed, but in truth Cuba — .scmth-westward from the point where ho left it on his lirst voyage. Foihjwin/ the south coast of Cuba the admiral at length reached the vici.iity of I'hilipina, or Cortes ]5ay, where the shore bends to the southward. This to liini seemed conclusive proof tliat it was indeed the main-land of Asia which he was coasting. Tlic statements of the natives who said that Cuba was in fact an island, but that it was so large that no one had ever reached its western ex- tremity, conlirmed him in his belief — since one might question tlie knowl- edge of a boundary which no one had ever reached and from which no one had ever come. The theory of the ago was thus made gootl, and that was sulficicnt; so Columbus ))rought all his crew, olficers and men, liefore the notary, and nuide them swear that the island of Cuba was the continent of Asia — -an act siguillcant of methods of conversion in those y Torrc>i 08 EARLY VOYAGES. i u this lino cf demarcation, and it? cffcrt on Bi-azil, ami the !M(jlncca?i, much lias been written, though littlo l'a;5 l)(cn said as to the motive that prompted Portugal in Leaking tliis chcnjC. The fact is, tliat at a time wlien the Spice Islands were hut vaguely known, and the existence of Lra:;!! not even sua- IK'ctcd, it i^. impossible to conceive why Portugal desired to change tlio par- titifju line from 100 leagues to 370 leagues v.cst of the A;:ores; for the chango could only diminish the possessions of Portugal in India by 270 leagues, as in truth it did, including tiie Moluccas in the loss, and paining in return "270 leagues of open Atlantic sea! True, tlicre proved to be an accidental gain of a part of Braidl, but there could have been no idea at the time that this par- tition line cut through any eastern portion of lands discovered by Cohiml)US to the west. In wliatcver light we imagine them to have regarded it, there is still an unexplained mystery. The Pacific ocean was unknown; between the discoveries of Spain anil Portugal, bo far as known, all was land — India. V>y carrying the partition line westward, Portugal may have tlioiight to ihid some ivestern land; at all events, it is generally believed th;it tlic cirect of tlic par- tition in the antipodes was not well considered; that the only point in question wn:i the right of making discoveries in the western oe(>an, and that the trraly of Tordesillas was decided in favor of Spain — Portugal being forced to yield the main point, but insisting on the change of partition in order to gi\e lier more .';ea-room. On the otlier hand it may be claimed that the antipodes, -if whicli tliey knew so little, were tlie avowed object of all tlie erpi'ditioiis sent out by both parties. Sec the original bull and treaty in Xiirnrri-fr, Col. de Viaiii-s, torn. ii. pp. 28, 1,10; also Prcicolt't! FeviViiiniid mul l.stiJiclla, vol. ii. pp. ]7.1-S;'>; Citho, Hccucil Compict (h.^ Tnillc.-^, IVtris, 1F.02, torn. i. pp. I-ImJ; Piirf/rm, lli-i Pihjrimci, vol. i. booko ii. pp. lll-bj; t'ur'iuiis and Hnt. \'o>/., p. 2!); V-iiurl/'erl, iVotizic illCiif iridio, yt. IS.'J. It'dy, and especially Venice, as we liave seen, was the first of tl-.e European sttttffs to display in any marked degree in medi;eval times tliat commercial spirit I o cai'lj' and so well devclojied in tlic PlKcnicians. I'ortugal caiiglit the (lame under John the Great, li;;-,,")- bl.*);), and led the van of a nifne daring discovery and exploration by conijuests on tlie north-' ,st coast of Africa. Siniultaneously Pi'inee Henry was sending expeditious farther down the west- ern coast of Africa, and among llie i ;!ands of the Atlantic. His eijunlry rei'.jicil the reward in ) lS(i, wlien the discovery cf the Capo of (iooil Ib>iic upcneil lier a \\ 'ly by sea to Ilindostan, and ta the commerce of the Orient and ga' at the same time the death-lilow to Venetian ascendancy in that market. Put Spain, as chance would have it, did not lag far behind her sister lung doni. 'J"hc fact vf tlio great navigators, Columbus and Vespucci, liciii: Italians, and yet having to seek assistance of Spain, sulliciently indicates i' what direction the swing of maritime power was tending. The astrcinomici; schools of Cordova, Seville, and (iranada had well prepared Spain for tlio npplication of astronomy to navigation, and the long internal wars had bv( il those bohl and enduring spirits wiio alone are fitted to conduct with succes,^ ^rcat enterprises of certain danger ami uncertain result. It i.j claimed by some that Jolin and Sebai:,tian Cabot made their first voy- AiiEraco vEsrucci. 99 a^o anil discovcrcil Xcwfoundlaiul in lt9-l. The claim I'csts on a statement of the Spaiiicih ambassador to England in a letter dated July '2'i, 1 tOS, to the cflcct that dining the past seven years several vessels had heen sent each year from Bristol in search of Lrasil and the Islands of the Seven Cities, and on an inscription on Sebastian Cabot's map of ir)44, which states that land was first discovered by the Cabots on June 21, 1494. 7>M(v.«(r, J.(/t:bit, L'xitiii. Cr'd., torn, i. ])p. o.jtJ et seep Wlictlier any one actually took advantr.ge of tliis license l«'f(jrc its repeal — which was on June 'J, 1 1!)7, at the instigauon of Cohim- bus— is a disputed point of some importance in connection wi h certain doubt- ful expeditions to be considered hereafter. [149(3.] I'edro Alonso Xiao sailed from Cadiz June IT, 140G, just after tho return of Colund)US, iu command of three vessels IuJ'ju witli supplies for tl.d colony at Kspanola. kini^' lliciu; Ites i' |)Uiie;iI tlio bred liccess voy- [1197.] Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine navigator, claims to have set sail from C;i(llz with four vessels in the service of the king of Spain "w the tenth, or twentieth, of May, 1497. In what capacity ho accon)i)auied the expcdi- ti'iu, or who was its commander, ho docs not state, but tuiys that ho waa choiicn by the king to go ■with the expedition. "Mo ad taliii investigau<'.» in ipsam societateai elegit." Sailing south-south-west to the Canaries, 280 leagues from Lisbon, he remained there ••!, 'it daj's, and then sailed west-one-ijuarter-south-west 1,000 leagues in tweuLy-sevcn, or thirty seven, days, to a point oQ the main-laud iu lij'' north and T.'j" west, of the Ca- naiies — that is to say, on the coast ot < 'eutr;:l America near Cape (iraeiaa il Dios. This nmst have been about tho Jst of July, some ilays jx^rlinps aftei- Cabot's landing farther north, whicli was tho 24th of June. Tho Spaniards went asluue in boats, ')Ut the natives were too timid lo trade; so that continuing their voyage ior two days ncrth-wcst in sight of the Hat coa.st, they reached a more secure anchorage, established friendly relations with the peopli>, and found some traces of gold. The ships then followed the cnast for several days, to a port whei'e was found a village built over tho water like ^'enice, and there fought with tlie natives (of Tabasco?); sailed ci;;Iity leagues along the coast to a re;;ioii of many rixers (IMuitco?), wbero they were kindly received by people of a dill'erent language, and mailc a jour- ney of eighteen leagues inland, vi.-.itiiig .iiai.y towns, Tliia province waa e.illed by the inhabitants Lai'iab, and i.s .situatrd in the torrid zone, near tho trnjiio of (.'aneer, in 2.'J' tiorth. Again they started, pursued a north-west course and frcipieiitly anchored, sailing thus bTO leagues, until after thirteen l5 'l;;l li: il Bl :«i i 100 EARLY VOYAGES. months, tlmt is to sny in .Time, l-tOS, tliov rraeliod "tlio Lost linrhor in tlio V'orld" (port of Cape Ciifiavcral?), in 'JS" .W, where tlipy resolved to repiiir thrir sliips f(ir the return voyage. Tliere Ihey i-emniiied tliirty-scvcndays, and V Inn aliout to (k'^iart, the nativ(>s coniiilaincd of certain eannilials who eaiiiu eaeli year fnmi an ishind 100 leagues distant to .attack them. The Spaniards, in return for their kindness, promised to avenge their wrongs. Accordingly tliey sailed north-east and east to a group of islands, sf>nie oi which were inhaliited (Hcnnudas?); landing at one j' Vurnliagea, Le premirr Voi/in/f dc. Aiiu'viiin Vispurci, who believes tliat Vicente Yafiez Pinzon and Juan Diaz do Solis were the coninian tlie ([uestion of Ids claims in tlie matter of naming America, I sliall at- tempt to state briefly, and as clearly as I am able, the arguments for and against tl:e authenticity of a voy.ige, in mIuc li perhaps is involved tho (juestion uf th(5 lirst post-Scandinavian discovery of tlie North American continent. ]?e.--des A'espueei's own statement, in a letter A\rittrn in 1.10-1, no oonteiu- y.orary doeunient has been found m hieli mentions siuli an expedition, tliou;:ii most diligent seareli for such documents has been made in tho Spanish ar- eliives by partisans and opponents (jf the Florentine's claim. This absene(^ of eoullrinatory documeuts is the more iiotieealile as the ex|peditiou \\a« made under royal patronage. In anotlier and jireviously written letter - ing Ilia second voyage in 14110, \'espucei not only maki's no mention of tliia voyage, but even exi^usc^s his longsik'nce by saying tliat nothing had occurred worth I'elatiiig. 'J'riie, a short letter of one Vianello, dated l.VMi, publislicd by Humboldt, mentions a voyage to which no date is given, made by Ves- pucci in company with .liian de la Cosa. M. ^'arnhagen su]iposes this to have been tlic voyage in ((uestion. and a large river discovered at the time to Iia' n been the Mississippi; but, lieside tlie fact that (here is no reason for iittrilmt- ing tlic date of 1107 ratiier than any other to this voyage, 'Niauello's letter, If THE DISPUTED VOYAGE OF VESrUCCI. 101 U'MIl I'lll- witli two others, publislicd liy Ilan-issc, indicates a iMuch lattr date for llio expcditiuu with Juan do hi Cosa. Moix'ovcr, not only ia tliere a want of original records, but contcniixniiry historians arc silent respecting this expedition ; the 11. st mention liy laler writera liein^' a denial of its authenticity when it uaa thought toconllict with the aduiiral's claims aa disc». vcrer of the continent. Yet, on the siippoi^itina of a voyage to the Korth American coast, theie arc some passages in tlu' his- torian!) I'etcr Martyr, Oviedo, (lomara, and llcrrera, which point more or hss dL'iinit(y2. IVler Martyr, dec. i. cap. vi., writing before loOS, says that many elaim to hii\o sailed round (Juba; and later, dec. i. cap. x., he mentions a, repoit th:it I'ui^on and ISolis had exploi'~d the coat^t of Honduras, giving,', Jiowi^ver, no dates. Oviedo, //!.■, fol. i',',\, slates that Pin/on and Soils aie .'^aid by some to have i xplored the loast of lloiidu- rat llu'ec years before Cohnnbiis, which would mahc it in ll'.l!). lliin ra, Jli.-f. (I'eii., di' • iv. lib. viii. cap. ill., says that the gulf of Honduras miis naKicd liibii i: •, . i)m the gourds found lloatiug in its waters by the lir.st Sjiiiniards wh od along the coast. I'o M.^'arnhagen, this it may be ran- dom remaik of llcrrera is proof positive that as Colunilius did not enter or name the gulf, lie wa.. not the lii-.st Spahlurd who sailed along the coast. AVliatever weight nuiy be attached to these jiassagcs from the hi.dorians, in proving a vojagc to North Anierieii previous to that of the ndndral, such evi- dence is manifestly increascil by the fact that the date of the voyage attrib- nUtl to Pin/.on and Soils .seems to rest entirely on the statenunt of Ibrrera, JJi^t. (I'cii., die. i. lib. vi. cap. xvi., wjio describes the expedition with other events under the date of ITtOO. "i'et in the testimony in the lawsuit henin- nfti'r to bo mentioned, it is imii!.' d, though not exiiies.sly stated, that tiio voyage was after that of Colunlbu.^, sinco special pains was taken by the kin;^ to prove the coast explored )jy Pin/on to lie distinct from that discovered by the adniii-al. Another point is that in this h.imc testimony the name '(.'aria' is given to a place visited during Piuzon's voyage, anil for this name \ es- pucci's 'Lariab' may possibly be a misprint. Ihnnboldl, h'jaiii. i'rlf., toni. iv. jip. ,V.), 'JdT, -7--4, repeatedly states it as an undeniable fact that Vespucci was employed in Sjiain in lifting out tho vessels for the third voyage of Columbus, up to the date of tho nailing of tiio • Apedition, May .10, 141*.'^, and consei|uently eould not himself have .-mailed in May or any otlwr month of 141*7. He makes this stntcinrnt on tho authority of documents collected liy Muno/. llarrisse, Jtilt. Am. I'if., p. !'u, states, idso on the authority of Mufio/, that from April, 14!l7, to May 'M\ 141KS, Ves- pucci was "constantly traveliing from Seville to San J,u12. No claim ^\•a.^ ad- vanced for hi.i discovery, although the voyage is sti-.ted to have been i;i;idc midcr royal patronage, and by proving its nuthcnticity the crown Avould have g.'iined it.ioljeet. Indeed, Vespucci's name is only mentiontd onee in cU the testimony, and that as having aeeonipanied Alon^o de Ojeda i:i his Voyage of 1400. That no one of the many witnesses examined knew of Ves- pucci's voyage in 1107, if it Vi-e; a. fact, is hardly possible. Kot only were liie \vitnCo:;es silent on the Florentine's expedition, but many of tlu ni, in- cludiiig Ojeda, allh'med tliat I'aria. was first diseo\-ered by Columbus, and next afterv.ard by Ojeda himself. Now as ^'e;■puc(■i aecomp,",nied Oji'da, the latter would surely Junn ];nown of any ]ire\ ions discovery by \'espucei, and III Ojeda was iinl. iVii'udly to (N.liunlius he i( riainly mhuM have made tlii! fact known. Moreo\er, the admiral's charts and sailiir^-directions were ful- lo wed by Ojeda ia his voyage, v, hich would luadly have been done wiUi u 'i lii.. VESPUCCI'S VOYAGE FURTHER CONSIDERED. 103 skilful pilot liko Vespucci on boanl, and one wlio liad visited the coast licfarc. TiMc, tluH l:i;t point would Ii:ivc Utile weii^Iit if tlie coast uf I'iiiia vii.j not ilic fogion vi.,itcd I;y Vcoyucci, wliilo the otlici' points woidd bo littlo if !it all airectcd by tlio theory that North America was the coast cxjilorcd. No other Sp.anifh voyage to the new region was neglected; indeed, to have so eunipletcly di^i'tgarjed Vcspucci'a expedition, it must be supposed that tlie king not only knew exactly ^vhat region he explored, but had a positive conviction that said region v.as entii'cly distinct from I'uria; and we lunc been that no saeh definite opinion was held at the time, Itut on the couiiary, Bjiecial pains was tal;en to prove tliat the new regions were "all one coast." When it is considered that Vespucci's voyage, that is the voyage of i'inzuu and .Soli;;, was mentioned in llie tcstimonj', the failure to sunanon the piloto mayor ii;-pe.as all the more reriiailiaLle. What more ellicitnt witness could havo lieen brought forv.ard? Thus the silence of the testimony in this suit on tlio (pieilion under discussion, must be deemed something more than mere nega- tive [iroof, as it is termeil by M. Varnhagen. This gentleman also notes that onl,, one \\ itntss mentions that \'espucci accompanied Ojeda in 14Dt); but ho doi ,: not note that the presence of Vespucci ou Ojcda's ships was of no im- piiitanco to either party in the suit, while a previous discovery by l/im was of tlic very greatest imporiaucc to the crown. 'J'iie date of .sailing from Cadiz is given by dilTcrcnt editions of Ve.ipueei's letter as May 10, and May '20, l-it)7; and eif his return as October 1, 1.'), and IS, M',)!). From the.o dates two dillieulties ari.ic; first, the duration of the viiy;',go is stated in the letter to have been eighteen mouths, while the peiixl between the i), that is, live montI:s before he returned from the voyage in question. tJne way of iveor.eiliiig the lirst dilllculty is to suppo:;c that the author reckoned time l)y the I'lorcntine niethod, then common in familiar correspondenee, according to :vliich the year l;egan the 'J.'Hh of JIareh. Then iii case of a very natural nu, ; ;iat iu tlio original of May for Jtlarch, the voyage really begim in l-illS, iU ii.;iatiou being thus reduced to nineteen months. A more simple meihixl of leu'.oving both dilliculties is to suppose a mijprint of ItD'J for 14'Jii us tlio date of the) return; tins vrould reduce the time to seventeen months. Several later cdi Jons have made this change. The euiiion elainied as original by M. Van;hage:i ha.i Uio dale hi'J'J according to hi.i translation, ami strangely cnor.gli the editor m;;I;e:.i i;o allusion to it in his notes, alJiough iu u foimer pajiipldet ho rpeaks of MLo us the dale of the reluai. I attach viry littlo Weight to discrepancies in dates in this ivlalion except jw evideneo ngahiut any inlcntioaal deception on the part of \"espueci. Confusion iu datij is euriimuu iu all relations of the peiiod; and W-pucci's letters weio written hastily, not for publication, and uarely to interest his correspondents l)y a de.'ciiplion of the marvels he Ivad Ken ia liis New Vorld udvintures. It may hero be stated that the longitid bitterly arguetl (pieKtiou of tlie rival e!,ii:.,s (,f Vef.pucci and Columbus itu the mattir of nanung America h.is no liiai iiig on the present evideneo that the vo>,a;;e in • luesliou bad any iniluenee in lixing tiv um»e America; and to iironminee this e:.^ edition not .tutheniie 'n« uo tcavc led )r.any writers to conclude that holli descrihc the same expedi- tion, the daces having been accidentally or intentionally changed. -Iluni- boldt, after a careful examination, was convinced that the two voyages were idcntierl. lint wlien wc consider that Ilumhoklt, Xavarretc, and Irving forn.cd their conclui'ons without a suspicicu of a voyage to North America, and before that question had ever once arisen; that Navarretc eeverely crit- icises Vespucci's na/iativc as applied to Ojcda's voyage; that two of the strongest coincidences — the mention of Paria as the coast visited, and the discovery of a town built over the water like Venice — have no weight in view of the new theory, since the province is called Lariab in the original edition, and tha'^ method of building was not uncommon in all the tropical regions of America, it must be admitted that this argument has by ityelf little force against the authenticity of Vespucci's voyago. The right grunted to private individuals by tho Spanish go\crnriient in April, lA'Jo, to make voyages of discovery at their Otvn cxpcuwe, subject to certain regulations, wun partially revoked in June, 14D7, after ^"cipucci"s clahned departure. All authorities agree '.hat during tliis time suc'a private voyages, or even clandestine expeditiouH, niay have been and probab'.y v.'cro made, of which no records have been proper ^-cd. It ia argued that Vc:-.pucci'3 voyage may have been of this number, although claimed to have been nuido imder royal patronage, and by no means dandcstine. It is even suggested that the rcvocntioii of the right of privuti; navigation, brought about by tho influence of Columbus, was purposely delayed until after Vespucci's de- parture — all of which pro-cs, if it proves ai'.ything, simply that there was nothing to prevent Vespucci fi'om making the voyng >. Wo have seen how certain statements of the ohl chroniclers may be taken as indicative of a voyage along the Central Anurican coast previous to that of Columbus. There are also similar indications in some of the early m;ips. Thus Juan de la Cosa's map representing Cuba as an island in loOO (nee pnga 115 this volume) might be accounted for by such a \oyage as Vespucci cliiiiii!* to liavc nuide. It will be seen hereafter that early map.i show some slight tJ-aces of a knowledge of Florida before its discovery in l.'ipj (pp. l'2S-0 this vol.) In the Ruysch miip of MOS (p. l'2(i this vol.) the eastern coaiit of what seems to bo Cuba is ideutilied by M. Varnhagen with the main-land; in his opinion the insci'iption at tho nort'' point of that coast refers directly to Vcs- puoci's expedition, ami Tape S. ^>Iarci' at the southei'n point may indicate Vespucci's arrival on Saint Mark's day, especially as his undo v.as a prii ,;tof the order of St Mark. If this appear somewhat far-fetched, perhaps more weight should bo attached to the name 'CapeDollin de .\bril' on the ;!out!u'rij point of what nuiy be Florida on the I'tuhiny map of l.">i;} (p. 1,'J!) this vol.), fur lit tho end of April Vespucci may, according to his narrative, jiavo been ut that point. On this m.ittir of an early voyage it may lie noted that Colum* bus, stiiking the coast at (iuan.'ija J>ilnnd in lli(ll in search of a pn-ssiigo west- ^\ard, iuitcad of following westward, as lie iiatiirully voidd ha-.i done, i.t COXCLUSIOXS COXCERXIXO THE VOYAGE OF VESPUCCI. 103 least to the head of the gulf of Honduras, turned directly cast. A knoM'l- cdu'c on Ids part that Vespucci liad alrcay tiic .'-nmo writ» r it is thought much more likely that Capo 'Jrsci.is A Ihi/i v.'ii'4 iinmcd by N'espucci after a long voyage in feiiich of land, than by Coliiml'i -• ^ftcr f', and near tlie tropic of Cancer, arc worthy of consideration, since a scries of blunders such as these is hardly provable. The natives of Lafiab were of difTcrent language from and hostile to the nations pa.'iacd furtlier south, as the llua.'itecu of the IVmuco region are laiown to Iiavc been Avith 1-espcct to the Mexicans. Moreover, Lariab lias a slight claim to being a Iluastcc M'ord, since Oro;:co y Ijcrra gives three names of places in tliat language containing an / and ending in ab; but of course this would interfere sadly •with the theory that Lariab is a misprint of Caria. Vcspuccia description of the natives, criticised by Xavarretc as incorrect when applied to the people of I'aria, agrees better, as JI. \'arn- hagen tliinks, with the aborigines of Honduras. Other iiarta of Vespucci's vague and rambling descriptions apply well enough to the North American coast?, or in fact to any part of tropical America, north or soutii. The application of the narrative to North America is not, however, without its diincultics. Vespucci makes no mention of the Asitilles, through wliich liis course mutt ha'"e led him; perhaps not seeing them by reason of fog; or he hud instructions not to concern himself with what the admiral had already discov- ered, lie also refers to a larger work, never publijlied, in which details were to be given. Xeither does he mention the prominent peninsulas of Yucatan and I'loriil:.', r.ortho lofty mountain peaks which lie woukl aiaturally have seen in f'll'owliig the Merdcau coast. lie claims to have tailed norJi-v.x-st from I'linuco S70 leagues (over dry land') to the best liarbor in the world. ^I. Varnhagcn's e\p!ai:ation of this diilicul'.y is that Vespucci Kiiiij ly states in- cidentally that he left ]\inuco "tuttavia verso il ilacstrale" stiil toward the nortli-wcst, not intending to include in this course the whole voyage of 870 leagues. All the v.'indiiigs of the coast and the entering and ka.ing of many ports or rivers must be taken into account to make up a iliotauco of 870 league:! betvi-een I'l'iuuco and Cape Cafiavera!; and the lalter port would hardly l;c considered the 'best harbor in the world' except by a great stretch of tlie iiniigir.ation, or by a navigator lillle acquainted wiUi good harbors. The arc!;ipcIago of Ity has generally been suppoocd to be 11.'.^ li, Init thei :; is probably no reason for tlu; ideiitily beyond the rctcniblaiiee of names. Tie l!ermud:;.5 v.'hen discovered in l~.'22 were uniuhabiteil, but this does not provL that they Vvcre always so; the Spaniards may have relurned and eapi.i'rid the people for .slaves. Ir.dced the Ijcumidas may have been the archipela;;() of San lleriiiirdo, famous for its f erce Carib population, but generaily located off the gulf of Uraba. It may even have been named 1 y \'espucci, for on San llerrardo's day, tlio 20th of August, he was in'obaMy there. Tluis iiave I given, and let me iiopc without prejudice, the argumtnts for ami ngain>t this disputed voyage; and from the evidence the render may draw his own conclusions. 'I'o me the proofs seem conclusive that N'espuori inuue uo voyage to Soutli Americ rior to 14'JJ, whcu he uc com^; uliicd CABOT AND VASCO DA GAM A, 107 Alonpo lie Ojcda. Against a Xortli Amorican expedition the evidence, if less conclusive, la still very atrong; since the most tliat can be claimed in ita favor i.i a probability that the Central American coast ^va3 visitotl by some luivi^ator before lo02, and a possibility, though certainly a very slim one, tliat Ve.'.pucci accompanied such navigation. On thio voyage sec Xavhjationuia A/ocrici VcipulU Lpilomc, in Orynaus, Xoi'iiisOrbiH, ])it. rJ2, 1.")."; Variihajen, Lf Premier Vojajedc Vcdpucci; Id.,rtvj- pitce et son Prem. Vo'j. ; also in Socicie Geo,/., Lulktiii, Jan. and Feb., looS; J /arrive, Dlh. Am. Vet., pp. i"S-CS, and Additions, pp. x.wii-viii. ; Le.4er (il.<-ni'., pp. 121-3.J; Kiin.ftmnnn, L'ntderkiin;/ Am., pp. 4S-."3; Slcirnx' A'o'c.'*, Pi'. 17-10; PinLcrton'ii Col. Voj., vol. xii. p. l.'iS; BaucrofCs Jii4. L'. S., vol, i. p. i:i. Tjio Portuguoao, to complete their discovery of the route to India by way ] i; ' % 108 EAKLY VOYAGES. of the Cape of Ciooil Hope, sent out Vasco daGama with foni- sliiiw. Railing from Lisliou July 8, 14!)7, he doubled the Cape of Good Hope the ■22d of Xovcm- her, passed the limit leaehed l>y Dias on the 17th of December, received iutclli- geneo of I'rester John at several points on the eastern !, llo; Ito'jcrlsonH Hint. Aiiicr., book ix. ; American Antiq. Sor., Transact., ISC'), p. 25 ct scq.; Kohl'/i Hid. Jjiseov., pp. 1I!j-4{3, 481; Staveim' Xoles, pp. 35, 5"2; KunMinaiui, Eiitdcclaimj Am., pp. 5I)-4. Returned from his second voyage, Columbus found his popularity Avaning, and with it the enthusiasm for new discoveries. Tho voyage had not been prcjfitable, had not been fruitful enough in gold to satisfy the ailvcnturera who accompanied lum, and tiie ghastly faces of the mariners more than coun- teracted tho effect of the specimens of native products exhibited. It was diilicult, therefore, to obtain men for a new enterprise. Still, notwithstan; Xiipione ixnd De C'oiiti, JJiojroJia dl Co'omho, pp. 3o0-75; CaiicvlUerl, Xol'izie di Co'onJjo, pp. 99-lOS, where is given Columbus' letter received ia Spain in Decendicr, 1498, but apparently not printed at tho time. During this third voyage, while aljout tho gulf of Paria, new visions of tho earth's fonn fdled the mind of the great navigator, inHamcd as it was by ill- nts:) and anxiety. Tho world wa.s indeed for tho most part spherical, as hud Lceii Biippoiied, but in this great central region on the equator he believed tho surfaco to rise gradually to a great height, making tho earth pear-bhapo willi the terrestrial paradise, or birth-place of man, on its apex, the waters and i.sliuul.i visited by hini being on the borders of this elevated portion. It is not necessary to enumerate tho natural phenomena, scientific writings, and ecripture texts with which ho confirmed his theory. In his distracted entlm- iiiasin ho leaves us somewhat uncertain as to his idea of the situation of this new region with respect to India proper and tlioso parts of Asia found by him in .a former voyage farther north. If ho had supposed it to be simply a, southern extension of Marco Polo's Asia, ho would not subsecjuently havo Bought for .1 strait or passiigo to India to the north rather than to tho south of thi;t point, (jiuna's successful circunmavigation of ^Vfrica forbade a revival ill the mind of Cohnnbus of the old theory of Ptolemy, that Africa extended cast and north so as to enclose tho Indian Ocean like an inunense gulf, 'i'lio ndmiral'ti idea, so far as he formed a definite one on tho subject, must havo been that of a large island, or detached portion of the Asiatic continent, occu- pying very nearly tho actual relalivo position of tho Australi.in archipcla;,'o, and only vaguely included, if at all, in ancient or mediiuval knowledge of tlio far Kast. !No other conelusiou could rationally bo drawn from his lettei's and fiuliseiji'ient actions; antl wo shall find such an idea of tho geography of Ihe.so parts often repeated in following years. Wo shal; also seo liow unfortunato it was for tho posthumous glory of the great discoverer in tho matter of nam- ing the western world, that ho did not moro clearly specify his idea of thia ^nXOR EXrEDITIOXS. Ill new land— for I litlicvc this) was the first suspicion that now limla of any ci)ii:iiilcral)lc oxtcnt c;;i.-jte(l — and tlir; his account of this and liis fourtli voy- a^'c were not more widely circulated in print. [14!)0.] The discovery of tlic Pearl Coast, made knov.-n in Spain in Do- ccnihcr, 1498, caused several expeditions to be sent out in the following year. These were trading and not exploring voyages, and their conunrindcra had no thought of cofsmo^'raphy, caring little whether I'aria were the terrestrial jiar- udisc or the infernal regioiiH, so that pearls, and gold, and ijhiVe.i were alum- dant. No connected journals of these voyages havo been pi'eiierved, our knowledge of them being derived from statements of tiic early historians and from testimony in the famous lawsuit with the heirs of Cohunbus, printed in Xavarrete'a collection. The first was tliat of Alonso do Ojeda, who, by the influence of Dishop Foiisi'ca, tlic udmiral's most bitter enemy, obtained a conunission to visit iho I'earl Coa.st, avoi'sii with tliii'.y- tliree men, reiicliing tho main-land fartlicr north, and sonio liftcen days later tlian Ojeda. Thoy traded on tiio coast of Cumanil for three moiitiis, thi ir Western limit being the region of Chic!iiri\ iilii, started for liniiie l''ibruary l:>, l."i(K), and arrived in Spain about the micldle of April with u large i|Uiiiitity 'if pearls. I'ekr Martyr, dec. i. cap. viii.; ii'omwa. Hint, i/c (an InUiut, fol. US; m EARLY VOYAGES. Xavarrctf, Co'. ccn, Piiizon followed the coast to the north, touched at various places, discovered the jVinazon, and in duo time reached the gulf of I'aria Thenco ho sailed through the Doca del Drago, arrived iit Espafiola on the 23d of June, and returned to Spain in September, I.jOO. This voyage was aa disastrous aa the preceding one had been iirofitablc. Peter Martyr titatcs, dec. i. cap. i.\. , that Paria was thought to be a part of Asia Ijeyoud llie Ganges. See also l)e Kaviijatlonc Pinzoni fiocii Adinirantis, el dc rcbun jwr cum rtjiertiK, in Orymnis, Xovim Orbii, p. 119; 2\avarrcte, Col. de Viaijoi, torn. iii. pp. 18-23; Mtijor'x Prince Jlenri/, \}. 309; JJumboldt, Exam, Crit., torn. i. pp. 313-14; tom. iii. p. 221. Hero Iwlongs Amerigo Vespucci's account of a Eecond voyage made in con- junction with otlicrs in the service of the king of Spain. Departing in May, 1499 — some editions of his letters have it 1480 — from Cadiz and toncliing at tlio Canaries he steered south-west for nineteen days, sailing in that time GOO leagues to a point on the maindand in latitude 5'' soulli, — from incorrect readings of the originals some editors make him suy 800 leagues and latitude 8° — where the days and nights are equal on tlic 27th of June, at which time the sun enters Cancer. Thenco coasting eastward forty leagues; then north-west to a beautiful island and convenient harbor; and yet eighty other leagues to a secure harbor where ho remained ecventecn tlay.s and gath- ered many pearls; thenco to another port; then to an island fifteen leagues from the main-land; and again to another i.sland, which was called CJigantes, where cnplives were taken; then to a fine bay where the sliips were relittcd; and finally, after forty-seven days at this last place they sail for Antilla, that is I'Ispafiola. Two months and two days are spent at Antilla, wlienco on tho 22d of July they cndxirk for Spain, and reach Cadiz September 8, l.'iOO. J)e Sccuiidiiritr Navhjatinls Cunu, Latin text and Spanish translation of Vcs- pufci's letter in Navnrrctc, Col. dc Viwjc.t, tom. iii. pp. 242-02. It has never been claimed th.at Vespucci attempted di.scoveries in 1490 as chief in eonnnand. Tiie voyage described by him is without tloubt that of Pinzon or Ojoda, although D'Avesae, in Bulletin da la Sor. (•'('on., makes it identical with thatof Lope. Humboldt, Exam. Crit., tom. iv, pp. 200et8e(i., by comparing the details decides that it was that of Pinzon, and l)y tho samo method he concludes that Ve.ipucci's first voyage was that umler Ojcda. As the points of resemblance arc slight in cither case; as VcHpucci is known to have accomiMinied Ojoda; as ho would have been obliged to return to Spain before Ojeda in June, l.'iOO, in order to sail with Pinzon in December, 1499; itnJ OS Vespucci describes an astronomical phenomenon which, us Humboldt LFTE, OUERllA, AND CABRAL. Wt fttlir.it.s, eou'.il not posdilily liavc tiiken iilacc tluring IMiizonV voyngo, I ant iiiilimtl to accept the generally received opinion tluit Ojeila'a is the voyago ilcjc:iljcil. " 'riicie can now be no iloulit that Vespucci's voyage in 14'J'.) vaa iiU'.-ilical with that of Ojeila." MnjorH Prince Jliiiri/, p. ."TO; Vanihwjen, Ki-;int3 of geographical import depemling on the two trading voyages, one of which W'Spucji attempts to dcacrihe; and if there were, liid account in the dill'crent forms in which it exists is so full of blunders tliat it cou'.d tlirow but little light upon tho subject. The fourth minor expudilion of thi.s year was that of Diego de Lcpo, wiio Biii'.ed in Icsj tlian a month a.tei' I'in.;on — that is near the end of iJcccmber, 1 i;;;) — wiih two vessels. Touching main-land below Capo St Aug!u;tmc, i»e ob:ie;'ved tile !;oulh-wc;;;tern trend of the coast below that point; liut of his Voyage along the ..liore nothhig u known save that he reached the J 'carl (Joast. IV'foru the ,"th of June ho had returned to S|Kiiu. \aiiirirtc. Col. [>. '2i-'>, Spain also made iire|)ar;:tions to e .ploK! the iiorthi rn lands discovered by the Cabots, but wiuliout any known re ults. AfcAc/, (i'..<(7(/(7(/c (/iv /w/<(/., Stuttgart, 1o.k->, p. oil); Xat'itr- fv.'.', CoK (A; ]'li';i'.t, toni. iii. pp. 'Il-Ki; lyidJic'n Mem. CuUif, p. StKi; KuWs H'c!. I ><■•<>:•., pp. lOJ n. In Dirriomtrio Unieeraul, Aj'tiul., article 'N'iagcs,' p. ; ;)■', i.j iii'-.iiioneil a voyage to the I'earl Coast by Alon.so N'elcz de ^lendoza ia tv.o ve... cl.i. Xo auihoritics are given. 'i'l.u year following the return of Gama from his successful voyage to India, IViI.o Alvarez Cabral was tnlruated with the eonnnaud of thirteen well- nriaed vc'-.'rI.i, and Kent to estaliliih conimen ial relations with the new emui'.riiM now mado accessible to Portugiu'tic enterprise. C.diral embukej fri.iii Li.lH)n on the tHli of March, 1.",IK); thirteen days later ho hii behind liii.i tlio Capo Verde I.,lands, pursuing a soiitli-we.-terly course. Whether )io was ilriveu by storms in tliis direction, or wished to avoid the calms of tho (luinea loavl, or v.helher he entertaini'd a hope of re.iehing some part of tho iv^ions recently di 'eovered by the Spaniards is not known. Ceitain it is, Jiowevcr, tli.'>t notwithstanding his liaxiug sailed for India, vn the 'JJd of April -llumboldt Nays in I'el)i'uary — he foun. f)3, (!1. Tho Portujotosc did not fiverlook the north while mahin;; their important discoveries to the sonth. Two vessels, proli;ilily in the .-^prin^' of l.'iOO, were sent out uniler; .'-'■•.■ -oc, jip. !).'-(!; Mifjur's Pr'iicc /•'luri/, p. ;'.7-l; ICo/il'.i I.'i-'l. /-.'■■vo/-., pji. 1G()-S, 17-1-7. IJiddle, Mem. Ciihot, pp. i:57 ^dl, tliinks that Cortcreal landed south of Cape Rnec; lIumlK)ldt, L'xniii. t'ril., torn. iv. p. '2'22, is of tho opin- ion that Terra Verde Mas not (Ircenland. In Octoher of this same year llodri^'o do lliistidas sjiiled from C'ldi/ v. itii two vc;!.-,cl.s. Toueliiug the slioro of South America near Isla Venlc, which lies hetwei'u (Juadalupe and the maiu-laiul, he fnlloweil the coast we.it. uaril to ]'A Itetrete, or pcihaps Nonihte de Ilio.;, on the i.ilhiuu.sof Daricn, in aliout !)';i(l' north latitutlc. lloturning, ho was wrccl.cd on Espafiola towanl the eml of l,"i01, and reached Cidiz in Sipleudier, \'>02. This hcin^' tlic llr.st autiic utio voya;jc hy European.s to tin; tiMritoi'y herein dethieil aj tlio I'aci.ic Spates, such incidents as arc known will he ).;i\cn licrcaftir. For references to this voya;^;e, see (trinlit, Hist, (.'in., toni. i. \\ 7ll; tom. ii p. ^!,^■|, where tlic dalo given i; l.Ml^; Ooiinini, //.V. //((/., fol. (17, date of voyage al.io l.'iOJ; Viii'ir.i Mfiioir^, in Xiiritm/r, torn. iii. pp. \1'>-S, r)4r>-(i; lUrnra, Itll. d'tii., dec. i. Hh. iv. cap. xi.; (.'(tlrmio'.i />i.-.''!)- 70; .\sii nlo ifHC /i!zo I'oii slis J/(f/( ,'. /^ ft.. •::»; If/.i'/'.'.M ii. I'l'. IxlHl).'".'* time none ll,^vo Ik-cii preserved. In the ye:ir l.lfiO, however, a map of the MurM ua.s nuiile liy tlio veteran p:!ot .Iiian 'f tt jmUl'^jir. lU' /"/'(• '/<■ C'Jxx, Pari-i, 1S,".S, and atlas; (HiiUitiii/, (li'itrh'nhtc, etc., pref. by IlmnboMt; Jomnnl, Miviiiniciiti , "J."/), plate v., being a copy 'f the northern iiart frciii Humboldt wilh adilitions from .lonianl. Steveiis in his -Vo^'-', see pp. ll-I(i, HH, 'il, and plate i., produces a photodithograpliio cojiy of the western hemisphere from .Toinard. I give a copy of tli, itral poitioMsof the western hemisphere from ]Iund>t's eharts, is one of the strongest evidences that the coast explored hy CalM)t was the northern shore of the gu!f of St Lawrence. Another reason for entertaining such belief ii the use of the words Mar ihxcnhkrta imr Yntjkuca instead of Marc Oimnus, thus indicating that it was a sea or gulf and not the open ocean. Cosa could not at the tiint! have known the results of Cortereal's voyage. On f'abot's eo;ist various points are named, but farther to the north-east and to the south-west t'.ie line i< laid down iiidelinitely and Avithout names, probably from Jlaro I'ulo. Kohl puts the inscription J/tir t/Mc-H?*(tr/a, etc., fartlier south and we;;t tliaii on the original, and thinks the curve in the coast west of the last flag t » be Cape Cod. Tiien we have in the south the northern coast of Routli Ai:u ii,a ;, A'r.Ux r.-,i.y ;ri I'.at t'luly )ia t!u> ■:u'.K>l a'aouM ^l! Uio :c.l;iin- l>..',V4h i.ious. Tliat tlicautiionlitl not himself make any later additions to it ia evident from the fact that his own siibsecjuent diseoverie.s urc not siiown. (ir)01.] Again King Henry of Knglind isauea commissiona pennittiiig private persona to i>'ul:o discovery at tlicir own cx[H;n.se. So "ar as kiarn n, liuwever, uo voyayc was effected under this royal encouragement, althougii it ia not improlKiblc that intercourse with Newfoundland was continued after Calx)t's discovery. Kuiutiiiaiiii, L'liUli'ckuii'j Am., p. Tm; Kohl'ii Hint. Ditfor., pp. l>'>,>-7; Uiddle's Mem. Caliot, p. 'I'lS et seq.; Pt/ulul, (Ivtu-liichtc tier Lntd., p. ',\',\\ et 8cq. T!io rortugucse, more practical in their attempts, push discovery in all directions. Juan do Nova with four vessels sails from Lislxm March .">, l.")!*l, douUles the CaiH) of (Jood Hope, and returning reaches Lisbon September 1 1, l.yjj, having discovered Ascension Island on the voyage out, and St llcieiia on t/ic return. GuIvwiok DUcoi^, pp. \)~-S; Mojor'n Prince. I Icnrn, p. 4i;i; lliiui- bo'ill, IJ.niiii. Crll., tom. iv. p. •J'J.'i; tom. v. p. 107. The Cajie of (lood IIojio route to India may now l»o declared open; voyages thither from tiiia time can- not properly ho called voyages of discovery; henco of tho fre(pient suhsc- (jiiciit voyages of tho Portuguese to In. Ono of the ciiief objects of tlii-j e\;)i'tlition seems to have been Mio Cnipture of slaves. Tho name Ijabradur is !ip[)Ucd by Cortercal to thia discovery, "and is perhaps the only perma- nent trace of Portuguese adventure witliin tho limits of North America." U'UKrojVs Hist. U. S., vol. i. p. lii; Xitrarn'/r, Co', dc VUvjch, torn. iii. p. 11; .}f'ior'i Prince llcnrij, p. r.7l; Jlitmlioldt, IJ.rain.('rit., tom. iv. p. '2J1; Ko,'i!'s Il'd. Diiroi'., pp. l(j;)-71; Pisi-Iid, Gc.M-hichle dcr L'ntd., iH). oIJl etBe(i. ; Hid- (i.'. "v .Van. L'idiot, pp. 2117 et Beij. T'lo Portuguese also send an exjiedition to prosecute the discoveries iK'g.m by Cabral, who has not yet returniul from India, but whose discovery of Dra.'.il has been reported by Lemos. Strangely enough no doctnueuts exi^t In llio Portuguese archives totuhing tliis voyage, nor is tlu' namt- of its coin- iii.iUili'P kuo\vn, although Varnhagen thinks it may have been Manuel. II ii kii)'.Mi as Vespucci's thinl voyage, and its incidents are found only in liis letters. Tlie authenticity of this as of his oilier voyages has been often douljted and denied, and as it is the vnyagi^ that resulted in the naming of Aiueiiea, it has given rise to much discussion, into whicli however I sliall nut enter. Tlie discussion does not alVect the V()ya;,'i^ itself, nor tlie leading faits cnniiecleil with it, tho (piestions being wliether Vespucci wius in command, which indeed he does not claim to have lieen; and alnjve all, whellier till' r<'suUsof t!ie voyage entitled him to thi' iionorof naming .Vmerica, whirii tluy certainly did not, even had ho connnanded, from the fact that other Hi EARLY VOYAGES. navigators liail (liacovcrcil Ijotli of tlio AincricaH l)tforc Iiiin. XnvaiTcto, one of \'(.':-i);icii'.i most jualoua ciu'iuics, adiiiiti that licvisiti'il tlit; I'ojist of I>ra/.il ill a sulxjnlinatu capacity in Hoinc I'ortugucsp c:>;peilitiuii; aii payt-a, effoctually i^'ilirador and Newfoundland, but if so, no accounts have been preserved. IloIiI'h Hist. JJiscov., pp. 187-92; Kitiislmann, Enty ]j;i.sli<;a3, and there ho determined to estahlish his colony. A fort was nuilt, and a vessel sent to Jamaica for supplies; hut v lie colony did not prosper. To other troubles were added dissensions among th'- (icry leaders, and alxjut the cml of May Ojeda was imprisoned hy his companions; tho colony was finally abandoned, and its governor brought as a prisoner to Kspaiiola in .Sep- temlier. The few disputed points of this voyage concern only tho personal (juarrels of Ojeda and his fellow-captiins. Xamrrcte, Col. de I'iwj^/i, torn. iii. pp. '2S-;)f), lGS-70, 591 et seij.; Ilumlioldt, Exam. Vrit., tom. i. p. '.I'M; torn, iv. p. '220. On the eleventh of May, loOi, Cohnnbus embarked from Ciidiz on his fourth and last voyage, llefitting at Ivspafiola, he ilireclcd his cour.se west- wai'd, discovered tfrra jinna at tho Guanaja I.-^lands, oil' the north coast of liouduras, and sailing southward, followed the shores of the suppuseil Asia to lU lletrctc on the isthnuis of Daricn, where terminated the discovery of IJa-stidas from tho opposite direction, whose chart may have been in the ad- miral's possession. Particulars of this voyage are gi- un hereafter. Sc(!C'«(/;Yo y I'Ulmo Vitiijede CrlMohal Colon, in yavarrcU', tom. i. ^jp. "277-313; Colo.i, Ilial. dtl Almiraiile, in Dairiit, tom. 1. pp. 101-lS; (loiiinni, J/int. d<: Iti--! Iiiduui, U>\. 31; PtUr Maiii/r, dec. iii. cap. iv. ; Ihrrcra, Hist, (uu., dec. i. lib. \-.-vi.; Battoni, Illstoriadcl Mondo Nmvo, Vcnctia, 1572, fol. 2S; Oalvniio'n Ditcov., pp. 100-1; UolierUon's llUt. Am., vol. i. pp. lGi-7-l; Burlv^it L'urojx'an S tiM»tlu'r hcIiciiich, Imt ho never n^limiuiMlicil lii.s (irigiuul iilca, ami ilicil, l.'iOii, ill tlilicrH iind Hcholurs of tho ti.n<\ /V/cr Mitrt>/r, . '2(>; toni. iv. p. ISS; riifaci! ti) Uli'iUiint; MhJiii'h I'riihf llcnrij, \>. 4'_'l); KoIiI'h Hist. JUmor., pp. NO, 'JIJS-K; Jintj' iit /ill. /'•7v.'i)j»., p. -i-i't; iSlfirim' yiitrn, p. HT. 1 1.";!". I AiiotliiT cxiH'ilitioii was scut 1>y I'ortuu'al in Hcan-h of thi' roitc- reals, Imt rctiiriicil unsiioci'ssfiil. Kuns(inort of whicli he refers to />c fioiineri'lc, Mviuo'ir*, Taris, llil"!; Ih- Uraixrn, Hist, itc.i yiirhjdlioiiK, I'aris, l7-")(!, toin. i. pp. Ktl! I; LWinti Tri- vieimil, i;io de .laneiro, toni. vi. p. -II'J-II; D'Air.tur, in l!ii/'rtlii ilr In So\ {»<•«;/., loin. xiv. J). I7-. In l.")0;J thu I'oi'tu^'iic'sc sent ii third fleet of nix vessels under (ion/alo C()ellio to nialiO farthcn- f'xplorations on the roast -, Imt whith eoulil not tiien he carried into cHuct for want of supplies. \ cspucei eom- nianded one of t lie vessels, and setoutwitli Iiij;li hopes of aeeoni[)li>iiiii',' {_;ie.it thin;,'s for his countiy, his (.iod, and himself. This is known as \'u. pueei'si fourth voyayo. lleyond the account which lie ^ivcs in his letters, little is Uiiowii of it except tlie fact that Coellio made smh a voya;:e at the time. The identity of the two exped ions has not l)eea undisputed, i>ut lhiml).>!dt oud Major l>otli siiow that thi o can ho little douht in the matter. Tin- lleet Kiiled from [..ishonon tlie 10th of .lune — X'espuccisays May — niiiaiiii'd tw( I^^! orthirleenday;^at the Cape Verde Ishinds,aud thence sailed south-ca^.L tow illiiii sight of Sierra Leone. The navigators were prevented hy a .'torni from an- choring', and so directed their course .'touth-wcst for .">;)0 lea;'ues to a desei t island in aliout lat. \l' south, supposed to he Fernando ile N'oronlia, wlieio Coclho lost his ship on tho 10th of August, ^■^.'spucl■i's vessel was separated from the rest for ), ITitM. \'espucci helieved the other ships of the lleet to have lieen lost, hut after his account was written, Coclho returned with two ^;llips; nothing, however, is now known of his movements after the separation. J>i DIVERS F.XrRDITIONS. 121 Ainrri'jo i'e^'purri Finrriithin, ill UtinniHin, toni. i., J.rllrra /ilini, fol. 1,10, l.r/lrrit Hfniidii, fol. Ill, Sniiiiiiiirio, fol. Ill; I'lmjin ili' I'l.ijiiirio, ill A«/vir- rr^', tinii. iii. jip. "JHl-DO; ,Siiii(/ir>/'/i Hilt. Ilnizil, vol. i, i>. 'JO. All'iiii.-inlc A'l.iii'iiiuiiniu tMiiliril from Lislxm April (!, I.'id.'l, with four vrs.mla fur iiiilia; Im* •-' ''iii.i; liis courMt; far to tlic Koiitli-wcst, aftrr twenty-four (or twtiity-ci','lit) (U. I'ht'/'iii) jitf/n III ir /inH'i ]x'r tiioiiiiiiii til h'iii]x>/i, ill /'nninMin, toni. i. fol. I."i ■; /'iiniKi.i, 11 in I'iljriiii'.i, vol. i. j)p. ItJ .'I. lli'r'jniiiiin, Xoiiijixiine hi.^lDrhirii oiiiiiii'i, cti'., Vcnctii.-i, l.-iO.'l, ji hook of <;hroniclcM pulili.shcd with frn(|iu'nt addi- tions to ilatc, contain:!, for tin; tirst tini.-, in tl.is "d'tion, il ciiai>tii- on the newly f.iund is'.an If of CnhinihuM. In my copy, wl ,• ', is dated ttn ye.ira l.itd-, tliis chapter i i on folio .T28. At Icii-st uino editions of the wc^rk appeared liefon! l.'iHt. [I."i()(.| Soon al'ler (ho return from his th i-oya Ven ■npi . 1 wrote A letter to I'iero i1e' .Me 'iri. Hutting fortii it.s incidents. I"! i letter, whieli lieiMs no ilate, was prolialily writteil incorrupt Itali;ui, luid after circulating 1 ,oMii! exti'it in ni:;ni!iieript, .-IS wu.s the (niKtoni!.' tin time, it may h.ivo hecn }>rinted, liat no copies arc kiiowu to cxi.it, and the original is lust. '1 ran:.Ia;ion.i w<.to i:j:i''e, iiov.>;ver, int(» Latin and (!erma;i, «lii'Ii appeared in Hinall p.iniplilet form in at lea.st seventeen diU'erent lulitions hefoie \'t'~. under the title of Miiiiilim A'r^vM, or ita c(piivalcnt. The carlieut edition whicU lieai's a ilate is t!iat of 1004, liut of the nine issues witiiout dale, soiui^ \in- (loidiledly appeared Ik fore that year. It i.s prolxdile that other edition.; In \o disai>pcarcd on account of tln;ir iinduralilu fonn. None of N'espueci'a ollur uiiounl.j are known to ha\e hcen printed before I."i07. 'I'lii.i same year the Lihriito ili; liilta le Niiriijnziuiic ihl I'l' til Sjufjim i.s saiil to have hecn priiiti'd at \'eniue, being the tint collection of voyages, and con- taiiiiu .', according (o llie few Italian nuthora who claim ti; have seen it, the first tliree voyagc.i of Columbus and those of Nino and I'in/on. If authentic, it Wius the first account of the voyage of Columbus to the Pearl Coast; but no cojiy i:) known at [ircsent to (?xist, and its circulation must have been small conip:ni'd with \ i:i^iucci".s relations. JIuiiiholilt, Lu,iiiii, I'ril., tom. iv. pp. 07-77; Jl-irrUit; Ulh. A„i. Vtt., noa. -J^-tl. -V chart made about l.")()t has been prcscrveil which shows I'ortuguese ilis- coveric.-j only. In the north are laitl down Newfonndiaml ami Labrador luidcr the name of 'Terra de Cortte Keall,' and (Jreenland w ith no name, but >;•) correctly represented as to fonn a strong evic'ence that it was reached )>y Cortereal. On the south we have the coast of I>ra/ii, to which no narue in given; between tiio two is open sea, with no iudii'ationof Spani.sh di.scoveric.<. Kiiiik/iihuiii, Lulitfrkiiiij .Iw., pp. l'27-!Si und Jliiiiii/i Altim, no. iii.; KoU'ii liUl. tiinioi)., pp. 171-7, plate viii. With (!ie year l.'itH the lishing voj -.ges of the Rrctoni and Xormans to Newfoundland are said to have begun, but there arc no accounts of any par- ticular \oyagc. So'irr liii inirejuiuoiicx tls lt)n riwonijtiaoit a tai marcn ilf J'l rri- luH'ti, in Xiininrlc, tom. iii. p. 17(!; ]'ia, 1500, round Cape St Augustine, heard of — cut coiinaissance dc — a Itio Sao Sebasti.io in the province of Peniambuco, and discovered the i.'and since called by his name, in 37^ 5' south latitude, on his passage to tho Cape of Good llopu. Galvauu does not mention that Cuuhu reached America. On the 20th of May, 1500, nt \'alladolic1, died tho great admiral of the Western Oceun, Christopher Columbus; wlioso story, notwithstanding hi« THE XAMIXO OF AMEPJCA. 123 .in tho ist of iautii (ir J/.- in. xiii. ;h 0, S,u) Good innumciablc liistoriaiis, is nowhere more fully comprchendetl than in the Biliiiile Hues which ini'.y he kcou to-ilay upon liis tnuib: " Por CnBtilln y por Leon Kupvo Muudu hullo Colon." MaTci of VoUerrn, CommenUir'torum urhannrum, Rome, lyOG, a kind of gco- {.'lapliical cncyclopnedia, contains a section on the Icx'n iiiipcr rrpfrla. Five cilitions are mentioned as having been issued In the years lolO, ir)ll,and 1530, all but one at Paris. M. Vamhagcn claims that the original mixed Italian text of Vcspneei's first voyage was printed in Florence in \'>0r> or 1500, and that several copies have been preserved. This is the text used by him in his defense of \'es- pucci. See Premier Vo;/., Vienna, ISGO, and Vojnirr!, non ctiractirr, etc., Lima, ISO."), in which the letter is reproduced. I find no mention by any otlicr autlior of such an edition. [l.'iOT.] No voyages arc mentioned in this year; but the bibliography of the year is remarkable. Montalhwldo (or Zor/i), Pwni Xoitninnitc rclroiKiti, El Soiio Mondo dii Alhcrico W'-ipiitio, Florcntino, intiitdato, Vinccntia, l.'iOT, ia the second collection of voyages issued, and the first of which any copies at present exist. Tliis work is divided into six books, of whieli the fourth ami lifth relate to America, the fourth being a i-cproduetion of the Lihrdto of l.")()4, while the fifth is tlic Nono Movdo, or thinl voy.-ige of Vespucci; and its mention in the title shows how important a feature it was deemed in a wuik of this character. In the following year, besidcH a ntw Italian cilitinn, tlufo appeared a German translation under the title of Hue Ian iter, A'l in: tiii'iihuitlic Inndtt', Nureml>crg, blOS, and a Latin translation, ItJiiirnr.u Piin'inllc.ii't, Milan, 1."j08. At least fourteen editions in Italian, Latin, (Kinian, and French appeared before l.'iDO. J/i/htromyliis (Wdfdncc-JI idler), Co.inwjrnpliiir fiitrodrctio. . . .fn.viper fjun- tiior Anii'rici Vcfiinirij Xniii'jationrA, Dcodute (.St l)ii', Lorraine), 1.507, is tho title of a work which appeared four times in tho same place and year. It i.i the first collection of Vespucci's four voyages, and generally regarded as tlio lirst edition of the first and fourth, although as we have seen JI. Varnha;.'i n claims an Italian edition of the first in 1500. This account of tlio third Voyage is dillercnt from that so widelj* circulated before as Mtiiid-is A'o'v/.s. Tinee other editions of the work, or of the part relating to Vespucci, ap- pealed in 1509 and 1510. In J/i/lamini/lui tlie folhnving passage occurs; " Ijiit DOW that those parts have been more extensively examined, and an- other fo'irth part has been discovered by Amorieus (as will V)e seen in tho Beijuel), I do not see why we should rightly refuse to name it America, namely, the land of Amcricus or Amei'ica, after its discoverer, Aineiictis, a man of sagacious mind, since both Kuropc and Asia took their names from Women." Here we have the origin of the name 'Amerie;i.' To the northern diMoveriesof Columbus, Cabot, and Cortereal, on the islands and coast of tiio supposed Asia, no general name was given because those regions were alreaily named India, Cathay, Mangi, etc., while names were applied by Kunipe.'ins oiily to particular places on the new coasts. When (.'olumbus in bIDS ex- plored the uorthcrn coast of South America he had no doubt it was iv portion, 124 EARLY VOYAGES. *.i though prohahly a detached portion, of Asia, and the terms Pavia and tlie Pearl Coast sufTiceil to designate tlic region during the succeeding trading voyages. Concerning these voyages, only a letter of Columlms and a slight account of Pinzon's expedition had been printed, apparently without attract- ing niucli attention. The voyages of Columbus, Ikistidas, and Pinzon along tlie coast of Central America were almost unknown. Meanwhile the fame of tlio great navigator had hccomemucliohscurcd. His enterpriseson the supposed Asiatic coast iiad been nnprofitiiblc to Sjiain. The eyes of the world were iii'W directed farther soutli. ])y the Portuguese the coasts of Ih'uzil had been t'NpIored for a long distance, proving the great extent of this soutli-eas^tern portion of the supposed Asia, whose existence Avaa not indicated on tlic old charts, and which certainly required a name. These Portuguese explorations and their results were known to the world almost exclusively by the letter (jf Ver.puci.'i so often printed. To the Latin translation of the letter, the nauio Jfindim Xoriix had been applied, meaning not necessarily a new continent, but simply the newly found regions. The name 'America' suggested itself naturally, possibly through the influence of some friend who was an admirer of A'cspncci, to the Cennan professor of a university in Lorraine, as appi'o- priate for the new region, and he accordingly proposed it. Having ])roposed it, hisi piido and that of his friends — a eli(pie who had great induencc over tlio producticms of the German press at that period — was involved in securing its adiiptlon. No open opposition seems to liave been made, even by the Portu- guese wjio had applied the name 'Santa Cruz' to the same region; still it m^s long before tlie new name replaced the old ones. In later years, wIk n America was found to be joined to the !iorthern continent, and all that great land (o lie entirely distinct from Asia, the name had become too llnnly fixed to be easily changed, and no cflbrt that we know of was made to change it. Later still some authors, inadvertently perhaps, attributed the lirst discovery to Vespucci. This aroused the wrath of Las Casas and others, and a discus- sion ensued which has lasted to the present time. Sec list of partisans on both sides in //(trriisc, IJih. Am. Vet., pp. 0.1-7. Muftoz and Xavarrete insist that Vespucci was an impostor, but others, headed by Humboldt, have proved conclusively that the name 'America' was adopted as the result of the s' uic- what strange combination of circumstances described, without any intenl.onal wrong to Colundjus. This conrlusion is founded chiefly on the following reasons, namely: The honor to Vespucci resulted chiefly from his third voy- age in l.lOl, and not from his first voyage in 1407, which last mentioned is the only one possible to have claimed precedence over Cohunbus in the dis- covery of the continent. Furthermore, neither Columbus nor Vespucci t.'ver suspected (hat a new continent had been found; and to precede Cabot in reaching Asia, Vespucci, even if relying on his first voyage, nnisu have dated it fiomewhat earlier in 1407 than he did; while to precede Columbus he nuiyt liavo' dated it before M0'2,when, as tlicyboth believed, Cohunbus had touched Asia at Cuba. Then, again, theio is no evidence whatever that Vespucci ever claimed the honor of discovery. He Avas on intimate terms with the admiral and his friends, anSw7; ^fln'l(Z, Hid, Xiuco Mnmlo, p. x.; Slcmis' Xnlci, pp. '21, ',)'), ."/J et seip ; 17 'j/rv f/f Visjiiiriii, in Xiirurnte, tom. iii. p. IS.']; Carta dil Ljciwi. Hr. Va- coiiih' de S'liil'trrii, in Xnrnrrctc, tom. iii. pp. ."OO-."]-!. Ludd, Sj.cfiiH Orlii.i, Strarlu'.rg, l."07, adopts Waldsee-Miillcr'a suggestion 8o far as to .Kpeak of the 'American race,' or people, ij('ii(ii< Aiiicrlri. JIajor, i'riim: llniri/, jip. 3'")-S, explains the comicctiou between this and other works ol tlie time iu- llucuced by the St DiJ cliipie. See also Strci'ii.s' Xola, p. ."J."). [ir,0!i.] Pinznn and .Solis, with Pcilro Ledcsma as pilot, were sent by Spain for the third time to search southward for the strait \\ hich tlicy, as Well as Columbus and llastidas, hail failed to iiml farther nortli and west. Sailing from San Liicar Juno '2!), l.'iOS, they toucheil at tlio Capo \'crdo Lslaii'^ i, proceeded to Cape St Augustine, and followed the coast south-west to about -lO" south latitude, returning to Spain in October, l.jOi). I'iaji.s J/u- itorr'<, ill Xnnirrclc, tom. iii. p. 47. Kohl, JJic liciilcii idlatcn Kartiii ivn .Im., p. 1 10, joins this voyage to the preceding one of l.lOo. Am ther of Ihu uncertain Fiench voyages to Newfoundland is reported to have lalicn place iu loOS, under tho command of Thomas Aubcrt, from Iiii'plie. Viivju Jfeiiorci, in XuiitrrcCe, tom. iii. p. 41; KakCn J,'i.it. JJiscor., pp. •JC;)-.'. In l.'OS the governor of l^spafiola sent Sibastian de Ocanipo to e.'.ploro Cull,',. He was the fii-st to .sail round the island, thus proving it such, us Ji',;iii de la Cosa probaVily imagined it to be eight yeai's earlier. .Ik, XiIiih- Ititr'ji' Virsaiiic'iivj, tom. vi. p. 1; Jltrrcra, Hist, (,'ai., dec. i. lib. \ii. cap. i.; ib'A'cc;*,-,'' X^.tct, p. .V). Ptii'tniij, III /luf iijvrc fiirr rontiiiciitrr, nio;irajilii(r ('!. /'/o'l iiin i,]liinn\ l.'ifl.S, is jail to be tlie first edition of this woriv \\ liicii contains a!luoion,s to tlu N\w ^\■|ll•ld. Other editions of Ptolemy, prepared by dillcrent editcu's, witii a I- diti 'ual text and maps, and with some changes in oi'iginal mattci', appeared in l-jll, i:.l-J, loi;], IJI'J, l./JO, \o22, i:>-2r), lo3-',and looo. The edition lirst 120 EARLY VOYAGES. Hi mentioned contains, in addition to tlic preceding one of 1507, fourteen Itnves of text iiiid an eiigiavod map l)y Juliunn Iluy.sch — tlio first over jiuMi: lied wliicli includes tlio New World. Copies have been printed liy Lelewel in liia Ocoij. dti incyi'n, inje, atlas; by Santarem, in his Rechen-hcs, Paris, 1842, atlas; and by Humboldt, Kolil, and Stevens. I have taken the annexed ropy from the three last mentioned authorities, omitting some of the unimportant names. Map by Joh.vnn lUvstii, 1508. This map follows closely that of Juan de la Cosa in IHOO, but illustrates more clearly the geographical idea of the time. The discoveries of Cabot, vliom liuyKch is fiupiniscd to have accompanied, as well as those of Cortereid in the iioi'th,of Greenland, Labiador, and N(^\vfoundland, are laid down v.i'.li tolerable accuracy; and the I'cst of the supposed Asiatic coast as in Ucliainrs globe is taken from Marco I'olo. In the centre wo have the lauds di.icovcied by (.'oliuubus, and ilie old fabulous island of Antilia restored. To ' Spa^^uola' (Espufiola) is joined an inscription stating the compiler's belief that it Mas identical with Zipanj^'U, or.la[)an. AN'estern Cuba is cut oil" by ascroll, in:;t(ad of liy green paint as in ilie map of Juan de la Cosa, with an inscription to the effect that this was the limit of Spanish exploration, liuysch, having as yet no knowledge of Ocampo's \ iiyage performed during this fame yeai', e\ideut!y entertained the name idea respecting Cuba that was held liy Juan dc la Co^a, but (lid not venture to proclaim it an island. In the south, the New AVorld isshown uiuler the name 'Terra Sanctie Crucis sive MvndvsXovvs.' An open Bca separates the Xow World from Asia, nhowing tluit liuyseh did not know of the unsuccessful search for this passage by Columbus, Ikistiihis, and I'inzon. It is worthy of remaili that the name America is not used by this countrynum of llylacomylus. Humboldt thinks that he had not seen tlio CoHnwi/nqthio! Iiitrodvctiu, but had read aonic other edition of Vespucci's third OCCUT'ATIOX OF TIERRA FIRME. 12» voyage. r.:-fim. Cri'., toin. ii. pp. Ti, 0; toni. iv. p. 121, and rrcfaco to CJuUninj. 8ro alro KifKfitii'um, Ent'lckiiinj .Iw.., pp. 13i)-7; llorrisse, Bib. Am. ]'il., pp. 107-S; A'.///'V l/iif. /'rn'oc, pp. l.j(5-8; Slnrii.i'' Xolr-i, pp. .Tl-2. [l.'CO.] Stiimilatctl by the ailniiral's gold iliscovciics at Vcragua, which had hcin coiToboi-ntod by sub.serpu'nt voyages, King Fcruinand uf Spain dittiiiiincd to cr;tablish colonics on that coast. The icL,ion hnown an Ticna Firnie was to that end divided into two provim.es, of which Alonso du Ojeda Wcas appointed governor of one, and Diego do Nicuesii of the other. 'Jjcda. sailed from I'Ljiafiola Xovenibcr 10, 1.100, and .Nicuca .'^oon followed. Their adventures form an important part (if early Cential Ann riean hiit(;ry, and arc fully related in the following chapters. IHiring the .Mieecer.ing yeara frequent voya/jes were made back and forth between the new coloiiie.i, .l;;maica, Cub I, and Kspanola, which arc for the most part omitted here as not eon;;ti- tutuig new dii^eoveries. Pihr Mcrlijr, dee. ii. cap. i.; GnnnD-'i, liiM. I ml., fols. (';7-0; Oalrniu's DUc(n\, p. 100-10; Oroi', Hist. Can., toni. ii. pp. 121-8; Jhrrint, llht. ('en., dec. i. cap. vii. lii). vii. et set^. The (Hihas Miitidi, Strasburg, 1.jOO, an anonymous work, \:{.s. the fust to apply the name America to the southern continent. Ilitmholot, Kxam. ( rif., tum. iv. p. M:'; M(tJor\i Prince I/ciiri/, p. ."ST. [l,M I.] .Tuan do Agranionte received a commission from the Spanish gov- ernment, and made arrangements to sail to Newfoundland and the hauls of isht 'Ir hrimiili L^ I'KTEn MAurvii's .Mu', 1511. the norlliwe.sterii ocean, but nothing furtlier is known of the matter. Vhvjea Min«ri.-<. ill A'<(«vrm<.', torn. iii. p. 4'J; .Si'linrnrt'i tk In Pdiui Ih un .hiann, in .\,ti':in-iei/inl,ii,eii.'<'s i^n-'i, So- viUe, I.MI, is the lirst edition of I'eter MartyrH tirst decjide; containing iu ten letters, or books, accouutaof tho lirut three voyages of Columbus, certaia 128 EARLY VOYAGES. expeditions to llic rcail Coast, and closing with a liricf niciilion of the admirals fotirlli voyage. Tlic Itanitd aullior v.as i ci^ciuslly sici^r.uiiilL'il v.itli Ci.'liin;l)u,-, anil lii.s iilationu arc tonittijucnily cf gitat vaaiu. lliis v.oik ton- tains a iii!;i', cf wliith I give a copy from Stcvtns, the tnly fac-tiniilc i liavu Been. Tlic map sliowB only Spanish discoveries, but it is ]>y far the most accurate yet made. Cuba, now proved to be an inland, is to laid dovn. 2so name is given to the Miindua ^'oviis, which, by a knowk'(''ge of the ' pani!-.h vcyagei>, i.i mai'c to extend mueh farther north and west than in liiiy;^cir8 map; but above the known coasts a- place is left open where the p;;sta^o to India it was believed nii^^'lil y( t bo found. The representation of a lOiin'.ry, cone;;ponding ■wit'i rioiida, to the north of Cuba, under the name of ' I.;la de Lciuiiiii,'may indicate that FIo! ida had been reached either by Oc:inipo in luO'i, by sonic p;ival.e adventuier, as Diego Mimelo, who is .said to have preceded I'ouce dc Leon, or, as is claimed by some, by Vespucci in his preLeuded voyage of l-i'J7; but more probably this region was laid down from the older maps — s^eo lie- liaim's map, p. '."o — and the name was applied in aeec; da:;ce with the n ports among the natives (:f a wonderful country or ksh'ud, whicli they culled lluuu'i, tituated in that ilircelion. The map is not large enou;.h to thow e.'cacl'y the relation which I'ctcr Martyr supposed to exist between tlie.e regions and tlie rciit cf the world, but the text of the first decade leaves no doubt that lie Btill Ifclicvcd them to be parts of Asia. The rinlc'ihii of K'll has a map v Inch I have not ccen, but v.hicli fioin cert:iin descriptions resembles thatof LuyKcIi, except that it rcpreicnt.i TcriU C'oiieualis as an ishmd hi'iarated from the juipoted Asiatic coast; the liaiiie f^iiiic'a' Crucis for South America being still ictaincd. As long as the new lands were b( licvi'd to be a part of A: ia, the maps bore ticnie rc:;cmLIai;ce (o th(^ actual countries intended to be represented, but frcm the fast c'av.ning of an idea < f tcparate lands \\e sliall tee the greatest eonfu; icn in the i li'uits cf map-maker:i to ilepict the New AYorld. //(i/viW, I'/Jj. Aui. It/., no. (JS; Kii):x{m(i)in, Liihlixliiiiij All!., \?,o; Ktli!, JJic Icidi ii a'toiUii Kai-kii vun Am., p. ?>?>. A copy (f this n:ap was publiLhed in Ldcinl'ti Al'ux. [\rV2.] T!ic Wc.-t India Lland.s, in which the fi-'paniarda are at length firmly e: tabliflicd, IjecuUie now the point of new departures. Con(;ucrors ami di;(ovcrcrs hencefortli f(;r the mott part sail froia Il:;pariola or Cuba I'afhcr tlian f'.c m Spain. .Juan route de Leon, a wtaltliy citi.xn \\ho had been gov<'in<;r(f I'utrto lliLO, fitted out three vcLCeh; at hi.i own cxpintc, and iidli'd iu icarcli of a fountain, wliieh according to the traditions of the natives Iiad the j roperty of restoring youth, and v. hicli v, as jiaiated in tlio liind eallid Jliiuini far to the north. Tins infatuation had Ijccn curicnt iu the I. lands bu' : evcral years, and, as we liave seen, the name v.as applied to Buch a haul cu I'eter JIartyr'a map of b'dl. Sailing frcm 1 ucrlo Kico Marrli ;>, It'd'J, Ponce d.e Leon followed the nortlurn c(,a.'-t y the colonists from the gulf of Paricii. then called Uraba, to Espanola for supplies. Ecing wrecked in a viulerit teni[iest, he escaped iu boats to the coast of Yucatan, where he and lus companion:) were made captives by the natives. Some were uacriliced to the goda, and then eaten; only two, Gonzalo Guerrero and Geronimo de Agui- lar, survived their many hardships, the latter being rescued by Cortes in l.JUt. 'J\ rqiii ,itad(i, 2fuiair(j. Jiid., tom. i. pp. oGS-7-; Goniara. //fc^^ J/i-x., fol. "Jl-'J; ll'i-rirn, lli-it. (kii., dec. ii. lib. iv. cap. vii. ; CojoUudo, UUt. Yucat/uut, pp. 'Ji-O. The very rare map in StobniKZu'ii Ptolemy, Cracovia', l.")12, I have not seer- It is said to show the Xew ^Vorld as a continuous coast from oO'' north lati- tude to -JO' t;outh. Neither iu the text nor in the map is found the name Aiaeriea. (1."j1.').] In September, Ljlo, Vasco Xuncz de Balboa .set out from the set- {]( iwcnt of Antigua on the gidf of Urab.l, and crossing the narrow isthmua V liicli joins the two ^Vmerieas, discovered a vast ocean to the southward on tliu other side of the supposed Asia. Tho Isthnms hero v\ma east and west, and on cither side, to the north and to the south are great oceans, which for ii Inng time were called the -S'ortli Sea and the South ,V!ea. After exi)loring the neighboring coasts he returned to Anti'.'ua in January, 1311, after an ab- HUce of four months. Ci'alvano'n Diacoi'., pp. l'j;]-ri; /V't/* Martijr, dec. iii. cap. i.; Orkdo, ]Hari( n was now called, Bailed from San Liicar with an armada of fifteen vessels and /r, due. ii. cap. vii. ; doc. iii. cap. v.; Ou'vuiin'i Iliffov., p. l2o; Quiiituna, Vidta lie L'<}>iiiiol>;-i C'clchns, ' lialhoa,' p. 28; UohcvUoii'ti 1114. Am., vol. i. p. 'JOT. Sec chapter x. of this vohunc. [151.").] Juan Diaz dc Solis sailed from Lepc Octobers, l.TlTi, with three vessels, and surveyed the eastern coast of South America from ("ape San I.'iiipie to Rio Janeiro, where he was killeil Ijy the natives. Navamli', CdI. iIa ]"-1(5 and the liillowing years, by wliich the geography of the Isthmus was more fully determined, arc given elsewhere. S''lidner, Lucuh-ntii-ninm ijiiadd terrw iotbia descrlplio, Nuremberg, l.")l.", and nnotljcr edition of the .same work under the title (Irh'ix Tiijn-s, .^anic place and date, haveachapter on America 'discovered by Vespucci in 14!)7.' In Hclih, Miti-jarilha P/iilimojiliica, Strasburg, 1515, an encyclopedia frequently repub- lished, is .1 map vhicli is almost an exact copy of that in the Plnlint'j of l.")l.