.tS- 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 O 4<i 
 
 «: 
 
 ^ 
 
 <5" 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 Itt 
 
 in 
 
 12^ 
 
 14.0 
 
 1^ 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.25 iu 
 
 1 
 
 1.6 
 
 150mm 
 
 — 6' 
 
 >IPPLIED A IIVMQE . inc 
 
 ^^B 1653 East Main StrMi 
 ^^li Rochester. NY 14609 USA 
 ^^^ Phone: 716/482-0300 
 ^SS:^S. Fa<(: 716/288-5989 
 
 1993. Applied Imagt, Inc.. All RighK R«M(v«d 
 
 |\ 
 
 i\ 
 
 -^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 * ^ 
 
 ^\ ^\ '^\ 
 
 
 '.^ 
 
 ^t^ 
 

 <\ 
 
 CIHM 
 Microfiche 
 Series 
 (l\/lonographs) 
 
 ICIMH 
 
 Collection de 
 microfiches 
 (monographies) 
 
 Canadian Instituta for Historical Microraproductions / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductions hiatoriquat 
 
Ttchnical and Bibliographic NotM / Not** tachniqum et bibliograpliiquM 
 
 The Inititute hai attampted to obtain the bnt original 
 copy availabit for filming. Faatura* of this copy which 
 may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any 
 of the imagai in tha raproduction, or which may 
 significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara 
 chackad balow. 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couvartura da coulaur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 D 
 
 Couvartura andommagia 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurAa et/ou pelliculte 
 
 □ Cover title missing/ 
 Le titre 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 \7 
 
 de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Caites gtographiquas en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relie avec d'autres documents 
 
 I •] Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 
 I I along interior margin/ 
 
 La reliure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distorsion le long de la marge interieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may appear 
 within the text. Whenever pouible, these have 
 been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties 
 lurs d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas eti f ilmtes. 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires supplementaires: 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il 
 lui a k\k possible de se procurer. Les details de cet 
 exemplaire qui sont paut-4tre uniques du point de vue 
 bibliographiqua, qui pauvcnt modifier une image 
 reproduita. ou qui pauvant exigar una modification 
 dans la mithoda normala de f ilmage sont indiquis 
 ci-dassous. 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Paget da coulaur 
 
 □ Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagiat 
 
 □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Paget restauries et/ou pelliculAts 
 
 Paget ditcoloured. ttained or foxed/ 
 Paget dicoloriet. tacheties ou piquaet 
 
 □ Paget detached/ 
 Pages dAtachies 
 
 EShowthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of print varies/ 
 Qualite in^le de I 'impression 
 
 □ Continuous pagination/ 
 Pagination continue 
 
 n 
 
 Includes index(es)/ 
 Comprend un (des) index 
 
 Title on header taken from:/ 
 Le titre de I'en-tCte provient: 
 
 □ Title page of issue 
 Page de titre de la 
 
 □ Caption of issue/ 
 Titre de depart de la 
 
 n 
 
 livraison 
 
 depart de la livraison 
 
 Masthead/ 
 
 Generique (periodiques) de la livraison 
 
 This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est f ilme au taux de rMuction mdiqu* ci-dessous. 
 
 ^OX 14X 18X 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 2X 
 
 J 
 
 26X 
 
 30X 
 
 24 X 
 
 28 X 
 
 n 
 
 32 X 
 
Th« eopy filmed h«f« has 
 to th« gonarosity of: 
 
 Library 
 Agricuitura Canada 
 
 boon roprodueod thontta 
 
 Tho imofloo appooring lioro aro ttio boot quolitv 
 poaaiblo eonaidoring tho condition and logibiiity 
 of tho originoi copy and in icooping with tho 
 filming eontroet spooificationo. 
 
 Originoi eopioo in printod popor covora oro fllmod 
 beginning with tho front eovor and anding on 
 tho loot page with a printad or illuotratod Improa- 
 •ion. or tho bocic eovor whon appropriate. All 
 othor originoi eopioo aro fllmod beginning on tho 
 firat page with a printed or illuetrotod improo* 
 aion. and anding on tho loot pogo with o printed 
 or llluatrated improaaion. 
 
 Tho loot recorded frame on oech microfiche 
 ahoil contain the aymbol ^(mooning "CON- 
 TINUID"). or tho aymbol ▼ (mooning "BNO"), 
 whichever appiiae. 
 
 Mapa. platao. ehorta. etc.. moy be filmed at 
 different reduction rotioo. Thooo too lorgo to bo 
 entirely included in one ORpoouro aro filmed 
 beginning in the upper loft hond comer, loft to 
 right and top to bottom, aa many framoo aa 
 required. Tho following diogramo illuatrato tho 
 method: 
 
 L'aMamplaire fllm4 fut roproduit griee i la 
 g4n4roaitA da: 
 
 Biblioth4qut 
 Agricultur* CaPwJa 
 
 Lea imagea auh^antao ont M roproduitoa avoe le 
 plua grand aoin. oompto tanu da la condition at 
 do lo nottot* do rexompiaira film«. at w 
 conformity avoc lea eoiditiona du eontrat da 
 fllmago. 
 
 Loo oaomploiroo originoux dont la eouverture •n 
 papier eat lmprim4o aont fllmia an eommenqant 
 par le premier plot at an tarminant soit per la 
 domlAro pogo qui eomporto une ampreinte 
 d'impraeaion ou d'llluatration. soit par le second 
 plot, solon le eaa. Toua lea autraa axamplaJraa 
 originoux aont fllmto mn commonQont par la 
 premiAro pogo qui eomporto uno amprainta 
 dimpraaaion ou dlliuatration at w tarminant par 
 lo demlAro pogo qui eomporto uno telle 
 emprointo. 
 
 Un doe aymboloo suivanta apparaitra sur la 
 domiAro imogo do cheque mieroflcho. salon la 
 eaa: lo symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le 
 aymbolo ▼ signifie "PIN". 
 
 Loo carteo. planchea. tabiooux. ate. peuvent ktrm 
 nlmte A doe taux da rOduction diff«ronta. 
 Loraquo lo document cat trop grand pour 4tro 
 roproduit on un soul eiich4. il aat fllmO i partir 
 do I'anglo aupMeur gauche, do gouche i droita. 
 at do hout en boa, an prenant la nombro 
 dimogeo ndcoaaaire. Laa diagrammaa suivanta 
 illuatront lo m^thodo. 
 
 32 X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
SELE 
 
^t-t^ut'-i -e^ 
 
 EVWmCE OF Da JAMKS FLe 
 
 -•™m..u«.s. ...„ „„,,,,„, „.„„^.,.,^^. ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 IIKKORE THK 
 
 SELECT STAND,NC CO„„,TTEE OK THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 
 
 AGRICULTURK AND COLONIZATION 
 
 Sesi5ion of 1897 
 
 I'^illilW^ HY OHDER OF PARLlAMK 
 
I)ei] 
 
mar 
 
 ■If 
 
 CoMMriTKR HooM 4(;, 
 Hou». „,. C,«,,„s«, F,y,.j._ 3s„, „,^^^ |^^. 
 
 ■0.4 'i:.,!"S ?s?ss,r;'p'::.i,^«'^-''- -"- «°""i»«"" - '-■- c..y .» 
 
 Mh. ClIAIHMAN AND (3|.\Ti cuiw T 
 
 ntere.st.ng account ,.f his ^vo,■k in tl^^Vo nesttml ."'""r '" '"'' «'^*'" •^»^'' '^n 
 of great uuportance, the advantage of smn , er fal ow n , '''""'" P"''^i-»»'"'ly what is 
 80.I, a nmtter of the utn.oHt in.poftance i. "^o we 't ' « *^"'"''' "" "'"''^*"''« "*" *''^ 
 
 A ?!?.'*'? '"?'! ^*V"*^' ''PP'y t" ^»t«'-'o? 
 
 % ^J/r. Semple : 
 
 th ng in the west, and wLt nXs t c^^^^^^^^ ''^'^'' '"'* ^he .nost in.portant 
 
 holds the nu.i,stu,e in the land S/e whoTeS: """'TV """'^' '«' ''"'•^ this „,E Ln 
 .nojsture in b, stirring up a ti>in laje^t t^l'^fT''"","' '''T '« *° ^^^P "h^e 
 and. be.ng of a d.fferent texture to L soi, t:i:lt:^^.^::^Z:^ '^ -^ d'y "P 
 
 VALUAm,K PODDKK (iRAHSES. 
 
