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,•■ • • (AU ri(fhif,rewrre<].) 
 
 ADVANCE PnOOV— {Subject to ra'ision). 
 This Proof Is sent to you for discussion only, and on the 
 •xpress understanding that It Is not to be used for any other 
 purpose whatsoever.— (^<v Sec. 40 0/ Iht Constitution.) 
 
 i^mUim j^oricty of Civil (^UQinrcrs. 
 
 INCOKI'OKATKU 1887. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS. 
 
 N.H — TlilaHouiiay, Hi n lioily, liovn not liohl llmilf rcniuiimllilu [ur tlio rHcU nnil u|ihil«iiii 
 Hlatutl III any of Itn publivHtfonM. 
 
 (To be rend on Thursday, the ISth or 21th Febninri/.) 
 
 (N.B, — All ineiiiben uro particularly ruqucstcd to hciuI to the 
 Secretary records of iiny tests of (Jiiiiiuiiaii cuuiuiits with which tluiy 
 nmy he. tic(|iiuiiitod, with ruiiisirks mi the iiiodu of uiiinufauture iiud 
 the uses of such emnt'iiLs.) 
 
 THE MANUFACTURE OF NATURAL CEMKNT, 
 
 as curried on at the works of the Napanue (Jemunt Co. (Limited), at 
 Napanec Milts, in the County of Lonnox and Addington, Ont. 
 
 By M. J. BuTLEa, M.Can.fSoe.C.E. 
 
 The Geoloji;ieal Report of the State ol' New York, 1839, eoiitaius an 
 analysis of " Maulius Hydraulic Jjiincstone," .statini; at the siinie time : 
 " This stone hclonj^s to the same bed which yields the hydraulic cemrnt 
 obtained near Kini^slon, Upper Canada." 
 
 As the only bed of hydraulic limestone found near Kinu'ston is the 
 one at Napaiiee Mills, there can he no doubt hut that it is the one 
 referred to. 
 
 It was not, howi'ver, until the year I8<!7 that anything was done 
 towards workinf; the bed, when Mr. II. M. Wright, a lumber merchant. 
 !ici|uired the tpiarry and had one or two kilns built at the qu irry site. 
 The mill for grinding the stiuie and the coop 'rage works for the uianu- 
 faeture of the barrels were built iit Napanee, six miles distant, where 
 convenient facilities for shipping by boat or rail were to be had, the 
 burnt rock being teamed from the (juarry to the mill. 
 
 Messrs. Wright & Co. produced a fairly good (|uality of comenl, 
 supplying the hieal demand for a eeuicnt I'or cellar floors, cisterns, 
 dams, etc. ; they sold out to George Lasher & Co. in 1874, who carried 
 on the cement and lime business fur six years. 
 
 In 1880 the Napanee Cement Co. (liintd.) was incorporated, buying 
 the mill and cno|M'rage works at Napanee. !ind arranging with Mr. 
 Ijasher to supply the burnt rock to the mill at a stated price per ton. 
 This arraugrment proved very unsatisfactory lo the Cement Co. In 
 1883 the cement was so very bad. that it was felt that something had 
 to be done to improve Mie i|uality. 
 
 The writer was re()uested by the manager to make an examinati(ui 
 of the quarry, mill, method of burning, grinding, etc. On examina- 
 tion it was found that the stripping (consisting chiefly of a loose shale) 
 and all other rock, just as it came hamly, without regard to size, (|uality 
 or anything else, was alike dumped into the kilns to be alike burned ior 
 about 24 hours. At the mill the grinding was loosely and carelessly 
 done, one burrstone alone turning out I'.H) barrels per day. 
 
 A report was made setting forth the facts and advising a eiireful test 
 of each layiM' in the (|uarry by itself; .-ome to be underburnt, some to 
 the point of vitrification, siune intermi'diately. Attention was particu- 
 larly requested to getting the grinding as fine as possible so as to not 
 retain more than ten [ler cent, on a -,50lt mesh. The purchase of a 
 testing machine was advised. It was thought that in this way the 
 best cement might be had that the <|uarry was capable of producing. 
 8ome time in 1884 the manager died ; after his death the companies 
 was rc-organizcil. A new manager of works was secured, and the work 
 of real iin]irovement was energetically taken hold of, and is .still being 
 carried on. 
 
