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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent le mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 %.. iviiy ■ -tf; — I P "^, ii M n » AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE, OITINO THB GEOLOGICAL FORMATION AT EVERY RAILWAY STATION, WITH ALTITUDES ABOVE MEAN TIDE- WATER, NOTES ON INTERESTING PLACES ON THE ROUTES, AND A DESCRirilON OF EACH OF THE FORMATIONS, BY JAMES MACFARLANE, Ph.D., AUTHOR or " TilB COAL-KIOIONB OF AUBBICA," AKD OVB OF THB 0OIUII8SIONBB8 OF THE SECOND OBOLOOIOAI. BUBVBT OF PENNBTLVAMA, VViTH THE Go-OPBRATIOir OF THE StATB OEOLOaiSTS, AMD OTHER SCIEKTIFIO GbKTUQUV. SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED, EDIVED BY -' • JAMES R. MACFARLANE. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET. . 1890. / ? 1 ^ ■» •^ftl* ,r)' Cs Tt"* '» ""'»: •'\^'- %''■' A ■> » 1 o O 1 5 0-1 ■I vT COPTBIOHT, 18T8, 1886, Bt JAMES MACFARLANE. 1890, Bt JAMES B. MACFARLANE. ll mwB M 00., miPFALO, W. T, PBINTEB% • ••• •••leoo.' "• »•« •• • ■ > tt*'la • • »••»• tt • ■ f « » • O ' • ^U-i. '..?_ ~M-Mi a PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. • The fifst edition of this book was published by my father, the late James Macfarlane, in 1878 and, at the tinte of hxs death in October, 1886, he bad prepared many of the chapters and collected some of the material for others for this second edition. By foU lowing the system of the work already completed, with the assistance of the gentlemen whose names appear throughout these pages, I have, after many delays, completed the edition. ^ _ ■ . , .; The whole book has been oarefttlly revised and new lines and new notes added, so that the Ouide, proper, has been enlarged ttom 158 to 870 pages. The introductory portion of the book has been changed only where necessary to conform its statements to the views now held by geologists. The altitudes are a new and valuable feature of this edition and the list is as complete as could be obtained. A few chapters were so pre- pared by their authors that little work was needed before printing them, but in most instances the labor of collecting and arranging such a mass of material into a compact and harmonious form has been greater than would be imagined. Whatever defects and mistakes are found in the book may be attributed to the loss of the one whose mind oon* ceived its plan, and who was peculiarly fitted for its preparation. To the contributors and my many advisors I owe a debt of gratitude that I cannot express, but I know that they will feel rewarded if their work results' in an increase of Interest in, and knowledge of, the noble science of geology. James B. Macfaklane. Pittsburgh, Pa., 189a 40TO0 i ' ' V TABLE OF CONTENTS. VAOI. Objects and Ums of the Work 8 Dwm's Table of Formatlona 6 Hunt's •• •• 7 Combined •• " 8 Deseriptlons of the Formatlmu. 9 1 m, Laurentian 10 lb.Norian U 1 0. Arronlan 12 Id. Huronian U le. Montalban IS ItTaconian 13 5 •• Acadian 14 8 b. Potsdam 14 8 ki Oalolferous 16 8 b. Ofaaiy 16 8 b. St Peter's IT 4a. Trenton '. 17 4b.Utlca 19 4 o. Hudson River or Cincinnati 19 Keweenian 21 Sa. Medina 22 8 b. Clinton 23 6 c. Niagara 24 e. Salina 2S 9. Lower Helderberg 28 8. Orlskany 28 9. Upper Helderberg, or Gomlferoos . . 29 9 a. Cauda Galli 29 9 b. Schoharie Grit 29 9 c. Onondaga 29 9 d. Comlferous SO 10 a. Marcellus 80 10 b. Hamilton 31 10 b. Tully Limestone 32 lOo. Genesee 33 11 a. Portage 84 11 b. Chemung 38 12. Catsklll 36 18 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous 37 18 b. Upper Snb ..Bl The New England States 85 Table of New England Formations. ... 86 Maine 87 New Hampshire 89 Vermont 99 Connecticut 94 Massachusetts and»hode Island 99 New York 109 New Jersey 139 Pennsylvania 181 Ohio 177 Michigan 189 Indiana 198 Illlnoi 209 Wisconsin 823 Iowa 233 Minnesota 246 North and South Dakota 863 Note on Geology of the West 287 Northern Paclflo 258 Montana and Washington 864 Missouri 267 Kansas 274 Nebraska 293 Colorado 297 Wyoming 809 Utah 309 Idaho 809 Nevada 809 Oregon 816 California 818 Delaware 829 Maryland 332 West Virginia 887 Vlrglnto 852 North Carolina 865 South Carolina 869 Georgia 374 Alabama > ... 878 Mississippi 386 Louisiana 390 Florida 392 Kentucky 385 Tennessee t-^ 401 Arkansas 406 Indian Territory 408 Texas 409 Mexico 410 u . . n . . 85 • • 80 . . 87 . . 89 . . M • • 9% . . 99 . .109 . .139 . .ISl .177 .189 .198 .209 .923 .233 .240 .263 .2ft7 .268 .2e4 267 274 .293 .297 309 309 309 309 316 318 837 352 365 S69 974 178 186 90 82 95 )1 M » THE OBJECTS AND USES OF THIS WORK. <•» 1. FOR THOSE WHO ARE NOT GEOLOGISTS. The United States are intersected by numerous railroads leading in all direutions, and nearly every one has occasion more or less to travel on them for considerable distances. In these ndlway journeys no person who has the least power of observation can fail to notice the peculiarities in the scenery and the great variety in the formations of rock to be seen in the railway cuts and cropping out on the hillsides. If we always had a professor of geology for our traveling companion, we would be glad to learn from him what these various formations of rock are, what place they occupy in the series of strata that are visible on the earth's surface, and their mineral and other productions ; also at what other localities the same rocks occur, and whether they are entirely new to us or the same we have seen elsewhere. This work is a substitute for the supposed traveling professor of geology, giving in a small space the names of the geological formations which occur along the lines of the railroads, and in another part of the book is to be found a plain but full description of each of them. There are also foot notes directing attention to interesting geological places and objects on the routes of the ndlroads. One object of the work is to teach persons not versed in geology something of this science during the tedious and unprofitable hours of traveliiog, without study, not as in a text book, but by pointing to the things themselves as seen at ndlway stations and through the windows of a railway car. ^ No person could be so stupid as to travel all over the Usited States witLout learning the name of a single state or city through which he passes, yet how few persons know even the names of the geological formations on which they have spent their lifetimes. Every one is taught geography, and there is scarcely a child of sufficient age who cannot tell the name of the town, county and state in which he lives. But geology, which is just as well worth knowing, is neglected, and there is but little opportunity for learning any thmg practically in regard to it from those about ns. This Is not owing to a want of a desire for knowledge, but to a want of instruction in this science, and of the practical application of what is learned by adding local geological information in a handy, cheap and accessible form, and this, which no other work affords, it is the aim of this book to furnish. 7%ere curt tome kinds of knotoledge too that cannot be obUUned from book$f but must be gathered by actual ob»«r9 Niagara. B b. Clinton. 6 a. Medina. 4 o. Hudson River. 4 b. Utica. 4 a. Trentofb 3 b. Chazy. 3 a. Calclfercus. 2 b. Potsdam. 2 a. Acadian. 1. ARCHiCAN. 1 b. Huronlan. 1 a. Laurentlan. Table of the Qeological Pormationt, AaaAJiQBD roK vas Siooiid Editiom or this WoaK bt T. Stbbbt Hubt, LL. D., F. R. S. 1 AOBS. Oboups. Ambbioan Formatiobi. C 20. QCATBBNABT. 20. Rteant. 19. Tbbtiabt. 19 0. Plioeana* 19 b. Miooant. 19 a. Eooana. S 18. Gbetacbous. 17. JUBAUIO. 16. Tbiaisio. 18. Crataoaout. 17. Now Rod Sandftona. 16. Now Rad Sanditona. 18-16. CABBOBIFEBOUa. 15. Pormo*Carbonifarout. 14« Coal Maaaiirat. 13 b. Mittiatippi, (Carb. limattona.) 13 a. Wavarlay or Bonavaniura. 8-12. Ebiab OB Dbvobiaj. 12. Cattkill. 11. Chemung and Portage. 10. Hamilton, (Including Qenesee and Maroellus.) fi. Cojrniferous or U pp. Helderb g. 8. Oriakany. } * 6-7. SiLOBIAB. 7. Lower Helderberg. 6. Onondaga or Salina. 5 e. Niagara, Ineluding Quelph. 9 b. Clinton. 9 a. Medina. ft a. Oneida. 8-4. Obdovioiab, (Upper Cambrian of 8«dgwiok or Siluro-Cambrian.) 4 c. Loral ne< 4 b. Utioa. 4 a. Trenton. 3 a. Chazy. 2. Gambblab. (Middle and Lower OunbrUm of Bedgwiok.) (Ee\veenian.) 2 0. Caieiferoua. f Upper Taeonic 2 b. Potsdam. lorQuebeo Qr'p. 2 a. Menevlan. (8t. John's group.) 6 1. Pbixabt OB Obtstallinb. (Primitive and TranBition.) 1 f. Taeonian. (Lower Taoonh.) 1 e. Montalban. 1 d. Huronian. 1 c. Arvonlan. 1 b. Norian. IZa. Laurentlan. . 1 TABLE OF THE QEOLOQICAL FORMATIONS. (i I Systems or Ages. Gboups ob Pcbiods. FOBMATIONS OB ErOCHB. > i 1 -^1 20. Age of Man. 20. QUABTEBNABT. 20. Quartemary. i ^1 19. Tebtiaby. 19 0. Pliocene. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. M 1 ■ s 00' S) < 1 1 18. Cbetaceous. 18 0. Upper Cretaceous. 18 b. Middle 18 a. Lower " 1 j 17. JUBABSIC. 17. Jurassio. 1 1 16. Tbiassic. 16. Triassic. i 1 \ ! ]\ n 1 .! It ■ 1 p4 IC. Pebuian. XV. XIII XII. XI. X. IX. 16 Permo-Carboniferous. 1 14. CABBOVirXBOCS. 14 c. Upper Coal-measures. 14 b. Lower Coal-measures. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 1 \ 1 ii 13. SuBOABBONiriBOUS. 13 b. Upper Subcarbonif ous. 13 a. Lower " 12. Catskill. 12 Catskill. 8-U. Devonian, or Age of FbhM. 11. Ohxhcno. VIII « 11 b. Chemung. 11 a. Portage. 10. Hamilton. II (< •1 li II 10 c. Genesee. 10 b. Hamilton. 10 a. Marcellus. 9. Gobnifebous. 9 c. Comiferous. 9 b. Schoharie. 9 a. Cauda Galli. 8. Obiskant. VII. VI. V. IV. III. II. II I. 8 Oriskany. si a •< u 3 DO 5 6-7. SiLUBIAN. 7 Lower Helderberg. 6 Salina. 6 0. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 6 a. Medi::a and Oneida. 3-4. Silubo-Cahebian, or Trenton. 4 c. Cincinnati, Hudson River -or Loraine. 4 b. Utioa. 4 a. Trenton. 8 b. Chazy. 8 a. CalciferooB. i 2. Cahbbian, or FrtoiordM. 2 b. Potsdam. 2 a. Acadian. 2 &. Georgian. .' "■ 1- Eozoic OB Abchjcan. 1 b. Huronian. 1 a. Laurentlan. , ■' JBt. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. ■>•••- eous. INTENDED FOR RAILWAY TRAVELERS WHO ARE NOT VERSED IN GEOLOGY. iferoufl. tasures. iasures. onif'oua. wg. iida. laon line. All the rock-formations wbich appear on tlie surface of the globe, have been ■cientifically classified by geologists, according to the order in which they are found lying one upon another, and by the fossils they contain, and for our object may be conveniently included in twenty divisions or groups. In this work, the table of the names of the formations, groups and systems, published by Prof. J. D. Dana in his "Manual of Greology" and in his " Text Book of (Geology," has been taken as the general basis, by the geologists of many of the states who have &ssi8te('. in preparing the following guide, but other valuable tables and especially one arranged by Dr. T. Steny Hunt, a general or combined table, and a list for each state at the beghining of the proper chapter, are also given. Numbers are attached to the names of the groups wherever they occur, making 20 in alL The subordinate members of each group, which are called formations, have the same number, but these sub-divisions are distinguished by the addition of small letters, a, b, c, etc., thus making in all 40 sub-divisions. By this means, the reader, although not familiar with geological tables, Is at once enabled to see to what part of the general series any formation belongs, number 1 designating the oldest and number 20 the upper and last formed of all. Wherever the formations are found, they occur in the order as they are numbered, but the series in nature is never full, and in almost er'^ry locality one or more members of it afe wanting. The true method by which each of the great stratified formations is distinguished is by its own characteristic fossils, but these descriptions, having been prepared for travelers, are confined to the general aspect of the rooks as seen in passing them on the railways. They are intended to be popular rather than scientific, informing the reader what the formations are, what they look like, and their useful and valuable characters, qualities, and productions. It m«st also be borne in mind that this is a countiy of vast dimensions, and that the formations undergo important changes in their lithological character from place to place. Paleontology, and other interesting branches constituting the purely technics! portion of the subject, are omitted. That ground has been well covered by &11 of the ezcellont illustrated text -books on geology, and one object of this work is to induce persona to take up their study. Results only are here given, not the method, by which they are attabed. The thicknesses of the formations are sometimes stated, but as this might mislead the unprofes&ional reader, it should be observed, that the width of the surface occupied by a formation depends on the amount of dip in the beds. A group less than a hundred feet thick, lying horizontally, may cover several miles, while one of several thousand feet thick, if lying at a high angle, is soon passed over. . . 10 THE GEOLOaiST'8 TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 1. EOZOIC (ARCH>EAN, AZOIC). I. PRIMARY OR CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. The late investigations of American geologists have enabled them to establish several divisions in the crystalline stratified rocks, which were originally called Primary or Primitive. The name Azoic, formerly given to the Primary locks to distinguish them from the Paleozoic formations, has, since the discovery of Eozoon in the former, been exchanged for that of Eozoic. The designation Archaean or ancient rocks, is used by Professor Dana and others, and applies to the Primitive formations without distinction. Among those who have made the Primitive or crystalline rocks a special subject of study for many years, no one is more eminent than Dr. T. Sterry Himt, whose classification of these rocks established by him in North America has since been recognized by many geologists in Europe, where the same great groups are found. The following descriptions, giving the latest con- clusions as to the divisions of the Crystalline rocks, have been furnished by him for this second edition of this work. 1 a. Laurentiaiii— The name of Laurentian was given in 1854, by the geological survey of Canada, to the ancient crystalline terrane which forms the chief portion of the Laurentide hills, and of the Adirondacks. Throughout these areas the prevailing rock is a strong, massive gneiss, reddish or grayish in color, sparingly micaceous, but very often homblendic. The predominance of this mineral occasionally gives rise to a nearly pure hornblende-rock, sometimes with a little intermixed feldspar. The gneisses are, for the most part, distinctly stratified, but occasionally the evidences of stratification are not very apparent, so thai these rocks have often been designated granites. This series is distinguished by the absence of chloritic, talcose, argillaceous or micaceous schists. It includes, however, crystalline limestones, of which there are supposed to exist, in the Ottawa valley, three distinct masses in the Laurentian series, each of which is, in parts, according to Logan, more than 1,000 feet in thickness. These limestones, which are generally coarsely crystalline^ are often magnesian, and bbound in foreign minerals, chief among which are serpentine, chondrodite, hornblende, pyroxene, magnesian mica, apatite and graphite. Most of these occur both disseminated in the beds, and, aggregated with other minerals, in veins, or endogenous maples. Associated with theat^ limestones are often considerable beds of quartz-rock, sometimes gametiferoud. Great masses of magnetic oxide of iron are also found interstratified in this series. The measured thickness of the Laurentian gneisses, with their included limestones and other rocks, on the Ottawa, where the strata are nearly vertical in attitude, has been estimated at over 17,000 feet. Beneath these, known as the Grenville series* there is a greac underlying mass of granitoid gneiss, without limestones, and of undeterminer thickness, called the Ottawa gneiss, which, it is coi^ectursd, may not be conformable with the upper portions. In the Atlantic belt, considerable areas of Laurentian occur in Newfound- land, and probably in several parts of New England. A range of Laurentian rocks from the Western part of Connecticut extends southwestward, forming "^-v DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FOfRM ATIONa " iv 11 has. the Highlands of th« Hudson, and making the South Mountain as far as the Schuylkill ; while a smaller range of the same, to the southeastward* forms the Welsh Mountain, in Pennsylvania. Little is known of the distribution of the Laurentian fiEurther southward, but gneisses near Richmond in Virginia^ and at Boan Mountain, in North Carolina, are referred to this terrane. Large areas of Laurentian occur around Lake Superior, and farther west in the Bocky Mountains, where they form the crystalline rocks of the Colo- rado range in the east, and those of the Wasatch in the west, and probably occur in many other parts of the region. To the Laurentian belong the gneisses of the Western Islands of Scotland, those of Scandinavia and Finland^ and large portions of those of the Alps. The limestones of the Laurentian contain the remains of a foraminiferal organism known as Eozoon Canaderue (Dawson), which has been found in several localities in Canada, and also in Bavaria, and in Finland. Accompanying it are several other small formB» regarded as organic, and referred to the protozoa. 1 bt Norian.--The upper portion of the Laurentian series on the Ottawa river, was orginally defined by the geological survey of Canada as consisting of a rock, gneissoid or granitoid in character, made up chiefly of labradorite, or related anorthic feldspars, but including also true gneisses and crystalline limestones, not unlike those already described in the Laurentian. Subsequent studies in Canada led to the conclusion that these rocks constitute a distinct terrane, resting uncomformably upon the gneisses and crystalline limestones oi the preceding series, and the two were respectively designated as Lower Laurentian and Upper Laurentian or Labradorian. As the newer is very distinct from the older terrane, it has, however, been thought better to restrict the name of Laurentian to the latter. A series precisely similar to the upper one occurs in Norway, where, as in North America, it rests upon Laurentian gneisses, and where the name of norite has been given to the feldspathic rock which is its chief characteristic. Hence, the name of Norian, which has been chosen in place of Upper Laurentian, as the designation of the terrane. It is coi^jectured, from the fact that H has yet been found only in contact with the Laurentian, and from its including gneisses and limestones lithologically similar to those of the latter, that it is next in age. The norites consist, for the greater part, of anorthic or plagioclase feldspars, sometimes almost without admixture, but at other times accompanied by small portions of hornblende, of pyroxene or cf hypersthene, constituting what has been called hypersthenite or hyperite. Chrysolite, red garnet, green epidote, biotite, and ilmenite are often present, and these minerals are generally arranged in such a way as to give a gneissoid structure to the rock. The texture is sometimes fine>grained and compact, and at other times more coarsely granular, and even granitoid, displaying great masses of the plagioclase feldspar, frequently opalescent, and varying in compocltion from anorthite to andesinet The colors of the norites vary from white, pr.' Muish or greenish, rarely reddishi to dark lavender or smoke-blue, or nearly black. The principal area of this terrane known in the United States is in £ssex county, New York, where it covers several hundred square miles, and, although highly inclined, rests unconformably, according to Professor Hall, upon the 12 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. Laurentian. It is well displayed upon the shore of Lake Champlain, between Port Kent and Westport, and forms some of the highest hills of the interior. A second large area of Norian occurs north of Montreal, where it is similarly related to the Laurentian, and passes below the Potsdam sandstone. Other localities along the valley of the St. Lawrence are at Chateau Bicher near Quebec, at Bay St. Paul, the Bay of Seven Islands, and on the Biver If oisie. Extensive areas of it also exist on the coast of Labrador. The same rock has been found on the east shore of Lake Huron, at the west end of Lake Superior, as at Duluth, and in Wyoming Territory. , ,; 1. G, Arvoniarii— There is found in many localities a series of highly inclined stratified rocks, consisting essentially of petrosilex or halleflinta, often passing into a quartziferous porphyry. There are found with it strata of vitreous quartzite and thin layers of soft micaceous schists, besides great beds of hema- tite, and, more rarely, layers of crystalline limestone. This group, which has a thickness of many thousand feet, was at first included in the succeeding Huronian series, which, however, apparently overlies it unconformably. Its relations with the preceding groups have not been clearly determined, but it appears to be Identical, both in position and in character, with the group, which in Wales has, since 1878, been called Arvonian. These Arvonian rock" ' ^ell seen at many points along the coast of Massachusetts and New Bruns,. k and in the Atlantic belt in southern Pennsylvania. Areas of them are also seen on the north shore of Lake Superior, and rising through the paleozoic sandstones in Wisconsin. They appear under similar conditions in southeast Missouri, where they include great beds of iron-oxyd. Id. Huronian.