 Conunittee to two samples of «ri;^T;hic?rhtv7lL"j:ht''f '7" ''''■ '^"^"''"" ^' ^^e 
 
 VVehave been experimenting for about nrn? '"^"""K^*. l''««'' specimens, 
 mention that it was our own Can^ian Jll. i?^T'' ^'^^ ^'•«"'« g'*««- T might 
 into American agriculture Seve^.^ "/T"' ^*'''''' .'"Produced this%aluable grass 
 
 beginning of the Lperimental Farm Zt\T\r^''''^ ^'^^ Russia atTht 
 «mall packages all over the country wTerever we .h'w'' '"^^ '^«" 'H«tri bated in 
 to-day the best grass of all that wl \ • thought it would be useful It is 
 
 wherever it has been tried Them al^tv a ' T^'^f^u '^"•' '"« g'^en good ' resd s 
 go;.!. It has the udvan age of Sng a J^r^''"''' ^r'^'™'^ 
 w>ll grow. It is extremely early Ind coiu^ir'^P ^^^'\ "''^ ^'^ "'her varieties 
 than that it is not only suited to W-lyT". Zds^h.T'."^ ^^'' '"^ ''>« ^'^"- ^^re 
 the high dry lands of the North-west amlMrS'n i T «'''''" excellent results in 
 croft, which is in one of the dry sectbns of Br isl. O .""T- ^'- ^^"^""'^"- "^ ^^h 
 received only yesterday, and tells me that he h-^ • '"T'^'*' ^"'es to me in a letter 
 particularly well. Down the Okarga„ v^ f "^^^^^^^^ '' '^'''' »"^' that it is doing 
 
 IB also being grown. A small packet contain^n. a fl^^^ " another dry section, this gra^f 
 Rose Brothers, of Kelowna^nd Xen ? ;Wte7theTr ^ '^' ''''' was sent to Meirs 
 their farm, and was doing better th^n\L 'it ^^^"^ '^ ^*« ^ conspicuous object nn 
 on Its .jualities come in constantly from all over ritrT *^''r" 'j'^''^- *^'"'''^'' '"eports 
 Mr t'u' ^T^' '^"'' «"« ^hich Lkes it vaLblet;"tt nTu "^ '^' ""^''^ ''haracteris- 
 Mr. McKay did not lay as much stress on th?«lV^. North-west, is its root growth, 
 when speaking of it he was drawn oT l^ a ' esK ' ^t"^^ '^ ^« *"^^-'«d. because 
 which will prevent the soil from blowing •1"^''^'°"- The Brome grass makes a sod 
 
 '' I. 
 
 f i f '•] 
 
 h 
 
 
I>R. JAMES FhHrcHKH. 
 
 In MiiniloltH Timothy ih now nn»wn to a liir^o extont in wnne wctioiiH, ami by 
 fonniiig a wui nnifli iinpioveH the condition of tim soil und prnvt-nts l.iowin^r, which 
 ttives it ft Mptial valui«. Uroin« Kniss Iiiim thi» quality ami to a larKcr dcKree It 
 Jias t.K., another cliaiacteriHtiu 1 hIi .ul.l like t^. mention, imh-ed, it has ho many 
 K(kk1 .iualiti.'H that one Ih npt to think we ni;.y Iw .'xagjieratinK when de«cnbing 
 them This fharacteristic is that, unlike Timothy and neatly all other ){r«Hs,.H, there 
 is little decrease in the value of the hay for feed even when it is left standiiiK until 
 the seed is ri|H«. This is owing U) a fH-culiar habit of growth by which i.fter the 
 tlowerin ' stem has »)een protlucetl, several other supplementary barren sh(x.t8 which 
 do not flower spring up from the ro«.t. These sh.n.ts are very leafy and a<ld inuoh 
 to the value of the hay. Mr. Sliutt, our chemist, has found that the hay from which 
 the ripe seed has l.een threshed, is almcml of the same value as that cut at the proper 
 time iu8t after (lowering, and the grower has Iwsides a large supply of valuable seed 
 for which he can always get a ready sale. The hay is of fairly good ciuality and 
 smells sweet like Knglish hay. Mr. McKay speaks of from one and a half to two 
 and a half Urns as an average cnip. Here, we have had at the rate of four and a 
 half ti nsof hay. I have a letter from Mr. Wm. Hull, who ha>* an irrigated farm near 
 Calgaiy, in which 1 e tells me that he cut 900 tons oH' 200 acres, from which he 
 would have got nothing without irrigation. 
 
 Mr. Mc(JuE<ioK.— With the native grasses one ton of hay is goo«l growing. 
 
 Mr. Fi.KTciiKH. -Yes, but that is without irrigation. 
 
 By Mr. McMillan : 
 
 Q. Have you reference to a small plot 1 
 
 A. One-twentieth of an acre. 
 
 Mr. McMm.lan.— As farmers we would rather see an acre. 
 
 Mr. Fi-ETciiKK. — Ye , we have that this year. 
 
 Hy Mr. Dutujhi* : 
 
 Q, Has any experiment been made with this gia-i^s on alkaline land? 
 
 A. Not oil lan«l classed as alkaline, but at the same time it has been grown on 
 lands containing a great deal of alkali, and has given goo«l returns. Mr. McKay is 
 now testing it on "alkaline" s|K»ts at Indian Head. 
 
 Mr. DouoLAs.— That is an important point, because so much land is now going to 
 waste, and it wou'd \w. important if a success was made in this respect. 
 
 Mr McKav. -We have some alkali on a very low part of the farm and it is 
 growing there as well, if not better, than on other parts. I believe it is a great success 
 
 on alkaline land. ... i i * ui 
 
 Mr. FLKTriiKH.—With regard to the hay, it is particularly sweet and palatable. 
 Any one going into Mr. McKay's barn notices the sweet smell like English hay 
 and moreover the cattle are verv fond of it. It holds its leaf which gives it a peculiar 
 value Most grasses after they flower deteriorate rapidly, but as smm as this is in flower 
 it begins to increase in value from the numl)er8 of supplementary shoots which are pro- 
 duced, so that when it is threshed for seed you have a valuaV»le fodder in the straw. 
 
 By Mr. Roijers : 
 
 Q. When and how should it be sown 1 . . 
 
 A. In the west, it recjuires to lie sown alone, because the young plants dry out in 
 August when sown with a mother crop. 
 
 By Mr. McMiUan : 
 
 Q. As it grows from the bottom, would it not be too troublesome? 
 
 A. It may probably be some trouble to get rid of it again, from the running 
 root-stocks: but if you examine the root I have here, you will see that it is near the 
 surface, and for the same reason it, like couch grass or " Quack," can be taken out of 
 the land by shallow ploughing. 
 
 Q. 
 
 A. 
 
 Brome g 
 as uiead( 
 
VA/MAfiLK ronhKIt GN.USKS. AXO WKKhs. 
 
 in i/ 
 
 .11 wa!:^ ^^'^^'---^^ k -k..H a ,„,at ..... ..f ,a..u.. to take out ; w„ ,.ave tn«. it 
 
 tlwu. l.n.louKl.i„« iie«,, ■"' ^"" •-■*" «•" "' '^ '^ W*--^ «'«'»' 'H-ttcr l.y nhalluw ploughing 
 ^r^'i''^u:y:\u"Z,;!:'::^ ^'l-'^innan. ....f..,^ tl... M.....ti,.. 
 
 «fha...t, ,„,.s,„uel. US it is very L.V „. L /X ^W . '"' " *'••'"'"'' •"»f«"-.cJ 
 
 «m.sm..n t.. sell an.l fann.Ms V., 1m-.,w T. t tw " "' '." r'"'"'' '' ^""'•' W 
 
 N..rth,.rn lUu.- Joint ar. ti.e «ra.',rtluU cl d/tl . "^7* '''*' "'••""'• K''^- "".l the 
 exp..rM„..„tal tar,„ at this .in.e of th., y. a 'J^.l 7" "^ ":"''^' '."'" "'"' ^ ''^i'" the 
 
 •o the ve,,. top, hav.. a la..«.. ..^ntit/oH^.^l^n,, a-t^^rill'tlLl;;;!' "'^ '^•^^""' "^ 
 Ay Mr. Semph ; 
 
 A (i* -r .'''"'■^""'>' "» '"'«-Il''-.t Krowth f.,r tho :»8th of Mav ? 
 A. \es. ,t ,.s a very «..., ,,...,,vtl, an.l particularly thisl'll^ 
 
 Jii/ Mr. IUhjivh : 
 
 ^l l>'M'.s it l)ef.Hne s.KMec. / 
 
 ^.^ ;M^r'£,';:.i '3,,"' -rzi?,?;- , '•''"^ " "t '";"■ >"' '- "- p'- 
 
 tlie best n-sults. ^ '^ *""• '""^ to leav« any land in -.vw.s to give 
 
 % ^»/r. Mvdreyor : 
 y. How is it a.s a feeding grass? 
 
 ^^^^^^^::ii^z:::t^^i:r rt^'^-1 ^''^•"- ^i-e value of 
 
 as meadow. "^ *^ ' P""*""- 8"^"** '^^'er having l>een us.m| for 2 or 3 years 
 
 • years 
 
 liy Mr. Car;/!// . 
 
 Q. In Older t.) get a crop .,f that for hav for tl p (\^, 
 your land an.l sow it alone ' ^ "'® ""^^t season y..u would prepare 
 
 )^;^^.^z:^J:::s^i^^,^;-:^^^^^ you ...« ti. troupe of 
 
 All grasM^s would .lo better if thevTer^wnZV.Tt '""''*' '''''8^''^«'^^-'>'"'^-- 
 quite as well. Jf you ...,w some -n-a n with thet ' " ''""■" "''' ^^■'"' ""• '»"••. I'«v 
 
 as you would the we.Hls ; but you must .nl a veT' ^'u '"" ''■'' ^'"'^ "^ *'''■«'"»•■ ''.ne 
 or even less, of barley, r;e or iheat. • ^ ""''" ''"""^'^^ "*' g'''*i».-oue bu«hel 
 
 Jiy Mr. Martin : 
 
 Blue jornt grass, but i::ir^t::Jz^z^ Ti^^i""' T' "^ •""^'' ^'»^- - ^'- 
 
 any of these grasses can be drowne out Tl ^'T'^^^ und(;r irrigation, but, of course, 
 «ightofin.sptikingofintatoritc2ar.i'T.r T """« '""^^ ^^« "'"'t not lose 
 >lountain.s. !vhich is, that Ihrv^^iter^f Cb":^ h '' P'"''"' '" ''"^ '^^^^^ "^'^'^ t»'e Hoclcy 
 a 1 through the sum.ner. so tha^the «rals ca^Z/! ''V' ""'^ T' *" **'« f-ee^ing point 
 districts. ' "^ Srass cannot stand us much water there as in other 
 
 \t 
 
 .'t-j 
 
hR. JAMBS F/.KtCHKH. 
 