 In 188U, owing to the construction of the Napanee, Tamworth and 
 Q\iobec Railway, which passes elo.se to the quarry, it was tliouglit best 
 to build a new mill at the quarry site ; beliu'e doing so, however, the 
 (!emeiit Co. had a series of careful and thorough testit of each and 
 every layer in the quarry made by an expert in the cement business 
 from the United Htates ; his report advised the using of certain layers 
 aggregating some 5^ feet in depth. 
 
 The mill is built of stone 4(1 x 8<t feet, three stories in height with 
 an eiij/tine and boiler room 4il' .\ 4(1' also of stone, ont; story in height, 
 and contains an engine of 4U 11. I', and two horizontal tubular boilers. 
 , - ..... . . 1 
 
SoHt.li ol' (lie iimiii buililin>; and 7(t feet disfimt in t.lio Htnvc ])rcpiirinj{ 
 inill.'tll' X SO', huill nriiiick. KaNtorilu' iniiiii Imililiii}; 100 reel i.mlii; 
 l)iin<l I'lictiny .'!0 I't. liy 50 (t., iiImo iit'lirick. 
 
 'I'lic kiliis III' ,\])in\\ :i(IO I'l. iiiii'lli III llic luaiii liuiltliiit:. ol' wliicli tlioiv 
 iiri' lliivi'. 'riiiy iii'i' of ilu' ciiMtimioiis Iminirij; ly|ii', witli two doors 
 (or tiriii;; |mv|iosci< and one door Cor witlidvawiiij; ihi' tdiar^'f. 
 
 I'HdCKss OK M.\NI h'.'.rTIHK. : — 'I'lic ruck is liioki'ii ilito picci's ol' 
 toliTidily Liiiiroriii si/,is, a V(riij;iii}; hImhiI ^\, to ^'.j ol' a I'ldiic fool I'atdi, 
 loaded ill carls and liaiilcd to llic lo|i of ijic kilns and diiiii|icd into 
 tliciii. 
 
 niiKNIMl :- - 'I licrc arc llinc cmilininiiis kilns liiciloii two sides; each 
 kiln holds sutlicicnt rock to make alioiit 150 barrels id' ceiiient. The 
 cliarjjc is withdrawn aliont every eii;lit lioiirs, ile|ieiidin|4 somewhat on 
 the weather, the loreiiian and attendant jiiil;^iii^ I'roin the a|i|iearaiiee 
 of the stone the suDiciency of the luiniin^. It rci|niii's alioiil. half a 
 cord of soil wood to caidi ton of ecnieot. 
 
 iMANUI''A("rillK III'' TIIK ItniNT llii(M\ : — As l';isl as the chars;e is 
 withdrawn at the ha'c of the kiln, it is loaded into an iron car, and 
 hauled hy a wire ro|ie n|i an iiieline to the l!iil tloor of the hnildin^, 
 here it is duiiiped into a conical hox whieli I'eiiN liy ;jraviiy into a rock 
 breaker, and slowly tiiiiibles down to the sceond lloor where it reaches this 
 {{rindcis, about the size of beans. 
 
 TIk^ grinders arc the ordinaiy French liiinstoiies. Ft is then uroiind 
 iiiid passed tobollcrs that ate atpresent I.CiOO nosliis tothe si|iiiire inch. 
 A tiller bolting elolli 2,500 incsluswas Iricil. but was liinnil to clo.ix with 
 the liner paiiicles iitlaehiiiL: lliilnselvis to the wile ; the re sidiie from the 
 bolters is rutiinied to the stones jind iciiroiind. 
 
 Nuinei'ous tests kIiow that a 2.500 iiiesli standani .-icve will retain 
 barely 10 jicr cent. 
 