— The name of Huronian was given in 1855 by the geological survey of Canada, to a series of more or less schistose crystalline rocks, shown to rest upon the Laurentian series on ths north shore of Lakes Huron and Superior. A similar series is largely developed in the Atlantic belt in New- foundland, in the province of Quebec, and in New England, and farther south- westward in the Blue Bidge. The Huronian differs from the preceding series by the frequent presence of schistose rocks, and of conglomerates, which con- tain fragments of the underlying gneisses. The Huronian contains a consider- able portion of epidote, hornblende and pyroxene, and is marked by varieties of diabasic rocks, often called gabbros, which are truly stratified, but are not to be confounded with the norites of the Norian series, to which the name of gabbro is also often given. The Huronian series moreover includes imperfect gneisses, quartzites, dolomites, serpentines, and steatite, besides large amounts of chloritic, micaceous and argillaceous schists. Its thickness has been esti- mated at about 18,000 feet, and it is often found resting unconformably upon the gneiss of the Laurentian. Ores of copper, nickel, chrome and iron are common in the Huronian series., which is penetrated in many localities by unstratifi jd rocks, both granite and doleritic. The racks in the British Islands, which have lately been described by the name of Pebidian, are apparently identical with the Huronian ; and the great series in the Alps, known to tbe Italians as the pietri verdi, or greenstone group, or at least its lower portion, has both the lithological characters and the geognostical relations of the Huronian, to ./hich it is now generally referred. Similar crystalline schists found in California, both in the foot-hills DESCRIPTIONS OP THE FORMATIONS. 13 ■^'' the Sierras and in the Coast Range, are probably Huronian. The gold oins of California traverse both these schists and the penetrating granites. 1 e% Montalbani-The name of Montalban was given in 1872 to a great series of crystalline schists which are lithologically and geognostically dis> tingaished from the Huronian, and are well displayed in New Hampshire in the White Mountains (whence the name). It occupies large areas in New England and constitutes the gneisses and mica schists of Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, extending southwestward into Alabama, and» in the absense of the intermediate groups, often rests directly on the Laurentian gneiss. This is well seen on the Island of New York, on the north part of which the older gneiss, which makes up the Highlands of the Hudson, appears from beneath the Montalban, which covers the greater part of the island. The Montalban series contains fine grained white gneisses, sometimes porphyritic, but distinct from the granitoid gneisses of the Laurentian, and passing into granulites on the one hand, and very quartzose, coarse grained mica schibts, chiefly muscovtic, on the other. It also includes hornblende in some parts, and the gneiss, by a predominance of this mineral, passes into a nearly black schistose hornblendercck. Beds of granular chrysolite rock (accompanied by enstatite, and by serpentine, often with chromite, are foimd interstratified in this series in North Carolina and in Georgia. It also includes beds of crystalline limestone, which resemble those of the Laurentian, and moreover includes large deposits of iron pyrites and copper pyrites. The fine grained gneisses of the Montalban are some- times called granites, bul the series is penetrated by great masses of true intrusive granite. The mica schists of the series often contain garnet, staurolite, cyanite and andalusite ; these species, with the exception of the first, not being, so far as known, found in the Laurentian series. The endoge- nous granitic veins carrying muscovite, iolite, spodumene, beryl, columbite, tinstone and apatite in the «A.tlantic belt, occur chiefly in the Montalban series. The Montalban is supposed to be represented by the younger gneissic and mica schist ;series of Scotland, which has been called Upper jPebidian, Grampian and Caledonian. It corresponds to the younger gneissic jseries of the Alps, where it is generally, though not everywhere, separated I from the older Laurentian group by a great development of Huronian. 1 fi Taeoniaiii— Along the great Appalachian Valley from Vermont to I Alabama extends a belt of quartzite, limestone and crystalline schists with Iroofing^lates, which, by many geologists, have been regarded as a great Idevelopment in an altered condition of the Cambrian and Ordovician (Pots- Idam-Loraine). These rocks, called by H. D. Rogers Primal, AuroriJ and IMatinal, are regarded by others as older than the Potsdam, and constitute the Lower Taconic of Emmons, since called Taconian. They include the [tacolumitic series of South Carolina, and have a general thickness of 4,000 5,000 feet. In these are found the white marbles of the Valley, the great leposits of limonite and beds of magnetic and specular iron ores. To this ^eries are also referred the similar series of rocks in northern Michigan and [innesota, including what has been named the Animikie series, which have an confounded with the Huronian. A great series of similar rocks is found in I Alps between the younger gneisses and the paleozoic. T. Stbrry Hunt. ■^:l u THE QEOLOaiST'S TRAYELlNO HAND-BOOK. '"■'*■■ .• 2-15. PALEOZOIC. 2-4. CAMBRIAN (or lower Silurian) AGE. ;■! It 2 &. Acadiaiii— This series is found at Braintree, in Massachusetts, at St. John, in New Brunswick, and at St. John, in Newfoundland. It includes one thousand feet or more of f ossilif erous sandstone and shale, and according to Dr. Hunt, corresponds to the Meneyian of Great Britain. It has only been found along the north-eastern border of the Atlantic belt. It is remarkable as a fossil- iferous rock below the Potsdam, which had, before its discovery, always been con- «idered as the lowest formation of that description on the continent. 2 b, Potsdamt— The Potsdam sandstone, was for a long time considered as the lowest sedimentary f ossilif erous rock. It is usually of a purely quartzose character, generally gray, though often striped, and sometimes partially or entirely ,red. In places it appears as a conglomerate, but sometimes the enclosed masses are angular, showing them to be near their source. — Hall, N. T. B., 37. It is a hard silicious sandstone, white, red, gray, yellowish, and frequently striped. Some strata of this rock are covered with the most beautifully characterized ripple-marks as perfect as if just formed on the sand of a F.a-bcach, while the rock is the most indurated kind of sandstone. Its lower portion is a ^granitic conglomerate, in which large masses of quartz, the size of a peck measure, are often enveloped ; they are rounded and water-worn, and held together by a finer variety of the same material. On the Canada slope, where the mass is 800 feet thick, it is wholly a conglomerate, made up of coarse materials. The part which is properly a sandstone, has two principal varieties, a close grained, sharp edged mass, with natural joints traversing it in two directions, but so closely wedged together that it is quarried with difficulty. This is the Eeeseville variety, and that of Pa. and N. J. The other, the typical mass at Potsdam, is an even bedded and somewhat porous rock, at many places a distinct friable siandstone, in others a yellowish-brown sandstone, the particles of which are compacted together, so as to form a firm, even-grained mass, with the planes of deposition perfectly smooth and separable from each other, the layers being from two inches to four feet thick. At Potsdam quarries, a layer of 100 square feet may be raised and split into rails, six inches wide and ten feet long, or it may be broken into pieces the size of a brick, with even edges of fracture, and each layer may be separated into many. The color here is yellowish-brown, and a deep red variety occurs at Chazy, resting immediately upon the primitive rock.— Mather, 103. It is nowhere charged with mineral matter, either disseminated or in veins. The native copper of Lake Superior is in an old trappean formation, and has no relation to the neighboring extensive formation of Potsdam. In an economical point of view, the Potsdam is unimportant as a depository of useful substt^nces. DESOBIFHONS OF THE FOBMATIONS. 15 The general color of the stone at Potsdam is yellowish-brown, bnt tba tint of each layer differs somewhat from those adjacent to it, so that the rook, upon the fractured edges, wears a slightly striped aspect. It is the finest quarry stone in the state, being so perfectly workable and manageable. — 860. It is an ex- cellent building material, holding mortar w&U, and makes a dry house. — iid. Under the Potsdam, and upon the primary rock, is the position of the specular and red oxide of iron.— V. 267. In Minnesota, the lower portion of the formation Is 400 fee. thick, and is hard and often vitreous, and usually of a brick-red color, with very distinct layers, often separated into slaty layers by partings of red shale, strongly marked with fucoidal impressions, frequently ripple-marked and cracked. The upper part of the formation, there called the St. Croix sandstone, is white or buff in color, often friable, and constitutes a heavy bedded or massive sandstone of rounded quartzose grains. — ^N. H. Winchell. « In Minnesota and Iowa, the Potsdam proper, omitting the St. Croix sandstone, is a friable, crumbling mass, of no value for building purposes except as sand, consisting of a pure silicious sand in minute grains, with a very slight amount of cementing matter. Unless protected by some more resisting rock above it the Potsdam appears in steep slopes, or low, gently "^welling hills and mound-like eminences. Those portions which are hard and enduring are cemented by oxide of iron, and have a brown color. In Wisconsin, the Potsdam is 800 to 1000 feet thick, and has a much larger surface-development than elsewhere, as will be seen by the great number of railway-stations on it. It extends over 12,000 square miles, and contains many fossils not found in New To;'k. Where the Potsdam in Wisconsin is on the surface, and not covered by drift, there is usually a loose, sandy soil, with a sparse growth of small oak and pine timber. This formation is one that has been very properly allowed to retain its original name almost undisputed all over the United States, except that Professor Owen r<'. first called it the Lowbr Sandstone, in the North West to distinguish it from the 8 c, St. Peters or Upper Sandstone. In Michigan, the Potsdam is the red sandstone, which is emphatically the chief rock that appears upon the immediate coast of the whole south shore of Lake Superior, and forms the Pictured Rocks and the Falls of St. Marie. Here it is of inconsiderable thickness, but it regularly thickens in going westward. — Houghton, 4th R., 500. Some have referred the Lake Superior sandstone to the age of the Chazy, but the late studies of Rominger show that it is really of Potsdam age. The Chicago Tribune office building is of this Lake Superior sandstone, and the Court House at Milwaukee is another conspicuous specimen. In Pennsylvania, the Potsdam is a compact, fine-grained, white and yellowish vitreous sandstone, containing specks of Kaolin. The Potsdam formation is supposed by some to be represented in the Green Pond Moimtain of New Jersey by a local deposit of coarse conglomerate, 3000 feet thick, but others deny that this mountain is Po^^sdam. It is less than 80 feet thick where it is seen rising from beneath the limestones of the Lehigh River, but increases in thickness westward and southward, until it comes to be represented in Tennessee by many thousand feet of alteinate coarse and fine deposits. See Safford'B Oeol. R. of Tenit 16 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOS. i 3 ai Caloiferouti— This group embraces in New York three distinct masses as to character and position, and these alternate and intermix with each other. The first is silicious, compact, and may probably be the continuation of the Potsdam sandstone. The second is a variable mixture of fine, yellow, silicious sand and dolomite or magnesian carbonate of lime, which, when fractured, presents a fine, sparkling grain. It is in irregulai- layers, which have a shattered appearance, from numerous cracks, the parts being more or less separated from each other. This is the mass from which the name Calciferous sandrock was derived. The third is a mixture of the dolomite material, which is usually yellowish, very granular when fresh broken, and of a compact limestone, which resembles the Birdseye. The action of the weather gives these layers the appearance of Gothic fret-work, and the color becomes a dark yellow-brown. — V. 21. As its name indicates, it is a sandy magnesian limestone, but it is not destitute of beds of pure limestone. The mixture of a variety of mineral matter causes the rock to weather unequally ; hence it is often rough externally, portions of the silicious part standing out in relief. There are two quite uniform characters which distinguish the Calciferous, viz : A fine crystalline structure intermixed with earthy matter and numerous small masses of calcareous spar. — E. 105. Great numbers of quartz crystals are found in the cavities of this formation, many of them very perfect as to form and transparency.— V. 30. In the Mississippi basin this formation is called the Lowbr Magnesian Limestone, to distinguish it from the Upper or Trenton limestone. The eastern name, Calciferous or lime-bearing sandrock, does not apply, as it is almost free from sand. As its western namo indicates, it is a dolomite or magnesian limestone, and makes an excellent lime for building purposes. It usually contains about one equivalent oi- forty-five per cent of carbonate of magnesia. This limestone forms the summits of the blufi^ of the Missis- sippi ; it supports high table-lands that extend back from the river, and forms prominent angles to the summits of the blufis on either side of that river. These even and heavy layers are those usually quarried for building-stone. D. D. Owen gives descriptions of the picturesque character of the landscape in the region of the Upper Mississippi, and especially the striking similarity which the rock exposures present to ruined structures, and his report is illustrated by beautiful engravings showing the castellated appearance of the clifb of the Lower Magnesian limestone on the Iowa river. In Pennsylvania it is a coarse, gray, calcareous sandstone, containing cavities enclosing very minute crystals of quartz and calcareous spar. 3 b, Chazyi-To the Calciferous succeeds the Chazy limestone. As a whole, it is a daxk, irregular, thick-bedded limestone. At Chazy, New York, on Lake Champlain, it contains many rough, irregular, flinty or cherty masses. At Essex the beds are more regular, and form, in consequence, a better building stone. As a limestone it is purer than the Calciferous, being non-magnesicn; the principal foreign matter is silica in the form of chert. It is free from the brown earthy spots, and the masses of brown calcareous spar so common in the Calciferous sandrock. This formation is 130 feet thick on Lake Champlain, but it is less constant in the series than the others, and as it is not an important formation on the M DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 17 lines of the railroads, an extended description is not here necesttary. It is not found in the valley of the Mohawk. Its fosails are found in Pennsylvania and Virginia* but its limits are not there defined. In the Northwestern States the St. Peter sandstone occupies the same place in the series as the Chazy in the east. 3 b. 8ti Peter Sandstone (Upper Sandstone of Owen).— This is a wostern formation and does not occur in the Eastern States, but Prof. Lesley thinks it may have representatives in the massive silicious members of the great lime- stone mass of from 6,000 to 6,000 feet thick, as measured along the two branches of the Juniata in Pennsylvania. It is first recognized in going west, to the south- west of Winnebago Lake. It is also 8<^n up the Mississippi, near St. Paul and St. Anthony, and on the streat y of northeast Iowa, and at La Salle, Illi- nois, where it is brought to the surface by an anticlinal axis. It is remarkable for its uniform thickness, which is from 72 to 100 feet over a space of 500 miles in length and 400 miles in width. In Central Wisconsin, however, its thick- ness is very irregular. It is also of the same character throughout, being com- posed of wonderfhlly uniform and exceedingly minute grains of sand, held together by the merest trace of cement, so that the mass may easily be moved with shovel and pick, as is everywhere done for the purpose of obtaining sand for mortar. This sandstone, though usually white, sometimes assumes a buff or brown color from the presence of iron, and in some localities it becomes red or is marked by bands of a bright green color. It appears like a recurrence of the Lower or Potsdam sandstone. Being composed almost entirely of pure silica, it is, when not colored by oxide of iron, one of the very best materials yet discovered in the west for the manufacture of glass. It is the same as that known in Missouri as saccharoidal sandstone, which is carried to Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania, and used by the glass-makers in manufacturing the best kinds of glass. See note 2, Missouri. 4 Bi Trenton Limestone.— Next in ascending order occurs the 4 a. Trenton limestone, which, in the Northwestern States, is divided into the Buflf lime- stone and Blue limestone. In Wisconsin there are two buff and two blue beds alternating. They arc undoubtedly the same as the well known Chazy, Birds- eye, Black Riv(^' d Trenton limestones of New York and other Eastern States. Th ' ^ ..x-e known ? u the West wherever the exposures reach to the upper sandstone. The upper member of the 4 a. Trenton limestone, in South Western Wis- consin and the adjoining parts of Illinois and Iowa, is the very important Galena or lead-producing limestone, which has no exact representation in the Eastern States. It is a light gray or a yellowish-gray, heavy-bedded rock. It is compact, minutely crystalline throughout, often with small cavities lined with crystals of brown spar, and the whole thickaess of the formation is 250 feet. The Galena or lead ore contains 13.4 per cent, of sulphur and 86.6 per cent, of lead, and is found in heavy bodies in crevices in this Galena dolomite or magnesian limestone. Prof. J. D. Whitney, in his admirable report on the geology of the lead region of Southwestern Wisconsin, has proved that these lead deposits must have been introduced into the fissures by precipitation from above. The lead mines of Missouri are chiefly in the Lower Magnesian lime- stone. M 18 THE OEOLOOISrS TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. N .. In WiHconsin, a very noticeable feature of the Trenton limestone is its marked division into tlie two parts before mentioned. One, which is the lower half, is very heavy bedded, in layers of two or three feet thiclc, known as the glass-rock, and the other thin bedded, in layers of two or three inches. There is always a stratum of carbonaceous shale flrom a quarter of an inch to a foot or more in thickness, which separatee the blue or Trenton firom the thin bedded Galena limestone above it Professor B. D. Irving describes the GMena limestone as almost invariably a very compact, hard, crystalline rock, of a yellowisb-gray color, with Aumer- ous small cavities filled with a softer viutterial, or lined with crystals of cilcite. The upper portion is thick bedded and free from flints, the layers being from one to four feet thick, while the lower portion almost invariably consists of several feet of layers ttom one to two inches thick. Qood exposures of parts of the Galena limestone are frequently to be met with. It may be seen in clifBs and ledges, on nearly all the streams in the lead region, where it weathers irregularly, leaving the surface full of small cavities, due to the removal of its softer parts. The formation contains masses of flint in layers, or in irregular pieces, which are principally confined to the middle and lower parts of the formation, although not entirely absent f^om any part. In the interior valleys of Pennsylvania, as for example, in Sinking Valley. Blair Co., considerable quantities of zinc ore, and some galena, have been found in the Trenton limestone group, which is there at least 1,000 feet thick. The lead mines of Wythe Co., Virginia, are at the same, or at a somewhat lower horizon. The zinc mines near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and near Landisville, Lancaster Co., are nearly of the same geological age. Isolated crystals or smaU masses of galena occur in crevices in the limestone beds of this age throughout the entire range of the great valley f^om Newburgh, on the Hudson, to Chattanooga, in Tennessee. The limestones in this valley, which are the Auroral limestones of H. D. Bogers, are, by some geologists, referred to an older series. In the State of New York the lower part of the Trenton is called the Birdseye. It is a perfectly pure limestone, and the next layer, which is the middle or Black Biver sub-division, is sometimes used as a marble. It is solid, hard, and easily worked, by reason of its conchoidal fracture, and is valuable for lime and for building. The upper part of the formation, or Trenton limestone proper in New York, consists of two distinct varieties, at Trenton Falls. The first or upper part is a dark or black colored, fine grained limestone, in thin layers, sepa- rated regularly by black shale or slate, forming the great mass in which the creek has worn its channel, and in which are all the fitdls. See Note 62, New York. The second, or lower part of the Trenton proper, is a gray, coarse grained limestone, in thick layers, and it is quite crystalline. This is the quarry- stone at Prospect, above Trenton Falls. At Montreal, the church of Notre Dame and many other structures are constructed of the gray variety of the Trenton limestone, quarried behind the city, but the thinner layers, when not dressed, are of a more pleasing color, and make a handsomer building- stone. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 19 The Trenton formation in all parts of the United States, is almost always a limestone. A conspicuous example of the Trrnton, Utica aud Hudson River formations, is seen in the f.ong continuous and beautiful valley of the Hudson and Lake Champlain, the Kittatinny valley of New Jersey, the Cumberland valley of Pennsylvania, the Shenandoah valley of Virginia, and the valley of East Tennessee. The fertility of its limestone land is almost inexhaustible. The deposits of brown hematite iron ore, found in the soil, and occupying hollows or basins in the softer limestones below the Trenton in so many places, and in such large quantities, are supposed by some to be of aqueous origin, and not strictly a product of this formation, which is only its receptacle. But many other geologists,— R. M. S. Jackson, A. A. Hender. son, Lesley, Piatt, Prime and Frazer, have all agreed in advocating the oppo. site view, each from his own independent studies. They derive the limonite beds either from the solution of the ferriferous limestone layers, or from the intercalated micaceous slates, or from the pyrites-bearing slates of the neighborhood. According to Dr. Hunt, it comes from the change of masses both of iron-pyrites and of carbonate of iron, originally imbedded in the limestones and slates. 4 b. UtIca Slatei— The Trenton limestone is succeeded by a dark or black carbonaceous slate, called tne Utica slate. In Pennsylvania this for- mation is everywhere darkly colored, and the coloring matter is probably derived from abundant remains of marine plants or animals. While the black color of some of the clays in the brown hematite ore banks of the upper range (immediately beneath the Utica slate), as at the mines in Lehigl Co., Pa., and the Brandon ore mine in Vermont, seems to be derived from the black slates of the Utica, the gray color of some of the limestones, and of the carbonate ores (as at the Saucon zinc mines) is known to be due to disseminated graphite. Within the State of New York, it is everywhere Mack, and usually soft and fissile. Thin beds of impure lime itone are associated with it in nany places, and sometimes thin layers of carbonate of iron, and it passes into the Trenton limestone by gradual interstratification. Thus bands of slate are interstratified in the limestone, and thin strata of limestone containing fossil remains in the lower part of the slate. These crumbling shales may generally be distinguished by their dark blue*black and brownish-black color, but there are some strata among the grits of the Hudson River that can scarcely be distinguished from these. The Utica slate weathers ash-gray, rapidly disintegrates, and, where it is exposed in clifis, frost and other agents con- stantly break it into small fragments, which collect at the base in the form of a talus. In Pennsylvania, it outcrops, with little or no variation, as a dark blue carbonaceous slate and shale, extremely fissile in its lower beds. It forms the sur&ce-rock along a narrow region in the Mohawk valley. In East Tennessee, the beds both of Utica and Hudson River, or Cincinnati, are of great extent, and consist of blue calcareous and sandy shales, with some layers of calcareous sandstone. Professor Hall considers the Utica slate as properly the lower member of the Hudson River group. 4. 0. Hudson River (Cincinnati, Nashville, Loraine and Frankfort sand- stone and shale). — ^The rocks of this group in New York are mostly slates, 20 THE oEOLoaisra traveling hand-houk. i flhales and gray, Blaty and thick-bedded grits. The slates and shales are generally dark brown, blue and black, and the grits are gray, greenish and bluish-gray. They are stratified and conformabio, alternating a great number of timoH, without any regular order of alternation, and in Eastern New York are from 600 to 800 feet thick. The first New York geologists called this formation the Grey wackc, and it is still so called by the stone-cutters on the River Hudson. Its lower portion was called the Frankfort slate and sand- stone, and the upper part the Pulatki shale and sandstone, which latter were afterwards called the Loraine shale. Wherever streams have passed over it they have, in pro<;cs8 of time, worn in the rocks a deep channel or gorge sometimes preventing a free communication across them, as at Loraine (see Note No. 69, New York). By decomposition, it produces a tenacious, clayey soil, favorable for grass, forming the best dairy-land, as in Orange Co., New York, about Goshen and Middletown. ?t increases in thickness southward so rapidly that at the Delaware and Lehigh water gaps, measurements of 6,000 feet have been made through it, from its top downward, without reach- ing its lower limit. In many places along its last outcrop toward the Atlantic, it has Air- nished many masses of a substance resembUng anthracite, also beds of impure limestone, and beds of red shale, which increase very much going south into Virginia. In Pennsylvania, the Hudson tliver slate consists of blue and greenish- gray shale, alternating with gray calcareous and argillaceous sandstone in thin beds. The sandstones grow more abundant as we ascend in the for- mation. The middle portion, whore much metamorphosed and intersected by cleavage-planes, in certain localities, produces a good roofing-slate, aa at Slatington and Delaware Water Gap, Pa. The geologists of the Western States generally, have dropped the desig- nation of Hudson River, at least in regard to strata west of the Alleghanies, and have substituted for it the name, Cincinnati, proposed by Worthen and Meek; making this term co-extensive with the former. In this guide, Hudson River is used in the Eastern, and Cincinnati in the Western States. At Cincinnati the whole series is abont 800 feet thick, and, according to Dr. Newberry, by its fossils, is the equivalent of the Chazy, Trenton, Utica find Hudson River, all blended together. In Ohio it is composed of alter- nating beds of limestone and shale, the latter sometimes called blue clay. The limestone is an even-bedded, firm, durable, semi-crystalline limestone, crowded with fossils. It is commonly called the blue limestone, but the prevailing color is grayish-blue, and the weathered surface shows yellowish or light-gray shades. In southern Dlinois the lower part of the Cincinnati is composed of brown sandy shales and sandstone, and the upper portion is a thin-bedded, dark bluish-gray, fine grained limestone, two to six inches thick, with shaly partings between the layers. In northern Illinois it is bituminous, and consists of sandy shales with thin bands of limestone. In Iowa it is the Maquoketa shales, which are bluish and brownish shales form- ing a stiff clay soil. In Missouri the upper shale bed only is found, with an occasional fiag-Iike limestone layer. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 21 It should here be said that in the opinion of the earlier American geologists, Amos Eaton and Ebenezer Emmons, and as now maintained by Dr. Sterry Hunt, considerable portions of the strata above described, including what is called Potddam sandstone inPennsylvania,along the Appalachian Valley f^om New England to Alabama, as well as the great mass of accompanying lime* stones— the Auroral of Rogers— belongs to the Lower Taconic or Taconian series, and is of pre-Cambrian age. The name of Hudson River group, has hitherto been used in a very vague sense, and made to include not only the upper schistose beds, including the rooflng*slate of the Taconian, and the much more recent Loraine or Cincinnati shales, but also a great intermediate series, called by Eaton the First or Transition Qreywacke— the Utica, Loraine, and Oneida being his Secondary Grey wacke. This First Grey wacke series, along the eastern border of the Appalachian valley in New York and New England, and thence southwest on the one hand, and northeast to the lower St. Lawrence on the other, is a great belt of dis- turbed strata, which were for a long time assigned by some geologists to a position above the Trenton limestone, while by others they were regarded as below that horizon, and of the age of the Potsdam and Calciferous divisions. Emmons, who for many years maintained the latter view, called these rocks the Taconic slates or Upper Taconic, a name which Logan, when he finally ac- cepted this conclusion, changed to that of the Quebec group, divided into three parts, named by him Sillery, Lauzon, and Levis; the latter being supposed by him the oldest. It has since been shown that the Sillery is the oldest and the Levis the newest, its fauna approaching that of the Chazy ; while some portions of this group (afterwards distinguished by Logan as Potsdam) contain a fauna as old, or older, than the typical Potsdam. These rocks, which have an aggregate thickness of 7,000 feet or more, are much disturbed, and include portions of strata of later date, Ordovician and Silurian. To this essentially Cambiian series, as already said, belongs a great part of what has been called Hudson River group, though this name, in paleontology, has been restricted to the Loraine shales, which belong to a higher Ordovician hoiizon.— T. S. H. Keweeniani— This name haslbeen given to the great copper-bearing series of the Lake Superior basin, which, while resting in the difi'erent parts upon various crystalline groups, is unconformably overlaid by the Cambrian sand- stones of the Potsdam. It is made up chiefly of sandstones and conglomer- ates, with interposed layers of basic eruptive rocks of cotemporaneous origin, generally designated melaphyres. This series abounds in metallic copper, found both in veins, and in the beds, but most abundantly in certain con- glomerates. The thickness of the Keweenian is not less than 20,000 feet, and perhaps much greater. Notwithstanding its great antiquity the Keweenian does not belong to the crystalline rocks. (T. Stkbby Hunt.) 22 THE geologist's TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 5-8. SILURIAN (or upper Silurian) AGE. 5 a. Medina. — The lower member of this formation is a pebbly sandstone or grit called the Oneida conglomerate, being the same as the Shawaugunk conglomerate. The upper member is called distinctively the Medina sandstone, and is usually a red or mottled argillaceous sandstone. 1. Th( Oneida conglomerate in NewYork is composed of quartz pebbles rarely exceeding fbree-fourths of an inch in diameter, and of v/hite or ytUowish quartz- sand. In some localities there is some interposed greenish shale. The source of its materials was to the south, the rock being 500 feet thick in the Shawanguak Mountain at Wurtsburg, on the N.Y. & Os. Mid. R. R., and 1000 feet thick in some parts of Pennsylvania and Tennessee. The greatest thickness of the Oneida in the eastern part of Ne\v York is 80 to 40 feet, but in the western part the same place is occupied by a gray quartzose sandstone, hue grained and compact. Passing upwards, the gray sandstone intermingles with the Medina sandstone, which, in its lower parts, differs chiefly in color. The red color of the Medina sandstone seems to be partially communicated to the gray below, which is often striped and spotted with red. There is, lithologically,' no very strong line of demarcation between the two rocks. The oxide of iron, the red coloring matter of the upper member, has been transfused through the material of the lower as far as its particles could find admittance. The flagstones in the side-walks of Buffalo and Rochester, of a white color clouded with red, are of this formation. In New Jersey the gray sandstone formation consists of a thick series of hard, white and whitish gray siliceous rocks, of various degrees of coarseness, from that of a fine grained, pure sandstone to that of a quartzose conglomerate vdth thickly-set pebbles averaging half an inch in diameter. This is the summit of the long, straight mountain ridge called the Eittatinny or North Mountain, extending from near the Hudson River into Virginia. In Pennsylvania the Oneida conglomerate is a compact, greenish-gray, massive sandstone, containing in many places thick beds of siliceous conglomerate, and the Medina sandstone proper is a thick mass of alternating red shales anu red and gray earthy sandstones . It is the North Mountain of the great Cumberland valley. At the Delaware Water-Gap the whole mass of Oneida and Medina consists of seven massive plates of coarse sand and conglomerate, separated by more argillaceous layers from each other. Going west, the number, according to Prof. Lesley, is reduced to five, and finally iu Middle Pennsylvania to two, each of them very thick, and making its own mountain-crest when the dip is vertical, while the intermediate softer red mass forms a little valley between the crests. The whole formation is about 1,900 feet thick. When the dip is gentle, the Oneida makes a beautiful lofty terrace upon the flank of the mo4e, showing green spots at the upper part of the mass. The great mass is of a blood red color, fine grained, earthy in fracture, with no regular lines of division, but breaking or crumbling into irregular fragments, and shows but little variation. In several localities the red ?hale shows numerous green spots, varying from an inch or less to several inches in diameter, which strongly contrast with the red ground on which they are placed. The green color is the result of a chemical change, the peroxide of iron being reduced to protoxide. This red shale is of great extent along the railroad, and presents a thickness of from one to five hundred feet, yet nowhere has a fossil been found in it, or a pebble, or anything extraneous, excepting a few thin layers of sandstone. The main line of the N. Y. C & H. R. R. R. runs on the Salina formation 107 miles, from Canasto;ta to Brighton, and nearly all of this distance on this lower or red shale portion. 2. The second deposit is the lower gypseous shales, the lower part of it alternating with the red shale, which ceases with this mass . This second deposit j consists of shales and calcareous slates of a light green and drab color, with altematious of different colored masses, red, green, bluish and yellow, with a little whitish and greenish sandstone, different colors predominating in different 1 places. In this deposit gypsum occurs in fibrous masses, either reddish or of a I salmon color, which colors are peculiar to this deposit. The quantity of gypsum in this second deposit is comparatively small, and it is unimportant in an I economical point of view. Both the second and third deposits are permeable to water, which cannot be j obtained in any of the hills composed of them unless the wells are sunk to the level of the water-courses, a fact which explains the absence of all brine-springs above the level of the country. 26 THE geologist's TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 8. The third member of the Salbia formation is the gypseous deposit, which embraces the great masses quarried for plaster or gypsum, conBisling of two ranges, between which are the hopper-shaped cavities, the yermicular llmc-rock» and other porous rocks. This is the most important deposit, not only on account of its plaster-beds, but because it is only in this deposit that we have positive evidence that salt has existed in a solid state, and, therefore, the only source whence the saline springs of Syracuse could have been derived. The great mass of the deposit consists of rather soft yellowish or drab and brownish colored shale and slate, and of more compact masses which are hard, a brownish color predominating. It is usually denominated a gypseous marl, being earthy and indurated, slaty and compac'. Some of it when weathered, presents a peculiar appearance, as of having been hacked by a cutting-instrument, with some regularity. The gypsum does not appear in layers or beds, but it occurs in insulated masses, and it assumes irregular not globular forms. The dark color of the g^-psum is owing to carbonaceous matter. In many localities there are two ranges of these masses or plaster-beds, generally separated by the vermicular rock and the hopper-shaped cavities. There are two masses of the vermicular rock, the upper one four feet thick, with large porous cavities, the lower one twenty feet thick, with small pores. This vermicular limestone is a porous or cellular rock, resembling lava. It is dark gray or blue in color, and perforated evcrj'where with curvelinear holes, but otherwise very compact. The holes or cells vary from microscopic size to half an inch in diameter, the cells being very irregular, and communicating with each other, some being spherical, and the resemblance in structure to a porous lava is complete. Forms which are due to common salt have been discovered in this rock, showing the presence of crystals of this substance, which were removed by solution. The most interesting products of the group are the hopper-shaped cavities, which must have been produced by common salt, as no other soluble mineral presents similar ones. They show conclusively that salt existed in this ttiird deposit.. When salt crystallizes, a cube first makes its appearance upon the surface of the brine, then similar cubes form around its border, being attached to its upper surface, near the edges, while it gradually sinks, and additional particles are. added, forming another row of cubes upon the first range. This is many times repeated, until the density of the mass formed becomes greater than the liquid, when it falls to the bottom. When examined, being turned upside down, it shows a pyramil of regular steps, terminated by a cube, and when its position is reversed it presents a form like the hopper of a mill. Where two ranges of plaster beds are seen the hoppers occur between them, and between the two massses of vermicular rocks, and are from one inch to three inches and more in diameter. These hopper cavities are formed in the gypseous marl, or in the more solid parts of the vermicular rock. Testaceous animals cannot live in water saturated with gypsum, hence no fossils are found in the deposit. No trace of rock-salt in New York has met the eye of any one, but the existence of it is a matter of no doubt.* The fact of the difllculty of obtaining water in the gypseous bills, in either the second or third deposit, show there is little probability of finding salt above the level of the waters on accoimt of its having long since been dissolved. See Note 27, New York, as to the salt-wells at Syracuse. *After the above was written, rock-salt was first found, in June 1878, in a boring south of Bochester. DESOBIFTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 27 The '-Old Road," or the division of theN.T. C. & H. R. R. R.,from Syracuse to Rochester, via Auburn, runs on the gypseous portion of the formation, and the plaster-beds can be inspected at Marcellus station, close to the railroad, but the best gypsum quarries are on Cayuga Lake, just north of Union Springs, the masses being from fifteen to twenty-flve feet thick. Sulphuric acid springs, and numerous sulphur springs occur in the State of New York, in the Salina formation, ofteo rising through the crevices of the overlying vVater-lime group. 4. The fourth or succeeding portion of the Salina formation, consists of those rocks which show groups of needle-form cavities, placed side by side, caused by the crystallization of sulphate of magnesia, and presenting a finely striated columnar appearance. The rock is a dark gray or drab colored, impure limestone, with cavities containing crystals and often embracing shaly beds. It appears to be a magnesian limestone, its usr ,1 color is a brownish drab, also dove color, and it breaks with an earthy fracture. The Salina formation extends westward across Canada, and the salt-deposits of Qoderich in Ontario are in it. Six large beds of rock salt have been found there in boring, measuring in all 126 feet in thickness, at from 1,027 to 1,385 feet in depth from the surface, the beds measuring from 6 feet to 35 feet each in thickness. The salt-deposits and brine-springs of the world are by no means confined to the Salina formation ; on the contrary, they are found in almost all the formations from the oldest to the youngest, and always accompanied by gypsum and red and vareigated marls. 