^, e cept in its names. Tlic maiu-Lmd to tlic north-west of Cuba is called Zoana Mela, but the names of certain localities ii'.ong the coast are omitted. Diitli Cuba and Espafiola are called Isabcla, and the southern continent ia laid down as ' i'aria sen Prisilia.' llaril-i.si:, Bib. Am. \'; Stevens Xof'H, p. 52; fac-simile, pi. iv. no. "2. [l.")l().] After Ponce dc Leon's voyage in 1512 or 1513, and probably iwfore that time, trips were made Ijy pjivate adventurers uortliward from Espanola ami Cuba to tlio Islands and to I'lorida. Among these is that of I)ic;;(> do Mi'.'uilo in 151(5, who probably visited the western or gulf coast of Florida, ami brought back specimens of gold. Xo details arc known of the expedi- tion, aareildsxo de la Veijn, La Florida del Inen, JIadrid, 17-3, p. 5. Jje/lira di Amcri'jo rexitteri, I'lorence, 1510, the second collection of tho fiiur voyages; I'etir Martyr, loannes ruffus, De Orbe Deraden, Alcala, 151(i, tlic ihst edition of three decades; and Oitidiniaui, P.-a'ti riiim, Genoa, 1, ")!(), which appends a life of Cohindms to the nineteenth IValm, arc among tho mw books of tho year. [1517.] Eden, ia his dedication of an English translation of Miiiintir'f C1-r>; ;?.i;m- ./.■ /?.»•/,. //<-, in r„ill bean i:land, as it M-as afterward re pre- sriitecl on some maps. Failing to procure a supply of water in the .nlou^h of l,a'.'artos, Cordoba Failed across tlic f!ulf to Florida, and theme returneil to Cuba, where he died in ten days from his wounds. I (hul nothing to ; Iiow what part of Florid; iie t(juehed. Tiinjiniiiwln, Munaiy. Iii'l., torn. i. pp. lil'J- fjl; A'Vr Martyr, dec. iv. cap. i.; Oddli, lliit. Oai., tom. i. pp. 407-8; '''"'- vitiio'i /)!'!ri,r., pp. i;!0-l; Coiiuira, f'liinj. Mix., fob 8-0; llirnni, lli^l. Gat., dec. ii. lib. ii.tai). xvii. ; Cogolltidn. ///.<'. )'(»Y(.7/,.7, p. 18S; /r,r.'»i'rrf,i, Col. Due, tom. i. pp. ."..".S-fl. |ir)b'\] The foltowiiig year Juan de Orijalva waH s-ent from Cuba to carry on ihe explorations begtin by CV.rduba. (irijalva .sailed from Santiago /r, dec. iv. cap. iii.-iv. ; Tnn/iiniKvf.n, Jfoiinrt/. /ml., tom. i. pp. ;5.")1-S, Or'-ih), Ili.f. Gen., torn. i. pp. r»02 .'i7; Gnmara, Coik/. J/c.i.-., fol. S-11, ,")(J-S; Jlern ra, H'kI. Gen., dee. ii. lib. iii. cap. i. ix.; Itohn'/./p. 45-8; Ticisc ilcit Johaini Or'julrii, iiiid allervrxti: Kiit- ilirlyi/iij Xcimprniifii-', iu Siimnihiii;/, tom. xiii. p. 2.")S; Itiiirrario ile Jiiua ili; Grijalvd, iu Ica-.halceta, Col. Dor., torn. i. p. 2S1. I may luiro I'ciUJirk that such nianusciipt maps, made generally by pilots for government use, as have been preserved are, as might be expected, far sujiorior to those published iu geographical woi'ks of the pei'iod. I give a copy of a Portuguese chart preserved in the Royal Aeadouiy at ^runich. IVom the fact that Yucata i is represente■■!, pi. v. I'omponiiis Mela's l.iliri ilc I'itu nrlii.i, Vienna, l.'ilS, eontainn ii connnentary l>y VadianuH, wriU(!n however in '."il'J, in which tlu; name Anw^rica i.i nf^eil in speakin;^ of the New \Vorld. Other editions a]ipeared in 1.VJ2 and l.'DO. |l.d'.). I Stohiiiczas I'liilciiiy (.)i lol!) .•ilhides to the New W'oild disco vi red hy \'espucei and named after him. L'fici^ij, SiniKi tic H), Ilernan Cortes set sail from Cuba to undertake 184 EARLY VOYAGES. the oonquc.-it cf llip rotii'. lics (lifcovcrctl l)y Ci'tiIoIki ami (Iiijiilva. After (lit'iidin^' some time on fhc i..l;iii(l (jf CozutiK 1, wlicri.' he nsciicd (Icn.uiiiii) ilu A;^uilar fi-oiii liis Imij; f!ii)tivity (sec p. I'_".)), he foUowed the eoa.st to Jiio do (Irijalvii, where he defeated the natives in hattle, and tixAi i)08acssion of the land in tlie naiiii! of tlif CatliuHe .'()Verei;.;n>'. rruni thia jphiee he eonliniu d lii^i voyage sailing,' near th(! xhore to ViraCriiz, %vhere he hmJed hi.s forces and began the contiuest of Montezuma's enji)irc, the history of which fonna part of a 8tdist'ij\ient vohinie of thin series. rrani'iseo tie (!aray, governor , bill), following a new route north of Culia, tlirough the Dahania Cliannel, and down the - 1; A' '/iV, Die. b lea ul/cnUii KnrUii von Am., p. lOJ; Uvkdo, 1114. (Icii., tom. i:L p. (il et sei) \Ve havt .;een several unsuccessful attempts by botli Spaniards and Portu- guese to lind a pas.sagi^ to India by the southern parts of Urazil, Santa {,'ru.^ or America. In 1 Jll) a native of Oiiorto, Fernando de Magalhaens, called by 8{)aniard3 JIagallaues, and by English authors Magellan, after having uii:i'.'^ teveral voyages for Portugal to India via (lood Hope, quit the IVirtugue.o fjcrvice di.risatislicd, entered the service of Spain, and undertook the o.t- repeated attempt of reaching the east by saifing west. Ili.j particular de-jtiiut- Tin: \AMING OF TIIK PACiFIf OCEAN. 135 tioii Wii.s tlio Molucciia, wliicli the Si>;iiiiarila claiiiicil as lyin;; wiihiti the licnii- sIiImti' f;iMiili'il In tln'iii liy the treaty of 'ionlu.sillas in IWl. It aiii)ea!--i that M.i .illaa hail .'xca soiiiu niai), of uiiUnowa oi-i;j;iii, on wliii.h was ivini'.suutt'il a .-.Irait iunteatl of mt open Kua ut the suutliern imint of Anii'iLca — inoUihly till' conjecLuru of Nome geographer, for, says iliiniliohlt, "ihins lo nioyeu ii^i- ks Lonjicturi'S etaient inscrils rcli^ieus.-.iK'nt siir led carted." See L.rai,i, ('/■U., toui. i. pp. oJ{), ;>_';!, ;>.")4; toni. ii. pp. 17-'J(». Hailing,' from ISan linear feep..('inber «0, lo\'J, with live ships ami 'Mo men, he reached liio ile Janeiro on ihe coaut of l!ra/il ou thu llilh of Oecemher, ami from that point c>Ki.^teil souiliuanl. An alteuiiit *■» i)a.sa throii^h the continent l)y the liu> ile l.i I'iali* tailed, ami ou March IJl, i.~>JO, the lleet reacheil I'ort Si Julian inahuut 41) .;idroneson the tit li of Marcli, and at the riiilippineaou tho lliiiiol March. Tliis hold navigator, ' second only totjohimhus in the hi.-.tory (il nautical e.\ [iloration," was killed on the 'JTth of April, in a hatllo with the natives o'" me of thcoC islands; the remainder of the force, consisting of llj li'ca uuili • JaraLallo, proceeded on their way, touching at liorneo and other irilanus, and uuclioring on tho Sth of Novcmhcr at the .Molucc.is, their ik'sti- naiion. I'rom tiiis point one of the vessels, the I'iloriii, in command of St husLJaii del Cano, .sailed round the Caj)e of tiood ilope, and reached Sau l.uiar SepU'iiiher (), l,/-2, wiih only eighteen survivors of the "Jo,') wim had .sailed wiih Magellan. Thus was accomplished the lirst eircunmavigatiou of the globe. As to tho eiroumstauccs attomllug the naming of tho Pacific Ocean, a few vordsmaynot he out of place. I\iagcllan was accompanied hy one .Vnlonio ]'i;-.aicLia, of Vicen;:a, afi.erwaril Caviiiere di I'liodi, \vho wrote in had Kalian a narrative of the voyage, which was rewritten and translated into L nm h, J'ri.iar Ciijivjf iiiiloiir da Moiidc, pur Ic C/ici'd/lUr Pi- in fella, xnr i' i^n-ailri iijiiiredi, "Jo novembre," says I'igafetta, li\'. ii. |). .'>i), "nous d li,)Ui|'iames ill drtroit pour enti'er dans la grando mer, a lai[iielk^ nous douuiimis iiisuito Ir nom de mer Pacilii|Uo; dans lai|uelle nous naviguames jiendant U: cours do tr.iis moia ot vingt jours, san.s goriter d'aneune nourritare fraiclie.'' And .■iL'aiu, p. 52, " I'endant cet espace do trois mois et viicrt jours nins iKircou- 1 iinies ^ pen pres ipiatro millo lielies dans cotto nter ([uo nous appel.imes Paci- l'i[Ui', ))arce ijuo dnrant tout lo temps do notro travor.seo nous u'essuyamcs pas Ic nioindre teuipeio;" or, as Jiimusio, Viivjijio tUonio il inoinlojUlli) it. i/i-.n-rit/o l» r .V. Aii/nin'd /'rjajrlla, in Viwi'i'i, torn. iii. fol. I!!);), puts it, " l^t i.i ipnsti tru mesi, & vcuti giorni fecero ipiattro mila leghe in \ ii goifo per ipKo^o mar . 136 EARLY VO^'AGEg. Pacifico, il qual ben si pu6 chiamar pacifico, pcrclic in tntto qnesto tempo sonza voiler null terra alcuna, non hcbbcro nu i rtuna di vcnt!5 de media legua, y ^ircundaclo do montanas altissimas car^adaa do nievt:, y corre en otra mar fpie lo puso noinbrc el capitan Pernaudo do Jla^jal- l.uie.H, il J/iir Pacijlco ; y cs nuiy profundo, y en al^juua:) parole i de Vcyato e 9iuco liasta cu trcynta bra^as." fJomara, Ili4. Iinl., fol 120, s.iy?, "Xo cabia do goxo par aucr liallado aTjl passo para cl otro mar del Sur, por do pcianii Uegar presto alaa y.sla3 del Malueo," without any mention of t!ie M'ord Paci- fic. Tlie Sammluiiij alter ItekcheM-hreihuiiiji'n, torn. xi. p. 310, gives it essen- tially the same as Pigafctta: " Ir. einer Zcit von drey J.Ionatcn und zwanidg Tagen, legete er viertauaend Meilen in ciner See zuriiek, wclcav; ci' da:! fried- fertigu cider fitillc ilcer nannte; veil er keiiien Stur.nauf dcnrselbcn ausatund, luid kein anderes Land sah, als diese bcj'dcn Inscln." Kohl, Dii' baklcii u'ti'- st' II Karti'ii von Am., p. 101, is unable to find the name on the old majis: "Der Is amc 'Oceano Pacifico,' dcr a.. eh sclion auf den Reisen des Magellan und Loay?a in Schwung kam, stclit m. ^ends auf unseren Karten." Ilerrcra, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xv. , dcstribes tiie exit from the strait in t!ic language lollow- uig: "a vcyentc y i,ieto de Xouiubro, salio al ciipccioso mar del oar, dando infinitaa gracias a Dios." Navarrcte, Vkijei al Ma'wo ; rnmcro el de Her- iiaiid<> da Ma^/allaiir'i, in tom. iv. pp. 43-.'0, of Ills collection says: " Salio pucs Maga'lanes del cstreclio que iwinhniron de Todoi lo^i Sadt-j.t cl dia 27 do Xo- viembre dc 1320 eon las tres naos Trinidad, \'ictoria, y Concepcion, y so hallo on una mar oscura y gruesa quo era iudicio do gran golfo; pero dcnpucs lo nombraron Jlar Par'/Jiro, porquo en todo cl ticmpo (pio navognron por 'I, no tuvicrou tempcstad alguna." Happening thus, t'lat in thij iiiot circumnavi- gation of the globe, as the strangers entered at its soutliem end the South Sea of Vjvco X^uuc:;, tlie waters greeted them kinilly, in ret'.irntlicy gave them a peaceful title; otlicr voyagers entering this same sea at Ovhcr times gave to it a far dilTcrcnt character. For further reference see Vujaje ). The eastern part of IVra. il ■) called 'Ixiute Crucis,' and on the Pearl Coaut is an iii.5criMli(in to tlr,! (■iV.'ct that i . v.as discovered by Columbus. Kiiii.s!ni'tnii, IJ.i/dr'cndj Am., ]>p. bi.l-O; Sell lilt JJir, in Ali/idiidl. Ahidendi' dcr ]Vi.i:.';e plaie.f it uuiicr date of \o23, and t!un!;s it uuiy fv.rnish j';rounds for the belief t'aat Ma;;ellan wa:i n(jt tlie (ir^t to rcaeli tlio strait. \'arnhagcn, lli^t. JJriizH, Madrid, ISjI, maintains that the voyage MAPS AND BOOKS. 137 (Icpcrilicd v.Mfi umler Solia and Pinion in 1503. IlumlwhU, Eram. Crlf., torn. V. p. '210, applica tlio ilcociiption to bonip later voyage mailo Lotv.xcn 13'J5 anil 1540. To Varlhema, Ifinerarlo KcUo Ejltio, Vcnctia (iupposcd to be 1520), is joinc.l an accmmt of Grijalva'a voj-a;jo to Yucatan in 151S (;:cc jiagc 102), tranrlatcd from the orii^iual diary of Juan Diaz, chaplain of t'ac expedition. Other cilitiona appeared in 1522-2G-.']5. P!. D. C'arulo rcycrtk Iiifuli-:, Basilia% lo"21, is tho fir.;t coition of a part of tlic fourth decade. [ir.JJ,] Pompouiu'j Mela, DcOrhUSUv, Basilia^, ir)22, reproduced Apianus' m;;poi L"i20 (^ec page 137), also Kulil, Bridcn iiltistcn Kar/en, p. 33. The P,'i)lemi/ of thii year, edited by Friaius, contains two map.) rescndjling in their general app, lo22. [lo-[j.] rranei-ico do Garay fitted out a new fleet of eleven vcascls, with S."0 men, whieli sailed from Jamaica June 20, 1523. This force was intended for the eonqueat and settlement of Pauueo, but soon united with the army of Cortos without having accompli;ihcd anything of importance. Kuvarreic, Col. da Vlaj'S, tom. iii. pp. G7-0; Jlerrera, Hid. Gen., dec. iii. lib. v. cap. v.-vi.; Peter '.I'ar/i/r, dec. vii. cap. v.; Cortr.-t, Carld tercerade Rolnc'iii, Seville, L'J,". Thi.i t'.a.d lolLer was v.-rictcu May l.l, 1,")JJ. Other editions appeared iu V)l\, find 1.a]2. Fur tlio bibliography of Cortes' letters see l!!ima had however made known a jiiood port, and brought new rumors of rieli islands furtlier north. The cun- (jueror'j plans were unchanged and his enthusiasm undiminished. Hi j n^o of the term "la cnsta abajo," or down tlio coast, when he meant to lail nortliward, has sadly confused many writers as to his real intentions, and as to his iileas of tlio strait. Cort(<, Cart'i^, Letter of Oct. 15, 1524. In l.~/24 Wi'.s made the first o"icial French cN-piMlition to the Xcv,' Vc.lil. A fii'i't fif four vessels was made readj' luider Ciiovanni Verra;:ano at Diepiic, but three of his ships were separated from him in some inexplicable manner liel'o'.'o leaving Luropean waters; and in tlie remaining one, tlic Ddii/Jiii.c, widi firty men, he sailed on the 17t.h of January, 1521, from an i.iland mar MaJ.eira. After a voyage of forty-nine days, during which time ho ;-,ailid DO.) league:'., Verra;;ano i^truck the United .States coast iu about latitude 31 , pel haps at Cape Fear. Thence he sailed first southward fifty leagues, then CONQUEST OF PERU. 141 turning abont ho followed t!in coast nortlnvartl, frequently toncliiuc';, to Xov.-found'.anil, wlicnco he rettinicd to Dieppe in July, \o2i. Vonazaiio in his journal lucntioni only one date, and names but one locality; consc- qnonlly there ia innch diiTcrenco of opinion concemin;^ his landinij^i. The southern limit of the voyage, so far m it can be Unov.-n, \nn in the vicinity of Capo Romain, South Carolina, though some authors, ap^iarently witliont fiufliciont authority — tlio voyager says ho Baw palms — havo placed the limit in Florida. It is probable that a lar^'e part of the United States co:i.-t v,-a3 for tlie first time explored during thid voyage, which abo completed tlic discovcrj' of the whole eastern shoic-linc of America, except probably ii short but inclcfinito distance in South Carolina and Georgia, bc'.'vccu tlic limits reached by Ponce do Leon in 1513 and by Vcirazano; one intcnacdialo point having abo b-oen visited by Aillon in l.'j'JO. n<:'at'(m>' ill Ciounitni da Vi !•• raz'.ono Fi rm/'uio di.lla t rra p' r hd sropi-rta in iioiw di ■•■ui Jfiiculii, n-rifla in Di'j.p't, full S, Lnglio, MDXXiiii., \nIia)nu.4o, toni. iii. fol. 420. In tlic prefaco to \i\.\i volume, edition of 1 joO, the author states that it i) not known v,Iijt\^ Diiyrt V<»j., London, 15S2. (Re- print Ijy the Ilakhiyt Society, 1S50. Copy in Kold, p. 200.) Ill 1.j22 Pedro do Alvarado had accomplished the conquest of Tehuantepec on the South Sea; in 1524 mid the following yiar.s ho extended his explora- tioniand conquests by land acro^is tlio iithuuvi over all tlie north-wc:itern region of Central America, joining his conciucsts to those of his countrymen from Panamd. In 1523 Cristobal do Olid made an expedition by water to IIo:idiira.) in the service of Cortc.s, founding a settlement; and in 1524 Cort('3 himself marched overland from Mexico to Honduras. L'ttre-i de Pedro de A/rnriiih d Fernan ('or.'(\i, in 'J'l rnniir-Compiin^, Vci/., s(^Tic i. torn. x. ]ip. 107-50, ami in f!, Viivj'jl, tom. iii. fol. "JOO-oOO; Pdir 2Inri>jr, doc. viii. cip. v. X.; Oric'lo, Hint. Om., tom. iii. pp. 43-t, 430, 47.VS7; Gowara, Hid. C'li'l. .i/.',B., fol. 228-33, 245-0, 2,")0-74; Iferrrr'i, IFtst. Gen., dec. iii. lib. iii. cap. xvii. ; lil). vi. cap. x.-xii. ; lib. vii. cap. viii.-ix. ; lib. viii. cap. i.-vii. ; Alamjr, dec. vi. cap. x.; JJerrcrn, HUt. Gin., dec. iii. lib. viii. cap. viii. ; KohVs Illtt. DUcov., pp. '271-Sl; Xiwnrrete, Co!, dc Vii'jcs, torn. iv. p. viii.; Kunstmann, EntdccktiiKj Am., pp. 70-1. According to Ilar- risse, Frlen, Ysk'jun'j der Mcrcnrlh'n odn- Cartha Marina, Strasburg, 1,";'J5, con'!! ins a map of tho world, including America, but Kohl states that this map, although made in 15'25, was not published till 1530. Other publications of tlie year arc: Pkiro Arias (Pcdrarias Davila), LHUre di Pic/ro Arlax Cupi- tan'i ijeiirndr, ddla conquUta dil pae<(' del Mar Occvano, written froni Darien, and printed without place or date; PiijafeUa, Le voyaged nauhfitkni j'i'iet ])ir le-i Uyiai/noh en Iden de MuKucquei, an abridgment of tho original account liy the author, who was with Magellan; C'ortei, La quarta Heluc'wn, Toledo, 15'J5, dated October 15, 1524. Garcia do Loaisa sailed from Corunna July 24, 1525, to follow Magellan's track. Passing through tho strait between January and May, 152'j, lie arrived at tho Moluccas in October. Viafjei ul Mabico, Segiindo el del Cntnen- dador Fr. Onrcia de, Loaka, in Navarrete, torn, v.; Puniey'.t Dixciiv. So'illi Si a, vol. i. pp. 127-45; lielacioncn del viaje heclio d laa idla.i Molucaa, in Pacheco ami Cdrdenan, torn. v. p. 5. [15211.] One small vessel of Loaisa's fleet, imdcr command of Santiago do Guevara, became separated from tho rest June 1, 1520, after having readied tho Facifie Ocean. Guevara decided to steer for the coast of New Spain, whicli was first seen in the middle of July; and on the 25th ho anchored j.t Tehnantepec. Navarrete, Col. de Viaijen, tom. v. pp. 170-81, 22't-5. Corti's' exploring vessels, begun in 1522 — the first having been burned on the stocks, others were built in their place — were now, after long delay, nearly ready to sail; and Guevara's vessel was brought up from Tehuantepec to jnin them. Cortex, ('i(rt(v<. Letter of September, 1520. Aillon, in 1523, was niado adclantado of Chicora, tho country discovered by him in 1520, and immediately prepared a new expedition with a view to colonize tho country, explore the coasts, and to find, if possible, a pawswige to India. The preparations were not completed until July, 1520, when ho TACIFIC COAST EXPLORATIONS. 143 lajfcUan's l,r2;>, lie •I Conioii- 'O'llJl Si II, lntia';;o do I; readied tliorcil i.t lumed oil ly, ut-^>ily \o to ji'in ftseo%'ereil view to |aw,ago to l\vlieu lio sailed from Enpafiola with six vessels, HOO men, and ninety horses. lie reacheil the Ivio Jor.lan — perhaps St Helena Sound, South Carolina — and thence made a careful e>;ploration northward, at least to Cape Fear, and prob- ably mnch farther. Aillon died on the 18th of October, and after much internal dissension ITjO men, all that remained alive, returned to Santo Pomiurjo. Kavarri'k', Cnl. Je Via'je-f, tom. iii. pp. 71—4, 153-00; Kuwstmaiin, EiU'lec'.iiiicjAni., p. 71. Ovicdo, iJc la Niiturnl Injutoria de las fndla-i, Toledo, 1520, describes the Xew AVorld, but this Look is not the great historii;al wor!;, lately printed, by the same author. It may be found also in Barcia, Ilintoriudore-i Prlnii- tlvus, and in naimtnio. Sebastian Cabot attempted a voyage to India in lo2C), sailing with four vessels in Apiil, v/ith the intention of bearing succor to Loaisa. Owing to insubordination among his officers, and other misfortune:;, he reached only the ILio <^.e hi Plata, and after extensive explorations in that region, returned to Spain, having been absent four years. Ovlido, Hid. O.n., tom. ii. p. 10'.); Dlccionirio Univcrml, Mexico, apend., 'Viages,' tom. x. p. 807; Uoiix de J!nch>l!c, in /;•///./;« dr la Soc. Geo;)., April, 1832, p. 212. [1527.] June 10, ].";27, an English expedition — the last ofTicially sent hy that nation within the limits of my sketch — sailed from Plymouth, still in search of a iiorth-wer;t passage. The two vessels sailed in company to lati- tude u?)', and reached the coast, where, on the 1st of July, they M'ere i'.epa- rated by a storm, and one of them was probably lost. The other, under John Piut, turned fouthv.-ard, followed the coast of New England, often laniling, prolxibly reached Cliieora, and returned to England via the West Iiii'ia Islands, arriving early in Octol>er. llakluyVa Diwrs Voij., pp. 27, oli; Bid !li''.i Mem. Cidjo', pn. Ill, 275; Ovicdo, Hist. Gen., tom. i. p. Gil; Jhrrera, Hid. Ocii., dec. ii. lib. v. cap. iii. Francisco Montejo, who had accompanied the expeditions of Grijalva and Cortes, and h.'id f:iiicc been sent by the latter as ambassador to Spain, oljtained from t!ic king in 1.520 a commission as adelantado to coiuiuer the "i.Iands of Yucatan and Cozumel." He eailed from Seville in 1527, landed at Co.-.umel, penetrated the northern part of the peninsula, and during the fallowing j-ears fought desperately to accomplish its coii(iue.';t, but failed. A small colony struggled for existence at Campcehe for several years, but in 1535 not a single Spaniard remained in Yucatan. Co'jnlludn, I/id. Yuriti/imi, pp. 50-04; Gomiir-i, Hid. Iiid., fol. 02-3; StrjAnii' Iiicidcnti «/ Tnivel in Yitru/jvi, New York, 1858, vol. i. pp. 50-02. . Ld Sidle, Lit S d w h t d-..c:iL!frio /tisfa ar/ora. This map has been preserved, and a fac-similc is given hi Kold, Leiden (iltc-ton Karleii r<>n Am. It shows the whole eastern coast line from the .strait of ^Magellan to Greenland, and the western coast from Taaania to the vieinity of Soconusoo, and indicates that tlie information in possession of the Spanish govcrniucnt was remarkably acciu'ate and complete. Yi;catan is represented as an island, and the discoveries on the racilio side of South America arc not laid dov.-n; otherwise this map varies but little except in names from a map made by Diego llibero, in 1,")2I^, of which I shall give a copy. Kohl, Bi'iden (dk^len Kdi-lt-n ■i'o:iA}ii., pp. 1-24; lluialo'dl, L'mdii. Crit., torn. ii. p. 1P.4, and Preface to Ghi'luiii/. [1.j28.] Lordone, Liliro di JJeuid'l'o Bordonc NA qiial ,si rmjiona do tuite Vlsole d.l viondo, Vinegia, 1528, gives maps of the larger iVmerican islands, and also p map of the world, the American part of v.liich I copy from the original. Xo part of the western coast is shown, although the New ^VorlJ i.s represented as distinct from xVsia. Kohl, Deidcn Ulte^trn Karfcn von Am., p. 34, mentions another M-ork pi'inted at Venice the same year, which has a map resembling that of Sclkiner in 1520. Piinfilo do Xarvaez sailed from Spain in 1527 witli live sldps and GOO men, to cony a strait from the main-land. The South Sea coast is represented only to the limit of the voyage of Gil Gonzalez D.ivila on the north, and extends southward to the port of Chinchax m abort latitude 10" soulh, iu- tliKiing, according to an inscription, the countries which had been reached by Pizarro iu lo'J7. The form of South America is correctly laid down antl the name 'Mvndvs Xovvs' is applied to the whole, which is divided into tlio provuiccsof 'Castilladel Oro,' 'Perv,' ' Tiera del ISrasil,' 'Tiera de I'atagone:!,' and 'Tiera de Ferua de Magallaes,' or land of Magellan. South of the .strait is the 'Tiera do los Fuegos,' whose true form and extent were not known unlil Schouteu and Le !Maire doubled Cape Iloni in lUlU. 7 with rtliern ^ some l)y de- I other )a r>ay •■iihed u Cniz.' .. i:)- -vii.; n that ■ Diego ll'Opi'IlU nprove- though Thus far I have copied or nientioued all maps whieh could throw any light on the progress of geographical knowledge, and have endeavored to give ii statement of all the voyages by which this progress was made. Tims f;'r wo have seen the coasts of both Xorth and South America, except in the i^outh- ML;^t and the far north-west, more or Ic^s carefully explored by European voyagers; we have Hcen the New World leeognized as distinct for the most p;irt from Asia, a t(jleral)!y correct idea of its form and extent given liy gov- ciiiiiieut pilots, ;■), and April -JO, l.V.J. Xnao do (lui'.man, formerly prc^dent of the audicncia of New Spain, and the inveterate enemy of Cortt's, luulertook with a largo force, recruited iu Uisr. CKy. .\M., I'oL. I. 10 140 EARLY VOYAGES. BAC.l ■-'•"' i^"' ^ TIKHA PE KSTEVX OOMKZ i 'c.;ti>.«(( I>OU /^.i-'te — iC'.r.ru.iu. A i^ -' / Currui/e»._ "^ Ci.llhiitliut CAhTlI.I.A lJl:i. DUO ~) li.Veidc VV^ Pnuinfiurn ,iV' C'..S'..li;ii«//, TIKKA. UI:^!, BUAalL Jl.S./raiiciiro ,- MVNDVS NOVVS 1'tu.llml :\ Wdlv rusi-iiali^ riu.de f-' TiKTiA T)E rr.nsX UK SlAl^Al.l.AKS DlE(JO RlBKRO's Mai", ]52i). PETER MARTYR, PTOLEMY, AND MUNSTER. 147 Mexico, the conquest of the region lying to the nortli-wcst of that city. Tlio northern limit of his conquest in 1530-1 was Culiacan, between wliiuh and Mexico the whole country was brouglit under Spanish control by expe- ditions sent by Guzman in all directions under dififerent leaders. Relation di 2\'viiuo (II Ovsmnn, in liamunio, torn. iii. fol. 331, and abridged in Purclum, Jli.i I'llijrlmis, vol. iv. p. lu5G; Jornada qtte hizo Nuiio de Guzman d lislolarum, of tlic same date and place, is a col- Icetioii of over ciglit hundred letters %VTittcn between 1488 and 1525, many of tluni relating more or less to American affairs. In the Ptolemy of 1530, in several subsequent editions, and in Munnter'a Co>imO'jraphy of 1572 et seq., ia the map of which the following is a reduction. ^ ^ PSS O (remiuilan:/ N o V V s d ^ QOc '3f? r" « t.liiilDiiu CoOp Offc/'i'o "(c'i'<»fiij"i 'Of-'"""" Qo^ AT- jHMi/a ntUmllrn iiumn roeant^lSinailii 'oild. 'I he present map, how- ever, clings to the original idea anil makes N'ortli Ameiica an eastern exten- Siiiin of Asia, giving the name America to the southei'ii continent. The map in the Basle edition of Gri/ii't iii, also given in Stariis' ^Vo^e-;, pi. iv. no. 4, closely resembles S'liiini r\i O'Mif of l,"ij!) (see page lo7). [l."<33. ] The expedition of Deecrra, Cirijalva, and Jimenez, sent out by Cortes to search for llurtado de Mendoza and to continue north-western dis- coveries, sailed from Santiago in Xovendier. This voyage, like those follow- ing, ..ill be fully treated elsewhere in this work. The only result, so far as the purposes of this chapter arc concerned, was the discovery of the Revilhi , His Pihjrimea, vol. iv. p. I."i32; Ferd'nandi\ -on Soto Reiae nach Florlla, in Sammlung, tom. xvi. p. 395. [1539.] Li August, 1539, three vessels under Alonso de Camargo were despatched from Seville for India via t)io South Sea, and reached Cabo do hia Mrgencs January 20, 1540. One of the vessels was wrecked iu tiie strait of Magellan; another returned iu Spain, and the third entered the Paeitie, and finally, after touehing Chile in 38' 30', arrived at Arequipa in Peru. Tliis voj-ago is supposed to have afforded the first knowlctlgo of tho intermediate coast between the strait of !Ma ^cllan and Peru. DiecionarioUniv., (\\\i>. torn, X. p. 807; llcrrera, Uiat. Gen., ilec. vii. lib. i. cap. viii.; Burney'a JJiacoc. South Sr,t, vol. i. p. 186. Cabeza de Vaca brought to Sinaloa and thtnec to Muxico accounts of won- derful towns in the northern regions traversed hy hiii.: oiid in March, 1539, Fray Marcos de Niza, accompanied by one of the men who had seen the reported wonders, set out from Culiacan au 1 proceeded northward in search $m EARLY VOYAGES. of the Seven Cities of whose existence other rumors were cniTcnt licsiilos t.ose brought hy Alvar Xunez. .iai'cos do Niza readied the Pueblo town-i of Zufii and bro'.ight bacli greatly exaggerated reports of the wealth of the people and the magnificence of their cities. Rilitione di Iteverendo Fra Marco d I Xiz-.«, in /iiimii.'iio, torn. iii. fol. .3.10; Pitrchn'i, His Pilt/riiur.i, vol. iv. p. l.JOO; Pacheco and C'drdcnan, Col. de Doc, tom. iii. p. 3'2o; IIiiLiiti/t'^: I'oi/., vol. iii. pp. 3G(]-7.'}; Ternaux-Compam, Vo Santa Cruz, where ho arrived on the 18th of October. From Ihi. v':v.". ' c doubled the southern point of California, and sailed up the weslcn; c: ipI ' Cedros Island, and somewhat beyond. During the whole voyage i.e to'iclu-d and named many places, whose names have seldom been retained, but some of which may be with tolerable certainty idcntilied. In April tlie vessels Bcpanilcd, one retu riling by a (juick passage to Colima. Ulloa himself with the other vessel attempted to continue his explorations northward, with wliat success is not known. According to Goinara and Bernal Diaz, ho returned nfter several months spent in fruitless endeavors to reach more northern latitudes ; other authorities state tliat he was never heard from. I'rcciado, who .Tceompaiiied the expedition, wrote of it a detailed but not very clear narrative or journal. Uclutioiu' dcllo Kcoprimento c/ie ml iionw di Dio va a Jar i'armata dell' iUiintrintiimo Fernando (hrtcse, etc. (Prei'iado's Helatioii), i:i R( iitsio, tom. iii. .S.'IO-,")-!, and in Hiddwjl'K Vo;i., vol. in. pp. .T)7-4_' 1 ; Comara, Hist. Conq., fol. *292-I}; licrnal Diiiz, I/ist. Conq., fol. "234; Iferrvru, Jlint. (-en., dee. vi. lib. ix. cap. viii. etseij. ; Parcluifi, J/ii Pilijrinn'-', vol. v. p. 85(5; Siitd ij Miwicana, l'/",'/c, pp. xxii.-vi. ; Unrnrifn Di^coo. Sonlli Sen, vol. i. pp. 1!)3-'2I0; Vvni'tjns, Xoticiti ilc lit (Jaliforniit, quoted from (joiwu-k, torn. i. pp. l.")!)-()l; CUivijcro, Storld 'clhi Valifonii^i, torn. i. p. Ijl. [l.")-10.] Also in eonseijueiiee of Marcos de Niza's reports, Francisco Vaz(|iU'z (le Coronado, who had succeeded Nuuode (j!u/manfind Torro as governorof New (ialicia, set out from Culiacan in April, l.")40, penetrated to tlie I'ueblo towin, or the Seven Cities of Cibola, and thence to the valley of the llio Grande and far toward the north-east to (Juivira, wlioso location, fixed by him in latitude 411°, has been a much disputed (juestion. While in Sonora, ho .'^(.■iit forth Melchor Diaz, who explored the head of the gulf, and the mouths of the rivers, Gila and Colorado, where ho found letters left by Alarcon. Seo infra. F'nni Cibola, Coronado sent (Jareia Lopez de Cardenas west, who passed throu.^li the Mocpii towns ami followed the Colorado for some dist.uice. Coronadi> returned in ir)4'2. Relatione die mando Francesco I'azipnz di Coronado, in /iV/)v«.n/o, tom. iii. fol. 3'>0; Pnrhccoand Ciirdfn.'>-' and l.")4(»; and it was certaiidy made about that time, as Yucatan is icprcscnted as uu island, and California as a peninsula, although later it came again to be considered uu inland, as at its lirst discyvery. m EARLY VOYAGES. JHCKIl'T MAl',At.TII()!l L'.SK.XdWN.Sri'l'OM-.DTOHAVIillKKN UllAWN BKTWEKN 1532. And 15MI. k : -1' f i This, then, was Discovery. And in the progress of discovery we may trace the progress of mind. We can but wonder now, when we see our little earth belted with steam and lightning, how reluctantly the infant intellect left its cradle to examine its surroundings. Wrapped in its Mediterranean swad- dlings, it crept forth timidlj*, tremblingly, slowly gaining courage with experience, until, throwing off impediments, it trod the earth in the fearless pride of manhood. Like all science, philosophy, and religion, cosmograpliy was at first a superstition. Walled withm uiirrow limits, as wo have seen, by imaginary frost and fire, shaken from fear of heaven above and hell bo- Jieath, there is little wonder that the ancients dared not venture far from home; nor that, when men began to explore parts unknown, there should appear that romance of geography so fascinating to the Greek mind, that halo thrown by the dimness of time and distance over strange seas and lands. From this time to that of the adaptation of the magnet to purposes of navi- gation, about a score of centuries, there was little progress in discovery. Is it not strange how the secrets of nature, one after another, reveal them- selves according to man's necessities ? Who would have looked for tho deliv- erance of pent-up humanity from certain mysterious qualities in magnetic iron ore, which floated toward tho north that side of a cork on which it was placed ? When V^iisco da Gama and Columbus almost simultaneously opened to Europe oceani(J highways through which were destined to flow the treasures of tho eastern and tho western Indies, then it was that a now quality was discovered in the loadstone; for in addition to its power to take up iron, it was found to possess tho rare virtue oi drawing gold and silver from distant parts into the cofiers of European princes; then it M'as that paths were maikcd out across tho Sea of Darkness, and ships parsed to and fro bearing the destroyers of nations, and laden with their spoils. : f% CHAPTER II. COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERY. 1492-1500. Earlt 1,'pekiences — The Compact — Embarkation at Palos — Tna Voyage — Discovery of Lakd — Uxfavorable Comparison with tub Paradise of Marco Polo — Cruise among tue Islands — One Nati-re Everywhere — ^Desertion of Pinzon— ^Vreck of the Santa I^Iaria — The Fortress of La Navidad Erected— Return to Spain— Rights OF Civilization — The Papal Bull of Partition — Fonseca Ai'po;:;ted Superintendent of the Indies — Second Voyage — Navidad in Ruins — isabela estabushed — discontent of the colonists — explora- TIONS OF THE Interior — Coasting Cuba, and Discovery of Jamaica — Failure of Columbus as Governor — Intercourse with Spain- Destruction OF THE Indians— Government of the Indies— Diego AND Bartolom^ Colon — Charges against the Admiral — Commission OF Inquiry Appointed — Second Return to Spain — Third Voyage- Trinidad Discovered — Santo Domingo Founded — The Roldan Rebellion — Francisco de Bohadilla Appointed to Supersede Columbus — Arbitrary and Iniquitous Conduct of BoriVdilla — Columbus sent in Chains to Spain. In the developments of progress the agent, however subordinate to the event, cannot foil to command our intelligent curiosity. The fact is less one with us than the factor. The instrument is nearer us in pulsating humanity than the event, which is the result of inexorable causations wliolly beyond our knowledge. That America could not have remained much longer hidden from the civilized world does not lessen the vivid interest which at- taches to the man Columbus, as he plods along the dusty highway toward Huelva, leading by the hand his boy, and bearing upon his shoulders the more immediate destinies of notions. (15B) uM IJG COLOIBUS .VXD HIS DISCOVERY. Nor arc wo indifferent to the ac^'ciicies that evolved the agent. Every signal success springs from a for- tuitous conjunction of talent and opportunity; from a coalition of taste or training with the approaching fancy or dominant idea of the times. While assist- ing his father wool-combing, ho jTjuthful Genoese was toughening his sinews an*., acquiring habits of industry; while studying geometry and Latin at Pavia, while serving as sailor in the Mediterranean, or afterward cruising the high seas, ho M-as knitting more hrmly the tissues of his mind, and strength- ening his courage for the life-conflict which was to follow. AVithout such discipline, in vain from the north and south and west mii:>-ht Progress come whispering him secrets; for inspiration without action is bu^ impalpable breath, leaving no impression, and genius unseasoned by application decomposes to cor- I'uption all the more rank by reason of its richness. His marriao-o with the daughter of Bartolommeo Percstrello, a distinguished navigator under Prince Henry; his map-making as means of support; his residence on the isle of Porto Santo, and his interest while Jicro in maritime discovery; his conversations and correspondence with navigators and cosmogra- ])hers in various quarters; his zealous study of the writings of jMarco Polo, Benjamin of Tudela, and Carpini, and his eager absorption of tlic fantastic tale of Antonio Leone, of I^Iadeira; his ponderings on ocean mysteries, and his struggles with poverty; his audience of John of Portugal, and the treacheiy of that monarch in attempting to anticipate his plans by secretly sending out a vessel, and the deserved defeat which followed; his sending his brother Par- tolomo with proposals to England; his stealing from ] jisbon with his son Diego, lest he should be arrested for debt; his supposed application to Genoa; liis interviews with the dukes of JMedina Sidonia and !Medina Celi, and the letter of the latter to C^uccu Isabella of Castile; his visit to the court at Cordova, TEHMS OF AGREEMENT. 157 hery rvecl Dar- IVom lstc;l his nnd Liccu lova, and tlie darlc days attending it; tlie conference of learned men at Salamanca, and their unfavorable verdict; the weary waitings on the preoccupied sov- ereigns at jNIalaga and Seville; the succor given at La liabida, and the worthy prior's intercession with the queen; the humble dignity of the mariner at (jranada amidst scenes of oi-iental splendor and gen- eral rejoicings, which oidy intensified his discontent; the lofty constancy in his demands when once a royal hearing was obtained; the fresh disappointment after such long delay, and the proud bitterness of spirit with which ho turned his back on Spain to seek in Franco a patron for his schemes; the final appeal of ►^;>nt;inG:el, who afterward assisted in obtaining: the money, and the conversion of Isabella, who now oirored, if necessary, to pledge her jewels to meet the charges of the voyage; the despatching of a royal courier after the determirod fugitive, who returned ill joy to receive the tardy aid — these incidents in the career of Columbus are a household story. And thereiji, thus far, ,ve see displayed great persistency of purpose by one possessed of a con- ce[)tion so stupendous as to overwhelm well-nigh tho strongest; by one not over-careful in money-mattei's, or morality; proud and sensitive whenever the pet project is touched, but affable enough otherwise, and not above begging upo?i necessity. It was a long time to wait, eighteen years, when every day was one of alternate hope and despair; and they were not altogether worthless, those noiseless voices from itnothor world, which kept alive in him tlie inspira- tion that oft-times now appeared as the broken tracery of a half-remcmber'^d dream. An a'jjreement was made by tho sovereici'ns and the mariner, that to Columbus, his heirs and succes- sors forever, should be secured the oflice of admiral, iind the titles of viceroy and governor-general of all the lands and seas he should discover, with power to nominate candidates from whom the sovereigns Kit COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERY. mighl choose rulers for the realms discovered; that one tenth of the net returns of gold, pearls, or other commodities brought therefrom should be his; that in disputes arising from the new traffic he, or his lieutenant, should be sole arbitrator within his domain, the high admiral of Castile being judge within his district; and that by contributing one eighth of the cost of any enterprise to the regions found by him he should receive one eighth the profits. To these dignities and prerogatives was added the right of the discoverer, and of his heirs, to prefix to their names the title 'Don,' which should elevate them into respectability beside the grandees of Spain. TJiis agreement was signed by Ferdinand as well as by Isabella, although the crown of Castile alone assumed the risk, and alone was to receive the I'cnefit. It was not a common spectacle in those days along the soutlieru seaboard of Spain, that of science urging religion into its service. Nevertheless, by royal order-, reiterated by Penalosa in person with pronounced effect, the devil-fearers of Palos were forced to pro- vide ships and seamen for what they regarded as anything but an orthodox adventure. This they did with the greatest reluctance. Even under pressure of that civil and ecclesiastical system so completely interwoven in Spain that to disobey one was rebellion against both, even in the face of Iviug and priest, these mechanical sca-farors, who halted not before tansfible danijfC'r in auv iorui, shrank from the awful uncertainty of a plunge into the mysteries of the dim, lowering, unintclligil^lo west. Then came bravely forward the brothers Pin- zon, and not only assisted in providing two ships, so that Queen Isabella, after all, might wear her jewels while her de[)uty was scouring the high seas for new dominions, but furnished Columbus with money to equip another vessel and to pay his eiglith FIRST VOYAGE. tfli of the charge which should secure him one eighth of the proiits — a service never sufficiently remembered or rewarded by either Columbus, his masters, or successors. The expedition comprised one hundred and twenty men, in three small vessels, the Santa Maria, dt!ckcd, and carrying the Hag of the admiral, and the Pinta and Nina, open caravels, commanded by !Martin Alonso Pinzon-and Vicente Yailez Pinzon respectively. Among others were the inspector- general of the armament, Rodrigo Sanchez; the cliief alguacil, Diego do Arana; the royal notary, liodrigo de Escobar; and four pilots, Francisco ^Martin Pinzon, Sancho Kuiz, Pedro Alonso Nino, and Bartolomd Poldan. The commander-in-chief with his tall, enduring form bowed by an idea; bis long, thin face, with its large, round eyes, high forehead, straight, pointed nose; features, in which tenacity and gloom struggled for the predominance, surrounded by thin locks and gray beard — was scarcely a persoxiage either to inspire coniidence or win affection. The squadron sailed from the port of Palos August 3, 1492. But for the fact that it was the first, the voyage was quite commonplace; the most serious occur- rences being the breaking of a rudder, which obliged the expedition to put in at the Canaries for repairs, and the variation of the needle, which caused a little fright among the pilots. The sea was tranquil, toward the last extremely so, and the wind generally fa^•()l•ablo; yet no small trepidation attended this gradual loosening of hold upon the substantial world, and the drifting daily farther and farther into the fathomless unknown. Hence it was with ti.e wildest joy that early in the morning of the I'ith of October the cry of Land! was heard, and that soon afterward the venturesome navigators felt beneath their feet the indubitable isle to which they gave the name San Salvador, taking possession for Castile. IGO COLUMBUS AND IILS DISCOVERY. Now tliG sovereigns had promised that he who first saw land should be rcconi[)ensed by a pension of ten tliousand maravedis, equivalent to thirty-six dollars. It was at two o'clock in the morninL!: that llodri^'o de Triana, a mariner on board the Pinta, gave tiio signal, the first that proved true after several had been mistakenly made; whereupon he claimed the reward. But previously, during the night, Colum])Us had fancied he descried a fitful liciiit that should be on some shore. On the strength of this surmise he secured to himself the insignificant sum, which, to say nothing of its justness, was not a very magnan- imous proceeding in so great a discoverer. We are told of Triana, that, burning under a sense of wrou;;-, after returning to Spain, he passed into Africa and turned Mahometan. However this may have been, dawn had shown them tlie island, wliicli seemed itself but dawn, to be dispelled by the full sun's rays vvlien the night's dream had passed. Over the trac!;- leL'S waste of sea, sus{)cnded between earth and slcy, the good ships had felt their way, until now, like goddesses, they sat at anchor on the other side of Ocean. Though this land was unlilce the Zipangu of his dreams, Columbus was not disposed to complain; l)ut rather, midst tears and praises, to kiss tlic earth, be it of whatsoever quality, and smile benignantly upon the naked natives that crept timidl}' forwartl, won- dering whether the ships were monsters of the deep, or bright beings dropped from heaven. Of a truth, it was a wonderful place, this India < >f Marco Polo that the Genoese now soucjht. Inter- sectcd by rivers and canals, spanned hy bridges under which the largest ships miglit sail, were fertile prox- inces fragrant with I'ruit and spices. ]\Iangi alone boasted twelve thousand cities with gorgeous jialaces, whose pillars and rools were emblazoned in gold, and so situated as to be compassed within a few days' THE TWO INDIAS COMPARED. m but I, 1)0 i[Hm ,V()U- tmvol. The cities and fortresses of Cathay were counted by tens of thousands, and tlieir busy popu- lation by millions. On every side were gardens mid luxurious groves; pleasure-boats and banqucting- barges floated on the lakes, and myriads of white .'.ails swept over the ba3^s. The mountains were veined with silver, the river-beds paved with gold, and pearls were as common as pebbles. Sheep were as large as oxen, and oxen were as large as elephants. Birds of brilliant plumage filled the enchanting air, and strange beasts of beauty and utility roamed the forests. The inhabitants were arrayed in silks and furs, and fed on luscious viands; tliere wore living springs that cured all diseases. The army of the great Khan, the happy ruler of all these glories, was in immber as the grains of the sand which the soa surrounds; and as for vessels of .war, and horses, and elephants, there were a thousand times ten thou- sand. What a contrast to such a creation was this low-lying strip of jungle-covered sand, peopled by copper-hued creatures dwelling in huts, and sustain- ing life by the natural products of the unkemi)t earth ! This, however, was but an outlying island (if Cathay; the main-land of Asia could not be far distant; in any event, here was India, and these })cople were Indians. There was little enough, now appearing, in tho India thus far found to enrich Spain. In their noses the natives displayed gold, always a royal monopoly when discovered ; and they brought cotton for barter, on which the admiral immediately laid i 'i ; same restriction. Being informed, by signs, that Liie metal came from the south, after examining the shore thereabout in boats, the Spaniards set sail on the I4tli, took possession of Santa Maria de la Concep- cion on the 15th, of Fernandina, now Exuma, tho day following, and afterward of Isabela, now Isla Larga, or Long Island; also of a group to which they gave the name Islas de Arena. Soils and II18T. Cen. Am,, Vol. I. 11 ir/2 COLUMBUS AXD HIS DISCOVERY. other siibstancos, atmospheres and siinshinos, -were all fainihar; j)laiits ami aniinal.s, thoui^li dilieriiiijf in de- gree and kind, were .similar to those tlicy had ahvvay.s been accustonied to see. One creation was every- wliero apparent; one nature; one rule. It was v.on- deiful, stupendous! And if these liuman kind have souls, what a mighty work is here to fit them for eternity! Crossing the Bahama Bank, they came on tlio 28th to Cuba, which Columbus called Juana, and which, with its dense uproUing green spangled with parrots, gay woodpeckers, and humming-birds, scarlet liamingoes and glittering insects; its trees of royal palm, cocoanut, cedar, mahogany, and shrubs of spicy fragrance; its unknown fruits and foods; its transparent waters whose finny denizens flashed back the sunlight from their variegated scales, all under the brightest of skies, all breathed upon ' softest airs, and lapped in serenest seas, was m( ke his own Zipangu, if, indeed, it was not Mangi itoclf. Coasting eastward, the Pinta sailed away and left the other vessels, and it was with deep chagrin that Columbus saw no attention paid his signals to return. Pinzon had heard of gold-fields in advance of hlni, and he was going to reap them. The wreck of the Santa Maria a month afterward, leaving the admiral only the little Nina, made his situation all the more critical, and made him feel more keenly than ever the desertion. Nor was this the first indication of mutiny and disruption among his people duiing tiie V(>yage. If the truth must be told, the character of the man, though inured to tlie cruel hardihood of the age, seems here to be undergoing change; ilse it was not originally as either he or his friends have estimated. The new and varied experiences amidst the new and varied phenomena attending the idea and its consummation make it a matter of no woncKr that his head beo ilicy were sympathizing, loving, and decorous, i)rac- tlftiiig the subliincst religious precepts without know- ing it, and obeying Christ moiv perfectly than many who ])roless to serve him. With strangers the men were frank, cordial, honest; the women artless and compliant. Knowing no guile, they suspected none. Po!-,sessini:»: all thin<_cs, they ffixve freelv of that wliicli cost tlieui nothing. Having no laws, they broke none; circumscribed by no conventional m(^1•^lities, liny were ni>t immoral. If charity be the highest A'iiiuo, and purity and peace the greatest good, tlieii were these savages far better and happior beings than any civilization could boast. That they ])o-;- sossed any rights, any natural or inherent privileges in regarvl to their lands or their tives; that these iiuiocjnt and inoliensive pe-^ph' were not lit subjects 166 COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERY. I) for coercion, treachery, robbery^ enslavement, and slauglitcr, "was a matter which seems never to have been questioned at that time by either discoverer, adventurer, or ruler. However invalid in any of the S])anish courts miixht have been the anmment of a house-breaker, that in the room he entered he dis- covered a purse of gold, and took it, S})aniards never tiiought of ap[)lying such logic to themselves in I'c- gai'd to the possessions of the natives in the new lands their Genoese had found. What Spain required now was a title such as the neighboring nations of l]urope should recognize as valid. So far as the doctrine was concerned, of appro- ])riating to tliemselves tha possessions of others, they were all equally sounti in it. Europe with her steel and saltpetre and magnetic needle was stronger tliau naked barbaiians, whose possessions were thereu[)()n seized as fast as found. The riidit to such ro])l)ery has been held sacivd since the earliest records of tlie human race: and it was ])y this time leu'alized bv tlie civilized nations. SavaL>isni had no rights wb.ich civilization was bound to respect. The w'orld be- longed not to Christian or ]\Ialiomet'in, but to wliat- ever idea, princi[)le, or power could take it. In none of their pretended principles, in none of their codus of honor or ethics, was there any other ultimate a[)peal than brute Ibi'ce; their deity they made to lit the occasion, MJiatever that might be. This they did not know, however. Tliey thought then.iselves patterns of justice and fair moi-ality; and all tliat troubled them was in what attituik; they would stand toward each other with ivgard to their sevei'al discoveries and concjuests. I>ut wliile such was the recognized condition oC afr'airs at tlie bei>imiiii'i: of the sixteenth century among the I'ecldes.s advLuturiM's ol.' Spain, such wei'e not th(^ teachings of the ("hui'ch, nor the views of the intelligent and riglit tiiinking men of the time. Ti-ue, th(> army of Ibrtune-seeki'rs who lirst rushed to the new world in search of gold camu THE WORLD PARTITIOXED BY THE POrE, 107 fiir lust and plunder, but with them, and inspired with vt'ry dili'ercnt motives, came the missionaries oC the cross, pointinj^ the savages to civilization and a purer religion than their own. ]>ut civilization and relinion, it must be confessed, had little to reconunend them in the examples of unprincipled men who were ever prest'nt to give the lie to the teachings of the priests. Thus it was that the Spanish sovereigns, being Christian, applied for a conlirmation of title to Alex- ander VI?, tlien sovereign pontiif of Christendom, at the same time insinuating, in a somewhat worldly llt-uiion, that learned men regarded the rights of their Catholic jNIajestics secure enough even without such confirmation. No valid objections before the holy triljunal could be raised against Christian princes powcri'ul enough to sustain their pretensions to own- ership while propagating the true faitli in heathen lands; but Pope Eugene IV. and his successors had already granted Portugal all lands discovered by l\)rtuguesc from Capo Uojador to the Indies. In order, therefore, to avoid conllict, the bull issued the 2d of ]May, 14 'J 3, ceding Spain the same rights respecting discoveries already granted Portugal, was on the day following defined to this effect: — An im- aginary line of demarcation should be drawn I'rom pole to pole, one hundred leagues west of the Azores and Ca[)e Verde Islands; all lands discovered east of tliat line should be Portugal's, while west of that l::i ' all should belong to Spain. Thus by a very mortal breath and the ilourish of a pen, the unknown world, with all its multitudes of interests and inhab- itants, was divided between these two sovereignties, occupying the peninsula of south-western Europe; IhoUL-ii in their wisdom they forgot that if the world Mas round, Portugal in going east and Spain in gomg Mest nuist somewhere meet, and might yet quarrel on the other side. Subsequently, that is to say on tlie 7th of Juno, 1494, by treaty l)etween Spain and l*ortugal the papal line of partition was removed, 168 COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERY. ;:ii making it tliroo hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, Portugal having com- j)laincd of want of sea-room for southern enterprise. This removal ultimately gave the Portuguese Brazil. And ecclesiastics claim tliat care was ever exercised by the Spanish crown to comply with the obligations thus laid upon it by this holy sanction. Appointed to take charge of the affairs of the New World was Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, arcli- deacon of Seville, and afterward patriareii of the Indies. Althougli high in ecclesiastical preferment, he was a bustling man of business, and ably filled the office during a })eriod of some thirty years. Of un- flinching devotion to his sovereign, sedate, stei'n in the accomplishment of his duty, and obliged as he was, in the interests of the crown, to exercise occa- sional restraint on the rashness or presumption of th(3 con(|uerors, lie incurred their enmity and was reviled by their biographei's. TJiat he was retained so long in office by such able monarchs as Ferdinand and Charles goes far to prove invalid the charges of misrule and villainy so liberally made against him. Associated with Fonseca was Francisco Pinelo, as treasurer, and Juan de Soria as coiitador, or auditor. Their chief office was at Seville, with a custom-house at Cadiz belonging to tlie same department. This was the germ of the famous Casa de Contratacion dc lets Indias, or India House of Trade, so long domi- nant in the government of the New World. Thus all went .swimmingly. Cohunbus found no difficulty in fitting out a fleet for a second venture, a royal order being issued that all captains, with their ships and crews, in all the Andalusian poits, should iiold themselves in readiness for that purpose. Sev- enteen vessels sailed from CVidiz tlie 2r)th of Se[)tem- ber, I 4i);], having on board twelve handled ])ersons, — miners, meohanics,agricultui'ists,and gentlemen, — with horses, cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, and fowls; tlu; seeds of vegetables, of orchard fruits, of oi'anges, Icukjus, THE SECOXD VOYAGE. ICJ ond grain for planting; togotlier "with provisions, inedi- ciiK's, iniplenicnts, goods lor trade, arms, annniuiition, and all the requirements foi' t'onnding ;i colony. Among the passengers were DiegoColon,tlie admiral's brother, Uernal Diaz do Pisa, contador, Fermin Cedo, assayer, and Alonso do ( )jeda and Juan de la Cosa, suhsequt'ntly I'amous in Xew World discoveries; also twelve })riests, chief among whom was Bernardo iJuil, a IJenedictino r.ionk, sent by the pope as his apostolic vicar, with all the ornaments and vestments for full service, which always had a wonderful eil'ect upon the natives. The work of conversion had ah'eady been begun l)y bap- tizing in solemn state the six savages brought over by Columbus, Ferdinand and Isabella with Prince Juan standing sponsors. The 3d of Xovember the expedition reached Dominica, so named from the day of arrival, Sunday. Next was discovered an island to wl'ich Columbus gave the name of his ship, Mari- ijaJiintc; then Guadalupe, where were tamed geese, and pine-a]')ples, also human bones, signilicant of the ])rcsenco of the horror-breeding Caribs, or cannibals. Thus cruising among these Caribbee Islands, and naming them one after another, Columbus continued his way and linally came to Xavidad, only to find the Ibrtress in ruins, its former occupants having fallen ^•i^•tims to their own follies. Choosing a site a little to the east of Xavidad, still on the norih side of Ilayti, the Spaniards landed their eifects, and laid out a city, which they called Isabela, surrounding it with ramparts. As soon as the vessels could bo laden with gold, they were to be sent back to Spain; but the ileath of the Span- ianls lelt at Xavidad had somewhat marred original plans. While Columbus lay ill, directi'\g ail'airs as bi-st h-' might, early in January, 141)4, two parties under Ojcda and (jorvalan reconnoitred the island, each in u dih'eront direction, and rt-turning, reported gold. As it was inconvenient to their anchorage, and as many mi 170 COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERY. of the colonists wore prostrate with disease, it was doeined best to let the ships go back empty rather tliaii detain them longer; hence, on the 2d of February, t\velye of the largest craft put to sea under command of Antonio de Torres, haying on board further speci- mens of tlie people and products of the country. Dy this departure was sent a request for innnediato supplies. ]\Iurmui's now arose against Columbus, the sick and disappointed ones complaining most loudly that ho had deceiyed them, had lured them thither with false hopes to die. And they begged Diaz de Pisa, already at the head of a faction, a:ul Cede, who said there was not gold in tliose isles in paying quantities, to seize the remaining sliips and sail with them for Sjiain. But the a(hniral liearing of it, arrested Diaz, and held him in irons on board one of the vessels to await trial in Spain. Ilecovered from illness, Columbus left his brother Diego in conmiand at Isabela, and set out, at the head of four hundred men, for the golden mountains of Cibao, in tlie interior of the island, intending tiiere to build a fortress, and to work the mines on an extensive scale. Arrived at a favorable locality, where gold seemed plentiful in the brooks, the Sj)aa- iards threw up a strong wooden fort, which tliev called Santo Tomils, a piece of pleasantry aimed at the doubting assayer, Cedo. Leaving in com- mand Pedro ]\Iargarite, Columbus returned to Isa- bela. Afterward a smaller post was built, called ]Magdalena, and the conunand was given to Luis dc Arriaga. TJie natives could not welcome so large an invasion, which they now clearly saw would l)ring upon tlirin serious results. Thereupon they witlidrew i'rom tin.' vicinity of Santo Tomds, refusing all intercourse with its inmates; and as a Spanisli hidalgo could by no means work, even at gold-gatliering, success in that direction was not marked. Provisions and mediciiio COLONIZATION A FAILURE. 171 tlicn bopfnn to fail, and fresh discontent arose, even ]';itiior Buil arraying himself in opposition to the atluiiral. As much to keep his pco})le occupied as through nnv ex])eotation of profit, Columbus sent another expedition into the interior of Hayti, and himself crossed to the south side of Cuba in three caravels, intending tJience to reach Cathay, Soon he discov- ered to the southward a lofty isle, which he called at lirst Santa Gloria, then Santiago, but which finally retained its native name, Jamaica, that is to say, Inland of Springs. After reaching nearly the west- ern end of Cuba, thinking it still the continent of Asia, and that possibly he might by that way reach Spain, in which event he could then see what was beyond, he coasted the south sides of Jamaica and liayti, and returned to Isabela, where he arrived insensible from excitement and fatiu^ue. When he awoke to bodily suffering, which for a time had been drowned in delirious energy, there, to his great joy, he fnmd his brother Bartolome, who had come from Spain with three well-laden ships to his assistance. Great events generally choose great men for their accomplishment, though not unfrequently we see no small dust raised by an insi^-niiicant agent. As a mariner and discoverer, Columbus had no superior; i',s colonist and governor, he had by this time })roved himself a failure. There arc some things great men cainiot do as well as their inferiors. It was one tiling to rule at sea, and quite another to rnle on shore. In bringing to his India these unruly Span- iards, he had sown for himself the whirlwind. Had hi' l)een more judicious in the selection of his ibilowei s, 1:1 ■^ l,i(( r days wori.i have been more successful as well as more peaceful. Discovery was his infatuation; ho vas never for a moment unattended by a consuming cinio.sity to find a western way to civilized India. Had he been possessed of sound practical judgment 172 COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERY. 1 hi in the matter, of tlic same knowledu^e of hiiiiseir and of political affairs that he had of navigation, he would have seen that he could not, at the same time, gratify his passion for discovery and successfully govern col- onies. In liis fatal desire to assume rulership, and ui)on the ill-understood reports of simple savages, with no knowledge of the resources or capabilities of the country, without delinitc purpose or mature plans, he had brought upon himself an avalanclie of woes. Beside his incapacity for such a task, Iiis jiosition was rendered all the more trying by the fact tliat he was a foreigner, whose arbitrary acts galled his impatient subordinates, and finally wrought them to the pitch of open rebellion. The Spaniards were quick enough to perceive that this Genoese sailor was in no wise fitted to lay the foundation of a prosperous Spanish colony; and when during liis absence he left in command his brother, to whom attached no prestige of high achievement to make up for his misfortune in not being born in S]iaiii, com])lications grew daily worse. Even the ecchsi- astics were against the admiral; for witli a foresi;.;ht born of a deep study of human nature they saw th;it between the fires of the real and the unreal this man was becoming njad. The}' saw the religious hypo- chondria, whicli had already inilamed his intellect, now airsJ^ravated by the anxieties incident to the gov- ernmcnt of a turbulent element under circumstaiu\"S imp-recedented, undermining his health, and bringlr.';' rapidly upon him those mental and })hysical distenijK",.; Vv-h.ieh rendered the remainder of his life prol()n;.;ed miserv. Thus we mav i)lainly see how Colninhus brought upon himself the series of calamities which are commonly found charged to unscrupulous sowr- eigiis and villainous rivals. And thickly enoutdi misfortunes were laid ni's, \vhieli notwitlistandinjjf their paeilic disposi- tinii had driven them to retaliation. And here was the boGfinninuf of these four centuries ol' sitcli rank injustice, such liorrible atrocities in- iiicted by the hand of the stvon^j^er upon the weaker, of the ci\ilized U})on the savage, that should make a man blnsh to own kinship to a race so deliled before iiS maker in whose inia^je it was created. It is the self -same story, old and now, from I'^spanohi to Darien and j\[exico, from Brazil to l..a- 1;ra(l()i", and from PataL>'onia to Alaska, by sailor and cavalier, Spaniard and Jilnolislnnan, by i^old-hunter and fur-hunter — the unenlightened red man wel- cominiL!^ with wonder his destroyer, u])on whom he i« soon ibrced to turn to save liimself, his wife, his chil- (hiMi, but only at last to i'all by the merciless arm nf develo})ment beneath the pitiable destiny of man primeval. Throwing off all pretence of alk^giancc to Columbus, when satiated with his excesses, ^largarite, with a nuitinous crew at his heels and accompanied by rather Bull, had taken sucli sliips as best suited them and had departed for Spain. Two caciques, or native chieftains, Guatiguana, and Caonabo the Carib, with their followers had arisen in arms, had killed .some of the Spaniards, had besieged ]\Lagdalena and Santo Tomiis, and had even cast an ominous eye on Isabela.. Such were the chief occurrences at the set- tlement during the absence of the admiral. I'u'st of all, Columbus made his brother Bartolomd adcUoitado, that is to say, leader of an enterprise, or governor of a frontier pi-ovinc(\ Then lie sent relief to the fortress of Lxaufdalena, and established ant)ther military ])ost near where Mas sul)sequently Santiago, which he called Conce|)eion. Later the chain was continued by building other posts; one near the Uio Yaqui, called Santa Catalina, and one on the river Yaqui, called Esperanza. Meanwhile Ojeda 174 coLmruus axd nis discovery. offered to take the rcJonl)table Cavib, Caonal)o, l)y stratar^ein; .vJneli was accomplislied, wliile ]io was .surrounded l)y a multitude of warriors, Ijy iirst ^v'm- iiini^ the admiration and confidence of the caci (uo, and then on tlie plea of personal ornamentation ,uid display obtaining his consent to wear some beautil'iil bright manacles, and sit bound behind Ojeda on liis Kteed; in which plight he was safely brought by tiie dashing cavalier at the head of his horsemen into Isabela. A.bout this time Antonio de Torres arrived viili four ships from Spain, and was sent back with (he gold which had been collected, and live hundrtd Indians to be sold as slaves. By this departure went Diego Colon to refute the charges of inconi- potency and maladministration now being preferred against his brother at court. Though suffering from a fresh attack of fever, on the 27th of March, 119"), accompanied by the adc- lantado and all his available forces, Columl)Us sot out from Isabela to subjugate the caciques of tlie island, who had combined to extirpate the Spaniards. Charging the naked red men amidst the noise of drum, trumpet, and halloo, with horse and bloodhound, lance, sabre, and firelock, a peace was soon con- quered. Multitudes of the inhabitants were butch- ered, and upon the rest was imposed su.ch cruel tribute that they gradually sank beneath the servitude. ]>nt when the white men tlius had the domain to them- selves, they did not know what to do with it. It was not for them to till the soil, or labor in the mine-; lience flmiine threatened, and they were finally ri;- duced to the last extremity. There is little w^onder, under the circumstances, that orders were issued in Spain to depose Columl)us, first by the appointment of a conmiisslon of inquiry, and finally by removal. Thus far the government of the Indies, as tlic New World began to be called, had been administered GOVERNMENT OF THE INDIES. ITo 5!olc;ly by the admiral, accord'mi^ to aG^recmont, -witli Fonscca as suptTiiitciidont in S[)ain. None lait llu-y wore ])criuitted to frei<.^ht or despatch any vessel to the Now World. Columbus was authorized to aj)])oint two subordinate oliicers subject to royal sanction; and y(-'t the soverei^s^ns took oflense when he named Bartolome adelantado, \\hich ofliee was not that of lieutenant-governor, as many writers aver, but nearer that of territorial governor, with political as well as military powers, usually appointed by and subject only to the king. Assuming a certain tlegrce of state, the admiral appeared at Isabela richly dressed, with ten e.^iCKclc'i'os dc d ])ic, or squires of foot, and twenty jiiiui/i<()'('s, composing his civil and military family. i[e had been directed before leaving Spain to appoint in each of the several settlements or colonies which sliould 1)0 })lanted an alcalde, or justice, exercising the combined duties of mayor and judge, with juris- diction in civil and criminal cases, appeal being to the aihniral; also an ahjuacil mayor, or high sherilf; and, if necessary, an ayiintam'iento, or town council. All edicts, orders, and commissions mtist be isstied in the name of the sovereigns, countersigned by the notary, with the royal seal allixed. The admiral had l)een further directed to build a warehouse where t!ie royal stores should be kept, and all tratlic should be subject to his direction. When he sailed tipon liis Cuban expedition he left for the direction of t'ae colony a junta, of which his brother Diego was ])resident, and Alonso Sanchez Carvajal, Jtian iXo Jjuxan, Pedro Fernandez Coronel, and Father IJuil, councillors. Diego C*^>lon was a well-meaning man, gentle and discreet, approaching in visage and dress nearer the ])!'iest than the cavalier; he was neither shrewd nor enoi'getic. Bartolome was (piite the opposite, and in many ivspects was the ablest of the brothei-s. Pow- erlhl in mind and body, authoi'iiative and dt^terminate ill demeanor, generous in disj)osltion, fearless in spirit, 170 COLUMIIUS AXD III:. DISCOVi:?.Y. a tlioronpfli suamau, a man of no narrow v.