 After leaving the firiiideis the cement drops in the first floor, where 
 it is allowed ti'ci.ojon an average almiit two \vi iks lielore heini; liarrcHed. 
 A scries of tesl> are made Irom each Inn niie^. the |irucrdiire in preparinu 
 the samples lieiiii: lliat ncemmeiided by the t 'uniinillee on eeiiient 
 testing of the Ancriean S"cic(y ol Civil l'!iiuiio > i>. the nliject ot the 
 tests beiiii; to insure a iiiiiform artiile. 
 
 V 
 
 l'"or conveiiicni'e ol rcleieiiec and cinipaiison the lollowiiii;- tables uf 
 analysis and strength aiu added : 
 
 
 
 
 
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 It ii nut i|iiitc so siiii|ilc a mittiT a^ it :i[ili':u'< In l)rii|ii'rlv iiiC|iaro 
 l)i-ii|Ui'tli'< ti'V ith' tcsiiiii;- iiiacliiiii' : to li^jiii witli lli.' i|iiaMtily cirwalci' 
 uscil cxfrcis.'s a iimst iiii|i.irtaiil iiilliirnc,'. tlu' niiii'Iai- >Ii.im1i1 \v vcit 
 slirt'aiiil 1)1' liniily pn-^-iil int'i lln- Mi"iiM mi a- Ih I'liliy i\,-lii(li' air, the 
 Olii'i'iil inns slhHild 111' (juifkly lu'llnnih'il. tli.' -aiii|il.' slimilil rest on an 
 iinpoiviou-^ jilaii', i;lass boini; prolialily a.s j;('oil as any. At'li'i- llic nioulil 
 is tillid, it sIkuiIiI tluii be slrnfk ott' cviMily with a IniWil, anil bo Irll 
 tiuittly i'or a slioit timi' bolow umliitakini; to niiiovi! llic sauiplc froiii 
 tlic uniiilil, tlio .-linlitist ilistiiibanci' at ibis stai'c inatirially iiilcrri'rinj; 
 witli the |irci|ii'r s.'ttiiiu- ol tlir sainiij.'. Alti r the sainpii' bas sot in air, 
 U8ually <""' bom- bi'in.n r>'i|nii<'il, ii sbould tlii'ii lie caivrully rcnmvod 
 Iriini tbo nionid and |ila(i'd in watir. win ri- it -bonlil remain until tbo 
 expiiati I'lbelinn' tixed lor bnakin^. 
 
 Once it is placed in tbetestinu nnebiin' tin load should hi^ applied 
 sleadilv, iiuietlv. and without jerking; up to the lireakinir limit. Notwith- 
 stindini; ibat eveiy care may be exeni<e I in tlii' |iieparati(Hi and inani- 
 
 pulati r the sainple> under ti'si, it will In' Ibiiiid that they do not 
 
 break with unil'oriiiity. and it is only by takin;.; the .iveia;;.' of a fireat 
 liiiiiiv sainplis that anytbinj; like a em-reet result may be arrived at. 
 
 Ilavinu .seeiired a bij;li tensile str. nutli. as evidmeed by the tcstilii: 
 liiaebiiie, the <|Ueslioii is, have We a eeinenl ibal is -oiiij: lo prove itself 
 reliable when snbjeele.l lo ilu' te>t of lime and Ibe eiemeiits ? Is there 
 
 any eoniieelion beiwi'i'li hiuh liiisile ^t|■l■ll'J;lh and <; I r^diable wearini; 
 
 piopertie-' Have the eemenls that .-bow a liii;b liu.-ili' ^tr^'ni^tb proven 
 themselves belter under use than the natural lemeuls'.' Is it not a faet 
 tliat till' eeinelits which i;ive siieli a binb teiisil'' sliein;lb ;jrow brittle 
 with am', and eraek and pei I oil? Witness (be-, lueiil walks wbeievof 
 laid, the paintint; ill any old brid^' with the hinber testiiii; I'ortlaild 
 eeiii.'iits, they will be found full of eraeks and seali's whiidi ean be readily 
 piekeil olV; of ecnirsi', it is very bald, but brittle, whereas when weiamie 
 to exaiiiine any old work laid up with the n.iliiral lements, we rarely 
 iilid eraeks orolhei si';M- of di^inle-ralion. The variety and extent of 
 the works in eMsleiuc, built .nliivly with the natural eemeiil.s, show 
 their ^^ood lasliiij; (pialities ; witness the I'lrie Canal, the high bridgo on 
 