 Il;i Ml. M.Mifhni : 
 
 if. Wiiulil it not \h' lu'ttor wlien? it in cut, t<» leiiv*- it for ii k«mkI oov«Tinj( of thoHoil 
 in ♦.li«< Th'IiI I Would you liiiv«> anytliin^ oH' it lU'xt your / 
 
 A. It is ti very iiiirdy xrasH. I tliiiii< it in iiiirilior tlinn uioMtKraHMeH we have tried, 
 Aiul is killnd out loiu«, lui tliat it would not i-equii-e tliiit pr^itcctiun. 
 
 y/y Mr. ( 'nivrt : 
 
 Q. DiN'H it mature iilxiut tli« nhuio tinio lu* Tiniotliy I 
 
 A. Y»'s, alnrnt tlw Hjiinc tiiu*', hut oan be left a little later without ho much Iohsh. 
 
 By Mr. Riigf.m : 
 
 t 
 
 l}. We have heard alnrnt all the >{o<mI (|ualilieM: are there any had ijualitieHt 
 
 A. Heally, r clo not know of any or I sluuild have niintioned ihcni, so as to 
 
 give a little variation. Kor the West it is a nioht valuable intro<luclioii. It is not 
 
 goin^ to Im' (|uite so valuable in the Kast, where we use the whole of our fannn for crop ; 
 
 but in tlie Went it will Im> es|teoially valuable. In the Kjwt, too, the running rcKtt-.stocks 
 
 will be considered troublesonio by a certain class of farniers. 
 
 /ly Mr. L'ar</U/ : 
 
 y, For Ontario, would you reooinniend it ahead of 'I'iihothv or (Mover? 
 
 A. No, (.'lover and Timothy have a special value in Ontario. In addition tf) their 
 intrinsic value, they ha\e an artilicial value, ficmi the hay always having a i;<M»d 
 market. Wherever a man can got iiinie money for Timothy and Clover than for anything 
 else, by all means let him grow them. 
 
 By Mr. Kogfra : 
 
 t^. It would not do to mix clover with llrome yrass, would it ? 
 
 A It grows t«M» heavily, I think ; but I have them growing mixed this year. 
 
 Mr. McMlM.AN —Having visit«'tl the Indian Head Farm, and having gone over it 
 with Mr. MacKay, it has given nie very great pleasure to hear him to-day. I can assure 
 all the gentlemen who have never iieen to Indian Head, if they go there, they will lind the 
 farm in capital condition. I was much pleased with everything I saw on th • farm and 
 everything in connection with it. Then- is no doubt but that Mr. MacKay is doing 
 gojxl work. I have al-o visited the farm at Agassi/. IJoth of these farms are doing 
 excellent work for the farniers in those parts of the country. 
 
 Mr. M('(ii(K(ioit — I was at M<Misejaw for several years, an,! they had the dilliculty 
 there, that Mr. MacKay has s]M)ken of. It was s(\ dry that the farmers could not get a 
 crop and were moving uAay from the distrii-t. I had an interest in the liell farm. We 
 had ditliculty in getting enough yrain to gather a crop. I am pleased beyond measure to 
 know that they have introduct>d this system of sunnner-fallowing, and that it has been 
 attended with such satisfactory results. I have not the least doulit that this is going to 
 be a great country. (^uAppelle and Indian Head were troubled with the drought, but 
 with the e.\pericnce of ten years they have largely overcome tlu; disadvantages. Sum- 
 mer-fallowing is largely overcoming the drought. 
 
y.iU'ARLH FOODS/t >.HASMia. AXO tyA'SOS. 
 
 idd? 
 
 CoMMIITKK llooM 4«5, 
 
 lUnHK uy r'>^^^u,SH,'l\^:HU^^,HhJum, 1897. 
 
 4" 
 
 clay. V..U arc uwa.e that tl... H.,u . ,„ ^ . ^^ . ""•'"'"« '"^""•' "^" ^^''"'""h- 
 Wol.av.. with us this num„« T; L ;, u:!''7''''''''!^^^ "»■ »'- ""«-• 
 
 of the .„«.. ., hi. o..e..v:!;r :;;;rrL:r^.;;h;i'^t." "••" ^^'^^-^'^ ^^^ - 
 
 >•>« 
 
 
 control .i weeds .rul the r/n-Ji ^ ' r ' :!'^'^ ins.cts th„ ..rLlioution ana 
 
 «o,n<wh«. on s,.v,.rul .,c-casi» mm f i V "N""""""*" "P"» whid. f have r..po,.„Ki 
 
 the las, ,„..,.ti„« wh . Z L uT T'" '""' "I''""*""' «'"^-- I '^I-k.- at 
 
 oonlin.u.,1. As a matt; f S t i kit i ' ;'"•' '"•*"'" "^ ^'"'^ «'"''^ '""' "" '>'-» 
 that this grass has solv -d t., a vhpv S^ i '".t say.n,^ too n.ueh wh.a it is stated 
 
 hay in th. ^^.,■th-w.s Vm-i /. -iirL TfanifT'' "'" ''"'""?" "^ '"•"^""'"«' '^^^^'^ -"^ 
 i" the eastern provinees w U ", ,^I ' '' '"'" ,'" "'•' '"''' '"^^••'''•^•-- '^'^ ^'''"e 
 
 a useful, sue .ulent grass. , I , e.^ ^ [veT?"" '""" '' r\ •'"' '"""" " ' ^■'>'- 
 
 r.t„rnsit-,.ro,,Hrniixt.Mesar leflT . ^^"?'^^^^ ^^"' -'i^'" "^ «'»<^J 
 
 not loft too long i g a u i H V "■^' '"•'\^'''-;"' /'"'' '"'^^ ""' ^'"' "'-l-vs are 
 
 manyl«rge(i..|dsof this .rrass •;,."... ■ . ' > "'"g last sun.nirr in Manitol.a I saw 
 
 wereprodueingav'vh :;•" 7^^^^^^^^ 
 
 K.«wn there, in the d^y ^^ is f | , h '( . ^T'"\^""- T^' ."' '""" ^''"f' ' '"'^ '-'« '"'«" 
 with son.e alkali, it has h , " itse n1 "' ' "^ i'"" '! '"^'^ '"''" ''•''"'' ""•' »l-'» ''^"'J 
 
 low, rich lands ^here, of .se ^1 , s ^^^r u'^""'' !' "^T ^"-«^>^ -'1 on 
 su.ceed U.tter than a ,y n:aW^':^Zl ZtorT ^"■""' ^''Vl' '"''' ^"'"'^ '^ ^^i" 
 
 then, for fodder purposes ,. ad.lS .. n 7"'.'^^'.'"" ""y crops wlneh have b-en sown 
 
 if it continued to sueeeed it id th.: ' '''" f'''"' "1 "^" ^'•^P^''i">"<- -f one year, 
 viding a largo supply of «u J^den fee 2 1 ,'' •""""'-'' '^"'"•' ""' 'l""'^''"» "^ P'-o' 
 
 sent year, o;r e,,ll L i.m o^.m el f^^^^^ r"'"/'-'' '>'"i"^' the pre- 
 
 in ..und,er, on account of lusrer^wi^e^t^^^^^^^^^ I'-'" has been very nuuh re.lueed 
 
 winter we have lost n.ore ki ds 0511 1 1 l""" ^^''T' "''""-''• '*»''""' ^he la.st 
 
 winter that we l.ave 4^eSt " Vt. ; ?' ^ T" '"."' """'" ''''""^ ^'••^" *" '"">' "t''«r 
 yoars were entirely kilSr Ce nlan in .1 w '""" ''T^- '" ,""^ '"'''^ *'"' "'"''^ '■• "ine 
 nine years, giving us S cr ns w k^MeT 'T .. "^""'' \ ^^. "^'^ ^*'''''' ^''"^ '"^'' «t'»<>^l for 
 feet down.' Son.t othCnew Sa^ s ! T"^' ''''. r""*^'*^ »»"'»S entirely destroyed for two 
 
 not 1« con.T.ared with o'Urs al? XteZn " """ ^ '".^'''"^ *'"' "''"*"•' ^"'' ^'"'^ could 
 T'le !„.,). ',„- } M,, >^*^*^''''^^ '*''^*"'^"''h«''^elatter pants w.>rpMken-i<v-'-;!)--5 
 
 in aiirereiit nart,„f rnerie„ w. '' 'T' ''""""">I a»"le,i»,.,„lfr„,„ ,ti.,u 
 
PR. fA.VKS FLBtrHKIt. 
 
 to whii'h I n-lVrifd iit tho Itint insptiiiK. It in oilled thi' Noitli.-rn Mlue.loint. It JHiiot 
 <|uil.' tin" Name HH tlic onlirmry hliii' .loiiit, wliidi in toiiiiiion in li.w IhikIn uikI rniiiHln.ii, 
 iirul «i-.>\vs 111 IKK Ntri'iiins mid rivfiM. TIiim Ih ii n«»itht'rii varioty >ind Ims ii !,'iciit. r vuluo 
 an II fiKldiT |iliinl It liitM iiKiiH leaf and tlif nU'iiik hh- iiitlni tiin'r, ami I li-licvi. it 
 will |.n.v.' a N<Ty \aluali!«< ^tiiss. On.. ,.f tli«' pioldi-riiH wlii.li lui^ t<» Imi (..iiHiiificd in 
 toliiid a KiiisHiliat will ({row in tli*>ll(KNled in<>adow.s particularly aimij; tlit- hanks of tho 
 St. hawivnce, wli»'i« there arc a Kicat many aorcs which aro lluodijl in tlio spiin^r. Tho 
 • lucstion \-^m to what kind of KrasM can Ih'mowii |.i<»Htal)ly to taki» ilie place uf thi' coarse 
 .s.'d>{«>* and niai*Nh Kransen which kii.w thiTc naturally. 'I'Iuh jji-ilsh will l,» valual.lc for 
 uw- in this way, as well as the coniinoti lUuc Joint yriws. A varii'ty known bh the 
 Caiiaiy llccd jf|(i>s will also lie a valuable ),'ra«H for this purpose. This is one of the 
 prolileuiH wc are conHiderinjr now. 
 