-orllly oxpuriencc, fairly ctlucatL'tl, an; I talented witli the pen, ho was neither the aniialile, inelKcient i.)iego, nor the dreamy, enthusiastic admiral. Quick to notice in their deputy any indication of mii-rule, or undue assumption of authority, their ]\Iajesties did not fail to lend an attentive ear to the chari^es preferred aL,'ainst him. Yet the I'ccord docs not show from fn'st to last that either Isabella or Ferdinand ever really desired or intended to do Columbus injustice or injury. When Torres returned from Spain, after the first accusation had been made, the sovereij^ns, besides a letter ex})ressing' the warmest confidence in the discoverer, and high consideration for the affairs of the colony, sent a special redl provision ordering all to obey the admiral as themselves, under penrdty of ten thousand mara- vedi's lor every offence. When further accusations came, instead of divesting him of his autho' ity, they sent as commissioner of inquiry Juan Aguado, a warm friend of the admiral. Often they checked Fonscca's too harsh measures with regard to Colum- bus and his brothers, and interposed their royal protection from such officers at: acted too severely under the exasperating folly of the admiral. To satisf)' the discoverer would have been impossible for any patron, so wild were his desires, so chimerical his plans, so injudicious his acts. Aguado arrived at Isabela in Or-tob • ITc brought four caravels laden with > ■'pp\es, and Dicgo Colon, passenger. Soon it w d abroarl that the conduct of the admiral v lo be ques, mcd, whereat Ijotli white men and reu -ejoif d. Aguado could but see the pitiable state of tli iigs upon the island, idleness, poverty, excesses, and disobedience among the colonists, folly and mismanagt;mcnt among the rulers, and seeing, could but rej>ort accordingly; for which, and for no other reasons that 1 am able to Tmr.D VOVAOE. 177 To i'or I'ieal Ho [luit icd, lado the 31100 [oiig le to discover, tlic l)it Cfra|)licr.s of Coliunlms heap upon tlio <-(»niinissionor opprol)ri(ju.s c-pithcts. When Ap^uado returned to Spain, C'oluinlms ao- rompanied him to make such excuses helore tho }>{)vcreis^nis as best he mit^lit. They embarked from Isabela March 10, 1490, leaviuGf the adckiutado in comniaiid, and carrylni^ with them two hundred and twenty-five disaifected colonists, and a number of Indian captives, amonj^ whom was the ])roud and once powerful cliieftain, Caonabo, so treacherously taken by Ojeda. Contrary winds and starvation attended them, Caonabo dvinjx durinuf the voya^fc. Arrived at Cadiz in June, the admiral found l*edro Alonso Nirio about to sail with three caravels for llayti. Xiilo carried out more priests, and brought back more slaves. ( 'olumbus appeared in Spain in a Franciscan garb and with dejected demeanor. To all tho world, except to himself, it was by this time evident that his gorgeous India was a myth, and settlement on the supposition of its existence a mistake. Ho seemed now dazed by reverses, as formerly he had hueii dazed bv successes. Nevertheless, ho con- llnucd to make as much as possible of his discov- iiies, parading a brother of Caonabo in a broad gold collar with a massive gold chain attached. Still the sovereigns Averc gracious. They scarcely all'ided to the complaints and ever-increasing charges against the admiral, but confirmed anew his dignities, enlarged his perquisites, and showed him every kind- ness. The title of adelantado was formally vested by them in Bartolome. When asked for more ships and money, they readily granted both; moreover, lliov offered the admiral a tract of land in Hayti, Iwenty-iive by fifty leagues, which, however, ho declined; they oftered liiin sixty sailors, a hundred and forty soldiers, one hundred miners, mechanics, ;ind farmers, and thirty women, the services of all t(3 bo paid Ijy the crown. But because tli'.-re UisT. Cen. Am., Vol. I. 12 i> i 173 COLUMBUS AXD HIS PISCOVEUY. M :i was somo delay, occasioned by tlio ojX'ralions \n Ital.v and the armada for l^'landors, tlio l)ioL,n'ai)lu'r.s of tho adniintl aijain break out in al)Uso of llio sovoreiain, they woukl ever be to him just and generous, lie could never become again the pauper pilot, as he had been called at Graiuula while begging Iieh) for his tirst voyage. I Two vessels were despatched to the colony under P'nlri) I'ernande/ Coronel early in I IDS, On tin- ,'}Oth of jNtay Columbus embarked from San Luciir with six vessels, arrived at the northern se;ibo;ii',l of South America, and discovered there the inlc of Trinidad the .'Vlst of July, sailed through the guh' of Paria, where gold and pearls were seen in prol'ii- eion, discovered the ^largarita Islands, and came lo •M 1« AFFAIRS AT SAXTO DOMIXGO. 170 hi ihr tuiu' t" ILiyti, arrivIiiL]^ ofT the river Ozoma, on tlio .soiitlieru sid*! of the islaiul, tlio .SOtli of August. Prior to tlio last doparturo of tlio admiral for Spnin, gold had been discovered in this vicinity, mid during his absence a military post, called 8au (Vist(')l)al, had been planted there, and at t1io adjacent harbor a fort built, 'which was naniefl Santo .Domingo, and which was Irom this lime the ca})ital of the Indies, At intervals during the past two years, the adcdantado at the head of his luarandcrs had sconred the island, C(^liecting tlie (|iiart(ily tribute, and making obs(^rv!!tion on such ncafairos as he thought miglit !ncr<'asi' the same, iiisuri'cctions had bi'eii occasionally oi'gani;:cd by tin ("K am i(pU'S. but were usually stilh^d by tlu* ])r()mj)t 1 ])(>litic action of the adelantado. ]\Iany of tin.! colonists had t-raduallv I'l'laxed in their lovaliv to Columbus, until finally, at the instigation of b'ran- cisco lx.)ldan, they declared their iiidep(>n:lence of the adelantado, though still acknowledging fealty to Spain. After creating no small disturl)anco about ( 'onc(>]icion and Isabela, Ixoldan had retired with his hand to the jtrovince of Jaragu;!. On landiuLi' at Santo J )oniinrs of trust had joined ih(3 I'cvojt of JJoldan. Columbus oftcred amnesty to all, wliich was at tirst I'efused, and li'ttcrs irom both sides were sent to Spain. Jh.it at length there was reconciliation; Ivoldan IxH'anie a partisan of ( 'olum- hns, and assi.sted in subduing other hostih; factions, which resulted in {linging Adrian de Moxicaoif the liattlements of 1^'ort (.'oncei>cion. The distra(^ted state ol' the colony, the continued cliai'ges against Columbus, and tlu^ ina(le(|ua(e rtiu'us irom large outlays, impelled ^he sovei'eigus to scud out another conunission with jtower to jtuni ;h oileiidcrs, civ d ana criniuu ant 1. if necessai y to SI "1 •fj « 'I'll I HI 180 COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVEP.Y. supersede Die admiral in the government. The co ii- missioncr cliosen for this purpose was Fraiicisco do Bol)adilla, an arrogant, shallow-minded man, wiio delio'lited rather in degrading merit than in exerci^in-^ justice. Ho was authorized by letters patent to acquaint himself concerning the truth of the rebellion against the admiral; what robberies, cruelties, or other overt acts had been committed; he was di- rected to seize the person and sequestrate the prop- erty of any oftender, or punish in an}^ way he niiglit deem best. A provisional letter was addressed by the sovereigns to the admiral of the ocean sea, ordering him to surrender to the commissioner all forts, arms, ships, houses, cattle, or other [>ublic property, which letter was to be used only if necessary. ]3obadilla, accompanied by a body-guard of twenty- live men, sailed with two caravels in Jul}', 1500, and arri\'ed at Santo Domingo on the 'J 3d of August. By this opportunity some of the Indians sent over by Columbus a« slaves were returned in cjiarge of six friars. It is doubtful whether tlie enslavement of the red man could ever have been made protltable, but whether it could or not, the Catholic Church is entitled to nnich credit for thus promptly setting its loot upon tlio diabolical traffic which had already r>;ceivcd tlie a[)])r(»val of some of the iirtst jurists o\' the day. Indeed the doctrine that the Indians were not endowed with souls was rn[)idly s])reading, and had found many believers, and had not the pope Ibrtunately at this juncture decided against tlie prop- osition, tli»^ subject of Indian slavery would not ha\e been so easily or so quicldy settled. Among the first objects to meet the eye of Iloh- ndilla, on landing, were the bodi(,'S of two fSpaii- iards swinging from gibbets, which argued not vciy favorably for the quietude of the island. Colunihiis was absent at Fort Ct)nce])cion; the addantado and lloldan were pursuing rebels in Jaraguil; Diego Colon, who was in chaim' at Santo Dominu'(>, Nvas UNW^VERAXTED CONDUCT OF BOBADILLA. 181 l-llt Me, I is it.-> :;i(lv :s o[' aiul m>\)- luivo very minis was peremptorily commanded to surrender certain pris- oners, which lie refused to do until the adiniial, whose commission was higher than that of liobadilla, aii * i >J 'I ill ^ 4 V i i ' ' 1 1 184 DISCOVERY OF DARIEX. or Espaiiola,^ as I shall continue to call tlio island, and to make to other parts private voyages of dis- covery and trade, under royal license. The rer^'ula- tions were that the vessels so sailin-'" slioukl lie equipped under royal inspection, that they should depart oidy from the port of Cadiz, and that they should carry one or two crown oilicers. The sov- ereigns retained, without payment, one tenth of tlie tonnage, and were to receive one tenth of the gross returns. Settlers on Espahola were to receive grants of land, and one year's provision; of the gold tliey gathered they were to pay two thirds to the crown; on all other products one tenth. Although this j tep was taken without consulting Columbus, it was tlie aim of tlie sovereigns fully to respect his rights in the matter; therefore, and in lieu of his property iu one eighth of all the tonnage, for every seven vessels thus privately adventured he was ])rivilegcd to de- spatch one on his own account. The admiral still complaining, such jiarts of the proclamation as in any wise interfered with his rights were revoked, and his former privileges confirmed, the 2d of June, 1407.'' ' The island known to-day as Ilayti was namcil hy Colnmhiis fii^idn Ili^- paitid', Island of Spain. On one of his maps it is callod Iiis,il:i JJi/pniiiii; and on another I ly-^pdiin. V>y the early navigators and ehronielcrs the name Was turned into Spanish and sspokoii and M-iitten Ln. Lila L'-jxti'iufa, the Spaniwli l.slc, or La l-Jspauola. jn.i/Kiiilo/ii, as it is called at a later period l»y Kn,u'lish anthoi-s, is neither l^atin nor Spanisli; it may lie a syneopoof the wovda Jii.^iila 11 iisjHuiia-, or more likely it is a corruption of V.k h'-p'uV^lii hy foreigners to whom the Spnnish il was not fanriliai-. The ehoic! lies lietueeu the mutilation, I lixitniiiolit, of I'liiglish authors, and the correct but unl'aiuiliar EtijKnliihi, and I aii:)iit the latter. ^Usually two royal oilicers went out hy each dcpai'turc; a treasurer to take charge of tho gold, and a notary to watch the treasurer and write down what was seen and done. The. govei'iiment was exeee(lin;;!y strict iu ita regulatioirs of discoveries l)y ?ea, as well as iu all matters relaiivo to com- merce and eoloni/alion. Notice was given liy renliuand and l-^ibella Sep- tember .'t, 1501, by Charles V. Xoveinber 17, i.")-(i, and by I'liilip 11. in l.")(i;i, that no one should go to tho Indies excc|)t nmler ex^iress license from t!io king. In l."rj;i Charles ^'. ordered (hat tlio cajitaiu of any tliscovering m' trailing vess^el should not ;;o ashore within the limits mentioned in his p:itcnt withont tho permission of the royal ollieers and jiriests on board, under ])enaliy of eonlisealion of half tho gooils. The law oi iri.")(l stipulates that ships nuist be ])roperly ei|uipped, provisioned for one year, always .sail in paiis, and carry iu each two )>ilots and two priests. In his unlt'i/inr.'ii lie iioblac'toHts of 1003 I'hilip II. directs that vessels making diseov- THE NEW WOKLD OPEXED TO SETTLEMENT. 1S5 Among tlioso to take advantage of this permission, eric? shall carry scissors, combs, knives, looking-glasses, rifles, axes, fish- liiM)ks, culi)red caps, glass beads, and tlio like, as means of introduction and traliio. /i'. c.^y/'/c/c/dM de Lfi/a (A; tu-i I'fi/iiosde lim ludh'--*, ii. 0-7. In regard to tliO sharo of the crown in the gold gathered our popidar writers seem to liavo found original authorities somewhat vague. It is clearly enough stated tiiat settlers arc to pay two thirds; tho question is whether in relation to discoverers gold is included in products of which one tenth was to go to tlio crown, or wliether tho exception to a rule was unintentionally omitted. !Mr Irving gliiles gracefully over tho dillieulty with tho same degree of in- dctiiiiteness that ho linds in the authorities. Mr I'rcseott states positively, Jliitorji vj' Fm/ ilia HI I mid IsalnUd, ii. 4.S8, that 'tho shii)3 litted out muliT the general licent^o were required to reserve. .. .two thirds of all tho gold' for tho crown, quotiug Muiiozand Xavarretc as vouchers, tho words of neither justifying t!io statement. JIunoz, Jlint.. Nncoi Muiido, i. '210, says, 'so cunceuio it todos generalmcntc, sin mas gravamen cpio pagar la di cima lie lo quo so rescatase,' \vhilo Navarrete, Co/, dn ]'i,iiic-<, ii. Iil7, printing the >■<: d jimci^sion itself, states simply 'es nucstra merced (]uo do lo (juo las dichas pcrsonas hallaren en las dichas islas t; tierra-lirmc hayan jtaia si las nacvc partes, o la otra dieznia parte sea para Nos.' Tho misstatement cf the talented author of Ferdiii'iinl und J.rihcllit is renderetl all tlio moro conspicuous when on the very next page (juoteil by him MufK)z settles tho v.'holo matter exactly contrary to Treseott's account. 'A todos so jiermitiii llcvar v.vcrcs y mercaucias, rescatar oro do los naturalcs C3ntribnyeniln al rey con la decinia.' And after thus stating distinctly that aU might trade ^\!t!^ the nalives for goUl on paying one tentii to tlio crown, ho gives tlio reason wliyiiuriciomu.it pay two thirds to the crown; or if the recipientof pecuniary aid fri'in tho crown, then four lifths; it was becau-o of tho supposed exceed- ing richness of tho mines, the case with which gold could bo ol>t:iined; and, further, the dcpcndencoof tho crown on its mines, more than on anything elso for a colonial revenue. Prior to loOi tho regulation of tho royal share was not lixed, some of the traders paying one tenth gross, some ono llfth gross, and some one fourth not. l>obadilla, in loOl), granted twenty years' liccn.-.ea to settlers in l^spauola to work gold mines by paying only ono eleventh to t'lc crown. Sumiiiari/iing the subsequent laws upon tho subject, wo llud on'.erel by Fenliuand and Isabella, February o, l.iOl, reiterated l)y I'liilip, lo7-, that all dwedors in tho liuUes must pay to tho crown one fifth of all gobl, liilver, lead, tin, quicksilver, iron, or other metal obtained by llieiii; likewise traders were to pay ono lilth of ail gold, silver, or other mcta!s, jkarls, jirecious stones, or audicr obtaineil by them. September M, l.">Ht, ( 'iiarles V. decl.ircd that of all gold received in trade from the natives cuie lit th must; be });.id lo him; ;md March 8, loIJ;), ho ^aid thai where a reward has been proini.ed to a prospector of mines tho royal treasury would jiay two thirds (i that reward, and tho private persons iutercstcd one third. It was ordered September 4, l.illti, and reiterated Juno 1;), l.iHl, tluit all person? mu;t \K\y tlie kiii;;"s iifth on tiio before-mentioned artich's, whether obtaineil in batilo or by iiluntli'ring-expcditions, or by trade. Of all gold, silver, pearls, and l>reciou:i .>tones received as ransom of a i'aci(|Ue or other principal jicrsunago ti:e king v,as to have one third; the ri'mainder, after deducting tlio king's lilth, was to bo divided among tho members of the expedition. Of the siioiU Secured from a caciquo slain in battle, or exeeiited, ono half was the crow u's, and one half, except tho king's Iifth, tho property of tho eonipierors. .Iniie a, l,V)l. it was ordered, and reiterated August 'Jl, lOl'.t, that besido tho king';! sliiire, there bo levied a iluty of Ii per cent, to pay for .'Miielting, assayiu'];, iiiid stamping. V>y tho ordi'iinnzn.'^ d'' /lo'ilnciniiix of Philip 11., I.-iii.'!, tho n '.elaiilado of a discovery by land, and his succe.ssijr, and the settlers were to Jiuy tlio crown but one tenth on metals and juvcious stones for tho term of ten years, itCi\ p. dc fiiduu-<, ii. 10, U8, 7o-7, 10, and 180-1. I 288 DISCOVERY OF DARIEX. beside Bastidas, was Alonso do Ojeda, who embarked with four vessels from Spain in May, 149'J, in com- pany with Juan do la Cosa and Amevigo Vespucci, sailed alonq; the seaboard of South America from Paria and the Pearl Coast, discovered by Columbus, to the gulf of Venezuela, so called because like A'enice the native villages were built over the water. At Cape do la Vela, Ojeda left the coast and crossed to Espauola, whence he was driven off by Iloldan at the command of Columbus. lie reached Spain in June, 1500; and though his ships were crowded with slaves, after paying expenses there were left but five hundred ducats to divide among fifty-live persons. Sailing in a caravel of only fifty tons, a few days later than Ojeda, were Pedro Alonso Nino and Cristobal Guerra, who, following the track of Colum- bus and Ojeda to the Pearl Coast, thence crossed t.) ]\Iargarita, returned to the main-land and coasttd Cumana, and finally returned to Spain, arriviii'^^ about two months before Ojeda, well laden with gold and pearls. This was the first really profitable vo3'age, pecuniarily, to the New World. Then there was Vicente Yahez Pinzon, who sailed in four caravels in December, 1499, and shortly after Diego do Lepo, in two vessels, both going to Brazil. Quito exceptional to the ordinary adventurer was Bastidas. He was a man of standing: in the com- munity, possessed of some means himself and liavin .,' Y/ealthy friends; ho was intelligent and iniluential, and withal humane, even Las Casas admitting that no one ever accused him of illtreating the Indians. The friends of the honest notary, among tlioiu Juan do Ledesma, were ready enough to join him, pecuniarily, in a venture to the famous Pearl Coast, as the South American shore of the admiral's tliird voya^'o was now called. ObtaininiTf from Fonseca's oflice a royal license,^ and enlisting the coiiperatiou * Till) docuincut may bo seen to-day in the archives of the Iiulius. liL'^in- SHIPS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 1S7 of Juan do la Cosa, already veteran in western })ilotage, Bastidas equipped two caravels,* embarked iiiiig: ' Er, Key t La Reina. El asiento quo ao toirni por nucstro mandado tin V03 Roilrigo do ]3astidas, vcciuo do la ciltdad Co Scvilla, para ir d dcsco- Ij.ir por I'l mar Occano, con doa uavios, cs lo signientc:' — it goes on to state, ' J'ir^t, that wo givo license to you, the said llodrigo do Bastidas, that with two vcsscld of your own, and at your own cost and risk, you may go liy tlio f.ji.l ticean Sea to discover, and you may discover ishuula and linn land; ia t!io parts of the Indies and in any other parts, provided it ho not the iLilanda and lirni land already discovered by the Admiral Don Cristiibal (".ilon, our a:Iiniral of the Ocean Sea, or by Cristobal Guerra; nor those whicli have been I r may bo discovered by other person or persons by our order and with our liixnso before you; nor the islands and lirni land whicli belong to tho nio:;t serene jirincc, tho king of Portugal, our very dear and bcb)ved son; for from them nor from any of them you shall not take anything, save only sueh thii.gs as for your maintenance, and for tho provision of your sliips and crew you may need. Furthermore, that all tlio gold, and silver, ami cupper, and lead, and tin, and quicksilver, and any other metal whatevei'; an. I (I'Jiijar, and pearls, and precious stones and jewels, and slaves and nejroes, and mixed breeds, which in these our kingdoms may bo held a;ul nputcil as slaves; and monsters and serpents, and whatever other animals an I liolics and birds, and apices and , and tl\e olher tlu'eo fourths may bo freely for you the said Rodrigo do Raslidas, that you may do therewith as yoii choose and may be pleased to do, as a thing of your own, freo and unincumbered. //(■)/(, that mo will place in each one of t!ie said ships one or two persons, who in our name or liy our iirdir shall be wiinestcs to all which may bo obtained and traliiekcvl ia f iiid vesscli if tho al'-resaid things; and that they may pat tho same ia writing and l;eep a bc)ok and account thereof, so that no fraud or mistake happen.' After stating fr.rtlier under mIiosc direction the shijis should bo lifted out, and what should bo done on tlie return of tiic expedition, tho document isthitedat Seville, Juno a. 1"J0;>, and the signatures follow: ' Yo El Rly. Yu La Rekna. Por man- (!;i(lo del Picy 6 de la Reina, tlAsi'AU l):;(liM/.i().' All this under penalty of Uieforfeitui'eof thoiirojierty and liieof thcca|)taiuof the expedition, lliiihigode liastidaa. Air/iirodc Jii- (/,(/••, printed in Pwhcco and Curde- vn--^, (.'ol. 1)q<\, ii. .'UiJ-O. ' It is often remaiked with won- iler in wliat small and apparently in- .secure vessels tlio early navigators traversed perilous seas and explored lU'.kuowu coasts, 'i'iiats'iipwreckso often attended tiicir ventures is less .surprisingtiianthatsomanyeseaped 1\ ^ — - ■_ — tTi ffi destruction. Two of tho tlu'ee ves- sels em]iloycd by ('olumbus were open boats, according to March y ^^^^TL:-^ J.n '«);vN, Histor'ia de la Manna Ucul E'pnuola, i. OS, of forty tons each, and tlio tleeked Santa Maria, only ; i xt y tons. The term caravel was originally given to ships navigated wliolly by sails ;is distinguished from the galley propelled by oars. It has been ap]iUcil t J a great variety of vessels of dillbrcat sizo and construction. The caravels of Cauavel. ^11 J 'i 1% 1 4\ \ I latter constituted over that part of the vessel a donblc or treble deck, which was pierced for cannon. A class of vessels like the S'lut-i Mtirii, bcaidc a du',;b!c stern deck, had a forward deck armed with small piccca for throwing stones ;ind grape. In tho archives of Mallorca is a picture of a caravel dra\vn iu lo'JT, Gallron. and a very fair representation of those in nnc a century later may be found on Juan do la C )sa,';i map. The large deckel rhips of from 100 to V2Q'0 tons had two, three, or fjur masts, and square sails, with high poop and Rometiims lii;.'h prow. In naval engagements and in discovery the smaller vessels scciuil to bo preferred, being more easily handled. Columbus, at Paria, complaiue I of his vessel of lOJ tons as being too largo. In his ordmianuis de poblaclonei VOYAGE OF BASTIDAS. 180 w.'iter, meat, and cheese at Gomcra, and steering a little north of tho admiral's last track, came to a of l.'G.T Vliilip II. required every discoverer to take at least two vessels of not over sixty tons encli, in order to enter inlets, cross tiie bars of rivers, and ]iiis3 over slidiils. The l.irger sliips, if nny were of tlio expedition, must riiuain in a safe port until anotlicr safe port was found by t'le small craft. Tliiity men and no more wero to fro in every sliip, and t!io jiilots must writo down what they encountered for tlio benefit of ot'i r pilots. I'ecop. de Imlui-s, ii. 5-G. Tho yalera was a vessel of low bul«ai,»i, navigated by saila and NAVfo. oars, usually twenty or thirty oars on citlicr side, four or five oarsmen to a bench. It frequently carried a large cannon, called rnf.ria, two of medium size, and two small guns. The ijalfuzd was tlic largest class of galera, or craft propelled wholly or in part by oars. It had three masts; it commonly carried twenty cannon, and tlio poop accommodated a small army of fusileera uiid sharpshooters. A ijalcota was a small galera, having only sixteen or twenty oarsmen on a side, and two masts. The ijaUoii was a large armed merchant vessel with high bulwarks, three or four decks, with two or three masts, square-rigged, spreading courses and top-sails, and sjuietimes top-gallant sails. One lloctof twelve galleons, fi'om 1003 to I'JOO tons burden, was named after tho twelve apostles. Tliose which plied between Aeapulco and ^lanila were from 1"200 to "JOOO tons burden. A jialeoncillo was a small galcon. Tlie carac was a large carrying ^"es- .sel, the one intended for Columbus' second voyage being V2oO Inulcs!, or l.JOO tons. A 1M0, or imvio, was a large ship with high bulwarks and three masts. A Mdfe was a vessel with deck and sails; tlie former distinguishing it from the barca, and the absence of oars from a galera. The berjuidin, or BKUiASTlSE. •mi IJI 100 DISCOVEr.Y OF DARIEX. M I!' green ir:le, which he called Isla Verde, and reached the inaiiilaiid near Venezuela. Coastin;:^ westward, ho passed Santa Marta, and arrived at the j\Iagd:i- lena Kiver in !?darch, 1501, so naming it on arrival from the day, which was that of the woman's con- version. There ho narrowly escaped shipwreclc. Continuing, and trading on the way, he found tlie ports of Zamba and Coronados — the latter so called because the natives wore large crowns — the islands of San Ijernardo, Baru, and the Arenas, off Cartageiui Bay. Next he saw Fuerto and tcnantless Tortuga, touched at the port of Cenii, passed Point Caribana, entered the gulf of Uraba, and saw the faixdloncs, or craggy islet peaks, rising abruptly from the water near the Darien shore. Thus tar from Cape do la Vela he had discovered one hundred and iifty leaixues" of new seaboard. And because Avlien the tide was low the water was fresh, ho called the place Golfo Dulee. Thus came the Spaniards upon the isthmus that unites the two Americas; and along it they sailed to Point Manzanilla, in which vicinity were El Retrete and Nombre do Dios.*^ It is a balmy beginning, this of these men from Spain, of that intercontinental commerce which is shortly to bring destruction on one side and retro- bi'ig, had low bulwarks; tlie hertjontin-'iahtn was a hcnnaplirodito l)ii;r, or biigantiiic, liuilt for fast sailing. The iiaiiio brigautine was aiiplied in AiiK'iiivi also to ail open flat-bottoined boat wliich usually carried oiio sail and from eight to sixteen men, witli a capacity for about 100 persons. ^Thu Spanish lenguo varies with time and place. It was not until IS^l that the diverse measurements of the several original kingdoms were by royal order niailc nniforni, the legal league then becoming throughout all Spain 20,C0O Sjianish feet. Of tii;;'^" leagues there are twenty to the de,ive, making each three geograplxical mile.7, being, as specified by the law, the dis- tance travelled on toot at a steady gait, in one hour. The land league wa^, by law of Alfonso the Wise, 3001) paco.^, as speciiied by the Si-ti' Purii lii<. The discoverers roughly estimated a league at from two and a half to thiee and a half English miles. A marine or geographical league at that time wa < about 7">00 varas, or little less than four English miles, there being nearly 17-'; to a degree of latitude, la diilerent par.'s of Spanish America the league Culm a league consists of vara is tho Spanish yard, I is diuerent, being sometimes quite short. 5078 varas, and iu ^lexico of 5000 varas. T! comprising three Spanish feet of eleven English inches each. Since t!io decline of Roman inlluence, the Spaniards have had no eciuivalent for tiie English mile. ••Seo next chapter, note 18. GLOrJES OF THE ISTHMUS. 191 grcssion' on tlic other; a commerce wliicli shall end only v.'ith the next cfcneral cataclysm. Throadini; their v:vy amonjij islands smothered in foliage, which seemed upon tho glossy water-surface as iloating I'ragments of the thickly matted verdure of the main- laud, listening to notes unfamiliar to their cars, and seeing these strange men and women so like and yet so luilike Spaniards, they find themselves wondering whether they are in tho world or out of it. Wo who so w'ell know our little planet and its ways can scarcely imagine what it was in the darkness to l)o taken up at Seville, and put down amidst tho magic ])lay of light and shade at Darien. Prol>al)ly now the world was round; yet still it miglit be fungiform, or crescent-shaped, or amor[)lious, having a smootli or ragged edge, from which a fearful slii)ping-ofr might any moment ensue. All they can know is what they see, and that they ^annot half kn(nv, for they can scarcely more than Jiulf see or feel or smell. Some iiart of the perpendicular rays of tho incandescent sun falling on their toughened skins they can feel; some })art of the water that from the surcharged reservoirs of low-lying clouds so frequently and freely pours upon the spot whence it is pumped by this same vertical sun. They can turn their bewildered eyes toward the south and see beyond its clean white border tho mainland stretching off in billows of burnished green to the far-away hazy horizon, where like a voluptuous beauty it im])rintsa kiss upon the blushing sky; they may lie in the gray mist of evening and dream, and dream, their minds — how many removes fi-om tho intelliii'cnce of tho impatient sea and the self-tuned litu upon the shore? Or they may drift about in the amber light of a soft vaporous morning without nmch dreaming; one thing at least to them is real, and that is gold. Witliout the aid of divine revelation they fathom the difference between the precious solid substance and hollow brass. So do the savages, thinking the latter much the prettier ; and thus i J P ! m J i'! ■I 102 DISCOVEP.Y 07 D.VTJEX. botli sides, each ])cliovin;:^ the others fools and well cheated, arc happy in their traffic. The Spaniards arc enchanted loss Ijj the lovel}' garb in Avliich nature everywhere greets them than l)y the ease witli v/hich the golden harvest is gathered. Thus all betokens the most flattering success when a luckless event casts a shadow over their bright fortunes. TJie two ships were found to be leaking badly. An examination was made, Avhen the bottoms were found pierced by teredos ;' and thus before they knew it their vessels were unfit f)r service. Hoping still to reach Ciidiz, Bastidas immediately set sail, touched at Jamaica for wood and water, and continued his voyage as far as Contramaestre, an islet one leacruo distant from Espahola, where he was obliged to anchor and repair his ships. Again embarking for Spain, he was met by a gale which threw him bade upon the island. Buifeted in a second attempt, he ran the ships for safety into the little port of Jaragud, v\'hore they filled and sank, the loss in vessels, slaves, Brazil-wood, cloth, and gold, being not less than five millions of maravedis.* For notwithstanding' the esti- 'I . §1 'Called by tlio Vcnctiixns i/',wa.9, and by the Spaniards hroma ; a tcrriblo pest to tropical navigators before the days of copper-bottoming. This, and another tropical marine worm, the Simuorhi lerrbnnii, brought hither ))V shi]K, play havoc with tl'o wharf-piling of San Francisco and other west-coast fiarbdiH. •"The early chroniclers make their reckonings of values under difiereiit names at diil'erent ti'iies. Thus during the discoveries of Columbus we hear of little else bub iivtnive'Ui< ; then the j* >o pos.sible it is SPAXISII MOXF.Y OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 103 ill fivo esti- I. At llli W.l3 [<> fif^v Uiiiuul nui'.'.'i- llo it i^ nn'Uil to X[., jl'Vv.li- Ipiiiii'^li ■ The lii/f-i ''« from iiiablo iv])utatl()ii for l>icty, justice, and liuiiianity wliich he lias always borne, tbc good Bastidas did not seniple ^'(Mitly to entrap on board his shi})s, alonijf the slioi'e of J3arien, several scores of iinsiis[)ecting natives, to be sold as slaves; nor, having th'is exei'cised his virtues in the klojienumia of the day, did he scrui^le to aband(jn with his sinking shi])s the greater poi'tion of these innocent wretclv_'s in order to save the more of his gold, which wa.j; deeu.K'd of greater proximate and certain value than the bodies or even the souls of the heathen. Thus observing ovcrywhcrc, as ])erforce we must ns we proceed, the nucjcnaniniitv end IsiLrli morality with which our so prized and pelted civilizat ion greeted weak, defenseless, and inoll'ensive sax'agism, we ai'e ] lie] K! red when sui[)\vrecked mariners are thrown upon ;i distant isle inhabited by their own eountrvmen, sub- jects of the sauM! sovereigns — \, > are pj epaivd by their jvcepiion, which wo shall ])resently see, to t-xclaini \vith u])lifted hands, JL>«liold, how these brethren love one another! jrxo sfiU'il/t), equivalent in value to four tifths of tlie foiiucr. The mutilartor of llci'icvii translates prso-f (/'■ oro as pieces of eiyht, hi wliieli aii in (itli«r tlliIl^'s lio is about as far as possible vr^JiiLr. The eii;-;te!Iano, the our- liftii'th (if the gohleu mark, in the reign of ]Mrf tw > eastellanos. Tiic modern donliloon is an onnee uf coin' d gold, autl is Wi-rth 10 V'csos fuertea. Kcdu<;eeney the \to>{t t'.ierte, ai-' slightly all^y^'il bullion, isin^eiyht nearly enou',u equivalent to (luc dollar. Theret'ore u, mark of silver i.s etiual to eight .lollars; a ijieee «rf eig'it, eoual to one ])eso, whieh eijuals one dollar ; a renl il ' vellon, live oe its; a SiiaMisii-Anierieiin real, 1:!^ eents; ;i marav(.'di, iiof a ei-nt; a ea«t, or I'esii d ; oro, fJ,.")!!; a, liloubluon, JiJo.l-i; a diieat, J^l.Oi; a, )rt*»'li of gold, .^iJ**. i.sMUiiiin;^ the United Semites alloy. Tiie fact tJiat a eastelluno was ecjuivulent t 1 only rjO uiaravedis t-hows the excceilingly liigh value of silver as eoniptured V ilh gold at tiio perii)d in (piestion. The modern ouuee, or doubloon, is sal- lU'd lit about '■•Hi. As to the relative ]iurehasiiig power of the i>reeious metalii lit dilU'r- nt times during Mie past four ecnturies eeohomisls dilli.r. Tlio returui bronglit by the lirsL discoverers began t!ie depreeiatiun, wliieh was lajiidl;- accelerated by the sueeissive eonqin-sts, no'ably of Mexii.o ami IVm'H. Any oi.e n':iy esiimate; no one can determine with ixaetness. Uobertson, I'rescoti, and other writers make l)Ut guess-wi^rk of it (see llUl, Ann rim , ami C'lii'i. M< riro, passim) when they attempt to measure the uncertain mid wiilely diversilied deiiomipations of centuries ago by lUc current cuhi ol to-day. Uiar. Ckm. Am., Vol. I. U : 14 mi DISCOVERY OF DARIEX. After 1)r.i*niiv^ sup>Tilnons aninunutioii, tlio Span- iards gatliored up tlicir valuables, and ])laein!4' tlieiii on tho backs of such captives as for that purpose tliey iiad kindly permitted to live, set out in three! diN'isions over separate routes, so as to secure a more libc^rnl supply of provisions on the v/ay, for Santo Domingo, distant seventy leagues. In his license, as \vc have seen, Bastidas was authorized to trade only in lands discovered by himself But on tlit; way liis followers with their trinkets had pinx'hased food from tlie natives; fir which offence, on his arrival at Santo Domingo, lUistidas was seized by Bobadilla and cast into prison. In vain did all the s]ii])wrecked com- pany protest that they had bought only such articles as were necessary for their nourishment durincf the mareh. To tlieir afhrmations the govei'nor turnefl a deaf ear; and as Bobadilla was about to depart I'li Sjiain, tlie notary was ordered thither for trial, sail- ing in Ju\y, loO'J. l>efore the sovereigns Bastidas found no difficultv in justlfving his conduct; and so rich were the re- turns from his traflic with the natives <>f J)arien, that notwithstanding the unfortunate termination of the adventure he was enabh'd to pay a large sum into tlie royal treasury. Vor their inn^mrtant suc- cesses, to liodrigo de Bastidas was awarded an animal pension of hfty tliousaiii! maravedis, and to .luaii de la Cosa a similar sum witli the title of alguacil mayor of Urabii, all to bo paid them out of returns from i\\r new lands which tliey had found. "Such," remarks Irving, "was the economiral generosilv of King Fenhnand, who rewarded tlie ]>ast toils of his ad- venturous discoverei's out of the expected proilucu of their future labors."' 'LnsCasiis, ylio was nt Siiiito T)iniiinL;i) win n the pliipwrt'cUiMl nuiriiMrH arrivoil, >a\v liastidas, and j>art nt' lii.s f,'iiiil, and thi- nalivcsof n.iiicn wlmia lio liad liniii!,'ld, and wliu in jilacc of the Adaniic liLr-lcaf woic ii t'uniu'l Blinpi'd cDvc rin;j iif ^'nld. 'I'licrc \M'ri' j^'i'cat riolii-M, it was (-lid: tliiTi' eh' 't-" full (if ;;i)ld and ]iiarl.-(, which nn icaihin',' Spain were (ifdiTtd t^t 1«^ jinlih' !.v di.-:iila\td ia all ihu tuwuct throii-li Mhitli Ihi- notaiy paused ou his wuy ti> ARCHIVES OF THE IXDIES. 1C5 r iiirt. This, n;'. nn ndvprtisomcnt of llio Tmlics, vns ilono to Iniullp (liP flro3 if iiviuico ami dirC'intont in .shiirgisli lirciists, that tlicrctVoin (itiiors iiiiL'ht ho iiiihic'cil to go anil gather ;,'iiH and jiay tlic king lii.s fifth. .AftiTwar.l i'.as- ti.Iar. rotunu'd with liis wife and c-hildivn to Santo Domingo, and hccauu' I'iih ill horni'il cattle, hi ving at one time SOOO liead; and that whin a vnw in ]Np:.fiola wa.-i worth ,'<{) jie.-os dc oi'o. In l.'iOl lie again visited I'ralni, iu two .■■hip;-, and hrongdit thence ()(X) natives, whom lu; enslaved in l]s]ianola. In \o20 the emperor gave him the paeilieation of Trinidad with the title of ade- hiiitado; whieh grant heing oppo,-.tMl liy l>iego Colon, on the ground tliut the inland was of his father's diseovoring, IJastidas waived his claim, and aece}ite(l the governOi'ship of Santa Marta, where ho went with loU men, and was iis.iassinated liy his lieutenant, Vilhifuerte, who thought tosuececd him. and to Fileuce the governor's interposed ohjcetion.s to the maltreatnient nf the natives. ThuM if the humane liastidas, iu accordance w ith the custom of the day, did inhnmnnly enslave his fellow-creatures, he gave his life at last to .^ave tiuin from other cruelties; which act, standing as it does luminous and alone in a eeiitiiry of continuous outrage, entitles him to the lionorahle di:Uinetion of S;i."Jn'.-i hest and noblest <-iw([uiMad( , . As the eloquent (j>uiMtana says: ' l!as- tidas no so hizo c'lehrc ni eomo deseuhridor ni como eou([nistador; \» lo su mi nioria debc ^^cr gr;ita ;i todos los amantes dc; la ju'^ticia y do la l;nio,.iiidad, por h.'iliev sido uuo di los ])ocos i\w, travanm ;'i los indios con eipudad y man- sediunhre, considerando aipiel ])ais mas hicn eomo uii ohjeto de especulaciniieti t;i, ,. :. 1 , .1., ..1.,..; i : .i.. . ' :aiti!es eon iguales, (pu' eomo caiiqio de gloria, y de eoii(|uistas ud his Among the standnrd authorities mention is uiadt^ of IJastidas ami his voy- age hy Laji Casas, lli-t. IiuL, iii. lO-TJ, who refutes certain of Oviedo's uu- ijnpoi'tant statements in lliioni (/I'lirnil ;/ X''liii-iihlc /.r< liidht", i. T<'i-7; ii. ;!.'/l-r); liy Herrer.i, i. 1 IS-0; tlomara, llisf. lii'f., fol. (17; and iu (i'llnnioa J->i;•/,;,,., H; i;„h,rt-on\-> /li-t. Aw., i. l.-|!t; //(///.■< ,V;)( './.<,'( < 'niiiiiteat, i. 'JDI; AcO'ila, (^im/irii'l. ///'..I1 11 f\ I • , 1 .!.• • II' .1..- I ) 'II.*.* ./i- Ualho.!,' 1. Iiuli'(iiK"ti's Arrf. hiit-or. hi W't si, \[)7v, J^ar'^inr '•()(• /•/', ii. ',\'2; Ho'iuiii' Aiuial't CI/' Aiii' rira, i, '20; /,< rdndr Ttjada, AjhiiiUs /list,, SI); /farris' To//., i. '270; Major's J't-iifc l/iiini, liOO, and like .'ilhisidus aro Worthless. In Kcn-\i Col. i'o,'/., ii- oS-O;!, is given a tr.-uislation of (lalvano. Ill A.i's eollc( lion the narrative is sulistantiallv the sanu; a< in (lottfried's. The most f<'rtile soiu'cc of infoi-ma.tion relative to the early all'airs of -Aiiieiica is the .[rrliiris' o/ l/ic Indies, a general term comprising various eol- K'l'ti ins in various jilaces. I'l'oin this source many writers have dr.iwn, and are still drawing; many doeuments liaV(> ln'cn itrinti'd, and many yet I'cm.ain to he printed. Altngetlier th(< collections are very numerous, as the !_'mvi riiiiiciit ln|uired full records, and oi some cases copies, to he kept of olllcial ducumcnls C'liiicrning discovery, coniiuest, and settlement. 'J'lu' several conmil-eham- heriand jiuhlio ofTiee."! where the Imsiness was transact d wvvr the Ihst deposi- t irir ef thrse papers, th<' chief pl.iccs then heing Seville, < Vldi/, and Madrid. Ill l.'iOti i'hilip jr. (irdeii d all collections, ecclehiastie ami secular, to ho 'uiitcd, and (tepoKiteil in the fortress of Siniancas, A,giiin in 1717, when all tlie e(»ni)eila were CoHS0Udate Pobertson ascertaineil that the largest room occupied by the Archims'C aiiiMH'jasWM lilled with American papers, in 873 bundles; that they weiu ROCERTSOX AXD :\IU.^OZ. 197 Arch'i'O out, or )!• later, lCCUIUVI- Ihan at i in ll>c I eock'si- portancc laldng aiul icy sliouli\ Lt Madriii. l,y AbcUa, k'illauneva, IS best they of written orhU Teter i-yliody who •ylhing ^va-^ (jf co\u>e, (iasluinl ni'eof many |;l, Tureluis, npi-r on the .^lirth histo- iiives of the 'he /"'''l/'' ';'' ' Aiiifv'fn, - iliertsoiiwa-* [I'legaiit au>l lea up to hi-i |(lo;j;matisni, after him Uped riehev ■ess hvlxJi'. Itliorities ;it Lnnany au'l luofit. 1" . Airhii^o-f'lf [t they wevo cnnccriled from strangers with solieitorii3 cnrc, Spanish svihjocts even heing (Iriiioil access without an order from the crown; and that no copies could ho I litainod except upon the payment of exorhitant fees. However, through the assistance of Lord Cirantham, English amliassador at Madrid, and hy preparing a set of fpiestions to ho submitted to persons who had lived iu America, much new and important information was elicited, and eopie-; of certain manuscripts were obtained. The letters of Cortes, and the wrilings of Motoliuia, !Mendieta, and others, whieli liobertson used in mainiseript, lia\ u since been printed. It is greatly to bo re^'rottcd that t!io learned Jaan Rauasta Mufio.c did not live to complete his llistor'ni, dil Xurvo ^Fniitlo, only the first volume of ■\\liieh appeared. Tliis was published in Madrid, in 17!)I>, bringing his wmk down to 1500. Munoz was born near Valencia in 1T4.'), giaduated at the I'lii- veviRy, and in 1771) was comniiisioncil by the king to write a history <>f America, all public and pri/ate material being p.'ajed at his disposal liy loy.d 0,'der. Manj' papers were wanting in Iho archivo.j of the department of ilio Indies in JIadrid; whereupon lie went to (iimaneas, Seville, <;'ildiz, and other ttiwns, armed with a royal rrihiln, which opened to him family and mona.^tic a'jcimuilation.s as well as all imblie depositories. So great was the eonfn.inii i:i which he f(,>und the royal archives, tliat it seen»ed to him as if the^' had hrcu dii^anvnv^'cd purposely to hid.; wliat tliey cou'aiaed. Ia-cu in the indices of t!iO Airhiro Sccir.fo ihl Cou.'CJo (h- finlins there w^s scarcely any indication of papers belon;n'ng to the earlier American periods. Xevcrtlieless, by per- sistent search, mass after ma;^s of ricli material was uncartheil in tlie secret archives as well as in the /.'al Casu Andknchi )f San Franciico of Tolosa iu Cuipuzcoa, Santo Domingo of Miilaga, anil San Aeacio, San .hi-i', au'l San Isidro del Campo of Seville, until it maybe .said of him that hi:^ eilbrts were buried beneath the magnitude of thcii' invocation. Then it was that ho found ho had undertaken greater things tliau ho cotdd aecom- p!i.-.li. Even with the aid of government ho could not master the confused ni;!sses; for money and men unlimited I'aniiot accomplish cvi^'ything without lime. The imlefatigablc Mnuoz workeil faithfully; tho kir.g complained i>f tlio mcagro results; the author died doing his best, and his work to tliis d.iy remains uudouo. During his hibors ho mailo an extensive collection of papers, nienioi'ials, and other mani'-serijits relating to America, known as tho t '(ilcrrian ili! Miii'.o-, which ho once intended to publisli, but this with u portion of his iii., including the papers in the C'lisn ile Conlratdcion in Seville, the ('■ilc'jio ill' Sua Til mil, the Ijiltlin/i'ni i/e Sim Aciicio, and from the collecticn of t!ie Conde del Aguila. \VitIi tliis material, increased by sidtsecpieut research, s in tlie librarie.'^ (;f the Royal Academy of History in ^Jadrid, and otlur putilic institutions, and in many private collections, particularly tlirt of ti c ])ukc of Veraguas, and witli access to tlie ^lufioz collection, Xavanete began in ]S'_'5 the publ'catiou of his Culcci-ion de lus I'iicji'-i y Di'scidirimiiidos, ijiii' liit'-crnn jiiir tiiiir Inn U.-ijutHok-t iIimIo Jiiia dd Sijtu xv., in 5 vols., ^^adrid, lS2ri-n7, in which he printed over 500 documents, many of them of the highest importance. As this collection constitutes one of the chief nuthorities upon tjio early atl'airs of Darien, a brief notice of the autlior may iiot be out of place, ^lartin Fernandez de Navarretc was born in 17Go in Abalos in old Castile. He entered the sennnary of Vcrgara in 1777, where he studied Latin and mathematics and displayed some literary taste. In 17S0 ho joined the navy, was stationed first as a midsliipmau at FeiTol, joined Ct'irdoba's sifuadron i;i J7''li uiid cruised in the siumner of that year on the English cojist. He di I i^oiil} service before Gibraltar in September, l~!<2, and in the battle off Cajie Kspartel the 'JOtli of October following. Li I7S3, ha\ ing'been promoted to .« naval ensigney, lie was appointed to the Cartagena deiKutment, and ^ruised in eon.setpieucc against the Moors during tlie years nf^l-."). On tho close of the Algerine wars he Ftiidiid tho liighcr mathcniatics, navigation, mid mana-uvriug with Oabriel ikl'i^.Ofn', rflstiiigiushin.? himself in these Is-amhcs, In 178!), his health forcing Iiirrt 7, Liingarn. inWi;^ namerl itiUiU*J'r ■ f iii.oiiii', and unwilling to lose bis young secretary, he bn>Hj^>t Win U* %iiuU'U. (rixing biiii II i)lace in the department. Here, in ISOi, T SUjtCnii , ft fesuiiie of Spanish di.icoverici on tlic CahlViijian uiid %i>v\\\\s-\i\i\, coiun, M.VRTIX FERNANDEZ DE NAVARRETE. 109 that lian l)ecn i.incli cited in the English- Ainericau disputes about the Oregon h.iimdary. Meamvliilo his merits were reeogni/ed in Muibid. In ISO? lio was named i.nniMro Jixcal of the supreme council of the admiralty cotu't, lie hiiMing already the rank of captain. ]jut in this year came the French in- vasion, overturning all things. Madrid fell in ISOS. In ISl'J Navarrete was fnund in Ciidi/.; in 1814 in Murcia. Ftiiiundo regained his throne, however, May 11, IbM; four months after which event Navarrete returned to ^ladrid. In JSl J he proposed from his place in the Spanish Academy that new system ut ortiiography which has been adopted for its dictionary. lie iutcrestev many ycai'.i in fact, if not in name, the great and chief naval authority of Spain; and this without prejudice to his literary activity. In l.S'J.") aiii)eared the lirst tw'o volumes of his Collection of Voyages; the tliLrd appeared in IS21); the fourth and lifth in lSo7; while the .sixth and seventh were still unfuushed at the author's death. On the publication of the EshttiiOi Ucnl, in l.s;ji, hu icccivcd a place in the new peerage, and sat afterward as senator for his own province, in almost evciy legislature. Wni his studious life and pacilic char- acter were hardly destined to .shine ia a political career, nor was it for the interest ef .«oicnce that they should. In the winter of ItU-l, in the seventy-ninth year of his ai,e, Navarrete died. The Academy issued a postluunous work of his in 1^4(>, a dissertation on the history of the nautical and mathematical sciences in S[iain. A collection (if liis .smaller works, Colcccioii de optUcu^a-f, was begun in lti48 \>y his son. The two vohunes which have already appeared consist mainly of short biographiesof Spanish navigators and literarymen, previouslyscattere(l ill i>ci'iodicals and in the tran.saetions of the various acadenues and .societies. M,i\ arrete was a man of learning and research, as elearlyappears; inclined some- wliat ' o verbosity ; tiresome to most readers, though pronouncedi/evriH^- iint.^iizo by hi i contemporaries. Of the historical valueuf hisworks, however, tluie [■n but one opinion. Humboldt sjieaks of his Collection of Voyages as "one of the mo.st importaut monuments of mocleru times,' and calls him 'the most ac- curate historian of the geographical discoveries on the New Continent.' 'J'Ik! Ikiron de Zaeh, M. de IJerthclot, Frescott, IIel[)s, Irving, and Stirling, have all liven him much consideration. Indeed, tjie friends of Navarrete cannot I'lnipl.iin that he has not been honored. Decorated with grand orders, mcm- Ix r in higii place of many academii < and smieties, his lot was more fortiuiato than ii usual among literary men. The iiarts of Nav arrete's collection \\ liii h hi .ir most directly upon this history arc: //( liu-'imi ilr hii-ijn dr /'omi^i, i. 'Jm'- !lii; Ciiiiii, ijiip i.icriliid I). Cr'isitjha'. < u.'iui, i. 'JittJ-.'jL't; Uilndon liilm p; and tlic E-st(ilih'rimiriiio^ rf Prhnrra-t Pnhhichmi's tjr Jnx E-^pfnolc!^ en el Dnr/'en, including instructions to Pcdrarias, letters of Vasco Xuriex, memorial of Ivodrigo dc Colmcnarcs, and tlic relation of I'ascual dc Andagoya, iii. 337-iJ9. Scarcely ^va3 Navarrctc's Coleccion de Viagex put to press, -wheu Washing- ton living heard of it, and Mxnt to JIadrid -with tlic intention of translating it into I'nglisli. But he soon saw that with less labor he conld accomplish a, work which would yield him greater returns. Navarretc, who had already collected the material and prepared the way. Was still disposed to lend tlio genial American every assistance; it was necessary for him to make few orig- inal investigations; so that under the circumstances the L'lje of Columhus was liy no means a dilFicult task for so read j^ a writer. Ilmnboldfc vijitcd Z\Iadrid before coming to America, but seems to have consulted no important historical documents not in the possession of others. Prescott obtained from the eollcctions of iruuoz and Xuvarreto 8000 f(;ii]s<'ap pagea of copius, mo.^t of which having any importance have since been printed by Icaiibalccta, Ala- inau, and others. Petwccn the years lS37and 1841 Henri Tcrnaux-Compans puUijhed at Paris twenty volumes of Voi/mjrs, rulation/i, ct maiioin.i or!'jii>ai(.i; jionr nrrvir il I'hlsfohr (Iv la (hrourcric dc V Amrrique, containing, beside translations of sovei'al rare and then unobtainable works, some scventy-dvu original docu- ment ;, pcveral (jf them from the Mufioz collection, and others obUiincd fruui the Spanish archives in isome unexplained waj', possibly not wholly discon- nected with the French campaign on the Penin;ni1;i. Among his ti'an::l:'.tions are documents relating to the eonrpiest and settlement of Ciiitial Amcricii and Mexico, tlio relations of Cabeza dc Vaca and Ixtlilxocliitl, Ovicdo'^ llio- tory of Xicaragua, Zurita's Report on Kew Spain, and Ixtlilxochitra lli^jtory of tlic Cliichimcos. Ternaux-Compans also published llccudl dc d'.cunmiln it mfmoins orit/inaux siir Vhistoire dea possessions csparjnok-i d'Hii rAmcriquc, Paris, ISIO; and IjUiVollaqae aindricalne, a catalogue of buuka on America appearing pi'ior to 1 700. The project of printing original papers selected from national and family archives was agitated in Spain by Campomancs, Jovcllanos, Villamil, and others, who collected and wrote much upon the sultject. The ycliomc was delayed by the political disruptions incident to the early part of the century, by which the archives became badly scattered. In 1S4'2, under tlic auf pices of the Amdanla de la lli>(oria, was begun the publication, at JIadrid, of a Colicrion dc Duntmcu/dn iHcdiinn -para, hi Ilis/oria dc i'-pfulff, \\ith (he nr.mis of Martin Fernandez Navarrett, Miguel Salvii, and Pedro Sainz de Rarauda on the title-page. Xavarretc li\ 'd to sec only the fifth volume; Salv.i and Raranda continued the publication' to vol. xxiii., after whieli, Salvii edited alone to vol. xxxii., when lie was j(Jued by tlie marquises of I'idal and of Mirallores. After vol. xlvii., Pidal'a Kamo was drojiped, and with vnl. hii. Salvi\ and the Marrpu's do Fuentc did "alio appeared as edilon<. la eoii- necti.iu with documents' lelating to the gi:ieial history of Spain is luio piiiiled a vast amount of niattiT iibuut America, u. d the doings of Spaniard-) in tliat (juarter. During the next score of yetirs floods of light are let m 'i^ion the dark TERXAUX-CO^rrAXS, ALAMAX, .VXD OTHERS. 201 recesses of hidden treasures:, the spirit of unearthing wliich extends to Mexico. I ni.iy mention incidentally Ramirez, win,), in liis Prorc-so dc licsi- dinria coii/ra Alvanul) and Xiiiio de Oitzinan, gives some original Mexican ducunient.s not elsewhere pnblijhed. Alaman, at the close of his Di-icHacioiit.i, pi'iuts al)oiit forty original documents on the time of the Cumj^uest, some of them from the collection of Xavarrcte, and others from original sources, such as the Hospital dc Jesus in Mexico. The Doctiiai')do-i para la Ilhtoria de Mexico, ^Mexico, lS.")3-7, in 21 volumes, was made chielly from Mexi- can sources, and is specially valuable for north-west Mexico. Icai;balcetii"3 collection includes (Ifty-three documents, with few exceptions hudllw, the existence of several of wliich, such as a letter of Cortes, and the relation of Tapia on the Conquest, was then unknown. Moat of them were tibtained through (lonzalcz dc Vera, of Madrid; only two or three were found in Mcx- ii'o. Tli'.is far Ica;djalceta'a collection refers exclusively to the tixtceutli century. Lrasseiir de Uourbourg, for his Ulslolrc dcs Gallons dctlisici du Mcxiqiic, Paris, l!)rjT-0, one volume of v.hich is devoted to a history of tho Conquest from an Indian stand-poiut, seems to have relied on his Xahua man- uscripts, the standard histories, and a few Spanish manuscripts. ^Uthough much tlnis far had been done, it seemed little to the savan.iof Spain in com- parison Vvitli what yet, might be accomplished. And it was with t!us feeling tliat t!io government authorized tho printing of any documents in the l^-nl Airhiro dc Lid'as afTecting the history of America down to the end of the sev- rntecnth century. The publication of this new series of papers was begun at Madrid in ISG-t luidcr title of Co!cccwn de Docnmentos InuVlos rdatlv s al iJcucuhfliiiicDto, Coiiijiiista y Coloitiuicion dc Ian 2>o-'<^'0)ks Efpc.fiola.^ cii Auur'iot y ()cccu:iu!, 8(icado(<, hip^i wei'o provided him, to undertake new discoveries. l*artly because they would know more of theii' Xevr Woi'ld })ossessions, and partly to I'id themselves of 20'J I H '^^ IlL FOURXn VOYAGE OF THE ADMIRAL. 203 uncomfortable Iniportuuities, the sovereigns assented to this proposal, ineanwliile intimating that after two j-ears Jiad been allowed in which to quiet Espahola, the admiral should have his own again, but as clearly indicating to others that he shouUl not. Four vessels, ran^inj: in burden from fiftv to sev- cnty tons, were then made ready, the C(Apila}i<(, the ISantidfjo tie Palos, the Galkyo, and the Vizcaino, commanded respectively by Diego Tristan, I'ranci-ico de Porras, Pedro de Terreros, and JJartolome Je Fresco, and embarked at Cadiz the Uth of ^lay, I.jOJ. With the expedition sailed J)iego de Porras a-i chief clerk and notary, and Juan Sanchez as chief pilot; one hundred and forty men and boys consti- tuted the company. The admiral was accom[)anied by his brother IJartoloine, the adelantado,^ and l)y liis son Fernando,^ then thirteen years of age. Tlie ' Ilisncp'icw, Fernnndo, in his Ilisf. Ahnimnt'', in Biirchi, passim, and tlio.so who I'oliow tliid autlioi" closely, as Naiiiouo and l)u Cnuti, cull liiiii J^I I'l'u- fcL'to: llerrcra, Diego ^Iciidcz, ])iego do I'orras, I'Lolicrt.son, Na\ai'n'l.c, and (liliors, employ Uio titlu adelautudo. liciicra says lie was captaiu of ,GOd printed books and manuscripts, which went to the catheilralof Seville. lie uciiher married, nor left any re(;ogni.'.i'il progeny. Ho was the a.uLiior nf several works which have not been preservi'd, the inseriiitinn ou his tomlj iiKMitioning one in lour divisions relating partly to the Xew AVoiM and his father's voyages. Antonio de Letjii Tiiiclo, L'ji/f.oiiK;, .")(!.">, (11!;) and 711, rpeaks of a work, Aiiunf.anikiUos mlrc la J)ciiinr<'(vloii. dd Ma'nro, preserved in n!annscrij)t at Siinancas. The only printed book of Fernando Colon is a, history (jf the admiral, his father. The original title is not known, tlu' maii- iKcript dL-iajipcaring befvirc its publication in Spanish. LuisCulon, drikc of Vcraguas, uud gruiidoou of the udiuirul, brought the mauuscript to Cciioa ■1 .,• IMAGE l-VALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ;?:«- il Ill I.I 25 2.2 ^ lis 1110 1.8 11.25 1.4 1 6 ■» 6" ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SB0 (716) 873-4S03 204 COLOIEUS AT VEr.AOUA. sail across tlio oouaii was pr(js[)erous, with favoraMo winds and nothing to uui^ur tho approaching^ niis- I'ortuncs until the ships arrived off Santo Domingo on tho 20th of June. During the past two years matters had not ini- proveel at Es[)ariola. It seems that others could govern hadly as well as the admiral. Indeed, the icings of Spain, most of them meaning well by their nliout l.'riiS, ami dflivcred it to one Fornari, nn oM man who, accordin'^ to iKircia, l>L'gau lu ])riat il ia Spaiii.sli, Italian, auil Latin. Uiliers as»ert liiatib pa-ssuil iiilo t!iolianil:iiif Jl.iriiii, uIkj causcil it tu liclran.^I.ituil into Ilali.ui liy Alfon > . Clirlifoforo Coloiiilio, hito jKiln, fLc. It wan rc;ii-iiiti(l in TtMlian some six or ci,L,'ht tiinfx. A Frcncli tran :!:iti m was ptil)lis!\i'(l in l()S()-l, and nn Knjtlisli tninslation has pnno tho lo^imN, appcariu'^ in < '/iiinitlH'ii t'of. Voi/., ii. 4S!M)U4; Kerr'n ('oK i'n;/., iii. I -I-; ami ri Lci-lo.i'it Co', I'".'/., xii. I-I.m. It waa caivlussly rut-.anxlatcd iVuiu t'lKi T; I'i :n iuli) Sjniii-ili Ijy Andiv'a (l()ii;;al('/, d.; llaicia, and piiiiUd i.i hU lliiinr'i I Inrr-t fr'ni'tirm ilc, l(n Inrl'n'i Orrhlin'dh'-i, .'< Vols., Madrid, 17 1'', '• 'iii- prisiii'/ pp. I-I'JS, toni. i., of that soiicn, ami entitled, La //i.ilorin (/r 1>. l''. C/irUiovd <'ol"ii. Kit I'aliv, ctu. Tliid is the idi- tiiin ino.t c.inini iidv nf.cd, a:id ti) tlii.i I refer, aU'ioii j;h I have before mo nn Italian cd;}' ol Jio edition cf I70!). I'Vfiiindi C^ilon lind peculiar iid- vantnTos fir writim? his father's lii^tory. Himself nn notor in tho r\(>iits dusuriiied, Jio wa.'i moreover ]>urHonuliy acquainted with his father's fiieuds and held p>(Aie.i..ion uf hi.j father'^ p.iper.s. All agree tliat ho made j^oud UjO of liii OM', irtniuly, and (hat ho h.; i j;iven a clear .statement ef oven. 1 \. Iii 'li even ill hi ( fiwn tiinn lie;an to ho distorti'd. ]f ho \\;\a hilent touehi!'^ liii father's family, country, nnd hirth, m'o must remend>er that poverty mid obaeurity tvero a disgraeo in those days, nnd that tho sou Fcrnamlo wim a iSpa;ii:;;d. Tlio.o v>Iio slunild heht kiiuw the meriUi of thi.s author pay lii.a tli(! hi','!ic't tvilinte. Of hit wcn'k say 1 Mulo.?, lii-f his conduct, or they approved of it. Perhaps it was true that a knave was better for the \)hu'Q than an honest man. A. successor, however, had at length arrived in the ])erson of Nicolas do Ovando, and the superb fleet which had brought him, and was to carry back the displaced governor to Spain, now rode at anchor in the harbor. In following that contriving policy which others beside princes sometimes regard as necessary when straightforwardness were better, it had been deenuid exjjedient that Columbus should not on tliis cxjie- (hlion touch at Espanola, lest his presence en- gender fresh broils on the island. And the admiral npi)eared to entertain no intention of breaking the royal commands, until he found, on reaching the In- dies, that one of his vessels was unfit for service; or else he pretended that it was so in order to look in on his late government. Jiut whether in actual or feigned distress, when the admiral sent the 2Dt]i of June to ask of Ovando permission to exchange a leaky caravel, or at least to shelter the vessels from an impending storm, his messenger Terreros returned with a refusal. It was certainly an anomalous position in which the gri at discoverer found himself, vainly knocking at the door of a possession which he had so lately given to i)()ssililo as iihsurd. The two chief olijccts with nio hiivo hui'ii to adopt tlio U'st I'oi'iiis, and to prosovvo con astoiicy ; 1 do not chiiui cMiinent micicss in t'ithur attoinpt. Tiio rt'snlt, however, has lu'cn tlic adoption of thu followinj^ imtliiid, if it may hi* calU-d a nirthod; Tlio prominent places and persons of Spain, whosu names are invariahlyj;ivon in tiieirani^lici/ed form in current Kn^'ii^h liti-raturc, 1 write in tiic sanu! way; hut those same names, as well Hi all others, appearing in the New World, where no prominent Fuirlish writers have made them familiar in an Kn;:liHli form, I present in theori;:inal us written hy the best Spanish scholars. Thus the name of the ^rcat Cienoeso 1 u'ivi! in its conunon hitinizeil form, (^liristopher Colum'nis, while in tl.i' use of those of his less eminent lirothers and sons, who soon hecamo almost or altui^cthcr Spauiarils, 1 uUopt tho forms einployod by Spaniards. 206 COLUMBUS AT VEr.AOUA. Spain, .111(1 lie not convicted, nay, scarcely accused of any crime, Coliinil)iis sent attain an/i/('.< iiuu iinl'i- IIh d' li/fi nUiia rir AlidiK/rrilc ' Wo >iri(i:t itivini'ililc Fcriliniuid, kin;' df ll \x Sent to till- iiin''ui(i- iiit lord IJ.'iiiliiu'l Stiiixis, tff.istirrr of Uie sumo inost sorcnc I; ■l tiiu iioMo aiiil Kunu'il man, AliuinliT di! ('osfo, traii.shitcd tVinii t!m .S|i;iiii.sh i.liom iii'> Latin. 'I'lie tliinl d.iy <»f tiio Caliiids of M;iy, 1 1!!."!. I'oiUiliciito of .McMiiidiT \'L, Year Olio. (iiiaiiJijii is tho iiKi.-it I'Mstorly «'f a jjronjj oidUd tlio I'ay LsIuiuU, Tn tin »t (.f <; iianiija, m tiic civ d.T 1 ii.iincd, li" ]'arlia;<'',t.i, ILK' Miirnt, l^Miitan, t!io lai'.'.'cst, and I'lilii. On I'ctcr M;irtyr"s m.ii>. /ic/hi lifi/mi't (he '.'■!«;/' V, l,"il(), (luana j;i is written ijuiUdiMt. On m.'i|) iv., Mun'ili .I'/im, .siii>- jiiisod to lia%o liccn drawn liy Salvat I'ilt-trina in IM.', (iuanaja i.s i- lUil umii /;/•.<■", San isco; lliiat.'in, /(«/') tuimto: d I'tila, /.//,.«/, 1" (.'tilou loiati'M on liiH map, I.VJ7, yrl'diiii, .•f.'/'/vi/c'-r), and ^) .'o^ > uu'lot, and lio- tnc'cn tiio last two, ^ir/c-^t ,/''■. On tlio iiiapof I)ii':,'o do Ili'ii la, l.'ij.l, aro e.i'niii'o, to ti/A.<, i/'i l/iiiKi, iiiid ti:.i'c. Vaz l>oiii'a'•".^ .Wrv. l."i7L givi'H tlininil.rri^ : i tfiilhi/'.i M>ru, IiiTl, (•il'l.iil'l, (•'lii/Himf, 11. .,1. 1 Vtiln III, an I li'i or iSi^ii'ik't, (iii'i Ani'i'.i 0;'/,M, |(i;j;(, t r jiiiii'i or /.'.(//■i 10 same d nr.i. ./ //; Of t I • liailaj.i v. /;/-■,. ITTii llii'4'> dc iiras 111 ,-ffr vciiito l(';;ua'<, no ticno oo.s;i do proveclio i'"l. ill' ViitivM, i. "JS;!, I'ciiiarks; — ' im jioipu'ria, liojai/l Utila I i.s low and lovt 1: I HIK'O tlio i^ojll iiMii', ^'1* Liana. In Iii.s roinaiks on the two oMi^t map! of Anir: iia\w of ( Juanaja: — '|).is (yolumlnH sio sclion p'stlirn iiat.i.tx'i l>i'/\MiliIn, da ir wold iiiiiit so woit wostw arts so '.'Iti Mi Vi.ll I u'lit Huliin hio J do.'li I'in/o' d .Siilis L'id'i. Ocwivs ist o'», das^i si.' solion |.i|(» von cinri* spjiiii-^clicu KxiH'dition, dio ziim Miii^^'lionranh von < 'iilia nacli .Smlon aus^o- 1.1, : fin war, lio.siu'lit wunlo.' J""crnaii lot '. don loinplain-i tliat .Soli.) and I'iii/ou, visitiii;,' tlirso io;;ion3 in L">OS, roiiaiM<(l m.any looalilios, claiming to lie tlio lir.-st discov o^t•r^, and thus onusinj' nnnli confusion in tlio cliarts of llio time;,. And ll ere as well as c ;'lsc\\ 111 irro 1 may hjh di of a woi k fioni which I have derived no inconsiclerahle ndvanta;,'.' in tiaiinij tlio nictanioi'jihcwcs ,if iiiiiUM from tlioso ori;4inally (,'iven to tlioso dually est.iKli-ilicd. Lelicviiig t'lat much oniioufi ami valnahlo historical inforinatioii mi lit Ic olitaincil hy ia-titutiii!,' a close comj^arison of the nomenclatiiro ciii)iloycd hy the earlier laakerM ot charts at their respectivi' diitcs, in \>'',\ 1 diici tcl Mr (ioM- ■ hiiiidt to hriiii,' out anil aiTaiiiro f^r coiiNcnient. icti i( lue all siuli nhxaut maps a.s my lihiary contained, l'ei_'iiiiiiiiL; then v\ itii the earlicit. we < iitercil I'll paper ]irepared for the imrposo the n.imcs of all the princip.il plaies con- taiiic i within our territoiy. And sowith the next, , and the iw \|, throu;;li le f,' tir Da ;io t!ic siicces>:iv<> pi riods of discovery, following; the coast on oiu' t i, lien to 'i'cxas. ami on tho other from ranam.i to .Maska, and iilon Mahoird to the Macken/.io Itivci-. Inland names were incheh il, Imt Ihi ir niiinlicr wan small as compared with those aloni^ tho ocean. Sonu- '2(il> maps, eai ii ori;rinal authority for its time and ).la( e, Mere thus exjindiicil, and t! Iialties wliuli ha.l Ix 'I'l ilied at \'aiioiis times ain I hy various ]>( iv ins to t 10 ( 20R COLUMBU.^ AT VI'IIAfir.V. tlio trees tliiit rovorcd it, lio ^avo llie name Tsla d'' l^inos. On in in tliuir proper jilaccsi iluriiij^ tliu toiirHo of Uli.^ Ims- toi'V. The result of this lalH)r ut the end of six nmnths, Mr (iolil-K Inniilt vorUinj; j-lono after the lirst f'»rtni;,'iit, was three folicMiianufeript voliinies, eiititletl ( \irfnir'i]i/nf nl' t/if I'lifijic i 'o idI of Xurtli A iiicrU-'i, iintl t\f' tlic L'mti'rn ' ri. /.e of MartiK iHliaiin, I IKJi the ehart of .hian de la Co.^a, l."»(!0, showing tlio ^Ve•, the map is called 'J'i//>i:i I'/u'/y /•.^it'/.i T< rr<' Irxtii. 'J"wo only of the islands are given and botli cnlh d /~(»/«'//(f. .South of OcriiiixA Ochh iitdi'm is a large continent called J'arl'i ^1 1< /'riiiliii, I'aria or Hni/il. 'J'liero arc no names on the line of ('en- tial America, and the only Iciti'ring on t!io small portion of the northera continent are the mysterious w(.rds Zontia Mtln, which have givi'U ris(! ti> milch discussion. In liS.it» was puhlishea at Munich, by the Itoyal JIavariau Aciidcmy of Si'iences, from manuscripts in tin; uidversify library ami army iiichivcs. under the auspices of Friedricli Kunstnuinn, Kail von Npruner, ami (icorg M. Thoini's, and as HU])plementary to the text of Kunstmann's i>ie J:'iif'lirl.-iiii;i Aiii'rik'in, a collection of fac-similes of thiitcen early maps of Ameriia, entitled Al'ii-i zur Eiililvlnifj 'ji'Kiliiclito Aim't'ikas. This wuili I fhall citt! brielly as tlio Munic/i Ai'ui. pMvts of the I'acific Slides air shown on maps numbers iv. v. vi. vii. viii. i\. x. xii. and xiii., whicii will be f\irther mcntionetl in their several places. Map iv. was drawn by Salvat «le I'ili'strina prolwbly in l.")l."i. It shows none of the maindand above Yucatan, which is .-i ])cninsula. The northei-n coast of Central America u given, and the southci'u seaboard only of the Isthmus. Mo n.'imis are written on the southern coast. The .South .Sea is lalh-d M(tr I'/.^Yn jk'i/.< c-(.«/c//(.n)iw, .Sea seen by the Spaniards. Map v. is supposed to be by Vi" ei'iito de Maiolio, |,"d!). It shows the northern coi.st of the continent only fiom Capo ( 'ainaron to about .'W .south latitude. In a book entitle I A/iiiti.it, I 'iftiiin^irnplii'i, I."p7"«, is a copy of a map Rupjiosed ti> have been drawn by I'eter .\pi:inus in !.")•_'(•. and the first upon which I liaveseen the name '.\mcrica.' 'J'he northern part is long and narrow, of a horseshoe shape, and lettered J!'ir<(i!inrniii. A large continent is placed north of a strait running ronnp of North America from the globe of .lohann Sch.iucr, l.'iJH, the name 'America' likewise a]ipears, the lettering on the globe In ing placed in lira/il, and being in these words; — Aiiiirloi \'(t Jlnviliit Slrr /'i-;xf;/(i/'i 'J'trni. The northern and southern continents are sepanited by a strait at the Isthmus. It is to lie regretted that Master Scliouer had not tlio making of the world, so that it shoidd agn'e with his map, and save canal- cuttiuj;. The westcru liuc of the uurtheru couliuuut ruua uurtli uud isuutli; GUANAJA ISLAM). 