6. The fifth division of the Salina or Onondaga Salt group is the Water- lime, which has generally been considered as belonging to the Lower Helderberg, but which properly is part of the Salina. All the hydraulic cement of the State of New York, known as Rosendale Cement, and Syracuse or Manlius Water-lime, is manufactured from a portion of the stone of this Water-lime formation. It is an earthy, drab-eolored limestone and usually consists of two layers of drab limestone, always separated by an intervening mass of blue ; it is easily recognized by its gray or ash color when weathered. It has a thickness of not less than 80 feet, and often attains a thickness of 100 feet or more in New York. When the Water-lime is burnt the stone does not slake, if of a good quality. It is ground in a mill, and then it hardens or sets when mixed with water, and remains so under water, its goodness depending on the hardness or cohesion when set. Its peculiar quality is owing to the proportion of silica and alumina it contains. The Water-lime continues across the State of New York, the drab layers which constitute it being always found. The courses into which the kyers of Water- lime are sometimes divided show a crenulated or notched surface, like the sutures of a skull, the two surfaces interlocking each other. Professor Hall says the Water-lime is a distinct member, which does not belong to the 7. Lower Helderberg group of strata, but to that below it, the 6. Salina, of which it is the upper member. It is not closely related to either, but more nearly to the Salina, and is much more widely spread than the other members of the Salina. The cement quarries of the Delaware River, between Pennsylvania and New Jersey are in this formation, but cease after passing the Lehigh River westward. The beds near Copley are Trenton or older. In Middle Pennsylvania, where the Salina group, destitute of gypsum and salt, measures 440 feet, the cement beds above measure 680 feet, and the Lewistown limestone (Lower Helderberg) 162 feet, as measured by Ashburner and Billin, in 1876. K 28 THE geologist's TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 7. Lower Helderberg. — In consequence of these rocks being so weU developed on the Helderberg Mountains, near Albany, New York, they have received that name. The Lower Helderberg series consists of five limestone sub^Hvisions, and tb3 Upper Helderberg of four members. They are separated by an important sandstone formation— the Oriskany. The Lower Helderberg, which is well developed in the eastern part of New York, thins out in going west, and at Syracuse disappears entirely. The sandstones also thin out and disappear, so that at Syracuse the Upper Helderberg rests on the Water-lime, the upper member of the Onondaga Salt group. The Lower Helderberg consists, in ascending order, of the 1. Tentaculite limestone, the d. Pentamerus limestone, the 8. Delthyris shaly limestone, the 4. Encrinal limestone, and 6. Upper Pentamerus limestone. 1. The Tentaculite limestone is the lowest member of the series. Portions of it afford fine building stone, which can be procured in blocks of large size, perfectly solid, and free from cracks or flaws. They vary from ash-gray to black, and present almost every shade between these colors. The strata are intersected by two main systems of joints nearly perpendicular to each other, hence the rock can easily be quarried in large blocks. But much of it is thin-bedded, often thinly laminated, dark blue ; its color, texture and composition contrast- ing strongly with the Water-lime below. — H. The 3. Pentamerus limestone ifl rarely pure, being more or less mixed with black shale, which gives a dark color to the rock, it being usually a dark gray. It is crystalline in grain, and is in layers, but the lines of division are not straight, and the surface is not even. The whole mass has a rough appearance, and it does not make a good building stone. — v. The 8. Delthyris shaly limestone, as its name implies, is a shaly mass, and consists of alternate beds of shaly and compact limestone. It is an exceedingly interesting rock from the great number of species, the abundance and perfection of its fossils. — Hall, 144. The 4. Encrinal is a compact crinoidal limestone, and the 5. Upper Pentamerus is a bluish gray limestone. In Pexmsylvania, according to Rogers, the Lower Helderberg is 50 to 100 feet thick, a diversified calcareous formation, of some shade of blue, argillaceous and flaggy in its lower beds, and ahaly towards the middle, with layers and nodules of chert. 8. Orlsicany Sandstone. — In New York the greatest thickness of this rock is not more than thirty feet, and usually much less, but in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia it is, in places, as much as 700 feet ; even in New York it covers an extensive surface, and is strongly marked in its fossils, which are generally of a large size, and attract the attention of travelers. At the typical locality, Oriskany Falls, the sandstone is twenty feet thick, and is of a light yellow color, friable, and readily crumbling into pure sand ; no part of it being suflBciently solid for durable work. One characteristic of this rock is the abundance of small cavities, which have been formed by the destruction of fossils. These present themselves in all cases where the rock is well developed. The porous nature of the mass has admitted the percolation of water, which has dissolved the calcareous matter of the shells, usually leaving casts of their internal stiucture. As a mass the Oriskany sandstone is a coarse, rather loosely cemented, purely silicious sandstone, of a yellowish white color. Sometimes it is shaded brown or some other dark color. In Pennsylvania it forms rough ridges, with a poor sandy soil. It is used for glass- making, and contains an iron-ore too silicious to be valuable. Some of our geologists (Hall, Rogers, Dana, etc.) place the Oriskany at the top of the Silurian seriesi and others (Newberry, Lesley, Hunt, etc.) at the bottom of the Devonian. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS, 29 9-12. DEVONIAN AGE. 9. LOWER DEVONIAN. 9 Upper Helderberg or Corniferous.— This \exj widely extended formation sonsistu of four important members, tlie Cauda-galli, the Schoharie grit, the )nondaga limestone, and the Comiferous limestone, the upper member. But the recent text-books on geology^ the whole formation is called the Comif- erouB, which was the name given by Eaton to the whole formation of limestone. It forms the Helderberg range, a high ridge which extends through the State of Jew York,forming a very rich and productive tract of country. This group of strata, as above limited, and designated the Upper Helderberg by Professor James [Hall, is, in his opinion, deserving of recognition as the base of the Devonian, the iHamilton group being the middle, and the Portage, Chemung and Catskiil the [Upper Devonian. 9 A, Cauda-gallit — ^Thisis a fine-grained calcareous and argillaceous sandstone, Insually drab and brownish, and blanching by long weathering. It readily strikes {the eye by its contrast with its associated rocks, and by the singular marking of [impressions strongly resembling the tail of the common barn-yard fowl, from I whence its Latin name of Cauda-galli or cock's-tail. Its fossils have been found in New York and at Crab Orchard, in Kentucky. In New Jersey, northeast of the I Delaware Water Gap, this and the Schoharie are three hundred feet thick. 9 b. Schoharie Criti — This is very much like the preceding, but altogether different in its fossils. It is a fine-grained, very calcareous grit, or an arenaceous limestone, naturally brown, but weathering to a gray or drab colr)r, containing a great number of fossils peculiar to this stratum, and is found in the mountain one and one-half miles northwest and northeast of Schoharie, New York, and extends by the Helderberg range to Emgston. The Schoharie Grit is a highly fossiliferous formation, and has a wide geographical extension. Its great nmuber of cephalopods gives it a marked character, but it contains other fossils identical with the limestones abovf . — H. The 9 G, Onondaga Limestone in New York rarely exceeds ten to fourteen feet m thickness, but is very persistent, and is readily recognized by its light gray color, I crystalline structure, toughness, and its numerous organic remains. This is one of the most valuable building stones in the Helderberg division, and has been largely quarried near Syracuse for the canal. It is an imperishable stone, having great power to resist the action of air, water and frost. It is generally the rock over which the water flows at the water-falls on the Helderberg range, as at Perryville and Chittenango Falls, and is remarkably uniform in iU character. It is more extensive than the Comiferous proper, and it is very rich in beautiful and char- acteristic fossils. The limestones used for flagging in Syracuse are Onondaga limestone, brought from the typical localities Onondaga Valley and Split-Rock on Onondaga Hill. When wet they make a fine display of fossils of thia formation. This stone is also used for building everywhere in Central New York. T 30 TUB geologist's TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. I' .t 9 d. Corniferout Limettonoi — For all practical purposes, this and the Onondaga limestone may be regarded as one formation. It extends from the Hudson River to the Niagara Riyer, which it crosses at Black Rock, producing there a rapid current at the International, Bridge, at Buffalo, and forming a small island just above the water. It extends far into Canada, is seen at Sandusky City, Ohio, and there forms the bottom of Lake Erie. Its color varies from a light grayish-blue to a black, and is sometimes even a light gray or drab. It contains numerous nodules of flint or homstone, from which it derives its name. But few if any of the layers afford a pure limestone. Its color varies from black to gray, brownish and light blue. It is usually in regular courses from six to eighteen inches thick, separated by layers of homstone, and sometimes embracing flattened nodules of the same. This rock is crossed by vertical joints in two directions, giving ri-'e to numerous copious springs of water. An upper division, called the Seneca limestone, is now included in the Comiferous. In New Jersey and Pennsylvania it is a blue and sometimes sparry limestone, including bands and nodules of chert. In Canada and the Western States it is a straw-colored and light gray rock. In its general eastern exposures it is generally bluish. Above the Coridferous are no general limestone masses in the Eastern States, but partial deposits only, the most ex- tensive of which is the Tully limestone, found only in Central New York. There is an astonishing change f rum the top of the Comiferous limestone to the black sliales of Marcellus. Two formations more unlike cannot anywhere be found. Both the Comiferous and Onondaga are included in the Upper Helderberg lime- stone of Pennsylvania, and on the Juniata they measure together only sixty feftt. Immediately upon the upper surface of the Comiferous litieptone, lies the valuable and extensive Mabcblltts ibox orb. This consists of carbonate of iron, which occurs in a bed of pyritous clay, and near the outcrop is changed into limonite. 10. MIDDLE DEVONIAN. 10 a. Maroellut Shales are of a black color, usually dark brown when altered. They greatly resemble the Utica slate in mineral character, and could readily be mistaken for it. They extend in New York from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. The lower part contains some impure black limestone, not in layers or beds, but in interrupted flattened masses. The upper shales are not bo highly colored as the lower ones, and are disposed to separate, when long exposed, into small, thin-edged fragments, the result of a peculiar accretionary structure. The fragments often exhibit stains, in spots, from iron rust, and also minute crystals of gypsum, the effect of the action of decomposed pyrites and limestone particles. Some portions of the lower shales are black and friable from small carbonaceous f ucoids. Along the whole line of its outcrop it has been dug into in vain attempts to find coal.— Tan U. 147. It has two joint planes, nearly at right angles to each other, causing projecting corners of rock, with smooth nearly vertical surfaces. These are sometimes seen in the upper members also of the Hamilton group, and the septaria or flattened balls of black limestone also occur in the Genesee shales. The lower part is very black, slaty and bituminous, and contains iron pyrites in great profusion. In general character the lower part resembles the Utica slate and is not distinguishable from the 10 c. Genesee slate, in its general aspect. When long exposed, the lower part weathers to a brownish or iron-rust color, partly from the presence and decomposition of iron pyrites and partly from bituminous noatter. In sone situations it retains its purely black color, and scarcely separates DESOBIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 81 into thin laminae after long exposure. In many places this rock contains so much bitumen as to give out flame when thrown upon a fire of hot coals. In Western New York it is fifty feet thick, and farther east much thicker.— H. This important formation carries its broad black outcrops across many of the Middle and Southern States, with comparatively little change, but in the South the black shale is supposed to be Genesee. In the Juniata region of Pennsylvania the Marcellus has been found to measure 875 feet thick, and is there divisible into an upper, middle and lower member, the last consisting of black and brown shales, the Surface being stained with iron rust, &c., coated with bitummous matter. In Perry County, Pennsylvania, small coal beds occur in this formation, constituting the oldest known coal-measures, and significantly marking the great change in the general condition of things which either followed or was introduced by the deposit of the Orinkany sandstone.— Lesley. In speculating upon the origin of petroleum, some geologists have sought it in a process of distillation from the black Marcellus and Oenesee shales upward, and of condensation in the oil-bearing gravels and fissures of the overlying formations. Chemists, like T. Sterry Hunt, oppose this view on chemical grounds, others oppose it from other considerations of apparently equal weight. It is a curious fact, however, that at this horizon, and in the Upper Helderberg or Comlferous, occur the petroleum deposits of Upper Canada, while the Pennsyl- vania oil-deposits lie at successively higher and higher stages in the series. 10 b. Hamilton. — This group takes its name from the town of Hamilton, in Madison County, New York, which contains no other rock, and where tiie best opportunity exists of examining the members of which it is composed, and where its fossils are in great abundance. It includes all the masses between the upper shales of Marcellus, and the Tully limestone, and is from 300 to 700 feet in thickness in New York. It is important from its fine agricultural qualities, its thickness and extent, commencing at the Hudson and extending to Lake Erie. It consists of slate, shale and sandstone, with endless mixtures of thebe materials, or, in other words, sandy shale and shaly sandstones, and is not very easily described. There are three distinct mineral masses as to kinds, but not as to arrangement. The first, in the order of the tenuity of particles, is rather a fine grained shale, often fissile or slaty, its color some shade of blue, usually dark or blackish. The second is a coarse shale, often mixed with carbonate of lime, its color blue or dark gray when fresh, but becoming of an olive or brown color by long exposure to the weather, the color being due to manganese. It has no tendency whatever to separate into regular layers, but when a mass has been long exposed it shows numerous curved divisions, the curves very short and irregular, giving it a very peculiar appearance, which is unmistakable. The third kind, which is not so common as the two first, is a well characterized sandstone, and is generally in tht^ upper part of the group, but more or less mixed with either of the two others. It is often in layers, though rarely straight, and usually short, interrupted, sometimes mixed with carbonate of lime. The colors of this kind are of more various •hades, olive, greenish and yellowish. One thin layer produces excellent flagstones, but thj group generally is deficient in building materials, the shale of the first kind readily crumbling by exposure to the air ; the two latter kinds alone furnishing building stone. The best is where limestone formi the cement, and sand iB in the aai ■'-,%' Si TB^. geologist's TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. greatest abundance. So rare is the occurrence of regular layers in the group, that their absence is a good negative character, and its brownish or yellowish color, externally, or where weathered, a good positire one of the group generally. This applies to the central, but not to the eastern part of the State of New York. It abounds in fossils, and is admirably characterized by them, numerous species and even genera commencing with the group, and ending with it. — Van U. 160. In the western part of the State of New York, instead of sandy shale and shalj sandstone, and even tolerably pure sandstone, as in the east, the sand has diminished and the clay increased. The group, as a whole, presents an immense development of dull olive, bluish-gray calcareous shales, which, on weathering, assume a light gray or ashen tint, some thin portions becoming brownish on exposure. The formation thins out very much iu going westward, and at Lake Erie has only half the thickness found at Seneca Lake, and is so different that doubt of the identity of the two might arise, if one judged by the appearance only. ' The Hamilton is the New York lake formation, the following lakes being excavated in it: Otsego, Cazenovia, Skaneatcles, Otisco, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, and the north end of Hemlock Lake. The east end of Lake Erie is also cut out of the Hamilton. The upper part of the Hamilton was callea the Moscow shale, from a place between Mt. Morris and Rochester, on the Oenesce River. In Pennsylvania the Hamilton shale has been measured on the Juniata, 035 feet thick. It has many hundreds of miles of outcrop, in repeated zig-zags, form- ing, in combination with the Genesee and Portage above it, ranges of smooth, cultivated hii?s, of an entirely characteristic shape, in long lines of rufSed slopes, regularly indented with short and smooth ravines. This striking topographical feature, maintains itself throughout the mountain-region into Virginia, and still farther south. The abundance of shells, without limestone beds, in Pennsylva' ia, furnishes a partial clue to the deposit of the (next succeeding) Tully limestone in New York. 10 b, Tully Limestone. — This is the dividing line, easy to find, between the Hamilton and Genesee, being the upper part of the former, and it is important in New York as the most southern mass of limestone in the State. It is only local, and is an impure limestone, fine-grained, usually a dark or blackish blue, often brownish. The usual thickness of the rock is about fourteen feet, and its greatest thickness twenty feet. It makes a good but not a white lime. It receives its name from the township of Tully, in Onondaga County, New York. This limestone often shows an accretionary structure, and a roughed, notched appearance, where its layers separate as in some of the layers of the water-lime. One of the lower layers is thick, the bottom one being frequently five feet in thickness, and it is owing to this circumstance, and to the softness of the shale beneath, that when- ever a waterfall exists, the shale has been washed out to some depth, leaving a chamber or cavern, of which the limestone forms the roof or ceiling.— V. 109. It is a marked geological horizon in Central New York, being the termination of the Hamilton, and is succeeded by shales of a widely different character. It is often thick-beddc ^ but it is often divided by numerous irregular seams into small fragments. Its color, on first exposure, is blue or nearly black, but weathers to an ashen hue. It is best seen on the Cayuga Southern R. R., where it stands out in the face of the cliffs as a prominent band. It is absent west of Canandaigua Lake and in the eastern part of the state. — H. 212. ■mi DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 83 10 Oi Qeneteei (Black Ulate of the west and south). — This is a great development of argillaceous fissile black slate. Where its edges only are exi^osed, it withstands the weather for a great length of time, and often presents mural banks in the ravines, river-courses, and upon the shores of lakes. When the surface of the strata is exposed it rapidly ez'oliates hi thin even laminae. On disintegration it is often stained with iron, owuig to decomposition of pyrites, but in many instances, and the greater number of localities, it retains a deep black color. In this it is distinguished from some beds of black elate in higher situations, which always become stained with hydrate of iron on their edges, and upon the surface of the lamhiee. In color and general character it greatly resembles the MarcelluB shale, and, aside from position, it would be difficult to distinguish the two, in the absence of fossils. It forms no conspicuous feature in the scenery or topography of the general surface. In ravines, and river and lake banks, it is usually seen in connection with the rocks below or above. Its greatest development, and a point where it appears more prominently alone, and the typical locality from which it was named, is at the opening of the gorge of the Genesee, at Mount Morris, where it is seen in the perpendicular cliffs for more than a mile in length. See note No. 112, New York. Another great exposure of the (Genesee slate is along the Cayuga Southern Kailway south ot Ludlowville, where it shows from eighty to one hundred feet thick, with the Tuliy limestone below and the Portage shales above it. See note 83, New York. The mass decomposes much less rapidly than the soft calcareous Hamilton or Moscow shales below it, and the thin slaty lamince resist atmospheric action a long time. In lithological character it is entirely uniform, having, from Cayuga Lake to Luke Erie, the^ same deep black color and laminated slaty structure, nor is there any change in its organic rema'ins. Its fossils in Indiana are precisely identical with those of New York.