 WKKIW. 
 
 The next suit ject which has been studied in the Motanical Department at tho Kxpori- 
 mental I'lu in particularly durinj,' the last two years is that relatin- to weeds. Tli it a 
 dee|. interest has iH'en shown in this suitject is evidenced by the larije number of letters 
 received from farmers in all parts of Cana<la. but particularly in Manitoba. Weeds in 
 Manitoba had increased s,, much that the farmers saw they had to take some very decided 
 measures toeiadicate tlieiii or they would become a source of very serious loss. The .Min- 
 ister of A^ricullui'-. the Hon. .Mr. (ireenway. published a veryexcellent bulletin, decidedly 
 the best bulletin that has ever been imblished for the purpose for which it was re.|uired 
 and one which has done a «reat deal of ^.'ood in the country. During the last two sum- 
 mers for a shnrt time, with the permission «.f our Minister of Aijriculture, I have been 
 iiiMaiiitolia lecturing upon weeds, and in that way a uonaideral)le interest has been 
 stirred up in the subject ; and a larjjo number of farmers have beciune acijuainted with 
 the habits of weeds and have been enabled to i<leiitify them. I think there is no 
 more imp(.rt.int infnrmation about weed.s. l..okin>,' to their eradication, than to under- 
 stan<l the iiaiiire of tln'ir «iowth. AIthou«h there are a large number of plantH which 
 are .sometimes ai.'(riessive enemies to fanner.s, the firinciples ujjon which they are t(» bn 
 fought are simple, and really all depend on the nature of the plant, *.*•., on one or two 
 very imjiortant characteristics of each kind, 
 
 CLA88IFIC.\TION OK WKEDs. 
 
 The divisi.)n of all plants into three classes i.s, of course, very important, namely : 
 Those plants which live for one year, those which have a lif.' of two years, and all 
 others which live for many years. Vw those which live for one year, the eradication 
 is simply a matter of preventin« them from .seeding and this ayain a|)pl es to those that 
 live fur two years. If .seeds are not produced the plant.s, of comse, must die out. The 
 iiio,st dithcult class of all to light ajiainst is that known as perennials, or plants which 
 live for many years. Ai;ain, we find tli.it we can divide these up again, fnr purposes 
 of considering how to gc^t rid of them, into those; which root near the surface of the 
 ground, and those which re ot deeply. To get lid of those which root near the .«urfaco 
 of the ground, we have only to prevent their seeding iid by ploughing throw them up 
 to the ail to dry out; but with those which r(jot deejily it is a more dillicult matter; 
 we must f.lou.h deeply, so as to prevent the formation of leaves as long as possiljle so that 
 they may starve; the leaves are necessar to the plants to absorb food from the air. 
 The.se general princi[)les cover the whole of weed eradicati.in ; but we know that in 
 different sections of tho country the same plant may develop different characteristics. 
 As an illusMa:ir.n of this, I ne.'d only refer to the Canada thistle. The Canada thistle 
 about Winnipeg and for a few miles beyond is very troublesome, and is just as aggres- 
 sive to farmers there as it is here. Hut farther west on tlie drier lands tiie Canada 
 thistle is not a weed, is not aggressive, does not produce many sncrls and is no tiouble 
 to keef. down. That is largely a matter of climate. There are many plants which 
 give no trouble here ; but which under different climatic conditions would become 
 weeds In the eastern provinces of Canada to prevent the Canada i histle from becoming 
 our master, we find that mowing early and again alwut September to prevent the 
 leaves from performing their functions and storing ui» nourishment in the rootstocks, 
 
WiUfAliLK tOIUmn UNASSKS, .l.V/* H'KKOS. 
 
 i» tltf Item trniit 
 
 MUlltl 
 
 uu'it' is 
 
 "w.r, we (iriil ihiit it" 
 
 in.rit w,. CUM «iv,. it,. f„ t,„. \V«,t. 
 
 ii<» trotihlf with il 
 
 NiiriiiiH'r f(illt.win;< Ih- i| 
 
 MMII. 
 
 K'owtli. ami if tliH liri.lisl.ruk 
 yi>H lU'liiy HlliiiilliM 
 tlu> till I 
 oiiii oil 
 
 ri 
 
 wifh this, M w«-l| 
 .fi 
 
 »" witli thi> Willi 
 
 <•"•• <arly in .fun,., ,.r h.tn ii 
 
 en II 
 
 (IWH II 
 
 lyi 
 
 lallMMii,j{ tor only » fuiliii«ht | 
 » til.- hin.l |.|ou«l,.^| will U. full „t' 1 1 
 
 .hs,.,,Ih,.,h |....lu.„a>..,J„t ,|..al ..If „„,,,.v .„,,. 
 I' in May or .lii,„. th.-y .an U. era.li.ai,.,l'.a;ilv I 
 
 Miiy. 
 
 wippy -lUTnU-nt 
 
 III;; it until lati> in J 
 
 itiii if 
 
 •«' <'xplaini'< 
 
 tiini) riMxIfrs it nion 
 
 ll.y 
 
 sUSf( 
 
 ll'Hi. I,y th.. ftlil of tl 
 
 iint> or ,1 
 
 •ir;|H»siii^ (hat, ih,. su.vul..nt .'on.l 
 
 •• scanon. 
 
 ri 
 
 ly. 
 
 n\H 
 
 
 K 
 
 i"ll UO« M not N 
 
 |>til.h« to injury, and <| 
 
 ill 'II «if tliH plant at that 
 
 '"<««'.m| with UK|„.r,.. So it in not Hu;.| 
 
 •May MftH in and ihi* w..,.d ml 
 
 otonly .'v.-ry plant n,,,.,!. t.. iH.stn.lir.l ar.o.xl 
 
 I li Hiiiipl.. iiiattfi as at (list 
 
 ""lit. This 
 
 may I 
 
 Muniioha 
 
 pHstN in .suiiw places, and in oti 
 
 tUK to itM growth and .iisirict ; l.ut i>| 
 
 n to have rfon»ni/fd tl 
 
 w<'«'<ls, and Working acn 
 nitioiis of sp«.,ialisiH who I 
 
 lis, a 
 
 Imm- oa.M's not Ih, wce.ls at all. Tli..' f 
 ml ai«. now lindin«outall tl 
 
 >••'< nm. 
 
 pliints 
 
 ''IIM'IM of 
 
 '•••luiK to th)> .•xp.'ri.'iH'.' of oth.-is. Tl 
 
 i''v can learn al 
 
 I aiHiut 
 
 A 
 
 oiiii nrfti/iif' 
 
 iii\»» Mtiidicd (hen 
 
 JH they ^e| fVom thepuldi- 
 
 weeds liy their ri^lit 
 
 " im|M,rtant matter I haM, referred to I 
 
 names 
 
 II 
 
 '"ip'Mtant, and im| or.aiit for H 
 
 >* Mot ihe uiiiiiiportani malt 
 
 H'fore, is the calling .f 
 
 tn ie;,'ard (o mix 
 
 oni! of these pulilication^ 
 
 lou.s Weed 
 
 ■. luid an 
 
 118 ivason, thai iIh 
 y one who rei|uir<-s inf 
 
 <T M si^-niH at HiMt siyht. 1 
 KH'(it deal piililishMl 
 
 re IS a 
 
 deal with, lip will 
 
 W 
 
 Jit't 1 1 
 
 ••St, the mass g,.n.'rally called 
 
 . "Md It hed.K's mil km.wiheiiKht na f ih 
 
 i«' wvoiiii informal ion. I ui|| 
 
 orination is referrwl to 
 
 <' weed he hiiH to 
 
 Tl 
 
 Holy 
 
 or 
 
 'H 
 
 |Uai 
 
 <«'t ^'ra.s.s, the native hav f 
 
 or 
 
 Kive you an illiiNtral 
 
 on. 
 
 couch jjiass" is what is e|vwl 
 
 i.s IS a very deep rooted «ras,s and almo.sl al 
 
 my from whi.h Ihe Imlians iiiak 
 
 III the 
 Ifl-e calli .1 
 
 Ea.st wehaveaiiotl 
 c-ally ditlerent. '| 
 pos.sil.ie, -eiiin.r t,, |7 
 
 i<'ri|iiack;,'iasN,t(Miwellk.. 
 '<) n*-l the liest resultN, howe 
 
 way 
 
 :«' .scented liHsket> 
 ••'•lied .,uack «ra.sHin the Wesi. I,, tl 
 
 nowntouN. Thet.eatmeiitofil 
 
 On the other hand. 
 
 H' loots, a 
 
 nd tl 
 
 but 
 
 in tlie Wost, tl 
 
 irovv 
 
 ii'« »l 
 
 r, here we ploutfli a.s near the snif 
 
 "•'" on to the fop of the .soil to d 
 
 Minpiv priinrd and hel|MM| in t| 
 
 ■'•y would not U. reache.; |,v that .shallow |.| 
 
 le 
 
 lese isdiametri- 
 
 iie«' ax 
 ly out. 
 