200 1. •lilA island inliabitod by people like those of E^panola and Culia, except that they seemed nioi-j intcHi^ent and t!i(> western line of the southern contincn*' north-west and south-east. The fNtri'iiif northern cml of tlic northern continent in eallcil Ttrrti ik CuUa. AI'Iil; the wi'.-tiTU ! ! ore are tlio wonlM I'tlrt moiiilr lii-^/nitniii. \Vi '.t of tiio n'Ttiuiii contiiii'ut lie tlio laruo islauil of Zlftmi'jri aiiil a nuiltituile iif isK-vs. 'I'lio north I'acilic i.s I'alleil Orifiilitlin Oniuiu^. Cortis' ciiart of the tJulf of Ml xico, l-VJt>, Im a r()U:4h draft of oval shape v itii several names ainn.; tlio (oa.-t, many of wiiieh are ohsolete. Yui-atan is reimsi'iitcil as an islanij. Ill iMiO.I. tl. Koiil piilillsjieil ut Weimar a ilisscrUitiiPU un two df the oKirst ;:( lural maps of Ameriea, with the ori^'in of t!ie names on eaeii. 'I'lie maps were thiise of Fernamlo Colon, l."rJ7, and I>i<'i;o Itiiicro, l,")'J!l, then in Iho (^rand-dtiial lihrary at Weimar. The loxt aecumpanyiiig the-;e fai'-simiUs is eiitith'd l>if Ik-iite)! AlO-Klin (!fiii'rii!Kiir/(ii I't^iiAiiiirik'i. .\ii<'j'i'n/irt i i i/<:i Jiiiinii l'~:7 mill J.'. 'J, aiij llfhhl KnUvr Kiirl'ii V . 'Iho maps iH'iii;; full of names, eoiieernini^ many of whiuh tluie has lioen iiiueli discussion, ls,'» roj-al f"Ho jiaiies are devoted to their explanation. IJcsiilo n, iTitical review of n.iiiu iiclature is (,'iven nmeli information, ixith ^eoj.'raphieal and historical. ('■.Ion';, map shows the easti-i'n eoast.i of Norlli ainl Sciulh America, and tho (*>!itlieru shores of the Istiimus and Ontral America to ahoiit Nicaiai,'ua. liiliero's map contains inoi'e names than (Vilon's, ami asectioiiuf' the I'cniviaa e last; otherwise thcyaii! not unlike. ( 'out i nil i 114 the jocscut list we iiaveall of South America, and )>art of N'ortli .America, ;,'ivcu in l."rJ7 liy Uohcit Thorne; uiid the Western side of the New World in I.VJS liy ilonlone. I'tolcmy, iu M"ii-s'i'r, ('i.iiiioiirdjilii/, l.'i.'JO, gives the two Americas I'litii'ely .'-urrouiidcd liy water, with Yucatan an islau 1; in tiu' interior of Mexico ( '/niiiinJio, ami T< inU- l'''iii : and near Zijianuu AriliifM'livjux !^ '/.^S In-'iiliirii.ii, counted v: all i>rolialii!ity sjie'lidly for tilis m.ip. Oroutius Fine's eloho, l."i;i!, iiuiles die soutlieiii eoiitineut, which it ealls Auu'riea, hy tlui isthuuis dnr'nim to tiie northern, wliiih cxtiuds t )Ward tlie north-west across the ocean and forms )(ait of Asia, villi a eoutinuous coast Hue to-Lqian. 'I'lie .Atlantic is A''tii/!'iiiii, jiud tho rMcjiic .Viir ihl Siir. Yucatan is an island. It is dilliciilt to tdl whero .Mc\ico ends and Asia lugius. Tiniistitim is just Kouth of Ciiiai/, and MixiiMU and .Asiatic names iiromiscuou'.ly occur. O'ryna'us, iu l."i.'!_', gives .\iii(ricii in two parts, ilivii'ed l>y 11 strait at the Isthmus; the western eiul of till" noithei'n continent is called T( rrn ilc < 'ii'm, .Ma[) vi., Muhirk At'm, lo.'ij- tH, shows tiie I'aeilie coast from I'ei'u to ( 'alifornia, which is repnscuteil us a )'cuinsulii. The gull of t'alifornia is eallcil tho iti'd ."^ca. \ueatiiu i> an i-land. IJajitista Aguesc, lo;!(i, gives North America iu the shape of a horseshoe, with Yucatan an island. Alap vii., M'lniih Atliii, is supjiosed to lie hy Iktptista Agnese, l."(4(V-.")(). It show.s the wholo of the Atlanlie eoust, 1111 1 the I'acilic coast fioui I'ci'u to Mexii'o. llamusio, \'l(vjiii, iii. t'ol. 4.'>.">-.'iti, l.ii).'), lays down nhout half the I'acilic; i-oast. Majis ix. x. ami xii.. Miiiih-h .l/itv, are suiiposcd to have hecn drawn hy Vaz l)ourado in I."i71. The lirst ilcliucates South .America, ami a small part of the isthmus; the second hoih kIi Tcs of Central America, and the (iulf of Mexi'o: the third the I'acilio oast only from Mexico to Aniau Strait. On \\\\\\^ x. is a large lake north of Mexico, iu latiii'.de 10' to 4.'r, aiul uiidi'r it iu lar'_'c letters, lliiii'iiii I,'t /lii. (ieraril Mercator, .l"u.< uliv ra^iiifft>'ii]>li!'"', l."iiil>, and another edition l."i74| reprrscuts the world on two glohes, ami surroumls the two .\mciicas with Water, Ix'side ea]>ping either pole Mith a huge contiiieiit. la the nortli- lasteiii corner of Asia, map iv., is Aimririi' juus. There an; also Animi «•'■/. (^iiihilr'i rcu Tiii/niiio, a city, and I'.l j'irlit th' Aiiidn. (hi map v. tho stiait of .Magellan separates the scuithern continent from another large con- tiiient to the south of it, on which is i>laeed 'J'irni )lfl /ic'io. Luckily Ihii niitaictie polar eontiueut is lalieled Tirni Ar.stntlU iiondrui VDiiiiln, lest the a\ithor he embarrassed hy (juestions ahout it. After well p,issiiig tho bliuit uf Magellan, ICl Mar l\uiji\v is entered, though am tho tiupica are Uuv. cuMi'. Am., Vui.. 1. 11 210 coT.r:\rr.rs at vEHAcrA. know iiioro of tlu; useful arl^. Pivsciilly a lur^o canoe appeared coniini^ from the direction of N uca- tan. It measured ei'L,dit leet in its <;ivatest width, and was rowetl by twenty-five num. Jn th(^ middle, under a pahndeaf awninuf, .«at a ('(^c/Vyrr," or <'hief, wli<» manifested neituer surprise nor fear on hein;^ ljroUL,^!it into the presoneo of tlie admiral. 1 Iv siL,niiiied to thi; SjKUiiards as Ix^st he was alile the extent and power of Mexieo, and displayed utensils of eojiprr, .4oiic, and wood, earthen-ware, and eotton cloth l)rou;;ht thence, (loldwas plentiful there, he also said; hut the imaufinatiou of the admiral had majiped his strait somewhere southward; so Mexico was kej^t lor Cortes. There was on tlu* island an ancii'ut ahori^'iiKil of pcientil'.c attaintnents sullicient to enuhle him to draw for tlie Spaniards a chart of tlie mainland coast, and t(dl them nmch of the country. Ilim they tool; on hoard, and after dismissin;^ the caci'iuc with present'^, crossed to the continent, and anchored near a jjniiit rcaclii'il it lioomnos ^filr ticf Ziir. The nortlicni \Y.\Yt of this iiuip v., the two Aiiic'.ifajt, i:i <|iiito iiitt'i'Citi;!'^, iiiid will In; <'\[)!. lined il lwIich'. Tiiii cnrtii'^raiiliical miinstmsity MiohiU'l Luck, /litUni/tU /)iirrn lo.'/., l."iSj, ciKU'iiviirt'.l. ami with very fair siu'ccss, to fxoci'.l. M.ip xiii., Mmii'fi AtliK, liy ThntiiaM lluoil, I.VtJ, f^'ivcs the (ln!f ,if M('\i( i, the Islands, and thi' eastern coast of N'ortli America. In hndr'i Worlil Kiirwii'mMnl, l.V,t,">, anollier source of inloriuatinn not ri'inarUahlo f.)r reliahility, Uoiidius traces tiie western coast to Heriiit; Strait, lloudiiis' i;ian. l(l_'o, in l' t!ie iiiylliical strait of Anian. l.imine do l«ut, Aorri iirhi.f. It;:;;!, ha.s at ]>. -1^) a map of Snm E-tpitna, \r( ra (lo'iriii, and (I'riif/iiin'ii, aii 1 al j). ;>l 1 a ina]> of 'i'iirnt Finiid. A niaj) of tlio world in the atlas of Jacoli Coloin, llir;i, will rei|iiire mention liereattcr. OijU'ii/'m Aiiiiririi, 1(171, (,'ives the liorlhei'ii continent to .\ni,iM Strait with Xoni A/hrni in the iiortlii-rn jiart, and Ciiforniias an i'.ind; ni'.d a map at p. '222 shows jiarts of Mexico an I ( 'entrai America. Tiicre is a Iiiap of the midil'e ])art of .America in /liii.-ijiifr'^i \'f (lottfried; I'o /i;/'.* lie FriVirn'i ( 'nrrif, 17--! AiltDii'^i I'liil'l;/!', \~'i\\: Mnf'h i'a f!' >1 ir']ili;l I'l'fjO'lt UJti;!; llarri 1, llarleian, Oxford, llo-rers, She!voc!;e, .liil'. ry<, and otiier cod • tions of voyages. I may also mention ineiijciit' liy i'l tlii < volnme iiia]i-i an 1 charts relatin;-; more especially to anotlier p.r, of the I'aciiii; Stale-i and tlesorihed nion^ fnlly in a siicceedin,' volume. ■' Ciicicpie, lord of va-isals, wa i tlie name hy wliicli t!ie natives of Culi.i desiniiated their chiefs. Learning; tliis, the .'onipierors at)iilied t!ie name gen- erally to the riders of wild trilu's, althoi.gli in none of tiic dialects of tlie continent is the word found. I'eti'r Ma/tyr says that ' in ^■oml• jilaees thiy call a liiiii' Cucicus, in other places they call liini t>iiehi, and Bomcwheie Tibu.' PISCOVERY OF HONDURAS. m ;uiil>. jllt.^.tnl. In I it. "f .\ ri>-n J'u-iiin. |iii\ti"n Aiiiaii i .'..mil; •vc i-* a II. V..- in tlio •ti 111 tif 'nrtjr.i ■i'ufll, oIU • .^ HIl'l ('ul>;i 111- gi'»- li)f l!i>' l-i th>y uliich Ci»limil>u.s called Piinta <1l' Caxiims," from Iho native name of a oertain iViiit abouudiiiL; tlieival»out. ]lero the Spaniards landed on the 1 lih of Aujj^ust, and celebrated mass; then proeeedinj^ eastward some lifteen lead a succes- sion of gales which continued more than forty days, and having weathered theni safely they were so <1 li;_;liteil that in sailing round the point of their (lili\crance they thanl;ed (iod, and callod it ( 'apo (iracias il ])ios.* All this time Columbus suiltrrd severely. Indeed, lu- was now but littK; better than a V, reck in body and mind. On the after part of the ileck his bed was plact'd, and thi're he lay over- whelmed with pain and melancholy, lost in endles.s «;;iii. i\., H wnui'ii ii cjino tic jUL'iU'ras; uin ciironuicr also iiii]ii(iys iiio Willi! MiiH'ltir.is; (I'ltlrtno't /)!.iroi'., l(i(>, 'tlio (';i|>c cif ^iu'lU'I•a^<, iiiul vntu tlio 1 l:i;i'I.i t iimiarcs, anil lit (lu> CainMif U"iiiluia.-i, tliat i.s ti) say, tlir ('a|n' of thu I'lji'.hpa;' llii-.niii, ll'i-l. Moii/n Xrnm. -^-y, ' I'miiiluia ^tr:inilc. lIu' ila' |ia<'saiii i! iiDiiiiiiata I',;ai?ra, i> ila' Spagiiuoli ('aim ili Fnniliiri ;' Womorn, llisf. Imt., ',\\, 'calm (If lli^'iicia.-t,' ' X.iini'il liv C'llitiiilms iJii) tl(> la rnsi^sion, now Uiiowti as iiio Tiiito. '' I'nr full (li'siTiiiiiimn of tli<' st-vtial iicoiilcs iiilialiitiii;^ lliis icLiioii nt the ciiiiiiii ; of till' i;in-i>]M alls, (luir jiliy-^iiiiu'. i liar.ictt r, mstoiii'*, inytlis, ami li!li;ila'/o<, I must refer tlie nailiT to my Suthx llurm ■;/' Ihc i'urijir Sluli.i, ,"» 212 COLUMBUS AT VERAGUA. mazes of speculation. Now and tlicn lie would rouso himself to translate his visions, or to direct the man- agement of the ship, for though half his senses should have him, he was still a sailor from instinct; but hatl it not l^een for the faithful energy of the adelantado, tlio voyage might as well never have been under- taken. The mariners had now entered a smooth sea; with a favorable wind they passed rapidly down the ^los- quito Coast, giving the name Limonares to a cluster of islands on which grew something like lemons or limes, and on the IGtli of September anchored at the mouth of a largo river. Boats were sent ashore for water, and in returning one was upset and the wlK)le crew were droM'ued; from which melancholy occurrence the stream was named Hio del Desastre.*" Continuing, the 2rjth found the Spaniards off the Kio San Juan de Nicaragua, where, to escape a Ftorm, they ran in l)ehind an island, the native name of which M-as Quiriviri," but which from its verdant b(\'nity Columbus called La Hucrta, The Garden. There they rested several days, and f(3und sweet spec- ulation, easily inducing the savages to tell them such things as they should most delight to hear. Indeed, ull along the coast had vague information been given, by signs ill interpreted, of a remarkable country called Ciguaro, nine days' journey westward be3'ond the mountains. The people there were like the Span- iards, clothed, and armed with steel weapons, with horses and great ships. The women wore bands of c<)ral and strings of pearls, and the commonest uten- isils wore of gold. Ten days' journey from Ciguaro must lie the river Ganges; and best of all, there was '"Rio Esconilido, or Rhipfiolds, somctimos spelt Rlowfields, but errone- ously. The name originateil from the llutcli pirate Bleevolilt. (Jn map iv., Munii-h Atlitu, iu this vicinity arc found the words /'.-. dtl m. " Meivator places half- way liotwccu Cape Gracias d Dios and Laguna do Chiri(iui, (Ji:iniri, doEignating a town. IVter Martyr, dec. iii. cap. iv., says: ' He came to a region which the inhahitants call t^juicuris, in which is the haiien called Tariai i, named Miroluilanus by the Admiral], because the Miio- boluuc trees urc uatiuc iu thu le^ious tlicrcabout.' SORCERIKS, SAVACK AND Cn' I LIZKP. ■doll, lec- siich .;e(l, veil, lied the paii- A-itli s of ten- are was Irrone- lipiv., Ina do I says: M the iMiro- n passaiTfo tliitli(^r by sea; all tin* Spaniards liad tt» do A\as to kecj) rij^lit on; tlifv could not nii.ss tiu' way. TIk; ]Miro}u'ans oaxc lull credit to tliesf assertions. Tlius from till! l»et;innin'L;" mankind liave bet'ii directt-d, and ol'ti-ntiines to the grandest discoveries, hy niini^ded aciideiit and i;^norance, and wise men liki; (.'ohiiiiliu-i iiiive l)elieved these siljuvinely silly stories hecauso it jtleased them to do so. These savaijfes may liav<; had rumors (»!' ^Mexico or l\iu oii which to huild tli( ii- l)rill;ant iictions; their statements were lictions nolle tlie less. And indeed as they came tojj^other there for the first tune, the white men and the red, it is olteii ililllciilt to tell ou which side was the ') in Mci'oati>r"rt atlas, tlio word i^Citrii''/. 0:i tin' nvipof Va/. I)imiadi> in this iiicality is written nin'iiinriy. ' Kini,;io(ici>t.Mai)ln n liahcii tr''L;laul)t. ila^.s tiii-rio hciitigo " IMcw tii'lds-Ija,'uiii,'" dicsir Aniiii|i!at/. ilcs ('.ilinnlm-i mi. .\i]ili'ii; JialK'u dafiir dio Miindiuv^ do.s firnsscn Khisscs von Nicarayua dou liio San Juan ycuounauu.' KM, BeiUcn uilealcu Karlcn, ll4-lo. 214 COLUMRUS AT VERAOUA. tli(>sc hoatljoii sorccivrs l)i-iii'^iii;^ fi-oin the shades (if tlii'ir wiltk'nioss wmthrul dciuons to liui'l upon tlu-ir ndvt'rsai'ics; .'ind ever ixWvv on the voya;j[o all the ills tliat In-fcll ll).o Spaniards were attributed to the cneliantnients (»t' the peofilo of (!ari.iy." At anotlier port called Iluiva, Colunihus found the huts of the natives built in trees, wliieli he attributed to fear of ;^ri!lins. After a siiort excursion into tlie interior the adelantado retununl to the sliips. Xear Cape (Jraeias a JJlos the old man of (luanaja had been liberated with presents, as no lonj^er of use; n"W, seven natives wore seized and made to divulge v.lmt they l.new of the country, two of them being retained as guides. Sailing from Caritiy the ath of October, the sec- ond day they came to the liaguna de Cliiritjui, the country thereabout being calK-d by tlie natives Cere- baro." If some distance back Colunibus had luitnd "i he Chuvlen, here v."as a plurali::cd paradise. The v.onder was how nature contrivvd such glories, liound the entrance clustered i.--lands Vvdiose oul- si)read foliage brushed the venturesome sails that threaded the deep narrow channels. C'ele.-tial beauty irradiated the land, and a cekv^Lial iri-'hlness over- s[)rL'ad the sea. Uut a small atklitioiial rent was necessary in the ragged imagination of the admiral to fancy himself alreatly translated. The part of tlio '■' 'I'll C'liriii/, y en csas licrras tlo su comarca, sou j^amlca fccliicciT'i y iniiyiiK'Iro.in.' < 'nr/'iili't 'o'on, Xnr'n'rifrJ'o'.drVlnir^, i. .'(','7. 'Xu-.p:u(i'iau ii iiii-<(ilros frraiiiles liecliiccros, i nosiii a'.,_Mina iav'.K'iiiiiaiuIi> se n'-'i'ival.'aa a l.)i Cliri.-liaiii-;, ispaivian, pur cI aiiv lii rtu pniV') a : .ilj.ulia, i c jniii.iliuiii ', (jno lK'fli.i1)an lmi, lli'it. Ahnirnntc, IC, i;> ]h'r<-!','i , of this iilaor: — 'arrilmal ('anil ilo A ralmra, (juo son (5 Icmias ll'nas niui a luojxj.-iil.j |iara in* trar.' A.i.l Mi- Wnh\ rcnii'lvs ISihlm I'lh .dfn K lir.i, 1 1", 'Diuvo ScIiiUK ruirj jias.stauf ki'iiuiii''.i'ir.t(;>.'\vii .str sii»llii.'li Vfjni San. I nan Variay,' ahauf un-t-ro ' l^iirnna ilo Ciiiriiiin," die audi uulil iincli licnti^i'< Ta^c.j Ik'sou 'crj in ilircr vcst'iilu'ii Alitlicilun,' 'Uaiadcl Alniiraiilu'. . . .gi iiaiint v, iril.' llilicri places _>/.•(" lie (mil no in tlio lagnna. Va/ Dmirailo M'litos ('drx/jfrr; Maiollo jiita iirrc Hdnu'winro hi r inrnt hr'T'itlit, aad mar liy oro Imro. Morcalur ia::!;i'S ( I fi h' I ri> ti tiiwn. llDnHn-!, in /'iirlin, t/i.i I'Ujr'iiiw-, p!ai'tM in this viLiuify till' ti)\vn, i^hihrri. Wc^'liiiltsvlic S^ikjlicl, llJJI, givw C'i(Aii('/*o, wul u. liilio to the iiurtli a tjwn, (Jukura, CATIIERIXG GOLD. 218 l.iLjuna explored by this expedition was tlie iiorth- wi-sterii, known to-»lay as the JJitliia del .Vhnirante; tlu' hoiUhern part was eall.vi l;v the natives Ahurenui. lIaii_L;i:i;,^ IVoni the necks .^♦^ th.e natives was puro o-()l 1 ill pkite.-!, now lirst found -.iueo touehln,'^ theso .shores, but the owni'rs were eontent to keep it. Fur; her on, anywliere but liere, they said, was plenty of ;;"o!.l, notably at a plaee ealleil \'eraL;ua, twenty-livo Ica'L;'Ues distant, where these nuieh-adniired plate-^ of <^t)I 1 wvi'c lubricated, irastenin;^' forward, tiie Span- iards arrived, on the ISlh, at a river twelve lea;^ues to the eastward of C'(jrel)aro, called by I'ernaiwlo Col >n, CJuaii^a, and by i'orras, (Juvj^a, where .lio savai'X'S at[enii)ted at lirst to drive them away bv splashiuLj Yvute.', ■ ivindisluni^ wooden swords, beating' drums, and soumliiiL? conchs; which tlem<»nstraLlon beiuL^ ovi.1 they (juieily traded sixteen of their ;:;()ld- jilatei, valued at one hun;ired and lil'ly ducals, for three hav.'k-bells. The followin^j tlay the Spaniards Were met in like manner by other .savages whom a shot sent scampering; after which they returnetl and traded dull Tally. After this the discoverers touched at the prov- inces of Call';.! and C\jbraba, where they saw the ruins of a v.\,ll btiiit of .stone and lime, which excited i;i Iheia anliei[)ations of a near approach to civil- i;;a[ion; but as they neared the rich river the wind fre.liened and carried them past, without however I'reventing a y tli ■ .^IKiiiiai'ila to that whole itjioii, {iiid f.'iv(.a as a titlo to the iL-sn wliiiilji of C 'l.uiilju.i, who were calleil diikos uf \'(.rai,'iias. I'ttiT Martyr, Cnloii, anil l.ihi'.M, u!l write hif'-nnii ; Vaz Doiuaili, hirn'j". ; riol'.iny, Jhi-IjIi, u.i u I'lijv.ac'u ; I^R't aiul J cilery s, I'l niju'i. I'orrud calls the pruviucu Cobraba. JIG COLUMBUS AT VERAGUA. world, tlio universe clear cnouirh to him as mapped ill liis own mind, but luiLappily not fitting' the sul)- stautial facts. Instinctively lie seems to hover about this the narrowest part of the continent, his sliip's prow now pointed directly toward Spain, with India so far awav, and the vast water intervcninu', and tlif small hut miulitv strip (, j^ivv^i Puerto tlct JtS()) uiid niclit aiif den Karten vom Jstlunus von ])arien in Jicrrcia.' lJut it woidd seem from the description of I'Vruandu Coluu, JliU. Aliniraul', llU, hi Unrctn, i., that Uio placu ;d)juld lio END OF THE ADMIRAL'S DISCOAT.RTES. 217 And now the mariners show sic^'ns of discontent; with gold so near they arc not S[)aniards else. And the great discoverer, the admiral of the ocean sea, must he burv in this little crevice of a harharous shore his mighty hopes ? Bastidas was here," al- though it is not certain how well informed the admiral is of the fact, whether he had notice from ]]astidas at Santo Domingo as to the termination of his voy- age, or whether the natives here had tohl him; in any event, there cannot be now in the admiral's mind much douht that the coast is practically disct»v- cred from Trinidad to Guanaja, and that hctwt-en tlicse two islands isashoredine of continent unbroken i ly any strait. Yes, as well uid trace here as elsewhere ; and golddumting is not a bad occupation fur an old man aftrr his life's work is done Turning then toward Vcragua for solace, (he Span- iards sailed Irom El lietrete the oth of lV'cend>er. I'.t ~ luit in 1,1' Iho ,Mt i)t • Pins, ht iiuf [n voin It '.'III I'f luKl Ijo easily i'iin\iL;li fonnil. lie says : — ' cntramos rn vn Pnortceillo, que se 1!; /.'( (,■ \\in\[X caliiau in el mas de .")

    Navii (1 1 su eutrada era (lor viia boea do ijiunee, o vi uite ]iaso.s de auelin, i aiiilxis lado?! eran J. ocas, (jiic sali;.ii A:,'iia, C'liuo puntacle Diamante, iira tan iiriifutidn de ( 'anal, jior eiinicdin, (jiio aciicamlose a la or Alth til' ilia, \ u 1 11)00, so poi iia sallar desde el \avio en Tierr; itlio''itios arc soniewiiat vamie ami eonlHetin to the tcnniniil jioiiit fif the maiu-lane eo]iyiri,i. J. in t. IikI. sta 'Saiieron del pilfo do I'ralia, y fueron la eosta del I'miiinto del IMrete, ilondo ii''(jra cst.i la eni- (iiiajo, y lle_,aron al imerto lfi, yFarall-nes dil iJarieii,' rc-itiii;,' w ith ( l\ ii'do at that ]ioint. From the e\i- tli'iiei' llinnlioldt, L'xi'iii. <'rit.. .'>(!(>, infiis that llastidas continneil ' veis reitrst jasqu'au Puerto de Retrelo.' Loose statements aro quite the lialiit liow as of iild; instanee that of 1,, rdo de 'I'ejada, who says, .\]iiin/i>i lli-l., SU, I'lfenin,' to llastidas, ' V si'.'uio lia^ta el ]iuerto llamado despucd el litliro, duude so fuiido pwteii 'nueiito tl del Aombix ile iJion,' ^i If' 218 COLUMBUS AT VERAGUA. But with tlii;-. cliango tlio fickle wind liad likewise chani^ed its course; wherever they went v.ere storms and bufFetin_!L,'s, until Columbus pronounced upon that shore the name La Costa de los Contrastes. AVhere now was the balmy breath of perfumed i;.les, the sparklin;^ sun dancing beneath the wanton waters? IJemonii'.ed. Cale followed gale in ([u'u.-k succession; winds contending, veering; now the mariners were hurried on t, I .lO:!, tliey (vu'ie to anchor at tlu; nioutli of a ri\»r, the native nanu" of wlilch w;is Yel-ra; but (^'(dumbus, iu honor of the day, i]piphany, caUed it Santa ]\Iai'ia de ]\'len." One lean'Ue to the we^;tv, ard was the rivei" A'eragua. The a(hniral ordered both streams o '■'Tlmt i^ttofi.'iy, Dullilclicin. Porr.nH enters it 1'. ». c'-;vi ,■ iriTveni, l'(''/'"; mill l'\rii;iii(l<> t.'uKin, Kii'ii-ii, On lUliero's map the ii;iine lic'c i;) given to ;i lujjoun; \u.^ Douiiulo wiitua Ldcn; and Jiieob Culuni, Uilcu. THE QUIBI.1N. 219 to 1)0 soundoJ. The Veragua was fcund too sliallow i'or the ships. At the mouth of the Bclen was a bar, Mliich however could be crossed at high water; above the bar the depth was four fathoms. Ou tlie bank of the Belen stood a village, whose inhal)itaiits at fir;it opposed the landing of the Spaniards; but being persuaded by the interpreter, they at length yielded. They were a well-develo[)ed, nuiscular peo- ple, rather above medium stature, intelligent, and e.K('e[)tionally shrewd; in foot, in point of native ability they were in no wise inferior to the Spaniards. WJicn questioned concerning their country, tliey an- swered guardedly; when asked about their g(jld mines, they re[)lied evasively. First, it was from some far-off mysterious mouiitain the metal came; then the river Veragua was made to yield it all; there was none at all about Belen, nor within their territory, in fact. Fiuall}' they took a few trinkets, and gave the intrud- ers tv.'onty plates of gold, thinking to be rid of them. Within a day or two the vessels were taken over the bar, and on the Dth two of them ascended the river a short distance. The natives made the best of it, and brou'^lit lish and {'•old. Vrith an armotl force the adelantado sets out in boat i to ex[)lore the Veragua. lie has not proceeded far \v\nm ho is met by a tleet of canoes, in one f)f whi>.'h sits the qnlblan,^^ the king of all tliat country, liavin'( under liini many subordinate chiefs. lie is tall, well-modelled, and compactly built, with restless, searching eyes, but otherwise ex[)ressionless A^atures, taciturn and dignified, and, for a savage, of exception- all}' bland demeanor. We shall iind hiui as politic as ■' AUIiongli used l)y most Spjinisli anil Kii'^Ii-.li wiitciv! iis ii ]irii|)t'r iiuinc, tlio wnvd if'i'iifu i.i ail ii[)in.'lliitivi', mill : i.'nil'nM tlu' clii.f nf :i iiali 'ii, nr t!io ruliTof ji ilyiiaxty, n^ tlus ciiriijuc i{ tlio ('iili.ni-!, tlio /■n"' nf tliu rrruvi;iii--<, tlic ii//./« i,it' tlio (^iiiclii/s, t'to. CuluiiiliUH, wiiliii;^ frmii Jiimiiica, iiii|iliiy i ilm term i ', (^tiilihta eril they were tossed for bcveral days by the contendin!;^ waters. The storm abatini,^, and the ships made secure, tho ad('lantad(^ ai^ain started in search of the jrold-lields. Vritli sixty-eiLrlit men he ascended tho Veraixua to (Ik; villapje of tlio quibian, whose house was situated nil a liill round whieli wore scatteretl the dwelhngs of his people. The chieftain witli a large retinue, unarmed in token of peace, welcomed tlie visitors at the landing. Guides were n^adily furnished at tho adclantado's request; so leaving part of his company to guard the boats, with the remainder he set out on foot I'or the base of the mountain, distant six leagues, wliich ho reached the following day. For many miles he found the soil richly im])regnated with gold, and returned elated, as visions of jiopulous cities and unlx)unded wealth iloated through his brain. ^Vili(•h seeing, tho quibian grindy smiled that they should deem their work already done, himself subdued, the land their own; and he smiled to think how he had sent them round and away from his own rich mines to the poorer and more (.listant fields of Urira, his ancient enemy. Then the adelantado exjjlored west- ward, and came to the town and river^* of this Urinl, and to the towns of Dururi. Cobrab;l, and Catiba, where he ol "ned gold and [)rovisions. There wore here fifty leagues of coast, from Cerc- haro to Yeragua, called by the Spaniards the ticrra ill- imcato, or land ol' trade, moaning trade in gold, that being the only thing worth trading for in an expedition of this kind. This seaboard was heavily Wooded, and uninhabited except along the rivers, I'of three leaLjues inland. And all thiu'^s seeming so favorable, Columbus thought he would plant a colony " Rio Je la Coiici'pcion. I 1.^ COLUMr.US AT VERAGUA. licro, leave ci^^^lity men and one of the vessels in cluirge of the adclantado, and witli the remainder return to Spain, report tlie results of his discovciy, and obtain rr'inloivenicnts. Ina word,if notrestraiufd by s<^inc Ferdinand, or Fonseea,or other hateful friend, ho would repeat with fresh enthusiasm his former errors wliieli had so nearly wrought his ruin. JJut his usual ill-luck came to the rescue. The quibian did not view with favor the preparations which he saw the Spaniards making for a j)crmanent residence on his lands, and he determined it should not be. JJut how could he prevent it ? For ho was well aware of tlie advantages these strangers possessed in open warf.u'e. Yet there were several ways open to liini; if he did not wish to attack them witli an over- whelming force he could devastate the country around, withdraw his people, and leave the Spaniards to die, meanwhile cutting off such stragglers and foraging parties as he could easily handle. And this he did, begiiming operations by summoning the neighboring tribes;, ostensibly I'or the purpose of organizing an cxjK-dition against Urint and Cobrab;!. The suspicions of the Spaniards were aroused. Diego ]\rcnde?:, rscwlcro, esquii'e, or shield-bearer of the ship Saiitiarjo,'^'^ a sharp, bold, and somewhat boastful man, but courageous beyond the compre- hension of I'oar, asked and obtained ]iermission to investigate tlie matter. Entering the Yeragua in an armed boat he found encam})ed below the (juibian's village about a thousand painted warriors. Assum- ing an air of unconcern Mendez landed and strolled leisurely among the savages. Ilemarking on their proposed expedition ho ofl'ered to join them; l)ut his Borvicos were rejected, and his presenco was mani- festly distasteful to them. lie returned and rep(M'ted thai the savages were preparing to attack the S[)an- ^■-Irvinr;, fohnnhiii, ii. 402, carelessly (alls liim 'the chief notary,' ci'ii- foniiiliii;; liiiii with Diego do I'orras, who was notary of the expedition. 'I'll" notaiy w;n not a li;;]itiiig man, l)nt rather ^Mist withhold himself from iiotioii tliiit 1)0 mi^ht write down what waa dune by others. CAPTURE OF THE QUTDIAN. 2SS inn's. Yet to salisfv somo M'Iio doulttod, ^Nrendoz wtMit ;ic;ain,tliis i'wno takin-jf willi him one C()inj)aiii()ii, ] - -- t(Mi •!;.;■() (Ic lOscohar, iiitLMidinj^ plainly to deinaiul of the (^riil)iaii liis purpose. A liost of i'rowiiiii!^ savaij^es j^rccted the visitors, who asked to see the quihiaii. Till V were iid'nrnied that lie was Iviuuf ill from the or that a snr- cU'ects of a wound i-eccived in hallle. " \ verv jnu'pose," replied the ready ]\Iende;';, " I • '•..'Oil jiin roine to heal him." ]^>ut the Sjianiards • •i»ull nol !L;';iin audienee of the chief, and they re- lanicd moi-e than ever convinced ol' his Moody inteu- lion toward them. W'liat was to he done? The ndmiral could not dep;irt Vviiile hostilities were pending', nor could the {^[laniards delay their operations until it should jilease the savae'es to attack them. The adekintado deter- niini'd to I'orci.' an issue. With seventv-(ive men, on the mornin_L,^ ol' tlie "Oth of !March, he ascended the ^^'rag•ua, and landed unobserved near tlu; (juibiau's villa-^'e. iridinijf his men, he advanced, iirst with fMUi- nttendiUits, then alone, until after some diih- culty he ;>'ained admission to the riuihian's presence. What ]?artolome was now attemi)tin''- was tlu- iVLTular ^anie, afterwanl }>layed for hin'her stakes, but now heini^ pretty y;enerally [iractiscd in the XewAVoi'ld; namely, to ca])ture the chief and hold him hostaj^o fir the good behavior of his ]ieopl(>. It v.TlS at the door in front of the (juibian's dw^lliuL;" that this inter\ie\v took ))lace. The savage suspected noth- ing. Tlie very boldness of the scheme, so foreign to ahorigiual warf;ire, tended t^i allay ajipreln-nsion. Wilhin were tIfL}' of his household, and iit easy call i!\e hundred M'arriors; what had the (piibian t'l feai' ;* The two chiefs sat and talked, first on LO'iicral subjects; then the adelantado en(|uire(l con- terneilly aliout bis host's illness, examined the wound tfiiderly, ])assed his hands over the disabled limb while ])roi)osing remedies. Suddenly the savage felt the grasp of tlio Spaniard tighten upon him, and -Pi m 224 COLUMBUS AT VERAGUA. l)cf()ro ]iis suspicions wcro f;iirly aroused liis arms Were ])iiiione(l heliiud liim. Meiidez, who had l)eeii watehinu;-, lired his arai ,i Kiis lijos, ('• ai)iii traou algunos dollos de que quedii todaaquolla tiona cstaii- dali/ada, dostu no so dar cuoiita siiio que lo iiuiudo i'anT 6 aun apioj^uiiar cscula I'ranca. ' Dkjo i/e Purraa, iu Savarrdc, L'ul. dc \'iaji:is, i. -i)0-7. JU-VN SANCHEZ OUTWITTED. 22o ms L'C'U Lise. , ho ado, itulo that rally . hid loat^. , and \vXcY- X the .'dure, ol' hi.-i ;, even liseuss hjiosed .: Ihat V had L-rf and .y any j^uibiau Ibecn— - of the |)f their it ^vas Uiibian. Ipim it; •aptives !<• other liei'oro lo llano qw -I • returning, thr aiU-lantado looked ahout him for u irlialjlo [tcrsoii to whom ho mii;lit entrust liis weii4'hty cliar^'o. J'reseiit was Juan Sanchez, cliiet" jiilot, an honest sailor, not wholly indill'erent to military honors, who earnestly uU'ered survieo and was acee})tcd. The quihian, tied liand and foot, was iirndy hound to his h-eat in the boat; and suj)erlluous as mi^lit appear any admonition, the adelantado charj^ed Juan Sanchez to l>ok well to his prisoner. "Pluck out my beard hair hy liiur if he escape me," was the vauntim^ reply of Wic ])ilot as he shoved his boat from the bank and started down the river. JJut alas for the overweening confidence of a Peter or a Juan Sanchez ! Fighting the elements at sea is a dillerent thing from fightir.g Indians on land. Quite a (liil'ercnt order of tactics is required ; and the sailor's life i^ not the school in which to studv the wiles of Indian strategy. In the one place the sailor is not i\u>vc superior than is the savage in the other. The quihian, outwarddy calm, inwardly is fiercely excited; and like the wilil beast when hotly pursued, his in- stincts quicken with the occasion. He and his loved ones are prisoners, treacherously entrapped by a strange species of the human kind in return for fair word.; and generous hospitality. Their probable fate ])ossesses all the horrors of uncertainty. Swiftly with the s^vift boat runs the time away; something nmst lie done or all is lost. Narrowly, but cautiously, the chief surveys his keeper. It is jdeasant to look upon the homely face of honest Juan Sanchez; nt>t a lineament there but shines witli God's best message to man, and in language wlucli even dumb intelhgence may read. Stern duty is largely diluted with human- i'\. intcGfrity with charmlnLif siniplicitv; i'rom which the wily quihian takes his cue, and thenceforth is master of the situation. "Witli (juiet dignity and eliet'i I'ul resignation he sits among his people, hushing their lamentations and chiding their conqdaints. By Words and little acts of consideration lie lightens the UtsT. OKU. Am., Vol. I. Ij 228 COLU^mUS AT VERAGUA. labors of the boatmen, and studies for himself and people to give no unnecessary trouble. Tliese con- ciliatory measures are not lost on the warm-hcartel sailor, whose regard for his royal captive rises every moment, lie is pronounced by all a well-raannercl savage, a most courteous savage. And now the (jui- l)ian modestly complains of the cords so tightly drawn by the too zealous Mendez. They do indeed cut into the llesh, and constrain him to a most uncomfortablo position. And lie such a gentleman-savage ! Juan Sanchez is not the man to si*" there and see a fellow- creature unnecessarily suffer; he cannot do it. The thongs whicli lacerate the prisoner's wrists are loos- ened, the cord which binds him to the seat is untied; but for security — for above all this great chief must be kept secure — one end of it the ever- watchful pilot twists round his hand. ^J ight comes on. It is vcrv dark, Ijut the captives are quiet, and t]ie boat glides noiselessly down the stream. vSuddenlv the light craft sways; a plunge is heard; the pilot feels his hanvl violently wrenched; he must loosen his hold or bo drawn into the water. It is all as the Hash of a pistol in point of time; the quibian's scat is empty; and honest Juan Sanchez is obliged to present his hanging front before his comrades, a Spaniard outwitted by a savage After scouring the country in several directions, the adolantado returned to the ships, bringing gold- plates, wristlets, and anklets to the value of tlireo hundred ducats, which were divided, after deduct- ing the king's fifth. Among the spoils taken from the quibian were two golden coronets, one of which was ]iresented to Bartolome by the ailmiral. Not- withstanding the escape of the chief, who, after all, was probably drowned, Columbus prt)ceeded to exe- cute his plans. There were the king's household and his chief men safely on board, and these should bo sufficient to guarantee the tranquillity of the nations. THE COUNTRY ROUSED. 227 So tho arranQ^cnionts for the comfort and security of tho colony clurin;^ the conteni[thitc lliis end lie st'ciirotl the ccnijter- atiou <>!' tilt' iK'iLjhljoriiii^ <*liiel"l;uM.s, ami lillcd Ihu forest with his wari-iors. Stealthilv tlu-v lurked in the vieiiiity of the .settlement, and watched every path- way, ready t<) eat i^fl' any who should venture abri)a(l. Nowhere on the Islands had the Sj)aniards met such stubborn oj>[)osition, and serious misi^ivini^s tilled their minds. Their own proliable doom they saw fbre- shad<»we(l in the mutilated bodies <»f Tristan and his men, which came tloatint^ past them down tlie stream, attended by ravenous tishes; and the i-e([uienis suii'^' by (juarrellinj^ vultures over the remains when after- ward they were thrown back by the waves upon the beach, tended in no wise to lesse'U their dismal furu- Itodim^s. To heighten their misfortunes, a furious storm arose, which out otF all communication between the settlement and the ships. The adelantado en- deavored in vain to (|uiot the fears t)f his people, who emboldened by despair would have seized the remainiu!^ caravel and put to sea had the weatlui- permitted. Yet closer })ressed upon them the enraL;ed • (uil)ian, until dislodgetl they retreated to the river bank, before their caravel, and threw up earthworks, v.'hieh they capped with the ship's boat, and behind which they planted their guns, and so kept the sav- nizces at bay. On shipboard matters %vcrc no better. The con- tinued absence of T istan and his cre'.v cau.sed the admiral great anxiei '. In such a heavy sea it Avas unsafe to remain nc " the shore; the parting of a cable would doom th clumsy craft to swift destruc- tion. And as if th were not enough, the spirit of the nuibian broke ut amonix his cncaixod faniilv. Preferring death to captivity they plotted escape. During the night the prisoners were confined in the forecastle, and on the covering slept a guard of s;il- (liers. Collecting one nii^ht such articles as were witlini reach, stones used as ballast, boxes, and pro- vision casks, they piled them up under the hatchway THE SETTLEMENT ATIAXPONED. 2*20 covor. Ttnvard iiKiriiiiiijf, wlicii tlic j^UMrds* wrro sltM'j>- iiiijf soundly, as many of tlic caplivi's as wcit al'Ki inouiiti'd tluj lieap, and jilaciiiL;" tluir sliouldrrs to llu) rovorin^^, l»y (juick coiK-orti'd art ion l»iirst it ojxmj, Ihrowini^ the sK'i'pin^ sriitinrls in ovrry direction, and s[Hini4'in'L^ out Icajtcd into tlio sea. I'liosu wlioso t.>i'a}>o was picvrntcd woro i'ound next moniinij^ tan, and of their determination to quit that ac- cui'^ed coast at any hazard. Ledesnui returiietl and till I the admiral, upon wliose mind thereui)oh gloom settled in vet denser shades. Unri'-'hteouslv dejtrived ot Ins command at Santo ])omin'>-o, he had nourioiM'd tile hope that this last and most important of liis dis- ; a n^lit between his gang and the Spaniards under Ixutolonie, in Avhich six were killed, among them oui' honest friend Juan Sanehez, who had cast his l.)t with Porras. The doughty Ledesma, also a rt-bel, though badly wounded, lived to be assassinated in H})ain. Porras and several others were taken ]tri;soiiers and coniined on board the wreck. The ruuaindcr of the deserters then retui'ned, penitent. Fhialli'the admiral's agent at Santo Doniinn'o, Diego du Salcedo, came to h'.s relief with two ships. It was infamous in Ovando to leave (.'ohunbus so l,,_ig in such a strait. The excuses lie pleaded were absence at Jaragud, and lack of suitable shi[)s; but JiaJ he been in earnest to deliver the admiral, means coull have been found before the lapse of a year. Ahlioujh on arriving at Santo Dominixo Columbus received lodgings in Ovando's house, and the uover- nor \vas outv/ardlv exceediniilv attentive to his i2uest, ill reality there was little in common between the two inou but jealousy and distrust. I'orras was allowed to riiaui at large, though linaliy sent to Spain for trial. (Vluuibus sailed for Spain Se])tember 12, 1504. For a time lie kept his lied at Seville, writing heart-rend- iiijj lij(tcrs to the sovereigns, who paid little attention to them. ]>y the help of the adelantado, ever his most iaithful friend and lirothcr, Columbus managed tlij following year to creep iq) to coui't and beg redress from the king, for tlnj (pieen was now dead. Hut Ferdinand was dee[)ly disgusted; not so much liovever as to prevent his gi'antiiig the illustrious 'M] Mire tniiisfcrrcd t<-> Simto Pomiii'.'M. Wlii'ii J'^spni'iola was cinlcil td Fvanoe in I7!l">, the S]):iiii.-h nnviil ('oiiimiiinlrr jiskt'il jK rini.-sioii Id niiinve tlio idiiaiiis to Ciilia, Mliirli wa;i graiiUd ; anil what were MqipofiiHl ti) hi' llic iciiiains wci'c so I'ciiuivcil liiii]st jioini) ainl re r,'- iiKuiyiii I't'iciuhfi'-.Januaiy t'lilhiwiii};. ]!nt later iiivistiviiUoii.s tlio vi' iilti'f h>i);j:-:-laiii'iu;,' iiriiiiis, .•■at i.-lii'il iiiaii_y that a. I luiidcr liail Imcu I'luniaiui •! ; and that the Imncs of Culundiun still rest at Santo l)r,niin"> did not. To the day of his death ho thought America was Asia, and that Cuba was main- land; lluit the earth was much smaller than it i ■., and that six sevenths of it was land. He dvvolt much on a society of .Vma/ons who never had existence, and at (very step among the Islands he ingeiUKtudy allowed his hiihuiied imagination to deceive him. He claimed to have been diviiu ly a[)pointed for this mission; he afFirmcd his voyage a iiiii'acle, and himself ii!>]iired with the conception ol' it by the most linly Trinity; he vowed to rescue the holy sepulchre, J5I 234 COLUMBUS AT VERAGUA. wliicli he never did; he proclaimed visions whieii he never saw, such as St Lhuo at the toj'.-uiast with seven hghted tapers, and told of voices which he never heard; he pictured himself a missionary to bc- niu'hted heathen, when in truth he was scatterinu' among them legions of fiery devils. But what ho knew and did, assuredly, was enough, o[)ening the ocean to highways, and finding new continents ; enough to fully entitle him to all the glory man can give to man; and as for his errors of judgment, had lie been able to map America as accurately as can we to-day, had ho been divine instead of, as ho claim(>d, only divinely appointed, with myriads of attendant ministers, his achievement would have been none the greater. From the infirmities of his nature sjirang the nobility of Brutus; from the weak- nesses of ( 'olumbus was compounded his strength. Assuredly it was no part of the experience and ingenuity which springs from life-long aj>plIcation that made Columbus so essentially a visionary; nor was it his scientific attainments, nor the splendid successes which despite the so frequent frowns of fortune we must accredit him. In his avocation of mariner he was a plain, thoughtful man of sound judgment and wise discretion; but tired by eiitliu.'-aisiii he became more than an ordinary navigator; he be- came more as he fancied himself, superhuman, the very ai'iii of omnipotence. Once born in ]ii;n tlu infatuation that ho was the divinely ap|)oiuled in- strument for tlie accomplishment of this work, and frowning monarchs or i)orilous seas were as stiMWs in his way. Wo see clearly enoULi'h what move I him, these four liundred years after the e\'eut, though he wlio was moved in reality knew little about it. J3y the ])i'essure of rapidly accunuilating ideas wc see brought to the front in disttovery Christopher Columbus, just as in the reformation of the church Martin .Lut,her is crowded to tlie front. l''ho Gor- man monk was not the Iveformation; like the Genoese i FURTHER ANALYSIS OF CH.UIACTER. 235 •luil'cll Gcr- Icuocsr sailor, lie was but an instrument In the hands of a power palpable to all, but called by different persons dill'orcnt names. While yet mingling in the excitements of progress- ive manhood, he became lost in a maze of mysticism, and to the end of his life he never recovered posses- sion of himself Not that self-mastery, the first necessity of correct conduct, was wholly gone ; there v^'as method in his madness; and he could deny the demons within him, but it was only to leave open the d(jt )r and give himself up to yet other demons. Ill the centuries of battli; now lately renewed lie- tweeu science and religion, ColunJuis fought on both sides. Never was a man more filled at once with the material and the s])iritual, with the emotional and tlie intellectual. Mingling with beatified sj)ii'its in ilie garden of his moral [laradise were naked wild men ev tlui gnawing hung(!r of tem])oral and spiritual ariibition 111' was enabled to see the new lands suggested by science, just as the imprisoned monk, stai-\e(l and scourged into the beholdings of insanity', sees angels reigi!s, with whom he aimed to be exceedingly shrewd. Ilis contact with niiin r to harden his heart, and drivt^ his ailec- ti'iis all the more from eartii to heaven. Ilis mind was of that ii'loomv cast which made even his sue- AXO]\LVLIES AND ABERRATIONS. 237 cesses sorrowful. AVo liave seen aiiionuf lils j)raetl('al Aii'tues iiitei^rity of a lii'^li eonvnitional order, sini^lu- iiiiiidediiess, coura^'o, and iiidoiuitable jx-Tsevcraiu'c; and in other characteristics which Avcre not so pleas- ing? — pride displayin<^ itself, as it often docs, in relig- ious liuniility; a melancholy temper; a sellisluunhition, wliicli witli one grasj) would .secure to himself and his family the uttermost that man and (;lod could give; with all his devout I'iety and heavenly zeal a painful and often lucHcrous tenacity in clutchini^ at hin'li-soundinix titles and liollow honors — tliere were even in the most unlovable parts of him some- thing to respect, and in his selfishness a self-sacriileing nobleness, a lofty abandonment of self to the idea, which wo can but admire. It was not for himself, although it was always most zealously and jealously for liimself ; the ships, the new lands, the now })eoples, his n)rtunes and his life, all were consecrate; should the adventure prove successful, the gain would be jioaven's; if a failure, the loss would fall on him. Surely the Almighty must smile on terms so favor- al)le to himself. And that he did not finally nuvke good his promises with regard to rescuing the hoi}-- sepulchre, and building temples, and converting na- tions, was for the same reason that he did not finally satisfy his worldly pretensions, and secure himself in his rulership. lie had not the time. In all his worldly and lu>avenly ambitions, the glory of God and the glory of himself were l)lended with the happy eon- sununation of his grand idea. And never did morbid bi'oodings over the unsubstantial and shad(»wless [)ro- duce grander results than these incubati(tns of altei'iiate exaltation and despondency that hatched a continent. And in all that was then transpiring, there are lew intelligent readers of history' wdio cannot see an over- shadowing, all-controlling destiny shaping events throughout the world, so that this then unknown continent should be prepared to fill tlie grand })uri)ose which even then appeared to be marked out for it. . ■ u ill: m. 1-4 'f-ii it H, , ■' ■ ■ 233 COLUilBUS AT VERAGUA. Wliilo, therefore, in tlic study of this remarkable cliaraoter, wliosc description is Init a succession of paradoxes, we sec everywhere falseliood leading up to truth and truth to falsehood; while we sec s^jring out of the ideal the real, results the most substantial and success the most signal come from conccptii^ns the most fantastical, wc can but observe, not only that penetrative vision which in the mind of genius sees throu'jfh the symbol the divine siofnificance, but that they have not been always or altogether fruitless of good, those spectral fancies which riot in absurd- ities, Ijuildirg celestial cities, and peopling pande- moniums, evi n in the absence of genius, symbol, or significance.'^^ '" I liave remarked at some length on Fernando Colon's life of his father, and on Iho k'ttcrs of the admiral, and other documents in XavaiTcto, Sa!v;i and IJat'anda, Pacheco and Cardenas, and Mendoza, and elsewlicrc. The standard Iiistorians, Las Casas, Oviedo, Peter Martyr, Gomara, and Jlcrrcrn, I vill lias ! for the present, only remarking that each in his own way tells the story of the admiral, and all must bo carefully considered in a study of liis life and acliievements. Other early or important authorities are Zn)-z>, J'(i( 4 XcU'iiH' nil' rctroiinti, \icvni\n, 1J07; Ihichamr, Niwi' loihikanthe laiid/r, Xu- remlicrg, l.")OS; S/ninli'r, Di/alofjv-i, Augshnrg, 1508; Mar'incii,Obra( 'uminn-ti lie lin Coma Mi'inoraJtlcn e Vlaros Varnws dc, K.simna, Alcala, lo30; Oir- ahlin't, Itiui-rnrioin ml Iii'ijione:i srh ^Eqnnortin!}, Rome, 1G31 ; Orynitii-i, A'ori-H OrhU Iieijloiina ar Insvlarvm vcterihvH incoijiiitarvia, Basic, 1532; Maii'd, 1H<- toriiintiii iiiil'i'ariini, Florence, 1588; Gainhura', J>c vnviiiatioiie C/iri

  • !<' vk'rdffi. I?vi/>i' so voUenhrnrht hat C/iriMojlel <'oliimf>, at pau'c (! of Liiir, MiiT oder Seehtnni Ihirh, Co\o<^i\q, 1508, should be read in rcfennm; with tlio maps, to bo appreciated. See also RnniUHO, I'liKii/i, id. 10-18iind 1)8-0; IlnZ'Oii, ///V. .l/o»(^ .V/wo, 27-30 ; G,ili'aiii>\'i Discov., U\)-\ ; Ihnn- hiildt, Kriiiii. <)•!(., pasrim; Miijiir\'< Select Lctteri^ of Columhu'i, Jlid'hii/f Sm'., Loudon, 1S17; Cast: llai>o<, Ek'niait de Varoncs ihiilre.x de Iiidi'is,4'2-[i; Aroslj, Civiipi lid. Ili-t. Niievii (r'niDiidd, 1-17; J!cjier>ori(j Anieriontn, iii. lS(i-'J_'5; Vct'tiirvH, Tmirn Mrx., 3-(i and lOl-O; Lenl,} de Tejnda, Apinif'.-i J/i-f., 77-80; Urm.H'if, JlUt. (Iii/u/in, 102-3; Oordon'.H J/i.4. Am., i. 247-01; /."'•/■ Kor'.v /Ii4. Diiirov., ii. l(i; Pdi/iio, Croiiolnijia Mcr., in Soe. .1/r.r. (Iioi.; IMert.tnii's Ilixt. Am., i. 59-175; Corntdi, Deseiih. de la An, , i. 0-312; Siiiio.'i, i'oiiq. Curra Jiriiie, 44-50; Me-a y Lcuinimrt, Wist. Am., i. l-;!4; Tor'/iieiiiiiil:!, i. 20-1, ami iii. 283-04; Vi'ijn, Ciwiiiienturins I'ailrn, ii. 7; Arota, 1H4. I lid., passim; I'illivjrtienv, Hint. Coiiq. llza, 5-19; Mi'iidirfi, J/itt. L'l-k-'., 13-30; (.'aviiiidlc>!. Hist. L'.-tjuirm, v. 27-55 and 104-9: Aii^rii U'/Kific, JJirrc Jiesumen, MS., i, 1-14; Mtnilhino^, S/ Fruiieii mid FrniirU- ciiiK, 521-32; Aa, Naaiib urije ]'< r-^amfliiii/, ii. and iii. passim; llohum' Aiiiiuli :\m., i. 1-10, I'uija, ('edidnrio, 4-5; (knizidcz harila, 'J'eotfo El"'., i. 255-0; Iliirlr's Eiirii]>. Sit., i. 1-45; Mitjor't Priiire. /fi'iiri/, 347-07; //''/''' SjKiii. Cniir/., passim; J/eyli/ii''s ('O'oiwij., 1083; (JijiUii/'t Am., 55-0; ^'■.■f, liV'- oiiiil Ost Jiidisc/i, r Eusl'iiirt, 178-84 and 408-9; Campe, ]li4. Jk'scid). Am., 1-133; Poii.sshi, />r III PiiU^iUh-c .iiiit'iicaiiie, passim; IJist. ^fl>',|., A\v^. anil Sept. 1804, and Feb. 1808; Markiint, Hist, EqMiui, vi. 307 etc. and vii. 80; BTBLIOGRAPETY. 239 Miiiloz, inif. Xiirro Mniiilo, i. 2T-n»'2; Mordli, Fusti Xovi OrHs, 11-12; i'iin-/ri.<, IIU /'il/rhnc^, v. )S01-4; I'iznrro ij Vr^f^ IlMrt's dil 3' (■'■•'') Mriidn, \-')'^•, Mnnfnm-i, />eXi'>nr:' en i hilnh inlo. Wirr lit, 1 l.'>: ami l.itit, Xov. (irh., ,'U5-(i. TIic lirst work to tlirow a clear liu'lit on tlio (|ir's- tioii of birtlipl.'ice was the Delia jialrid
  • il dfiiiiln Aiiimifi'ilio ]>. I'ri-iOj'orn Colomho . . . . r'cfi-hhirita e rompri'V it'i dni cilrhri n-rkturi <-io. rfinrcdro ('link'. Xnploiifi ili Coraiia'o ' I'iiiftnzn dc-Cnnli, the latter aiuhor if S'lviii dil Mo.i/irriiln, in which appears a wealth of new infonnation second only to the oriirinal narratives and documents themselves. 'Jlic l)i<f'n^'ii-i h'lli'lo jriju-lic, Home, 1800, of Francesco Caricellieri, which Lcelerc e:ills 'savante et fort curiense,' should not bo overlooked. John S. (". Abbott tliiows together a Lij'c <>/ Clirl-tojiher Cuhtmhm, New York, 1>.7">, in jiopular f'ivni, in wliich extract i are conspicuous, the author liaving made ijuite free with the writings of his predecessors. Probably not one of the many accounts of Columbus ■which liavo been published is presented with such fulness of detail, commandin;^ vivitl interest from first to last, as that of Mr Washington Irving, I'/w Life tind Voynffet of L'hrUto]ihcr < oliindnis ; to tclnch are added tlio^e of JJi.i t'ovijianions, 'A vols., Isew '^'ork, ISO'.). The first editions, one in London, in 4 vol.s., and one in New York, appeared in 18"2S; since which time there have been many issues, in English and other languages. The author was boi'u in New York, i.i ITSI, and died at Sunnysidc, near TaiTytown, on the Hudson River, in ls.')!». A strong literary taste was early displayed, specially manifested in 1S02 in a scries of articles contributed to the Mor)dnij < /imidele, in l!Sl)4 lie visited Europe for his health, returning in ISO". Then appeared the serial Salma- 'j'indi, and in 1800 .1 Ilhtory of New York. Again in ISl.") he went to Ihi- rope, and after engaging for a time in mercantile pursuits, abandoned them and gave liimself up to letters. The publication of the Skleh Hook was begun in nund)erH in 18KS, and was followed by llmcehrldije /Ldl in 1822, and 'J'a/en o/ a TnireUi r\n 1824. Then cama ('olutnhut, the niateriid for which he ob- tained from Xavarretc in Spain. See chapter ili. note !), this volume. After serving as secretary of the American Legation in London f.'om 182!) to 18o2, he returned to New York and published The Aliinmhru ; then Cnnion MUeel- liivjm lS,'{r>; ,l49r<'( in IS.'JO; Cit/itain />i>ni:eville in \S[\~ ; and Wofert'i Ii0o4 in 18.")."). From 1842 to 184(> he was American Minister to Spain. His later Works were (,'oldsniilh, 184!); ^[nl^olnel, IS.'iO; and U'ii.sldii;i'on, lS."."i-9. Mr I;ving lias been most praised for his genial manner, his gentleness of thought, and his charming style, which carries the reader almost unconsciously along over dciails in other hands dry and profitless. Among these is found his highest merit; and yet one would sometimes wish the author not quite so meritorious. Klcgance and grace eternal tire by their very faulthssness. In handling the rough realities of life one relishes now and tlien a rough tlimight roughly expressed. Neither is Irving remarkable for historii'al accuracy, or exact thinking. An early criticism on Culiiinf'iri complains of that without which the works of Irving never would have attained great (lopularity. lie was pronounced too wordy, his details too long drawn. If Uiis was the case fifty years ago, it is much more so now. And yet how i;,i 1 11 •iiH- ! "-HI 210 COLUMBUS AT VERAOUA. fiiscinatii!'^ is every Jiai^o ! And mIid but Irving coiiM mako tlirilling suth trivial events? Pennit liini the use of wovI.h, and liowsoever isolated tlie ideas, or commonplace the events, the result was brilliant; but force liim within narrow comjiass, nut only wcukl the charm be lost, but the work would l)e ahnost worthless. The highest deliglit of a healthy mind, of a mind not diseased either by education or afiertion, is in receiving the truth. The greatest eh.Trm in ex- pression, to a writer who may properly lie placed in the category of healthful, U in telling the truth. It id only when tnith is dearer to us than tradition, or jiridc of opinion, that we arc ready to learn; it is only when truth i^ dearer to UH than praise or profit that we arc fit to teach. If the mind be intelligent as well as he.althy, it knows itself to l>e composed of tmth and prejudice, the latter engeuderud of ignorance and environment, holding it in iron fetters, and with which it knows it nmst forever stnigglc in vain wholly to bo free. Thus keenly alive as well to the dillicultica as to the importance of right thinking and exact funns of CNprcssiou, it ncverthelc-s 1 :■) it:i keenest pleasure iu striving toward concrete tiiith. It is truthfulness to nature in all her beauties and tlefonnitics, rather than the conslnictiou of sonic more beautiful than natural ideal, that alone satislies art, whether in the domain of painting, oratory, or litei'ature. We of to-day, while holding iu high esteem works of the imagination, arc becoming somewhat captious in regard to oui facts. The age is essentially informal and real; even our ideal literature must be rigidly true to nature, while whatever pretends to be real mu.st be presented in all simplicity, without ein^umlocution or disguiscment. Half a century ago it was deemed necessary, particularly by writers of Bclected ejiochs of history, in order to clotho their narrative with dramatic effect eijual to fiction, to intensify chaiMctcrs and events. The good (pialitiea of gooil men wore made to stand out in bold relief, not against their own bad qualities, but against the bad qualities of bad men, whose wickedness was l)ortrayed iu such black colors as to overshadow whatever of good they might possess. Thus histoiical episodes were endowed, so far as possible \\itln>ut too great discoloration of truth, like a theatrical performance, each with a perfecteil hero and a linished villain. Of this tdass of wi iteis were Macanluy and ^lotley, Fromle, Freeman, Prcseott, and Irving, whose works arc wonder- ful iu their way, not only as art-creations, but as the truest as well as most vivid pictures of their several periods yet presented, and which for generations •will be read with that deep and Mholesome interest with which they deserve to be regarded. For, although their facts arc sometimes highly varnished, their most brilliant creations are always built upon a substantial skeleton of truth. I say that these, the foremost writers of their day, are none of theru free from the habit of exaggeration, deception. Indeed, with a wasteful ex- tra\'agaucc iu the use of superlatives it is almost impossible to draw character strongly without in some parts of it exaggerating. IJut in these days of ra- tional rolk'ctiou wherein romance and reality are fairly separated, celestial fiction and muiulane fact being made to pass under the same cxjx rhnenliini vnicis; mind becoming so mechanical that it introverts and aualj'zes not only its own mechanism but the mechanism of its maker; icouoclasm beconiiug gpiritualizcd, and the doctrine revived of the old Adauiic scrpeut, that tliu WASniNGTOX IRVING. 241 I not only jjuconiiug I that tho knowledge of good and evil is not death but life ami immortality, thi.i knowl- til^'o being king of kings, vj-ing with nature's forecs and oftentimes defying t!iI[H r ,j;; (■i ••-Ml ii urn 212 COLUMr.rS at VERAOrA. ■i: tory with P),^^t^/ Eiifiiincz, and tluTo liocomcs tlio f.-illifr of t!ic illc^itimato FiTiiniido; a l)Uii"liii;^ attt'm])t is made to oxc.iso t!ic hero for depriving tiio poor .sailor of the pri/u oH'cri'il hiiii who aliould first sec land; Oviido i-t chargtil with falsehood liocaii-su he soiiictiiiK^s ducidivi a;^'aiii:;t the discoverer in issues of policy and character; Father JJuil was "as turbulent as ho was crafty" I»c- oaiisc he di.sagna'd with tho admiral in Pomc of his measures; the most extrav- agant vituperation is hurled at A','uado because he is chosen to examine aiKl nport on the atlair.s of tho ladies; Fonseca is denouneeJ as inexpressilily vilu because he thwarts some of the discoverer's harc-l>rained p'^ojects; and so with regard to those who in any wise opposed him, wliiio all ^Wlo smiled on him were angels of light. All through his later life Mhea extra /agaut requests were met by more than the usual liberality of royalty, Irving is petulantly complaining because more is not done for his hero, and because his pctul.int hero complains. And this puerile pride from which springs such petulance the elo(juent biographer coins into the noble ambition of conscious merit. Though accoi'din;,' to his own statement tlie madness of tho man increased until towaiil the latter end he was little better than iml)e(ilc, yet we arc at the same time gravely assured that " his temper was naturally irrital)le, but he subdued it by the magnanimity of his .spirit." Tlie son Fernando denies that his father once cardeil wool; Irving docs not attempt to excuse this blem- ish because his readers do not regard work ignoble. Xow it is not the toning-ilown of defects in ;i good man's cliaracter tliat I object to so much as the predetermined exaltation of one historical personage at the expense of others utterly debased under like premeditation. l)id Mr Irving, and the .several scores of biographers preceding and fillowing him, parade the gooil qualities of Dobadilla, Roldan, and Ovaiulo as heartily ^is those of their hero, tho world would bo puzzled what to make of it. We arn not accustomed to nuch statements. Unseasoned biography is tasteless, and we arc taught not to expect trutli, but a model. Wo .should not know what these writers were trying to do if they cataloT'icd tho misdemeanors if Columbus and his brotheis 'with the same embellishments applied to .Vguado, Bail, and Fonseca; telling with pathetic exaggeration how tho benign admiral of tho ocean sea M'as the lirst to employ bloodhounds against the naked na- tives; hov/ he practised varied cruelties in F. :pafiola beyond exiiression bar- barous; and how he stooped upon occasion not oiily to vulgar trickery, but to base treachery. On the other hand, with those who seek nr ".iri ^ty by attempting to dcgr,".ilo the fair fame of no] Ac and successful geniu-- bcc aisc more credit may have bii ii given by some tlian is justly due, or by aflccting to disbeliever wliolc narra- tives and whole histories because portions of them arc untrue or too highly colored, I have no sympathy. Kooks have liAui written to prove, what no one denies, that centuines before Columbus other Europeans had found iliii continent, and that thereby the honor of his aciuevcmcnt is lessened -of which sentiment I fail to see tho force. So far as the Genoese, his works, and merits are concerned, it makes no whit dillercnce wcie America twenty limes before discovered, as elsewhere in this volume has been fully shown. Prcscott was a more exact writer than Irving, though Prcscott was nut •wholly above the amiable weakness of his time. In the main he stated tlie IRVING AND PRESCOTT CO^rPARED. 243 ritimatc .■iii'j; tho iliargi;c- t C'Xtrav- inino iinil Hil)ly vilo nl so with .1 on liiiii u-tulautly 5 petulant potulun'-O 3U3 merit, increascil ■j we are at ital)le, liut lulo detiiis ; this bkiu- ctcr that I 1 pcrsoiia.:o 1. Did Ml- )\viiv^ him, heartily as t. We an! ~tele«s, aii'l know what niounors I'f to Au-'iiail", li^naihuiial iiakoil na- ■essiou har- ery, but to 1 to degrade have Ik'cu liole nana- too hi.'hly le, v.hat no Ifouwl ihi< [•sscncil -111 |l,i^ wmU-^i lica twenty -ihoNVU. Itt was nut IsUtea the truth, nml stated it fairly, though he diil not always tell the ■whole tnith. The fault-i of \\\i heroes ho would speak, though never bo soflly; ho .seldom ntteuipted entirely to coueeal tliein. He nii^'Iit oxa;,'genite, but ho neiclier liahitually praetiscd nor openly defended niendaeit}'. Prcscott would fain phase tho Catholie"), if it did not cot dared think for themselves the thumb-screw, tho riir;-l)olt and pullej', the raclt, the rolUag-bench, the punch, the skewer, the pincers, the knotted v.Iiip, t!ie:;Iiarp- toiit'i. 1 iron collar, cha.ins, balls, and manacles, conliscation of property and h iruia ; at the stake; and all under false accusation! and distorted evidence. She (11 1 n it hesitate to tiei/e and put to death hundred j of wealthy men liltc lVc!io, and appropriate to her own use their money, though her e::(;i;i ito vunuraly sensibilities might sometimes prompt her to fling to the v. i low.; and cliililreu wliom she had turned beggars into tlie street a few cruinl-.; of tlicir firmer liehes. This mother, who nurscil children of her own anil v. ho : Iiould li''t have been wholly ignorant of a mother'.s love, turned a dt ;:f i :ir t > tl:e cries of M.i iri ,li moihcr.j as liiey and their children were t.irn asunder and r.old at i. l\ \ . Hi m *\\ 1*11 a a I 244 COLOIBUS AT VEKAGUA. the slave mart in Sc%-ille. Thousands of innocent men, vomcn, and children b!ic cruelly imprisoned, thousan reins from tho Genoese, and supplanting him by agents of their own clioosing. Tho iirst of these agents was Juan Aguado, who was merely u (JIT) i i ill III if lll 248 ADMINXSTRATIOX OF THE INDIES. commissioner of inquiry. With him, it will be re- membered, Columbus returned to Spain after hi:, second vovacce, leaving; his brother Bartolome in com- mand. The admiral wis permitted to try again; but on reaehin;:^ tlie seat of his government he was unable to (juiet the disturbances which had increased during his absence, llebelliou had almost reached the dig- nity of revolution, and stronger than the government were factions whose leaders openly defied the gov- ernor-general, vii'iToy, and admiral of the ocean sea. That their ]\laje. 1 ' ore greatly grieved at this, I do not say; or tlu. .ey were di.- pleased that the rebels, or revolutioniK^uS, of Espahola should refer their troubles to them. But this is certain, that after anotlier fair trial Columbus was obliijed to Liive it U[), and to see himself displaced by a i)erson far worse than himself. l*erhaps it is true that a knavo was better for the oiFice than nn honest man. Xot that Francisco do Bobadilla may be lawful! v accused of dishonesty; the sovereigns seemed cunipo tent to take care of themselves where tJieir revenue was concerned. And yet he was' certainly iniluenced in his conduct by no sense of right or of humanity. He was a man of narrow mind, of ignoble instincts and mean prejudices. Ho was popular for a time with the colonists because he was like them, and be- cause he reduced the royal share of the product of the mines from a tliird to an eleventh, and permitted the dissolute to idle their time and illtreat the natives; and because he released those whom the admiral had imi)ris()ne(l, and enabled Columbus to pay his debts — for which last mentioned measure I have no lauU t^t iind with him. It was the 21st of ^March, 1 100, that Bobadilla w;w nutho]'ized to pi'oceed against otfenders at Espaiiola, but he did not leave Spain until July, laOO, roaehiiig Santo Domingo the L';!d of August. The enchain in"" of the illustrious discoNi-rer by an infamous amiit. and for no crime, exeited universal disgust throughout NICOLAS DE OVAXDO. 240 ;aii sea. riiristciulom; and yet their ^[ujestle^ seemed in no Ijasto to depose him; for it wixh not mitil the :Ul of September, 1501, in answer to the persistent remon- strances of Columbus, that a change was made, an' returned to S[iain. Exce])t the provinces given to Ojeda and i?in;;oii, Ovando's jurisdiction was made ti) extend over all the Indies, that is to say, over all tlie New World diorainions of Sj^aln, i.lands juul lirm land, with the capital at Santo Domingo, and subor- ill V- ^M- Itl 250 ADMINISTRATION OF THE INDIES. tliiiatc or municipal govcrmncuis in the more impor- tant localities. All mining licenses issued 1 >y I3obadilla were to be revoked; of the gold thus far collected one third should be taken for the crown, and of all thereafter gathered one half. Supjilementing these instructions with much paternal advice cons: ting of minor moralities and Machiavelisms, their ]\1 jestios bade their viceroy God speed and sent him forih in a truly royal fashion. There were no less than thirty ships and twenty- five hundred persons comprising the ex[)edition. Of the company were Alonso IMaldonado, newly ap- pointed alcalde mayor,^ and twelve Franciscans, witli a prelate, Ante^iio do Espinal. Las Casas was pres- ent; and llernan Cortes would have been there but for an illness which prevented him. Tliere were seventy-three respectable married women, who had come with their husbands and children, and who were to salt society at their several points of distri- bution. It was evident as the new governor entered his capital, elegantly attired, vriih a bod}' -guard of sixty-two foot-soldiers and ten horsemen, and a large and briniant retinue^ that the colonization of the New World had now been assumed in earnest by the sovereigns of Spain. Nor was Ovando disposed to b ^ dilatory in his duty, lie at once announced tlie resu nckr of Uobadilla, and put lloldan, cl-dcvant 'Chief judge, or lii'^hcst jnuicial officer ia the colony, to talc, the iilaco of Uiililan, will) way to l)orctnni(Hl to Spain. Irvin^r. < '•i.'iinihii!, ii. ;jol,\\ritrs crroiicoiK-.ly ((/'/'"('./' -luai/or, evidently cimfonndiii,' the two olliees. I'nr Jvis Casa.s, I/i^f. Jill/., iii. IS, says plainly cuiuiL.^h:— 'Tnijo out-ig:) nor Alealdo mayor nil eaballero do Salamanca y lieenL'iadi), llamado Aliin;jo 5.[aldunado.' An alguaeil maynr waf) a cliief cnnstablc, or hi ;;h MlicrilF, a \-ei-y dilleiviit porpun frcnwiehivf jiid;.,'e. These terms, and the ollieos represented hy them, will lie fnlly i-xplaimd in another iilace. •'As this ^\ol■d ^\ ill often oeenr in these pnfTcs, nnd na neither the term nnr the in:'■ dcHcia. Lcloru this judge, wiihiu a given time, a ay one mi^lit appear RESIDE^XIAS. 251 rubcl, and later chief judge, under arrest. IIo built in Iv-^panola several towns to which arms and other privileges were given, founded a hospital, removed mid make complaint, and offer evidence against the retiring or finspcndeil oliicial, Avho might refute and rebut as in au ordinary trilj:ni:il. Tlic resi- (leni.i;i. of any oliicer ajipointod by the crown mu:;t be t;iI;ou by a judgo appointed by the crown; tlic residcncia of ollicers appointed in the luilics by vitcroys, audicncias, or presidont-governora, ^va3 taken liy a judgo appoiutod by tlic same autliority . Following are some < f the ch;ai;i;e3 nnii' i:)Mi;i the subject by royal decrees, the better to make it lit the government of the Indicj. The lOtli of June, ].">'J,'i, and again the 17th cf November, l.JJ(), Charles V. decreed that appeal might bo niir.le from the jiid_;e of reai- deneia to the Council of the Indies, except in private demand.) nut exceeding (iUO ]ic.so:j de oro, when appeal was to the audiencia. In I.'i'.m) viceroys ami jirc^ident-govcrnors were directed to take the residcnei;i, of r'-iUitil'^n .1 <(e J;c/:o-! that wron,';-doing to the nativcis miglit not escape ])r,nioi'meut ; and by a later law iiroclamalions of residencias nuist bo mi'iie in .'iuch manner that tlio luidans might know thereof. The (inlKiiiiza-i i!c.Aiiii!ciiC'ii.nA L'iiilip II. of ]."iii;Jand l.")ii7, state that in some citiej of the Innies it vra-i cujuimary to apiioiut at certain seasons two regidorcs, who, with an al 'abie, acted a3 JO li.