— Hall 218. There are few formations in Central New York of which the limits are so well defined as this, lying between the TuUy limestone below, and the sandstone flags of the base of the Portage group, above. It may also readily be found by the black color and slaty fracture. This shale has been regarded as the main original source of the petroleum in the oil region of Ohio and Western Pennsylvanin, but there is reason to believe that part, at least, of the supply of these regions has come from the Cornif erous limestone below it, as maintained by Dr. Hunt. All through the western and southwestern states there is always found a Black Shalb, which is often the only representative of the Devonian rocks. This is generally considered to be 10 c. Genesee. It is very remarkable that a formation of its composition, of so inconsiderable a thickness, and otherwise so unimportant, should be so widely extended, and retain throughout its character unchanged as a black shale. The researches of Dr. Newbery in Ohio tend to show its fossils to be of the Portage type. It is there 350 feet thick, and he pronounces it to be the equivalent of the Genesee and lower Portage. All the divisions of the Hamilton group, Marcellus, Hamilton and Gknesee, are converted, by exposure, into a deep soil of an excellent quality for agricultural purposes, sometimes quite hilly, but forming smooth land free from stones. Some of the finest wheat-growing and hop-raising land in New York is on the Hamilton, and its rich shales have been carried south by drift and diluvial agencies, and spread over the Genesee, Portage and Chemung, greatly to their improvement. 3 ■fH^H mm U THE OEOLOOIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. r lii » 11-12. UPPER DEVONIAN. v 11 a. Portage. — This group represents an exteDsiye development of shales and flagstones, and finally some thick-bedded sandstone towards Us upper part. It is extremely variable in character at different and distant points. In New York the Portage rises sometimes in a gentle slope, and at other times abruptly from the softer shales below. Between the deep north and south valleys, in which the railroads run, the enduring sandstones of the upper part extend far northward^ presenting, on the north side, a, gentle slope, while on the east and west sides ot the same hills, the slope is abrupt, the valleys being bounded by steep hills. The change in the external appearance of the country indicatee the commencement of these Portage rocks, although they are not teen. Throughout the Hamilton shales, the valleys present gently sloping sides, and the country rarely rises far above the valley bottom. But on approaching the northern margin of the Portage group, the railway traveler sees a gradually increasing elevation of the hills on either side, and an abruptness in their slope, and in a short time finds himself in a deep valley bounded on either side by hills rising 400 or 600 feet, and in some instances, even 800 feet above the bed of the stream. These elevations often extend several miles unbroken, except by the deep ravines which indent thehr sides. The higher sand- stones of the group, and in many instances the intermediate ones, produce falls in the streams which pass over them, and some of the most beautiful cascades in the State of New York, and many of the highest perpendicular falls of water, are pro- duced by the rocks of this group, and in none others do we meet with more grand and striking scenery. — J. Hall's Report. ' The pedestrian often finds his course impeded by a gorge of several hund.itd feet in depth, such as Watkins Olen and Havana Olen. The Portage upper, middle and lower falls are 66, 110 and 96 feet, and between the middle and lower the rocks rise in perpendicular cliffs 861 feet in height. See note No. 110, New York, as to Portage on Erie Railroad. Taghanic, Hector, and Lodi falls are also in the Portage. These points afford some of the grandest views of scenery, and admirable facilities for geological investigations. The lower division of the Portage is the 1. Ohaeagua shales, a green shale, with thin flagstones, and sandy shale. 2. The middle portion is the Gardeau shale and flagstones, a great development of green ant. black slaty and sandy shales, with thin layers of sandstone, from which aie quarried beautiful and durable flagstones. The rocks of this part of the group form high, almost perpendicular, banks on the (Genesee. In a westerly direction the sandstones disappear, and the shales increase. 8. The upper part of the Portage consists of the Portage sandstones, thick bedded sandstones, with little shale, while below, the sandy layers become thinner, and shale beds more frequent ; still it must be acknowledged that there is no abrupt change from the beginning of the Portage to the top of the Chemung. In the Portage, the sandstones and shales are less separated than above, and the sandy strata are finer grained, and contain more lime than in the Chemung. Towards the Bonthem extremity of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, the Portage rocks form cliffs of considerable height, which present alternating hard and soft layers, and the numerous vertical joints present the appearance of solid walls of masonry, in distinct and regular courses. The vertical joints are well seen in Havana Glen. Isolated masses, like huge columns, are often seen, standing out in bold relief from the line of the cliff, being the remains of previously exposed surfaces, which DESORIFTIOKS OP THB FORMATIONS. u had crumbled away. On the Genesoe River the group is not lefls than 1000 feet thick. The Portage yields less lime to the soil than the Hamilton, but for pasturage it is superior to it.— H. 224. The great dairy -country of Cortland, and other counties in Central Now York, is on the Portage formation. The water of the Portage group is remarkably pure and soft. The Portage rocks have not been recognized in the eastern part of New York. In Ohio the Portage forms the upper part of the Huron shale, and the lower part of the Erie shale, of Dr. Newberry. In Middle Pennsylvania, according to Lesley, the Portage flags are 1,400 feet thick, and the Chemung shhles over them, 1,860 feet thick. It is very hard to draw a line of demarcation between them, but, as a whole, the Chemung strata are more silicious and the Portage more argillaceous. The Portage sandstones are flaggy, and, at times, very shaly, and their alternations with shale frequent, the individual beds being thin, and the shales predominant. The Chemung sandstones are more massive, ferruginous and micaceous, with fewer alternations of shale. Brachiopods and other shells are abundant in the upper Chemung shales, while the Portage rocks are almost destitute of animal forms except crinoids and fucoids. Fucoidal impressions are also very abundant in the upper Chemung, and to the decomposition of this abundant marine vegetation, Lesquereux and others ascribe the origin of the petroleum, at its various local horizonsi from the Portage up to the Mahoning sandstone in the Coal Measures. 11 b. Chemung.— These rocks con everywhere be described as a series of thin-bedded sandstones and flagstones, with intervening shales, and mixtures in various proportions of these, and very rarely beds of impure limestone, resulting from the aggregation of organic remains. The whole series weathers to a brownish olive, and even the deeper green of the shales assumes that hue. The shales vary in color from a deep black to olive and green, with every grade and mixture of these. The sandstones are often brownish-gray or olive, and sometimes light gray. More generally, however, there is a tinge of green or olive pervading these strata. Towards the upper part of the group, in some localities, there is a tendency to conglomerate, and in a few places the mass becomes a well defined pudding-stone, with sometimes 150 to 200 feet of Chemung shales and sandstones above it. Towards the upper part of the group the shales are reddish, coarse and fissile, with much mica in small glimmering scales. — Hall 251. From their red color these have sometimes been mistaken for the Catskill formation. In a few localities in Pennsylvania it contains a very excellent variety of iron ore. As a general tiling, however, this formation, and all others above it, up to near the coal conglomerate, are singularly deficient in iron ore. There is little of geological interest throughout the whole extent of the Chemung group. The N. Y. L. E. & W., or Erie Railway, runs for 800 miles west of Susquehanna on this formation, and on nearly the same portion of it. In the northwestern portion of Pennsylvania the celebrated oil rboion is in the Chemung, the oil being found stored-up in certain coarse porous sandstones, but these are merely the repository of the oil originating in lower strata. It is a very extensive formation in Southern I New York, all the southern tier of counties, west of Great Bend, behig covered by it, and it forms an excellent grazing and agricultural country, not quite equal to the Portage, but much superior to the Catskill. In Northern Pennsylvania this formation, as in Southern New York, consists of a vast succession of thin layers of shale, of every hue, from a deep olive and dark green to a light slaty gray, I alternating with thin beds of brownish gray sandstones. 86 THE geologist's TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. In FenQsylyania, ninety feet of strata have been carefully studied and measured on Sideling Hill, consisting of alternate beds of red and olive shales and sandstones with Chemung fossils, ripple-marks and f ucoids, and a bed of iron ore long known by the name of the Land's Creek ore, which outcrops everywhere along the face of the Allegheny Mountain. In the gaps at BlairsvUle and ConnellsyiUe, in Southwestern Pennsylvania, Prof. Stevenson finds Chemung fossils in what have always been called the Catskill rocks, on account of their being of a red color, and other geologists have made the same observation in Northern Pennsylvania. In Southern New York, adjacent to Pennsylvania, Professor Hall reports 150 feet of red rocks, and then thin gray rocks above with Chemung fossils. TL e Erie shale of Ohio is the equivalent of the 11 b. Chemung, and the upper part of the 11 a. Portage. At Cleveland, it consists of green, gray and blue shales* soft and fine, with sheets of micaceous, silvery sandstone, from half an inch to two inches in thickness, and flattened masses of argillaceous iron ore. — Newberry. The formation also occurs in Kentucky, and Chemung fossils have been found in Utah and Nevada by Clarence King and Arnold Hague. 12i CattkilL — There is no observable line of demarcation between the Chemung and Catskill. The first sign of change is a more solid or hard rock appearing, often accompanied by red sandstone or red shale. The group consistA of light colored gray sandstone, usually hard ; of fine-grained red sandstone, red shale or slate ; of dark colored slate and shale, of grindstone-grit, and a peculiarly accretionary and fragmentary mass, appearing like fragments of hard slate cemented by limestone, similar to what is well known in England as comstone. The hard gray sandfitone often presents a highly characteristic structure, the layers, one or more inches thick, being disposed in oblique divisions, the divisions usually overlapping each other. This peculiar angular arrangement presents altogether a singular conformation, and forms a highly picturesque rock. — Y. You can see this at Balston, Penn8ylva;i.d. The prevailing color of the sandstone is brick-red, though often it is lighter, and sometimes of a deeper color, from a larger proportion of iron, while the coarser parts are often gray, and the shales are green. Beds of green shaly sandstone are interstratifled with the red friable sandstone, and these are succeeded by a compact kind of conglomerate rock. The formation expands, and augments in thickness, in passing eastward, till it finally rises in the high and prominent peaks of the Catskill Mountain, nearly 4,000 feet above the sea, from which the formation derives its name. See note No. 0, of New York. The formation extends from this locality southwestward into Pennsylvania, where its outcrop, 8,000 feet thick, in combination with that of the Pocono sandstone above it, 2,000 feet thick, forms a terraced mountain, which surrounds each of the Anthracite coal fields ; the red rocks of the Catskill making the terrace, and the white rocks of the Pocono forming the crest. Piled upon one another in Inclined strata, they constitute the bulk of the Catskill Mountains in New York, of the Pocono plateau in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny, Savage and Cumberland Mountains, far into Virginia and Tennessee. >n all the railroads approaching the anthracite coal regions of Pennsylvania one passes over these Catskill rocks, often for many miles. They contain no coal, but fossil ferns are abundant in some localities. This la the last and upper forma- tion of the Devonian period, and is the foundation on which rests the carboniferous ■ i « '• •;'.• , DESCRIPTION'S OF THE FORMATIONS. 37 ^1 syBtem. On the Delaware divisioii of the N. Y. L. E. «fc W., or Erie Railway, is an opportunity of seeing the red rocks of the Catskill formation for a number of miles, and also on the N.T. & O. Midland Railroad north of the Bloomingburgh tunnel. In Pennsylvania it is composed of a vast succession of thin-bedded red and gray sandstones, with thin seams of red, green and mottled shales, also coarse and fine sandstones of various hues of red, brown, gray and greenish ; together with red and greenish coarse silicious conglomerate of white quartz pebbles, the whole being thick bedded, and with an oblique laminated structure. It has not much of interest, either to the scientific or practical inquirer. Its most interesting fossils are fish-remains, which, in the Catskills, extend through 100 feet in thickness of strata. It is the Old Bed sandstone of England, lying under the coal. The English yew Bed sandstone is over the coal, being tLd Permian, Jurassic and Triassic formations, but these are not found directly over the coal in America. The Catskill formation is a poor one for agricultural purposes. The fields are stony, with many projecting ledges of red rocks. Its sandstones are too hard, and too destitute of lime to produce a fertile soil, and the country covered by it is either a wilderness, or very thinly populated. 13-15 CARBONIFEROUS AGE. 13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous.— To a superficial observer, the remarkaBle substitution of great sandstone and conglomerate deposits, under the coal-measures in the east, for generally limestone deposits, under the coal-measures of the west, must seem inexplicable. But the simple explanation is, that all the sub-carbon- iferous sand- beds of Pennsylvania, formed near the old continent, thin away, and gradually disappear, before they reach the Mississippi ; while the five great sub- carboniferous limestones of Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, formed in a deep quiet sea, on the contrary, thin away, in going eastward, to 40 feet in Westmoreland County, and 25 feet in Somerset County, Pennsylvania ; and totally disappear before reaching the Schuylkill and Lehigh Rivers. But the same limestone deposits thicken southwaid to 600 and 1,000 feet in Virginia, and even more in Tennessee. In the Pennsylvania Anthracite courtly, the next formation above the Catskill I is a gray sandstone, called by Prof. H. D. Rodgers the Vespertine. In the second I geological sarvey. Prof. L.^sley calls it the Pocono, from the name of the mountain bounding Wyoming Valley, on the south side. The miners call it the second conglomerate. It contains carboniferous fossils, but no coal of value. Invariably the Vespertine is the outside mountain suiTounding the coal-basins, the inside one being the 14 a. Pottsville conglomerate, or Millstone grit, and they are Iseparated by 13 b. Mauch Chunk red shale, of Lesley, or Umbral, of Rogers, a Isoft rock, which forms a valley ; and all four, 12. Catskill or Ponent, 13 a. IVespertine or Pooono, 18 b. Umbral or Mauch Chunk, and 14 a. Serai or Pottsville Iconglomerate, are worthless for fajtning purposes. 38 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. '! In Pezmsylvania, the Vespertine is a white, gray and yellowish sandstone, alternating with coarse silicious conglomerates, and dark-blue, olive and black slates, and occasionally thin beds of coal. In Michigan, it is the Marshall group, which is mostly a somewhat friable rock, with a reddish, buflSsh, or olive color, though in some regions becoming gray or bluish-gray. It forms the receptacle into which the brine descends, and accumulates from the next over-lying Michigan salt group, which is 18 b., and also sub-carboniferous. The Waverly group of Ohio is proved, by its fossils, to be of this same age. Its sub-divisions are given at the head of the chapter on Ohio. It produces the Berea grindstones and Waverly sandstone, the finest building-stone in Ohio, if not in the United States. In Tennessee there is a great development of the lower sub-carboniferous group, the 13 a. Barren group, rjid 18 b. Coral, or St. Louis limestone, formerly called by Prof. Saff ord the Silicious. Its upper part is tlie equivalent of the St. Louis lime- stone of Missouri; the lower is a series of silico-calcareous rocks, characterized by heavy layers of chert, one inch to two feet thick. In lilinois the series of sub-carboniferous strata consists of the 1. Einderhook group, 3. Burlington group, 3. Keokuk group, 4. St. Louis groi^p, the base of which was formerly called the Warsaw limestone, and the 6 Chef ■ ?^up; all of these are limestcaes and shale, with some sandstons in the first and last named. These embrace both the lower and upper sub-carboniferous, and are 1,200 to 1,500 feet thick in the south-western part of Illinois, but thin-out in going north, and entirely disappear before reaching Rock Island, r^here the coal-measures rest on the Devonian limestone. In Iowa the four lower members occur, but the Chester, the thickest member, is wanting, and it is almost entirely wanting in Missouri. In Pennsylvania a small coal-bed. has been opened on the Susquehanna River, in the Pocono sandstone ; and in Huntingdon County more than a dozen small layers of coal may be traced, running through the formation. In Montgomery County, Virginia, two similar coal-beds attain a local importance, being on Tom's Creek, respectively 4 and 8 feet thick. These represent the lower coal of East Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. In Ohio the Subcarboniferous limestone extends through some of the south- eastern counties. It is quite thin, and represents only the upper or Chester ^ . "ir ber of the group. Two workable seams of coal — the Jackson and Wallstor, o^^^ — are found below it.— Newberry. 13 bi Upper Sub-Carboniferous.— In Pennsylvania this is the Umbral red shale of Rogers, and the Mauch Chunk of Lesley, sometimes 8,000 feet thick, and here consists almost entirely of very soft red shales and argillaceous red sand- stone, without fossils. It gradually becomes in Virginia a triple maas of buff, green and red shales below, a thick body of light-blue limestone, full of fossils, in the middle, and the upper part blue, olive and red calcareous shales, with massive strata of gray and brownish sandstone. It contains beds of iron ore. which are sometimes very valuable. In the Western States the limestone is the principal rock. It is the limestone of Greenbriar Valley in West Virginia. In Northern Pennsylvania, gray and greenish shales, and gray argillaceous sandstones, are introduced among the red shales, and farther west it consists of two or more strata of soft red shales, separated by a thick body of gray, flaggy sandstone. It is generally well marked in Pennsylvania as the softest of rocks, or simply dry re<} mud, and is to be noticed by those in search of coal, none of which is evef found in or below it. In Tennessee this formation is the mountain limestone, DESCBIFTIONS OF THE FOBMATIOVS. 89 hale, the latter See the above beneath the coal-measures. It is a heavy body of limestones an almost one-fourth of the mass ; and there is also a sandstone, description of 13 a. in Illinois. In Middle Pennsylvania, around the Broad Top coal-basin, Prof. J. P. Lesley says there appears, for the first time in this formation, going west, distinct traces of the great mountain limestone formation, which underlies all the southern and western coal-fields, and becomes one of the principal features of the geology of the Rocky Mountains, as it is also of the geology of Europe. The red shale formation is here seen, divided in two^OlO feet of it above, and 141 feet of it below ; a middle group of red and gray, mottled calcareous shales, and thin lime- stone layers, full of fossil shells — in all 49 feet thick — separating the upper and lower members of nearly pure red shale. The narrow red shale valleys, which surround this Broad Top coal-basin, the Cumberland basin in Maryland, and the three principal groups of anthracite basins in Eastern Pennsylvania, are due to the thickness and softness of this important formation. But while it is 8,000 feet thick at Pottsville, it is but 300 feet thick along the Allegheny Mountain, and less than 100 feet thick around the coal-basins of Tioga and Bradford counties ; and, therefore, instead of making valleys, only marks the top of the mountaui steep slopes with a narrow terrace, over which dominates the vortical cliffs of the outcrop of the coal conglomerate. 14 a. Millstone Qrit.— This is a mass of white or yellow sandstone, containing vast numbers of quartz pebbles, and forming a pudding-stone, or conglomerate. It is called the Millstone Grit, from being used for the manufacture of millstones. In Pennsylvania and Virginia the formation is 1,000 feet thick, but becomes reduced to from 10 to 175 feet in Ohio. In Kentucky it is from 60 to 600, and in Indiana from 60 to 100 feet. It is a very peculiar rock, and very wide spread, extending out beyond the coal measures proper, of which it is the base and support. There is not in the entire geological series, says Dr. Newberry, another stratum of rock so widely distributed, and presenting as strongly marked litholo^cal characters, as this. The pebbles are generally of quartz, and well rounded. The sand, which forms the paste, and holds together the pebbles of the conglomerate, is generally coarse, and consists of rounded grains of quartz, which differ from the pebbles only in size. In the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, conglomerate rocks some- times occur between coal-beds, but in the other coal regions they are below all the workable coal-beds. Any cases of thin beds of good coal being found in or below the conglomerate, are exceptional and rare. It does not always maintain its character as a conglomerate, being sometimes an ordinary sandstone. The great lead mines of Joplin and Granby. in Missouri, are in a ferruginous sandstone, the equivalent of the Millstone Grit, or the Chester group, and the Hot Springs of Arkansas are in the MUlstone Grit, greatly metamorphosed. 