thi'C'rntmi A<(ueJnct, iintl inniiinerultlu other worku of'uroiit niBRtiituile. 
 Till' wriU'i' liiiN Hi-fd ill nno nciikoii over 10,(100 linrrulx of imtiiritl 
 vi'iiitiit I'riim lii)iii!«vilk<, Milwiiukuo iiml Uticii, on rouiidiilioiiH in uiiiH- 
 MinN on woll woi'k itiiil otiicr tryinjj; ^itUlltionN without an iiintuiiuo of 
 ruilnrc. 
 
 At Nii))iiiiw Mills, tho Niipanoo Piipcr Vo,, LiniitiMl, put in 8omo tlirco 
 or lour taiiliM of hkifio hI/a', luul liiicil them with ihu Niipitiii'ii ociiiiMit, 
 sonio ti'ii ipr twolvi! yi'iii'n iijo ; they uir |iorl'oetly wiitcr-tinht, tius cement 
 hiiviii}; xi'l iiM liiiid um linicHtonu lock. At (laniiii<K|Uu thu (hiniM itnd 
 ciiniils of till' (Jiiimiicii|Ui' Wiitrr I'owri' Co. iiio 111! ^loutuil with 
 Nupiinru ucnit'iit, Miiiii' of it hiiviiin burn in iihu H or !• yi-ai'M. 
 
 Ill 1883 tlio writt'r was pru-unt at the tearing ilown of an <il(l head 
 gnt)! whicli liiiil partially rotted out. and it liccaiiiu niu'CHwary to cut 
 iiway Noiiii! jio!-tn that hiid hi'fii uiouli'd in. It avtually tiMik two (;ood men 
 one day to pick out ii jkwI 8" x 8" • 7 li'ct, showiii); liow liiird llie 
 cement iiad hocome. TIicho ilanm an' all WHti'r-ti(i;ht, and thu ccuicnt 
 \n very hard. 
 
 At l>e.-M'ronto. ahout fivuycar« ajio, the fouiidatioiiH for ii heavy ^as- 
 nicter, rc(|uiriii(; lo lie jierfcctly wati r-lijilit. wore with much niiMsiiviiifr 
 on ihu part ol the su|K'rinten(lent )nit in with a concrete composed of 
 2 parts sand to oue of Napanec cement and three parts broken limestone, 
 not one cent has ever been ex|K'iided for repairs, and the eonerete is now 
 ill first class order without a crack. On the (Jrand Trunk Railway 
 bridi^cs, on the eaniils and other public works of the (ioveniiiiiiir, 
 many thousand barrels have been n.sed, all jjivinft <;ood satisfaction; of 
 course it is easier to abuse natural cement than I'ortland, if to<i much 
 water or sand is used the mortar will be weakened. When such a 
 record as has been above instHiiced can be shewn fioni the old ceUKnl, 
 there is no donlil but that the present I'emeiit now bcini; turned out is 
 a tirst rate reliable natural cemnit, as iidod as can be ordinarily secured 
 in any of the ijiiarries in use. 
 
 K.d. DcSiiiedt, ehcmist, lothe l>istrict of ( 'olnmbia, V. S., says: •• A 
 limestone such as dolomite, eoiilaiuinjr 4li p 'r ei'iit. of inai;nesia,has b'eii 
 pronounced unlit lor making <;ciod cement ; but when the perceiitane ol' 
 magnesia is not too larire, it becomes in time juHt as hard as a eemeiit 
 containing no magnesia, with this dift'ercnee, that it is 8<imuwh:it slow in 
 Netting. In sea water containing magnesia such cement should bo pre- 
 ferred, for the lea'iOD that it does not disintegrate in that water."