-i iji ctilorc<. At the beginning of every year the vicrmy. or tlie pre ident, ia a city which wa.) the residence of an aiulicncia, had to anp.;int an ni^lor to take the residcncia of the liclea cjecutorcs of the previoni year. Tiic samo w.io to be (kino if those oliicc:! had been sold to the city, ri I % ( r /r/iir; but in :jnch eases it wa.) left to the di.scrction of the viceroy or pre. i.'.ent to can.so them to Iio ta!;cn when necessary, not allowing them to l>ccomo too connnon- p!ace. Piiilip II. in \'t~',], an,tK)J mar.avcdis, execution should issue innnediately ; in diuniv'c.j granted f;\im ]>rivato demands to tho amount of 'JJJ diic.its, the coudcm.icd was to give lionih to respond. W'liile an ollicial wa.i undergoing his residcncia it was e(pii\alcnt to his being under arrest, as ho could nciilier e.xerci^jo otlieo nor, excc]it in certain cases speeilicd, leave tho ji'.ace. ThiM tho law of loliO, leiteiatcd in \oS\, stated that from tho time (;f the proclamation of a resi- dcncia till its conclusion (tljuitrih'-i ntni/on'i and their Icim iiU.< should lie sus- jMuded from carrying tho Tirn-i, or fron; exercising any of t'.io finictions of oiiicc. In I.kS;}, in KiJO, and in IGSO. it was oritercd tliat fuch judgcfof resi- duicia a i were aiipointcd in tho Indies should lie sclccLc 1 iiy a vicci'oy and c idicncia, or by a president and audiencia, acting in accord. Salaries of jucces de resid-S'.). Vi the report of tho rcsidevici.L tho oriv'inal Wa I sent to tho Council of the Indies, and a, copy deposited in tho archives of the audiencia. 80 burdensome weie the.;o trials, so corrupt became tho jad ;cs, that later, in America, tho residcncia seemed rather to dcl\'at than to jii'omoto j !s,tice, and in 17'JJ itwas abolished so far as the subordinate olliocrs Were concerned. si: fill *■ Ifif !■ i ii ;. ! 252 ADMIXISTEATIOX OF THE INDIES. Santo Domingo to r. more licaltliful site on tlio otlier side of the river, and estal)liH]ied a colony at Puerto do Plata, on the north side of Espanoia, near Isal)ela. Distant ci, c,ii!3 Dioiio do i\ iencsa ' lioinhro du liiupi;'. iiiugre do lii josdid'rr),' a man of pure I'ori'.'.o blood. Coui'rrnin.L; tlio ovi'iin of llio word lil'l'l';/', .luan do la I'liento !.lirir< that dnriii^' tlio iMoori.sli -wars, whenever a larj^o town was eaptured tlio Ki;i ,' kept it ; the vida.^e i l.e pivo to eaptains who lK:d distingui.shcd them ;elve.;, and who wero ealird at lir.st v/'.(h lomr.i, and afterward (/rainle-i. To niiiior mn i- torious i)ersoin sonu'lhiii;,' les:i wa.-i given, a portion of the spoils or a grant of land, hut alway t eoiuetliin,^'; lieneo their descendants wero ealled .//;>'■••■'/ "',,'''-. hijifliiljiu, vv /li'ttilija^, wn.s of Koniething. In the />;••. Uii!c. anthoriUes a;-o quoted bhowiii'^' that the word liida/jo originated with tho Rohian e.jloni.;l.j of Spain, calletl I/uHfo.-', who wero exempt from inipoats. Jleneo tlio-o cnjoyini,' fiaiilar l)enelit3 were culled Hulko.i, whicli word in lapse of tinio bocanio lialiljo. COVERXMENT OF THE NATIVES. 2o3 During this earliest period of Spanish domination in Anici'ica, under successive viceroys and subordinate rulers, Ijy far tlie most im})ortant matter which arose for consideration or action was the treatment of the aboriii'lnes. Most momentous to them it was, cer- tainlv, and of no small consequence to Spain. Unfor- tunately, much damage was done before the subject was Ihirly understood; and afterward, evils continued because bad men were always at hand ready to risk future punishment for present benefits. Spain was so far away, and justice moved so slowly, if it moved at all, that this risk was seldom of the greatest. The sovereigns of Spain now found themselves called upon to rule two races in the New World, the white and the red. And it was not always easy to determine what should be done, what should be the relative attitude of one toward the other. As to the superiority of the white race there was no question. And among white men, Spaniards were the natural masters; and among Spaniards, v^astilians possessed the iirst rights in the new lands the Genoese had found for them. .VU was plain enough so for. It M'as natural and I'iglit that Spaniards should be masters in America. Their claim was twofold; as discoverers, and as prop- agandists. But in just what category t(3 place the wd man was a question almost as puzzling as to tell who lie was, and wlience he came. Several times tlie question arose as to whether he had a soul, or a semi-soul, and whether the Hquid so lively let by the conquerors was brute blood, or of as higli proof as that which ran in C'astilian veins. The savages were to be governed, of course; but how, as sul)- jects or as slaves? Columbus A\as strongly in fivor of Indian slavery. He had participated in the rortuguesc slave-trade, and had founcl it profltaljle. Spaniards enslaved infidels, and why not heathens? ^iahometans enslaved Christians, and Chiistians Mahometans. Likewise Christians enslaved Chris- ^1 I n i liil 2.>4 ADMIXISTRATIOX OF THE INDIES. tiaiis, white as well as black, tliougli it began to bo questioned in Spain whether it was (|uito proper to enslave white Christians. The negro slave-trade was at this time compara- tively a new thing. It was one f)f the proximate results of lil'teenth-century maritime discovery. The Portuguese were foremost in it, organizing for the purpose a company at Lagos, and a factory at Arguin, about the middle of the century. Prince Henry re- ceiving his fifth. Europe, however, offered no profit- able lield for African slave labor, and but for the discovery of America the traffic probably never would have assumed large proportions. Public sentiment was not in those days averse to slaver}'', particularly to the enslavement of the children of Ham. And yet neither Isabella nor Ferdinand was at all dis- posed, in regard to their Xew World possessions, to follow the example of Portugal on the coast of Africa. Though they had scarcely made personal the appli- cation that the practice was one of the chief causes of Rome's ruin, yet they seemed instinctively opposed to it in this instance. They did not want these creatures in Spain, they had no use for them. In regard to the ancient custom of enslaving prisoners of war, particularly the detested and chronically hostile ]\Ioors, it was different. This New World had been given them for a higher purpose. Its natives were not the enemies of Spain; they were innocent of any offence against Spain. It was better, it was more glorious, there w;is higher and surer reward in it, to Christianize than to enslave. This the clergy constantly urged; so that in Spain the passion lor jn'opagandism was greater than the passion for en- slaving. Columbus must have been aware of this when in 1405 ho sent by Torres, with the four ship-loads of Indian slaves, the apology to their Majesties that these were man-eating Caribs, monsters, the legitimate prey of slave-makers wherever found. Pcradveaturc SLAVERY. pomo of them iniglit bo made Cliri.'^tians, who when they had h\iTiie haccr f ucrza ni agravio a los Indies. ' Recoi). lie Indian, ii. 2, LAWS RESrECTIXr. TIT" ABOniOIXES. 207 tlioir^li unsuccessfully until tlio object of their solici- l;i(K< cruinblod into cartl).'^ 'T!i(! best proof of tho poli -y of Spain in rocrard to tlio natives of tlie N'i'W World is found in iier laws upon tlio sul)ji.'i't. Writers ni:iy jiossiMy i-dlor tla'ir a-iscrtions, Imt by following tho royal dui'i'i'i;H tliroii.;h sue- fi'ssivo iriLjns wo Ji.ive wliat caiuiot l»o controverted. Tho snlpjert of tiio t'.ciitincnt of tho Indians oo('n)iieH no injonsideralilo spaec in tlic J!i i-o/ii>ifioii il'' !.■ iridi: I n /iii/ii.'i. At tho beginning; of tit. x. lib. vi. is placed a elaiise of IsalulUs will, S'dennily injoinini{ her sneees-sors to sio that tho Jnilians v.f ro aluays cijuitahly and kindly treated; and this was tho text for future le:^'is- liitiuii. And ii"\v let lis fjlani'O at tho laws; I cannot givo tiie:n all ; but I can a^suro tiio reader they aro of one tenor. First of all tho natives v.eru to b>^ i)roteet( d by tl.o ceelesiastieal and ci\ il authorities. They mi.^ht marry freely, bit always in aeeordaiie'e with (,'hristian nsa^'c; must not bo taki-ii 1.0 S|iaiii; iiiiist lio civiii/ed, C'hristiani/.eil, taught to spi ak Ni)ani.sh, iiiid i > lovo labor, if pos-il'lc; they might so»v seed, lined stock, keej) tluir ami* nt iiiark'^t-days, buy and sell at pleasure, and even «lisposo of tin ir huids, Hilly t'lO Spaniaiils vero not allowed to sell them arms or ahoholij liipior.s. The I ai|uin lion could u' it touch tlicni, for in ndigious matters they\\(;o:.uliject to tlio bishop's jurisdiction, ami in cases of witi'hcrat't to tho civd jiov, er. Tiny might Iki>o their municipal oriiani/ations in imitation of tho S[iauisli t iwii goM'rmiieut, ViitU their alcaldes, tiseales, and regidores, v\r te watch o\cr and ])i(>tcct tlie Indians. (Jovernors and judges wei'o charged nnder tho severest jieu- iilties to SCO justico tlono them. Two olliceitj wcro created at an early day for this purpose, tlioso of pro'''Ctnr and (/'■iiii in eonnnunities, and have a iixcd n^sidence, and tlieir landa were not in coi-scquencc to be taken from them. Thiy must not ride on horseliaek, for that would make them too nearly e(iual to the cava'.ii r in battle; they must not hold dances witliout p'Tinission. fei then tiiey miuiit plot conspiracies, or gi-.v. iiiemsclvcs up to servo iieatlicn gods as of old; tiiey must not work in gold or silver, an illiljcral restriction ivhich lost to the -world the hncst of America's arts. Spaniard.s could not place a cattle ranclio ■within ] h leagues of a native puciilo; or tiwiiie, sheep, or goats vithin half a league; the Indians might lawfully kill cattle trespassing on their lands. In a pr obloof Indians neither Spaniard, nor mulatto, nor negr» should live. Xo traveller might spend the night at the house oi a native it an inn was at hand. Xo Spanish or mestizo merchant might remain in an Indian jiueblo m ire than three days, nor another white man more than two days. IJeside the property of individuals each Indian pueblo had some com- mon pro])erty, and a strongdjox in whieli the community money and title- deeds were kept. Caci((nes must not call themselvea lords of pueblos, as that detracted from royal prei'ininenco; they must lie called eaciques .'iiuitly. The caci(pio must not attempt feudal fashions; he must not opjiress his peoiile, or take more than the stipulated tribute; and ho who worked l8. .iiid beside these were many other edicts ]ironiulg"'iil by the Sj)anisli monarehs during two and a half centuries, notable for tlu ir wisdom, energy, and humanity. I'y the continued outrages a:id excesses of their subjects in the Xew W(jrld the temper of the crown was often severely tried. Thus \\a3 fouml Avritten by Felipe TV. with his own iian 1, onadecno of the council ordeiing the immodiato su[)prcssi(,:! of nil those infamous c\ ils practised inspitcof lawsagainst tliem, a sentiment \\uich was ■fill.' y re it^ratiil by his son (Jiirlos 11. iii l(iSO: --'I will that you give patisfaction to nic an 1 to the world eoneevnirii; tiio manner of treating those my vassals,' so rc'ils the writing; 'and if this l)e not done, so that as in response t.o tiiii Ictiii' 1 may see exemplary ])unisliment meted oficuders, I shall hold myself dis- obeyed; and lie assured tluit if you do not remedy it, I will. 'J'he Kast oniis- fiionsl shall consider gra vo ci'imcsagains'j Cod and against me; the evil louhut tending as it does to the total ruin and destruction of those vealuis \vlin-e natives I hold in estimation; and I will that they be treated as is merited liy vassals who serve the monarchy so well, and have so contributed to itsgiandiar and enlightenment.' See further, 'I'ajiia, Hist. ("to. Kap'ino'a, jiassiin; Cojo!- Iirlo, J/i.^t. Yiinit/Kiii, 71-11 ; lituninz, Vida MoioUiiki, in IcdrJiakct'i, ( 'ol. I >(>■'■, i. :l>vi.; Las Citvan, Carta, in /'at/ttco aud Jurdcnas, Col. Doc, vii. 'J'J0-3oS. DAST^^vDLY DOIXGS OF OVAXDO. 259 (ulcn winkinv*; assent. However omnipotent in Spain, there were some things in America that the sover- eiL^ns and their confessors could not do. They could nut control the bad passions of their subjects when l)oyond the reach of rope and dungeon. That these evil proclivities were of home engendering, having for their sanction innumerable examples from cliurch and state, statesmen and prelates would hardly admit, but it is in truth a i)lausible excuse for the excesses committed. The fact is that for every outrage by a subject in the far away Indies, there were ten, eoch of magnitude tenfold for evil, committed l.»y tlie sov- ereigns in Spain; so that it is by no means wonderful that the Spaniards determined here to practise o, little f^iufulness for their own gratification, oven though their preceptors did oppose wickedness Vv'hieh by reason of their absence tiiey themselves could not eiijcy. Though the monarchs protested earnestly, honestly, and at the length of centuries, their sulijects went their May and executed tlieir will with the natives. Were I to tell a tenth of the atrocities perpetrated by nation ' i> could tell nothing else. The cat:dogue of Eurojiean crime, Spanish, J:]nglish, French, is as long as it is revolting. Therefoio, whenever I am forced to touch upon this most distasteful subject, I shall be as brief us possi bk I'assing the crimes of Columbus and l)ol)adilla, tiic sins of the two being, ibr biographical effect, usually l)laccd upon the lattei", let us look at the conduct of Ovando, who, as Spanish provincial rulers went in til lose da3's, Avas an a\'erago m [in. lie I'uled with vigor; and as if to oflsot his ;;triet dealings with oU'ending Spaniards, unoll'ending Indians were treated with treachery and merciless brutality. Ivumor reaching him that Anacaona, (pieen of .Fa- rngua, meditated I'evolt, he inarched thither at the head of tv.'o liundred foot-soldiers and seventy liorso- iiieii. The (j[ueen came out to meet him, and esci^vfcxl ii! I IS .5 'it 200 AD^illXISTRATIOX OF THE INDIES. him with music and dancing to the great banquet! hq;- hall, and entertained him there for several da^'.s. Still assured by evil tongues that his hostess intended treachery, he determined to forestall her. On a Sunday afternoon, while a tilting-match was in prog- ress, Ovando gave the signal. Pic raised his hand and touched his Alcantara cross — a bado'e of honor it was called, which, had it been real, should have .shrivelled the hand that for such a purpose touched it. On the instant Anacaona and her caciques were seized and a mock trial given them; after which the queen was hanged, the caciques tortured and burned, and the people of the province, men, women, and children, ruthlessly and indiscriminately butchered. Those who esca]ied the massacre were afterward enslaved. For intelligence, grace, and beauty Anacaona was the Isa- bella of the Indies, and there was no valid proof that she meditated the slightest injury to the Spaniards. The natives of Saona and iliguey, in revenge i'or the death of a chief torn in pieces by a Spanish blood- hound, rose to arms, and slew a boat's crew of eight Spaniards. Juan de Esquivel with four hundred men w^as sent ai^jainst them, and the usual indiscriminate hanixincr and burninu: followed. It is stated that over six hundred were slauixhtered atone time in one house. A peace was conquered, a fort built; fresh outrages provoked a fresh outbreak; and the horrors of the extermination that followed LasCasas confessed him- self unable to describe. A passion arose for mutila- tion, and for prolonging agony by new inventions f u- reliniiig cruelty. Antl the irony of Christianity \\as reacheti when thirteen men were hanged side by side in honor of Christ and his apostles. Cotubano, the last of iho live native kings of Espanola, was taken to Santo Domingo, and hanged by ortler of Ovando. In Iliguey were then formeil two settlements, Sal- valeon and Santa Cruz. To take the places in tlio Spanijjh service of the Indians thus slain in Espanola, forty thousand natives of the Lucayas Islands were THE L.\BOR QUESTION. 261 enticed thitlior upon the pretext of tlio captors that Ihcy were the Indians' dead ancestors come from heaven to take their loved ones back with them, Espanola was indeed tlicir shortest way to lieaven, though not the way they had been led to su]iposo. "When tidings of Ovando's doings reached JSiiain, notably of his treatment of Anacaona, Queen Isabella was on her death-bed; but raising herself as best she was a1)lo, she exclaimed to the president of the council, " I will have you take of him such a residencia as was never taken." IJoth the Spaniards and the Indians, as we have seen, were averse to labor. To both it was degrading; to the latter, killing. And yet it was ncccssaiy that mines should bo worked, lands cultivated, and cattle raised. Jiho of what avail was the New World? '.riie colonists clamored, and the crown was at a loss what to do. In her dilemma there is no wonder the queen appeared to equivocate; but when in ])ecom- 1)or, loOi), she permitted Ovando to use force in bring- ing the natives to a sense of their duty, though thi-y iim>.t bo paid fair wages and made to work "as free jiersor ^, for so they are," she committed a fatal error. The least latitude was sure to be abused. Under royal permission of 1501 a few negro slaves from time ti) time were taken to the Indies. Las C'asas uru'cd tlie extension of this trallie in order to save tlie Jn- (lian>. Ovando '.omjuuiiicd that the negroes iled and hill themselves ;5mong the natives, over whom thoy oxcrcisoil an unwholesome inlluence; nc^vertholess in So])tenil)er, 1 jOj, we hud tlie king' sending over more Afii'an slaves to work in the mines, this time about oiu! hundred. From lolT, when imj)ortations iVoni the I'ortugueso est LblishnuMtts on tlio (Jnintvi coast ^vti•o authorized by Charles V., tlio trallli,^ iiU'i'easeJ, and under the J'higlish, particularly, assumed enormons 1 roportions. This unhappy I'onl'usion of races led to a negro insurrection at Espanola in lj'2'2. ■-:\\ '■'■*?{ m 2«2 AP^^INISTRATIOX OF THE IXDIKS. Wo conid now to sonic of ilio results of [lio tein- porlziiiL? policy of Si)aiii — always a bad one when the suhjoct is boyond the roach of t!io rulinij arm — in ro;j;'ar(l to the Indians. For out of a desire to avoid tlu! odium of Indian slavery, and yet fjccurc the bene- fits thereof, j^rew a system of servitude embodying all the worst I'eatures of absolute bondage, with none of its mitigations. It will bo remembered that during his second voy- age Colund>us made war on t'lo natives of Es})ano]a, and after sending some as slaves to Spain, imposed a tribute on the rest; on some a bell-measure of gold, and on others an arroha^ of cotton, every three months. So severe was this tax that many could not meet it, and in l-lDd service was acce])ted in place of tribute. This was the beginning in the Xew World of the rcjxirliiiucnfo,'' or as it shor'.ly afterward became the '• Twenty- Civo iioiiiids. Tlio Spanish pound i^i a KlUo laoie tlian the ]'ji- glisli ])oiuiil. Tlu'i'o aio four nn'obas in a i|tiinla!. ' /'' /iitr/iiii!nif:), a, (listiMlmlion ; rr/nniir, it ilivido; vnrnmiciKl'i, a cliaru'f, a couiniaiuli'iy ; fiiconiniilur, to give in clia'i;o ; i)ii'iiiiiciiili'rn, lio wlio liolils an ciiconiiinila. In Spain an ciieiiiMiniila, a:^ luTo umliivitoul, >vas a ili,'nity in tlio four military o-.lcf.-^, cadowt'il with a ii'nlal, and held 1>V (.'(Ttain mi'inlKT.s of llio ordcf. it was acipiiivd through tho lilicr.dity ot ilio ciowu as a rcwai'd I'c.r luTviccs in tlio wais nLrainsl t!io Moois. 'rh(^ lands taken from tlio Iinidils wcro dividid among ('hri:slian ooiii- inandors; tlio inhahitants of tlioso lauds won^ crown toiinnts, mid lilL- riulits to th(ir sorvicoM wcio givou thoso commaiidiTs. In tho Ic jislalioii of tho Indii'.s, I'lU'oMiii'nda was tho jtatrona^'o oonfcrrod by royal I'.ivoi' ovii- !i portion of tiio iiativi:^ cfiuplcd with tho (il)li>;ation to toaili tlicin tho (huti'ini's of tin) ("iuurli, and to dofcnd tlioir ihmsous and jiroporty. It Mas oi'iu'inally intended tluit tho reeipients of thi'so favors wero to lio tho di. cov- ei'ers, eonipienirs, meiitorious .settlers, and their desecnidants; luiL ill tliis ;;i ill many other respc'ts tho wishes of tlio nionarelis and tiieir advisers ihd net always reaeli tho mark. Tho system lie.^'im in the New Worhl hy ('oluinlnis, r>oliadilla, aiiil Owindo was eoiitinnetl liy Va^eo Xnfie/, I'edrarias, Cutis, aiiii I'i/arro, and linally heeaino general. ]{oyal deerees upon tho .siilijeet, w'lieh .seemed to grow more and mo.'o iiitrii'ato as new i)OMses.;iiiiis were piei- lied, l>e;;an with a law liy Ferdinand tho ( 'atliolio in l.'ulti, leiterati'd hy I'liihi) ir. in l.'iSO, to tho ell'eet that iininedi.-itely n[)oii llui paeilieatiou of a pro\i:M'i.! tho g'overnor ^lhonl^l ilis-ido tho natives anioii'^' tho Helik'i's, Tlio ii.-itivei thus distriliiited were held h.r a term of years, or dnrin;.; tlio lif'". J><< I'fiK'iir. liiiL, iii. cap. x. ^^'hen hy this eourso three i'ourtlis of covlaiii jvijiulatiiins had heeu 'l-eeoimiieiided ' to tlu'ir death, at tho represeiitatinil of l,as Casas, the Iving in lo'JH dei'reed that 'as (iod onr lord had iiiado the Indians free," they must not ho enslaved on this or any oilier pri!e\ti 'uiid tliei'efoi'u \vu coniuiuiKl that it Lu duiiu uu moi'o, ui.id that tliosd RErARTIMIENTOS AND EXCOMIKNDAS. 2G3 ou'omicn'JK, system, under Avliicli ilio initives of a cou- (jucred eoiiutry were divided anions? the coiKiuerors, i\(;()iainendud to tlieir cure, and made tributary to tliem. !iliv;iily (listi'il)iitc(l Ik; sot at liLerty.' /?•»)''.■<"/, l/l^f. ^/ii/njif', 10. lint liy t!iis ahitli'a'iu the ikstructiou of tiic I'oldiiic.s wa.i tliicktcni'il. rctitimi f..lli.\Mjil ])i;tiUi)u for tlio lestoralioii of tlic system, until tin; kiiii; liiially yiiMiil. Si'loi-zmin, PdHtird hidiaifi, i. 'J2."). In \7yVl enuomicmlas wcio iijain ;iliiilislifil, and a^aiii tlio Uin;j; was oMii^fil to rcstoi-u tlicm. Mi'anw liilu iviry cllort jiossililo was niaslo hy tlio crown to jirexiut almM.J. 'I'lio tnico- ininil(.'i(j must fiiliil in jicrs.in tlio intention of tlio law. lio must n^)t Ifavo MilliMut i)i.'iinis<>'ion fioin the {,'ov(.'nior, anil tiifii his dutifs must \n: ilolo- ;.';it((l to a ies[)on:?il)lt! iii^'iMit. Jf away for four months without ]Krniis;uon, hii iMioniii'mla Ma.i to ho declared vacant. 'J'lio enconiindoro must not hire out any natives, or [iIciIlic them to creditors, under jienalty of loss of Jndians and a line of 50,0150 maravcdis. No oneeouM ap)iro[iriate anj' natives excejit tliose lc;;ally assigiicil, When it was seen how thost- in oliico misused tlieir ]iii\vcr, in ITiliO, in l.")."V2, in lot'i, in iool, and in l."i(»;{ idl civil and iirleNias- tiial Junitionarics were forliiddeii to hold encoiniemlas; hut in 1 ">14 Philip 11. c\cc[)lcd from this ]>rohil)itiou /enicii'tf.i ilc i'ovinci', notiie,' the iiunibcr of settlers .'i!id iiaiives in each [mebio, anil the (|Uiility of the land, 'i'hey '.veie to ascer- tain what the native. i had o'i;,'inally ii.iid to their eaciipies as tribute, and ncvtrniako tho nnv rate higher, but alwilys lower, than the old one. For surely lliey s'louhl not be worse oil' in sir\ ini,' Spain than in serving' their licatlien lords. After thus carefully exatuiiiiiiL,' the resources ami capa- bilities of tho tributaries, and never infrini;iii',' on the comfort of the women liiid children, the assessors should lix the rale aceor'^linj,' to (lol and their c'.iisrieiice. 'I'ho natives mi^lit ]i:iy in money if they ]ircfeiri"l, but ]iay- nii lit should be I'cipiired only in kind, in \\liate\ir |iroiluce f^rew on their laiid-i. 'J'liey must not be i'ei|uirecl to rai^e auylliiiiL; specially for this pin-- I'osc; and fniin not over two or three kinds cf proiluc(> should tribute lie taken; a few chickens, or a )ii^ or two, need not lio eoimti'd at all. It was the iulrntion of the monarchs that from a tenth to ii liflh miuht in this way b" taken, tlloUL;h the enci niendero too often manaved to |,'et twice or thrice as iiiiicli, or all the natives had. 'J he Indians must be made to nndei>tand how the ap]iiaisement was I'.iade, and that it was not done in the interets of tho S|ia Ilia Ills alone. Then the assessor must ]iut i.. writiie,' what each had to ]iay, and Lave the orij^inal with the eaciipie, giving one copy to tiio encoinenduro, I m t :.:i il I ■ ■! 2G4 ADMINISTRATION OF THE INDIES. I ;.i L i'! The tlicoiy was that the Indians were the vassals of Spain, no more to be imposed upon than other Spanish subjects. The sovereigns wishing to stiuui- late discovery, pacification, and settlement, were wiUing to waive their right to the tribute due the ci'own in favor of enterprising and meritorious persons, wlio hatl taken upon themselves the hardships incident to life in and scmlinc; one to tlio Council of the Indies, or to the viceroy, or to the au- ilieiu'ia. l-Vir t!io cnconiunilcio to juvictiso extortion, or ;r.l after the. eighteenth year; caci(|U'js, elder sons, women, and alcaldes in oliiio Were eAi'mjit. After the gift, tlie encoiuienda was the property of the euco- meiiilero, nut to Ijj taken from him Ijcfore the expiration of his term without cause. In every encouiienda there must be a, elnu'ch, and where there was none, the native i nuist be stimulated to liuild one, the priest to be paid out of tlie i-i'ntal. In every jiaeblo of lOt) or more natives, two or three must lie tauglit to sin;;, s j that they might act as choristers; also a native sacristan — these to be exempt from tribute. In !."){iS I'hilip II. ordered that noenuMUi'n- dero should recoix ea ri'ulal of over 'JJ'JO pesos; any excess was to Iwreturiird to the crown and enipl lyed as pensions. The same monarch directed in \.'>~\i that Mhen II neucomienda fell vacant, a viceroy orgoveruurmiglit, if he decniid best, appropriate the rental to benevolent objects, and defer granting it again till the king's jileasure sliouhl be l;nown. And again, in lo^SI?, tliat the eu- eomendero nuist have a house of his own, l)nilt of stone for jinrpjses i.f such tlnng as connui'ree in thi'm. Tiiey wi'rc a ti'ust. Much evil ha of it. In 17-1 tlie system came to an end. ]>ut after entleavnring fir tw . hundred years to get back what they had given away, the mouaivlis f.nni. there was nothing left of it, the natives having by tliis time merged wil ,1 bomctiuies slightly whitened skius into the civilized pueblos. THE r.UlTITION SYSTEM. ms new country. At first In certain instances, but later to an extent which became general, they settled this tribute upon worthy individuals among the concjuerors a;ul coloiiiots and their descendants, on condition that those who thus directly received a portion of tho royal revenue should act the part of ro3'alty to tho people i)laccd temporarily in their care. They were to be as a sovereign lord and father, and not as a racrcilcss or unjust taskmaster. They were to teach their wards the arts of civilization, instruct them in the Christian doctrine, watch over and guide and U'uard them, and never to restrict them in the use of their liberties, nor impose burdens on them, nor ill any way to injure or permit injury to befall them. And for tills protection they were neither to demand nor receive more than the legal tribute fixed by the r()yal ellicers, and always such as the natives could without distress or discomfort pay. What the system Wiis ill ])ractice wo shall have ample opportunity of juvlgliig as we proceed in this history. Suhice it to say here that to the fatherly-]irotection part of their compact the colonists paid little heed, but evaded the law in many ways, and ground the poor savages under Ihcir iron heel, while the crown by ordering, and tlireatening, earnestly bat vainly sought to carry out in gooel faith ami humanity what they deemed a isaere;! trust. First, repartimientos of lands were authorized by tlie sovereigns. This was in 1497, a'.id nothing was l!uii said al)Out the natives. ]:>ut after dividing tho laud it Vwis but a sto[) to the dividing of tlie inluib- ilauts. With the shii)ment of six hundretl sl;tves iu ItDS, auvl an olfer tollieir Ma_iesties of as many more as tlicy could find sale for, Columl)US wrote asking licrniission to enforce the services of tho nativL'S until settlement shordd be fairly liegun, '■•"■ for a vear or two; but without waiting for a reply he at once 1)0L;'an the jiractice, which introduced a new iealiu'o into repartimientos. Then to all who chose to take Ul i 266 ADMINISTRATION OF THE INDIES. tlicm, to Roklaii and his followers, to the v.-orst t'har- actcrs on the inland, among wlioni were the late occupants of Spanish prisons, the vilest of human- kind, was given absolute dominion over these helpless and innocent creatures. HaviniT: i>aid notliin;'' for them, having no pecuniary interest in them, they had no object in caring whether they were fed or starved, whether they lived or died, for if they died there were more at hand upon the original terms. Under Bobadilla the infamy assumed bolder pro- portions. Columbus had apportioned to certain lands certain natives to labor for the benefit of Spaniards, but they worked under their cacique. Natives were forced by Spaniards to work mines, but only under special monthly license. Bobadilla not only per- mitted tho exaction from the natives of mining and farming labor, but all restrictions were laid aside, and from workinnf their own soil thev became mere labor- gangs to be driven anywhere. Before sailing for tho New World Ovando had been charged by tho sov- ereigns with the exercise of extreme moderation iu levying tributes and making rcpartimicntos. Those who camo with him not only failed in mining, but neglected to plant, as did likewise the natives, think- ing thereby the quicker to rid themselves of tho invaders. Hence famine, cnGfenderin;'' new diseases, was at hand for both wliite men and red. Then the Indians were systematically parcelled aniong tlie Span- iards, to one fifty, to another one hundi'od, and ihc vr- partimiento unfolded into the eneomienda. Columbus and Bobadilla had each endeavored to iasten .ln(ii;in '■lavery upon the New World, but this legalizing by Ovando Vvhat had been illegally done by tlu'in, was the heaviest Mow in that direction. "To you is li-ivm an eneomienda of Indians with their chief; ami you ai'o to toach them the things of our holy C;itlii»lic iaith," was the thin subterfuge by whidi this ford act was a ceou) pi isl i ed. In iaOS was sent to Santo Domiu'jfo as treasurer- THE KING'S SXrwONG BOX. 267 ponoral ^ligucl do Pasamonte to supersede Bernar- dino do Santa Clara, who had received the oliice of Ircasuver I'rom Ovando. Santa Clara loved display aud licked honesty. Using treely the king's money ho Iwught estates, and gave feasts, in one of which t!io salt-cellars were filled with gold-dust. This folly ivaehing the king's ears, Gil (ionzalez Davila, of whom MO shall know more presently, was sent to investi- g:ito the matter, and found Santa Clara a delaulter to the extent of eighty thousand pesos de oro. His pi'oporty was seized and oli'ered at auction. Ovando, \\ilh whom Santa Clara was a favorite, stood hy at tho sale, and holding up a pineap])lo ollereil it to the most liberal bidder, which [)leasantry was so stimulat- ing that the estate brought ninety-six thousand pesos do oro, more than twice its value. Afterward tho l>lan was adopted of having three locks upon the gov- oniuient's strong-box, the keys to whicli wei'c carried by the three chief treasury ollicials.* Pasamonte was an Aragonese, in the immediate service of Ferdinand, with whom he corresponded in cipher during his I'ositlence in the Indies. A very good reparlimionto of ln(Hans was ordered by the king to bo givmi tho fiithful Pasamonte. In 1511 Gil Gonzalez IJavila was made contador of Espanola, and Juan de Am- ])iios factor; to each were given two hundretl Indians, and they were ordered to examine the accounts t)f tho treasurer, Pasamonte. For tho faithful must be ke})t faithful by tho strictest watching; such was S})anish ^ Tt was (loorced by tho cmpcrcir in \')')') that the <'asn <'r ('oiitra'ncinii bIiouM have an (Htk iIi' trc-i //(((•<.<, a clicst of thivo keys; after whuh (!ic pov- ci'ununt striing-liox became ccmniion in Spanish AuiiTica. It was u ually in tho foi'in vi ;i sailor's chest, of lieavy wimxI Loinul with brass or i;on, and liaving three hu'lvS fastening; the lid by ha'^ps. The stroii;:;-liox of the Iinliii House, the law tjocs on to say, must remain in tlie custody of tlie treasurer, vlio was responsiiilo for its safe keejiiu,'. One of the keys was held l)y tho tivori'ro, one by the cmU't'for, and one by the /iictcir. Out of ♦' . haml of any one of these three royal ollicers his hey could not lawfully go; an I no one but tliey nii';ht put into the chest or take out of it any thin;.', under ;-.iialty, on t!ie oliicial ))eriiutting it, of four times ti\e value of the things yi hamlle.' la tliis box were kept, temitorarily, all t-'old, silver, pearls, aiid ]ireeiou.s .slouet tliat came from the Indies un the king's account, li at Santo ])omingo a sovereign trilmnal to which iiji})eal.s might be made from the decisions of the gov- ernor. This tribunal which at first was only a royal cDurt of law, superior to any other colonial power, was ho LTcrm of the Real Audiencia of Santo DominGfo • • • t li,' wliicli the greater part of the Indies, islands and lirni land, were governed for a period subsequent to J 521. It was at first comjiosed of three jneccs de I'l'cldcion, or judges of appeal, ^larcelo do Villalobos, .Juan Ortiz de ^laticnzo, and Liicas A'az(iuez do Ai- l' (rpr/nrinn ' ya so Ilamaban oydoics, sii iiiiiliiiuio ya se de(,'ia audieni,'ia liciil.' Hi'ititm, ii. ii. iv., treating of tho iiiNtriKtiona given the Jeroniinitos reinarUs, that it was (mhM'cd also that tho juiri's do apehicion slicuhl bo submitted to iv^idoneia. After that lie writes jiu'ces do apoLicion, and audiencia indili'eiently. J.as Cnsa.s, /H.^f. IiuL, v. 4.1, tivatiiiL,' of events in l.")18-'20, says 'jiieees ! tiiii''3 of L'tl'ull fiirpc with thoso of the kiii',' Iiiinsclf. ShrmM any one (leinand it, ilcoisions in civil suits were to I'O rumierod in ono caso buforo i uctlior was lio^ruu; suits (if iioor pcrsijin always to have iircftTciice in tiino (jf liearinj;. iOvi'ii dis- Ht'iiliui; jiiil;,'i-i must sii^u tliu (locision, inakinn it unanimous. On tlio first business (lay of oadi y(.ar, all the members and ollieer.) beinj^ present, the liws (.'Dverning audiemiin should be read. In ir)41 the emperor oidered tiiat in Mir.-t instance' alealdes, re;.'idores, aljjuaciles mayores, and escribanos should nut lie brou<,'iit before the audieneia; in eaeh pueblo one aleahU; sIio;ild have eii'.'nizancu of what allected tiie other, and botli of matters eosirerning its otiier (illicers. la l,")tO, and many times thereafter, the andiencia was fliarged to look to the welfare of the natives, to wateh narrowly liie con- duet of governoi-s and other otlieials, and to punidi excesses. AVhile in Octo- ber, l.")!."), the cm]ieror was at Malines, hence known as tiic law of .Maliiias, directions were given for j'"oce(luro in cases (jf claims (jf Indians. Minor cwniti't in suits was tixed rt .?()0,0{)0 maravedis; not exceeding this amount two oidores might decide; also in suits of vi'ii/nr ritmifit, except at Lima and Mexico wl'.cre three votes were necessary as in S[iani>h law. It was ordercil ia b")4S that andiencias must not meddle witli (piestions of rank and pre- ctdcncc. In l."i."l, Saturdays and two other days in the week were set aside, tlier(! being no suits of poor persons, for hearing disputes between Imlians, and between Indians anil Sjianiards. More (■(t^o^' try, the jail, and the mint; in this house must bo a striking clock: and if there be no such building provided, the residence of the president shall in the mean time be so used. On every day not a feast-day the iiudicucia r.iutt sit at least three hours, beginning at 7 A. M. in summer, and !S A. M. in winter, and at least three oidores must be present. Andiencias must not annul sentences of exile; or, unless bonds for payment are given, giant letters of delay to conilemned ti'casury delitors. Tlie majority decide. The governor, alcalde maj'or, or other person refusing obedience to any mauv i m ! 272 ADMIXISTR.N1I0X OF THE INDIi:S. a rtunll matter; but to divide among them lanc^.s, agri- cultural and uiincral, and laborers in such a wa}^ as to satisij at once the colonists and the many tender and i' ■ 1 1li names of persons coming from SptIu, with their New Worlil address ; tlwt with suoh matters as rcsidcucias, compelling married incn to live wiih their wives, .and the estates of deceased persons, presidents and viceroys should not intonneddle, Imt leave tlieni to the other menihers; tliat tluy should use no funds resulting from their judgments, Init draw on the treasuiy for expiiiscs ; that when an audicnci;. was to be closed, a governor slionhl ho appointee with power to continue and determine pending suits, but ho should institute no new suits, and anpcals lie to tlio neairst audieu'^ia; tliat theysliould not make public the fradties of ecclesiastics, but examine clinrirrs against them in secret; that royal despatches for the audiencia must not lie opened by the president alone, but at iin ariieri/o, and in presence of the oidorcs anil fiscal, an■' /o (/•' //<''- iiii/ii, the Ciiy/.sr/o il(' Iiididt, and the Coiim Jo (/•• Cii.',''(iiii y t'oromido, Bil>' l,iili_i-(i ,li> ijtif.'iilitcion UUrnvHtrina, passim. " Irving saya l.")10. I cannot umlertake to correct nil the minor errors ef pniiiilr.r wiiters, having neither the s;5.ice nor the inclination. It would •^ ■' 111 t!iat in tlie ]iresent, and like instances, of which there arc many, tlio iiiitaiie springs from an easy carelessness vhich regards the diih reiue <'f a ,>iar or two in the wnmcr lUte. Important and s.rnictimes even unimportant discie[)ancies of ori'^inal •i' ^laiii'.ard authorities will always he earcfully n.te 1 in these pa,'es. What 1 -iiall endeavor to avoid is captious criticism, and the jiointing out of insijj- iiilicaiit eriois merely for the satisfaction of pro\ing otliers iu tlie wronj^. llisr. <,'iiN Am,, Vol. I. 18 ill V'\ •274 ADMIXISTRATIOX OF THE IXDIES. ample infonnation of a conclGmiuxtory character. Diego succeeded, however, in having a coiiuui.ssion appointed to examine the matter more carefully, but tliis tended only to further complications; and the last days of tJic son, which ended in 152G, were not more happy than those of the father had been.^^ A steadily growing character, impressing itself more and more upon the aflairs of the Indies as time went by, was that of Bartolomu do las Casas. Born at Seville in 14V4, he conned his humanities at Salamanca, making little stir among the Gamaliels there, but takiuGf the bachelor's degree in his c;i<>-liteenth venr. After a residence of about eight years in the Indies, liavinix come with Ovando in 1502, he was admitted to priestly orders, from which time he takes his jilace in history. lie was a man of very pronounced tem- perament and faculties, as nuich man of business as ecclesiastic, but luore philanthro})ist than eitlicr; pos- sessed of a burning enthusiasm, when once tlie iire of his conviction was i'airly kindled, ho gave rest neither to liimself nor to his enemies. For every evil-minded man who came hither >vas his enemy, l>etwecn v. horn and hnnself was a death-struggle. Tlie iVpostlc oi' the Indies lie was sonu;times called, and the mission lie took upon himself was to stand between the naked natives and their steel-clad tormentors. In this woik '- !Man'a, wiilow of Dicj^o, dcmauilod of tlic Jiudiineia of Santo Domiiiqo fur hor son Luis, Uien six years of ai^o, tlie \ ieoroyalty of Vc'fa;:.ia, which was rcfiisoil. Shu tlu'n carrii'd licr (.'laini to Spain, where the title of ailiniral was eonferret] on Iaw, and many otlu'r liene!it.s wei-o extended liy the eniiiernr to the family, 'out tlie title of vieeroy wa.f withheld. Suli.-eijuently J^nis, having instituted eouit inoeeediiigs whieii were referred to an arliitration, sueixeded in having; iuiuself deelared eai)tain-,L,'eiieral of I'^spanola. Sliortly iM'foro his death he relill(|ni^:h(Ml the elaini to the vieeroyalty y a nephew, DicLjo, hy wlmso d(>atli the lej:itiniate male line ua.s pxtinnuishecl. Then inUowed more litigation, female ehiimants now hiiait eonspieuoiis, uidil in the lieginidng of llie seventeenfn eeidmy we tin 1 in tho I'ortugiieso house of Jirauan/a the titles tlie diseoverer onee so e(^veted, they l)einjj; then eonfei''ei' on Nuno (Je'.ves, ;,'raiidson of tho third dauLrhtei- if l>iei;o, son of t'hristopher Columhus, and who then ndi^ht write his iiaaio l)e I'ortuijallo Colon, dui^ue do Vcraguim, niart|U(js du la Janiaiea, y almiiiuito do las Inilias. BARTOLOMi: DE LAS CAS AS. 275 p[)olutcd is tciKlod ys ot" tlio ppy than self more line wont Born at alamanca, UlTC, but ntli vcar. 10 Iiulios, , admitted 5 his plaec need tcni- lusincss as thcr; pos- tlio lire of st neither il- minded cu v.honi tostle ot le mission llie naked this work \p y o Domingo for ,111, ^\ liicli wus f iiil!nir;il \v:n tUo cuiinTiir to Luis, haviiiL; ion, sin'i'L'C.li'.l tly tn-'fol'O lii^ \Voiia for tlio •i-httoiitonH iiis. l-uis\\.n tlUllo lillf «:i^ lis now l"'iii'^ \vc liiiil ii> lli>J O'V.'tl'.l, tlK'.V 1,1 (Uui.uliU'i' ''f vitc lii-i >i''ii'" ho was ardent, ofttinics imprudent, always eloquent and truthful, and as impudently l)old and brazen as nn : cavalier amou'jj them all. Nor was he by anv nieuis a discontented man. Ho souo-ht nothinu: for liiraself ; ho had nothins^ that man could take from l:iin. except life, upon which ]io set no A-alue, or except Some of its comforts, which were too poor at best to trouble lo' iself about. His cause, which was the ri::^ht, gave breadth and volume to liis boldness, besido v.-hieh the courage of the hare-brained babbler was sounding brass. When the attention of the church was first seri- ously drawn toward the amelioration of the condition of the Indians, which was in 1511, there were at ICspahola some thirteen Dominicans, living with their vicar, Pc ro de Cordoba, according to the strictest rules of the order, and likewise several Franciscans, among whom was Antonio de Espinal. The IJomini- oans began their protest by a sermon denouncing the course of the colonists, and when ordered to retract, they repeated their charges with still greater empha- sis. The colonists sent agents to Spain to have the contumacious monks displaced, and among them l']s- }iin;d; for the Franciscans, as much in a spirit of opposition to the Dominicans as to find favor wiih the laity, showed a leaning toward the repartimiento system, thouo-h they could not decently dolond it. The Dominicans sent Antonio Montesino, he who had preached the distasteful sermon, all the Di)niini- cans present having signed approval of it. To con- sider (he matter, a junta was summoned in Spain, which ])ronounced the Indians a I'ree peoj)le, a jtoo-plo to be C'ln-istianizcd, and not enslavi^d; llieywerein- iiocont heathen, not iniidol tMiennes like Iho .Moors, or luitural-born slaves like the negroes. h'erdin;ind and I'onseca wore both earnest in oblahiing this verdict, for so had said the king's preachers. JMeanwhilo ^[ontesino encountering h]sjiinal in Spain, won liini over to the side of humanity. Dut all the same tho in H IV •fTr 1' 270 ADMINISTRATION OF THE INDIES. rcpartimiuiifcos wore continued, for they were fallioily protection only in theory, and the colonists went on scourging the [)()or red men. In the occupation of Cuba, Piinfilo de Narvaoz was named by Velazquez his lieutenant, and sent forth ti) subjugate other jjarts of the island. With Narvae/. went Las Casas, who put fcrth almost superhuman exertions in vain to stay the merciless slaughter ot" the helpless and innocent. A warm friend of Ijas Casas was Velazquez' alcalde, Pedro de Renton';i, who in the division of the spoils joined Las Casas in accepting a largo tract of land, and a pro])or- tionate repartimiento of Indians. This was before Las Casas had seriously considered the matter, and he was at iirst quite delighted with his acquisition. But the enormity of the wrong coming ujion him, liis conversion was as decisive as that of St Paul. Like the Dominicans of Espahola, Las Casas began l>y jireaching against repcirtimientos. In 1515 he sailed for Spain in company with Montesino, leaving liis charge with certain monks sent over from Espanola by the prelate Cordoba. These Dominican brothers did what they could, but to such straits were the sav- ages driven after the departure of Las Casas tliat to escape the bloodhounds and other evils set upon thciii by the S|)aniards thousands of them took i-efugi; in suicide. When Dieixo Colon arrived in 1509 tlicro were left in Espaiiola forty thousand natives. A re- partidor was appointed in the person of Rodrigo do Alburquerque to repartition tlio Indians, Init when In; arrived in 1514 there wore but thirteen thousand lift to divide. After proclaiming himself with great jioniji, Alburquerque })lainly intimated that bribery was in order, tliat he wlio paid the most money slionld Ikuc the best repartimiento. Afterward the Jjicential-: lljarra, sent to iCsjiahola to take the residencia of tin; alcalde Aguilar, was authorized to make a new jiai- tition. Jjarije mnubers of natives were given to tlio king's favorites in Spain, and the evil grew a^iiKe. THE JEROXIMITE FATHERS. 277 Xor wore affiiirs at Espanola moiulccl bv sciKHnof out so i'ro(]UCiitly now oliicials with new and conllicting pi)W(M'.S. Whatever hopes the monies may have derived from Ferdinand's benign reception, deatli cut sliort the proposed rchet". Fonseca, now bishop of Burn'os, with coarse ribahhy dismissed the subject; but wIumi ].as Casas ap})Hed to tlie regent, Cardiiial dimenez, an earnest and active interest was manifest. IjHS ("asas, !Montesino, and l^iUicios Ilubios were (H- rocted to present a plan for the government of the Indies, which resulted in sending thither three Jero- nimite Fathers, Luis do Figueroa, Alonso do Santo J)()iuingo, and Bernardino Manzanedo, moidcs of the ci'der ot" St Jerome, being selected because they were iVoe from the complications in which those (jf St Francis and S^ Dominic already found themselves iii\olved in the Xow AVorld. The Jeronimites were di'dcred to visit the several islands and inform theni- s Ives ro<'-ardinLii: the condition of the Jn(hans, and ailopt measures for the formation of native settle- iiu'uts. These settlements or connnunities were to 1m' governed each by a caci(pio, together with an cc -lusiastic; and for every two or three settlomtnits ;i civil odicer, called an administrator, having su[)rcnuj \n>\w\' in the settlements, was to be appointed. The (•;ici!|U(', after obtaining the consent of the ecclesiastic, sliDuld indict no higlier punishment on his sul>jects than stripes; none should be (.'apitally ]»unished except indcf r(\gular jirocess of law. 'JMie in;i1lrrs of ednca- ti'Mi, Itbor, trihuto, mining, and firming wei'e then ti'r;i(i'.!, in all which the welfare of tht> natives was (Mi'i'fuUy consideretl, althougli the I'epariimiiMito sys- \v]\\ r(>niained. I^as Casas M'as named .Pi'otectoi' of tin Indians with a salary of one hundred pesos ute, was sent w'< h the most !»;n|>le powers to talce a residencia of all the judges in I lie New World, and against his decisions there ^vas to he no ap[)eal. 1': 278 ADMINISTRATIOX OF THE IXDIES. i v^! The Jorouiinitcs set out wrappcl in mighty deter- minations. Tliey would not even sail in the same sliip with Las Casas, wishing to bo wholly free. In this they wore riglit; but UDfortunatcly, on arriv- insjf amon<2f the wran<»'linn of tiic Spanish reahu v/as auperin tended hy the Council of Castile, or l)y councillors selected there- from, liut with the constantly increasing hurdeii of l)u:uaess the creation of a scparato supreme triitunal l)ecamc necessary. Thus the machiiie:'y sit in motion l>y I'Vrdinand was auu'mcnteil liy Charles, and furllicr imiiroved \>y I'hilip, until these vast western interests were watched over with undeviatin;^ care. Theiieo all measures for the gcjvernmcnt and commerce of Sp:ini-Ii America issued; it was the trihunal liUcwise of ultimate resort where all questions rel;iting then !o were adjudicated. For many years, liowever, the India Council luul no foimal existence. Fonseca; Hernando de \'e^a, co///'^- dailor inivior ul Leon; Mercurino tiatinara, afterward superintendent of v.'\ tlio councils; a gentleman of the emperor's bedchamber called ])e. L;issai; Francisco de ^'argas, treasurer-general of Ciistile, and others, acti'il speci.illy at the rei[uest of their sovereign. 1'lils fact gave rise to errors of date into which several historinus fell. Thus I'rescott, Fvrd. aihl ItiUicU'i, iii. A'fl, s;iys, copying itol)ertson, llisi. Am., ii. ;>.")S, that the Council of the Indies was lir. t established by Ferilimind in l.")ll. lli'lps, S]ittn. ('onq., ii. 'l>i — drawinga iaKe inference from a false inference drawn by Herrera, ii. ii. xx.. mIio makes the date 1.")I7 — goes on to describe a council for Indian allhiis. d.itiiig its orLrani- zation 1.11 S, and of wliieli I'onseca was president, and \'ega, Zapata, I'etcr Martyr, anil I'adilla were nu'uibers. It WMs the first of August, l.'>21, that the ofTico proper of the Coiineil of the Indies was crciited. See So'or.diio, I'o'i'iyd Jiidiaiid, ii. 'AM, The de- cree of linal organi.:ation miiy be found in the Rrcop. di /ii'!iii<, i. --^. It sets forth that in view of the great benelits, inidt'r divine favor, the crown daily receives by the enlargement of the realm, the monarch by i!ie grace of (lod feiding his obligation to govern these Uiugdoms well, f<.ir t!i') better service of Cod and the well-iieing of those lands, it was ordeiv 1 tliiit there should always resi.le at court this tribunal. It slit)uld lia\e a president; the grand ch.'iucellor of the Indies should also be a coiia- cillor; its members, whose number must lie eight, should lie k/rn'/o-<, men learned in the law. 'i'liere wire to be a lisial, two secretaries, and a lUpurv grand chancellor, all of iioblc birth, upright in morale, prudent, and Cod- COUNCIL OF THE IXBIES. 2S1 date into frafacion having more especial charge of commercial laattei'S. flaring men. There must be, also, tlirco vchUnrc.^, or reader?:, ni'd a notary, all tit experience, diligence, and lidelity; i\mr expert roii'i'-Zorcf d' cnrntiM, aci.'iiuntauts and auditors; a trea-:'.irer-gcnera! ; two K'llh'iiadonn jiMcalc-i, cntwa attorneys; a eliiof chronicler ant to be sold, lu lOO'J Felipe III. ordered that twice a week should be held a council of war, compose I of eight mcnilicrs, f"\u'or whom were councillors of the Indies, and fourspeeially selected by tho kill','. It was decreed in loSl that tiie oliiees of governors, eorrcgidorc ;, an.l alcald(^s mayorcs of tho Indies, when bestowed on persons resi^iing in Sjiaiii, sli'iuld be for live years; wlicn residents in tho Indies were appiiiite I, it should be for three years. Felipe IV. in lO.'ili ordered that in t!io a; hiv'i of the council, bosido reeonls, should be kept manuscript i and printe . iionks trcatin;,' on matter.; moral, religious, historieal, political, and fjcieutidc, touch- in,' tlie Iniiies, all that had been or should be issued; and \)ubli.-hers of book.< <'l thii class wero reipurcd by law to clejiosit one copy each in these archive*. Two keys wero ordered kc[)t, one by the councillor appointcil by the ]ircsi- ih'ut, anil the other by the senior secretary. And whvn t!ie arcliivcs nf tho ciiuicil bci'amo too full, a portion migiit be sent to Simancas. It was early orilcrcd that the chronicler of the c'ouncil shoidd write a history, natu- ral an 1 jiolitica I, of the luilic.!, every facility bciiij; aii'oi'ded him; and befm-o (hawing his last ([uarter's salai'v eacli year, ho mu -t jire-enL wliat ho had '.vntteii. So it was with tho cosmographer, who was to calculate eclipse.i, com- I I M h. ^ 'J! ,! 282 ADMINISTRATIOX OF THE IXDIES. Many schemes for the benefit of the Indians filled the mind of Las Casas, who continued to labor for pile guide-books, prepare tables and descriptions, and give nn iinnual lecture. I'lio 1 fL,'ul;ition3 governing this august body were most wise, and it \v;i.s the con- s'tiint aim of the S[ianisii numarclis to increase its power and sustain its author- ity. Its jurisdiction extended over lialf the world, Ixing al)solute on sea and land. Jjy it viceroys were made and unmade, also presidents and governors; and, in ecclesiastical rule, patriarchs, arcidjisliops, bishops, and lesser spiritual dignitaries. His Holiness himself was second here. All bulls or briefs of in- dulgences issued by the ]iopo nuist be laid before the ('iin.si/o ntritt, loO.'J, was onlered established at Seville the dind dc ('oninU nimi di' /fx Indhtft, or India house of trade, that :ommercc between the mother country and the Indian colonies might be promoted. 1'he lirst cHlula orderel the oUicc placed in the arsenal, the second in a building known as the .;'- ci'iZ'ir vlrjo, and in that part of it called iha C'(iir,'o d<' /o-.- aliniraHl'jx, or admi- rals' fjuartcrs. The board consisted of a president, three royal oliicers, or judges, to wit, treasurer, auditor, nuil factor; also th/.?o judges bred to the law; one fiscal, and other lesser oilicers and attendants. Among the lirst t.) serve, beside Fonseea, were .Sanclio dc Maticnzo, a <'anon of Seville, treasurer: Francisco I'inelo, factor, or general agent ; and .] imeno dc Bcrvicsca, contail.ir, or auditor. V>y law those three oliicers were to resi.le in the building; and were to despatch all ships gfiiug to tlic Indies, and receive all merchandise coming thence. In all which they were scrupulously to respect the ogrcenient made with Colundnis by the sovereigns. They were, moreover, to proclaim that licenses for discovery and trade would be given, under just conditions, to all seeking them and liling commensurate bonds. See Nwr.i E-ii'dila, Jlrc: I'm. M.S.; I'cUii Ltiiaje, Xorlc dc la Voii/rata'-inii; Ihchp. k auaccount of the hoursof aiisence among tlieoiiiciTS. Det'oie the platform on which .sat the judges, iienclies were ordered placed for the eon- vruieuce of the vi-il nion ■■<, ov ins[iectors of Kliips, and Kuch otiier honorable jier oiu having business there as should lie invited by tiu; tribunal lo.sit. The ii',! Jiorities of I^ieviUe should not interfere in the trial and puni ihnicnt of crimes conmiittcd on )x)ard .shijis sailing to and from the Indies. If the pen- ahy was deaili or nnitilation, the oii'endcr was to be tried by the three juilges, members of the boanl, learned in the law. In tiie civil suits of private per- sons, ajipertaining to the Indies, litigants were nivcn the option of bringing t'.ieir (li putes before the judges of the India House, or beloi'e tlu; on'.iuar/ jnsiiocof Seville. Disputes arising' from siiipwreciv, loss of cargo, and frauds connected therewith, were all brought lietore the India House. Traders to the luilies residing in Seville M'ere autiiori/ed to meet and ( leet a ]irior and consul, or consuls, which consulate .should be called the Uinirr-^iilii.il tic lus ( ''irj'ulo'cs d /■in liidht.t, and hold their meetings in the Casa de (Jontratacion. Xo forei ;n;'r, his son or framlson couKl so hold ollice. Tliij consulate had c(i'.'ui.<;iuce in disputes between these nierehants and f;ietors iu matters relative to purcliases, sales, freight;, insurance, and bankruiitey, all bein;,' faibor.linato to t!ie regular ti'ibiuial of t!ic India House. Ajipeals were frc^ni t!ie consulate t 1 one ot the regular judges selected a.nnnally to that duty. The eonsulare c'uld aildress the king only through the (.'asa de Contratacion, and ijovernment rlespiitche.i from the In. lies nuist be forwarded by the board. As jusucealono wai the object of these nierehants, and not chicanery, or the distortion of (vi leuce, parties to suits before the consulate were not allowe I lawyers. 'Hint harmony migiit be maintained, the Ca^ade Coutiatacion should carry o';t the orders of the aiid'enciiKh' ijrudn.i of Seville, if deemeil eor.iorniable to hw, and to exiiting regulations of the board. Comnninications from the board to the king nuist be signed by the jiresident and judges conjointly, a.ml in letter muijt treat of more than a sin;.'le suijject. All gold, silver, ]K:arls, and precious stonc! comin;,' from the Indies were lirst to bj deposited in tlic la .i.i House, and thence distributed to t!ie owners. T!ie king's share was to b ■ placeil iu a safe with three ki'VS, or if this was too small, then in a room having three keys. Other .safes were to bi; kept, one for eacli kind of jirop- orty. Account'? of receipts at the lu'li.i, House were to be rcn'ler<'d i';e kiu,' cvi'ry year. The bfiard must render an aiuuial statement of iis expenditui'es ou /■'■/■ /,"oro1it to himself." Alter this Las Casas spent some time travelling througli Spain and inducing Spaniards to emigrate to the Indies, but little that was henelieial came <»f it. Succeeding linally in enlistinij: the svmi)athios of t!io kinix'-"' l>reaeh- crs in behalf of the Indians, a plan for founding a colony on the Pearl Coast was carried, and notwith- standing Oviedo a]i[K'ared in opposition to his brotlier chronieler by t)ireringa larger royalty, a grant of two hundred and sixty leagues was signed in ^lay, IfrJO. I'ailing as a colonist, Las Casas retired for a time to the Dominican convent at Santo Domingo. After many years spent as missionary and preacher in Xica- ragua, ( Juatemala, ^Mexico, and Peru, ho was ajipoinli' I bishop of Chiapas, whei'e in theprogress of this history we shall again meet him. Certain attention which the Indies were now receiv- ing may be mentioned here. Some littlo att(;ntion was ixiid bv the ever-waichfui o-ovcrnmont to the welfare of society in these distant parts. The weaving of rich ap})arcl in Espanola was forbidden by the kin;* in lo2;j. The appellations of certain of the islands were undergoing change, so that in duo time their aboriginal names were restored to Cuba and Jamaic;), the authorities thereby evincing a good taste whidi rulers and explorers of other nations might well have profited l)y at a later j^eriod. In 1515 six loaves of sugar and twenty cassi^lliiis; tlie sixth to Indians, iueludiug treatnicut, rcpartiniieutos uud cnco- ; ;:'i- W't 2SG ADMIXISTRATIOr OF THE INDIES. \ :4 mioii'ln'^; llic srvonth to Crimea anil punhlimonts ; tlio cicrhtli to t'lo nianaf^c- iiiciit - ]ii''irin:) of li'iSO, that ci'diUas and provisiones coneerning the royal treasury sliould lie kept in a separate hook. 'J'hc carlii'.-it printed collection of laws rclatiiv:; solely to the Indies is that f>f the nrifcii'iiiz i.'i for the povernment of the andieniiii of ^Icxico. This wai issued in l.')J.'-». In 1.mi2 asimilar collection was made hy onlrr nf the vicen.y of Peru, Anlonio do .Mendoza, for the government of tlio r.udiencia of Li'in, Imt was n'lt printed at that time. Later the fiscal of ^lexico, Antonio Mai- ('('(////(W, /'/• ■(•'.s/o/i'.i', i ()rdrnnn::a-< J'ca'ca, Imt it does not apjier.i' that he cvn- completed his task, although a royal ci'dula in !.").")'! authorized him to do so. Upon tiie re|)resentation in I.m'J l)y Francisco Hernandez de Li bana, fiscal of the (,'ouncil of the Indies, of the urgent necessity of such a work, a royal ci dula was issued in 15(i0, directing the viceroy of Xew Spain, Juis ih; \'elasco, to hv-'vc prepared and printed .such regulationd as were in forcts within the jurisdiction of the audiencia of Mexico, which was done in I'lii'] under t!ie direction of \'asco ile Puga, oidor of the audiencia. Francisco ih I'oledo, scut from Spain in l.")o!) as viceroy of Pern, was oi'dcred to )Via!;e a similar compilation covering the limits of his viceroyalty, but i' was after- ward tliiiu;;ht better the work should be done in Spain. IFcnco in l."7i) I'hilip n. ordered made a general compilation o: laws and provisions for tlio piAcrnnient of the Indies, whicli was intended as a code, obsolete laws beiiig omitted, new fnies provided MJiere necessary, and those in conflict rccoacilcd. Of this work, from some canso not satisfactorily explained, probably from the death of the author, only tlio title relating to the Consejo de Indias and its ordcuanzas was printed, although the whole of the first book had been prepared. In l.")Sl some ordinances relative to the Casa dc Contratacion and it^i judges were ])rint(xl at Madrid; and moiv of a similar nature in 1,')8."), besi lo tiie J,ri/,i ji Ordi'Diiirjf for the government of the Indies, and the orJ.inances of l.")S'J concerning the despatch of fleets for New Spain and Tierra Firmc, printed at Madrid; and in tJnatemala the oril' ihtir.iii of July It, l.loii, rel.it- ing to the Uninrmlvl ilc lof M-mulcrcs ili' Si'i-illn. In loOi the marques do t'auete, vieerny of Peru, published at Lima a small volume of ordinances rel- ative to the ;;ood treatment of the Indians. IJut thi^ want of a j.'cneral coia- jiilation becoming more and more anpai'cnt, iMego do Encinas, a clerk in the oflicc of the king's secretaiy, was ovdered to prepare a copy of all /irnr'.^innr.^, riiliihis, ck/Vkv, ord' nniiyi.<, and //(f'r ( ■'•'o^c.v ilespatehed prior to l,V.Kl, whicii work was printed at Madri 1, in foui' folio volumes, the same year. Ha: rissu IS mistaken when he says these volumes were suppressed, no having i>eeu authorizcil; for not only is their authorization distinctly stated ' verthe iiin r'.i own hand in the enacting el luse of the llcnjutwion df An / iZ/k-i. May l'^, l(ISl), win I'e it says that Philip If. ordered Ihieinas to do this 'ork, lint tied owing to llu'ir faulty arrangement the volumes 'aun no han s tisfec'i i el la- tento de reco]iiIar en forma coivenienle,' whieii dearly showi Jiem to havi' been in u ;e \\[^ (o that time. Shortly after this, Alvar (loniez de Aljaunza, oidor of the audiencia of (luatemala, ancl subsequrntly (I'cif'i/^' i/c/ rrhin'ii et the aiulienciaof Mexico, eom|iiled two large vnlnnies under tiie title of Ri'ifr- tarin dc I 'nlit'd.^ /'ca/cs, which wci'e not ]irinted. And in Spain. l)ie';o de '/."V rilla made an atteni]it to revive the project of the ri'ir-\ by making extr.acts from Mneinas and adding laws of later date; but havin.' re- ceived an apjiointment as oidor of the aiidieuida of (^Hiito, he left the wnilc iucomplclc and in manuscript. Others madu similar attempts; I shall not he RECOriLACIOX DE LAS IXDIAS. 287 nlilc to cmimornto them all, m- jnvc n full list wen of tlio printoil colloctions. ]'(ir (.■xaninlo, iii llil).'! \va ; puhlinlied at \'alLi(li)liil a fnlio ciititlccl ()rt(< iidiirn-i J<'i(il(H i/ct ('(iii.'fjo til' Iiii/iax, and a.iiothrr thin lulii) called Liiiisij (h-dcuanriu y w roi.riitc hi'ii.u.-- jior sii M'njrstO'l, jiarii li ijniii'niariu t/i- Ints liiiltux: later ai'peared a fwlio cntiilcd Ordiuniirdmlc In Vnxn ile In ('iiiitf'tivioii ili' Si'rilln, nn I allot her, (irilnr'ioa ili' L'in i/r /iidhi.-i, which was printed in one volume, fnlio, in \(t'2'.i. This was in leality J'hicin;is' work v. ith .some ccdc.ias addeil. Meanwhile it appears that some direct »!licial work was done on a >'.i|iila- tinii, liiriu l(i_'t wo liiul the I'onneil instruetiii .' rinelo to enter into i-cijitions Mith ilie custodian of the material for tin; compilation. I'inelo was likewise aiithiztd to examine the archives of the (Council; and for two years ho iniployed himself continuously in cxamininLrsome.VlO MS. voluniesof ecdulas, coataiiiiii:.; o\i'r .'nK),(l;l;) documents. In the law *uthorizin,Lr the Iiiio/iil'i- ciifii ilr 1,1.1 li(diu-< of i(iSI), it is said that in l(i'2"i tiie task had been entrusted to Iw.driu'o de A'.niiar y Acuua, jirobably the cu-todian referred to. In Ui'J.S it waii thouTliit best to jiriut for tiic use of tiie Council an epitrmie of the part dinpleted; i«:nee appeared the. V»»((n'/o.S(/(' /'( /icri'jjilarioii U'lit ml ilc liu Lii'» ilfliix {mUih;. Aguiary Aeunadyin'-r. I'inelo worked onalone until Itil!!, when the Council approved of what had i ■ 'W done; and in the year lollowin.i,' Ihi* iadefatigahle anil Iciirned man nait the itisfactinn of jireseiiting tlKMumpletecl l'i''i>j,ilii,'/on iff liiK li.iliiis. To one of the member'-, .fuan d" Soh'iri'auo y I*e- rciva, r.ke work was n^ferrcl, and receiveil his appinliation in KlUd. More than liidf a, million of oedulas had been e.\-amimd and < lussilieil during t'.e [irogre.ss ol this eoiiipilation. And yet it was not published : and durin / ; lie f nn fiir'-ifar'i> of the CL'(liila.4 iclalin;,' lo New ,'ik\v Spain (k'pa.r'tnient of the Council of the Indies liy Franeiseo do IV\ira','a. afterward f^rniin;,' part of tlio liareia colIeeti(jn. In I(i47 apjjeared at .Seville the On/r/imiran Ji'cal'S, purd In ('umi iL- ( o)ilrr)io did r.-f,!''iili:'< ijiiv hc niiini ii dr Ich da- rrmiiiOH i nrrihtidns titnlirio'oia dc h^ Nnvlna ' L'sjuiiia a Jinliiu^, 1778; Tiatro de lii leij!iESA Sails for VERAorA— Parts Company with his Fleet — His Vessel is Wrecked — Passes Veragta — Confined with his Starv- iNii Cri:w on an Island— Srccou — Failure at VERAcrA— Attf.mpts Settlement at Xomf.re vi: Dios — Loss of Ship Sent to Espanola FOR Relief — Horrible SrFFiniixiis— Bibliographical X'otices dP Las Casas, Oviedo, Peter ^LvRTYR, GosiaEwV, and Herrera — Char- acter OF THE Early CiiiaiNicLrRs for Veracity. The voj^igcs of Bastidtis and Columbus coinplotod tlie discovery of a continuous coast line from the jL>'ulf el' Paria to Cape Honduras. In 1500 Juan D'nvA do Si'lis, a native of Lebrija, and ^'icont(^ Vafu;/. J'inzon ti)()k u[) the line of discovery at the island of Cuanaja, \v!i(>re the admiral had i'lrst touched, and proceodinijj in iln> opposite direction sailed alon;^' tlie coast of ^ lon- (Uir;)s to the westward, surveyed the iL^ulf of ] londuras and discovered Aniatique Hay, but passed by witliout iKTccivin;/ the Goli'o JJulce wJiicli lies hidden from llio sea. Tlio o])ject still was to fin- suaged; but Ferdinand ^',•as busy, and the experien''(s of Ojeda and Columbus on the mainland were n'lt encouraging to the most chivalrous cupidity. ]u- turned, however, from his Neapolitan wars in 1.307, his disaffected nobles somewhat ([uieted, and the dis- putes attending Isabella's succession allayed, Ihe king began to look about him. l»y tlie queen's tostauK^'it he inlierited one half the I'cvenues of the Castiliaii colonies. And the kin newly foniul I'c'rinii Id t!ic wcstwiinl. It \v;i:i i'a:iy t'iimi','!i to iiaiiio tlio ishimls, one after aiioii;' ■, n^ tlic", v.cvo tliseovcved, lir.t \vlu'u the Sji'iniai-iN reaelied thi,' eontiiieiit i\' y were ')aeU\Viiril about Kivin;,' it a ^^enei'al iiami!. l^verytliin;;; was so il Ic ami it'ieevtain J i slaiuls were iiiisiakeii ftir eoiithieiit, ainl c'diiiiiuiit 1 i' isliiiu''^ 'l'':<' siiir,>lo <'\iive'-si(in New "WovM tlia.t fell with tlie lir-t > \- clamaiions of woinler from tiie lipri of lairopi'aii.t on learning of the ■■:• • '(•s;^ of ColiunliU'i Millie'eil for a time a-i a .u'eiiei-al aii|iellatioii, Moi'o jreii' m1 pi.'l iiioi'e ]iennaneiit wan the name Imlia, ai'isiii;4 from the ini taU'' tli.t thin \\."