14 bi and c. Lower and Upper Coal Measures.— The series of rock-strata, among which the carboniferous coal-beds are found, are called the Coal Measures, which produce all the best coal of America. They consist of repeated altemationg of exceedingly diversified rocks, of every degree of coarseness, from the smoothest fire-clay to exceedingly rough, silicious conglomerates, including within those extremes a wide variety of coal-shales, or mud-rocks, of almost every color and texture— marls, argillaceous sandstones and quartzose grits, also thin bands of limestones, both pure and magnesian, and numerous seams of carbonate of iron. m 40 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. fi The numerous coal-beds themselves, which occur among this series of strata, the most interesting and important of them all, are also found in America in all their known varieties, from the most compact anthrrdte to the most flusible and bituminoas kinds of coal. There is no invariable order for the strata of coal measures, but usually the bed of coal has a fire-clay bed below it, and shale immediately over it. Extending our view over a considerable district, we find these rocks are coarser and more massive towards the east or southeast ; that they become more fino-grained, and less sandy and earthy, and the limestones increase in size and number as we proceed westward or northwestward ; that many of the strata become reduced in thickness, and some of them entirely dis- appear. In Pennsylvania and Ohio the middle portion of the coal measures con- tains no coal seams, and hence is called the Barren Measures, thus dividing the formation into Upper and Lower Productive Coal Measures. The Lower Coal Measures sometimes contain valuable beds of iron ore. Salt is produced trom the Lower Coal Measures in Western Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky.* I9i Permiani — In the annexed Guide a large number of stations in Kansas are given as being on the Permo-Carboniferous (Permian) series, and it was for a long time supposed that these rocks occur only in Kansas. Prof. C- A. White has recently assigned a large area in Texas to the Permian, and Prof. I. C White is inclined to refer the Permo-Carboniferous beds of Southwestern Pennsylvania and West Virginia, the No. XVI. of Rodgers, to the same age, since they are the exact counter-part of the Texas rocks in their stratigraphical relations, lithology and palseontologica! affinities. The Permian rocks in Europe are limetrtones, sandstones, red, greenish, and gray marlites or shales, gypsum beds and con- glomerates, among which the limestones, in some regions, predominate. In Kansas they consist, according to Prof. Mudge, of calcareous and arenacous shales and beds of limestone. The latter are quite impure, but sometimes mas- sive magnesian limestone, of a drab and buff color, is found, which furnishes an excellent building material. Prof. Swallow describes them as a series of lime- stones, marls, shales, sandstones, conglomerates and gypsums- The State capitol of Kansas, at Topeka, is built of Junction City limestone of the Permian forma- tion. It is also used at Manhattan, and the buildings at Fort Riley are also con- spicuous specimens of Permian limestone. The rocks here called Permian, are conformable to the coal measures, and contain many coal-measure fossils, with some not found below. Some geologists think there is no good reason for sep- arating the Permian rocks from the Carboniferous system, of which they form the uppermost member (and in the Tables of Formations both Permian and Permo-Carboniferous are used.) Strata of the same age occur in Indiana, Texas and Mexico, where they contain many new and interesting reptilian remains. In most parts of the United States where the coal measures are not overlaid by the Permian beds, the latter have very probably been eroded. The Permian forms part of the New Red Sandstone of England, lying over the coal. The name is derived from Permia, a province in Russia. * Having been for twenty-one years actively engaged in mining, transporting and Helling coal, the author'8 business led him to the study of geology, particularly in its economic bearings, and he has given to the world all he knows about cpai in another work entitled, "Thb Coal Rmioms or Amcuca. : TBUB ToPoosAPHY, Gkolooy and Dbvilopiumt," by Jam«e M«cfttrlane, Ph. O. U DESCRIPTIONS OP THE FORMATIONS. 41 I6H8. MESOZOIC. arenacous 16. Trtassic. — As the railroads from Philadelphia to New York, the greatest lines of travel in this country, run on this formation, it is the most conspicuous and well known in the State of New Jersey, and one in which geologists are now taking great interest. Every observing person must have noticed it, and its aspect and composition are so uniform and well marked, that a description of it here will answer for the whole belt through the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, from the Hudson River to Deep River, in the latter State, and in the Connecticut Valiey. The Triassic consists of dark reddish-brown sandstone, soft, crurably brown shales, and the upper beds are coarse conglomerates. The almost invariable dip is towards the north-west, at angles ranging from 16' to 35*. Prof. H. D. Rogers thought this uniform dip was not caused by any uplifting agency, but that the rocks were originally laid down in this manner. His theory is that the formation owes its origin to an extensive ancient river, having its source at the eastern base of the Blue Ridge, in North Carolina. Following the remnants of the Triassic formation thence north-east, it gradually, from small beginnings, becomes larger, and has throughout a descending course. At the James River, it is four, at the Potomac six, at the Sus(^iiehanna twelve, and at the Delaware, thirty miles wide — ^the estuary being in the region of the Raritan and the Hudson. In New Jersey, therefore, this river w.i at its maximum. The uniform dip was supposed by Prof. H. D. Rogers to be the result of the oblique or slanting mode in which the sediment has been laid down by a rapid and steady current washing the material from the south-east side or shore of the river. If it were due to an upheaval, this formation, measured in the usual way, would show an unheard-of thickness. In fact, it is very thin, as is shown in the exposures of limestone in the interior of the belt. All the appearances of the formation indicate, and there is much to suRtain his opinion, that it never was tilted. But more recent study of this interesting formation, has proven two facts : (1) that it was originally extensive, far beyond its present limits ; and, (2) that, in at least its middle beds, the original deposits were horizontal, and have been since upturned. The two great belts of Triassic, which cross from Virginia into North Carolina, and one of them into South Carolina, not only have their rocks dipping in opposite directions, showing a long and broad uplifted country between Raleigh and Danville ; but certain groups of coal-beds, which, though now dipping in contrary directions, must of course have been originally horizontal. Traces of coal-beds have been found in the Triassic of Pennsylvania, In York county, and at Phoenixville. The intermediate country in North Carolina was, therefore, pre- sumably once covered with the formation, and probably all Virginia, east of the Blue Ridge, and all south-eastern Pennsylvania. The formation is seen passing under the plastic clays of New Jersey, and may extend far under the bed of the Atlantic, being thus connected with the beds of the Connecticut, and even those of the Bay of Pundy. — Lesley. 43 THE OEOLOGISrS TBAVELINQ HAND-BOOK. i:. Relics of vegetation are occasionally found in the Triassic, in the fonn of highly compact and bituminous lignite, the longitudinal sections exhibiting the fibrous structure of the wood, whence it was formed. This lignite, occurring sometimes in seams of two or three inches in thickness, amid dark shales, has been a fertile source of delusion, some persons having been induced by the hope of finding valuable coal-mines, to waste much labor in the search. Although the Richmond and North Carolina coals are Triassic, all the geological facts discoun- tenance the notion that it contains coal in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the detached fragments of plants, which we meet with in the form of lignite, having evidently been loosely drifted into these sediments from the land. Prof. Emmons says there is nothmg which can be regarded as equivalent to the coal measures of the Chatham (N. C.) and Richmond (Va.) series in the northern beds. All this formation was produced at a period subsequent to the great Carboniferous or coal- bearing rocks. There are great numbers of fossil fish in the Trias of New Jersey and Connecticut valleys, among them twenty species of ganoids; also the famous bird-tracks of Dr. Hitchcock. See notes 27 and 28 Massachusetts. Fossil plants are numerous in the Trias of Virginia and North Carolina. When a large portion of the pebbles are of limestone, in the Triassic con- glomerate, and the cementing red earth which unites them, contains an adequate quantity of the same material, the rock possesses the character of a marble, as on the Potomac River. The Portland stone, or reddish-brown sandstone, so much used for building purposes in New York and other eastern cities, is from the Triassic formation. Extensive mines for copper ore have been wrought in the Triassic, in the State of New Jersey, the ore occurring in every case adjacent to igneous traps, but not in contact with them. All these mining operations have failed, on account of the ore being diffused or disseminated through the mass of the formation, and not being found compacted in regular veins. In Europe, the upper part of the Triassic is called Eeuper, or copper. !l ' Sl Trap-Dikesi — Numerous parallel ridges and dikes of Trap, some of them many miles in length, and with the elevation of mountains 400 feet high, and ridges of all sizes, traverse the Triassic. Indeed, neariy all the trap-dikes ai'e coi^ned to this formation. The material which composes these rough, rocky ridges, undoubtedly protruded in a stat« of fusion, slowly and gently through long narrow fissures, produced by the gaping asunder of the rocks, and not by enormous violent disruptions, Uke those of volcanoes, as the strata through which they passed are very little disturbed, and the dip of the strata is very little affected by them. These trap-dikes have burst through the red shale and sand- stone, after they were deposited, overflowing, while in a melted and highly heated condition, the adjacent beds, and greatly altering their texture, color and mineral aspect. The finest of these trap-dikes is the Palisades, on the west side of the Hudson River, above Jersey City, and extending north of that place. (See note 6, in chapter on New York). The tunnels and deep railroad-cuts through it, in Jersey City, afford good opportunities to observe the appearance of the stone, the principfJ constituents of which are hornblende, feldspar, and titaniferous oxide of iron. The little mountain of iron ore at Cornwall, in Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, was thrown up by a trap-dike of the Triassic. , ^ D£80BIPTI0NS OF THE FORMATIONS. 43 That the trap is not confined, however, to the Triassic rock surfacu, is beauti- fully shown by the very numerous trap-dikes which cut the Highlands of Orange county, N.T., and of New Jersey ; by the long, straight, narrow dike whicli issues from the South Mountain, opposite Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, and cuts across all the formations, from the Potsdam up to the Subcarboniferous, at the mouth of the Juniata, (see notes 9, 77 and 170, in chapter on Pennsylvania), and especially by the still longer trap-dike recently discovered by Prof. Frazer, in Lancaster county, Pa., which not only penetrates the Welsh hills of gneiss, but cuts acroBS the west end of the Chester county (Pa.) Valley, near the famous nickel mine, and reaches the Susquehanna River near the roofing slates quarries at Peach Bottom. — Lesley. The Triassic formation yields the rock-salt and brine of the greater part of Europe, especially in England, Ireland, France, and part of Germany. * 17i JurawiCt — ^The upper portion of what is commonly called the Triassic, on the Atlantic border, may belong to the Jurassic, and is so described by Prof. P. R. Uhler, in the annexed Guide for Maryland ; and by Prof. W. B. Rogers, as Juro- Triassic and Juro-Cretaceous, in Virginia. But there are beds which are imdoubtedly Jurassic in several of the eastern ridges of the Rocky Mountains, and other districts of the far West. The rocks are, in general, a gray or whitish marly or arenaceous limestone, with occasional puie compact limestone beds, intercalated with laminated marls. The enormous Binoaauri, recently obtained by Marsh and Cope from Colorado, are from the Jurassic. It is much less import- ant here than in England, where it is subdivided into the Liassic, Oolytic and Wealden. The name is derived from Mount Jura, in Switzerland. \8, Cretaeeousi— The Cretaceous formation, along the Atlantic Coast and the lower Mississippi Valley, consists of a series of beds of strata, differing from each other ; but they are all earthy in form, consisting of beds of sand and sandy-clay, except at a few points, where the strata have been cemented by oxide of iron into a kind of sandstone, or conglomerate. In Texas it contains extensive beds of gypsum. In New Jersey it produces the lower two beds of grccn-sand, called marl, which is extensively used in agriculture, the value of which is due to the potash and phos- phates which it contains. Ninety per cent, of it is a green silicate of iron and potash, the rest being ordina.y sand, and it contains no lime. But in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado, the Cretaceous attains a thickness of 9,000 feet, and its rocks comprise beds of sand, marlite, clay, loosely aggregated shell-limestone, or rotten limestone, and compact limestone. At the middle of the Cretaceous, lie the beds of plastic-clay, outcropping across New Jersey, from Trenton to Amboy, and of great importance to the fire-brick and pottery factories, as described in the Report of Prof. Cook, of New Jersey, for 1876. The name Cretaceous is from the Latin word for chalk, the chalk of England and Europe, being one of the rocks of this period ; but in this country it contains no chalk, except in Western Kansas, 823 miles west of Kansas City, where a large bed exists. It is within one mile of Trego station on the Kansas Pacific Railroad* and is found over a tract 125 by 80 miles. The Cretaceous formation, in the far West, passes upwards into a coal-bearing formation, several thousand feet thick, and covering on the upper Missouri River not less than 100,000 square miles in the United States, besides the portion of th belt extending into the British possessions. The area of other lignitic basins farther south, cannot be estimated, their width being unknown. Dr. Hayden 44 THE geologist's TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. :1i regards this coal-formation as transitional, or Lower Eocece 19. Tertiary, and in the within Guide for Colorado It is called the Lignitic Group, lying between the Cretaceous and Tertiary. Mr. Lesquereux is of the same opinion as to its Tertiary age, but nearly all other geologists regard it as Cretaceous. In the annexed Guide for Wyoming and Utah, the formation is given at points where the coal is mined — Carbon, Separation, Black Buttes, Point of Rocks, Rock Springs, and E^.anston. All the coal now mined in Wyoming is, according to the Ouide, in the 18 d. Laramie Cretaceous, which corresponds with Hayden's Lignitic beds. Evc7/ division of the Cretaceous is said to be lignitic or coal-bearing, and may some day produce good coal. The Evanston beds are in the Lai'amie, but the Coalsville beds are probably in the 18 b. Colorado Cretaceous. The Rock Creek coal may be 18 c. Fox Hill. — A. Hague. There is no Carboniferous coal in the far west. The difference of opinion as to the age of the Lignitic or coal-bearing group, arises from the fact of its Ijing at the transition point from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary, where, as is not unusual, the fossils of both are mingled ; and the con- troversy is as to precisely where the Cretaceous ends, and the Tertiary begins. ' 19-20. CENOZOIC. 19i Tertiary.— The Tertiary formation of the Atlantic coast is wholly of an «arthy character, without solid rocks, consisting of sands and sandy blue clays, and above these yellow and brown ferruginous sand ; also clays and sands imbedding extensive layers of uncemented fossil shells. But as we trace them south and southwest through the Southern cotton-growing states, it becomes more calcareous, consisting of lead-colored sandy clays, and whitish and bluish friable limestone in JS^orth and South Carolina and Eastern Georgia. West of that, the upper member consists of two limestone strata, the middle of sand and sandy marl, and the lower part of limestone and marl. H. D. Rogers suggests that on the Atlantic slope, opposite the Appalachian Mountains, the older rocks furnished only sandy and clayey sediments, and the Tertiary deposits composed of the ruins of the former, are of that character ; while farther west a wide expanse of limestones fills the upper valley of the Mississippi, and hence the Tertiary deposits bordering the Gulf of Mexico, and extending up the Mississippi River, are of a greatly more calcareous or lime-beaiing character. The cotton-growing lands of the Southern States are chiefly Tertiary. In the central part of the continent, the Tertiary beds are lake sediments, or fresh- water deposits ; while on the west coast they are marine. The Tertiary, in the southern part of New Jersey, furnishes great quantities of bog iron-ore, but bog iron-ore is not peculiar to the Tertiary formation. The upper bed of the green-sand of New Jersey is Tertiary. In the far-west the Tertiary strata are in a greatly more indurated or rocky condition than those of the eastern coast. The 19 a. Eocene consists of beds of clay and sand, with round ferruginous con- cretions and numerous seams and local deposits of lignite, according to Mr. Les- quereux. Also gray and ash-colored sandstone, with more or less argillaceous layers. The 19 b. Miocene consists of white and light drab clays, with some beds of sandstone and local layers of limestone. The 19 c. Pliocene is composed of fine, loose sand, with some layers of limestone, and contains fossil bones of animals, which are scarcely distinguishable from living species. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 45 20. Quaternary.— The materials of the glacial drift consist of vast accu- mulations of sand, pebbles, and bowlders, belonging invariably to rocks lying northward of their present positions, with beds of bowlder clay of great thick- ness, evidently brought from a great distance from the north, by causes quite dif- ferent from any now in operation, and which nearly all geologists now believe ^o have been glaciers. This material is spread over the whole breadth of the North American continent, down to 38° or 40° of latitude, with glacial flood- deposits farther south along the valleys ; and it is also spread, in the same way, over the northern part of Europe. Nearly every recently uncovered ledge of rock in the drift-covered region has its surface marked with the characteristic striae and furrows. These scratched, polished and grooved surfaces prove the former existence, according to Agassiz's theory, of an ice sheet, many thousand feet in thickness, moving across the continent over open level plains, as well as along enclosed valleys. When softer and harder rocks alternate, they are planed off to one outline or level, as if a rigid rasp had moved over the land^ leveling all before it. On the contrary, on any surfJEice where water flows, we find the softer materials have yielded first and been worn out, while the rocks will be left standing out, and show greater resistance. Glacial surfaces are highly polished, and are marked with scratches, grooves and deeper furrows. Sometimes the smooth surfaces are like polished marble, showing that the grinding material was held steadily down in firm, permanent contact with the rocky surface against which it moved, as is the case with the glacier. There are many deep ancient channels filled by the drift. The usual characteristic marks of glaciers extend, according to Agassiz, over the whole surface of the east half of the continent, from the Atlantic shores to the States west of the Miississippi, and from the Arctic sea to the latitude of the Ohio, about the 40th degree of north latitude. The glacier marks trend from north to south, with occasional slight inclinations to the east or west, according to the minor irregularities of the surface. The ice of the great glacial period in America, is supposed to have moved over the continent as one continuous sheet, over-riding nearly all the inequalities of the surface. The drift is spread in one vast sheet over the whole land, consisting of an indis- criminate medley of clay, sand, gravels, pebbles, bowlders of all dimensions, so uniformly mixed together, that in all parts of the country it presents a gen- eral similarity. The partial absence of stratification is one important charac- teristic of glacial drift. In the bowlder clays there is no arrangement of the materials according to size or weight, whereas in water the lighter materials are carried farther than the heavier ones and deposited separately. In glacial drift there are large angular fragments by which it may be distinguished from alluvium, and it retains the mud gathered during the journey, spread through its mass, while the water-rolled deposits are washed clean, and consist usually of well-rounded pebbles, and there are no scratches on the exposed surfiices of the solid rocks. ' The following general description of the limit of the drift is intended to show the approximate boundary between the glaciated and non-glaciated parts of the country. Although the margins of the difiierent drift-sheets appear to form a single margin, because the sheets overlap, it must not be inferred that they are one and the same, or that they were formed at the same time, or neces- .' I 46 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 'i1 'II' m l!