 ■•'NUll.s if harrowed when you d 
 <Viiack ;,'ia s in the j 
 
 u-ir Kiovvih, ju.st lis a w 
 
 orn 
 
 yet in .Manitoha ipiaok -,' 
 
 jraine provinces is fai 
 
 lont want to plou-h ii iimil ihef. 
 
 plou;,diinjjr, 
 •III ineailow will j^five 
 
 iHNlialiow and I 
 and 
 
 lere w»' 
 
 ia>s IS not a weed -hecausetl 
 
 more aiiundant tl 
 
 ••llou Mil 
 
 yi-ar. 
 
 pioii-,di deep and try t 
 
 's a cons...|uence .piack yru.s.s is ploughed m.der an.l 
 
 io a li'lN'fleeper each time, than I 
 
 lan III Onl.Mio and 
 ling 
 
 K'le the usual meth.Ml of |,|..u<'l 
 
 iiH'iit hfis I 
 will 
 
 n Itefon'. 
 
 M'cii made that if you tl 
 
 soil. Hut 
 
 'I'l 
 
 lis i.s not the 
 
 now i|uack j;rass on a f 
 
 K'ws vi;L;oiuus|y. Thestatc- 
 
 ca«^e. 
 
 Dur e.\|)eiieiice shows it d 
 
 t ha- not much vita iiy. if 
 
 ••nee and |eav<' it f 
 
 or u wee 
 
 ground roots, which d 
 
 .von take it out of tl 
 
 k it 
 
 ly lip It thrown on tl 
 
 <"'.s uiow if c.veied up, owing to its sn.cul 
 
 lie 
 
 I!,, I 11 , ' , . : •' I " ^"■"""1 <in tin 
 a luid l.y pluuglnng deep and being dragged by a I 
 He i.ead-rows and around ll.e liehis than throned I 
 glass lo ;^M.t nd of, but il 
 
 m surface. || i 
 
 •'lit under- 
 
 very often dis.seminate( 
 
 larniw across the Held, lying 
 
 la 
 
 ,' more in 
 
 Th 
 
 litl 
 
 IS not asdilKcuItas.som.. of thefa 
 
 some 
 
 well to havi 
 
 prevalent ami occurs in | 
 
 <'r«'nt chaiacterislics of weed 
 
 »' crop It i,s not. certainly, an easy 
 
 i,i <l... «• _ • . 1 •' .J 
 
 (now 
 
 s are sometimes hard I 
 
 rmers in the country think 
 
 nbuiul 
 
 \V 
 
 aiice will make it 
 
 est, fiom absorl 
 
 l«'dge of their bad point.s. One is tl 
 argenumbers, even ifit is m.t .liHicuil 
 source of danger and lo.ss t.i the f 
 
 o recogni/e, liut it is 
 
 lal w here a 
 
 w»>ed JM 
 
 fact of its I 
 
 i-i'ing th.. moisture from Ihe soil, whid 
 
 inner, 
 
 wmgin large luimlieis d 
 
 I IS rec 
 
 to gi'f rid of, its wiy 
 I'articulaily in the 
 
 reminded of a litMe w.-ed tl 
 
 juiied for iho crop; but tl 
 
 Weed of the \\ 
 
 not prove that it is .lillieult to erad 
 
 the Southern States the fa 
 
 V-st, the seed of wliici 
 
 If .small Hag Weed of ( )ntario. Tl 
 
 icate 
 
 F 
 
 le 
 
 am 
 
 well known to millei 
 
 iM IS not the giaiii l{ag 
 
 tl 
 tl 
 Tl 
 
 •en^ to a height of si.v and eight feet, and f 
 leni that tie I?,.,. U'„...i .... ■ . '. 
 
 rmers i- gard consider the Hag We.nl as tl 
 
 's as " crowii weei 
 
 II 
 
 leir manure It "i 
 
 ni that the_ Hag We.-d, with which tl 
 
 iirmeis w.iuld think a man foolish wl 
 
 • )WS 
 
 told 
 
 i<^y oay that it is their nianu 
 
 I • 1< I I -•-«»ii •w«f||,-<||| Willi lOlt 
 
 .eir helds are coyer..,!, should be era.licated 
 
 _armer to •'niertain, that it will ,„ak 
 lere is no weed, exc 
 
 r«> and tlu'y plough it in. It 
 
 Tl 
 
 e an atUiili 
 
 )e put back again by plougl 
 
 pt perhaps clo\ er, which d 
 
 <»n to the .soil by plougl 
 
 IS a nnsta en notion fi 
 
 my 
 ling in this weed. 
 
 Iiecause f 
 
 armer.s, ai d indeed 
 
 are open to him. It is f 
 futu 
 
 ever 
 
 ling It in. 
 •ybody, 
 
 It 
 
 loes not take na.re from ihes.iil 
 
 tl 
 
 lan 
 
 18 
 
 ar easier to I Rave weed-s 
 
 is too dangerous a thing f, n-conimend. 
 apt to choose the ea.sy course, if 
 
 re tune you will plough them in, thiu; U^^ ^^i^'l^^ 
 
 growing with the idea that at 
 
 two oourses 
 
 some 
 
 cle 
 
 iin all the time particu- 
 
10 
 
 Dli. JAMES F LETCH UK. 
 
 larly if you can persuade yourself tliat it is a wise plan to do so. It is a dangerous 
 plan because in tiiis way many weeds are allowed to ripen seed and are then 
 plouf,'hed in. 
 
 Some plants profluce an enormous quantity of seed. Here is some seed I have with 
 me, of a plant called the Tumbling Mustard, and one plant is capable of producing one and 
 a half million seeds, and you .see it is a very small seed. A remarkable point in 
 reganl to this is the large numl)er of seeds it produces, and also the large development of 
 the plants which come from the-se. .Millers do not mitid this wet.'d, because the seed is 
 easily cleaned from grain. The metlujdof distribution of the seed is an injportant point 
 with regard to a weed. The downy seed of the Canada Thistle, for instance, is distri- 
 buted largely by means of winds, and some seeds which have hooks or barlwd spines on 
 them are distributed l)y reason of thase, through the agency of various animals ; some 
 for instance are very troublesome if they get into wool. The obnoxious characteristics 
 of .some weeds are indicated by such means as Hevils Weed, Blue Devil, White Devil 
 and similar names. 
 
 FOISOXOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Some few plants are obnoxious fiom their pois(ming ([ualities, and we should be 
 particularly careful with these. They aro not many in number, but some of our native 
 plants are very poisonous, and on the north-western prairies and in British Columbia I have 
 known some instances of cattle and horses being jxiisoned from eating wild plants. One, 
 Cowbane, wrongly called "Wild Parsnip", which has white Mower, grows in wet lands all 
 through the prairie region. Tliis is one of tho common species, and farmers should carefully 
 clean the land of these poisonous and injurious plants. There are some weeds which have 
 grer, vitality to resist all ordinary methods of eradication, and then we must use some 
 special means of cleaning the land ; these have to Ve modified ac.iording to the species. 
 A method which has been used with advantage is the use of " smother crops." 
 
 ^fty;';.— Some good work has been done in Western Ontario by growing rape. It has 
 to be cultivated till late in the season and covers the grounil very heavily, and I think 
 it would be a useful plant for much more general use in cleaning land as well as for 
 producing a large quantity of good feed for stock. 
 
 CVofe/-.— To seed down heavily with clover is an excellent plan, and clover adds so 
 much to the fertility of the siil, that I think it would be wise if the principle was 
 established that clover .should lie sown with all crops. It can he sown advantageously 
 in that way, if only for the value it adds to the fertility of the soil as well iwTfor its 
 usefulness in cleaning the land. Certain weeds are introduced with clover seeds, and we 
 have to be on the watch for these. None . f them are very noxious weeds, and, although 
 a good many weeds have been introduced through clover, this has been due more to seeds- 
 men selling dirty cheap seed than to the practice of growing clover in the way I have 
 mentioned. 
 
 The prevalence of weeds is a cause of loss to farme s on account of the difliculty in 
 separating their setds from grain. Millers have now a special invention for cleaning 
 grain of seeds that are injurious. The cockling machines have been found very good 
 in bringing down the number of injuri usseeds which were very troublesome in the mills, 
 through their similarity in size to grains of wheat. 
 
 Another seed which is very troulilesome and the one most disliked by western 
 millers, is that of the Giant Rag Weed, this seed is detested by millers because it is 
 aljout the same size and weight as a grain of wheat, and they can neither sift nor blow 
 it out. It is very desirable that farmers should, if possible, use clean .seed grain, and I 
 am glad to say that more care is now being taken to clean grain thoroughly before 
 sowing. If farmers do not give their attention lo this very soon, the millers will 
 refuse to buy from them altogether. Grain has been much cleaner this year than last. 
 A knowledge of the seeds of weeds is very important, because if a farmer finds foul 
 seeds in his grain these should be recognized, so' that he may not sow his grain in a dirty 
 condition. 
 
 The percentage of weed .seeds in a sample of grass seed may be very high and yet 
 be hardly noticeable without careful examination with a magnifying glass. It is with 
 the seeds of crops that many weeds are introduced into the country, this only shows what 
 
VALUAHLE FOUDEH U/USSES, ANI, WEEDS. 
 
 183? 
 