< tlie further siilo or oa |ieoi).e a-i well at on tho country. 'Se,L,'nn hi opinion nris prohaMe, i\w )ienetro ha.it.i anuelloH para ,'e>J, y tamliien mas eomiuimente so d:i. a este lua v > iiiiiado dc'iouhierto, cl Uomoru do India.s Ocjidentale.^, para di.itin;;uirlu. do THE XAME AMERICA. 231 Vjr (lie uutaiii uiatclv .ubblr"! »ot IVll'l fornuT sever;.! -) Tau'ii- lot that orienccs •ore 11' it y. 1^*^'" in 1507, the (li>- Ihe kin;;' }stam'^nt :;astilia!i a royal us had l'Lhou;.;h o'cs had t Saiito tory,-.^' V to Col- .., eallrl/ It'V aiioilii 1', |niui'i>t I'l' y luiiiu'iit ! 'I' lof thu ■^••"■; lore {.'I'll' '1 V.tak-' tli:t [lilVit t" tU'i Mu'Utly ■ II . rjtOlllI' V ' |;r'u'u-la- u^i lltl Further tlian this, Ferdhiaud was well aware that if he \\uuld retain his western jiossessions lie must oeeu}\v llicni; for f^tinudaled hv the success oi' Portuu,'al and lis vordailcras quo cstan situadas on l:i Asia a nncstro Oriontc ciitve d IihId, y il tiaiiscij.' Xifvi lU^tiii'i'i, llnr. /,'.,■., ,MS. i. W. An tho coast lino of t!.j continont cxtcndi'il itself and hccamo known aa sucli it was very natnraily called by navigator.! tarni j., and en to e'j;;la Jlica, v.-hero at no well delineil ]V)int it .s'.oj.petl, > far a-T the northern scalioard was concerned, and in due time struck across to t!ie .Sou h Sea, M'hero the name marked oil' an (Mjuiv.ilent coast line. Ivipez \-A7. in I*!!rr]i"^, Ji:< Pi! iriiiir!,\\. \\'X,\, says, 'From this L Midof Verapua v.iLo till! [land of Margereta, the Coast along is called i\\'i jlr.iic J.rinl, not foi- liiat t!:" u'.MV place.) are not uf the lirme Land, but; because it \\\i.i the first llimj Li!i 1 l'i:it the Spaniards did conquer after the^- had past Ihc Ih.'.uN.' In tl.j y,'"'o;). dc fiidliti, i. 'oZi, u a law dated lo.'Jj, and re])eated l.').'{7, l.'SS, l,")i).'), \'','K l.'ol, and K'MS, which i)!aeesM-ithin the limits of the kingdom()f Tierva Firm" the province of Castilla del Oro. As a political divi.dun 'J'ierra. Firino li.id existeueo for a long time. It comprised the provinces of 1 )arien, \'era-ua, i r.l I'auama, \\hieh hu^t boro also t!io name of Tierra Firme as a province. Tie extent of the kingdom was (1,") leagues ia lengtli by bS nt its greatest 1 iisulth, and nine leagues at its smallest width. It was bounded fin the east by ( .'vt.-igcna, and t'lo guli of I'rab.i and its river; on the we.;L l.iyCostallica, .... 1 ,.'.i,i; i*'i uilui;,' a poi'tion of what i •, now Cnst.i Rica; and on the iK)"lh and sunt 'i y th..' two seas. Ou the map.) of Aovi-iOrhii '^eii il'^icrij'/wiii) liidhr ih.i- i'. '„/■'':.>■ bj' DeLaet, l()Ii;!,andof O'jVI jf.-i Anierlcft, 1(171, the Lsthmua i.seallc. 1 Tii'rra Firme. A'illaguf icrro writes in 1701, J/!i'. i'oi'i. Il'.n, whicii i.) misleading. 'I'lie early Spanish writers wei'c tilled with disgust by the misnomer Amer- !■;'.. Fizarro y ()renana, Varoncs //ivi/vy, ii» his prefaoo ; peaks of the 'Nue\ ;., y lijuissinn Farto del Mundo, (pic se ll.-i^na vnlgarmeto .IjHcr.Vvj, y no;iX If with these seventeenth-centin'y writers tlii! riate uue fin- the Xcw World, smacked t "i o \vv.\ ' (■ iimniiin, tlie only appr-pria sa-iiady r.f (!enr-^vo . ll'.e n.'.tne Anioriica caino freiwa mountain range in Xicaragu,;, called 1 y f ilivf s Amorit.!, v.-hicN Krenmc :«, f.yuotiym f or the gulden malul.md, lirst as i. lands and then in F>rope, -intil it liiially reached the font if theV'O'jres, ■ i' Wakuee-Muller, li- Hj liicmij Uu of Saiut Die, confuses il wilU llio i 3 r^ h ' 1 i' : 1 1 'i ; i; I 1?" 202 COLOXIZATIOX OF TIERRA riR:\IE. Spain, France, En^'land, lEollancl, and Sweden liad all a\\akened to oeejiiuc eutcr[»riso. lie had belbro this conniiissionod Ojeda to watch the inroads of the En- glish at the north, and directed Pin/on to liavo an eye on the Portuguese and the pope's partition line at the south; now he was resolved to break the terri- tory into kingd(-ins ;ind provinces, and apportion them t')r government to such of his su1)jocts as were able and willinu' to colonize at their own cost. When the intention of the king was known, two ilashing cavalicn's ap]K\ired and asked i'ov the govern- ment of tlie rich coast of the Tierra Firme. One was Diego do Nicuesa, a native of Baeza, well-born and an accomplished courtier, having been reared by l]nri(|ue Eriritjuez, chief steward and uncle of tiiu king. He came to the Inditis fn\st with Ovando. The other was ALmiso de Ojeda, then in Santo .!.);»- mi)igo, and already famous in New World annal<, making his hrsl appearance there with Columbus in his second voyage, and having already achieved two notable voyages to P;iria, or the Pearl Coast, one in 1 VJO with J Ma',! de la Cosa and Amerigo Vespucci, and one in 1502, with Garcia do Ocampo and Juan uc A^'ergara. The la>i had been made in four shi'ps, an I for the purpose of colonizing; instead of which di- putes arctse, and the fiery onunander was seized a;.>l carried in shackles to ICspahola. There lie was tried, i\::ino of Vespucci, (iiiil is led to piiiit in tho preface of Vi -pncci't Voyn :/ .: : - ' Aivl llic fjurth part of tho world Iiavinj; I'l cii discovci ( f I y AHl"n'VH iii,.y ^vcll 1)0 culled Aiiici'igc, wliicli i^ as much as to say, tin- /.■ ■•' '■' ' '(I'-iii.'nji, o: America.' JLid tlio name hceii .so carlyaiid no couimoiily ; , < 'J'i''ii'* I'liMiio, it in Rtran','e that sonic rnu' of the many Spanisli M'ritc... j., , luM' * vr ill Spain had not employed it or mentioned it. Villaguticrrc iir /7"( < n- dor:>e3 tho ell'ort made liy lM/.arro y (Jicllana in KJoI), .';ayi:i;{. //;V. Conq. // /, l.S, tliat the New World .should have l)cen i-dlcd after the ( 'ai ,iw'ii> Bovci'ei ■;. ■. ' do euya ord> ., y ii cuyas e.\peusa.s ko de.scubrian.' lie states iailitM't ou lie nuthority of Simon, that the (Jouucil nf the Indies as late an IC'J.t t.dki 1 . f cliiui;.'in;^ tho name, liut were deti'ri'ed liy the inconvenieneo involved. J. w'lM \"etancurt, Tutlrn Mix., lo-l."), in liiDS .says tliat the name Aineii » fihonld lie era cd from history, c [l!in,%'atti'u(ion 1 > tlio Ijull of partition \i-:\'\ liy I'opc Adrian VI., ■\vhicli alhulcr< to the new landu as the W'stci'n I'a:! • only it was not .Vdrian Imt Alexander ^'I. wlio perneir.ited ilie huil, in wh; ii moreover there i- no such term in Western I'art \\m:\ -iw-'^wnvj, (hercf!",.! t:at jndia ^ ()iei 1 origin uf ihu uuum Amuiii;/(l sou cap. i. p. Vl\i-o ot llii.s vuliime. OJEDA AXD NICUESA. on 203 L had all 'ore thi-^ the En- liavc an :iou lino lie tciTi- on them 'ere able )wn, two o'ovcru- le. Olio roU-boni cared hy c of tlio Ovando. mto .!):>- d auiuil<, .imbus ill 3ved t\v>t -it, (mo ill ^espueoi, Juan dc lii[).>, an I |hii-h di- ,;od a lid - tried, iciiH iii;:y / Itclin III I , il III- . ' ■„.:l. /'.(, ■ Vfl'ti ■!.'. (/.r<(;u llK' li,» Ul!.' 1 .f fv,'.l. IJ'- luo AllH'li .» litioii i ;--ui"l I'll I 'a;! -■ ili V. li: 'l .itiuu ;mhI and a deci.slon rendered a^'aiiLst liiin, Avluch however was overrided on appeal to the Council of the Indies; but he came out of his dilli(;ultie.s stripped of all his jiossessions. The candidates were much alike, each beini^j a fair type of the Spanish cavalier. Uoth were small in stature, thougii none the less men of prowess. Sym- iiii.'lrical in form, muscular, active, and skilful in tho use of weapons, they delighted in tilting matches, feats of horsemanship, and in all those [)astiines which characterized Spanish chivalry at the close of the ^lahometan wars. The school in Mduch Ojeda had studied experience, as page to the didce of ^[edina Cell, who appeareel in the Moorish wars a^ ^he head of a brilliant retiiuie, was in no wise inferior to that of his rival. Their accomplishments were varii'd, Uiotigh not speci^dly in the direction of colonizing new countries. Not onlj* was Nicuesa a line musi- cian, playing well the guitar, and having some knowl- ct!go t)f ballad literature, but he could make his horse ir:;ince in perfect time to a mtisical instrument. As for Ojeda, thei-e was little, in his own o])inion, ho could not do. The more of recklessness and folly in tlio exploit the better he could perform it. Once at Seville, while Isabella was in the cathedral tower, otit iKuii which ran a beam, at a heiglit so great that i'rom it men on the groiuid lookeil like pygmies, to sho v \hc (jtiecn of what nu^tal he was made, Ik.; moimted tiiis beam, balanc(Ml himself, thoii trii>[)ed lightly as a rope-dancer to the end of il. wheeleil, and lilting one I 'ot jioised himself on the other at ilii-; fearftdly di/zv In ight, wlieiv almost a breath would dash him to 'l">tructi()n; then, rettu'ning, he stopped at the wall "i«l ])lacing one foot agcunst it threw an orange to \'tn t';j) of the tower. W\i\) such distinguished ability on cither side, it v,.,^ dililctili t(» determine between tliem. Wiio .-o >»Mi(fiI»lo to b.dU(! miasma, poisonous reptiles, and Nvild beasts wh'tlj dressing the instittuions of Spain S^:i j ill 294 COLONIZATION OF TIERRA FIRME. for lli'j v.'il IcriiL'ss of America, a:i llio graceful aiiil v/itty Xleucsa! What a glorious missionary Ojcda v,-oul(l make! So moderate, so wise, so gentle, so just, l)olh! Xieuesa bad money, a necessary com- modity to liim who would colonize at his own cost. I kit then Ojeda had inlluence; for Fonseca Avas his friend, and an inquisitor his cousin. Yet Nicuesa was not witliout advocates at court; money alone was a }x)werful argument. AVhen, ilnally, the veteran jiilot, Juan de la Cosa, tlu'ew his exj>crience and earnings upon the side of Ojeda, to whom he v\"a ^ devotedly attached, and offered himself to embark in tiio adventure, the king concluded to let tlu.nn botli go; and then it was that he divided Tierra Firmo between them, makinu' the u'ulf of Ui'aba'- the divid- ing point. The eastern or Soutli American portion was called Xueva Andalucia, and of this Alonso de Ojeda was appointed governor; the western division, extending from tlie guJf of Uraba, or Darien, to Ca])e ( h'acias a J)ios, was named by the king Castilla di I Oro," or (Joldeii Castile, and tlic connnand given to '•' N()\r gulf of I>.iricii. Tlio nnmc I'rnbA \v;ia first .■ipi)li((l to tlio pnlf ly ll:!'ili(liit!, uv 1)y iiiivi^iitors ii)mii.'ili;itcly fullowiii!; liim. Suli/cijuoiuly thu IfiTitory on tlio cistuni siilo of t'lo L;alf was cnilril rral>:i, and tliat on tin; vosIl'tii siilo Darii/ii. On l\'ivi- r^Iartyr'.s ma]), /ndia li: i/owl (he GiiiKjt'^, l.jiO, ii X\\v. word vrfl, '(]iie l.i iVoviueia do Tierralirmo, llanuula ('a-;till;i del t)ro, sea, do la^^ Froviueiai^ di 1 Pel 11. y no do las do Niieva ]']spafia.' The province of Veragun, and tlio tei'- ritiii'y 'hack of the gulf of Uialxi, where dwelt the caei>pie Cimaco,' weiv deelarod within the limits of the government of Tiirni Firuio. IIel|i<, S/Kiii. ('mil/., i. 4t)t), eall.-i a map of that portion of South America extern I in.; from the gulf of Maraeailio to the gulf of Uralia )iy tlic lamc Castilla d. 1 (liM. J have notiei d in several of the earlv maps the same uiiitako. CoI'Mi aud Rihero eall only the I'earl Coast Castilla .lei Oro. In Wi'-t-Iiidiflc' iS,'ii'j/ii /, Ki'Jl, (U, the country between the Atrato and a river flowin'j,' into till! gulf of Vene/nela is called Castilla del Oro. Huiiboldt, £Vm »J. (V.V.. i. "JO. ei'idiieoiisly narrows the limits of Nieuewi's government to vhat 'pnrtie la Ten'e-i^'nne placee eiitri' le \'( .■t lo gohe iri'l;d>a, ou OoUlii. <,a;t la, governaciiui de linjcda;' fur Navarivte says di-tiuelly in his .Wil.'iti biujriijkitd del iiii/iluii Aioiiso JIvJcda, Co/, i/t i'u(;/Lo, iii. 170, • Loa laiiite.'i dc l.fc ^ll mil OJL'd.l itle, so y coin- n co.st. ivas hi.5 :>no Mas Vetera; i ICC an I lie v/as ibark iu ;m botli L Firiiiu c divul- porli'Hi it)n;jo (Ic (liviriioii, to Ca])u ilia (hi "ivcu lo thognlf l.y ]uciuly iliu ;iit ou tho |(//;/r.s 1511), jipplieil 1') s, no. iv., I i:J l\'pic- ; \'rfl''t ill t/it, anil h'io [t o{ Tierva for in ill'! ho, '(luo l;i Ivinciius ill I |n,iii( ii. (pio ;d iHcscnto Ji- li.iiiia la pii)\ ineia do Andalncia, la Niu^va, e el puflilo i-e di; V'inzon o .)nan Diaz do Solis, ni la pro\ inria di; I'iiria.' 0\ irdo muks tiio limits plainly enough, iv. IKi, ' I'or la eo.-;ta ilel Xorto tieno ha.-ta \'i I'.-tgiia, f|Uo lo ipio eon aipud oorre^ipondo en la eosta did .Sur jiuodo i. vii. eap. xi., .say.s tiiat TOO sailed from J'lspaTiola wi'Ai Nicuesa nud liOO with Ojeda. '\o pudiendo llojeda ]ior su jiolireza api'estar la expediciuii, hi Cosa y otros amicus le llctarou jina nao, y uim <'i dos lierj^au- tiiicti, ipic coll dosiciciitoy liuiubrcs. ' Sotkius biuji'^ijicdd lUl capilna .liu/i;D THE RIVAL c;ovEnxons. Xottli-'d at every turn lie made about the little town, ()je(la, who was a better .swordsman than logi- cian, at len^'th projxjsed to settle all scores by sin^'lo coinbat, "Agreed," re[)lied Xieuesa, who was e(|ually lii-ave yet less passionate, "but tor what shall we JiLjlit ? ^latch me with live thousand castellanos. and r am your man." Finally old Juan do la Cosa inter- I'v'red to prevent bloodshed; the river Darien, or Atrato, was made the dlvitUng line, and measures ^\•ere taken to hasten departure before the lire of hot Oji'da sliould blaze out again. l)ut Ojeda was not without his little triumphs. There dwelt at this time at the ca])ital of the Indies a lawyer, known as the liaehiller" ^lartin Fernande;^ do Enciso, who during a successful practice of many ycar> had accumulated some two thousand castellanos. Tempted by the olfer of being made alcalde mayor' H'i'il'f, Xiivnrrefe, Col. deViaijrs, iii. 170. Ucnzoni, who pays litUc heed t I nuinhcM or dates, says, //ist. Jloiido Xrovn, .'(7, 'Iloieda compro ijuattro nuui c fecc piii di quattrocento solJati alio fuu spcse, c cosi parti nan l)o- lueuieo.' '"' ' I'laohillcr,' says the Enulisli trans!;;tnrof Len/oni, ' iK'Ui.i wider iiieaiiiii^ than our word baelielor, si^iiilyini^ also an iid'erior order of Uiii'dd hood.' 'J'liis is a iiiistako. The word lia.s tiio same oorres]ioadiiig yiu'iiilieaiii.i: in iioth lau- j.''.iages. It in true that tlio (higrco exenipt.i tlie poss.csdDr Irnm eertaiu ohliga- tiirus, sui'h as [lei'sonal si'rviee, military and niuiUL'ipal, iiuprisDnnuMit for(lel)t, i'^'., a'.nl grants hiui certain privileges enjoyed hy nolih'nien. iJnt tins does 11 't iiiakehininohle. Tlie next degree, wliieh isthatdt licenliate, cari'ies with ii still farther iirivileges, but even this dues not couslitute knighthood. Tho i!,'_'recof doctor, which follows that nf licentiate and i.i the higliest conferred I'V the U'.uversity, gives the possessor the riglit to prelix Dun to his name, and pI.iMs liiui in iicai'ly every respect on a par witii noMenien. ' The word al<-ii!il<: is from the Arabic , the audieneia .stamling for the supremo court. There w ere, liiwever, in tho early years, alcaldes uiayores who were not law judges, or la 11 learned in the law; they governed for tho king a town or city not the cajiital of a province. >'orri'ii!iloi; a magistr.ato having civil and criminal jurisdiction in tlie lirit instance {i'l4 /n-in-^) and guljcrnatorial inspection in the political and eciiaoiuicalgovernm'Ut in all the towns of (iie district assigned '^o him. There Were '• r/vr /(./f);v.v Itliwlo.^ (learned in the law), jmHtii'tx (political), */»' ■■ajnt i/ '■■■ifinl I (cloak anil sword), and pii'i'ico-i // iirfi'ftrci (holding civil ;uid militiiiy iiutiiority). All had ei]\ud jurisiliction. When tho eorregidor or mayor w.a.s n-'i liy ]ii-ofession a lawyer, unless he had an (t.s'c.n,- of Ins own, t'le alc.ildo la.iyur, if pjssessed of le^'al knowledge, became his adviser, which greatly i-i-H IMAGt EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I >^ 1^ 1 2.2 .t li£ 12.0 m 1-25 1.4 11.6 ■• 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation #t, 23 WIST MAIN STitilT WIBSTIR.N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4503 \ •O^ ;\ \ I m COLONIZATION OF TIERRA FIRME. of the new o-ovcriuneiit, he was induced by the imi)etuous Ojeda to embark his entire fortune in the adventure. It was arranged that the baehiller sliould remain at Santo Domingo for some time after the! departure of Ojeda, in order to obtain furtlier I'ecruits and fit out another ship, and thou follow the governor to Nucva Andalucia. Of Ojeda's party was Francisco Pizarro; and flit- ting restlessly from one heterogeneous group to another, enviously watching preparations in which circumstances prevented their participating, were other dominant spirits waiting o[)por:unity, notably Vasco Nunez de Balboa, tied by debt to distasteful agriculture, and Hernan Cortes, fortunately forbid- den to embark by illness. Ojeda was tlie first to sail, embarking Noveml)er 10, 1509. Nicuesa would have weighed anchor at the same time, but was [)revented by his creditors; for liis success in securing followers was attended by so copiou, a drain of purse that not only his money but his credit was gone. Favorable winds wafted Ojeda quickly to Carta- gena, where he landed and proclaimed m loud and vaunting tones his manifesto." A shower of poisonid darts was the reply; a mark of disrespect from liis new subjects which set the governor's l)lood boiling. !I3reathing a short prayer to the virgin, Ojeda seized n lance, and charging the natives at the head of his followers scattered them in the forest, and rashly [nw- incrciLsod tho iinport-nncc of tlio latter. The aluaUlo mayor waa appointi'I liy till! kin;;. Ho must be by iirol'ossion a lawyor, twenty-nix years nf mlii'. and of good ili:ir;u;tc>r. llo could neither heauativo of the di.slnot in wiiiili lii> was to exenise his functionn, nor eould lie marry a wifu in his district. It'rriiji. |)arted on his way, Ojeda cast off iVom that ill-fated shore his ships, and brought (hi'ni to the gulf of JTraba, where on its eastern i^'ulr, near the entrance, he built a fortress, tin; begin- ning of his capital city, and called it San Sebastian'" '•"To this (lay tlioro nro tril)C9 in tlio vicinity of tlio Atrato IUvlt wliiili iiavi lllVlT luHMl Hul)jugalc'il. ' I am unalilo to lind tiiis place on niiy innp. (Jomara, ///'•/. ///'/., OS, f.ivH; '("onu'uro lui';^i> vna fortaltva, y imililo, (lon.lc so r(M,ojr(.i-, y asstj^'iiiar iai.1 iiitoiKo Uigur 4U0 i|uutru uiiuj uutc!) lo tiuia uouit-'^'Uilo iuuu ikla Co^mi. I lil 300 COLOXIZATIOX OF TIERRA FIRME. ' ill honor of the arrow-inartyrctl saint, whose protec- tion ho craved from the venomous darts of liis sul»- jects. From San Sebastian, Ojeda despatched to Santo ]^omingo one of his vessels with the gold and captives he had taken, at the same time urging Enciso to hasten his departure, and send supplies. Mean- while Ojeda's tem})er, which was as sharp and fiery as Damascus steel, made little head-way against tan- gled marshes and poisoned arrows. Persisting in his high-handed poliiy, he could do nothing with the natives, food heing as ditHcult to obtain as gold, and his ranks rapidly thinned. While harassed by hunger and watching anxiouslv the coming of Enciso and the return of their ship-;, the colonists descried one day a strange sail. On reaching San Seliastian it proved to bo a Genoese vessel which, while hjading with bacon and cassava bread at Cape Tiburon, had been piratically seizetl by one Bernardo do Talavera and a gang of vaga- bonds from Santo Domingo, who esca})ed with their prize and had come to Nueva Andalucia to seek fortune under the wise and happy rule of Gov- ernor Ojeda. To buy the cargo was the work of a moment, for the pirates were very ready to sell; and, indeed, had they not l)een, the governor would have compelled them. The poison was in his blood, which was now hot with fever, and ho was in no mood for ceremony. But the relief thus obtained was only Esto fuo cl priinor jniclilo do Espiifn 'os oiila ticrrn firiiio de Iiidias.' If tlio author rcfci-s lii.s lirst town to tlift foi'ii.'v visit of .Tuan Ju la C'dsiv fi)iir ycnn bi'forc, I Hlitmld say tiial oai-i('n, (iiio cutre Ins Indios era muy oelelnadi) do oni, y do >.'ente lielieosu, y no lo liailando, sr)l)ro vnos eerros aswentu vn piiciilo, al ijtial Ihiniii la villa do san Sehastian, toniuii- dole ]«iv alxigado contra las lliu'lias ile la yerna niortifeni: y e«ta fue la (•' • L'tmda villa tie ('astcllanos i|ne xc ]piplild, en tndo la ticrra tinne, aiiiendo miI> la |irinuia la Meaii- lul liorv list taii- i[f in Ills vitll tllL! ;okl, ami nxiously ir slii]t<, ail. Oil Genoese cassava y st;i/L'il of vaL,M- ^tli tluir to HCvk ' (J<.v- k t»r a 1; ami, I havo , wliicli )0(l lol- ls only If t!io loiir yiari Hl'ltll Mllllt, )j('(la..f ".IS IkUhi; this, ill tliiH ill- IK) [)i».41'il- ritiT*, i. vii. Illl|l>, M)lllO inn, tdiuaii- t'ut' l;i K'> uicii'l'i «i'l'» ;cin8 raliii-r lU I. iii]M>i'arv. Day ky day the food supply diininislied. The colonists wei-e reduced in nunil)er from three jiundred to three scon;. And with bodily ailment (•;ime as usual mintl -distempers, wran;^lings, ruin, aiitl despair. Wliere nt)\v was the valiant Ojeda ? liuiuiliated to the dust, as well bei'ore the savages as bt lore the Sj)aniards. Vet he would not yield to fate without another cllort, wasted and weak as he was. diving I'ijano command of the fortress, Ojeda took passage in the iViebooter's ship and sailed i'or Santo Domingo. But Ills patroness, the virgin, had indeed deserted him. Shipwreck met him at Cuba, whence he crossed to Jamaica. Talavera and his gang, after the most e.K- ti'a(»rdinary exertions, likewise reached Jamaica, but only to be seized by order of Diego Colon and hanged. Ojoda said nothing to Mscjuivel about striking oil" liis la;ad, but humbly took the kindly extended aid. J^ro- cceding to Espanola in a caravel he found Enciso U'one, and himself a bankrupt invalid. Pride, which sildom deserts a Spanish cavalier, gave way. lie- (l;i('ed to penury, broken-hearted, he died, begging as ])ioof of jiis humility to be buried under the mona.stery |)i)r(al, that all wlu) entered should tread upon his L;rave. Farewell, daring, dashing, irrational Ojeda! jjct us now look after Nicuesa. When I'rom the (hMjomfited Ojeda the gallant governor of Castiila del Oi'o last ])arted, he coasted westward toward Veragua, where he [)urposed to jilant his colony. The better to survey the seaboard, he took a small caravel, and nidered Lope de Olano, his lieutenant, to attend him V. ilh two briganiines, \Nliili' the larger vessels kept I'lirihcr from the shore. Thus they proceeded until ]•• aching the liulian j)ro\ince of Cueba, where a jjort v»as discovered into w hicli llowed a small stream called Tito. There they landed and said mass," and there- l""rc named the place Misas. 'riio first in Tieini FiniU', Ovicdo xny^, Imt lin forjuits tlic laiuliii'.', for t'n' "nino iiurposo, of Ikirluloiia' Colon iit Cuno lloiuhua^, Sumlay, Aujiuat II, I.JU-'. 302 COLOXIZATIOX OF TIERP.A TlV.'Sm. I'll Lcavinrj tlicrc the largest sliips in cliari^c of a rel- ative named Cucto, who was to receive word when tn follow, Nieuesa pressed forward towai'd AxM-ai^iia with a caravid carrying sixty men, JjO])o do Olano still at- tending in a hrigantine with tliirty men. A st( nii arising not long after, the latter took advantage (if this and the darkness of the night to sc^jarate iVoiu him, impelled partly hy a conviction that they wvw. on the wrong course, parll}* hy amhitious projects. After waiting two days in vain for his companidii Nicuesa continued westward. In the search (ov \vv- agua he attempted to follow a chart drawn hy Ilarlo- lome Colon, though his pilots Diego do T\ihoro and Diego ^lartin, hoth of whom had been Avith Colum- bus, assured him that he had jjassed the place. The storm increasing, Nicuesa ran his vessel into the UKJuthof a largo river; but when attempting to pro- ceed after the storm he found himself caught in a trap, and his vessel on the bar amidst the breakers, tlio water having subsided. Unable to move the ship in either direction, its destruction was inevitable, luul tho men set about saving themselves. A rope w;n stretched to the shore at the cost of a life; and scarcely had the last person reached land when the vessel went ttj pieces. liehold, then, the courtly Nicuesa, so lately tli(^ proud connnander of a licet, by this sudden fivak (I' I'ortune cast uj)on an inhospitable shore, his where- abouts unknown to himself oi' to those in tho ships, and his abno'-t naketl followers destitute of food, save one barrel (»f Hour and a cask of oil ihmg tliem by tho surly breakers! His mind was moreover ill at ease concerning Olano, whose ivputation was none ef the best, and wiio Niciu>sa thought might have jniiu I him had he been disposed. The ship's boat fortu- nately th'ifted ashore, and in it Nii'uesa placed Diego do Hil)ero and throe seamen, ordering them to keiji him comj)any along the shore, and render assistance in crossing streams and inlets. Already faint with CASTILLA nni, ORO. t» h\m';;or, ihoy ho^j^nn tlifir nmnli. Hut wlilflior? Si ill westward, Imt not towMvd AVraijjna. I'afli weary footstep carried tliein larther and ihrtlicr from their (lesf ination. It was not a ]ilcasant joni'ney feelini^ their way throui^di tropieal forests, with sueh impedi- ineiits as aniards. After orossinj:^ an inh^t in the boat one evenin;jf, tiny rested jor the nii;'ht, antl in attiMUptinu^ to resume their march lu^xt morniii;^ i'ound tliemselves upon an island. CalllnL,^ for Ilibero, he was missing'. Xor was tluj boat anywhere to bo seen. It could not be ])ossiblo' that he had left them to die on that circumscribed and barren spot. Ltnidly they called, searching,'' every iiilel, and sweepini,^ the horizon with terror-liL,dited eyes. It was true; they wei'e abandoned! It is curious to witness the eil'cct of despa.ir on dill' Tent minds, of the near apjiroach of tliat hateful means for our iinal suj)pression. Some will li'^ht the m()iist('r; others succumb, sinkiuLj into drivelliii'^' im- bei'ility; others calndy al>andon themsel\-es to the inevitable, even the ludicrous asj)ect of the case com- lii'^' home to some of tlu^m, lookin;^ tjfrindy cheei'ful. As ehewhere, both fools and philosojihers were found iiiiioiio- Xicuesa's crew. Some prayed and confessed, Nvilli dix'ers de;^r(>es of acconi|)animent, Ironi low lam- entation to frantic ra\'in;^^; some cursed; some nursed tlieii- horror in sullen siLuco. COLONIZATION OF TIERRA FIRME. I sliall not att(Mnj)t to describe Xiouosa's siifTtr- in,<4'.s wliilo on this island. Suilioe it to saj that (HI a scanty diit of roots and sIr-H-HsIi with hrackish Avater many died, while others wished thenisilvfs dead; for the former might rot in peace, but the latter yet livinj^ swarmed with impatient veiinin. And there was little satisfaction in eftort, wIku diiiddnj^ only increased thirst, and eatiiiLf but kept alive despondency. Truly it was a jjfood thiiii^', a ^rand thinj^j ti) adventure life to capture wild lands and I'ule one's fellows! Thus weeks passed. Then like a ray shot from thi' Redeemer's throne a sail was seen. ^Ten wasted to the last extremity shook ofl' death's <.^rip and roused themselves, stretehin^f tluilr lonuj lank necks, their bony cliins and <^laze(l eyes toward the aj)proaehinL,^ vessel, wliieh soon camy to anchor before the islanil. liibein was not a villain after all. Satisfied that Veraij^u.i, Mas behind them, but unable to convince Xicuesa, ]tibe)'o won over to his views the three boatnuni, lilt, f he island during;' the ni;j;ht, i-etraced their course ami reached Verai^ua. Tliere they found tiie colonists. Mith Olano bearini^ rule, who on the information iA' ]libero could scarcely do less than send his go\eni"i' succor." Leavinij here Xicuesa, let us inquire concerning: the other portions of his scattered colony. Tw.i months haviuLf ela])sed since the d(!parture of the governor from the port t)f ^lisas, and hearing nothing IVom any one, Cueto, in whose charge the lleet was left, became uneasy, and taking a small vessel, set out in search of his conunander. The only tidings \\^- could gain were from a htter found on an i-^laiid, Mi'apped in a leaf and fastened to a stick, which in- '■^Wlicn Oviodo j,'nivcly assorts lliat Iiilx-rn int(>iiik'y lU'luli wlieii lie was eiiMtlULMl by Ohiiio, lie j^'oes out uf his way Vi iiiiiUe jialiiiiMi! nonsense ajijHar is truth. Admit them irihiiiiiaii iii(>iisiei>-, wliicii ihey wiTe not, wliiihcr wuiild four sLui'vod licl^ilceid wretclie.s dt'surt lUi tliid dcauly uiioru? WOES OF XICUKSA. 30.1 fonnctl liini that Xicucsa was well and still journov- i )!',<• westward. Jicturnin;^ to Misas, Cucto with the (itlire licet sailed lor A'cra'^iia; hut so hadly wonn- t.iten were the shi])S that he was ()I)1i;j^ed to coiiio to .•iiirlior at the mouth of the Hiver ( 'liaL;'ri>/'' whieh lioiii the I'aviMious allijj^ators that swaniu'd there was (•;illcd hy tlie Spaniards Lii'^^artos. There portions i of ihe car<^oes were landed; and while attenij)ts were Made to repair the .shi[)S, one of tlie j)ilots, J\;di'o de liiihiia, was sent iit ipiest of the lost governor. ]\1< ;tiiwhile Loj)o de ()lan»> arrived. Mvidontly the lieutenant did not in his heart di -ill- his captain's ivturn. For allhoupearanee of the {jjovi'rnor, with such \aiiations as suited his purpose, with t(>ars whicli AVduld have done honor to the crocodiles thereal)out, ]\<- made no etl'ort to tind Nicuesa. Jle atl'ected to 1" lirvc him dead. "And now, Gentlemen," he said, '• l> t no more mention be made of him if ^'ou would iH»t kill me." The lleet now procccdecl to llulcn, 'vhere the usual lalaloj^ue of disasters attends the disend)arkation. Tiiiir men are i:ian(led, hroki^n in i)ieees, and of the fra'^'inents l.iils ai'e made en the site formerly o('cU])ird hy Jl,ir((»l<)!ne Colon. Olano, after some ojiposition, is I'liiiially proclaimed lieutenant-governor. Ivaids fol- "Cliiii^ro, not ChagroH, was tlin unuw of tlic native province tliroiigli vliii !i this river flowH. Ni'.ir its inmitli riii[ity si'\ itmI miiiill Hticani.s, ami it ^.i-i ■■nly lii!ni'e of thfsi' that the tciiii l,at;arIos tor any hiujtli I' tiiiii' ;i|i]ili(vl. SavM Alifdn, />/■(',, i., of tliu ilivii' ('ha;,'n': - ' l.o iIusimiIm iii 11 ill-' l."rJ7 III riianilii i\v la Sciiiii Ihiliiiiluhili.! rio lio l^i^artoH, y antes mi hma l.'l"' il'' Ohino el lie l.'ilo.' Ovieiln ri'inark.s iijion it: - '.\l;^uiii).< lian ((Ueriilo il" ir i|iie jiis ilo ajuesta aniiMMa !<• ilieruti e.' tc niiiiihfi", poiinie nin;.'iuia cosa viv:i siltal.a ile Ids liavios (|iio en |i!'es.seni;ia ile la j^eiite nn ki; la euiniessen huv"! niiiy ^'landes la^'artos, lo ipial se e.\]iei inieiitii en iil^'iinos juMros. Kste III ' - la li')t:i del rio (,'iiagre.' ///.^V. '.'■ »., ii. 'JtiT. Ainsta is houuu hat Imix! ill til' statement, Caiiijn iitl. Il'isl. Siiira Wrdiiiii/ti, ,'{|, 'Mil la liiica del lic) * li.-ijii'^i, i|iii' entonoes llaniahan de los Litrartus jmr la niultitud de eainiani s 'I'le ( i|,i|, haliia visto en el.' Va/ Itonrado plaees, on MhhhIi Allna, no. \., I'TI, ill this vicinity ii river with the wijnl it ' /'"/". I)i! I..aet writi's tt, ik tltajn; Duiniiier, A'. Cho'jrc; Jcllcry.s, /,'. i'liajit iiml Ft Chwjrv. Ui.'.T. Ct.N. Am., Vol. I. 20 non COLONIZATION OF TIERRA FIRME. low: Imf ilic (juihiaii, ^vown wise by cxpcrlonoc, n- tirc'S with liis pi-ojilo, and IcavtJS tlio Spaniards to sliift lor tlu-nisc'lvc's. Tlicn.^ l>einiL^ notliinLj t<» stc.il. tli(!V starve. JJiscuse and disalluction luUmv; Olaiio is not liappy. Wrathlul, indeed, was Nicucsa on rcacliini^ Beltn. A_i,^ainst Olano his indiij^nution was extreme. Jh; chai'LCed him with wiliiil desertion, with Telonioiis destruction of the shijis, and with i^ross niisinanaLjr- nicnt. He had ruined all. lirantlinj^ him as a traitor he orilered his arrest; and when some feehle attempt-^ were made l)y the others to miti.i;ate the jj^ovenmi's displeasure, he broke Ibrth on them. "It well ht- conies you," he (exclaimed, "to ask pardon for him, when you should bo bcj^i^iniif mercy Ibr yourselves I" But of what use wore oaths and bickovino's ;* Of his jjfallant company half were dead, and the loss fortunate remainder lived oidy to suffer yet awhili' beibre followin;^. Of all the men who came I'lom Spain, proud Nicucsa lost the most, havin;^ niu>t to lose. Of all Now World woes, Nicucsa's woes were jD^reatest; the half of what thus far has Ix. :i words cannot tell, and the worst part is yet to cniiir. Now that the rich Voraj^ua was reached, the Golden Castile of greedy antici[)ations, what then? The ( .1 for man. Sallow-faced skeletons of men clam<>ie;l their distress. Death was busy enough, so Olaiios life was spared, though his badge of ollice was i\- changed for fetters. Even foragers ]ierished for want of food; every member of one band died from eatiiiLC of a putrescent Indian. The governor grew j)eevi-li; his generous temper was soured by misfortune. The colonists com|)lainod of his harsh treatment and in- dift'orence to their sufforin "The fates are airainst us hero; lot us abandon lin-' nomtot: de pios. no: <) I'l.u'o." "Oil, vciy well !" snarlid Xicuor-ia. Loaviiiir Al(>ns(i Nunez, with tlio diLjuiliod title of alcalde iii.ivor, and a few men to harvest some grain j)laiited liv Olano, the colonists iMuhai'ked in two hrigantines iiiid a caravel, huilt of IVaginents of tlu; hi'oken ships, to seek some healthier s[)ot. After sailing »^astward some twenty leagues, a Genoese sailor named (iregori iiildi'essed the governor: "I well rememher, v. hen with the admiral in this vicinity we entered a line port where we found food and water." After some siarch the })lace was I'ound, tin; I'ortohcllo of ( "o- luinhns, and an anchor dro|)i)ed there l>y the ndmi- ral was seen protruding I'rom tlu^ san(l. Landing I'll- food, the S[)aniards were attacked and twenty kllli^d; indeed, they could scarcely wield their weap- ons so W(>ak were the\. Faint and disheartened thev coiitimied theii' way ahout seven leagues fartlier, when approaching the shoi-e Xicuesa cried out: "l*a- rcinos a(jUi en el nomla'e de ])ios 1" Hen; let us stoj> ill (lod's name! They i'ound anchorng(\ the ))kic(; hcing the Puerto de Jjastimeiitos of Columhus. The ( oiiipanions of Nieuesa, however, r(\'idy in their ','iapliy "U tin; maps. 'I'lms I'lriiaiiilo ( 'ilon writrs this iimiih! nnlirc : lli- 1" 111, /((',/( .• A'-Oi'sc, tin III f If'' lirilin ; \ :\/, I )(iin'ail(i, //(/'(/■•■ iln/ini ; llaflliisii-i, .Xo,!,!' ih'ihii; Hiiiiilius, ill l'uroi)a.'<, AD/// ilr hia-i: Mi'iiator. haiiipicr, Ouriiliy, tins a'itli.ii-,/i, Sfii'ili'l. .hn'i'i'ys, ami tlii'ii' stici-fssurs, cuiitiary to till ir frfi|U<'iit, ctistum, all \\ riti! tin? wnnU cDrrcctly. 'I'liis place, as wo shall 111 leafier see, wa-i fura loll'^ time falll'ins as t lie ehirf jKist mi t he linflheni enast "f Tieira l'"irme tlivnii^h \\ hieli |ias--i il tlie m/. Miiniln S ioni.~\): ' <,>iie>ta < 'itta sta sit iiat;i 111 I liiare di Tianiniitana. Soglioie) a.iumpte eunnuiinemi ii te (i;;n'annii ami iru ili Spa.'naal Xoiiiedi I )ii>, ila cpiattmiliii. i>i|Uimli.i iiaui, fra pieenle, e •,'i'aiiile, e 1,1 iiia::^'ii)i- piitora mille, e (ittueentn lialme ; earii he ili ndilie ilineise.' I •am- Jiier aliiiut a eentnry later fcmml Ihespnt w lie re tlie city iiail stuoil iivert'inwii with trees. Its aliaiiilonnieiit was owiii^' to pni-iuneil air, the same iiiiwleile- sniiir ( limate that liioke up all the early sellloiiunta on tiii.s coa.st, tiie hint hi 111 : always rcj^anlcd ii.s tliu worst. r.^s COLOXIZATIOX OF TirnHA FIRME. 1 ? '^ 1i)(t1c forinnl possession, «M'i'c(c'(1 a lorircss, jiii;l 1k';j;i!» iiL?;iiii his lu'ci'ssarv (hoii'^-h suicidal policy of I'oi'-i!;- iii'i^. '\\\o natives retifcd. 'I'lio nialirious atniosj^lici'i? wrapped the stranu^ers in diso.iso and death. The oaravtl was sent had; to \'cr,i;j;iia. an 1 Alonso Xunc/ and the renniant (»!' th<' colony hi'ou^ht away. The \-esscl was then sent to JOspahola for sup[)lies, hut neither shij> nor ci-ew were I'ver afterward heard from. ^leanwhilo Nicuca and the renniant of his luckless oonij)any made a hrave stand, hut- all of no avail. Ijoni;' siiu'e iiite had decreed their ptile.s as food hecame a luxury to them; the infiH'tod sunli^cht dried uj) their Mood; *lespair jiaralvzod lieart and hi'ain; and to so dire extreini'y were they tinallv reduci'd tliat, thev were scarcely alilo to mount i^uard or hury their dead.'" '''The oriLriiiiil iiMtliDvitii'M for tliis ••li;i|itfr .'ire: /'-nl Cfihiln, etc., in Xn- rnrrel', (\'l. S7 ; Li tiiut, to t'lr <1iiiii,u'-<<>f Oj< i];v mil Xiriu .si iii:iy In! f.'.iiul in Ji'aiiiiisio, Wu^rii, iii. IS-"J'J; Ji'iiJi'i-fi' Xiir. I'o//.. xviii. \ix.; I>i>l'<'ii''< fmni. Mi r.aii I l'/,/, (i.'-t(."i; Miti-rft, l'c.7. ilmni I' A mi ri'/iif ('int., ii. ."ilHt I; J.ahfir/ir, .Uirii/i^.iK. l(!!)-SI: itiil'ii/'itAin.^ r>-()7, ."!»7; Mitrrh y l.nhnr'^, Mn- riiiil iltjtilHiiln, i. WM—UYl: .linni (I III I / '/I III, I (.//., i. '.II; A''ii-^fii. ('nmin'inl. Il'i; yinir !!■ A II. ill i I'd//., c\lviii. 7 I'h /'".''!/, /■'■'"iiiii' /fii '\, ',',']- 7."); //i I/ik' Simii. ('oni/., i. 'JIl.")-,'};! 4; d'unlnii'M J/isf. .)/«.. ii. (»•_' 7-'; llnhii-*' Aiiiiiil-i A III., i. 'J;i-r>tl; l.ihiiiiir',-1 llisl. Iiinnn-., ii, ,'{7 -K*; dmyil'Z Ihnila, Tiitlro K''l''n., ii. .')7; (^'utiilfdin, \'iilii<, 'Vit^a'Siinv/.,' 1 IH, nnil ' I'lZiirpi.'I'J- 4;{; ^:<|l''lll.^o)l'.^^ A'-rl. Di-riii: in ]\i si, 171-or., viii. It; Misii ;/ /.com- yiii. II'ikI. Am., I. S.ViSO; 'J'oiiroii, lli.sl. (nn. Am., i. 'J7."i-87; Lnlliimul, liiKiltkiite, i. '22. ]ii my MliIioi'r.TjiIiifal notii'os tlins far I have hail occasion ti) niak'' in'ii- ti"n more ]iarti('iilaiiy of ori,.;iiial ('I'cuincnt.s rcffirinu' ; TA^AS. nni TIic lives (if T«i'j C;i.sa.i iiml Ovictlo cinistitiito in thcniKclvoH no small jwir- tiniH tif their rcsiK'i'tivo lii.iti)rif!». ]V>;Ii imiiio Id tlio N'lW World, iiinl t';ii-!i tiKik an uctivo ami |iroiiii:i('iit i>.irt 4ii iiv.'.'V i>f tin- iiiattor.) nf uliii !i he wrutr. Thiy \vi;ro nearly of uii u;4o; tlio u,.. i- 1.. iu;^ l»oni iit Sivillo iti 1171, a:iil tlu' latterat Mailri.l in 1 ITS; but Ovioilm. ' nut i-oiiic fo Aiiii'rit'.i until l.'il 1, Ijciiij,' wiili IVdraiiiw Piivilawhi-n lie wriit lo j;«)Vcrn Ha: ion, while I^is Casus tiioli lip his re.siilenee uiiiler Ovnniio at lv;i>a."iiilii in l-'O^J. 'l^'^ ('a.-^ai was an ri'el("»i;i.stie whoso liio wa^i ilovoteil t'l iMfii^'iiiliiig the Indian.'^, and ho ilid ip^t have Aineriea for tho Liiit lime nntil ITitT, after half u eentiiry of nio.t l.n- iiiaiie Mcrvieo ; Oviedo wa.i a eavulier who i;ouL;ht to hotter hi< hrolit n forlmi'S ly ehiaiuing throii;;!i his iii!!ucuou ut court the ollieo of ;•.(•(/((/• olik'o lie held tliroiiglioiit hi.i eomnilion with tlie aliaira of tho I'niiii* ttiutal Indies until XWol. IJolh wore inilueiui.il men at eonrt, Lji3 LiWJW lii'in;^ i|nito iutiniato with young Charles, while Oviedo had ber.u ..Mno tU oim'tni, w jia;^o to I'linoc Juan. IJotli madi' fivi[neiit trij.s lietween Spai i iinil .iiiu'rieu; Oviedo "osdod tho Atlantic! twelve liiiie', Ivii C'ruiiid even iii";-. . I«i:« Cutjis wab .V u: io au annulist M^ lio wa:i refi nier. lliji gruatcst " .^rli, lli'ar, x\\\>\ eoni,>let,e Ti. 'l'hoU;,'h con.'iistiiig of ti,o Viiluiiies, it ooinpvi.seM but (hive dieai'ei, or InKiks, and brins^H the liistory 4tJ; it wu.s entitled t'ltnnoiirro S^.trl'iidl, and wai dedicateil to Iii.diop Zuui.irraga. At .'•■oville, i:i I.mJ, was publijiied, in one volimio llo, lIixriMiua rilutiMver\v with Sopulveda Wiw i.vsiu 1 Kcparaiely. ,Tiian An'onio Llorcnto I>;iii;ed iit I'ari.i in IS'JJ a ( \>l,irii»i d.- li.^ l)lirm dd Oltis/in il,- ('hUt,"i, '2 vol;. >Sv(>, wlilcli wu.i publi^slicd the same year in French, under title of C^unv-i d« Ikm U'lrtiiikmi de ^^^ Ct.sif.s'. The collection eoinpri.^e:< Kcvei-al of hi ; lc,-.< im- pDi'taiit work.s; tho French transhuiim is remarkably frfi\ (lio author bei:ig ut times ipiite lost bight of, and M-ver.il new pieces of doubtful origin aro ailili'd. As a writer, I,;ih Casas is honest, earnest, and nli.ible, except \( iiero lii-i nalnisia.sm gets tho better of lii;n. Ills Icarmd op[ioiieiit and are'i. i;nMi;y, Sejiiilvoda, pronounces bim most subtle, mo.t vigilant, and iiio.t llutiii, Compared wiiii wlioin the r!y..,ses of lloiiier was inert and .stuttrriiij. I 310 COLONIZATION OF TIERRA FIR^IE. He MVts not only !i thorn in tlio flcsli of tvil-ildors, l)iit ]>y liis l1Cl•.si^!tr•nt nnil Ptinu'ing ctrrontcry lie (iftcn rNa.-pciatcd unh\ and licncvoli'nt men. ]]iit what- ever his enemies may say of liini, and they arc neither few nor Bih'iit, tiiu- it is tliat of all the men m ho oanii! to the Indiu.s he almost alone leaves thu I'lir. nace with no .smell of lire upon him. < ionzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdi's wa.s of the noble family of Oviedo in .V turias. In t'arly childhood, heforo enterint^ the .service of I'rineo .fiian, he was with fcho dulce of \"illa Ifcrmosa. AVhile watching the fall of (Jranmla he met Colmubus, and afterward witnessed his triumph at Barcelona. After tlio ileath of his young master in 14'J7, who Ln fact was of his own .".ge, Ovicilo went to Italy, where art and science w ere enlivened hy war, serving imdi i' Frcdcrieo of Naples, and sometimes jcweldceeper to Queen Juana. Married • t Madrid, in loO'J, to the beautiful Margarita deVergara, whom he lost in ehildiiirtli ten months after, he plunged into the excitement of war, serviii:^' ii.s secretary to Cordoba in the French campaign. Marrying again, hv hov- ered about the eoui't until, in his thirty-.si.xth year, his dwindling fortunes sent him with I'edrarias to Darien, in tlie capacity before .ncntioned. His doings there will be told in the text of this histoiy ; snfllce it to say here that mo.st of his time there was spent in broils with the governor, beside wliiili he had to endure the lo.?s of his wife and child, impri.sonnient, and the dan- gerous wound of an assassin's knife. ]Uit, obtaining at la.^t the appointment of I'cdro do los Rit)s in place of Pedrari.as, ami for himself the goveniorsiiip of Cartagena, which office, however, he never exercised, after three years' further residence in Ticrra I'irme, this time in Nicaragua, he rcturneil to Spain in 1330, spent two ye>ars in arranging his notes, resigneel his vcnl'irii, mill received the appointment of CrouUta iji-ncral de Iiid'ias. In the autuinu of l.").'>2 ho went to Santo Domingo, and altliough appointed the followin:' year aloaido of the fortri'SS of Santo Domingo, the remainder of liis lifi; was passed eluelly in literary work. After an eventful life of se\crity- nine years he died at ^'aUad(did in I.')."i7, while engaged in the prejiani- tiou for tlie press of the un}iublishcd portion of hi.s history. Throughout the whide of his cai'cer Oviedo seems to have dc\-oli:d every spare moment to writing. I'^ven before he was appointed royal chronicler he was an iiide- fiitigablr collector f){ material, lie was well ac(|uainteil wit'.i the proudnent j.'rsiins of his 1ini<', and few exiiedilions were made without adding to !iis store. A\'a!it of discrimination in the use of authorities is mori' prominent in l.ie writings than want of authorities. Of twelve literary cH'orts but > ne, bc'sicic those relating to i\merica, found its way into print. He fnruud l!ni ]>!an of writing about the New Worhl long before lie (irst crossed the o'eaii, nml actually began his history, aci'ording to .Tosi' .\inador de los liios, bi t iie lillit, keeping open the general divisions for additions to the day of hisd.nlli. After his ivturn from the sceon' Ramusio, Vinij'j!. iii.,and garbleil by Rin'clias in lll^ Piljrimi :t, iv. .". Tin-, it inusl lie borne in mind, is totally distinct from the llistorhi (Ivufi'id >i S'' •'- ' t/c Lis Itidhts, Lda.i ij Turra-Finnc dd .!/((/• Ociaiio, por d L'ai>'duu (.v'.vdj i\ f CONZALO FEnXAXDEZ DE OVIEDO Y VALPKS. 311 persistent mii'1 ?n. But wlmt- • silent, tnir it leaves the iui- mily of Ovicl .) if Prince Jiiaii, fall of Oni!i;;a i i-celuna. Ai'tir wni'.ge, Ovif.lu , serviu'^ utiili :• nana. Manii.l i-hom he list in of war, siTvin^ airain, he Imv- mlling fortniKS ientione' he retnnuil to led his fcidiirii, Til the autiiiim ,1 the followin;.: n.lcr of hi-s hf'-' llife of seventy- ill the iniputa- |-y. Tliroii,:^htmt V sjiare ni'i!u>i.t he was an iii'l>'- Ih the proniiniat t, a.hliii;,' t.. hi.-' )!■,■ ^innniii' '■' i" etlorts hut "11^^^. lie forine.l tlio •ossed the (">iaii, losliio.i, hrf.n! Ilayef hii^ilratli. t the re(iur-i "f ;t.)l)oiniiv.'". I'« Thi.^ wni'k «as into Itali;!!! l.y iv. 5. This it [■infill H X'"'''''' J'i rnniid'Z de Ovk'ihi y Vnlilrx, primer cronlxld dd Xmro Mundc, ani''t(iriii (7' ncnd. This rare issue eontauia in several plaeea a few eohnnns of additional matter which have not escaped my attention. An Italian version .'). The editor, .Tosii .iVinador dc los Ivios, gives in an introduction the be^t notice of tlie life and writings of tlie autlioi- extant. Ovicdo was not a learned man like I'eter ^lartyr, and it is doubtful if a fuitlur insight into the books 1)1 the day Mould have made him any v.iser; yet a man who eould dicUito the natural hi.story of a new iMnintry without his notes cannot be called illit- erate. He knew Latin and the modern languages; but his familiarity with batiu was not sullicicut to prevent an uniilca.sant parade of it. Xor did ho ]«wscss the genius or i)ra(,'tical sagacity of LasCasas; yet his extraordinary ei»portunities were not wholly wasted, nor did life at court, i)olitical i|u;ii'rels, or gold-gathering at any time wholly stifle his ambition to .'lehieve the useful iii letters. Ovicdo was a fair example of tln' higher type of S^iaiii.ird of that (lay; he was intelligent, energetic, brave; but old, iinseruiiuious, and cruel. And this is true, without going full length with Las Casas in his fiery fanati- ci:,iii wlicn he says: — "Ovicdo .should regret what he has written of the In- dians; he has borne false witness against thcni ; and has calumniated them in tveiy waj'....IIo should have inscribed on his title-page, 'This boijk w.m viitten ))y a conqueror, robber, and murderer of the Indians, whole popula- tions of whom he consigned to the mines, Mliere they perished "... .His work is as full of lies as of pages." To which sentiment I by no means subsorilie. I'lohahly no kind of work, hciwevi-r thoroughly and conscientiously done, is more open to eritici.sni, is moiy, c'ertaiu to in' criticised on every side, tliaii cxin- ti iiiporuncous history from fajts for the first time gatherea, (jui veutretrouverrageirormeme eliez les nations les plus fi'ioces."' b"tii of tliese authors, Ijis Oisas and Oviedo, wrote in the heat of the en- tligrnieiit of the abnorm;il and ill-iuidersto(jil s 'cnes jiassiiig r.inler tiieir im- m<'li:ite notice. ^Vllat tliey wrote was certainly true to them ; it is our busi- ness to a iKilyze and sift, anil make tlicir records true tons, lii the --howy crilicioiiid of these and a kiodrcd class of authors we sec generally somtlhing H 312 COLOXIZATIOX OF TIEr.nA Fin^IE, liroti'jlit in filiout stylo and nrrnn','cniriit. Tlii^ Inttcr is .■ihvny l)ail, .iiil ;! i indi'x vorso tliaii ii'inc; but critics sliouM find snnictliin^' Ix ttcr to do tli.ni tind fiinlt witli luc wonls and th(ur aiTangcnu.'ut of the!tuni1)res de los indiop, no hallando mayor enlace rii !,i narmcion dc los deacubrimientos y conquiatas, que ni so rc'icrcn sicmprc i :\ (irden crono]i'i;';ico, ni j.'uurdan entrc si la co;ivcnicnto relacion para que pm .i eomprenilerse sin dilicultad sn inlliicncia rcciproca." While the Tr(!tector of tlu; Indians and the First Chronicler of t!io Xm* World were tlnis pithei-ing and ri'cor'liii;^ historical data in the rcvei.d ji.r m of America, one of the most learned men of I^irope, I'ietro JJarlirc dWn- ghicra, or latiiii/cd Angleriiis, eomnioidy called I'eter Mai'tyr, was collcclln,' t;iniilar faits in Spain, and recoriliii;j; them, copiously diluted wiili the p! - losopliy of tlie 7 the year of his birth. Ilis family was of nubln de^iccnt, :ii. 1 ori.-rinally of Anghiera. GoiiiL; to Home in ! 177 to finish Jiis c wisjied to occupy him in the instruction of the young nobles of Castile, 'i'l.e iirdent It:\lian must have a taste of war, however, before settling into pcriiui- nent 8a;;edom; .so he fouf;lit bcfori; I'aiM, and laid not down Ihoisword till t'.e city of the Alhambra fell. Tlien ho liecameapiicst, and turned toward p ..- suits moro in kt^cping with his natural bent and erudition, lie ojwncd vari.i.i schools of learinng, wliich youth of quality made it the fashion to atteii 1. llaviui; risen into hi;jli coiiaid(Tatiou at court, in l.'Ol ho was sent by ilis erowu on missions to Venice and Cairo, in vhich ho acquitted himself crci',!:- ably, and wrote on his return the Do f,fij'tlionc /jofi'ilonicil, an account of Lfi.v • r 1'1^'ypt in tlneo books. On Ferdinand'ii death he was appoiutcd by Jir.ie:;i /. ninba.ssa.lor to the Sultan Sclim, but refused tho honor on account (if !.;j age J and afterward hi; did not tind Charles lens inclined to aclcnowlc''' u his merits. During the tlnvc years following his return from IC/ypt 1 i wan nppointc.l prior of the cathedral of Granada, and by tlio popo apo t- 1 j prothnnotury, and in lolS ho took hi.'j neat in tho Council of tlic Lu'.i' . His life was h ho gat' • red and disncmiii'. 1 nmeh l;!!owleo. Orlie Xoro, an account (if tlio \cw WorM and its wonders, in ci'^lit de- lailps, or iioolis. Tiic first, ami tlii' first tlirco, of tlicso dccailca were pnl)li:;lic;l at dilfcrcnt times dr.rin;^ tiie autlior's life, l)iit llio oiijht dc<'adcH comiilctc cside tiio edition of ITjSO, this is the only complete oriijinal edition of tlie I'c (h'lC A'o''). In \CA1 appeared the work entire in Kn,i;li.sli, tho rosiilt of tlic 'Indiistrio and pain' full Traiiaile of M. Lok Oent.' This has been iiiehided iv. a supple- iiient to J/tilhii/t'.i Vo;i't;i'.'', Loni'ion, ISI'J. IVside these important editions, ]>,irtial translations, extracts, and compilations have appeared iit various limes an'l in various languages. In I'i'M, at Venice, in Ita'.ian, were pub- lidii'd, in thrae several parts, summaries of tho history of tho Inriea tahen from Peter Martyr, Oviedo, and others. The other of the two works alhidi d to is a collection of Peter Martyr's letters, in Latin, which Inini wiili noticci of contemporary events, and run from IISS to his , the ; rc(»nd at Amsterdam, by tho El:;evirs, in lliTO. The title runs thus — Opiia KjiUIg' (■iriiiii, Petri Martifrin Aii'jlir'd Miilhjhinmsli, etc.; a tran-ilation i>f the letters has never been indilished. So confused, misdateil, and interposed are t!:o epistles that llallam exi)ressed his disbelief in any conncetiin whatever In • t'.veen actual ai.d ostensible dates and servi-je. liut the /' • drlic Xoro may he rc^rardcd C(pinl in authority to the relations of the eye-witnesses Las Casas and Oviedo. Peter Martyr was the first of iho chroniclers to write and ti^ ]>ub!i-h on the New \A'orld, his decades bejinnin;; to appear about the timo Oviedo first went to the Inilies. I'nmediately Culuudms set foot on shore, on Ins return from the lirst voya'^i;, the elofjuent and philosophic ficholar begani to (piestion him and those who came with him, and to write, and ho never eeaned wii'ing until death stopped him. There was t:o much fur a man of hi>i niiud to thiidi and talk about. For a time after this nuM-vellous discovery tho li'-irned and intellijjently curious lived in a ferment concernin;,' it. It was to i-ii'necxtcnt the revolutionizing of scieneenn 1 plulesophy. The linesi.f tradi- tion were .-.napped; the co-mos luid lost its eonlinuity. I'etcr Martyr, rv ^rvnvc man of broad and deep capabilities; well situated for procurim; in« I'irnintion, meclin;^ daily, many of them at his own tatdo, tho;o w ho had re« tui-ned from tho Indies — discoverers, eoiKpierora, explorers, F.ailors, priests, iiud cavaliers —having access to tho oflieial letters, diaries, charts, uiid rehi- linns of these men, his aci-outit, I nay, should be as rcdii.blo .-iud as valmdilu (n that of one who had actually inin;,'!ed in tho scenes deiicribed. In sonio 1' pects it Blionld bo more so, able as he was to eec with a hundred eyes iiiteail of two, and to dotermino disputes more coolly and equitably. It i-' true his records are marred iiy tho ha; le with v.Mrh they were written, ii!id l)y the"ndniittid lack of eorrc'tion or rivi-.iin by tlie author ; order ami li!' ihixl ar« nowhere present ; mistakes ami enntiadi 'tions are fivipuut, Ihit t ! I 314 COLONIZATION OF 1 lEKRA FIRME. H- wc havp tlio raw material, wliirli is far licttiT tlinii any <'liilioralioii. Las (Vsaa waa tlic first of thu chroniclers to visit the Indies, and tlio last of tho three thus far named to ho^'iii to write and piihlisli history, whirli was in 1 ")5'2. Ovicilo bej,'an to write at ah.mt the date the history of l^is (,'a^as ter- minates. It was f(jur yeans after the death of I'efer Martyr tliat Oviedo was .■ippointcd official chronicler of the New World. The general relations of tlie tlirec historians were antagonistic; from Mliicli their writing;, m.'iy all the better he brought to liarinonize witli tnitli. Of the hundreds who Iciveniadc their critici.sms on the writings of Peter Martyr I will mention but two. Says Las Casas, J list. Iiid., i. ',V1\ " De los cuales cerca desta.s prinieras co.sas A ningunose debc dar m.is fe (juc ;i I'edro Martir ;" and Miimo/. ixinarks, //|..^ j^'acvo Mundo, xiii. : " Mcrecc indulgencia por el candor con que h) contiesa todo, por su ningun afan en puhliear sus borrones, y principidmentc porijue tal cjual es la obra de las ducadaa contieno nnieliisimas es ]iei.ies (jui! no .so liallan tn otra parte alguna, y cstas escritas con la conveniontc liberUid por un alitor coctiineo, grave, culto, bien instruido de los hcchos, y t general, and dealing ciiielly with Peru, the other devoted to Mexico. The book was popuhir; an. I in loJIl fmni Medina del Canipo issued another folio edition; and another from Sanigo.^.si the year follow iiig, Mith tliisdillerence lis to the last, however, that its secoml part was treated as a separate work and entitled Croiiicn ilc la mteim E-^iximi nni III coiiqnhta df Mexico, y otrax roaat iidtidilcs: /I'c'iii^ jiar d \'(diirtisi) J/irwoni) Cortii, while the first part approiniated the original title of llUturii (I'lia-til, itc. Tlien apiieared an edition at Antwerp, \7mA, and one in wliii.h tlie .lute, ].V)2, is evidently spurious. Tlie author seems to have liaiidhd govermiii'nt atlliirs too roughly; for in l.")."»:t we lind the book suppresscil by rojal de'i-ec, wliicli, liowcver, was not fully enforced, and was revoked in 17-t>. P>aivi,i jiriutcd a mutilation of the two works in his 7/;.s7. Prim., ii., in 171!*, and tliu two were ng.iiii published, ill a correct form, in Jlililiolrcai/i' Aii/'iri.< L'.yitilok', Xxii., Madrid, IS32. A somewliut singular case occuricil in .Mexico in iNJti, COMARA AXT) ITERREnA. 31.") vlicii was issued, in 2 volunips Svn, IliMnrhi dc lis ('oufiniiitiis ih IL niando Ciirii'-i., cirrilii < n K-]ku'i. Junn liaiitl-td ilr Sun Anton Mni'mn Cliiniii/jioin Quiiuhtl(huaiii/:iii, liidht Mixionin. Puhhlcdn puni hi'lnic iun tlv la Juixii/iiil nurlon'd, con rurhi.-i iivlii y itdir'wm ■■<, Ciirlos Jlnriu dc liuMa- viiiidv, V IulIi Lciiig iiitt-Tprctfil, at l)C'.-it is ooiifii.seil. It says that the woik, vritteu in Spanish by Cioniara, was tiaii-lati'il into tli(; Mexican laii),'un,i.'L', ami tlicTO leaves it. On tnniing over tlio leaves wo linil the hxuk juinteil ii: Sjiani.ih, and not in Nalinatl, as we were led to .siijiiiose. Nor does ii hnu'lliv Jill !;ire liy liiistamuutu make the; matter elear in every respcet. Turning t.i (itlier sources, and lij' comparinL; all information, we liually learn tliat ]')iistani;inti; and others once helieved in the exi.-tenee, somewhere, of a history of Mexico, hy the learned and nolile native Chimalpain. I'rohahly it 1 iV hidden in some one of the lihraries or ;:overnment otlices about Mexico. IVituriui spoke of various historical manuscripts written liy l)omin:^i) de .San Anton Miifion Cliimalpain, some in Castilian, and sonic in Nahuatl. Xote, i;i jiassing, the dilFerence in the name, hero I)omin;.'o, and in the title Jiiau ]'i:iiitista. Clavigero, Leon I'inelo, llcristain, and Antouiout before the ti'ansl.ition was fairly i-iued in .Spanish, the editor was o))liged to confess himself mistaken as to its iH'ing an original work ; it waa only Comani rendered into Mexican by the Iranicd Indian, and now translated back iigain into Si)ani>h by liustani.'inte, the t' \t much marred by the double transformation, but enriched by notes frou) both editors. There are men so uncharitable as to say that Don Cailos Maiia ]!ii-tanianti' iicvt r found <'liimali)aiii's translation, because Chinialinun lU'ver iiiailcone. 1 do not know. Any one of three or four u ays was pcjssiblc. liusta- laaiitc may have found the alle-ed translation of Chimal|>ain, ."unl u hile trans- l.itiiig into Spanish what he beli< ved an original \\ork, may havo discovcied it 1 1 111! ( Jomara; it may have bitii tiicu in type or printed, or too far advanc\vn and (Jhinialpaiu '-^ notes to satiety t! '^e 'ou erneil and the public; or llustani^Mite may liavi? pcrjietratcd a delil)eL v. .rand. This la>t, altliough he is openly accused of it by his (oiiitiymili high in antlioiity, I can Manely lielieve to be the true solution of the mysti'ry, and rather lean to the lirst jiossibility ; but I must ray that J'>ii tamante connuitted a serious niist.ike in not ailndtting this frankly, if tiue. (iomara's history was translated into Italian, and ptiblisheil at ilome, (lie edition, Ito, in l.").').*i, and one in l.Vid; and at N'enice, one in Svo, l.')li."i, oil'' in Ito, lt")(i(i, and in Svo again, in l.'iTf'. Li French, at I'aris, six editions iuS\o, l.'id!), l.")7S, l.")S(», 1.">S4, I.">s7,and 1.')!I7, the last five reprints of the liist, < \eipt slight a'lgmentations in the last three. London furnished an Eiigli.--h ti.iiislation by lleniy Uynnenian, in It^ in l.'iT.S. 'J'he in-oli.giie warns all I'l rsoiis against translating the book into J^atin, as he was engagi-d tliere;it himself; but his J^atin version never a|>piared. (Jomiira wrote well. His H;. Ic is better than that of any piedccc^sor ; but while hia opportunities weio I 1; 310 COLONIZATION OF TIERRA TIRME. great, for he hritl ciiUinv, Ki.siup, nml nccc:;.s to the kiiu\vK'l,i;o niiil lu.iti ri il of Curti'.s, it is iKiiuliilly ajiiiarciit that his dusirc was grcaltr tu jikuse tlic maater tliiiu to iirusent a iihiiu uiivaniLsliod tah'. And now, ufter a ciiitiuy of wiitinj^ and discussions, comes Antonio ef'>re that vaeamy occurred, in the 7(>th year of his age. As an historian llerreia has made a respeetahle j)laee for himsel;', but his reputation rests principally, tliough not wholly, for he wrole much, on his //iitoria d'cncral reprints in Spanish ; one in Antwerj), in 17-!^, by Verdusscn, without maps and otherwise faulty; and one in Madrid, 17-S-;»{), with notes, corrections, aiiil index by Dareia, .ind therefore better than the lirst en iIk to the lirst volume of the I'arcia edition, shoulil appear the />' \cr!})l!oii di: I'l /iitliiui (Jcviilciilr tlu'ir tTinliti >!i, n"t\o ,Ttt;ii!.''il Vac ccli Inity of lii-i ni-tury of t!io Iiulion. Even tn-ilay lie nuiy lie c-iIKil cliii f .■uii'iii; liistni iini-; of Spuiish- Anic-iioan nfUiiis; not for hj-i styli', luiM, ;uiil arcur.itrly iii'olix; nor for liU iiirlliml, «l;ivi:.lily (.liroiiolou;!!.;!!, aibl iiii-icralily failing in tlu' attciinit to il) srvtral things at once ; Ijut licoaii-ioof liin inasstil material. His jio-ition as Ftati- lii-.riograplicr g:vve him, of coiir-ic, acor'ss to cvcrytliing, an'l lie mado r -f of iiis (>]iportiMiity to an extent tlieu exceptional. At a later porioil in the art of liistory-writing his work must have lieen regarded a.s erudc even fir early times, lint from one who lived when jiiety and {lati'ioti.sm were ranked as the highest virtues, higher than truth, integiity, or humanity, t!io more searching philosophy eannot he expeetod. liesido the faults c-f style and arrangement there arc evidences everywhere f)f ii'.experience and incompetent jissistance. Now tiiat M'c Iiave before ns many of tlu; sources of Hen-era's material wo can sec that his notes were l)adly extracted, ami compiled in a bungling manner; .so much kg that in addition to the ordinary errors, from V hich to some extent the most carefully executed woi-k eannot ho expected to he wliolly fiee, there are many and serious iliscrepain'ies and contradiotions for which there is no excuse, the cause being simply carelessness. Yet, for all that, Herrera's is not only the most complete, but one of the most reliable of tliu New World chronicles, and for this tiie writir merits the gratitude not alone of his couutrj'inen but of the world. r>i fore closing this note, I will give clearly my opinion regarding the cred- ibility of the eaily chroniclers, including in that category for the present pur- jtose (ill tl'.e early writers, comiucror.s as well as historians, such as Columbus und Cortes, IJcnial Diaz, Solis, Torqucmada, Roturini, and the Anonymous CoUijucror; for I have been a.ssaile 1 by those wlio, to gain c!ie;ip notoriety in refuting them, have attrilniteil to me doctrines which I liavo nowhere ex- pressiil or held. They who cannot build for tlicmselves seem to tiiink it (.'ravcly incumbent on them to demolish any structure another may rear, and with one scurrile sweep they \vi mhl wipe out the work of twenty years. They are eoi'i-ect enough to this extent, that, if ever ji building is found so frail as to fall under their attacks, it does not ileservc to stanil. Hence wo iind it the fa.shion in certain (piartirs, under cover of critiei :m, to repudiate the early writings, in so far at least as they interfere >rith clierished theory or dogmatic opinion. Spain had lately emerged fiom the Moorish wars with great glory, they s.iy, and Spaniards in the Xiw World, so long as it remained with them t > tell ilie story, would not be in t!; lea-t behind their brethren at home in this new held of fury exploits. Hence, for their accounts, nidied barbarians Were gorgeously apparelled, and surrounded by statily ]ia';eantry ; art, sci- ence, and literature wholly mythical were gi\'en tluni, and citii's eiiual, at least, to the average of eivili/atii>n were liuilt. Instance the I'enoehtitlan, the Tezcuco, the TLieopan of Cortes and his ccjntemporaries, w hieh must ha\ u been purr! fictions. Else where are the vestiges of the Malls jiud gardens and ))alaces ? There are no ruins of splendid cities, they contiinie with tho cIVrontery of ignonance, no remains of aqueducts, atone carvings, and tumuli. Tlieri' are some fine ruins in Central America and 'S'ucatan, they admit, dis- I'luyin^' no mean advauceiucut in architectural art ; bat they must have been i 318 COLONIZATIOX OF TIERRA FIRME. IhH tlio M-f)ik of Eu'vptinns, or T'li(Piiici.'ii)«<. or sonio otlicr forci.'iior^, 1>ocnnso tlx'y ro-icniMo tlir ruins .stamliiii; ainon^ tlios(^ nations, anil hriaiise no alio- rijiiiial pcoplo capaWe of sucli pi'rfornmnce exist iu America to-day. Thcrt! was no human saoritico in Mexico, because bii^'oteil ecclesiastics in tiiosc days were apt to invest with religious siu'nilicance every Idiroglyph, statue, and consecrated stone. One, more virulent tlian the rest, himself of Indian oriLitn and apparently ji'alous lest other al)ori;.,'innl.s should outshine his Cherolico ancestry, and knowini,' little either of t!io Mexicans or their eoni|Ucrors, denies the existence of a Xalnia or Maya civilization and denounces every one who dillors in opinion with him, on the ;^round that all American societies of wliich he knew aught were formed on one skeleton, a most earthy, red, and ignuMe one, and that tlie conquerors, not understiinding thisi social structure, could not correctly dcscrilx; it, and therefore their stiitements are not to be relied (ju. I can only say that I have studied these chronicles some score of year<, that T have studied the monumental and literary remains of the nations cum- (juered, that, apart from the modern writings of both those who believe an I those who disbelieve, I have instituted comparisons and weighed cvidciue with no more ilesirc to reach one conclusion than another, except always to arrive at the right one; and that in my own mind I am well enougli satisiiid as to about the measure of truth that shouhl be accorded the respective writ- ers of early Xew World annals. Others, my assistants and friends, eipially cai'ucst ,"ud uidiiassed, ecjually desirous of reaching only the truth, and f.>r wlios(' (11 i\ictions I entertain the highest respect, have devoted many vimts to the same rese;irch and with similar results. It is not my purpose, nor lias it ever been, to appear as the champion of the sixteenth-century clironiili i -. It is not my province to champion anything. It is a matter of profound in- diU'ercncc to mc what these or those are jiroveu to be, whether angels of liglit or devils (jf darkness; it is a matter of lively apprehension with me that I should estimate men and nations at their value, and deduce only truth fn.m .statenu^nts fair or false. AVhile I entertain a ilistinct conception of the status of the .Vztecs and Quiches relatively to other nations of the globe, I liavc no theory concerning the origin of the Americans, or the origin of their civiliza- tion — except that it seems to me indigenous rather than exotic; norslnn.M I deem it wise in me to liusliand a doctrine on this or any other palpably iinprovaljlc proposition. I am not prepared by any means to accept as truth all that has been sai 1 bj' priest and soldier. Xo one is I'eadior than I to admit their frc(pieiit alt ! 1, .cd cleccptions. Xavigators the world over have been notoriously mi- true in regard to their discoveries, giving strange lands strange sights, stoi k- ing barren shores with boundless wealth iu pearls, and gems, ami preciiim metals, peopling the ocean with monstcp-s, and placing islands, straits, conti- nents, and seas wherever the gaping savans at home woidd have tiu'm. .Many of these stories arc false on their very face, being contrary to nature and to reason. Some of them are unintentional falsehoods, the oll'-iloat from ima.;!- nations warped by education, and now morltidly excited under new condi- tions. By bodily sulTering and perils the mind was now and then reduced to the bordi'r of insanity; at which times the niiroeles, the visions, and the supernatural interpositions they lecord were real to them. But tlio WKIOTTT OF 1- VIDFATR. m best "f tlic rally writers wilfully li>.l in si'inc ll.ii C.i.l io (In Ml). (1 lull it .«<'rvi •S AltliDUu'll tlio te'lnjitatinii in.d t>ii■ tclliiv,' the truth than thoscof ourown ilay, yot in the main ami n.s a wlmlo till" « ritiii^.-i iif till' Spanianl.s t'arliest in Anioiiia are iin(|iii'stii>nalily true M.Kit iif the scviTal jiliasis of error and niisstateuieut are ea.sily >uini:;h ili'tecti'il, tho events ileserilied beiu^' eiilur iuipossiMe or opposetl to prepon- derant and superior evidence. Vnv example, wiien Ijis Casas, who was eon- seiontions and in the main correct, asserts that .Manieaotex opposed < 'olunihus at the head of li>0,(lW warriors in lOspanola, we m.-iy .safely put it down (us ex- i'_';,'enition siiuply Irom our general know deiL gaini d fri oni otlier souree- .f tlie uhori^inal population of these islands and the adjoinini; continent. Hi re \\as a n\ultitudi.'of witnesses, Kuropeanand .\ nicrnan, whose vci l.al. ■r wiitten ► tateuii iits Were usually .suhordiuate to siihstantial facts, unknown to each other, and t:ivin;,' their evidence at widely ditl'erent times and places. Often tlie coMipu rors fell out and fou;'ht eacii other to tlic death, writiii:^ to ."