|t aarily by tlie same agency. The majority of active and critical students of the drift of the interior now believe in two or more glacial epochs — not merely stages of retreat, but two or more independent ice incursions. Nor is it to be understood that the southern border is everywhere a moraine, in any special flense of the term. For more than half its extent across the country, there is no ppecial aggregation of drift at the edge, and the precise method of its forma- tion in certain portions is yet an open question. Tn the northwestern corner of the United States, the margin of the great northern drift sheet unites or becomes confused with the local drift f^om the mountains, and it is impossible to say at present what is to be regarded as the margin of the great northern mantle. According to Dr. 6. M. Dawson, there was a general southerly movement on the highlands of British Columbia. This appears to have penetrated to the basin of Puget Sound, but not to have reached the Columbia river. It seems also to have entered the northern edge of Washington Territory, near the northern elbow of the Columbia (Willis). It also penetrated into Idaho, as fur as Lake Fend d'Oreille (Chamberlin), and also the northern border of Montana. Local mountainous giaciation was quite extensive along the Cascades, Sierra Nevada, Bocky Mountains and some minor ranges. East of the Rocky Mountains, the limit of northern drift enters the United States from Canada at the fool-hiHs of the mountains (G. M. Dawson), and running southward to the vicinity of Fort Shaw, curves eastward crossing the Missouri river about 40 miles above Fort Benton (Chamberlin and Salisbury). Thence it courses eastward, crossing the Yellowstone about 60 miles above its mouth, keeps north of the Northern Pacific railroad to within about 30 miles of Bismark (same authorities). Here it turns south, keeps in the vicinity of the Missouri river to Nebraska (Chamberlin, Todd), thence southerly to near the mouth of the Republican river (Todd, Mudge), thence easterly to the mouth of the Missouri river (Salisbury and Chamberlin). East of the Mississippi it forms a great loop, reaching nearly to the south end of Illinois (Worthen, Wright) ; swings north to the heart of Indiana (ibid) and south again into Kentucky (Sutton, Wright). Entering Ohio above Cincin- nati it trends undulatingly northeast, and enters Pennsylvania a few miles above the mouth of the Beaver (Lewis and Wright) ; thence it extends north- eastward into the State of New York, where, making a sharp curve, it again enters Pennsylvania in Potter county, and passes southeast to Belvidere, New Jersey (Lewis and Wright), and crosses that State with a northward arch to Perth Amboy (Cook and Smock). It traverses the whole length of Long Island (Cook, Smock, Upham) and appears on Block Island, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket (Upham). The reader will understand that all south of the line described is unglaciated except local areas in the mountainous regions of the west, and possibly some in the Appalachians. From the Atlantic Coast to the Scioto valley, in Ohio, for the greater part, there is, on or near the margin, a well-marked terminal moraine, north of which lie other marginal moraines. From the Scioto valley westward, the margin of the drift is characterized by no sensible ridging of the nature of a terminal moraine, but terminates in a thin and often very attenuated edgOi Eastward from the Atlantic shore, the edge of the glacial deposits is supposed to correspond with St. George's Bank juid Sable Island Shoal, and to pass southeast of Newfoundland. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. « In Europe the border limit crosses the southeast comer of England, south* ern Holland, southern Germany, passing near Dresden, and thence onward south of Warsaw and Moscow, in a sinuous course, embracing the center of European Russia, and curving around to the northeast, runs northward to the Arctic Ocean, west of the Ural Mountains. In no part of the United States are the phenomena of the drift displayed on a grander scale than in the Lake Superior region and on the northern borders of Wisconsin. Minnesota und Dakota are yery deeply buried in drift. At the south side of Lake Superior, the drift is frequently 200 to 800 feet deep, and at the west end of that lake it is 300 or more feet thick, and it is 220 feet deep at Fargo, Dakota. The lower peninsula of Michigan is covered often flrom 200 to 300 feet deep. To the southward the drift usually diminishes, and it becomes more evenly spread over the country. It is a singular fact that in the Galena lead region, at the corner of Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin, bounded by the Mississippi* Wisconsin, and Rock rivers, and in a considerable extent of territory north of it, no transported drift material can be found. The driftless region is 10,000 square miles in Wisconsin alone, or one fifth of the area of the State. Ohio has a very complete series of drift deposits, and they have been well studied and described by Dr. Newberr}'. He has classified the drift deposits as follows, in the ascending order : 1st. The Erie clay, a blue or gray unstratified bowlder clay. 2d. The forest bed, consisting of a bed of soil, with timber, the remains of an ancient forest, found in Ohio, Indiana, etc., at various depths from the present surface. 3d. Lacustrine deposits, stratified sands and clays in northern Ohio ; yellow clay abounding with gravel, in southern Ohio. The Bins' formation along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers is a very pecu< liar and interesting one, resting upon the drift. It is of a slightly yellowish ash color, very fine, not sandy, and yet not adhesive. It makes an excellent soil, is easily excavated by the spade alone, an yet it remains so unchanged by the atmosphere and frost, that wells dug in it require to be walled only to a point above the water line, while the remainder stands so securely without support, that the spade marks remain upon it for many years. Road embankments and excavations upon the sides of roads stand like a wall. (See general note, Mississippi chapter and note on Vicksburg, Tennessee chapter.) The peculiar outline of the bluffs along the Missouri river is very interesting. They are often naked, entirely destitute of trees, and tower up f^om the river bottom-land, sometimes more than a hundred feet in height, and so steep in some places that a man cannot climb them, yet they are not supported by a framework of rocks, as other bluffs are, and not a rock or pebble of any size exists in them, except a few calcareous concretions where lime-water percolates through them. It is thought to be a laoistrine deposit, a shallow lake having, during the time of the Glacial epoch, occupied the whole of the basin of the Mississippi before the great rivers had cut their valleys down to their present depths (White). i In Louisiana the bins' deposit contains three distinct groups of strata, the Port I Hudson below, the Loess next, and the yellow loam above, and over this the lalluvium and below them all the drift (E. W. Hilgard, F. V. Hopkins). ■ 1 f- 48 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. Earthy material brought together by the ordinary action of water is said to be alluvial, and the soil or land bo formed is called alluvium or alluvion. Diluvium implies the extraordinary action of water. When the drift material coven the surface, of course it forms the soil, but in driftless regions the soil is an admixture of clay, sand, lime, etc., derived from the disintegration of the rocks beneath, with decomposed animal and vegetable substances. Where neither glacial nor alluvial action has taken place— as in some parts of our South- em States— the rocks are converted into a deep and strong soil .having undergone a process of decay which has rendered them so soft, sometimes to a depth of 20 or more feet, that they may be readily cut with a spade, although retaining all the veins and layers which mark their original stratification. Without having been broken or ground up, even the hardest rocks have quietly mouldered into a soft clayey mass, which, from its pecuUar structure, has a natural drainage and possesses, moreover, great fertility. The most important of geological formations is the last of all, the soiL On this thin, superficial, earthly covering of our planet depends all the growth of all vegetation, and on that depends all terrestrial animal life. But whether the material forming the soil remains unmoved in the same spot where it was once a solid rock, or is transported bodily by a glacier, or cnicd from the hills into the valleys by running water, and moved from - to place by larger streams and rivers, it was originally derived from' the formations, therefore the agricultural aa well as the mineral resources of the country depend on this geology. This completes, in brief, the description of all that can be seen of the earth, classified in geological order, from the oldest of the rocks up to the sands which are now daily washed to our feet by the currents of the rivers and the waves of the sea. ■■.f'*'' THE OEOLOOIST'S TR/.TELINQ HAND-BOOK. 49 REMARKS ON THE FOREGOING DESCRIPTIONS, Paleontologists will be disappointed in this introduction, from which that is omitted wliich seems to them the most important, and gives the most interest and significance to the subject, namely: the life which they find in the formations, and which serves so important a purpose in their identification and classification. But another book would have been required for that purpose, and it would have been useless without a large number of expensive engravings.* Paleontology is the province of all the text-books on geology, to which this work is a supplement, not a substitute. Its only object is to teach local geology. The descriptions were an after-thought, and they should b<> regarded as an attempt — to present to the unlearned a first-lesson in geology, in the vernacular tongue, in the hope that it may help on the cause of popular science. They have swollen much beyond the original design, which was definitions, rather than descriptions; but they will serve to show that paleontology is not the whole of geology, and that the formations are more than a mere cabinet of fossils. There are some things in the descriptions that are not accepted by all geologists. But the scope of the work did not permit any account of the con- flicting ophiions on disputed points, or discussions of the history of geological nomenclature and classification. Whether the Oriskany sandstone should be placed at the base of the Devonian, or at the top of the Silurian ; whether Hudison River, Loraine, Nashville, or Cincinnati, is the best name for that formation ; und whether Cambrian should include one, or all, or none of the Lower Silurian formations, and similar questions, seem of less importance to the ordmary reader, for whom the descriptions are intended, than to the professional geologist. All kinds of geological tables are given, for, in accepting the valuable con- tributions of others on local geology, it was necessary to let them have their own way, in the chapters on their own States, in regard to the names and the arrange- ment of the formations. A common numl)er, attached to them throughout the book, serves to identify the formations by whatever name they are called. The valuable part of the book is the Geological lUdlway Guide, the design or plan of which is ori^al with the author, as it is believed nothing of the kind has ever appeared, in any language. It is the work of many hands, and the hearty [thanks of every lover of the science are due to all those who have contributed to jits pages portions of the multitude of facts, forming this index to the geology of jail important places in the United States and Canada. The reader will never know Itbe amount of time, patience, labor, and care that it has cost. * See " Thb Anoixnt Lifk Hibtort or tbb Earth," a comprehensive ontline of the princi* bles and leading facts of Paleontological Science. By H. A. Nicholson. Published by D. Appleton Bb Co., New York. 8vo., 4fft pp. $1.00. A very convenient and excellent manual of Paleontology puly. BO AN AMERIOAV GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. I ARRANGEMENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE AND DIRECTIONS FOR USING IT. I ii 1. The railroads are arranged by states, and the states and territories are arranged in geogr aphical order, with reference to the great lines of travel. But to find a railroad, the reader must depend on the index. Branches are placed after the main line, which is generally first given throughout without interruption. 2. When stations are omitted for the sake of brevity, which is seldom the case, the lists being uncommonly full, their geology will be understood to be the same as that given at the stations between which they occur. If the geology of two adjacent stations is different, it is evident enough that there is a transition from one to the other formation, between the stations, but the change is often so gradual that the transition point cannot be precisely given. 8. A few feet of difference in level sometimes carries the railway track to an upper or lower formation. Railroads, too, sometimes run across narrow, projecting tails, and scalloped points of a higher or lower formation, than that given in the Guide, but which it would occupy too much space to specify. Where too, the strata are disturbed and broken-up, all the formations cannot well be specified for want oi roon>. In such cases the Guide serves only to show nearly where you are, tbe pre vale.'., t formation being given. 4. The hills, bluffs and higher ground in view, are often of a different formation from that ^ven on the ndlroad, but not always higher in the series. Their elevation :^ often due to the hardness of the strata, the softer rocks forming the valleys, in which railways generally run. 5. Keep in mind the succession of the formations, as shown on the Guide, and whether you are gobig from older and lower to younger or higher strata, or vice verta. Notice the changes in the scenery with the changes in the formations. 6. When you come to a new format.' on, refer to the description of it, in the beginning of the l.>ook. But it is difficult to get a clear idea of the formations from even the best description. The reader must see them for himself, and these iescriptions are intended to assist him in identifying them, and to impress their character and appearance upon his mind, or to recall them to his recollection after liaving seen them. 7. By a little close obser/ation of the formations in traveling, you will find that most of them have peculiarities of their own, by which you can always know them, but which, like the features or appearances of persons, cannot be put into words, so that another who has not seen them could also recognize them. The form of the summits and slopes of the hills, and the general aspect of the country, but especially the rock-cuts on the railways, and other exposures of the forma- tions, in quarries, and in the banks and beds of streams, should be closely observed ; and if these are not visible, notice the stone used in buildings, and for the enclosures of fi'^lds, the character of the soil, and the fragments of stone mixed through its mass, which betray the nature of the solid rock formation beneath ; observe also whether the rocks lie horizontally or in an inclined position. ' ■»■■ . By GEORGE M. DAWSON, D. S., F. G. S., Assistant Director of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. I. illaritime )j)rot)incc8. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. 11. (Eincbit atib (Dntario. III. iHanitoba anb Xortt)-tO$st ^erritorg. IV. i3riti6l) ^Colnmbia. v. Bteamboat Hontcs. 1. The Dominion of Canada is, as a matter of convenience in this work, divided into four parts, and from a geological point of view such division is largely borne out by structural facts. I. The Maritime Provinces includes Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. II. Ontario and Quebec includes the provinces of the Same names. III. Manitoba ana so much of the Northwest Territory as is traversed by railway-lines forms the third division. rv. British Columbia, together with the eastern slopes of the Rocky Moontains (politically a part at che Northwest Territory) constitutes the fourth. For each of these great divisions a separate table of formations is given. For the purpose of enabling the traveler to provide himself with further information on geological points, the lollowing notes on publications are attached :— DomlLion of Canada generally : " Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Dominion of Canada " with map ; Geological Survey, 1884. For economic minerals see also "Descriptive Catalogue of Exhibits at Philadelphia, 1876,*' and " Catalogue des Minereaux Roches, etc.," at the Exposition at Paris, 1678, by Dr. B. J. Harring- ton. Both published by the Geological Survey. The " List of Publications of the Geological and Natural History Survey, 1884," enumerates all the official reports and maps to date. I. Maritime Pbovinces.— " Reports of Progress." ological Survey. The whole of Cape Bre- ton Island, part of the mainland of Nova Scotia, and nearly the whole of New Brunswick have been geologically mapped on contignoas sheets of uniform scale. Maritime Provinces generally : " Aca- lian Geology." Sir W. Dawson. (With supplement and map.) 1878. The greater part of the really productive coal measures are included in the Province of Nova I Scotia, the great spread of Carboniferous rocks in New Brunswick having so far been fonnd to con- [tain but thm, and, generally, scarcely workable, coal-seams. The deposfts of the glacial period are I often well shown in railway-cuttings, and extensive tracts are completely covered with these. The Iboulder-clay is the most persistent and universal. Peaty deposits underlying the boulder-clay have Ibeen observed locally ; overlying the boulder-clay are stratified clays, sands, and gravels, and umes Rre frequent, particularly in New Brunswick. The stratified clays hold marine fossils in the vicinity of the coast of the southern and northern parts of New Brunswick. The island of Cape Breton affords good coal, and a number of collieries are in operation. As it is not yet traversed by railway, it does not receive notice in the body of this work, out few places of bqual area are of greater interest from a geological or picturesque point of view. II. Ontario AND QcKBio.—" Geology of Canada." Sir w. Logan. 1863. This work snmmar* ses the main features to date, and is accompanied by an atlas of maps, sections, etc. Sir W. Logan's srge map (25 miles to 1 inch, published 1866) includes, besides Ontario and Quebec, the Maritime ^ovinces and adjacent portions of the United States, and is much more detailer., for the region cov- d by it, than the map accompanying the sketch of 1884. From 1863 reports in different portions of the provinces in annual " Reports of Progress." See |l60 " Esquisse Creclogique dn Canada," etc. 1867. ni. Manitoba ind Ncbtbwsst Tbrritort.— In addition to the sketch of 1884, see reports and aps In annual " RetortB of Progress " of Geological Survey, " Report on Geology and Resources of th Parallel." by Dr. G. M. Dawson. Much information in the possession of the Geological Survey, but yjt unpublished, is incorporated 1 the notes on these portions of the Dominion. _^ rv. British Columbia.— In addition to the sketch of 1884, see annual " Reports of Progress," 71, to date. A considerable portion of the province is covered by preliminary geological maps, on |scale of 8 miles to one inch. The greater part of the facts for the Dominion of Canada are derived from the reports and maps of J Geo logical Survey. Dr. G. M. Dawson also wishes to acknowledge assistance received from Dr. ilwyn, the directok' of the Snrvey. and several members of the staff, especially Messrs. R. W. Ells, . Chalmers, and H. Fletcher. The notes on the Intercolonial Railway are cniefly due to Sir W. fiwBon, as elsewhere mentioned. -f 1 i.>^. 62 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. List of Qeologieal Formations! 20 c. Saxicava Sand. 20 b. Leda Clay. 20 a. Boulder Clay or Till. 16. Upper Red Sandstone, and Traps of Bay of Fundy. Upper Red Sandstones of P. E. I. i 1 7. Lower Helderberg. Upper AriuigSeriM. ^ I 5 0. Niagara. I^«^ Canun Berlwk ^ 5 b. Clinton. Lower AriialgBtri«fc i I «5i 1 I 14 0. Upper Carb. and Permo*Carbi 14 b. Middle Carboniferous. 14 a. Millstone Grit. Windsor Croup." (Umeetone Gypsum, etc.) Norton Croup.*" (Lower Coal Measoree.) C9 • IZi OatSKIII.^ (BtiodeaChaleurs). 11. Chemung and Portage. St. JohnBeriea. 10. Hamilton. (Cordiate Bhale. DadoxyloD Sandstonea.) 8. Orlskany, Nictau Series. "S s « • 4. Cobequid Series? 