 11 
 
 clean seed fn..n -edsnfenrthe L Ln I ^.ulv will 71"'' ''",' ^'"•>' •^'-"d '-' ve 
 seed well cleaned. 8ome of ti.e weed In S h take special pains to have their 
 
 trouble have not been found very tl In ttStn^^'^ntr ^'^'^^ "' ^'^"^^'^-'^^^ 
 
 into StrrS:::! w{;l:h\:i:;;t't;w;?tn o!;;e "r •^-" ^"^'-^--^ ^^^"^-^ 
 
 has not proved a very troublesome weed here but i.l'" ^^ T'^ ^'^'"'^ '^"^ ^^'''•^h 
 to spread that it is a bad weed. It has M^n';,! V '"'\,'''"^'\ '« Manitoba by its power 
 tain. It is an ag«re.ssive wee. w -h Mo ..s T th '"'f i"/'"' '^"^•^'>' ^^I-"" 
 spread very fast over hundreds and i ou X.f . ''\T'"^ {nnuly, and having 
 enen.y and dealt with accordingly. It Z.' e u v n H . ^'"' *" '"^ '"^""-"'"'^ - ^» 
 
 ^a// 1/../.,. / A , " ^ " 'P'"' "•" '> "^ ^''« «"»>« ^ay as n.ustard does. 
 
 ■oaii Jlitstanl. — Another wop/1 rst ♦!,« 
 
 because the seeds are contained n1 Httl ro "d ^r.^" ^ ''^^'^ ^••■^"^'' '^'^" "^^-tard, 
 does not open at all ; this plant has prS .' . ^l m" "'' ^'^ ^''- ^ ^'>"*' -hi«h 
 grown. T saw one area of iiOO acr.-s oui?- o u t C ' f"""*''^ ^''"^'^ ^^''e'lt is 
 farmer said to mo "it does not do much a^ni " l.ut wh ""? "'"' ""'' '"'" ^^'^d- A 
 he found that he had reaped olf that I in v 1 i 7 ? ^'^ "''"^^ ^° ^''''^sh his wheat 
 
 got had that weed not grown there '' '"''"''' "* """'"'^ ''^^^ than he would have 
 
 n.to b^we^r(^:^;t,;^P-:-^-;X^ --der special conditions, develop 
 
 known as Pepper (Jras., belonging tTte^u ft r.s'u^^:","^'^.^^ ^™'- ''^ ^''^t is 
 but produced in enor.nous ..umbers I J i T ^ ^^lu^tard. The seeds are small 
 w th a great n.any branches ™,^:,w,;^^^^^^ fron. 6 inches I, g. 
 
 what is died a Winter Anni.il ThTn f ' ""K ''''"*-^'' '"'^'^'•« two seeds. It is 
 
 There are son.e plants wfudM-ipen S.' S; iX t f" ""'^ "•. '7 '''^'•^ ^"-t^-- 
 the autunm, and, instead of being killed irthe f ott litrn '"'"" u'^'u "'"'" ^^nninate in 
 of a lat rosette of leaves on the ground in he same' w H''^^ '^^ '''''''' "^ 'he shape 
 are then ready the next year to tl row "thdr stem ^ A 'V >"^'' P'-'^'^^s lo ; they 
 wet seasons this plant instead of beiri smi 1 n . T? ^'f""'' «*^^^'« <l"ifkly. I^ 
 large tree-like p'ant, 18 inches 1 igh vh c o ^ ;"^h:^'' ^^" '"?'-''- d-'eiops^.ito a 
 proper development. This calls attention .\7 7^ f ^°""" '''^"""^ '"»! prevents its 
 practice whic'h so.ne have t^rnV:.^:^!^'^'^, '' ^ "^^ "''^^ '^ '-^-- tLe 
 sowmg their grain on stubble, instea< of Z-^hi: M ''' .^"Jorth-wes. Territories, of 
 hey sow wit:, a p.-ess drill 'o.rthourTf'th^ 
 
 there ,s a risk that th.se bien.ual weeds or wi . '^ ^y^"""' *^ ''"'"« "^ ^^«t spring 
 
 gran, and a huge Kx,s will occur "^on. T ereT'" '' T", ''^"'"P ^'"'^^^ ''' ^h^e 
 ■same class. The value of the method of su,m..e f!n '■■"' ^'^''T ^^«l'>"ffi"g to this 
 where the,-e is someti.nes not ,,«ite e.' c^^h raL w " '"^' '" • '^'" ^^'^•^*«''" ™"ntry 
 
 a the .neeting at which he ac dres-^d he ColSe^ "^^ ^7 '"''^">' '*>' ^^'^ ^^'-''^'^y 
 at that ti.«e .so that it is not ne^ssary fr.-e ; M *'''" T^^ 
 Idea generally held in regard to sum.nerSow n "Tn H "^ f "f ''"" ""^^^ ^»t the 
 are not .naking the best use of ourTnd ai.d thft bv h' T' "* ,"" '"""'"'y '^ '^-''^ ^^e 
 labour which we have available we sh;i Inl^n "tilling the 
 
 n>o.-e mnsture is not necessary ' This ; ' '^blrthr " ''""'''• ^' '^ -"sidc-ecf that 
 m the West it has been shown that surner-^n "'''''" '"''"^ P^ 
 M.ickay told us that the farme,-s wo ^uZ^l^^^^^f '\"'' T"'''^' "^""-'ty. Mr. 
 d.d .lot su.muer fallow, did not get good XS"- ^'^^^ ^ ""''^"' "'"^ ''^"'^^ '^^' 
 ture winch is ..etained in the land by th.s .netl.od T ''^rr^'^'^^ i« in the ,..ois- 
 
 somotin.es done too late on .locount of the '^"'"'ner-fallowing in Manitoba is 
 
 n,d.vi.lmd faunae.-. Tt should he do e be o.e h?i 'trTll "'';"^ "" '"^ ^'""' ^>>^ -^^ 
 of the weeds which g.-ow in su.nn.er allows haiennl ? ., "'^' "^l""' ^'''"^'^ ^^^e most 
 one or two which h.ive not rioened fheir. 7 l^T^ *''®"' ''^^'^'' '^"^ there are only 
 erib^d as weedy pla..ts than ^ weeds "ndte'" t' 1T' '"' ^'»^^^ -'« '-"er de!j 
 
 s— d:^-:rx^.^-&^^ 
 
 others. Instances of such plants ^^^^Z^Z^^ZZ, S;;S'Sire:r 
 
i » 
 
 12 
 
 DR. JAMES F LETCH EH. 
 
 Tlie liietDiiaf Woriiiinmd. — This weed is called False Tansy frmi its resemblance to 
 that well known plant. It produces a larger nuinbef of seeds but it does not flower as 
 early a-i ni my other plants, so that by the use of spring ploughing or sumiuer-fallowing 
 it can b») kept down. In Manitoba, Timothy i-s now being very much more grown than 
 it was in the past. T saw many excellent Timothv fields in Manitoba, of, .sometimes, loO 
 and 200 acres. The farmers tliat were growing Timothy wanted, of course, the hay 
 that it would produce, but the chief object they had in view when sowing it was to turn 
 the sod into the ground to increase the amount of fii)re, so that if there were heavy 
 winds in the spring it would hold the land, and more than that, the best wheat that is 
 produced is on sod land which has been ploughed down. 
 
 By Mr. McMillan : 
 
 Q. What do you do to cxtermiiiate the ()x-eye Daisy ? It is spreading rapidly. 
 
 A. Yes ; the Ox-ey.i Daisy is .spreading rapidly in Ontario and has spread to a 
 nmrvellous degree all over thf Maritime Provinces. Tlie best treatment that I have tried 
 is to seed to clover, and cut it early. The Ox-eye Daisy belongs to the peienniid class of 
 plants, it does not sprea 1 by running roots but by oH'sets growing near the surface. 
 Thus i'' the infested land is seeded down to clover, and then after cutting one or two 
 crops of clover, the lea is ploughed up, the roots of all the plants are killed, and you 
 only have to tight new .seeds l)rought in. It is a curious. thing, but I believe that the 
 spread of such a weed as the Ox eye D.aisy is hugely due to the Ivauty of the tlowers, 
 so many ladies pick them as they go along the roadside and wear them. And like many 
 other plants similar to the smitlowei, there is .sap enough in the stalk to ripen the seeds 
 after the tlowers have opened. If you root up Ox eye I)aisies and throw them on the 
 ground, there is often enough sap left to ripen the seeds. A great niany peopln grow 
 the plant for ornament, and thus the .seeds are scattered. I persuaded three people in 
 Manitoba to root up plants of Ox eye Dai.sy which they had growing in their gardens 
 for ornament. They have not thi.s plant as a weed yet in Manitoba. But one thing is 
 certain : it is a plant able to thrive there if it once gets a footing, and it will do so unless 
 they take steps to prevent it. For over '20 years it has been one of the greatest pests 
 in the East, particularly in New lirunswick, and elVorts are being made to get farmers 
 to eradicate it by seeding down their land to clover. 
 
 A Model Farm. — Mr. Fisher is my Minister now, and it may be thought bad taste 
 to refer to him, but I cannot help lemarking upon the fact that on his farm, which is 
 in the middle of a district infested with Ox eye Dai.sy, you cannot find a plant. That is 
 simply the result of turning out every year with his men, on one day-their daisy day — 
 and seeing if- there is a daisy to be 'ound ; and they look for eve y plant and cui it out 
 and destroy it. Today th 're is tiot a plant of dai.sy to be found on his farm. It is a 
 most troublesome weed, and one which has shown by its power of spreading to be very 
 dangerous I have seen it .stated in some books that it makes yood feed for animals. It 
 does nothing of the kind, for cattle won't < at it, and though they may eat it mixed in hay, 
 they won't eat it in a pasture ; sheep won't e it it either. I .saw in one book that the 
 writer .said it was better than even clover for renovating worn-fmt lands. No one 
 could think I he Ox eye Daisy a good plant to grow after seeing its prevalence in Canada. 
 
 Mr. McMir.LAX. — I bought a farm and on it was a spot covered by Ox eye 
 Daisies, four rods lon'jf and two rods wide, where a fence had been set. I took up the 
 fence, summer fallowed the land for two years and kept the surface clean. The first 
 year I got no plants but the second year they were as bad as ever. I took salt and 
 used it with veiy fair effect ; but these plants were soon as bad as evei-. The only 
 remedy is to seed down with clover. 
 