■>pain Uiigtliy epistles of vindication and viliiicaiion. many of wliiih have Keen [ue- servid ; so tiiat where one extolled himself and his arhic\ i nients, there wcie a do/Ill to ]iull him down. Thus fioin a mass of contradictory statements, on either side of which the less iienetratiiiLC arc apt to liiiLicr, to tiie patient and laliorious investiiiator unfiild tiie dearest truths, lie who haliitualh iirac tises deceit is sure somcw lien; to exjiosc iiisclf ; and tiic t.ikin.' of e\ idcn cs not jiroceed far liefoie the examiner can tell th<' witness more llian ilf k nows or reliiemliers of tlie scenes tliinu.'h whicji lie li; l" d. The native witnesses, liviii;,' at the time of the <'oiii|Ucst and sulisci|ii( ntly, were likewise naturally inclined unduly to mai.'nify the jilorics of tlnir au- ditors and of their nation; vet to verify tlicir statemcii ts ti ley point to tl 111 inuiiiciits ;ind material remains then ami imw i \istiii.;, to maiiusi i ipis, iiii;,'e piles of \\!ii,h it was the infamoiis boast of the fanatical eoiii|iicrois to lia\u liiini'd. liiit of which ei.oiiLrli have licen ]iiescrvcd to authenticate all the liiMie important ])arts of their stories; they jilso refer to tradition, which i.s nil as mil ■h d no more, than that of other nati :iiih sertions similar to those advanced air.iinst the \ew Wmld cli iclcrs mi;;li t with equal iciisun and eH'cet he K it forward t o ii\ lillil'av the early records of any nation. Clirist .'11111 ('oiifuciils may he ih nicd, Il"iiii r and Shakespeare, luil that docs not pr.i\e tlicy never lived. Tii.it ( ■'luiiiluis made his .seamen swcir that no doiilit Ciilia was /ipan;.,'u, does ii"t ]irovi! that there wa.s in those days no .F.'ipan. liccailse lliakc's i'li,i|ilain I iin-.e oliscrvcd, liefore us is aliundalit (lie other IS us evnlcnce. pal[ialile taiili le r.ui, ntc^lalih I t: ;■ ill P 320 COLOXIZATKA' OF TfEnnA FIRMR. tli.it tlir cni'ly wiitiu',"* <'ii Ann fiivi .■nc fur tlin most ji.iit tnic; ■•iinl if, in tlw filliiwiii;.' p.i'^'cs, it (l^its ii'it I'liMily niipcjif wliicli aic tini' ninl wiiicli [.iImc, thill lias tin" antiiDr si^'iially failcil in his tll'mt. I ilo not iit tln' least iVar tin; ovi'i throw of the j,'cii( lal viraiity of tlicHi- vritciH until tlu'ic coiiit! a,'aiiist till 111 ciifinif.s more powerful witii more; powerful wi'apons than any that liiive yet uppoareil. IIow senselessly speculative their reasouingM ! I'x • eaiise the natives of the present day eannot tell wlio or whene(( were the aiithorn of thare:itly do not deem il. pos- silile for such tilings to cvist in tiiis enli;,'hleiied age us pedantic ignorance mid literary fanaticism, of w hich tlu'y are bright examples. They do not sec lu to know that the petty and puerile theories which they wonhl ]'a^ ^ upon the sinnil(! as startling conceptions, original with themselves, are as old as the knowledge of the continent. They do not consiilcr that before faking the lirst step toivard proving origin, migration, or kinship by analogy, they must lirst disjiose of the univei-sul relationship of man. the oneness of human nature, Ininian needs, and human aspirations, and then show how men tiist came upon this earth, and which was land anil which water then and since. I'.ut those who thus array themselves against American aboriginal civilization and the early Spanish writers on the New ^Vorld do not pretend to oiler eoflntrr < vidciicc, or to refute with reason; they rely ehielly on flat contradiction. 1 have yet to find among them all any approach to reasonable pi'opositions or logical argument. They have nothing on which to base argument, neithi r f.ict nor jilausible supposition. Their hypotheses arc as chimerical as their deductions an; false. They would have the world exercise a far Tnore iria- ti.mal credulity in accepting their hollow negations, than in believing every word of the most mcndaciims chronicler. And when they conic to deny the presence of a native civilization upon the Mexican table-land, they betr.iy lamentable ignorance both of the facts of history and of the nature of (.iv ilization. CHAPTER VII. SETTLEMENT OP SANTA MARf A DE LA ANTIGUA DEL DARIEN. 1510-1511. Frantisco Pizakro Abandons San Skiiastian— Mekts Entiso at Carta- gena — IIk and his Crew Look like Pirates — They are Takes BACK TO San Sebastian — Vasco NuSez de IJalboa — Boards Kxcisd's Siiir in a Cask — Arrives at San Sebastian — The Spaniards Cross to Darien — The River and the Name — Cemaco, CvcigiE of Da- RiEN, Defeated — FonNDiNt in llfl'C! With I tlifir u^iiaiit •cil the iciK'>:i. posses- sions on tlic (li'lit^litCul prospect, of domination, and thLsc shouM not fscapo him. Thi-v wore just tiio clay for his fasluoninuf; men for whom tho law was made. Whippinnj out ids commission, wldcli at onco deposed J*izarro, the hai-hiller (hove them hack into their hoat, and all end>arked for San Si'hastian. JJut >(arcely had they turned the Punta de Carihaiia,* when the Ijachiller'.s well-stored .ship struck upon rocks ami broke in ])ieees, those on board l)arfly e«t' Indians, and applied himself to agriculture at Salva- VASCO NU5rEZ DE BALBOA. 325 ticrra, a town of Espafiola. Becoming embarrassed by debts, and disgusted with the plodding life of a farmer, he determined to try fortune in the new colony of Alonso de Ojeda. But how to escape his creditors was the question. Debtors were prohibited by edict from leaving the island. The town of Santo Domingo at this time swarmed with insolvent adven- turers anxious to engage in new adventure, and the strictest watch was kept on them by the authorities. An armed escort accompanied every departure until well out at sea, to bring back discovered stowaways. For all this Vasco Nunez determined to sail with Enciso. Now mark the budding of genius ! Taking a large cask, such as was used in shipping stores, he ensconced himself therein, and caused it to be headed up, placed upon a wagon, and driven from his farm to the landing, where it was placed with the -^ther stores, and finally carried on board the ship. The vessel put to sea; the tender returned to port; to the creditors was left the farm of Vasco Nuilez, while the late owner was forever safe beyond their reacli.'^ When, like Aphrodite from her circling shell, the serio-comic face of the bankrupt farmer appeared emerging from the provision cask, the bachiller was disposed to treat the matter magisterially, and threat- ened to land the refugee from justice on the first deserted island. But as the learned judge could not be held accountable as a party to the fraud, and as ho thereby gained a valuable recruit, his judicial sensitiveness was filially mollified, and he assigned to the stowawiiy the ordinary duties of a sol«lier. Nevertheless the niiklly murderous threat of the lawyer was not lost upon the farmer. Into the hearts of the tlesponding colonists at San Sebastian the words of Vasco Nunez infused new life. No time was lost in making retulv; and cross- nig the gulf, they found the country and river as lie ■-'Ovicdo, ii. 420, says that, with the assistance of ferto Hurtado, Vase* Kmk'z was Uidduu iu a, bSip'a sail. 326 SETTLEMENT OF DARIEN. had said. Near this river of Daricn,' for so the Atrato and country thereabout was then called, stood the village of the cacique, Cemaco, a brave and upright ruler. Enciso, who is no less valiant than wise and con scientious, determines to make this place judicially his own. Cemaco, who believes himself the legal owner, objects. Whereupon is invoked that admir- able provision, the ultimate appeal; and the man of the long robe, and the man of no robe at all, each after his tashion, prepare for war. Sending his women and children up the river, Cemaco posta himself with five hundred warriors before the vil- lage. Enciso, in whose person are united the com- bined essences of Christendom, civil, ecclesiastical, and military, concentrates all his forces, human and divine, to hurl upon the presumptuous savage. First, as is his wont in legal battles, to every soldier ho administers the oath that he will not flinch before tlie enemy; then he invokes the powers above to ;\id him in the approaching contest, vowing that if victory shall be his and the town shall fall into his hands lie will name it in honorof the virgin and build and deli- cate a church within the town in honor of her sacrod image, Antigua of Seville. ^loreovcr, he promises that he will make a pilgrimage to her holy shrine; it' she will give him the victory over Cemaco; and witli ^'Dcr Name Darien {Darinm, oder Tareria] scheint zuniichst mit clem inilianisohcn Namcu dea grosson Flusscs Atrato, welcher sich in den Golf von Unih.'i ausgicsst, seincn Aufang gencjunncn zu liuben. Dur crsto Eroborer, diT in dicsen Oolf cinsogulto, war IkstidaB 1.j01. Ob cr sohon don Fluss ])ari('n gesehcn und den Naauen nacb Europa gobraclit liat, ist uiigewiss. Gewiss itit cs. dna der Nanio des Flusscs Diirien bereita in den Dokunicnton und 'i'lunlnugspakten zwischeu Niouesa und Ojeda in Jalu'o i.")0'J gciianut vinl.' Ko/il, J)if liviilcn dltciteii Geiiernl-karli'ii ru'i Awcriica, IIG. On I'eter ^Maityr's map, India Ixi/oml the (lamjcn, ISIO, ia (ariciie; on tbo globe of Oi'ontius, l.").'{l, tl>o gulf ia called Siiiti.t vriiba, tlio river rmlie, and tlio lat.lnnua ./■((;•«« ihirkua. Salvat do Filestrina, Munich Atlas, no. iv., l.')15, l)luces on tlio west side of tlio gulf of Urabil tlio word dariem. Maiollo, Miniir/i Atl(ts, no. v., lol!), calls tho placo daryen; Fernando Colon, hVJ?, writes (/(i/v'tK. ; Diego do llibero, LJ'JtJ, durie; Munich Allan, no. vi., ir).'?'J-40, (hiri'Di; Vaz Dourado, 1571, duricm; Robert Tliorne, in llakhnjCn Voij. l>n- riuu ; Mcrcntor'n Athu, lo(J!»; WiM-Jiidinchc SiticijlKl, H)'24; Onithii'n Mapn/ America, 1071; Dampior, lliOl), and aubscquent cartographcra give the prestut form. BATTLE OF ANTIGUA. S97 these preparations the battle begins. The half-starved Spaniards fight like fiends. Cemaco for a time main- tains his position with firmness; but the awe-inspiring appearance of the strangers, their ship, their shining armor, their beards, the whiteness of their skin, the wonderful sharpness of their weapons, and the solemn thunder and smoke of their fire-arms soon scatter to the forest his terror- smitten people. To the un- bounded joy of the conquerors the town is found rich ill gold and cotton, and the adjacent fields afi:brd abundance of provisions. This is something like reward for toilsome mis- sionary labors. Along the river banks, secreted in caves, are found golden ornaments to the value of ten thousand castellanos.* The virgin's share and the king's share are set aside, and the remainder of the spoils divided among the band. Thus Cemaco's village becomes the seat of government in Tierra Firme; and to it, as the lawyer promised the virgin, is given the nan^e of Santa Maria de la Antigua del Uaricn.^ In good truth fortune had at length smiled upon the colonists. Captives taken in the skirmishes which followed the pitched battle were made to gather gold and work in the fields. The bachiller began a rigor- ous rule with a full sense of the responsibilities resting upon him as representative of the crown of Spain and of his own importance before his solditsrs, and as a lioro in the great work of pacification. This view of his own merits appeared to him by no muaii;s di- minished after his recent success. Though small in ■* Ogilby, Am., GO, cntcrt.iins a dim ooncoptioii of tho fact wlicn liu myn, 'Anci.sus pursuing, fouiul iu a Tliicket of Canu.s, or llueils a groat Truaauro of Gold.' ••'Do quo hoy no queilan ni vcatigios,' say.s Aoosta. Nor do I find laid down on any map in my posses.sion tho town of Santa Maria, or .\ntij,'iia, or Daricn, by whicli names this plaoo has l)oon Hovorally ik'signatod. I'liorto llrrnioso, placed by Colon at tho soutii-wcstorn extronuty of tho gulf of I'rabii, p: nrraiosw, and also by liil)oro, p" hiiinxo, is supposod to liavo boon tho anchorage of Encipo and tho harbor of Antigua. Oviodo, i. 4, in ondcav- (iring to fasten upon tiio plaoo tho nanio La (riiftnlia, oonfusos liinisolf biyond I'xtrication. ' En la cibdad tlol Dariou (quo tumbion so Uaniu antes la Guurdia) «i Jospuos santa Maria del Antigua.' ;88t SETTLEMENT OF DARIEN. li I; 9^ p; I number, this colony should bo mi<]jhty in law. Poor Ojeda ! How happy he might have been in tliu position now occupied by this uumnnified bundle of quiddities. Settling themselves in Cemaco's houses, the Span- iards bejjan to look about. First in order after liis lawless raid, in the eyes of Enciso, was law. The bachiller, as we have ere this surmised, was one of those super -wise and self-opinionod men who to achieve a fall have only to attain a height. Ver}- little law was here needed, very little government; but Enciso was a lawyer and a ruler, and little of it would not suffice him. His first edict was the pro- hibition of private traffic with the natives. This measure, though strictly legal, could scarcely be called politic. The hundred or so ragged piratical wretches cast on this rich and feebly defended shore wanted few decrees; and the fewer laws their ruler made for them the fewer would be broken. But, necessary or not, the alcalde mayor must issue orders, else he is no alcalde mayor. Hence other regulations followed, equally unpopular, until the colonists began to con- sider how best they might make a plug which should stop this great running to waste of law. Though convinced that Enciso was planning to get the gold as well as the government all into his own hands, and employ the colonists as tools wherewith to mine, and hold the savages in check, so inbred is Spanish loyalty, that even the reckless members of this crude commonwealth hesitated before committing any overt act which might forever outlaw them from tlieir country. Better employ his own weapon against the bachiller, for law is safer than hemp for hanging even lawyers. There was about Vasco Nunez a plain directness of thought and purpose the very opposite of those cngend'^red of the law's entanglements. Ever since his fortunate sujxgestion to cross from San Sebastian no to Darien he had been regarded as the savior -of the VASCO NU5IEZ ASSUMES COMMAND. •IP' oiilony; and now he thought he saw open a way of (lolivcrance from their present trouble, and so he told tlicuT. " The gulf of Urabii," said ho, " separates Xueva Andalucia from Castilla del Oro. While on the eastern side we belonged to the government of Alonso de Ojeda; now that we are on the western, we are subject only to Diego de Nicucsa." Before this simple logic the bachillcr was dumfoundered. Of what value was legal lore that could be so easily over- turned by an illiterate adventurer? In vain he feebly argued that wherever was Ojcda's colony, Ojeda's deputy was master. The people were against him; and the opinion of the people concerning him was expressed by Vasco Nunez when some time afterward he wrote the king regarding persons of that cloth in infant settlements: "Most powerful sire," he said, " there is one great favor that I pray your royal high- ness to do me, since it is of great importance to your .service. It is for your royal highness to issue an order that no bachiller of laws, or of anything unless it be of medicine, shall come to these parts of Tierra Firme, under a heavy penalty that your highness shall fix ; because no bacliiller ever comes hither who is not a devil, and they all live like devils, and not only are they themselves bad, but they make others l)a(1, ha\ing always contrivances to bring about litiga- tions anil villainies. This is very important to your liiglmess' service in this a new country."" ''Carta - JT, 47-70; and iii. 7; IJcrnra, dec. i. lib. viii, cup. v.-vii.; and lib. ix. cap. 1; or, if one f t "w (' ;. IP. 330 SETTLEMENT OF DARIEN. So the lawyer was dcpoF jcl, and the cavalier clo- vated. Enciso gracelcssly yielded his dear authority; and after much wransflinsj amonjy the ill-assorted fra- ternity, a municipality was decided upon, and two alcaldes' were chosen, Vasco Nuilez do Balboa and Martin Zamudio. The office of regidor^ fell amonijf others to one Valdivia. Subsequently additional offi- cials were chosen. Government without law, however, proved no less ineffectual than law without government. Disaffcc- tions and altercations continued. In the administra- tion of justice, Ealboa was accused of favoring his friends and frowning upon pented having crossed the his enemies. Some re- gulf; some desired the restoration of Enciso; some suggested that "^s they 'ii were now within the jurisdiction of Nicuesa, it was his right to rule, or to name their ruler. While these strifes were rajfing, the inhabitants of Antigua were startled one day by the report of a gun coming from the direction of San Sebastian. Think- ing perhaps Ojeda had returned, or sent supplies, they built fires on the adjacent heights in order to at- tract attention. Presently two ships approached, and will have it in Dutch, Ezquehel,Aan1comst, 30-8, in OottfrU'd, Reysen, i. ; Aconta, Compeiid. Jlist. Nueva Granada, 33-8; Drake's To;/., 157-58; Norman\t ll'ist. Cal, 10; Palton'a Hist. U. S., II; Ogilbi/'s Am'., 399; March y Lahorcs, Marina Espanola, i. 413-'23; Bcnzoni, Hist. Mondo Nvovo, 41-5; Ilarpcr's Ma;/., xviii. 408; BidurlVs Panamd, 27-28; and Ilcylyn''ii Cosmor/., 1087. ' As I have before observed, there were alcaldes of various denominations, duties, and jurisdictions. In new discoveries, when tiie chief of the expedi- tion liad not contracted with the king for the appointing of authorities, the settlers met and elected one or more alcaldes and regidores. The alcaMe, in the absence of the governor or military chief, presided over the inuuici|ial council, composed of regidores who governed the municipality, or rr;pmii hIo, as it was then called. The alcalde was also the executive power, cxcrciHiii,' +he functions of judge, witli original jurisdiction in all matters civil and crim- inal, those relating to the natives excepted. In the absence of the adclantiulo he was therefore chief in authority, and when tlio governor was present, t!ie alcalde was second. Alcaldes in new settlements, and in early times, were ditl'erent irom tliose created later. Their duties covered the emergency. In the present instance, had Enciso con turned to exercise the office of alcalde mayor, regidores might still have been elected to attend to the affairs of tlio municipality, in which case no alcaldes would have been elected, for Euciso himself would have presided. "Regidores, or members of the municipal council, were elected by tlio residents of a ward or district. Cities were entitled to twelve, to\vns to ais., and villugea or small sottlemeuta were limited to three or even Ics^. COLMEXARES COMES. 331 anr-horccl before the town. They proved to bo vessels belonging to Nicuesa, freighted at Espaiiola v.ith supplies for the colony of Castilla del Oro, and coininanded by Rodrigo Enriqucz de Colmenares. Thrown by stress of weather upon the coast of Santa 3[arta," he had there lost a number of his men; after which he entered the gulf of Urabd, hoping to find information of Nicuesa. A quick observer and a faithful officer, Colmenares soon understood the position of affairs, and took prompt measures to secure to his governor such ad- vantages as might accrue from profitless contentions. By a judicious distribution of articles greatly needed by the colonists, attended by wise counsels, he gained their confidence, and partly healed their feuds; so that before sailing he prevailed on them to send two ambassadors to treat with Nicuesa concerning the aftairs of their settlement. The two envojB chosen wore Diego de Albites, and an aspiring lawyer, hith- erto overshadowed by the august presence of Enciso, called the bachiller Diego del Corral, and they were directed to accompany the ships of Colmenares in the bri^antine belonging to the settlement of Antigua. It was about the middle of November, 1510, when Colmenares entered the gulf of Urabd,. Unable to gather any tidings of Nicuesa, he continued his voy- age westward, searching the inlets along the coast. He would nevertheless have passed Nombre do Dios had he not seen some of Nicuesa's men in their Iwat, at one of the islands, seeking food. The wildest joy greeted the new arrival. It was to the colony of Castilla del Oro as a reprieve from death. (Jazing sadly on the sallow faces and emaciated I'orms before them, the miserable wreck of Nicuesa's o'allant company now reduced to sixty souls, listen- ing to their tales of wretchedness, tears of honest sympathy fell from the eyes of the hardy sailors. '••Tlio name of a Spanish settlement midway between Capo do la Vela and Cdrtuijuna, and sometimes applied to the territory in that vicinity. 332 SETTLEMENT OF DARIEN. With difficulty could bo recognized in the leader of the hapless troop the once gay and courtly Nicuesa. Colmenares gave the sufferers food and comforted them. He told Nicuesa of Ojeda's failure, of the settlement at Antigua, and how Enciso and his com- pany, having found a spot rich in gold and well pro- visioned, had fallen to quarrelling among themselves about the government, and had finally sent messen- gers to him, the rightful ruler, for the healing of their disputes. To Nicuesa these words were as fresh oil iu aji ex liring lamp. But in his enfeebled state, the sudden change from blank despair to brilliant hope played havoc with his discretion. After brief thanks- giving for deliverance, his mind became excited by dreams of boundless wealth and empire. He ordered a feast, at which he presided with insensate levity. Toward the ambassadors from the gulf he assumed a haughty arrogance, claiming supreme authority rela- tive to all matters at Antigua, and stoutly swear iii^f that the gold taken from his subjects of Darien should be disgorged. Colmenares had marked the effect of Nicucsa's altered temper on his followers. He saw that dis- affection was rife, and that the governor held control by a feeble tliread. Showing Nicuesa the madness of his course, he explained the importance of attacliiiiL]j the remnant of Ojeda's colony to his own, and pointed out their strength and his weakness; he received in reply only insolent rebukes. Meanwhile the ambassadors Albites and Corral, men whose wits were about them, were not ploaseil with this foretaste of Nicuesa's rule; nor did inter- course with Nicucsa's men tend iu any wise to dimin- ish their unfavorable impressions. One night tlioy visited Lope de Olano, who for his sins was chained to a rock and made to grind corn. " Behold my con- dition," he exclaimed. " I have ever served my gov- ernor faithfully. I saved him from perishing, when I ILL-TREATMENT OF NICUESA. 333 had but to delay his rescue to become myself the l^fovcrnor. This is my reward. You men of An- tigua may draw your own conclusions." By others the ambassadors were informed that the chief officers of the now government were already selected: Vasco Xuiicz was to be stripped of all authority, and Za- inudio, as a relative of Olano, could scarcely hope to fare better. Those who had trafficked with the natives were to be severely punished. It was enough. Stealing away, they hastened back to Antigua. "A pretty mess you have made of it, with your infernal bickerings," they said to the assembled confederates. " Xicuesa will give you more of law than Enciso, and more of arbitrary rule than Vasco Nunez and Zamu- dio ten times over." A few days after a messenger, one Juan do Caicedo, arrived from Nicuesa, and in- formed them, for their further comfort, that the gov- ernor was detained at one of the islands capturing natives, but would be with them shortly. Perceiving that his tidings were not hailed with transports of joy, and being himself embittered against Nicuesa, as v.cro indeed almost all his followers, Caicedo swung round upon his bearings and laughed at them. "Silly scnores! free and rich, you call in a cormorant to swallow your substance and yourselves." And now, as usual when folly comes home, curses flowed freely on themselves and others. The prospect of losing tlicir gold touched them. Wliat should they do ? Once more Vasco Nunez oftcrs a pertinent sugges- tion. " You were dissatisfied with Enciso, and ques- tioned many of my acts. Now you fear a governor possessing all the bad qualities of your former rulers, with, perhaps, few of their redeeming traits. If calling Nicuesa was an error, is not receiving him a jjjrt'ator one ?" Struck by the suggestion, the colonists drop their differences and unite as one man against Xicuosa, each taking a solemn oath never to serve luidor him. Sentries arc then stationed to give notice of his approach, and measures taken to prevent his 334 SETTLEMENT OF DARIEN. landlnGf, After eight day.s pleasantly passed kid- nap})mg among the islands, the ill-fated governor enters the harbor and comes to anchor, little dream- ing of the reception that awaits him. On shore be- fore the town he observes a company of armed men, assembled, as he supposes, to give him welcome. As he prepares to disembark, the public procurator'*^ ad- vances and, to his astonishment, in a loud voice warns him on pain of death not to place foot on shore, l)ut instantly to abandon these parts and return no more. The colony at Antigua was at this time compara- tively strong and well-conditioned; Nicuesa's followers were few, weak, and disaffected. For him to enforce authority was not possible. His mind had dwelt fondly of late on his rising fortunes, and this hostile reception was a terrible disappointment, for it was the last earthly resource. To return to the broken camp at Nombre de Dios would be to enter again the jaws of death ; if he could not remain here, he certainly could not depart. Recovering in a measure, as from a hea\'y blow, the governor requested permission to land, promising solemnly to enter into any stipulations concerning the government which the colonists should deem just. His proposals were drowned by the shouts of the rabble; and he was warned, as he valued his life, to approach no nearer the shore. Nicuesa con- tinued his expostulations till nightfall, when ho retired with his ship a little farther from land. Ec- turning next morning, he renewed his importunities. A change had apparently taken place in the minds of the ])eople, for he was now permitted to land with his page. Balboa received the governor court- eously, conducted him to his house, and made him for the nioflit. The affairs of the a guest fjovcrn- '"The procnrculor de la c'nidad, called &(tcrvriivd sindico procvrndor, niul later still nindico, was an officer of the municipal oouncil, whose duty it was to sec tlio city ordinances enforced, bring suit for and defend the city in siiiy suit, pcrfonning the functions of city attorney, beside having a scat in the couinion council of the city. SAD FATE OF XICUESA. fgi mcnt were discussed, and an amicable imdcrstandinsr was arrived at by the two leaders. It was nothing less, in fact, than that one of them should be first, and the other second, in Castilla del Oro. On the fdllowing day a portion of the crew on board Ni- cuesa's ship was permitted to land; and Vasco Nunez now endeavored to reconcile his comrades to the rule of the governor. It was too late. Sedition is more easily raised than allayed. Not only was Zamudio jealous of his colleague, but he well knew that under the proposed regime the odium of all the opposition would fall on him. Drawing round him the rouijhcr element, he reminded the colonists of their oath, and jiicturcfl to them the poverty and restraint under the ]iroposed government. So successful was he in exciting bad blood, that Nicucsa was glad to escape insult and violence by retiring to his ship. Thus encouraged, Zamudio resolved to press a final issue l)y capturing the governor, and dictating terms to him. The next day accordingly he placed his men in ambush near the landing, and with one comjianion, Pedro Macaz, appeared before the ship. Hailing the commander, he assured him that all was well, and that he now might safely venture on shore. Nicucsa fell easily into the trap. Joining the conspirators, lio walked unsuspiciously with them toward the spot where the gang lay concealed. When near it Za- mudio changed his tone to one of harsh insolence, " Senor Nicuesa," he said, " why do you persist in remaining liere contrary to our wishes ? Your pres- ence is our ruin. We can neither accept you, nor abandon this place. You must depart instantly, or (lie. Take your choice." Meanwhile his minions >;i)rang forward. Nicaesa saw it all at a glance. He was ilcct of foot, and this was his only hope. So fling- ing off dignity, he eluded their clutches, dashed off at tlio top of his speed along the shore, and outstripping his piu'sucrs, turned into the forest to hide. When Vasco Nunez saw the desperate plight to 330 SETTLEMENT OF DARIEX. ^n ' wliicli Nicucsa was reduced, all the j^enerous impulses of his nature were aroused, lie hated hinisolt' tor the juirt he had played, and cursed the sordiil ambi- tion which thus unjustly humiliated so chivalrous a gentleman. ISIore in earnest than ever, he sought out Nicucsa in the wood; and then endeavored to excite the sympathies of the colonists, and even to intimi- date them; but all was of no avail. Those there were who well knew they had gone too far ever to bo forgiven. Satan now wholly possessed Zamudio. No fiend could ever invent and execute a more dastardly meas- ure than was now proposed. With sixty men ho entered the forest, seized Nicucsa, and made him swear instantly to sail for Spain, touching no port till he should reach Cddiz. Then, as if in mockery, ho took from him his only serviceable ship, placed liim into the old brigantine, now rotten and unsafe, whicli had been in use at Veragua, and sent him forth witli seventeen men and a few devoted members of his household. It was in March, 1511, that the so lately proud and gallant Nicucsa was thu;^ driven from Antigua, and neither he nor any of that ill-fated company was ever afterward heard from !" " Jk'iizoni asserts that after leaving Aiitigua, Nicuesa followed the coast for soniu distance, but landing one day for water, he was seized by cannibnls, who captured the vessel and devoured the men. 'K cosi Niquesa nmltu dolente se ne parti, e perquella costa andando aalto in terra per piglior acciua, c 8U da 'paesani iiceiso, e poi mangiato con tutti i suoi conipagiii, e (jiicsto Bu la lino della vita di Diego di Niquesa, ein la sua arniata di Veragua.' Hi-'. J\loii'h> Xvovo, i. 47. A story was ciifrcnc for a time tliafc they liad licni thrown on Cul)a, where all perisl'id, ieavi' j inserilied upon a tree, 'IIiiu ended the unfortuiuite Nicnesii.' Lan Ca.-^as and Ilerrern, however, are df opinion tliat his vessel foundered at vc.i. 'Algunos imaginnron (pie aporto a Culia, y quo los Indios Ic niataron, jioroue andando eiertos Castellanos por l.i isla hallaroo escrito en iin arbol : Aiiui feneeiii el desdichado Nicuesa : pero i .sto Be tuvo por los honibres mas verdaderos, por falso, ponpie los priniero.si|Ui' eii- traron en (Julja, afennaron luuiea aver oydo tal nueva. Lo quo se tuvo poi' iii:n cierto,es, (pieeoino llenava tan malnavio, y las mares deaquellas partes son tcii bravas, y vehementes, la mesma mar lo tragaria facilmente, o quo percceria ilu li;d)re, y do sed,' J/irnra, i. viii. viii. But his fate nuist forever remain a mystery ; and he one among the many whose visionary hopes have been l)urit d beneath these waters; one among the many who, having left home with sui- guine expectations, sailed over tliese seas in quest of gold or adventure, ntvtr again to Ije heard from ! It is easy, after a failure, to laid the mistake. Many of Nicue.sa's misfortunes sprang not from any fault, and yet faults, in place I't' nobler (qualities, were developed by his misfortunes. CHAPTER VIII. PACTIONS AND FORAOINGS IN DARIEN. 1511-1513. TlIF. r.ARniSON AT NOMBRE VR DiOS — SrHTI.E DlPI-OMACIES — VaSTO NhSEZ Assumes Command — Exciso, iiis Life and Wuitixcs— The Town AND THE Jail — RiaiiT.s of SANcrrAUY — Valiuvia'.s Voyac.e — Za- Mrpio's Mission — Expedition to Coiba — Careta Aives Vasco NcSez ins Dacoiiter — Pon- a Punished — .IrR.\, the Savaoe Statesman — Visit of the Spaniards to Comaore — Panciaco Tells Them of a SoiTHERN Sea — The Story of Valdivia, Who is Shipwrecked and Eaten by Cannibals — Vasco NuSez Undertakes an Impious Pil- r.niMAOE to the (Jolden Temple of Daiiaiba — Conspiracy Formed Bv the Natives to Destroy Anticua— Eul\ ia D.vuloes the Plot — 1) rviEN Quieted — Vasco NuSez iIeoeives a Royal Commission — Serious Charges — Vasco Nu.^ez Resolves to Discover the Southern Sea before He i3 Prevented by Arrest. Thus far the first doeacle of disaster aloni^ Tierra Firine; thus far the discovery of Rodri<^o de Bas- tidas in 1501; the ineffectnal attempt of Cohimbus at AVrngua in 1502; the faihire of the impetuous Ojcda, and the death of the veteran pilot, Juan de la Cosa; the foundins: of Nombre de Dios and Antinfua; the destruction of the superb armament of Diego de Ni- cuesa, and the sad fate of its commander. Mean- Avliilc we behold evolved from the factions of Antigua t\v.) notable characters, Francisco Pizarro and Vasco Nunez de Balboa. We will now further observe society in Darien, and the attempts of the Spaniards to govern themselves and pacify their neighbors. When Diego do Nicuesa embarked to assume com- mand at AntiiTua, he left in the fortress of Nombre Gv> Dios a small garrison under Gonzalo de Badajoz, with Alonso Nuiicz de IMadrid as alcalde. Their pro- Hisi, Cbm. Am., Vol. I. 23 (337) iili^ t il: 338 FxVCTioxs A^^) foragixgs in darien. visions falling low, and expected relief failing them, like ill-mannered wolves they fell to fighting over the little remaining food, and but for the opportune arri- val of Colmenarcs, civilization at Nombre de Dios would soon have found a miserable ending. To the ])ic)posal to join their countrymen at Antigua, they eagerly assented, and embarked without delay in the two brigantincs sent for the purpose. Lope de Olaiio was released, and subsequently rose high in the esteem of Balboa. Thus the settlement of Antigua, after the departure of the hapless Nicuesa, comprised all that was left of the two colonies of Nucva Andalucia and Castilla del Oro, and numbered about two hundred and fifty mcn.^ The final disappearance of the two commanders by no means allayed the discords of the colony. Factions assumed broader dimensions than ever. A band of two hundred and fifty bears, after accomplishing tlie duties of the day, would sensibly stretch themselves under the welcome covert; but intellectual and niortil beasts are, by reason of their superiority, doomed to the eternal curse of government; nor docs it make niuch difference as to the quality or quantity of the herd ; fools will fight for domination all the same. Zamudio, followed by the gang that had driven out Nicuesa, claims preiiminence as a reward for his villainies. Enciso, the learned and disinterested re|)- resentativo of the higher orders of mastership, earthly and heavenly, never fails to keep the high and holy law spr'oad before these misguided men. Vasco Nunez keeps his own counsel; but ho feels within himself that neither Zamudio nor Enciso shall rule An- tigua. All he need do is to continue as hitherto !•» turn against his opponents their own weapons. The lawyer he vanquishes with law; the ruffian, by giv- ing him a rope wherewith to hang himself. In the ]iresent instance, like a skilful tactician, he separates his antagonists and opposes one to the other. Call- ' Ovicdo, ii. 477, ia obviously ^^•rong in saying over six hundred. DEEP DIPLOMACIES. 339 Iii'jj Zamudio aside, he makes evident to him the iiLCL'ssity, if he would continue a municipal govcrn- iiioiit, of withholding all po^ver from the bachiller. Having no intention of relinquishing the sweets of office, for which he has risked so much, Zamudio lends ii will'ng ear. The lawyer must be quieted, but law- fully. High-handed measures may be employed, but only exceptionally. The law is too useful a weapon to be flung aside by intelligent knaves. So the two alcaldes put their heads together and frame charges to (it the occasion. Enciso is accused of wilful usur- })ation of authority, of assuming the duties and exer- cising the functions of alcalde mayor without license from the king — grave charges, truly, emanating from so scrupulous a society. The lawyer's skill at plead- ing avails him notliing. He is convicted, his prop- erly confiscated, and himself cast into prison.^ He is not long kept in confinement, however, but is set free on giving a promise immediately to leave the coun- try.' Thus one of the two ambitious Caesars is out of the way; but how dispose of the other? Again ' ' II Baccellioro non potena mostrarc lo Reali sue prouisioni per baucrlo per (Into iiclla iiauc, die si ruppc iiel (Jolfo d'Vraua.' Beiizoiii, J lint. Momlo .Vc CO, i. 47. There were those wlio toM Peter Martyr that Enciso wiici thus jiuiiiahcd by providence for having advised tlic expulsion of Nicues'i. ^ Martin I'ernandcz de Enciso lirst came to the Indies with Baatidaa. After pnicti.sin,!^ law for a time successfully at Sanfo Domingo, he was cempted to tlii.-! expedition, as wc have sei-n, by Ojeda. upon the promise of the otlii e (jf alcalde mayor. Though a pettifogger in lis profession, ho was nt verthetess possessed of worth and ability in oiler directions. In Darien, while in tlie iiKiiii well meaning, !>e was Tumble to crpo successfully with shiewder intcl- U'cl i shai'pened by New World experiences. After his return to Spain ho pnhlisiied a work, entitled Suma !ini.sli relating to America.' li'irh, li'thitothvca A mi rlcaiia Vctu.^. ' F/dUvniuo rare et tr(''8 rcinar(|nal)lo. ' llumhohU, Urnmt'ii .i- Vila, so pretexto do (|ue el Key no podia enviar ti hacer tales conciui-ftiis.' And in his) Ei>itomr, I'inelo remarks: ' Trata en su Siiina (hoijntjid del Artu (le Xavegar, do la Ksfera, y do las quatro partes del Mundo, cspeeialinent.' 'l' laa JiKJias, i es el primero (pic imprimii'i Ohra (Ifnijnilivn do ellas. ' Indicd, this lust waa auid in 1738, aud aubsu^uent bibliograplkura have repeated it. ENCISO AXD THE ALCALDES. 3)1 It must not be supposed that tlie settlors were idle all this time, or that the natives, or tlieir gold, were neglected. The town had grown in size and impor- tance since the driving out of Cemaco. Streets had Incn regularly laid out round a idaza* or public square, common to all Spanish towns, and a churcli antl vv- li^ious houses established, for priests had come hither with the rest. While Enciso made ready for departure, Bachiller Corral, Captain Badajoz, and others, enemies of ]^a1- lioa, improved the time by secretly making specilica- tions of both the alcaldes' errors, and l)y instigating thcrs to assist in criminating the rulers. These eliaro'es were to be delivered to the kinti''l, ill deg''ee3 nuno or less nioililied \t ' time, down to the present day. lii S|i,iiiisli- America it was in voL,'ue as lateasii (jiiarterof aceiilury ago. Oii;,'i;i- iilly the ide.a imjilied tho right of appeal from tiio judgiiient of iiicii to the justice of (Jod. The Creator himself, it is said, set the example iiy jplai-ing a mark on Cain, the lirst murderer, that none miglit kill him ; and Moses ainl •b'shiia, under divino Hanction, estab!islieil cities of refuge, whither certain iiiviihiiitaryoirenders might llee and lind safety. Later, the foumh'isof ciths 'ill' ):'l as\ Iniii to outlaws for the purposi; of increasing tlie pii|nilatiiiii. To tliisc stem ■ I attributed in.'i measure tiic existence, orat least the iiiiportanic, lit ■' 'US, I'helies, iind other cities. Instead of making the whole city a!i ii; "'. , n. certain locality was Hometinies assigned for that pur|iose; thus tia- ilitiO:- y:'. ^ Miat one of tho first nets of Itomuhis preparatory to building his c'ily v,'i. . set npart I'alatiiio Hill lis a place of refuge. Sacreil gi-ovcs vein iHvliuiis; al.'.) teiniiles ti) the gods, mid religious houses. Notalily the groves 'it ill!' (irecians, and the Mrechtheiiim of Athens, the temple of .\rteinis at Kplicdus, and that of A^iollou at Miletus. With the advent of Chrisli- 342 FACTIONS AND FORAGINGS IN DARIEN. It ¥ 1 1 II ' t'' h 11' ! I Valdivia, the regidor, was Balboa's friend; Ixifoii- leaving the Salvatierra plantation they had \)vvn warmly intimate. Supplies were needed, and Enciso and Zamudio required passage to Spain. Talcing, therefore, a small vessel, and placing in Valdivia's hands a large amount of gold,' Vasco Nunez sent him to Espailola, with instructions to buy the good opinion of Diego Colon the governor, and Pasamonte* tlio kinijf's treasurer, and bring back recruits. The re- gidor was £■ • '«' ■^nccessful. He set forth the wealth of Tierra Fin ad the important services of Vaseo Nunez in glo\\ii.^ colors, and obtained from the gov- ernor IX commission authorizing Balboa to act as liis lieutenant in those parts. He begged for his friend anity, to iiicrcaso their influence, the clergy secured this privilege for llicir e'.iurclios. In the time of Constantino all Christian churches aflbnled rcfnw, nnil Theodosius II. included in this right all houses belonging to the cinirc'li, witli their courts an;i- asteries, cemeteries, tombs, c.osses, and in short all religious monunuiit.s. Frci|ucntly a stone bench, called the stone of jieacc, was placed for rct'ii-'oi s witliin the chui'ch near the altar. Tlio priests assured the people that tiny would bo visited by dire calanuties if they violated this right. Gradually, however, the practice diminished. Though the culprit nuist not lie forciliiy dragged from the church, he might be enticed thence, or starved out, orsniokcil out. Then the more abhorred criminals, as heretics and iniu'dercrs, were dc- i;ied protection; and the number of places was reduced. Clement XIV., in 1 77-, limited the number to ono or two in each town, though no one slieltc-'nil by the roof of a church nught bo torn thence without an order from tin; ecclesiastical judge. The right of churches to extend protection over ininor otl'cnders was recognized long after it became the custom for tlio cliM Lry to deliver rank ollenilera for punishmeiit. The superstition was respited, us we have seen, in tlie wilds of the New World by tlio distempered colonists of Darien. Nor was England free from it ; to this day there arc places in Frame, and in Scotland, Holj-rood abbey and palace, where a debtor may not b'' ay- rested. For a g()o'' a;- ityof religi"U» ■300i)ounil-i<'f lonntt of I'i -'^it nteth to liiiio rcsum. N^ iJ )f those prii'i'S mpt, that ihry d poniuh'S "f io wroujjht ill plates, bolli to reached him; udly to V.W'U'- ^laiiiaid th i' '^ id favor Va-<'0 Pasamonte's influence with the king; but Enciso was active there with opposing influence. ^leanwhile Balboa was haunted by thoughts not of the happiest. He well knew how precarious was liis tenure of position. Nicuesa's wrongs were ever before him. Though not the chief criminal in that atfair, he knew he was criminal enough. Yet before tlie deed was done, and since, he had striven to make amends. " Once, twice, three times," writes he to the king, " have I sent ^'-l to Nicuesa's men, and saved Iheui when dying at tlie rate of five and six a day." Then, too, he must confess having treated poor Enciso somewhat shameailly ; and the bachiller was stronger where there was more strength in the law; while Za- nuulio was not the same before the king as before his Antigua ruffians. There remained only one course. Action was the word. If he would play the great man, and rule others, he must bestir himself to some- thing nobler than political strife and demagogy at Antigua. Gold would help him; he thorouglily ap- preciated the weakness of officials in that direction; but a notable adventure, a great discovery, were better. At all events, upon whatever lie should decide, he must act immediately, before being deprived of his present modicum of authority. First of all, he would begin his career of greatness by assuming to be groat, (^ne is never nearer the truth tlian wlien one ])uts on humility and curses one's self for an ass. Without olfcnsive ostentation he as- suuhmI becoming forms of dignity, took upon himself the title of governor, appointeil oiHcers, and drilled soldiers in the tactics of Indian warfare. Some twenty leagues westerly from Antigua, ad- joining the lands of Cemaco, was an In, /''" ('(tritlu: and l>ii('|H'i't, IS,")S, /''" Cam to. Alccilo iiuiiliniH the liver i'ard'i. ' l)e la I'rovineia y (ioliieiiio del Daiien y Key mi de 'rieii:i- Finiie: iiacc en lus niontaflas del N. y salo al mar un la Knsenada de Maii- din'M.' EXPEDITIOX AGAIXST CAKETA. 345 tiipate tlio tribe; but, after ascending tlio river for some distance and finding no enemy, lie abandoned pur.suit. Scarcely had he returned, wlien the two liiigautiues sent to Nonibre do Dios for the remainder (it" Xicuesa's men made their appearance at Antigua. Tliev brought no news of Nicuesa, greatly to the dis- iip})ointinont of Balboa, who would now gladly have Ibrtitied himself in a less elevated position, and placed Antigua under the banner of the lawful governor of the territory. Fres] I accounts of the wealth of Coiba,by this arrival, soon dispelled the governor's misgivings, and turned his thoughts in other directions. It seems tliat as the vessels were returning from Nombre de Dios, they touched the shore of Coiba; and while there were greeted by two painted savages in plain Castilian. The riddle was solved when the men told them they were gentlemen renegades, escaped from Nicuesa's colony for fear of punishment for misdemeanor. After long and dangerous wanderings in the wilderness, they had tln'own themselves, half-dead, upon the mercy of C.areta, who received them with gentle courtesy, bestowing food and every kindness, which they were now ready to requite by betraying to tlie Spaniards the (>aci(]ue's treasures, for lie was very ricli. To this act of treachery tlie Spanish yiohhvl a ]))-oiii])t C()m[)liance, and wei'C ready for the ;;dventure on (he instant. Owing to their present weak condi- tion ( 'olin(-nares advised delay, and arranged thai onc^ of Ihe niisci'(>ants should go with th(>m to Anti'^ua, wliilo the other remained with Cari'ta in I'cainiicss to betray him at the proper- time. Nor had the y:o\~ ci'.ior the least scruple in availing himself of this \ il- lainy. With on(> hundred and thiity men luMiiarchcd on Coiba, dii'ecting the two brigantines to meet him thci(\ Acting under tlu^ dii'(>ction of the fngitive wliom he had made his conlidant and counsellor, Careta \\« ut out to me(!t tin; Spaniards, brouglit them to his village, and entertained them to the best of his 34G FACTIONS AXD FORAGINGS IN DARIEN. ,1-: ability. Balboa began with the modest request for maize to fill his ships. Careta answered, that owing to war with his ever hostile neighbor, Ponca, he had this year planted nothing, and hence had no suri)his. Careta's Spanish friend assured his countrymen that this was false, that the savage had abundance. It was enough. A heathen had lied to a Christian. Let the nation be anathema! Bidding the chief a {"riendly farewell, with thanks for his hospitality, the Spaniards took their dej)arture as if for Antigua; but about midnight they returned, attacked the village on three sides, slaughtered the inhabitants, burned the houses, loaded the brigaii- tines with booty, and carried Careta and his family prisoners to Antigua. "Why should you do thisf" asked Careta. "How have I wronged you? Take my gold, but restore me to my country. And as a jjlcdgi^ of my good faith, there is my daughter who shall remain a hostage in your hands. Take her and kt us be friends." The proposal pleased the governor, not less from the advantage of the alliance, than from the influence thrown over him by the cliarni^; of the dusky maiden, for she was very beautiful, and had already given her heart to the Christian chiel'taiii. And thus according to the usage of her peo])lc slio became his wife, though not wedded after the Spanish fashion; and Vasco Nunez ever cherished her with fond aftection. Before dismissing the new allies with presents to their homes, care was taken to excite their adminition by showijig thoni the arms and im[)k'ments of civiliza- tion, and unfolding to them the doctrines of the tru'' faitli "J'lu'se doctrines must have ap[)earehi/ J'ur. Vi,(i^/, MS. i. (17; 'as near as I can (k'tonnin<', is now ]'. Mosi/iiihi^.' " I'ltcr Martyr, dec. ii. ea)). iii., says this building measured loO by 80 paces. See liaucru/t'n XcU'tvc liaccti, i. 708. 348 FACTIONS AND FORAGINGS IN DARIEN. Hi,; m you leave 3'our country, cross seas, endure liardsliip.^, and disturb the peace of nations? Cease your vora- cious l)rawl and I will tell where 3'ou may obtain your till of gold. Six days' march across yon mountain will bring you to an ocean sea, like this near which we dwell, where there are ships as large as yours, and cities, and wealth unbounded." Forgettinfif in the matter the manner of the dis- course, the Spaniards listened with eager attention. "How say you?" said Vasco Nunez. "What proof have you of this?" "Listen to me," replied Panciacd. "You Christians seem to prize this metal more than body, life, or soul; more than love, hate, revenge Some mysterious virtue it must possess to charm men so! We who can not translate its subtle power, love better friends, and sweet revenge. IMy father lias an ancient enemy, Tubanama, who lives beyond the mountains fronting the other sea. From time im- memorial our people have fought his people; many have been killed on either side, and many enslavctl. Could we for once bring low this hated Tubananul, no sacrifice would be too dear. Be yours the gold; give us revenge. The path is difficult, the enemy lierce. One tliousand Spaniards are none too many successfully to cope with him. Prepare your arm v. I myself will accompany you with all the warriors of our nation; bind me fast; keep me in close cus- tody; and if my words prove false, hang me to the nearest tree."" Vasco Nunez pondered. The area of his destiny seemed suddenly to have enlarged. 1 f this the young man had said were true, and he miglit tap the mystery, and bring to the light of nations this other side of Tierra Firinc, the temporary governor of a handful of heterogeneous colonists miijht achii!\o everlasting fame as one of the world's great diseov- ''-'Esta8 palabras culcbrcs,' says Quintana, 'conscrvadas en toilas las iiniii- orias (U'l tieinpo, y ivpetidas por todos los liistoriadores, fucroii ol j.riiiu i- aiiuiicio (juo li)3 caiiafiok's tuvioroii del Peru.' Vcu^co A'lificztle Ihilltnn, l.'t. 'J"o which I would iTiiuiik, first, that it is not cortain Panciaco rcfenvd to Piiii; and sc'ooudly, that vaguo allusions of a similar kind wtrc made to Coluialiu.s, which hiatoriaus apply to Peru. HORRir.LE FATE OF V.VLDIVIA. erers, and realize the dream of Coluiiihus, to rule tlio Aurea Chersone^us of KiiiL? Solomon, To him \v])o can execute comes opportunity. "Gos i!ie "JOth of Januaiy, 151.1, "and for this I never shall cease to thank him." But whence were to come the re(|uisite one thousand men? After closely interroii^at- iiiL;' Comagre, Careta, and other chieftains cut the eye of Cemaco, in restless liate, was still ui)on them. Rousing the country, he inihiced the caciques along the river to retire, and leave wasted fields to the invaders, a measure which defeated the expedition. Nevertheless, the Spaniards ''The n.ame is v.iriously rendered Dahni/he, Dahailie, Dnvaiir, Da'iliahn, Ah'ihc, Ahihija, and d'ahnibc. ' Aiich der Rio Atmto wurde iiiclit Kcltiii l!io iMlii'i/hft genannt. Das ' D' im Anfaiig dieses Nainens ist nur cine Alil)rcviat\ir viiM 'di',' imd das Wort solltc wohl cigentlieh: d'Aliaihc ircscliriobcn M<>r(im the color of its water. Often the Sjianiards had scoured these l);uts ill scarcii c^ food and gold. 4 352 FACTIONS AND FORAGINGS IN DARIE.'«\ secured, a sliort distance up the river, two canoe-load.'i of plunder, valued at seven thousand pesos, but o;i reaching the gulf they were overturned in a stoi'in, and the boatmen drowned. Balboa then proceeded to tlie Bio San Juan and joined Cohnenares, after which tlie entire party ascended the Negro channel for six leagues, and captured a town of five hundred houses, governed by a cacique named Abenamechcy, one of whose arms a Spaniard cruelly struck off after he had been made prisoner. Leaving there half the men in charge of Cohnenares, with the remainder Balboa continued his ascent of the stream, until, on entering a sniail brancli, he found himself within the domain of Abibeiba, wlioso people built their houses In the branches of palm trees, making the ascent by ladders drawn up at night ibr safety. A supply of stones was kept in the houses f(ir artillery purposes. When they saw the Spaniards coming, the people ran like squirrels for their houses, and drawing up after them the ladders, fancied them- selves in security. Approaching the tree in which lived the chief, Balboa hailed him and ordered him down. "What brings you hither to molest me?" demanded the cliitf. "Go your way. I know you not as fi-iends or foes. I have no gold. I desire only to be left in peace." The Spaniards ansAvered by appl3'ing the axe to the tree, and when the chief saw the chips fly, wliile his stone showers fell harndess upon the mail-coateil nun below, he capitulated, and the village descended i<» earth. After further foraging and fighting v ith varied success, tile governor returned to Antigua, leaxiiiL;' Bartolome Hurtado with thirty-one men in ])ossessi()n of the country. Of these more than half fell sick, and ]lurtado incautiously despatched them for Antigua with twenty-four captives in charge. They had in it proceeded more than three leagues before Cemac) Mas upon them with one hundred warriors; and <>l' the Si)aniards only two escaped to carry the new s to A COXSriRACY DIVULGED. 353 noo-load.i ^, but oil boriii, and led to t lie vliicli the c leagues, governed lose arms cen made •barge ot' iiiiied bis il brancli, ba, wdiosu ibn trees, niu'lit for louses lor Spaniards ir bouses, led tbeni- bo cbief, "Wbat be ebiet'. or foes, peace." e to ilio ivbile his ted men uded lo |i varied having |)ssession , ])alhoamarcbed on tlieencampmeiit, while C^olnienare.s with an equal force ascended the liver in canoes, guided by the traitress ]''ulvia's traitorous brotluM'. Attacked thus unexpectedly from opposite sides, the f^nnledi^rates were t]in)wn into C(Mifusion; many were killed and many tak'Mi jn-isoners. Tb(i chief geiu^ral w.e; honored by beini'' shot to death witii arrcnvs, wlid(^ the others were hangx'd. Ceinaco escaped. So sudden and bold and se\ere was this blow, that, while Aiiligua existt'd, the savages n(>/er rec()V(>red from it, and tile wooden foi-tress wlddi ]jalboa immediately hiult as a guard against future surprise was scarcely in'C(!ssary. The natives being thus ])acified, the Spaniards were nl liberty to ev.dve fresh projects. (Jold an'' grain ill the \ieinitv of Antiuna were well-ni^'b exhausted, UiBT. Okn, Am., Vol. I, 2J 3.-)4 FACTIOXS AND FORAGINGS IX DARIEX. and new fields must be found. The time for Val- divia's return liad elapsed; and doubts respectin;^ the integrity of the regidor were entertained by A'^asco Nunez, with fears for the safety of his treasure. Un- able to endure the suspense he resolved on visiting Spain and pleading his own cause before the king. Ilut the colony demurred. Friends declared liis pres- ence necessary, while enemies saw danger in his ab- sence. It was finally arranged that Cohnenares and (^aicedo, both worthy men who had been faithful to Nicuesa as long as Nicuesa had been faitliful to him- self, and faithful to Vasco Nunez, should take the only remaining vessel fit for service and embarlc lor Spain in the general interests of the colony. The reasoning by which the mistrustful populace arrived at this agreement was, that if Balboa went he would secure all the advantages to himself, or never return; while Colmcnares, who left largo property in lands and laborers, and Caicedo, a genuine Spanish wife to wlioni he was devotedly attached, would bo sure to return. Again the governor wrote Pasamonte soliciting his favor; not forgetting, in addition to the king's lil'th, a valuable present in gold for the king's treasurer. The commissioners sailed from Dai'ien in October, 1512, and reached Spain the ]\Iay following. ^Meanwhile times at Antigua ran their varyinu^ course. At first nothing of interest occurred; and such were tlie composite elements of this society that inactivity invariably resulted in spontaneous com- bustion. Again it centrerd it lie ol' jtb oak |)crson, [s WOVi' Idawlul lly ai- Tlio new faction was led by one Alonso Perez do la Ilua, who for fancied insult pawed the earth and ])cllowcd vcn — TrEACIIEUOCS CHARACTER OF TIIK Coi N- TRY — Historical Bloodhounds — Ponca Reconciled— Cai'ture ok QuAREQuA — First View of the Pacific from the IIekihts of Qi:ai;i;- qitA — The Spaniards Descend to Ciiiapes — Take ToiniAL Possessio.v of THE South Sea — Form of Taking Possession — The Names SdixH Sea and Pacific Ocean — Further Discoveries — Peuilous Canoi; VoYAOE — Gold and Pearls in Profusion — Tumaco Pacified— The Pearl Islands — The Return — Teoca's Kindness — Ponca !Mukdi;ki;i) — PocoRosA Pacified — Tuhanama Vanquished — Gold, Gold, Gulu— . Pancl^co's C0NGR.VTULAT10NS — Arrival at Antigua, I !:^ t If r ■ Revglvinq matters in his mind, plans quickly un- folded. Winning for the project a few staunch friends, Vasco Nunez selected with great care one hundred and ninety men.^ More could have been taken, hut he had determined on a rapid march of discovciy rather than pacitication and occupation. Hence ho preferred only tried men, those inured to fatiguo, men resolute and reckless, with heart and head luud, and sinews of steel. He also provided from among his captives and the neighboring nations one thousiuid natives, to serve as warriors and beasts of burden. These might live or die, as it should happen: no gi-eat matter what became of them. A pack of bloodhounds com|)leted the company. The men were armed witli crossbows, swords, nrf|U('- buses and targets, and provisions for the ox])edilien were ])laced on board a brigantine and ten largi; 'Giilvjiiio snya 2!K), whicli for liim is quite near tlio niiiili. Ovicdo pliu'is till' iiiiml>''i' lit 800, which i)rohal)ly was iuteiulcil to incliilo tin; nativus alter- ward aililcd. (308) (tit i** EMBiUlKATION OF THE EXPEDITION. c.'inocs. Before cmbarkiiijjf, the litizardous nature ot" the enterprise ^vas niacle known to the sokhcrs. Wealth and glory awaited success; tlie reward of tliihu'e, death; opportunity was then offered for any one to withdraw without prejudice or injury. Sailinij with liis little armament from Antijj^ua on the th'st day of September, 1513, Vasco Nunez do Unlhoa followed the coast of Darien north-westward to (';ireta's province, where the expedition disembarked (til the fourth day. The cliieftain's dusky daughter, whom the {governor continued to rei^ard with jLireat atUction, was still a bond of friendship between thi.s iintion and the Spaniards. Careta added to their stock of provisions and furnished them with guides; and some of his v/arriors joined the expedition, in the hope of witnessing the downfall of their enemies beyonil the mountains. The boats were left in cliargo of a guard ; and after invoking divine favor the expedition was leady to move. I Icnow the tendency of the historian, warmed by his theme, to magnify merit, and the obstacles it over- cDines; and I have elsew'here said as much. While 1 endeavor to conllne myself to the plain words of a simple story, those who have sat at ease, sipping iced chanipagne, during a delightful ride of three or four liours across this sometime terrible neck, may lind in this chapter expressions aj)pearii»g strong. ]>ut I do assure the reader that it is diiUcult to magnily in till' present instance. Vasco Nunc/ now stood on the nortliern coast, opposite the gulf of San Miguel, whi<'h, breaking the shore of l^iiiam:! ])ay, narrows the isthnnis of i)arien to a widtli of lifty miles.'^ J hit -'i'lii'S]>!iiiint'ilsniiist liiiV('li;iil(|iiiti';n'i'ui;itr iiifiii'iii.itioii fi-oni tlu'iuitiv isas til tlic Irciiii of the 8ii\itiu'iii oiiiisl, tliim ill llici'c wn' ' e ■• littlr I'diiiiiimiiiiilinii lirtwi'iii till' iiKitJKTli 1111(1 .sDuUit Til SI iil)!iaril.s. Jlut, witliuiit siiili kiiou liil,m', ll.illiii.i iwitiirally wouM liav(^ luiilcilaUi ii tho nsiciit of the v'wrv Atiati), wliiih lliiws (lircclly tVoiii tlu'Sdiitli, latlu r tliaii liavi^ .sailed mhiir' distaiicf to tlu' nortli-wi'st ln'turc atti'iii|itiii;,' to cios:-!. 'I'ho iliri'ft iiiaicli to tin; ^ulf III Sail Mi^'ucl, iVoiii wliifli i'i>iii-.si' a ilcviatinu xiiiuhl liavi' aliiid^i iloiililiil lliii iliUaiu'r, i.saiiollii rcviiliiKHM)!' liis liu\ iiij,' oUUiiuod Ihc luust rciuiljlu iiUoniui- tina laturo uv during thf nuiri'h. 3G0 DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAX. such is the infamous character of the country, that oven modern efforts to penetrate the unexplored in- terior from either side have met disaster and ruin.^ ^Enciao, Sitma tie Gco'jrapliia, ol, calls the country 'tiunu rasa, y Luciia do iii',iclio;i inatcuimit'ntos y cuoas.' ' I'lxjicrionce luul proved that moving' a body of lucu suliicient to act ns a iirotccting force and to carry the iR'ccsaary iirovisioiis Ma j attended with great rial; and great delay.' tli.-l;nncs and velvet of the funeral pageant, they servo but to conceal and adorn corrujv tijn. jjehind them stretches, fur av.'ay, the pestiferous sv.'aiiip, through the dreary Avilds of whicli even the birds refuse to sport; and whose jikiica is broken only by the sighing of the breeze, or the sullen growl of the roving tigi:r. ' Venoiuous rcpliles often fall into the Ixct ; from the brandies overload ; Avasps' nests arc frequent and troublesome; natural levees of soft nuul i-iw teh along the banks. Floods arc conunon, and the houses are built on stilts. Traiitiriiu', in FrnM'm Inyf., Jonr., xxvii. 'J20— 1. In 1S3I?, Carl Sehcnrcr, a (lerman naturalist, travelling in Costa Itica with a civil engineer and a force (lora then changed, and 'instead of the small underwood, v. e eamo on aluKist impeiietiable thickets of the prickly palm or aloe, rat'.i. r more than six feet in height, through which we with great dillieulty cat our way.' 'J'liey crossed 'deep ravines, whose steep and slifipery i ides cauud many a tnm1)le. ' The att<'mpt Mas finally abandoned. Iteturiiing, on arriv- ing at one of their ranclios or encampments, where had been left tliree s,".ili:"> to gnaritie;il vines, wliieli hiiiig i;i fi stocius Iroiii trcu to tree, fdfiiiin^; an ulinoat iiinniietrahlu net-work, aiul oMigiiij^ lu to hew open a pasfia^fo with our axea cveiy tstep wo advaiu'etl.' LdihIdii, (<'"';/. Sue, Jour., xxiv. "Jin. Xotliin^^ could more ajitly irai.strato the diliieuttie;j HiirniDuiited l)y l!ie Sjjaniard.i tliau this narrativ'^ of faihiri', l)y a Jlritish of.ic r of thu iiinet.'eulh century, who o;'erated under conditions far nioro favoiahle than tli'iso i;o successfully overcome )iy a eoni|iany of ill-aeeoulri'' and poo.Iy fed adventurers nioi'c than three hundicd years befoie. AN'illi inc material lj,'f(jio Ilie, the -e illu;itration.s could begri'atly niultii}lied ; liut 1 have givt u < ;..)U;;h to fchnw t'aat the transit of the Isthnms, hy a small ]iarty of Ijiropi.ms, ov, •• an lUihnown or unexplored route, is even to-day esteemed a desperate uad.;takin,Lr. ' ' K/'Vf iHrhjUla id li( i/ jior iVt.-fco 2\'iiiit'. dc Uulhuu ditntd SuiUn JJuria dd ])ni-:. ii, ia Xfirarn ti', Col. do Vai'H", iii. ."i(iS. ■' A siiate;.'y whii'li continues through thi^ centuries. 'The Indians, aIi.liou,','h oruvi'.!'; no direct hostility, ahandoned their villages at our approach.' t('(«- Ivr.u'ti Si;i fi 1/ i' none knew better than the courteous governor Ih'W ir) kindle friendship in the savage breast, and malvC it proiltable. The gold which Ponca gave consisted «;!' tinely wrought ornaments from beyond the mountains, and ten ixmnds of the metal from his own mines. He described a certain summit from which this AN HISTORICAL DOG. ]\]vA tlie leave no le's ('1)111- ulsliii) to s hulill^•, ornuulon liitliei- in -/ ^V r t;s. For lior lidw hiialve it listed uai'(Hju;l, the ruler of these parts, whose arrogance, W'd l)y liis successes, had kept full jxice with iliem. At tlie head of a thousand warriors, Porque api)eared l)efore A'asco Nunez, demanded the object of his visit, and tlireatened to kill every man who sliould put foot witliiu his dominions. The Spaniards nevertheless continued slowly to advance, kee])ing well together. Aiiia:':ed at their temerity, and indignant at the seem- ing iiidifTcrence to his threat, Porque swept down U[)oii them with llourish t)f weapons and terrific veils, confident of easy victory. Put as well might !u' have spent his unleavened force against the eternal hills. A\'aiting until the whole swarm was well within loarli, A^asco Nunez gave the order to charge. Shout- ing the inspiriting war-cry, Santiago, y ;i olio:;! the Si)aiiiards sprang upon them. The tire-arms v/L-re dis- charged, the bloodliounds'"' let loose, ami striking the 'Among tlio (logs which ncpfiipiiiiicd tho expedition wns one, llio )>rojHTty of till' riiimiiiuuli'r, wiiiise jH'(ii;,'rc(' and ]-hysic;d iiiid iiict;i])hy.-i(,';d (r;iits iiiul iniulily deeds aro luiiiiitely i' 'dided liy eoiiteiupcjra'.y historians. His naiiio ■^Vii-i I < o;ii;icii, litth' liiili, dosreiulaiit nf IJeceri'ici), uf the I.daiid of Sail duail. He was in ioli)r red witli l>!ae!c snout, of medium sizo and exlino iliuaiy tilaii^;;!. lu their fora^iugs Leoucieo cjuuted as wiu man, and drew eaptaiu'a T S(U DISCOVERV OF THE PACIFIC OCE.VN. cruel steel into tlie naked Ijodies of the enemy, lie was literally hewn in pieces. Vainly, in will conluoioji, the savages struggled to escape; the Hash of lire, the thun- dering noise, tlic sulphurous smoke, bereft them of their senses, making easy work for the sharp iron Avhi(;h entered unresisted their vitals, until six liuii- dred lay dead upon the ground, Porcjue among the number. !Many prisoners were taken; the survivors escaped to the liills. In the village of Quarequiv M-as found much needed food, and some gold. So toil;:onio had been the march that eighteen days had passed since leaving Careta's town. xVnd here Vasco Xuiuz rested for the night, nursing his wounded, and cheering the sick and down -hearted. The guides wdiom Ponca had furnished, and who had proved of incalculable service to the explorers, were dismiosed to their liomc with presents, and with hearts made glad by the destruction of Porquc. So rolls round llio planet inexorable nature, detested death giving hourly joy to universal life. liai The 25tli'' of September, 1513, a day ever mcm- atcs, dav/ut'd Paciiic St; orable in the annals of the brightly over the sierra of Quarequa. The village ia wliich the Spaniards had made their quarters was sit- uated on an elevated platcou, and near it rose the reputed mountain whose summit had for ages gazed pay anil share of spoils. Upon these conditions liis niasror fn-(|uciitly Innmd liiiu; {i:nl ilurin;,' tho wars of ])a;'ii'n lio gained for Vasco Xuric/- luoro th;;u cii'; thousand ]Mjtios do oi'o. He wa.s considered more oirieicut than t'lo host s ildin-, and tlie t;ava ,'c.-i t>U)od in the greatest terror of him. lie readily diLjeriiniiia'u d between wild and tame Indians. 'When ii captive was missin;^ from the fiehls, and Lel)neieo^^■a.^ told, 'lleisginio; seek him I' the do^; tiaeked thepC'ni- fii^.'.i- tive, and did m^t harm him if he returned ([uietly, but if the Indian i tho do;.; v.oulil d. '.;i!-(>y him. Th(! hero of many a eoniiict, ho wa:^ c wounds ; biit lihi^ ( ',j:iar ho escaped tho wars to meet his di.ath by hands. He was jioisoned. Sec Orinlo, iii. 9-10. ^ Again a fjeneial dillerenco occurs in an important date, and, ae' '-i to iny cnstom, I am governed by the authorities 1 deem most reli:dile. < do follows the ex]ieilili(m from day to day, noting places and dates; a;. ! 'k says, iii. 10: ' Y nn m;irtcs, vcyntc e cinco do Sieptiembrc de aipn 1 auo d' mill 6 quiincntos y trecc, a las die;^ Iioras del dia,' at 10 o'clock in tho n\o;i;iiig. Sodomaraal.jo writes, //int. Ii/d., 77: ' Vio Valljoaala r.jardel Sr.ralos veviui; y cineo del fM'tiendire del a;"io de trczc ;' and Las Casas, J/is/. IjuL, iv. IH'': ' LlcL'aron ;i la cunibre de las mas altas sierras ii -o dias de Setiembre do diclio ly, lie was iioioii, the the lliun- tlicm of luirp iron six liiiu- mong the survivov.s :'cqu;'. was 3 toil;;oiiie id passed CO Nunez idcd, and ic guides proved of jiiii.^sed {'■) made fdad O 'ouud llie ng hourly cr uiem- I, dav.-ned Ivilhige ill [i wart sit- roso the fes gazed H'litly loiiiR'il jro tlmii oii'J |bo3ts.>'uli, who, Via-'iji, iii. 'J:i, falls into a niicitako of rdtr Martyr's, 'alii vcntiyci a^huKpio di Sottem- lav,' ;ind ])u I'cii r, den. II'i t. I'o//., i;!'.), and, tocojiy h\i orror, L'alton, ('onq. Ml r. aiti/ Pcfii, '111, i!:id a li.i.^tof others. >.'ot qnito n) (if'm rK^ntioncd aa folninhiia' vovirjos it this discovery of Vasco Nunez, t!i'ii;;''.i n"arly f;o. After Oviido and Lai Lay. i prohahly Peter Martyr gives tlio l:vufc ci i.iiuil aeeonnt. 1 Inn r;i, copied f.o:. I. ■'";! lieforchini. Tliof(jllowin,';]inpiii' r.-'ceiUKit.iarnr.io.itof tli(inni('a^',ro andnnreliah'.e: — Xoitirll<.^Aii.tlc. ; \'< //«'/c.s yiir( 'ij., i. l;-0-(i ; V.'i r/if.J,: /Jn/fn/, i. I r?,-'J; Mmisr,,:'.: Triirt ', ia < '/nn'rhiirn I '(.'If. .iii. '^'^2 ; March // f.d'urc.-i, ^Ini-'.n'i Di/im'/nln, i. li;; ."itl; Jhij'ii/, i;i.-i'.< Am., i'Si- :i\Xnniin}!\i]/;.-!f.,x\.; I-i/h. P(ii:uu>(i,r>; Jfamhofilt, J'-iiii /'(//., i. 17; Lidfcir.fii/, Ui.r.,/.,li; /f(. ■ ; tiiuHiif^iJi--^i:vi. nuiiini'i't, i.t'-;-/, _i.af.^ .i. ^-tni. ir-iiit 1-15; Kirr. C'il. Co//., ii. (>7-S; Colfoii'f Join: Geo;;., no. C>,(^i:; J)i>r:„„.. ;: lo i. L'Oi-rjoii, 1. SS-9 ; Omllc, IPist. P.i I. c'/illr, in P'nibrloii'.H ( 'ol., .\iv. \A2-l ; 'Mc.^ci y Li Oil) part, JPi.tt. Am., i. 8S-i;4; Maror'.s Am. IPi.'ft., xxiv. .V.!-5; lli.l'iii.' limy wfuil'ido, y cs passo nmy notahle para cstas historian, pucj (jno i'luiou l(is c!irii)sliaii'i3 (ino priniero vierou a(|U('lla mar, seguiul daba loo do cUd ,\m- ih\A do V;i!(lon';il)aiio, (juo alii so halli'i, escribano real o natural di; la vilLi. do Sanct ^lai'tiu do Valdeiglosiaa, tl fjual teslinioiiio yo vi o lei, y el mi mo eHuriiiano ino h) enseuii. V ilespues([nando murio Vasco Nuficz, miiiioaciiustc eon 1 1, y t.unbiou viniorou sua e.sciipturaa ii mi jiodor y aquesca dcii.i dista m.'ii'.rva:' Lou cavalleros o hidalgos y liombros do liion que so ha",aron cii el dcsculirimicnto do la mar doi Sur, con el magnilico y iHuy noblo seuor tl capiian N'ajco Nuficz do ]>alljoa, gol)ernador por Sus Altccas en la 'J itiia Firnic, son los siguiiintes: 'rrinicranieiitc el seuor Vasco Nunez, y el ino tl <|Uo piinuTo do todos vido aquella mar o la ensefii) i'l los infrascriptos. An- dres d(! \'<'r,i, el'rigo; Fian<;iseo I'icarro; l)i<';;o AlLitez; Fabian I'ercz; ]5ernn'.'dino do Morales; Die^'o do Texerii n, ; Chiil>sti'ibal do Valdebuso; liiv- nardino ilo Cicniucgos; Sebastian do Orijallia; Frani^'isco do Avihi; .luhan do Kspinog:'.; .Toliau do Wdasco; IJenito Imuran ; Andn's do Jlollna; Antimi i (Id Haracahlo; I'edro do I'seobav; Clniiistcbal Daea; Francisco I'esado; Almitii) do (Juadahipe ; lloniando Munoz; Jleriian(h) liidalgo; Johan liubio do .M;d- iiartida; Aivaro do ISoIafios; Alonno Ivuiz; Fran(,'isi'() do Lucena; Maitiii {uiz; l*aw(|iial Uubio do Malpartida; Fianvi.'co 8scuta y sieto lioudircs cmIoh pii- meron chripstianoH y slaughter. Overtures of friendship wore aeeordintrly instituted by a sudden and vigorous on- fskuight with fire-arms, cross-bows, and bloodhounds, during which Chiapes took to his heels, midst thunder, smoke, and consternation; in consequence of which ho was all the more happy when the men of Quarequii sought him out, and told him that these supernatural visitors who held the elements at their command were easily propitiated witli gold. Tremblingly he appeared and laid at the feet of Vasco Nunez five liundred pounds of the metal, glad that the favor of (ho gods might be bought so cheaply. The Quarequii guides were now dismissed with presents, and by tliem orders were sent the Spaniards resting at their town to Ibllow the advance party. I'lio object of Vasco Nunez was to ajiproach the Verge of the ocean and toueli tlie water he had seen. For this purpose he despatched, in dilfcrt^nt diicotions, three parties of twelve men eacli, under I'^rancisco Pizarro, Alonso ^[artin de l^on Jienito, and Juan de Escaray to search an opening to the seaside through tlic dense folinge that concealed it. It is not a little singular that two tlays should elapse, and that the explorers suffered sever(>ly for want of water before any one could iind the beach, though tliey were all the time so near it. Umt, Okm. Am., Tul.' I. a* 370 DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. ■■; n AlrtiLso ^Martin's party came first to an inlet, on ilio iliore of which were two canoes, tlic open bay boiuLj still hidden. Desirous of being lirst in sonietliiiig-, however small, Martin sprang into one of the boats which was barely floating on tlie incoming tide, and cried to his companions, who had thrown themselves down mider the cooling leaves — "I call on you all to witness that I am the first Spaniard to sail upon these waters." "And I the second," exclaimed another, rusliing for the other boat.^ lleturning to Chiapi's, ^lartin reported to Vasco Nunez, who inmiediatdv began preparations to take more foi-nial possession of the Southern Sea. On the 21)th of September, St INIichael's day, Yasco Nunez with twenty-six men set out for the border of the sea, accompanied by Chiapes with a numerous train. Arriving there they fouaid the tide out, ai!;l seated themselves upon a grassy slope beneath the overlianging I'oliage, waiting the return of the water.-!. Presently, when tlie sand was covered to the depth of one or two feet, all arose, anil Vasco Nunez, armed and armored cap-a-pie, drew his sword and, talcing \\\nn the hand of an attendant a banner, on one side of wliicji were pictured the vir<^nn and child and on the other tlie arms of Castile antl IjCou, marched into the water, and waving aloft his banner cried in a ]ou;l voice: ''Long live the high and })owerful monarclis Don Fernando and Dona . I nana, sovereimis of C'as- tik', and of Leon, and of Ai-agon, in wliose name, and for the royal crown of C'astile, 1 take and seize I'ral and corporeal actual possession of these seas and lands, and coasts and poi'ts and islands of the south, with all tliereto annexed; and kingdoms and provinces wlncli belong to them, or which )nay hereafter belong to them, in wliatever manner and l>y whatever right and title acrpiired, now existing or wlwch may exist, ancient and modei-n, in times ])ast ami present and to "lIciTom calls ttio socciiul lllas ilo Atii'iii,';). hur, that iiaiiic is not ii t'>vi(Mli)'s Ust. Irving rciV'r.s to Ucrroi'a, l)Ut liiils to i rproiluoo liiia corroctlj^ in hid text. Coniparo Ovledo, iii. 11-1'2; Ilcmrn, i. x. ii. TAKING POSSESSION. »( 1 come, without any coiitradit'tion. And if any other jiiinco or captain, christian or iulidel, of whatever law or sect or condition he may be, pretends any right to tliese lands and seas, I am ready and prepared to contra- dict him, and to defend them in the names of the present iind future sovereigns of Castile, wlio arc the lords para- mount in these Indies, islands and firm land, northern nnd southern, with their seas, as well in the arctic ])olo as in the antarctic, on either side of the equinoctial line, within or without the tropics of cancer and Cap- ricorn, according to what more completely to their majesties and their successors belongs and is due, for the whole and any part thereof; as I protest in writ- ing shall or may be more fully specified and alleged on btlialf of their royal patrimony; now and in all lime wliile the earth revolves, and until the universal judgment of ull mankind. "^° To which grandiloquent '" The form of taking possession, or the declaration of proprietary rif^lits to the lands sei/od by Iviropeans, u.s W(>, liave socn, dilicrs with diU'erciit ilibcov- fii IS, and v'ith the saiiu! discovci'cr ah diU'croiit liinr-i. iSdUictiiiio.s liiasi was Siiid; Kiunotimes a eniss was oroetcd ; soinc'tiinca j.raycr \\i\.-, ofi'orod, of whicli tlie following is said to have Ijcun the ]iif3cril)('(l loiin usihI l>y t'i)'miil)iis, A'mmco Xiincz, Cort's, and rizarro; ]>oniiiio Dciis .'vtcnio et oiiini|ioti'iis, s.'Mio tuo veiho co'luin, ct torrani, et mare ereasti ; bi'nedieatur et glorilii'etur iioiiien tmun, laudetiir tiia niajostas, qu;u dignita est per luunilem bfrviim tiuiiii, lit ejus sacrum noiiieii aguoseatur, et pnedicetiir in line alt;'ra miindi )i;ute. But always this seizure, whether by iS[)anish, I'higlish, Frencli, or l>iiU;h, nnd by whatsoever other formalities attrnded, M-as neeompaiiied liy a loud proelamation, lieforo ' !od nnd man, of tlie de<'d tlieii nnd there eon- siiniiiiated. This {)roclamation was nunlo witlidrawnH\voi', iii. 11-12. At the lieginning the meaning of llie orator is clear enougli, but toward the latter part he ia]ises into verbiage. It i-< likely that lie had in vii \v, wliilf! taking ]>08Si'8sion of tliiit sea or so inucli of a.s his sovereigns should ah niiy futiiro time plea.se to claim, the jiajiid bull which dividecl the heathen woild between Spain and Portugal, and a di'sire to avoid all words and acts \^!iicli might prejudice the Spanish claim. A lengthy nccount is given of the tnkiag possession of lli(> jirovince of l'ai|ue, on the I'aeilie shori' ot thejslhmus, wc.-ituf I'aaamii, in loll), by i'edrarias Ddvilu. The party waa standing at 372 DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. ■:v}-.': harangue there came no reply; no armed Poseidon appeared to dispute possession; only the mighty ocean dashed from its face the blinding glare of this now doctrine, heaved its bosom in long glassy swells, and gently growled its perplexity to the sympathizing beach. The followers of Vasco Nunez, however, even if all did not comprehend better than the sea what their the liead of an inlet, two notaries, a clergym.m, several captains, soldiers, and seamen, beside the commander, being proseufc. First, Pedrarias called on tho notaries and all present to witness the acts ho was about to perform. Tlifii ho took in his riglit hand a white silk flag, on which was represented the imago of the Virgui Mary, and holding it aloft all knelt ; the trumpet souudeil, and in loud tones the commander offered tho following prayer: 'Oh! mother of (4od, quiet tho sea, and render us worthy ot beiug and of moving under thy protection. May it please thee tluit under it we may discover these seas, and lands of tho southern s(;a, and convert the people thereof to our holy Catliolio faith. ' Following tho prayer was a long speech by Pedrarias, declaring pos- session after the usual form, similar to that employed by Vasco Nufiez, inter- spersed with divers acts in consummation of what he said. He declared the liosscssion previously taken renewed, especially the 'possession vel can't of all the coast of tlic new land and of the southern sea, and of all the ports and in- lets and coves and roadsteads being as I am, in the name of their hij:h- ncsses and as their lieutenant-general in the said coast of the said southern .sea, from tl.o stones of tho rivers to tho leaves of tho forests, eating the grass ami drinking the waters, and razing, devastating, and cutting the woods of the said coast, upon the said site and province of I'aque.' As a token of possession and seizure thereof, civilly, naturally, and bodily, ho continued: 'I raise this royal standard of tho said Queen Dofia Juana and King Don Cdrlos, her son, our nrds, which is of red damask having thereo i painted and stamped tho royal arms of their highnesses tho said kings, our lords ;' the trumpeters were then ordered to sound; after which, in concert with Pedrarias, all said, 'Cas- tilla del Oro and Tierra Firme, and new land, and southern sea, and coasts thereof, and island and islands, and all land and provinces that may he tliercin, for the most high and most illustrious Queen Dona Juana, our lady, and the King Don Carlos, her son, our lord ; and after them for their succcssoi-.s to Castile.' 'All of which new lands and southern sea and coast thereof nml the whole Tierra Finno and kingdoms of Castilla del Oro, and all thereunto annexed and appertaining, and all that has been or may bo hereafter diseov- ercd therein, is and must bo of the royal crown of Castile, and you nuist tes- tify how I, Pedrarias Diivila, in the name of the said kings, our lords, and nf their successnra to the royal crown of Castile, cut trees, and mow the grass in said land, and enter the water of the said southern sea, corporeally and stand- ing on iny feet therein, and stamp the new land and waters of the said southern sea.' Again tho trumpets were sounded, and again Pedrarias reit- erated in a loud voice his claims; and he called upon tho notaries to witness as further proof of their possession that four ships had been built aiul navigatvd on the southern sea. Another flourish of trumpets, and by way of dux- ology three times repeated, 'Viva la nmy alta 6 nuiy poderosa reyna doTia Juana,' etc., concluded tho ceremony. Tcntimonio (h' im ado dc poncfion quo. ionni (I Gohenimlor Pcdrdrinn Ddvila, in Pachcco and Ciirdeiiait, Col. Doc, ii. ri^'J-'jO. Although the custom was universal from the beginning, Pliilip II. doomed best to decree, in 1,"!j?, that all captains or others discovering any island or mainland should, on landing, take possession in the king's uanie. IiCC02), de Indias, ii. 7. Wti' THE XAME PACIFIC OCEAN. 9t9 lender had said, swore with loud acolamations to (It lend the claim of the sovereign who would thei'eby have so much more land to bestow, and to follow their gallant leader to the riches and honor ho had HO freely promised them. Andre's do Valderrabano, the notary of the expedition, was then called upon to di'aw up a certificate of the act of taking possession, to which all present subscribed their names. This being the day of St jMichael," the archangel, the guir before them was called El golfo do San Miguel, which name it bears to this day. Tasting the water tliey found it salt, which proved it a true ocean sea that they had found; then they cut crosses on the trees in honor of the holv trinity, and with lonu'mi^.s satisfied and hearts singing their high hopes, the ])arty returned to Chiapes, richer, according to their pretensions, hy one Pacific Ocean,'^ ten thousand "Colon gives fj. de Kan mUjei, Agncse, G. de S. mhjucU; Vaz Dourado, San rnhjiU: Jlorcator, ,S'. Miijud; llonilius, hiDrake'xU'orld Eiicoiiiji((x.y<(l,uMi(liw I; (>ili!h:/'i< Am., G. S. M'kjikI; Jacob Colom, (/. dii S. Jliijud ; JcUorys, (/. de St. M'kjui!, ami emptying into it li. Cmiti/, 11. Savana.i, Jt. Coixjo. '-It was not lor some years after this discovery that the name raeific was npplied to any part of the ocean ; and for a long time after parts only of it were so termed, this part of it I'etained the original name of South Sea, so called ))e- c;ai:jo it lay to the south of its discoverer. The lettering of the early maps is lu'ie isi^^'nilicant. All along from this time to the middle of the .seventeenth century, the larger part of the Pacilic Avas labeled Occaiinn fiidkiin Orkutali.t, or ^[ur del Sur, the Atlantic, opposite the Isthmus, being called 3[nr dd Karle. Sometimes the reporters called the South Sea La (Jtra J\far, in contra- distinction to the Mare. Ocvanm of Juau do la Cosa, or tho Occanus (JccidnitaliH of ri(jleuiy, as the Atlantic was then called. Indeed, tho Atlantic was not geuL-rally known by that name for some time yet. Schdner, in ]'>'20, teiiiis it, as does Ptolemy in 1.")!.'}, Ocrdiiii.f Occid( itUdin; Grynivus, in 1532, Uaaiinx Maf)iuin; Apianus, appearing in the Cosmography of l.")7."), altlioMLtli tliought to have been drawn in 1520, Mar Adiciim. Kobert 'J'horne, 1527, in Jlidli/i/l'H Vo;/., writes Occauits Occidvn.; Bordonc, 1528, Mare Orcidriiiotii north and south. Mar Oi-i-nio; Mercator, 15(i!), north of tho tropic of cancer, Oiraiiiii^-i Al/antifV-:; lIo;ulius, 1595, Mar del Xort; \V(st-fiidisrlie Spi<.">, od' Central America, ji'iuih jMiir <)< I Siir, and oil' tho Straits of Mau'ellan, Mtir Oniiiio. Mercalor ]'la>rs in his alias of ITid;) jilainly, luar tho Straits of IMagellan, JJl Mur J^ici.!'. and in tlu! great tv.i olV (A-ntral America jl/ar t/tl Ziir. On tho map nf llondins, about lo!)."), in llndi'n Worl'l i:'iii'oiii/i(i'7, the sonth Tacilie is called Mitir i'ar/jicinii, and tho central racilic Mur ilcl ^ur. Ml PEARL OATITERIXO. 375 lilO tincntal nniatod, lini^ to |(M"!>tinil. ly llvcir 'list of vcr, I'rll to Clii- cn tlicy hicli in- . hi . "Our b A'asi'o ky band DCS, the vcs ill a escaj)o xl every n-c llicy t iiiu'lii. die gulf lovth racillo k','. On tliu •(■|ircsi'iittil ijHUIIJli, 111' U til III' tllil 111, aro tlio 'i|unti)r tliu l,"),"iS, iiKii'ks /(• FloiUht, hiioUo nor UlO Sdlllll i>, ill i"i-7, I M;i;,\'l!:iu Tic;i, ji'iKTS |\L> lllMjl (if L'Clii Mitrf. llrttil'M I'X- liii KiiialliT (i) a liar- '(liiriliirs, larraeillo subsided, ckc tlio discoverers of the Pacific Ocean in ver would have retunietl to tell their tale. Day- liivalc presented a dismal spectacle. Some of the canoes were Kj)lit, otliers enibeddeil in the sand; and all the i)rovisions and clothing had been swept away. ]iut to such hai'dslii[)s these men were inured. Since h a\ iiig Spain they had lived cliielly on maize bread, w ild herbs, fruit, roots, sometimes fish, seldom meat. This was their best diet. Jn times of scarcity, which were i'requeiit, they were glad to get rej)tiles, insects, or anything that would sustain life. They had no salt; and their only drink was river water, irecpiently ]!uirid and unwholesome. Yet wliile life lasted, the brain worked inexhaustible resources. In the ))i-eseiit eniei'geiicy, ibr example, when both sea and land jtroved treacluTous, they by no means yielded to de- spair. SI ripping the glutinous bark from cei'tain young liees which they found, they bruised it with stones, adiled to it fibrous sia-plants i-educed in like manner, and, after binding their broken boats firmly with (oris, they calked the seams with the mixture. Again they committed themselves to the nu;r(;y of tin' sea, and after two days of hazardous navigation, half nak(Ml and half starved, tln^y ran into a small creek wdiicli tlowed through a province called ( 'hi- tarraga, and landed about midnight near an Indian village governed by a caclijue named Tumaco.'^ ( ari'viiiij: the viilaw, thouidi not without resistance, ^'as(•o Nunez, as usual, sought tiie IVieiidship of the ileeing '^{"'umaco, who was induced to return, bringing j^old \alued at six hundred and fourte(!U ])est)s, and a basin of jiearls, two hundred and forty of which were of extraordinary size. 'IMiIs was indeed something worthy of an oriental India, thought the Sj)aniards, as their hearts danced t>nraptui'ed over the beautiful b.uibles. Tuniaco could not uiulerstand what j)ower '■'III lii;f Xoi'KM Orlii.-i, i., IH' Lact inserts n map on wliii'li lii^ ]ihu'<"i 'riniinco (i til' luirtji of (;iiia[ii's. jNcrty proceeded, and reaching the base of the mountains they began to scale Keipert in ISoS calls the group Afchipickiijo de In-i Pcrht-i, ami the bi-;;c'.st, tliiit whicli r.alhoa ciiUud I.sl;i liica, /. S. JH'/iul; otliera of tlio f;roup lu; ivdls /. St. KUno, J. Galfni, I. Pujnnut, I. (.'liajicm, I. Coiilmdoya, I. Partem, I. t:iM d:i.s lloii(U';',V()us mid dcr Ausijang.s-PiinUt dor Flottoii, die voni (Jolt'o vou I'auamJi v.wY l^ntdeclniiig dcs WowU-na (Xicara^ua) uiul dca Siidcns (IVni) iui:4iel'eii. Auch \vai' ilu'u Auhiiliu stots I'iir alio voii I'anaiiia auskiufcndcn I'lottcu (.in Mi;ik::i;irhcii ziir Orioutiruii'^' Kus guides, and willing men to bear the burdens, there were not lurking foes or treacherous friends with wliom to deal — not one of them otherwise would have rearhed Antigua. For, toiling up the steep ascent under a burning sun, they soon found themselves with- out water, the springs upon which they had depended having failed. One by one the men yielded their strength and throw themselves upon the ground, vic- tims of despair. Teoca's son assisted and encouraged them, and finally brought them all in safety to a cool, bciiuestered valley where were life-restoring waters. Was it their way of giving thanks for the late c-^eajjo from death, now to plan the death of otliers? V\liile restinsj: in the refreshing shade, Balboa asked his guide about a certain Poncra, a hideous despot, as rich as ho was repulsive, of whom ho had heard much. "We are now within his lands," the younuf chief replied. "Over the brow of yonder hill is sit- uated his village." Then was detailed a story of this inau's wickedness which sent a thrill of pleasing horror to the heart of every Spaniard present. Instantly aU was excitement; and those so lately the readiest to faint M'ore now the readiest to light. IMarchiu'!: for- ward they entered the village only to find tlie vulture llnwn. Finely wrouglit gold to the value of three thousand pesos was found there to reconcile them to liio absence. Scouts soon discovered liis i-etreat, how- over, and partly by threats and pai'tly by promises of saiety, this lump of deformity was inducer! to give liiiaseir up with tlu'oc of his principal men. No sooner \v::> it known that tlio hated Poncra was prisoner in tho hands of the Spaniards, than the neighboring 380 DISCOVERY OF THE rACIEIC OCEAX. chieftains flocked in and bcf^gcd his oxternnnation. "Whence came your gold?" demanded Balboa of tlio unhappy man. "I know not," replied Ponera. 'Oly forefathers left it mc. AVe ])lace no value on tlio unwrought metal." AlthouL^h torture was applied, nothini; further could be elicited. The bystaiukTS clamored loudly for his death, charging him with infamous crimes, revolting to humanity. In an e^ il moment Vasco Nunez yielded. The bloodhouncl^ were let loose, and loud acclamations rent the air as the quivering flesh was torn fron} the limbs of the four unfortunate wretches, and they v.'oro made, as (.)g-ilby says, "a Breakfast to the Spanish Doggs." Vasco Nunez do IJalboa gained tne ap- proval of the crowd; but throughout all time, whei-- cver the name of the illustrious discoverer of the Southern Sea is spoken, this in. famous act of treachery shall stain it. The jiraises of the savages, however, were profuse; "and there he remained thirty days," says Gomara, '*)eceiving and ruling like a king." And very prettily Balboa commemorates liis outrage by calling the place Todos Los Santos. While resting here, the Spaniards were joined l)y the comrades who had been left at Chiapes. Througl;- out all this region the stranu'ers were treated as iuviii- ciblo iind superhuman. Parsing through the doniani of a chief named Bononiama, they were not only le- ceived as friends, coming as they did from Chia[)cs, but were presented with gold to the • alue (f I wo thousand jiesos, and the chief accompai letl them to Poncra's village, that he migiit behold 1 ne wonderful leader of these wonderful men. Pone a's successor came forward in answer to overtures ( f peace; mil on the first of J)ecember the Spaniards continued their journc^v, weighted down witli sp(.)ils. Five days brought them to a small depopulated b)\vn whos) chief, ])U(piebuca, had fled because he had not t'lo means, he said, fitly to entertain such illustrious vi- itors. lie was permitted to purchase their favor by BALBOA AMOXG THE CACIQUES. 881 (IcllverincT up tlio gold in liis possession, including fc;(jiii(> finely wrought plates. I'dllowing a path northward from Bnqnelnica's they wt'i'e hailed i'roni a elitl* near by. "Our Xing C^hioriso sends greeting, O mighty men! and presents this offer- ing, begging your assistance in vanquishing an enemy too powe'rl'ul for him." The gift was certaiidy per- suasive, being no less than thirtv larne ;-old medals (If plates woi'th I'ourteen thousand pe.^os. ]^alboa scai'cely knew what to do, nevertheless he graciously I'oeeived it, and sent in return three axes, some gilt beads, and several pieces of leather and cloth, making the recipient to liis own thinking the richest potentate in savaged(jm. J^all)oa furthermore promised to assist liini at some future time in his wars. Thc^ cou.ntry llirougli which tlu\y were now passing was excep- tionally rugged, and the men of btu'den were quite exhausted when on the loth of J)ecend)er they w'-ived at 1 he village of I\icorosa. Several of the soldiers had also fallen seriously ill from fatigue, and it was ac- cordingly decided to tarry hei'e for thirty days. The cliief, MS usual, had lied at tlieir apjiroach, but was brought bat^k to purchase fric'iidship of the Spaniards witi! slaves and gold. Pocorosa informed the Spaniards that not far from tlieiHy lived the i'am>)ns 'i'ubanam;!, of whom Pan- cijK-o had spoken when lirst directing the attention of the Spaniards to the South S(\a. Jli; was re^-uted the iichest as well as the strongest chieftain of these nionntains, and was the terri>«* of the ncighl)oring nations, Balboa felt it more than ever his duty to o\frth;"ow Tubanann'i, kill some of his men, steal a tew of his women, anli conRtitute tho froiuiilwotk ot Ccntriil .Vii.i'i'iciin liistmy to loi'iitc witl' icrtiiiiity i\it'M< two villiiL'ts. Tliim of I'ocorosii \ ii.-( o Nmi'ii/, in a letter t" the Km:.', .h:i\s, 'l'!st.i nil cMci:!!!!' (Hie t^(> (liee ( 'omoi^'re y otio f|ne po dice I'tieonisii, estan tan eei'ca lie l:i mar el iiiio eonio el otni;' fiiul of 'I'ubananiii, 'Ha hc ile liaeer otra fneiv;v • M l:i< iiiiuasde 'rubaiianiii, en la |ir(A ineia ile Coinugre. ' (oiitt fior \'(Im'ii Xtiiii'Z in Stti:ui-rvtv, CW. (/<. \'HtyiK, iii, ;jliti, 'M\). 382 DISCOVERY OF THE rACTFIC OCEAN". ■.i; * hnd beon told. Casting liis cyo over his little l)a?vl <){' l)rui.sc(l and wayworn men, ho thoaght how one mistake nn'ght swallow all his past successes, and sighed; then he slept on it, and when after a few days' rest the question was adventured, enough wore eager for the raid. The result was that seventy Span- iards, and a squad of Pocorosa's warriors, after a rapid march, fell on Tubanamil about midnight and brou',i;ht him away prisoner, Ogilby says with eighty concu- bines. The men of Pocorosa, and chiefs of adjoining tribes, began to re\ile him, and begged of Vasco Nunez his immediate death. Ho had done worso things than Poncra, they said, and had beside spo!:en ill of the Spaniards, threatening to drag them lo death by the hair of their head if ever they camo within his reacli. Yasco Nun<-'Z pondered. For houm time past he had entertained a plan of establisliing' in this vicinity a military post for the protection of f';);ii- merce between the seas, and also of gold-mining. Was it better to kill this cliief as an enemy, or let him live as a friend, and assist to keep tlu) otlicv^^ friendly? He chose the latter course. But first ho must temper the pi'oposed friendship by trial. " Infa- mous tyrant," he thundered at the trembling prisoner, "now shalt thou sutler for thine abominations, 'i'liou shalb be made to feel the power of the Christians, and the same doom which thou before thy nakol slaves didst promise them, shall now be meted t'lcc."' lie then motioned the attendants as if to remove him for execution. The unhaj^py cacique denied the accn- •sations and begged for his life. P)alboa apj)arenMy overcome l)y his entreaties slowly relented, and finally ordered the captive I'eleased. The overjoyed cliicf- tain could not do enough for his deliverer. ITo stri|)j)ed lils women of their ornaments, and, collecting all articles within his reach fabricated of the coxetcil metal, presented the Spaniards witii thii'ly marks of gold, and his sul)jects soon brought in sixty mark*' more. Enjoining Tubanannl to gather gold, and ever ARRIVAL AT AXTICUA. 383 remain trnc to the Si)aniar(ls, Balboa rotiirnod in tri- umph to Pocorosa's tovrii, with a loiij^ f rain of eiifjlavctl (';^,[)Lives. AhoLit this tiinoVar.eoNuuc;'; fell sick ; and no woucior when wo consider the strain on mind and body durin;^ tlr. })ast four months. First in every action, bearing exposure and privation in connnon with the jioorest soldier, with the responsibility of the adven- ture rcstinijf wholly on him, he was a fit subject for fever. But his indomitable spirit never forsook him, and causinix himself to be carried on a litter he still dii'L'cted movements, as they resumed their march. Vreary, ragG^ed, but exultant, the poity at leni^th reached the vilhiLje of Coma-j^re, Panoiaco was over- joyed to sec them. The old chief was dead, and the V'tun'j man filled his lather's i)laco. ILe could I, it do enough for Vasco Nuuez, for whom his ;.i!';ction seemed to grow in proportion as he was per- mitted to do him service. Panciaco had given the sti'a!! '-ers ijold and slaves; he had entertained them royally, had told them of the Southern Sea and the w;!y to I'cach it, all his worcls proving true. Xow \io wa ; i)ermitted to entertain and nurse the emaciated Spaniards, and this he did with lavish generosity, wa cli in- '• Vasco Xune/. throu-'ii his sickness with the affection of a 1 trother. He was permitted to give tliem iiio'.'e gold, and did so. The Spaniards graciously received these bi-neflts; and in return for obligations too vast for requital, the generous cavalier, the chiv- ;;lroua discoverer of the great South Sea, gave bin friend and benefactor a linen shirt and some worth- less trinkets. His ])arting' words were "(.^lather and Hcnd me more '^(Ad, Panciaco." Tbe chief, howevei', I)c!';ro the ]iarty left, bad I'mbraced Christianity and ri'ceived bajitism. It was the 14th of January that the party left ('i'(!, tnixo sin Lis )Hly of food, ])articular at- tonti(.)n was turned to a ij'i'i culture. Indian corn ■was ].i'oduced in great quantities, and seeds of various kinds from Spain were planted, yielding fruit in iikundancc. Society became more settled and fac- tions were at rest; for who could starid before Yasco Nunez? ]\Iemories of home Ijloomed anew. Uld- tinio amusements wore again enjoyed; national holi- (iays were regarded, and j'justs and tournaments were hold, if not with as rich display as I'orn'erly, yet with lioartiness and merrymaking. Two of the pacified caciques became discontented and rebelled, but were soon quieted by a few men under Diego Hurtado. Another captain, Andres Garabito, was sent to ex- |iloro tho country for the shortest and best I'oute hotween tho seas. Peace everywhere roigned; and v.ith a prolusion of food and gold alreaily in store, with hiuii anticinations retj-arilin!'- the I'uture; with wealth, and dominion, and honor, and brilliant hopes, und multitudes of heathen for slaves, ou-'ht not tbcso ] liatos to have boon su})i'einoly happy f UlsX. C'K.Nt. A.M., \"L. 1. < CHAPTER X. n^DRARIAS DAvILA ASSUME.S THE GOVERXMEXT OF D.IRIEN. i.'jii-ijirj. How Till'. DiscovKKY ov A SorxiiKiix Sea was RK«Ara)Ki) in Spaix — Tin; ExKJiiKS 01" Vasco Xu.nez AT CocuT — PEmiAiiiAS Davila Api'ointi:i) GovEUNoii — DicrAiiTnii: vnoM Spain and Akkival at Antku'a — Atmhi- LANCIIA IN Si'AIN — PeUI:,\KIAS ['EUSECCTES ]JaI.I'.()A — TilE KiNc's Jii;- QUniEMENT OK THE iNDIANh— JlAN 1(K AVOI'.A SeNT To JYaNT A EiNE o Sent to ]>KiN(i in t;ik rLrxDEU— DisAsi'iiois ATTi;:.irTs to Violate tue SEinLciniES or Cent — l^xrEinTi )N oi' 'I'eelo iii; Gizman to the Soi'tii Sea — Tin: Site 01' I'anama ])i.s.'oveui;i)— The (ioi.uEN 'J'empee oe Daeaii-.a Umi-: ^loUE — (iASi'AU, I)E JloUALES ANlJ FllANC'ISCO I'lZ-AKlU' VlMT TilE Soetu Sea. Ix Spain i\\o ti'liiigs of Balboa's discovery civnti'il little less sensation ilion liad that ot'Cokmibiis twenty- two yoiii's before. TJ;e liyj)ol iicsis still obtaining tlvit Anieriea was eastern 7\_sia, to what new n!anil'estati>>ns was not this tSouthern Sea to lead/ ('oujtlid witli the belief was the concurrent tcstinio;/y '/f all the native peoples, that along its shores wcro y/fn\i]\ an I iixhisti'v, gold, ])eai'ls, and civilization, ]iope-j//.'<|oriii,:.( ol" rejtlcnished collers to Ferdinaiid, an') UKMi, the opulent kingdoms of the eastern lndi<';i v/liith have so long eluded our grasp are oj)en(>d to us. Unfortunately foi* A'asco Kuhc/,, success c;une late; for prior to the ari-i\al of his messenger in S|>ain there- had been laid a ti'ain of (!Vents which threatened his I'lnn. Fanned to a y<'t redder reality by th(> aiv'i- nieiitativu winds<;f the Allanti(;, Fnci.>o's wndh glowed (;iSii) ij;:-.; A NFAV GOVERXOR. ns7 1i(if as lie jiictnrcd to tlio kin.uj in only too Ij-utlifnl colors the (juality of justice ndniinistoivd in his namo to liis siihjccts ot" AnliL;'ua. Antl the hacliiller bocanio really happy as lie rolled tho stor}' oi" Nicuesa's wrong's, a sweet, ni(.»]'sui, inulcr his tongue, to the utter demoli- tion of his eneniies. Zamudio and Vasco Nunez wei'o condenincd, as we liave seen, and the kin^- tleterniined to send out a nt-w u'overuor who should iuvcsti<»'ate and punish. ( )ut of the many ap[)lying was chosen a giMitleman (>!' Arias in Segovia, i'edro Arias de ;Vvila, caJled hy Spa.nish (M)ntemporaries Pedrarias,and hy I'^nglish his- toi'ians Davila. lie was large of frame, ])ronounced in mind and temper, ar.d coarse-grained throughout, t'le gi'iz/'.led h.air siu'rouniling his dai'k features like the sehish and indu^ly nature that einironed his swarthy soul. Whence it would appear that he was cl'isly i'or so rude a mission, which was true; hut hcing an offi.-er in good repute, well hoi-n and highly comioctcd,^ and with no lack of lire and stuhhorimess remaining, his age was not i-eckoned so much against liim. The nicknames ]']1 Galan and J*]l -lustador ^\'cv^) significant of a gay and courtly youth, as that of Furor Doiuini, given him hy the monks of the New WoiM, was of a virulent old age. He was rich, at least his IVicuds were, so that money was at his connnand. Fonseca favored the appointment — a habit the bishop liad of lookhig kindly on those wh;is(> jielitions wi;e hai];ed l)y gv>ld. And so j.'\n'.linand math) him go\- criior and ca[)tain-general of Cast ilia dd Oro, whii'h >v;i> How ordercul to bo called ^'a^;tilla Au' I'mVu'iiroslio.' "J'lniu;,;h it wtn )»t'Vi>r p(»|nil,irly «'> (Ics^ignitti'il. ' (loliorn.'r ;i (.'.istilli il'l Oru en la 'I'iciTO I'iniif.' vrriti; tin- clironioloiH; hut in liis iiist iftioii-f tlic iii;i,^ Kiy •, Xnivtrri tf, (\,l. di' \'ir«i(^, iii. IMS. 'c nunra la maiulaii o- Uainav ('iii( ajio-U'lii Wla to VLi"i„'U!i, tri"'! I roll! ocfaii to moaii; 'scrialiinilnl' j)(it' unlx'rnai'ion ilesdc d < 'alMj 4" la Vrla.lut.^tii ViT.Tu'nn. y ^ liinitcs, •|ii(' son in la cosia ilil \ortc, t'li'-ri lulij' Ui, tii'rni aili'iitrn liaina la )iarti' au.sl(al, tixloiuiiicllo (ju<- ovicssu de iiim ,1 iiittiT, ooii L.S isla-. ijuu cii cUo cunL'uniusm'n.' Pi HP' (iil< 3SS TEDRARIAS AT DAItlKX. juiictnro. TIk' ari'ival at (MMirt of Caici'do and C'ol- iiiriiaiTs, rominissionoJ l>_v tlie ^^t'ttlcrs of .Vnli!4'na 1o rojiort tin- j-unioi's conci'niiii^- a sea to tlie .soulli, and solicit aid lor an expedition in that direction, renewed speculation and ins[>ired eidliiisiasni.^ The envoys M'ero o-raciously received, and jiresented hy IVi-^hiip l'\)nscca to tlio IviiiL;-, \\]\o listened wiih attention to their I'ocitals. "They often soJouimumI witli nie," s.iys oM l\'t(,'r ]\Iartyr, "and their countenances declare the iiitemperateness ot" tlie air of ] )arit'n; for t:iev ai'e yellow like tho>e atUicted with the jaundice," or ;,-; ( )viedo expresses it, "as yellow as the gold they went to seek," "and at-o s\\('IK'n,"' continues the foi'niei', "the cause wln:rcof tluy ascribe to the hun'j,'er endu.red in times past." The air of mystery entoldiug the region, no less than the gtdd displayed by per-iuis coming thencc\ threw o\-ei' the enter[)rlse a elini'ia wdilch bi'oug'it to the standard of Pe(h"arias hundi'cil-^ of eager applicants. Then there was the sudtK'a breahing-up of the Italian ex])edition under (lonzalu (le Cordoba. The French viciory at ]vavtnna, whii'h threatened King Ferdin.and"s Xeajiolitan posse-sious, li;>d roused the chivalry of S[)ain, and when tliu standard of the (h-an Capitan was raised at ^Seville, thither Hocked youtld'ul ca\'aliers and veteran soldiers burning to enlist under the btinner of so grr-at a IcMder in so glorious a cause. ])Ut the king, en\ious of tlie ])opularity of his genei'al, in a lit of jealou-y countermanded the expedition, thus tilling the sLi'eets of SoN'iile whh purposeless mvu, many of whom had sold or jviwned their birthright ior means to jroeiuv an outiit, and who now preferred any a:i\en' uro, lioweNcr desperate, ratluH' thr.n nduin in liumilia! ion to tl'.eir honu's, I'lierefoi'e they hailcvl wil'i rapiui'o ' ' Ciiit'cilo iiiiil Cohiu'iiiuvs ri'iu'lu'd Spjiiii in ^NTay, l.'iKi ; Ihc date of IVilia- riiis' jiii;ioiiitiiKMit is .Inly -7, l.">i:i, so that it \a vitv ihm1i:iI'1', 'ijH'i'ially siiu'd Eiiciso iuiil hi.j iMnupliiiiits vi'aciu'il tin' court of Spisiii bi loiv thv," il'iuitii'Si that tlic iipp(>ii\tiiKiit III' tx j^Dvoriior was si'tlloil bv'iuii they iinivnl.' //.'/«"'' S/iiiii. Coii'i., i. .">7I1. Sec J'iliiloili' Ca/iitttn iji ii< ml If li'(Jii riiHili'rdc In jii'i'i' '« il(f ('ii.-'tillii ihl do CI! il Ihiri'ii, ix/ iiliilii jior el h'ty-Ca/ulko d I'tili'drittii lludlti, ill yuaii-i-tli, Cvl.dc I'lar/ift', iii. yii7. r.ETIXrK OF rEDRAlUAS. 3S0 \]\U Xl'W AVoi'Ll entiTjiriso wIum-o l;'(>1(1 ns well as olory uiiLi'lit l)c won. ^McivoNrr, the succi'ss ol' J\)rtu- i^al ill India, wIlIi wliicli Spiiins iiiilu,' wrst foniparrd iuila\()i'a';ly, and M-Iiich iKulrngondercd UolhiVar and c\\\\, oiKd the Avhec'ls of o'Dvornniont and nnlocki'd 11k' )'(»yal .str(niL!,"-l)t)X, so tliat the ducats of Prdrarias woi'o increased in number to liftv thousand, '"an enor- mous sum ni niose tiavs th d; as ()uinti nia oitscrve: m the ex]K'nt aiK 1 iinportaneo attaelu-d to the entei'jir A nils and anununition were (hawn from the royal arsona!; and in jilaeo of the lieaN'v iron armor whieli liad jwoved ojinressive in tro[)ical latitudes, werv> suhsti- tuteil wooden bucklers and coats of (juilted cotton, ])riiol' sullicient ag'ainst the weapons of (hi' natiw^. The ileet numbered about nineteen sail, with aecom- luodations for twel\e luuidred men. 'J'hese were soon cin'olled, wliile as many more oll'erin'jc themselves liad ini necessity to l)c rel'used. Sub,sc(picnily, liy j -sion of the Council of th(^ Tntlies, tlie number w h-r IS inci'eased to tifteen humh'ech'' I'edrarias was accom]KUiied by hi do Ijobadilla, an estimabh^ ladv, nice wile, ]sah'cl to tlie :Mar- cliioness de ^loya.*^ The other members of his family, coiisl-tin'i' of lour sons and four (huiu'hters, Mere KTt, ill Spain. ^Vmong the otUccrs wen ScN'C al nobl e?> am 1 h .11 oiiowe r.s consisted, as was usual in tlicse mad * Tho l.it'oiiciii(li) Zuazo, in a letter to ^T. Do Xen-os, Pachvco nnil Ctirilninx, (''•I ]><■:■., i. :;ui-;{_', places the ecstuf llie outlit at 4.». i[iie en aiiuel lieiiijio [;o lii.oy iujilii'i CUM ."4, (!>!,) (lucailos es cierto quo liov im so su]'liei'a eon I.'jS,0;10 lasti'llanos.' l^allin:! in \\'\s letter to tlio kiii;4', Idtli Octolier, l."il,), iiiiilivj that thocuit was 4il,r",) [n'sios men nssi-ncd; Imt allirni* (hat snrreiitil.ion.--ly or otlier\vi-:o 1,."KI() sailcil.anil vl.tiOi) reniainoil lichind iien.«ive ami .--i^hin;,' \\Iio;:;l;'il!y would havo giine at their own cost. Ovicdo, who, one wonld think, i^iiould Know, t\:\ lio Wii.s (if the nnnilier, tostilies in ono place, iii. '2-, to tuenty-tv.D, ' nao.i e eaia- I'l'las," and 'J.HtK) men, and in anollur place, iv. 47.'!, to .';evonleen oreighti i m. 'Ic:i, lialceta, in J)ic. I'liir., i. 4J!t. ^*:ly.■^ iliat sht> was cnu. -in ;,'ei'nian to tho iiuncliioncss, who was a yroat fiivoiilc with (.Jueeii loabella. II i i.i V 11,: 300 niDRARIAS AT DARIEN. iiiignitions, of ])(.,'i'soiis of every caste;, iKjt uloiic tlu; young and naturally thoughtless, but, if we may credit Peter Martyr, "no small number of covetous old men" were of the company. Tlio}^ were mostly officials, cavaliers and ecclesiastics, however, for governing, iii>'htinu", and i)reaclilni>- offered tlie chief attractu)ns; and very few artisans, agriculturists, or colonists of vidue in constructing a permanent and prosperuU:; commonwealth. Under the new t>'overnment a youii"* man from the schools of Salamanca, called the Licen- ciado Gaspar do Espinosa, was appointed alcalde mayor; ]Juchiller l^nciso, alguacil ma3-or; Alonso dii Li I'uente, treasurer; (Jonzalo Fernando/, de Oviedo y Valdcs, the historian, veedor or inspector;'' Diego ]\Iarque;^, contador, and Juan do Tabii'a, factor. The fighting men were, first, the governor's lieutenant, Juan de Ayora, an hidalgo of Cordova, and brother of the chronicler, Gonzalo do Ayora, Next, captains of hundreds, Luis Carrillo, Francisco Davila, Antonio Tello de Guzman, Diego de Bustamante, Gonzalo do Dadajoz, ])iego Albites, Contreras, Gamarra, A'illa- faiic, Atienza, JMeneses, (xonzalo Fernandez de Llago, Francisco Compahon, Fi-ancisco Vazquez Coronado do Yaldes, Juan de Zorita, Francisco Hernandez, (}as])ar de jMorales, cousin of the governor, and a ne})hew of the governor, likewise named Podrarlas, captain of artillery, and others. Several of these names became notable, and we shall meet them hero- after. Chief of the s})iritual army, under the title of Bishop of ]Jarien,^ was Juan de Quevcdo, the first prelate to come to Tieriu Firme; and with him was a company of Franciscan friars. Bernal Diaz (U'l Castillo, then but little more than a youth, afterwarvl the chronicler of the Mexican conquest, came witli 'A]ipointc(l to succceil JHiin do Caiocdo 'f|Uo ilia provciclo cu cl ofioio ilo Veedor do Im.s fundicionosdol oro do la Tiona ]''iniie.' JosrAmndordc Ion Vi'-fS ]"nla iiity t)f a city, M"ith metropolitan prerogatives, ecclesiastical as well as civil. Lengthy instructions were provided the gov- ci'iior by the Council of the Indies, lie was charged t-» see that his people were prfjjierly clad, comfortably lut not extravagantly; to ])r(jhibit the sale or use of cards and dice ; to punish murder, theft, and blasphemy; to tolerate no lawyer or any ecclesiastical oi- })ro]'es- i-inii;d or unprofessional practitioner of the law in the colony;" to take no impt>rtant stop without consulting the bishop and other royal officials — an injudicious measure whicdi broke society into factions; to render justice quickly and in accordance with the laws of f" pain; to be a briirlit and shining" liL^'ht to the heathen iu all truth and fair honesty; and, last of all, by no means to forget the king's share of the spoils taken in t!ie exercise of said virtues.^" '^Flie new governor was I'urlhermore charged to strip from A^asco Xuhez ile ]ial!)oa all semblance of authority, and to bring him to a strict account lor his misdeeds. I'lie survivors of poor Nicucsa's followers were to be treated with s[)ecial I'liiency, even to the remitting of the king's "(lonzalo Fernandez ^vntin^ from Santo Pominao the '2"itli of Octol)or, ]">"i7, ti) tlio Council of tlic Indies, /'ar/nco and Ciinlt iiuk, (oI. Due, i. .")■JL'-!^ .'^.lys (hat this order proved inopei'ative, '])ne.si|Ue lo.s quelo habiau do ojeeutar I" di>iinndal)an,' since tlio.so who t^hould liavo exeenteil it ilis-^enihled. I'or ;i time, however, no lawyer was ;dh)wed to ]>lead in the Indies, the nlcahle le.iyor sjieaking on both sides, and finally deriding aceor^ e> ^ c^^^ f- <^^«-' \ 13 WIST MAIN STMIT WUSTIR.N.Y. M5S0 (716) 873-4S03 ^ <> % .y^ ^ %" & ^ ^ «> Ci^ -^^ I 302 PEDRARIAH AT DARIEX. fifth on their afounmlalions. All tliis, it v.-ill bo re- iiicniberod, was bel'oro thu discoveiy of the South Sea beeaino known in Spain; and that discovery rcniaiucd still unrovealcd when, on the 1 1th of April, i;">l I, after an ostentatious review in tlie ])la7a of Sevilli", the ileet sailed away in grand glee from San Li'iear.'' .Vlter touching at some of the islands ibr the ])urpos(j of capturing Caribs for slaves, and also at Santa ^iarta in order to ascertain the fate of eleven Spaniards said to have becin left there by llodiigo de Colnienares, the armament reached Darien in safety. Signilicant of the coming rule was an incident which occurred during one (»f the landings. A servant of Pedrarias, named San ^Martin, had failed in respect toward Ayora, the governor's lieutenant, while ashore. Informed ol" it, l*edrarias ordered Ayora to return innnediately and hang the olfender to the first tree, which was done.'^ Scarcely had the vessels of Pedrai-ias disappeared fi'om the sliore of Spain, when the tardy envoy ot' A'asci; Nunez arrived at court, and craved audienco of the king, l^edro de Arbola' ^ had unibrtunately delayed his departure from 1 .en for two montlis after the return of the South Sea discoverers. On this [)oint of time turned the destinies of A'asc(t Xuhez and of the New AVorld. l\'d]arias wt)u](l scarcely have been made governor; IM/.arro wouKl jtrobably never have become the conqueror of Pens, and \'asco Xuhez might possibly have reached jMexito before Cortes. " irfl[)s, Simn. Cniitj., i. ns.", mid Ii nnir, iii. 2.W, say I2Hi April. lii.luTt- poll, Hist. Am.., i. -(17, stiLrii!iiti/cs l-'cnliiunKl for c lev;; 1 111,14 I'olr.'iria.s, iiiiil iili!isiii',f A'lisco Xiiric/; ill wliii'Ii lli<> Iciinud liisloiiiiii is \\ liully wroii;,'. \\r. wild know tlic liH'iils ot \"!isco Xiifiiv, iiiiiy In- tlic unknown iidvcntiircr L'nilty of uiil.iwful cxri'ssi's. '■' l''ivi' or six nioiitli^ liittr rcdiariiis. iiistitutid lorniiil jinn'ccdiims to ]iiovi> liis iiiKiiliordiiidtioii. Tlic |iro|il(! iiiririiiiin'd n.u'idnst tliiit hiisty jii^tiic. imd iittrilmtcd it to moiiio foniicr di.siili'asiuo of tlio jrovcrnor aj^iiiii. t tin' n ini. >'!'},■ lo, iii. •_'.">. I'art of tlic vi'sucls n tinned to S| iiiii; scvcr.il of tlit^ old lUid Avonn-cati II were .sunk in Urali;i (Jiilf; one foiindirid at sea, on I lie voyiun hack, tliL! Clew c.icajiiiijj; to l^iiauolu. Oriido. iv. -171-3; Ihrnnt, ii. i. vii.i Amlaijui/u'n Aai'., l-ll; lluiniinw, I'/Hj/j/i, iii. -08. AEKIVAL OF rEDRARIAS. 303 Ai'liolanclia ^vas contlucted into tlij royal jircsoncc. ]{(' displayed lii:i treasures and told his tale. The sovei'ein'n'.s heart was touched at the sohHer's rcital. Those ])carls! Tliey would make the darlcest deeds ii'splendent in I'ighteousnes.s. And that new Soutliern Sea! Surely it would wash away far deeper .stains than any which sullied the hands of its gallant dis- I'ovcrer. Oil I that this man had sooner come; for ilicu the many thousand ducats spent on old l^edra- lius miiiht m^t have been out of their box. What this cosily armament was sent out to do, a handful of roviii;/ Spaniards had done, under the leadership of a conclenmed man, against whom tho royal wrath up to this moment had burned. And in this achievimjT llu.1'0 had been neither much bloodshed nor any cost to Spain; the current formulas for securing possession bad lieen observed, and even the king's iiflh and tho Iving's [)resent were not forgotten. In such perl'orm- aiice there was manifest no mean mind; any I'urther tli.iuglit i'oY the punishment of so meritorious a cava- lier could not be entertained; and King Ferdinand icsolved that \'asco Xunez should not go unrewarded. So rides success triumphant, oven sagacious royalty biiidinLr its stilf neck before it." ^Nreanv/hile Pedrarias entered Urabd Gulf and an- clinred his ileet before Antigua. Not knowing in what temper the redoubtable chieftain of the town night receive n successor, Pedrarias despatched an ollicer to accjuaiiit the colonists with his ])rescncc, and with the nature of his commission, l^andiijg, the mes- sciigcr asked of the lirst men he met for their leader. ll(( was pointed where some native workmen were tliatcliing a small cottage under tho direction ol' a man clad in cotton jacket and drawers and ])ack- ''II \Mi'< ,1 lr<' n I'l'ir Mtiii.^< nr ih< A'''/rv, in /V/<7/('C() iiiiil C^iriliiiriM, (';iiiuiiit!! w ns j;iiilty (il ilniilil( .ilialin;,', iii'W iccriviiiu' rialhoii's lu'csculsinicl wiitiii',' ilu' Kin ,' in U'm favor, unci lit any thcr liiiio bccomliii^ the iiuisislctit (.Uyits of KiicUy uyuiust liiiu, ; 3f)t ri'.DItAniASi AT DARIKX. thread slioos. Now silk and lirocado was ilic oovcr- iiiL? this petty ofKcer had ])r(>vided liiiiisc H" wilh.al t:) llauiit it in Italy, while this cotton-clad iMlow looked more like a common lal^orer than the i^ovcrnor ot' a S[)anish colony. Nevertheless the oflicer knew his duty and a])proached t!ic man in cotton respectfully. "1 co)ne from ]3on ]*edrarias do Aviki," said ho, "lately appointed governor of Dai'ien." It was sudden; like death, which, even wlitii expected, seems abrupt. How swiftly in his brain revolved probabilities and possibilities. "With seli- possession and coui'tcous dij^nity, however, he an- swered pi'esently: "Say to iJon l'e(h'arias that he j.s welcome to AntiL,nia." Next day, which was the -TOtli of Juno, Pedrari:is disembarketl. The landinLjf, where he formed his 1)rill- iant retinue, preparatory to the entry into the metrojt- olis, was a lea^'ue Irom the town. On one side l!ie <;"overnor held by the hans, oflicers, cava- liers, and adventurers followed in the line <>f mareli. Near Anti^'ua they were met by the; sallow-l'aeid colonists, who, thoU''h ra-j^L^'ed, were rich both in < x- pericnce and in gold. The two leaders met with great courtesy; Vasco Nunez was reverent, Pedrarias gracious. T'lien all went Ibrward to the town, the IViars cluuitiiig their Te ])t'um laudamus for (Udivery from ocean ])erils. Vasco Nunez conducted IVdrarias and the oilieers to Ids own dwelling, while the remainder of tin; coni- l)any were distributed among the colonists. And soon a New World rc>past was spivad before the new- comers, consisting wholly of native products, mai'.o bread, esculent roots, lish, and fruit, and to drink water. And now begins a game played by malevolent craft oil one side, and honorable frankness on the other, IIYPOrnisY AND HATRED. SOJ Nvliicli is uiiapj)r();ielu'(l by any of the Xi'W World liiclicik'S and ti'i'aclicrie.s. For wluitover liis faults, v.liatcvor the })itfalls his tuninltuuus destiny jiad j-javad for him, A'aseo Nunez was by nature f^ini^lo- licarti'd and chivalrous, whereas I'edrarias J.)iivila was al'.iiost satanie in jealousy and cold hatred. SiekiuL,^ an early interview, tlic latter assumes an air of friendship, praises Vaseo Xunu.- for his abilities, (■ ii^-ratulates him on his successes, and speaks of the ];!'.di a])preciation of the kinuj. And as the object of liolh is only the welfare of the colony, will l>e not Isiiuily write down what he has done and what he is jest nowintendiuf.^ todo? Thrown from his_i,Miai'd by I his semblance of sincerity, A'asco Xune/, consents, and writes not only what will enable l*edrarias to . |.i-()!it by his experiisnce, but, as the n'overnor hopes, 1> occasion his overthrow. For tlu! old man is not ^liw to perceive, on arriving at Antigua and l(\»rnin;^ III" llie wonderful discovery, that he is now and must 1,'' in reality second in tliese jiarts where so lately ho v/as a]»])ointed iii'st. ])ro])pinn' the mask, he insti- iMtes char'-es, and orders N'asco Xuuez to sta^.d trial 1" r his life. As alcalde mayor, the investiu^ation must be brou-^ht hcforc the licentiate J'^spinosa, and he, in conformity with royal instruct ions, had to be associated with the bisliop Quevedo. Though inex[>encnced, ]']spi- nesa is honest. As I'or the preiate — does not the accused })ray devoutly, and pay lil)erally? and does lie not S(;nd the ujood bishop uilts of slaves, and share with him scvci'al lucrative cnterjiriscs f (Jo (ol Ho of the cask is not so great a simpleton after all. 1 fe ibrces even ])oiia Isabt 1 to smile upon him. He is acquitted. The enraged JVvlrarias tlu'ii hurls civil processes at him, until he is nearly ruined. Iliiciso meanwhik! mamilacturi^s IVesh guilt relative? to the allair of Xiciu^sa. It is of no use; for the liisho]) fattens. l\'(lrarias now swears he will send the fellow to Spain lor ti'ial. 'J'his does not suit noo rKDnAHTAS AT DARIKX. Quovodo. "AVhiit madiioss," dnuvls tlu> Msliop, "to Hi'iul a sucoossful luaii to court. Know you not that ore tliis all lluroiu! is i-iii more diaholical mercy solicited i'or a friend. TIk^ govi.'i'uor ])erccivcs more than the ])relate intends, and immediately arrays his villainy in I'riendship's smiiliii,' garh. Amid such ]m)lltless pastime, too often the cliiif oecu])ation of rulers, the so lately hilarious iift'i a huntli'ed were hecoming hungry. The provisions tiny had l)i-o^ight were exhausted. Looking at the i\\r. .hundred old settlers, the renmant oi' other iiftccii hundred, the unseasoned opened sjieeulation as io their own similar contraction. And straightway lluy lu>gan t() ilie; twenty a day, until seven hundivd w* le l.uried in their hrocades. Sending umh'i- a slr(*ng guard some prt»visioiis to a secret spot, at a distain'.! Irom the town, l*edrarias repaired thither and led liimself. iiiiriir-i iMMii Mil III Mil, u> iiiii.iA; r>ui injiiu,iu.>, m;u'< uii'^ tlu'rejor healthy sites, where was good watei-; also lo huild a town on the shore of San ^liguel (lull", an I thri'c or four caravi^ls likewise, giving tluMu in ( !iai';i! of skilful captains foi* the ])ros(>cution of new discox- eries in that dii'ection. Accordingly, at o)ice lo plaiil- the lino of posis and circumvent any ell'orts of \'a> o Xii.iez in that direction, Juan de Ayoi-a with four huii- " ('(i/ii/ii!it ill' frtntn f.irritit pnr 1 1 Hi ii-Cittiilii-n li Pnlriirin^ DiU'rln, fulirr /"< Vlriliim ill' Jiirililin' la nuiiiniifririoii nit.r In. rit-./ii. ilil l)iirii il i) In >iliii' il>l "I'l', iii/'ir jinr I r.Di/iiiinir I'll 1 1 lii-iili sriihiimii'iilousc liuijuniUli tren d citti,' I'u atniln la", ut Saciii nil , Cot. ile I'kiijin, iii, 3iV)-7. rvrQuinr.MFA'T of the ixthaxs. 3fr: (:!V(1 men was (lespatchocl across tin- inoiiiiiains fi-oiu ( 'an '(a,. \\<' linvo round T>all»on's policy in liis iivafiiK^iit of I'll' natives severe enou'^h, hut t'lat whicli was now to ln' inaULCurated nialu-s Iiis conduct seem luuiiane in CO niparlson. ^VIlatever liarsli measures circunistan ( •( 'S at times seemed to liim to render necessary, the tact iviiiains lliat on liis i-etui-n IVom the South Sea cv- ]K'ihtion he left the nations iViendly.^'' In all their liloody ])acilyin,L;'s, pi'(thahly not oniiof the Xew \Vorld I'onnnanders so nearly ohsorved the wislies of tlieir ( "atholic majesties as Yasco Nunez. AmouLj the rules respect ini,^ th(> natives was ono ('.iri'ctini^' how war should he made, and what the f-ava''"cs mu^;t do in order to save; tliemselves and tlicu' land The \ ornni la drawn .'.'t, an earlier dato 1)\' a <'o N iK'lavc of Spanish jurists and divines, hy whieh mesa, Oied: otl I, and oiners wer*: tot; iKti posse i la li;iil inailr )icacr : ( '.Mi-l.i, r^ai :i, ('a;'<'c;i, ('liiaj)f.<, ('iKi'.ici;', .liiaiiaL'a, l'..iiiiiiiiiiiaiia, 'I'lira, ( oniajri', CnriiiDsa, l;iii|tU'l)iKii, ( 'Iniyiii-a, Ottiinii', Clioriia, I'aiia, 'ri.uiiDra, 'I'liliau- ina.i, 'I'lMiua, 'raiiiaca, Taiiiao aii"r., i. ;il."), that \ asio Nlim/ willi lii.i jiidirioiin jLilicv Ii.hI won (iviT iiliiiiit tl'iirty caciipics. ' ' I Viiin tlii^ nu>st liiirli ancl iiii.;lit y < 'ailidlii' ilcfcn liTof tlic Cliui'cli, always tflminilianl ami ni'Vor \aii!|iiisla'il, tin- jmat Kin ; 1 >(in I'li'n.ini'iK, t!ic lildi cf tliat iiaino, I>wiii,.< tif till! Spain.'S of tliir l\\c> Sii'ilii'.s, iinil ni .Irniialcni, iiiul (if till! lMili('>«, i. Km anil liiin land nf tlio nccan M'a, tanirr n|' liaibarnas jii''i|ilc:( ; iiinl ti-oni till! viTV lii'-'li ami imi.ssant Inly, the (.'-.rcn I )i';i;i .Juana, lii.i ilcari'^t iiiiiliaii.it IilI ivi'd daii;.;litrr, (mi'.si)ViTii.:in; I, i'cdiarias h.iviia, tlu'ii'srivanl, iiiriscn'rcr, (iiid cajitain, notily imd niako known lit yen ii-i lu-it I can, tliat I iiid, our Ijoi'd, oni' ami triiino, cfcati'd I lit; lK'aMii:o thn head of all t!io human li:iia ;i', wlicro-oovor man miM;ht livo or ho, and of whali \'< r liw, noot, or I'l li'l ; and to lii'n ^^ i^ivon tho wholo world lor ]i'n kin'^'dom and 1 >vi\ iliip ami jiin.idiciioii. .\nd aliluui^li lio was ordorid to pkico liin oliair in Koi.io, u.-i I lio 308 rEDP.ARIAS AT DAHTKX. inent, Avliirli luTulded to the licntlit'ii tlic name >>l' Christ and Eur()[)caii civilization in terms ridiculous mopt siiitnMo Rpnt wlirnno to rule tlio woiM, yet was lie nlso jicnnittcd to lio jiiid ii'aco Ills cliiiir in any iieen, onr .'^ovcrei^ns, and to their suecessors, with all therein eontaineil, a.s it aj^jears in eei-taiii writings made therefor, vhieh yon e;iii Kee if desiralilo. So tliat liy virtue of wiid land.s to wlioni notification Iia-i been made, who vlill obey and nerve llieni as subjeets kIiou ihl; d of their fre(! will, without resi.stanee. innnediately, without dilav, as soon nn infonneil of the ai'f)resaiil, they obevcil d _'ni.'ed the learned mel d friaiH who were sent by their lii'^lnnsses ti> iireaeli and ti'aeli our lu'ly < 'utholic faith ; (loim; this of their free and >i);in- taneous \\ill, witliout ])r< s nro or eondition i>( any kind; and (hey lucr.ni W, Hlid tiieir hi..'!iness( s iHceived tlieni f,'la(llv inid lu'ni" nio Christian; i.s anil iwv no lianily.anil ordered (hat (!iey t.hould In- treated in every respect as then- ov.ii Kulijeels .-ind vassals ; an I VI held and ol. d 1.) do 1 ikewise, Ti fore, as iirst I may, 1 i>ray and reqi'.ire you Mell to nndeistand what 1 have told y Dli; to l.dvc the timewliieli miv bei iee(','-s;'rv toeoin]reheni 1 itand t(Mle!il)er;,,o ijion it ; and torceo^-ni/e tlie < 'Inueii !\t Su]irenie Mistress of (he l'i!iv<'rit thus, or malieimisly delny to do it, 1 ceiiiiy to you that with tlie help ef (Jod I will invade your lands with a ])oweriul force, and will make war np'a Vou in all jiart.s, and in every manner in my jiov.cr, and will sulijiet you to ' ' ' Ill 1 will t:::.o 11 mn!;o ih-;!! th(! yoke and obeilieiiee of the Chureli and (heir hi''iiiie.s.se: your persons, am 1 ( ios(- ot vonr wives ami elulilren, ami wi h!:i d US HUell wi 11 .sell (1 d 1 disiioso of tiieni as their hiu'lines,.eH sImII oiler; and 1 will t:ike your property, and I will do you all ]ioHsi il.luh; d evil, d to vassals \\ hod > not oliev cr i'eco;ni;'.e tlieir lord, but who resi-t ami oiipose Inm And I conduct ]u:\\ result w ill I ]iliitest that i lO dealh.t a ml dania''e which from nr.rh (cat voiireiiai id hotattliatof their hi'ihnc.-scs, n. r at mine, nor at that of (ho L'cr.tlemen w.iocome wilii me. And now toihatwiiicli 1 id 1 1 ri'iiiiiro the notary here i resi'iit tou'ive me a ccrtilii'ate. 1 'a lent inns, comes; I'. l!ern:irdus, 'I'linopolitanu.s episcopiLs; I'.'i iioma uU ,piscop;is .M.I til I'.Ai. r.iistiii. I. i','istcr; Lieeiiciatusde S:;iietiaij:o; ill 1 )oetor I'niacioi nci.-.tnsde Sosa ; (Jic^orius, lieenciatus. 'I he ori'.'iiial in 'Ir'i iii. 'JS-K. To the iistuto Euciso lielout;s the honor of lirut rcudiiip' tiiis reijiuii AYORA'S OUTRAOKS. non iiniuc i>t ridiculu;; ; cnnittcd to 1 • mill ;m)Vi'iii : .1 wliiitcvi r .sect to Miy, Ailiii;:- . Ivt'ClKT (it ; 1 •e iix liinl, ;;:) I time, likcvi-o li'cincd, and ; i> Vdild. ! wciild, tl) tl.li inn l:iiiil of tliu ii'ir (•lu'ccssiits, Hindi! tliLTc;";', di)ii;ilioii tlu ir I, iuid ll;^ h;ii :i ;ii:1m of idiii" t •UU obry ii'.d tmt rcsi.itiiii r, d, they olio; .1 lioir liiuliiicsM'S ■ five iiiid H)u;i- l llicy lii'CMUL' idlv Mid Itt'lli'- L't iif tlair «v, ii cwiM'. Tli( r.'- lilt 1 Iiavc !'M id todi'lilu'l:, '• I'nivcivf, :iiid U JillU'CilS l.n !1- virtiii; (it 1 . ! l('l:i tl) t'\]>!;:il 1, Jilid 1 I will t:i:., Pudi'arias had l)eon cliarj^ed n('\tr to Ma;j^o war unless Iho Indians were the au^n'ivssors, nor until they luid heen sumnioneil to ohiMhenco once, twice, three tinu's. This the i;'overnortt)ld his lieuteii- iiiit, hut Peih'ariris liUewiso told Ayora to send him t'.Mid and gold without delay. It was seldom diliicult Id (>xt'ito savages to acts of a'j^'jfrossion, and as I'or I'eadint^ to the natives the i-equerimiento, as ivijuii-ed liy law, that mi;^ht he done hy the notary at his con- veiiienee, hut never so as to interiere witli the advan- laL^es ol" a su Ideii siu'i)rise or ])reliminary hutcherv. li til II a word, llie re(|Uirement wtis no less voul m i>ra d tl Kill aijsun lintl leory The lirst action of Avora was evidence of t!ii> 1 ver since tl le union of Vasco iS'uiie/- and (\ireta's (lau;j;hter, equivalent with the luitives to a mania;j^e, the most friendly relations had existed hetweeii tlio Spaniards and C'iuvta's })eonle. Not only did the caciiiue presen ,|ue I t 1 lis res |)oct> s ill person 1 to Pedi-ai'ia.- hut many times he sent I'ood to the iainishin_u;'C()l(ini--ts. It. seems incredihle that creatures in human foi-m, to sav nothliiL^ of luu'opean or Christian men, should iv]iay such kindness hy sudden, un])roveked attack, such as surprisiiiL!; peacel'ul vilhc^es hy night, iiriicg the 111'" iito to tlio savn'xos in AnicM'ioa. The place was tlio port of Conn ; and wlien the lawyer liad liiiislicd, t'.i'! chief, whose iiaiuc wan ( 'itarajjii, and his pcojilo 1... lulled at him ; th(«se lieui^lid'd liarliaiiaiis laui:lied at tlio learned liailiiller, Mid said that the Pope must have heen driliiU when he did it, for he Mas I'iv- la,' what was not his; and that the Kin,' who ashed and tooU siieh a L'niiit liiiist 1)1! a eia/y one, siiu'e he asked lor wlnt was another's. 'IMxei'on <| el I'pa deiiiera estar lioi-railio (|iiado Id hi/o; puis daiailo i] no era siiyo, y I'l el rev i| peilia & toiii ma tal iiiereed ileilia ser .•iIl,'iih lneo pues jiedia lo que era it tili'Ds.' J;'iic}sn, ,Siiii}ii. (A' (Ic'iijnijlit, .")(). A eojiy of this piviioiis doeiiiui nt wan lil'd ill ilio f 'iisii.ili't 'i}iilriilit''ioii, at Seville. .\/nr., j. H'J-". llerreia, i. vii. xiv., },'iveH tlio ti'\t of till! vi'iiii riiiiiaitt) ]ni I'll. Ill, I'd//., i. I ll-'Jl); Aii)s/(i, I list. (\t iijii inf. Xiii i"i >; ,'s('0(ii!v >< 1 A <'^ After this brilliant achievement at Careta, Ay ])assed on to a small port whieji he named Sai ('ru/.," Avliere lie planted the initial settlement of 1 line which was to extend from sea to sea. Liavi there ei-^hty men, he marched southward, roM)i '■I foildw till! Xnni< Orli'm of Do Lnot, vlio I'liu-cs rocorosa nml S. (Santa Cni/) north and west of Co'iiai:;ro; altlioiii,'li Oviido, iii. .'>7, •s'lys, jnurlo do Sanc'ta ("rii/ <|iu! P3 on ticrra del cai/i'iiK! ("omo-iv.' It i-< ottiii jiossililo to H'foncilo the sclf-contradiftiouH of a writer, t) say notliin-,- of conlliotiii'4 statrmenti of tlio si'Vcral cln'onirlcrf. Ovicdo usually iilaccs native tuwiia and provinow where moat convcuiunt fur hid narrulivo. ■r.i 1 1 r !!■ '■ x. -.1 iiu- till! Iho iiriiTADo srxT orT. 401 ami luurdcrinL!,- as lie went. "Tlie ('acI((U(s wovo tort- uvcd to luaki! tlii'iii disclose tlieir J4<>1(1," writes ()vie(l(>. 'Sonio thev roasted, otlicr^i they threw to the dogs, Olil ei.s were liansrod."'* ir not for the cliurdi, tlieu lor liiniself tlio nf"'id lii>hoj>of Darien was interested in the s[)oilsot" (iod's enemies cvijrywhcro. In Ayora's niaraudinLjs lie had special interest; and no intellin'ciiee reaching" Ant iL;ua for some time concerninu^ them, (^uevedo sn'LC.i^ested to l^.>(h'arias tliat a niessen^'er he s(Mit to ascertain his heiitenant's progress. JJartolonu' Jlurtado, onee the iViend of Yasco Xunez. hut aiix loiis now hi'lore the new j)owers to wij)C out that stain, was JicconHnj;ly sent to hrinu^ in tlie phnidei'. On the way, to please IVdrarias, Hurtado soujjjht to exrcl Ayora in rapine;; hut that was impossihle. In returnini,' with the plunder, however, he stopped ut Careta's villaij^e and asked I'oi" men to carry hurdens to Antigua, and this was readily gi'anted hy the chief, anxious as ho still was for the Irieiidship of the Sjian- iiirds. After honorahly ilischarging his trust with r("4nrli, "111. •mill inai:'e, who tlioui,'lit tin? white til)a to Ik; tin if tiirnd, N'asio NurH/, AvMia sij/cil tlui c:u'i(nie ami his chief men. tortured them with hie and do;,'i until Jill their pild was fxiven up, and then burned them alive. ' Thid internal lii.iit l,i-i(ed several months,' says Oviedo. ''"I.o.s (jiiales lue^'o fneron vcndiilos en almoncil.a e herr.idos, e los mas ililliis se saeaion de la tierra jior mar, e los llevai-on ti otras p.nte-;.' (iririln, lii. .')!•. ' I'oi mando ancoi'a liii altri C'apitani pet' (nulla ('o>t;i, eome In l'.jii- t'llui.uM \'rtiido in Achla, o naltato in tena, .M)tto eulure di piiee, pi^'io tiitti t' liiai.mi, ehe ixite, o gli vende per ischiulli.' i>t«-o((<, JIUl. S cwo MvhUo, 4i), Hist. Ck.n. Am., Vol. I. 26 •n: rnnn ARIAS at dariex. II KnttM-iiiLj ilic (loiiiiiiioiis of T!il)niinni,i. Jnnn (\t> Ayora ])i;»iili(l tlu'i-e aiiotluT iorli-css uliidi ]\v. Itlt in (•liari,^' of Mcm'scM. ])iit iiislrad of coiitliiuiiii^' hi la I tors across the Isthimis, as ordoivd, lu> turn of the cai)tains. AlakiuL,^ roaily with his men, ho watched his oj>poi'tu'Hty, and sei/iuL^ one of the shij)s lyi':.; at the anchoran'c, not unknown to thi^ _L'"ovei'nor howcxci-, as many think, he i>sca])ed with liis booty. JVtcr ^[artyr, while acknowled^inc a loni>" actiuaintance with Ayora, says that " in all the turnioyles and traL,ncal! atfiyres of the Ocean, nothinunished for liis many injui'ies to the peaeoablo caci(pies," wrote A'asco Nunez sul)se(|Uently to the kin«', "the other captains would not have dared to ctMumit like excesses."-" The chrt)nieles continue in al)out the same sti' iin. Shortlv after Avora, I'^rancisco JJecerra came in IVoia the hunt with . Oviedo st;itrs tint Pec'.ftU'i.is sent a sliip after Ayora Id Santo l)(>niin!.'i), luit lu'foro it n'aola'il timt iwrt Ayora luul .' i, to ?pare niMther age nor sex; but, on landing, the party was decoyed into and)Ush and every man of ihcni slain bv the poisoned arrows of the enemy . nali\e servant-boy of Uecerra alone escaping to carry il;u news to A ;! ' . ua. Since the whole region was in arms the eigiity mm at fe;i;ita Cruz found it every day more dilHcult lo sustain life by stealing. Where\'cr tlie savages could catch them they repaid their cruellies in kind, cutting olf the lindxs with sharp stones, or pouiing melted gold down their throats, crying " KatI Kat gold, Cliiistians! take your till of gold I"-^ (irowing yet bolder, Pocorosa collected ;x largo force and ca})tured the f*!rt,iive Sjianiards onlyesraj)- ing to Antigua." Thus within six mouths after esta!)- lishing Santa Cruz, not a vestige of the settlement remained. Antonio Tello dc Guzman was sent with one hun- died men to continue the work abandoned by Ayora. Departing from Antigua early in Xovend)or, If) IT), he " Tliooiloro do liryand Iii'ii/diii give grnpliio I'ligravinga of tin: riittiiiL; Jind roastiii,' ami fatiiiii of Spaiiianls. Sav-J tlio latter, ' (j>iR'j.'li, tiiu iiijliaiiMiio villi, f^iHtinlniciitc il ( 'aiiitaiii, li'Lratcu'H It' iiiaiii o i jiicdi, grttali^'H in ti ira, C'lLmaiH) jure) dcU'oro in lH>coa, difiiidn, iiiaiiuia. inaii;.;i:i did C'ii-,li.iiii).' J/'^t. yruro ^/(,l/i jilapi" TMinao. ■''riiis \\!i:i the fito of iilil IVii.uiiii. Al)oriL.'in;\l!y flsli in Inrzn fpi.-iiititii'S woiv (Irioil tlKTo. ' (i^iic t'siiroviiiciiinilondi' losiiyit'ssdii lnu no.MjUiunl.) 'i ii in ii (Ii'lil iiiiir,' h;iys Hcriciii, ii. ii. x., ' y iiU'los (|u:iiiviil'iiIo (In ticiiii.' in l'it,cli(i.f, ffi-i /''il'iriiitcK, iv. .SSI), isMrittcn, ' It iiii^lit iiimc luid a licttirswiti', iiiiil iiiiiio \v'ii)Ii\-;i)iiii>, mid to tlio jiiii'iK'so for till! tiallicko lit' tlio Soiilli Si:i> Hot goiiiji vi'iy f.irru from wlioiico tlio Citioiiow utaiids.' Sou .//«<;; and /.VA.", I'"//., i.!'!); lit iihlii'sCihinuiii., 1(>S.">; /Jm/i/, in Loindul dfiii/. iSor., Jinn:^ i. ^ 'i; Fiiiitldii'H J)i,<i.'-tci j;oll'') a, raiK'iiiiaay mas dc i'iiii|U('iita. <|\ic' di seiiluio (iasjiar ' "a placo V. with jKU't ■hed ]Jii',U'> province of lin phniiis iPTo f|nnntitiis iiiianil>) 'i ii 111 'I n- tinrii.' Ill I :\ lictti'l'Pt'iiti'. tin! South Sill, l,i\ I'H'.'i, i,i\,./(>iir., i. >'-"i; ., xii.:!(i:i :!ii, irali ^^ t'liiiiliiu ilti 1 niHiH 111- i;ii;UUuli liai^iio lilniself, an