 By Mr. Sproule : 
 
 Q. Does it propagate by seed? 
 A. By seeds and off-sets. 
 
VALUAt^Lt; FOIWEH aiiASSES, AXD WEEDS, 
 liy Mr. MiGrctjor : 
 
 lad? 
 
 IS 
 
 have worked for 10 years. I an, certa n th fn/ " '"'"'""« " «'"'^'«» ""w, which I 
 but I have .nustard 'every sprin'^^itrkJe; ^0/;:.'"'' "' "" ^''"^ "^"^ '^^ ^^^^ 
 
 ^'"^ ''"'«" ^'"."/'.—Keferrin" to whaf Vr \r Ml, 
 Eastern Townships an extre.,,ely aggret^Vwe^nf uS ""^ ^^ .^'^'^' *'-^« - i" the 
 .« known as the^ Paint Jirush, or thrOe" 's Pai t u . ''"u '^ u' ^"''^ ^^^^^s, and 
 It has been studied at the Vermont Exnerim,M f t,. ' \^^,''- P^^'^ilee will know 
 practical treatment w.s using one andTeS Ln^on.rf '^7 ^"""^^ *'"^^ ^''« '-^t 
 found th,s did not aflect the |rass iniuriouslv L I f ^ b.oadcasi, to the acre. They 
 
 weed. The trouble in the Ka,stern T^shTns an ; / '"'P'"'"^ ''' '^"' '^ destroyed Z 
 
 many upland n.ountain pastures it il^nTZS to tZ'""':!"?^ T^'"'''""^' '«' 'hat on 
 weed becomes established it spreads raSv 1 a ^ """ ''■'"•'' "^^ '^at when this 
 
 with salt is the only satisfactory reat S v.-t dL.T '. ""' '^'' '>""'''■ '^op-diessi,,^ 
 small experiments have been tried .n Sn *h '.f ^'^'^^''^^^ « «f "d of the weed. Some 
 after some years of expe.-imentin.s ProS^ Jots "^^ '''' "-'^- "o-ever! 
 
 tion, finds that one and one-half \onsSsal^^\eacr^ ^'"^^^ Experiment Sta- 
 V.^/"'l,*''" •« *^n important dis. overy, because i ml '■\"'^^'"^f '« "S'-t quantity, 
 of the Eastern Townships and Vermont t^save their n? ^?'''''" ^°'' 'he farmeVs 
 IS rather expensive, it well repays itfuse Some of ^ 7 ' ^°'' ''"^"«'' *he remedy 
 have obtained equally good results. "^ ""*" ^*''™«''« have tried it, and 
 
 whiciftb'a^rhtf ^sp;ci:,eL"Ttt;L'c";s^^ ■"^•■^^"-^ --^ of 
 
 and ,s a pretty plant, which is sometin.es arown iA i' ^^''•"^" '" '^e Pink family, 
 Manitoba by the Mennonites. Many of fheTe neonle '' " ""** introduced int^ 
 cheap seeds, with which they introduced those^f ^"'^ P'^"" '^"^ ^^^ey bought 
 among then, the Cow Cockle. This okntTro Jc f . /"'"^ troublesome plants 
 on^twelfth inch in dia.neter, blaTk^nlrXt y Incl M i'f 'if '*'• ^^'^ - 
 fields^ It has spread in Manitoba, and in Sou{hT»n.> i ''■°"''>'^so™e in grain 
 crowding out wheat. It forms a large succulent nflT.^^ T'"*'''^ large area., 
 across. In going through the Mennontfe settlement^ S "* %'' ^'^^ ^"^ '^^ ^^e 
 !"?»«!""»« way the farn.ers were tighting aeainsTthe wl ^T-\ ^ u ''^'' ^^^^'^ '« «^« the 
 introduced by purchasing poor seecl from RuS and ^^r'''''*^^.'^ ^ad un.loubtedly 
 best to eradicate the w'eeds. All spe™k S^^n andTo '" ^^.%"'' '^"'"^^ 'hei^ 
 soon as some of the English speakin^settlers the h'" ^°f ^M^ently did not learn so 
 but when the Manitobt govirnment sent on7 „ ^'"' °^ neglecting these enemies- 
 set to work with German ^ertinadty to Imp out"the ne?" {'"."• "^'^^ *« ^°' 'bey' 
 country, one may often see whole families nuZ<.wp« 1 ^T' '•" ''''-ving through thV 
 all through the crop until the wholTt 'd'^t 1,ee„ tX ? 
 
 farmers here often do with mustard-pull it ud and T" ^l^'^ ^^"'<^ ^'" ^s our 
 where It smothers the crop and ripens iL seed B^ H ri. '' 'l*'^'" "" 'he ground, 
 large flax sack over his .^.oulder?, and al the o^her li*''"" "^ '^' ^''"^^^y ^^"-"^^ a 
 
 hands are full and empty them inti tSe ba i w£ L ^^ ^' '^''/'n*" ^™ ^^''en their 
 side of the field, where the weeds a,e piVd up and b, rn^ T '' ^"" *'' '^ ^'"'"'^^J ^o the 
 method of life among these people is to live Tn "ui "es 1^' ^''^ '^''^ P'-«bably aware, the 
 raorning and taking their din„e,s with tK^ te'leav?t? ""' *" "'^"" ^""""'"^ '» '^e 
 the field, have dinner around them in (,he middK I T ''T"'' '^^ ^'e side of 
 villages at night. Every night they can- bad i..? ''''>'' ^^"^ «" '>^^k to their 
 
 ront of every house in the Monnon^itH I a::f t.^ i"' IT"",^ '^ 'T' ^^ "^^^«' ^^-^ '- 
 burn their weeds. This shows what thesl" peopl7are 1^' T'^' ''^P'^' where they 
 H remarkable result on the condition of that conn rv n f^f ""'^ '' •^'*"""' ^"^ hav^ 
 farmers in Manitoba three years ago and to d thern^T I T-'' ^^^^en I n.et the 
 
 me You want to go down to the 4nnonite countTv t? .'. ""^^'"^ "^^^'^' '^^y said to 
 All I can say is, that the Mennonites can ::ZZ;^:]:'ZCi:i'l:^ ^^soTetf 
 
 ■j^ 
 
 II 
 
 li 
 
14 
 
 Dli. JAMES FL ETCH hit. 
 
 our farmers in the better parts of Canada. Millers tell n.e that they are gf trng much 
 cleanrrZin now from southern Manitoba. The farn.ers have learne^d tha ,t will pay 
 them o''et rid of these weeds, an.! their it.dustry has prcM^ed to them the truth of 
 whTt had been told them, namely, that with care every weed could be eradicated. 
 
 Bi/ Mr. McMillan : 
 The Morning Glory.-Q. We have a creeping weed with a little pink flower ; do 
 
 vou know what it is? . >,i,^„„9 
 
 ^ A Is the flower about an inch across like a small Mornir.- Glory \ 
 
 Mr. Ebb -It is a w. ' Morning Glory. We have it .n our neighborhood and it 
 
 '"" * m7 FMH-It is one of the worst weed pests and one of the most persistent 
 which 1 as eenntoduced from Europe. T am trying some treatment tins year w th 
 Tal to ee f T cri Hnd a means of eradicating it. It does not prcKiuce m this country 
 verv many seed or flowers, but it has an enormous develop-ment of underground 
 stems I have a specimen in my oflice. the underground stems of which are over four 
 SeH; length The undergrouncl system of stems and roots is very extensive and leat^ 
 
 bear n-^ 2^^ f'-*'«ly'^" «^^'- '^^ P^tch when once estabhshed. We 
 oearin„ hnoui,« iiic n. i_ j «„Uf;„„ «,\r t.hree vears. and we 
 
 ree years, 
 
 have 
 
 have a natch on the farm which we have been hghtmg tor . - 
 
 found that t^s one of the most persistent weeds, and none of the treatments m the 
 
 way of ap^lyingTalt or chemicals have succeeded so far, but we hope soon to get a 
 
 ''^™'77<; Perennial .?o,«-<Aus<^«. -There is another weed, which is rightly causing much 
 
 me ^'''^'"'^Ji , Perennial or Field Sow-thistle. This generally makes its 
 
 :lZrr:'^n ™ i. a mor H i estricted patch ; each plant will throw out fifteen 
 
 orTwenv shits around a central stem which bears three or four la-ge conspicuous 
 
 and that will smother anytliing. 
 
 By Mr. Parmalee : 
 
 Ifnrd f/nck Weed -Q. Have you any treatment for the Hard Hack weedj 
 
 A None txS pulling it out and burning it. Mowing seems impossible. The 
 
 bl fatch by hand, but whei it covers large areas this is very expensive, btock does 
 no't seem to eat it, except when it is very young. 
 
 weed, while in Ontario it is in most places rare. 
 
 DESTRUCTIVE INSECT PR8T.S. 
 
1897 
 
 I>EST/fC("fJVE FRUIT /'ESTS. 
 
 to the country. You, V,.ni\nn.n^^ul^^^^^^^^^ "^'''' ""-^' "^'-'"^ '""-^-"« S 
 
 asked alK)ut this, and it is just /is well Tf von ..f ^ ^ ^ •'' r'^"^t't»«nts and you may be 
 ex'je< in,dy dirticult to n.ut and veTy h -^"0 3e eel X'/"? ^" '"r^"-- ^L seal's 
 to hnd Ks to wash the fee. with a stron solut on J w ''T' '?"''>■ ^'^ '"^^-^ l^^^" '^ble 
 agitation .n the West to have prohibitivrie 1?" "/ p"' *"' '^""f- ^here is son.e 
 sock, through which this scale is Tn fJu^ Z. 1^ .''"'"^ 
 
 at all. After studying the n.atter I havelt ^t e.^L"^' "■^"^''^ '"^^ »»'« «'"»try 
 to recommend such legislation. All I cm slv i. T H ^ ""7 '" '''^^"^^ ^he Minister 
 fully m the United States, and I th nk I know of'.II /r"- T'^''^ '' 'P'^^^ ^ery care- 
 proved to have been introduced into Canada Resoth '? *"r\'" "^'^'' '* ^ai been 
 . M ?' T-*'"" ^^"•'"'' "P'"'«" demands it so f r Tl T'^' ^^ '^"^ *" legislation, 
 
 should be directed towards finding out the'ht«f ' " ""^ ^'"' «^*«« = O"-" ^'hief efforts 
 
 established business of fruit-gro^s ^nd nur^ J^r If "'^''.""^ •"^•^^^«"»^' -'''.the 
 men could grow all their stock, and woul^Lrow ^ ben ^ ''"'/'•''■^'•■""^'-^""^ ""'-^^'ry- 
 be considered more seriously. We know fh^ '*' ,V'«'^ fg'^J'ition of this kind ini"ht 
 this insect, but we also kLw ifat they annT ver"'"'/" T ''•^"'«" ^ave not go 
 customers re,,uire. They have t<> get them StlrTT'^PA'^'' ^'•*' f'"'t trees their 
 enact prohibitive legislation before^it i po"s Eo the.n' y^'"*^ '''''''"''' ^"^ '^ -« 
 we are going to interfere with both of tC? 1.?,!^ ° ^"^ without the importations 
 
 way to advise the Minister to enact tl is le^^ ]irrr. h* '"^'' \"^ ^ ^« "^^ see my 
 mvestigated, and I have instructions fro.n h.'n tlmt' recH ""'"' '^', ""''''' thoroughly 
 getting away I am to go to the west agaii a d eSm neK."'^ """""^ ^'^' ^"°«^ of ™y 
 scale. There is one at Niagara, one at Chatham and nM ■' »""^" ccurrencesof the 
 IS of course too far off to visit • it is nof 1 1 ' • 'l^^^her in British Columb a which 
 there three years ago. and.'ttideV h" ^r pXe." thT R 'v I ^^T'^ «" ^'^^ - ^ -s 
 and iruit Inspector, a very efficient officer is wS.!,^^^ ^^'r '^'^ Entomologist 
 
 at Niagara and that at Chatham have Te^n e^tafe^J'^^Krl""^- '^^^ o^eurre^ce 
 but so far have not spread ; at least I ImvA t"'" .''''ied probably for two or three years 
 orchards, who are naturally very .u;hcZ T"^'^- '«"ers from the owners ot these 
 very far in their orchard,^ TLraieT Z ' '"^'"f '^^' '^' '"^^^^^s have not spread 
 back to New Jersey nurseries/ ' " '^'^ °"g"^^' trees, which they have tmced 
 
 as H-^S'Si J^;^:±-^;;,E;-ts a^^ i^ hmited by what are known 
 
 large nmnbers of the plants and ^"^100';'^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 dehned belts have been mapped and sner ,,1 n?^ ^ ?• T ""'^^ '^''^^S and certain well 
 Canada is included in wha^is kno.'ra the Bo/^'f/^' *" 't^^' ^he greater ^.rt o 
 known as the Transition Zone, oJich we h^ , Then we come to what is 
 
 country. Along the northern poi^i^n of lome of T' ?"'"'':f '""""^"'^g "P i"to our 
 us and a little strip north of Lake EHe ncludln *'^«^^"'t«d States lying south of 
 
 If once introduced, owing to the fact that it wHl her« fl ^ n^'u^ '""'^ '"^•'^^^e '•^Pidlv 
 for ite rapid development. ''" "^^'^ *^»d '^H the conditions necessary 
 
 exercis^^AlTetdint;;^::^^^^^^^^^ "P *« ^he present, by the fruit .rowers 
 
 ZT'^M^'^'^y^^'^'^' this inlliHou ircT?horr.fr>^----. theyVaTn 
 country. We cannot prevent its introduSnhpp„ '*• ""u^' certainly occur in the 
 
 need common sense to see that it dol not Ip^^d ^ Tdok /' ^Zl ""^r^^ ^^^ -« ^^ly 
 »t has gamed a foothold. In case I m^ft ''''^^'y.^^^"' the few localities where 
 
 culture has instructed me to go to NialjaLd ^''""1 '" .^h^^' the Minister of A 'r?- 
 St. Catharines and Grimsby 'district^ We ^S^l 1"!" t>,"''^''''^^'•"•'-g••°-«rs ot?he 
 examination and ascertain what is the exit tatl^^f 'ri^" mfested orchams, make an 
 Jose Scale is one of the most injurious hisects tha? h '^''''- u ^""^^ '"'^ *hat the San 
 trees. It showed that it was so in CaHf<^^a * „* v^ "^''* ^'"^ discovered on fruit 
 _Stateson our southern borde. since i-^:S^Zr ^Z:']^^:^ 
 
 m 
 
 I' ''I 
 
 i.!'-! 
 
 I 
 
I! 
 
 16 
 
 JJJi. JAMES FLkTCHER. 
 
 IS- ! 
 
 W 
 
 It' 
 
 it most, and particularly the Tnited States Entomologist, say that we shall prohably 
 never exterminate it any more thin tlie Oyster-shell Bark-louse, because there will 
 never be concerted action on the part of the fruit-giowers ; still, at the same time, by the 
 methods that are recommended, this pest, like that insect, can he kept down, within 
 reasonable limits. Of course, it has not done any appieciable injury in this country as 
 yet, but no stone must be left unturned to control it. 
 
 By Mr. Calvert : 
 
 Q. What effect has it on the trees ? 
 
 A. Judging hy the experience in California, trees once affected by this scale die 
 rapidly, in from one to three years. 
 
 Bi/ Mr. Sproule : 
 
 Q. What species of trees is it most natural to ? 
 
 A. It is most noticed on fruit trees, but it occurs on almost all deciduous trees, 
 that is, all tho.se trees that drop their leaves in the winter. It has most wonderful powers 
 of increase. I do not quite know how to explain the wonderful increase to you, because 
 the numbers are so enormous, but it has been calculated that one female would produce 
 three trillions of young in a year. How that was ever computed without error, I do not 
 know, but I know that one female will keep on producing young at the rate of ten a day 
 for six weeks. One female will produce about 400 youijg in 30 days. These again are 
 ready in a short time to produce young, and these continue growing and propagating 
 all the season. The wonderful calculation above mentioned was made by Mr. Pergande, 
 a man of remarkable accuracy and one of Mr. Howard's assistants at Washington. I 
 have been asked by a memb er of the committee to say something about the caterpillars 
 now in such numbers on the trees around Parliament Hill. 
 
 The trees are being attacked by the ordinary American Tent Caterpillar. They 
 are in extraordinary numbers 39 that not only have members of Parliament and others 
 frequenting the Parliamentary buildings noticed them ; but items have appeared in the 
 newspapers. When I went to examine the trc^s I found a gardner spurting a mixture 
 of Paris green and water over some of the trees near the walk around the top of the 
 hill; I pointed out to him that this was of very little use and recommended him to ask 
 his chief to supply him with a good strong force pump. A suitable pump can now be 
 got for 10 or 12 dollats. In this instance, as is frequently the case, a good deal of 
 money and time had been wasted to little effect, because the^erson whose duty it was to 
 look after the matter had not taken the little extra trouble to find out what was the 
 best way to treat these insects to prevent them from destroying the trees. 
 
 By Mr. Sproule : 
 
 Q. Ts this scale insect on a piece of apple branch the same as the San Jos^ scale 
 you were speaking of? 
 
 A. No ; that is the ordinary Oyster-shell Bark-louse. 
 
 Mr. Fletcher. — Before closing, Mr. Chairman, there is one other matter which I 
 should like to bring before the committee. It is a remedy which has proved very effective 
 for those only too-well-known pests of the farm and garden cutworms There are many 
 remedies which may be tried with more or less success ; but one in particular has been so 
 useful during the last few weeks thdt I wish to make it known as widely as possible. 
 What are known as poisoned baits are very useful where plenty of succulent vegetation 
 can be procured ; but in some places, as for instance near Calgary and Edmonton this year, 
 there is very little vegetation of any kind to make these with, and the new remedy 
 which consists of ;(. mixture of bran poisoned with enough Paris green to give the 
 mixture a green shade (about one pound of Paris green to fifty pounds of bran) has 
 proved most satisfactory. This mixture may be used either slightly moistened and 
 distributed in small quantities amon" ir along the rows of an infested crop, or it may be 
 applied in a dry condition. A plan > nich has been recommended is to fill the drum of 
 
DESTRUOTIVB FRUIT PESTS. 
 
 Id97 
 
 a Planet Jr. seeder and run lines nf t\.^ a ■ 
 
 for the cutworms and V. '^^^\^^^P- This mixture seem, J^ K ^ "'^^ ^ ••»" *<> 
 
 ■fiyi^r. McMillan: 
 do yojdor.hjri" '"' ^~' "■■- "»^ '-nd ,« ,«„„hi, m.,e g„, „„„ ^^„ 
 
 bar. .fte. thetiSJ 7Zr '""^ "'» ^'''p'"- •sr^^rsirLt 
 
 p«, 7 . JAMES FLETCHER 
 
 Jintomologtat and Botanixt /« /A. n • • 
 
 J^otantst to the Domtmon B^erimental Famu,. 
 
 i 
 
 II