4. Qraptolitie Shales of New Bruns- wick. ( MM and St. An- 2 c. Upper Cambrian. < drew Series, '^ ( Cape Breton. 2 b. Middle Cambrian. Acadian Series. 2 a. Lower Cambrian. j^a^^sSlftt 1 b. Felsitic, Chloritic, and Epidotic Rocks of St. John, Yarmouth, and Cape Breton, in part. 1 a. Gneiss, Quartzite and Limestone of St. John and St. Anne's Mount- ain. Cape Breton. Mb. ! Intereolonlal Railway, N. 8.' 8 IS 80 ,89 61 '18 Halifax.' Bedford. Windsor June* Elmedale.<> Shubenacadie. Truro.* Londonderry.^ 2. Lower Cambrian. j Contact 2 Low. Gamb. I and 18 a. Low. Carb, 13 a. Lower Carbonif. 16. Triassio. 13 a. Lower Carbonif. Ms. I iBtercoloalal Railway— Con. 90 96 108 109 111 122 126 Wentworth.* Greenville. Thompson. Oxford." River PhiUp. SpringHUlJn^o Athol. 6-1. Silurian. 13 a. Lower CarboiJf. «t 14 a. Mi'lstone Grit. 14 c. Upper Carbonif. 2. These notes are extracted, with little alteration, from a chapter by Sir W. Dawson, in " Hand- book for the Dominion of Canada." Published by Dawson Brothers, Montreal. 1884. 3. Halifax. Qnartzites and slates of the coast series, or sold series, of Nova Scotia, believed to be of Lower Cambrian a^e. In the vicinity of Halifax and elsewhere it contains auriferous quartz mines. The uearest of these are situated at Montague and Waverly. The auriferous veins often also contain mispickel, and sometimes blend and other minerals. They run generally parallel to the strike of the inclosing rocks. The richly auriferous veins are seldom of great width, and the gold is sometimes •Inseminated also in the contiguous slate. The age of formation, of some at least, of the veins is sub- Boouent to the Carboniferous, as auriferous conglomerates of Lower Carboniferous age with derived sold occur, and have actually been worked, at Gay's River. At Northwest Arm and other places may be seen granite, which traverses these beds as thick dikes or intrusive masses, and produces con- tact metamorpmsm. At Waverly Mine the obscure fossil named AetropolUhon may be found in the quartzite. 4. Windsor Junction. Excellent exposures of the fossiliferous Lower Carboniferous limestones, and of the great beds of gypsum characteristic of that formation in Nova Scotia. 5. Elmsdale. Beyond Our's River, the railway enters the Carboniferous country, and in some places quarries in the Lower Carboniferous limestone may be seen near the road. 6. Tinro. At and beyond Truro, the railway traverses a portion of the Triassic red sandstones of Cobequid Bay. The sandstones may be seen in the cuttings, and the red color of the soil is charaGte^ istic. In approaching the Cobequid Jills, a more broken country, and beds of sandstone and con- glomerate indicate the Carboniferous beds, which here reappear from under the red sandstone. 7. Londonderry. The road here enters a belt of highly-inclined olaty rocks of olive-gray and darlt colors, which, at a little distance west of the railway-line, contain lurge and productive veins of iron- land. iMlgSerieik. laan Berlei. rlMigSwtti. w Brunr I and 8t An- ew Series, ipe Breton. llan Series. ntloCoMtSa- Mov « Hcotla. I Epidotie louthi and Limestone e's Mount- Con^ GarboiJf. ne Orit. Carbonif. >n, In "Hand- believed to be qnartz mines. ■-, also contain strike of the is rametimes veins is snb- , with derived ^er places may proclaces con- e f oond in tbe IB limestones, , and in some | sandstones of il is character- itone and con* dstone. ^ ^ . .gray and dart veins of iron- CANADA (NEW BRUNSWICK.) 68 Ms. 1 Intercolonial Railway— Con. Ma. 1 Intercolonial Railway— Con. 180 Macoan. ^' 14 b. Middle Carbonif. 276 Beaver Brook. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 188 Amher8t,N.B." 14 c. Upper Carbonif. 286 Bartibogue. <• 14 c. " ■ 14 a. Millstone Grit. 296 Red Fine. ti 144 Aalac. 809 Bathurst.** 13 a. Lower Carbonif. 147 Sackville. 14 c. Upper Carbonif. 321 Petite Roche.'' 5-7. Silurian. 169 Dorchester.*' 13 a. Lower Carbonif. 329 Belledune. (1 167 179 Memramcook. Painsec Juno.** 14 a. MUIstone Grit. 388 JacquetRiv'r." " and 13 a. Lower Carboniferous. 187 Moncton.*" ({ 847 New Mills. 5-7. Silurian. 195 Berry's Mills. t( 363 Charlo. 13 a. Lower Carbonif. 206 Canaan. <( 363 Dalhousie Jn.'^ <( 216 224 Goal Branch. Weldford. ii 372 Gampbellton. 8-12. Devonian and Doleritic trap. 288 Kent Junction. t( 885 Metapedia.*" 6-7. Silurian. 244 BogersTllle. IC 395 Mill Stream, Q. (( 265 Bavnaby River. l< 405 Assametquag'n. «« * 269 Chatham June. (t 420 Causapscal. (t 266 Newcastle. (( 433 Amqui. (( ore, worlced by the Steel Co. of Canada. This vein, or aggregation of veins, is primarily of carbonate of iron and ankerite, with acme specular iron, and has been changed in many places to a great depth into limonite, which is the ore principally worked. Beyond this place the slates are seen to be pierced by great intrusive masses of red syenite and by dikes of diorite and diabase. 8. Wentworth. The rocks mentioned above are here overlain by dark-colored shaly beds, hold- ing fossils of the age of the Clinton or o.der part of th** Upper Silurian. The gray slates holding the iron-ore are obviously of greater age, but how muco greater is uncertain. For reasons stated in " Acadian Geology," they are regarded by Sir W. Dawson as Lower Silurian. Crossing the Cobequid Hills, conglomerates are seen belonging to the southern edge of the Cumberland coal-field, on which the road now enters. 9. Oxford. Contactof Lower Carboniferous and millstone grit. 10. Springhill. Brines from Carboniferous, utilized on smallscale in manufacture of salt, 2| miles from Sprlnglull mines. A branch road leads to the mines of the same name, the most important coal- mines on this railway. Seven coal-seams, varying in thickness from two feet to thirteen feet six inches, are known in this district. The " black seam," eleven feet thick, is that which has been moat extensively worked. The mines supply the coal used on the railway. 11. Maccan. Conveyance may be taken from here to the South Joggins, on the shore of Chegnecto Bay, twelve miles distant. The section of the Carboniferous rocks on this part of the coast is one of the most instructive in existence, and has boon rendered classic by the writings of Sir W. E. Logan, Sir C. Lyell, and Sir W. Dawson. The section displays over 14,000 feet n vertical thickness of strata, extending from the marine limestones of the Lower Carboniferous to i tie top of the coal-measures, and includes seventy coal-seams, of which, however, only two are of workable thickness. Besides numerous fossil plants (including erect sigillaria), the beds here yield reptilian remains and land- shells. 13. Amherst. Near here fine examples of the alluvial deposits of the Bay of Fundy ; more es- pecially the great marshes of Amherst and Sackville. 13. Dorchester. Good sections of millstone grit formation. The contact between this formation and the Lower Carboniferous here. Copper-mine. Between Dorchetiter and Memramkook, salt-marsh. 14. Painsec Junction. On Shediac Branch, Carboniferous, chiefly or entirely millstone grit. 15. Moncton. From this point to near Bath 'rst the railway passes over the low Carboniferous plain of Northern New Brunswick, showing scarcely anything of the underlying rocks. 16. Bathurst. Beyond this point is the varied and interesting country of tlie Bale des Chalenrs, and tbaBestigouche and Metapedia Rivers, of which it is possible only to note some of the more strikil^ features. Three miles beyond Bathurst, line crosses dolerite{inmision 1 mUe. A short dis> I tance north of station good sections of leda clay and saxicava sand, with fossils. 17. Petite Roche. From this station to Charlo,jnumerouB massive intrusive bodies of dolerite cnt- I thig through the SUufian rocks. I 18. Jacquet River. The Lower Carboniferous here forms a narrow fringe along the shore From I this station to Dalhousie, many good sections of leda clay and saxicava sand, with rossils. I 19. Dalhousie. From Dalnousie the following localities may be visited : At Cape Bon Ami, near I Dalhousie, a fine section of Upper Silurian shale and limestone, abounding in fossils, and alternating with very thick beds of dark-colored dolerite. Apparently resting on these are beds of red porphyry I nd breccia, forming the base of the Devonian. On these, a little west of Campbellton, rest agglomer- ||te and shale, rich in rem^np of fishes (C«phala»tAt, Coecotteue, etc.), and traversed by dikes' of trap. I Immediately above these, couglomerates and hard shales, the latter full of remains of /WftmAyftm and \Art/»rostigma, and at a sar.dstone-qnarry at the opposite side of the Restigouche, are similar plants, lltrith great silicifled tmnkF. of Protolaxites. All these beds are Lower Erian or Devonian. At Scaume- |oac Bay, opposite Dalhousie, are magnificent cliffs of red conglomerate of the Lower Carboniferous, nmd appeanng from under these are gray sandstones and shales of Upper Erian age. These contain ' ny fossil fishes, especially of the genns Pttfichthyt, also fossil ferns. 90. Metapedia. The rocks exposed about heve are principally slates and shales with marked slaty ^mcture, of Upper Silurian age. Fine exposures in cuttings Fossils occur in calcareous bands. ?M8ing Lake Metapedia, at the head of the river, the railway cuts through some limestone, probably n Hudson River age, and then passes into Lower Silurian, and probably, in part, Cambrian, shales, ^ndstones, and conglomerates, of which the greater part are rererred to the Quebec group. At the Bouth of MetapedialUver leda clay and saxicava sand, with fossils. 64 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) Ha. 1 IntereoloniKl Railway— 6'or>. Intercolonial Railway— C&». ^r^ 1 CiA. T_l x_ *»■ —A. 441 Cedar Hall. Sayabec. 6-7. Silurian. Ms. 1 St. John to Moncton. 448 OSt.John,N.B." 2. Lower Cambrian. A K a Tartague. j 2. Cambrian, and 4. ( Camb. Silurian. 3 Coldbrook. 672 Halifax.' 2. Lower Cambrian. 677 Levis. l« 18 Windsor June* tt 678 Point Levis*' [op. Quebec).** it 80 Intrusive Granite ti 2 Lower Cambrian. 21. Lfttle Metis. Catlings in slates of the Quebec group. The Rivar St. Lawrence, here thirty miles wide, suddenly breaks upon the view after passing Metis station. Beyond this point the line follows the strike of tne Quebec group all the way to Point Levis, opposite Quebec. 52. Bic. Conglomerates here specially worthy of notice and well shown in cuttings. A 53. Point Levis. In cuttings on a new connecting railway, about a mile from the statioi^ beds holding Oraptolitet. 24. The rocks on which the city of Quebec stands arc believed to be of Hudson River and Utica age, and fossils (,0raptolit4t) lately obtained there confirm this view. The great Champlain and St. I^wrence fault cuts the north shore of the river west of Cape Rouge, and bending round, again cuts the shore immediately south of the city, and thence follows the channel of the river between Quebec and Point Levis. The falls of Montmorenci, near Quebec, are of great beauty, and show in the gorges Utica shale resting on Laurentian gneiss, which at the " natural steps " above the falls is overlain oy Trenton limestone. Half way between the city and the falls, at a mill in the village of Beauport, is a bank of boulder-clay overlain by fossiliferous sand and gravel (saxicava sand), rich in Sarleava ru- gosa and other shells. Clays with a somewhat richer fauna (upper leda clay) occur in the bank of a brook a little farther from the road to the north. 26. Sussex. Brines from the Lower Carboniferous, employed to a small extent for salt-manu- facture. 26. Moncton. Between this station and Salisbury, in cuttings and gravel-pits, leda clays and saxicava sands. 27. Riverdale. The millstone grit series consists of sandstones and shales, often red, and con- glomerate, associated with dark-colored beds holding fossil plants and Naiaditet, with a few nnder- cluys and thin seams of coal (" Acadian Geology "). 28. New Glasgow. In this vicinity several important coal-mines. The productive coal area, so far as yet proved, Ts about nine miles long by three and a half wide, with an area of twenty-two square miles. Though thus limited in extent, the seams are extremely thick. The most important of these are I ^1 It! . <#• CANADA. (NEW BRUNSWICK.) 85 itatlo^ beds Windsor and Annapolis Railway- Ms. 1 Continued. Mew Bmnawlek Railway— Con. Mb. 1 St. John to Yanceboro. 89 46 41 62 68 66 10 82 87 98 101 10*7 116 121 129 Newport. Windsor.* 9 Falmouth.'" Hantsport. Wolfville." Port William. KentviUe." Berwick. ^lesford. Wilmot. Middleton. Lawrenceton. Bridgetown.*' Round Hill. Annapolis. 18 a. Lower Carbonif. " (Windsor ser.) (t ii '♦ (Horton ser ) ( 18 a. Lower Carb. and ( 6-7. Silurian. 16. Triassic. 16. Triassic & 14. Carb. ii ti 4i M M W U it 80 38 86 88 42 46 49 61 66 72 76 86 91 92 118 160 188 206 Clarendon. Gaspereaux. EnnisUllen. Hoyt.»' South Branch. Fredericton Jn. Tracy. Cork. Harvey. Prince William. Magaguadavio. McAdam. St. Croix. Yanceboro, Me. Danforth, " Lincoln, " Old Town, " Bangor, " Granite. 4. Cambro^urian. 8-12. Devonian. \ 8-12. Devonian and ( 18 a. Low. Carbonif. 14 a. Millstone Grit. it <( it 18 a. tower Carbonif. 4. Cambro-Silurian. ii ii ii < 1 b. Huronian, New Bmnawlck Railway. (Formerly European and North American.) St. John to Yftneeboro. ii ii St. Andrews. 6 Chamcook.*9 16|Roix Road. 17;G. S. R'y Cross. 20 Rolling Dam. 24 'Dumbarton. 28 Watt June." 14 b. Middle Carbonif. ii 6-7. Silurian, ii 4. Cambro-Silurian. • ii ii 4 6 8 11 St. John." Carieton.'* Fairville. South Bay. Sutton. Grand Bay. Westfield.*" Nerepis.»« Eagle Rock. Wellsford. 2. L. Camb. (Acadian.) it 1 a. Laurentian. 1 a. Lauren, limestones. 1 a. Laurentian. ( 18 a. L. Carbonif. & } Pre-Cambrian. 1. Pre-Cambrian. t 1. Pre-Cambrian and ( 13 a. L. Carbonif. Granite. It 16 20 22 28 6 8 16 19 St. Stephens.'* « Maxwell. Moore's Mills. Meadows. Watt June. Granite. 4. Cambro-Silurian. ii ii ii the " main eeam " and " deep seam." The first has a thickneHs of thirty-eight feet six inches, and is capable of yielding at least twenty-four feet of coal of good quality. The " deep Beam " (one hundred and Biz^ feet helow) shows seven feet eight inches of good coal with three feet six inches of shaly coal. The coals are bituminous, and yield, as a ruie, a good colce. A material known as " stellar coal," which is in reali^ an earthy bitumen, occurs near Stellartown, but is not at present worked. It i« capable of yielding from SO to 126 gallons per ton of oil, on distillation. The New Glasgow con- Siomerate seen at the road-bridge and elsewhere is a peculiar deposit locally developed in the Carbon- 'erouB, possibly nearly on the horizon of the coals. On ' ^ e East Kiver, above New Glasgow, important occurrences of iron-ore, limonite, specular iron-ore, anu i, jdded hsematite. These have not been worked. SO. Windsor. The Windsor series, or Lower Carboniferous limestone and gypsiferous beds, is a marine formation, holding characteristic shells and corals of the Lower Carboniferous period, and con- taining, in addition to the limestone, thick beds of sandstone, marl, and clay, usually red, and gypsum (" Acadian Geology "). SO. Falmouth. The Horton series, or Lower Carboniferous coal measures, underlies the last, and consists of hard sandstones and shales, often calcareous, associated with conglomerate and grit, and in some places with hrd many zeolites in fine crystals. 83. Bridgetown. At Paradise, east of this station, fine crystals of smoky quartz derived from veins in granite. 84. (Jarleton. This town is, like St. John, on Lower Cambrian rocks, but tlie railway immediately enters an area of Pru-Cambrian, and turning round northward jpaBses into Laurentian. 86. Westfield. Immediatelybeyond Wesmeld an outlyer of Lower Carboniferous one mile wide. Pre. Cambrian rocks then extend to Nerepis, which is on (or near) a very small Lower Carboniferous outlyer. 86. Nerepis. Beyond this station SUnrian Ii mile, followed by granite. fl Ui ■ II ■iji 18 66 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) Mb. I New Brnnswick Railway— Con. 2aiWatt Junc.^" 29 Lawrence. 43 McAdam Jun.' Vanceboro, Me. Deer Lake. Canterbury. Benton. Debec. June. Woodstock. Debec June. Greenville. Houlton, Me. Woodstock. '9 Up. W'dstock*" Newberg June. Gibson. 49 69 65 76 83 94 "88 86 90 "94 96 100 m 107 111 117 120 123 185 143 143 149 166 168 168 188 149 Aroostook. 167jGrand Falls. 181; St. Leonard's. 198 Green River. 201 St. Basil. 207|Edmund9ton. Hartland. Peel. Florenceville. Kent. Bath. Eilbom. Perth. Andover. Aroostook. Ft Fairfield, Me, East Lyndon, *' Caribou, " Presque Isle, " 4. Cambro-Silurian. I 4. Cam.-Silurian and ( 8-12. Devonian. 4. Cambro-Silurian. 4. Cambro-Silurian. Granite. 4. Cambro-Silu.-ian. Syenite. 5-7. Silurian. 4. Cambro-Silurian. 6-7. Silurian. (I li 4. Cambro-Silurian. u 6-7. Silurian. 14 b. Middle Carbonif. 6-7. Silurian. « «( K it il « (( t( U way. OSpringhill Jn.'° " Mines. Southampton. Half-nny Lake. Parsboro. 82 14 a. Millstone Grit. 14 b. Middle Carbonif. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 18 a. Lower Carbonif. Waterloo and Maffos Railway. Province of Quebec. OiMe ^." 6-7. Silurian. 8 Castle Brook. it 5 Oxford L. t( 7 i Amber Brook. 1. Pre-Cambrian. 9 Eastman. u llDillonton. ii 17 S. Stukely.** M 28 Waterloo. ti Prince Edward Island Railway." (198 miles in operation.) Province— Prince Edward Island. 43 The whole of this island conelBts of Permo- Carboniferous and Triassic rocks, with general red color, which has also been communicated to the overlying drift and soil. The surface is rolling and generallv drift-covered, so that it has so far been found Impossible to separate the two for- mations above mentioned except qnite locally. The remarkably interestine Triassic reptile Bathyfftut- thus boreaUs was found In the excavation for a well at New London. The soil of Prince Edward Island is remarkably fertile and well cultivated. .37. Hoyt. At Junction Devonian and Lower Carboniferous. 88. Watt Junction to McAdam Junction. Karnes and moraines frequent, and In some places cut through by the railway. 39. Woodstock to Grand Falls. Fine examples of terraces. 40. Upper Woodstock. A blast-furnace erected here, and haematite ores from Jacksonton at one time smelted. Bricks manufactured from drift-clays. 41. Magog. At northern or lower end of Lake Memphremagog, a very picturesque sheet of water, much frequented as a summer resort. Orford Mountain, a diorltic intmsion to the northeast. 42. South Stukely. Numerous occurrences of copper-ore in this vicinity. The Huntington cop* per-mine six miles distant. The ore is chiefly chlorltfc slate and diorite. Impregnated with copper py- rites, pyrrotite, and iron pyrites. Magnesite forms enormous beds in Bolton and nelghborink' town- ships, in association with serpentine, dolomite, etc. Chromic Iron also fonnd In serpentine. (Bolton, lot 4, range 2.) 44. St. Stephen, on New Brunswick Railway : thence granite 4 mile, Cambro-Sllnrlan If mile, granite 1 mile, Cambro-Silurian 16 miles to Watt Junction. On (irand Southern Railway : thence granite |_^mile. Cambro-Silurian 4i miles to Oak Bay, then Silurian. 45. Yarmouth. Highly altered rocks, consisting of chlorltlc and homblendic slates, clay slates, quartz rock, etc. 46. Metegan. From this point onward the rocks differ in appearance from those previously met with, and though colored, provisionally, on the general map of the Geolc^cal Survey as Cambrian, may be Cambro-Silurian or Silurian. 47. Bloomfleld. Exposures of fossillferous Oriskany of Bear River and Clements near here. 48. Digby. Good exposures of Triassic red sandstones and trappean rocks at Dlgby Gut and St. Mary's Bay. Digby Gut forms the entrance to Annapolis Basin, and is passed through by steamers, connecting with rauway, for St. John. 4S. Cmuncook. Thence Silurian 2 miles, granite 4i miles, Silurian 1| miles. 50. Dyers. Oambro-SUnrian 2 miles. Granite 8 miles, near Dyers, kames may be observed. 61 68 66: 68: 63, 67] 0( 91 01 6( 14 i CANADA. (NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK.) Mb. I Weatern Counties Rallwajt N. S. 6 1 10 18 16 18 21 80 83 86 87 Yarmouth.*' Hebron. Ohio. Greencove. Brazil Lake. Lake Jessie. Norwood. Hectanooga. Mcteghan.** Saulmcrrille. LHtle Brook. Church Point. 2-4. Cambrian. 41 i« tt ti «i It 4. Oambro-Silurian (?) illBelliveau. 46 61 63 66 68 63 t1 Weymouth. Poit Gilbert. Plympton. North Range. Bloomfield.*' Jordantown. Digby.*" St. John. Halifax. 6-1 Silurian (?) it rian seriee, and is again overlain unconformably by the conglomerate^ of the Lower Carboniferons. 56. Weldon. Between this point and Hillsboro the Petitcodiac salt-marsh. 67. Hillsboro. Gypsnm qnuries in the Lower Carboniferous rocks. 58. Albert Mines. The mineral known as Albertite, an inspissated bitumen filling veins in the black sLales of the Lower Carboniferous, was at one time extensively worked here. The mines are now closed. 59. Curryville. Gray sandstone quarries. 60. Shepody. Thence to Harvey principally salt-marsh. 61. New Glasgow. (See note No. 28, urder Intercolonial Railway.) 62. French River. Lower Carboniferous in valley, hills on both sides of Silurian rocks. 68. Marshy Hope. Opposite this point, on the coast, good exposures of fossiliferons Silurian rocks of Arisaig noup. 64. Antigonisn. Interesting display of Lower Carboniferous rocks, including beds of limestone and GTpsnmln this neighborhood. (a. Cape Porcupine. On the shore of the Strait of Canso, 500 feet in height. The central mass a red syenite, against which rest slaty beds, supposed by Sir W. Dawson to be Silurian. On these, con- glomerates of the Lower Carboniferous. 66. Strait of Canso Wharf. Interesting expw 9 of Lower Carboniferous rocks at Plaster Cove and other places on north side of Strait of Canso. ^' 68 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) Ms. 1 Eaateni Extenalon Railway, N. S. Ma. i Eaatero Extension Railway— 6'• Levhu t, d Lower .abrador. /on. Alt. 70^ 79S lOtI 889 are 901 llSl iitr i>«i CANADA. (ONTARIO AND QUEBEC] ' 5» Oraad Trank Railway— Con. Orand Tmak Railway- Oon. Ms. 1 Lewiaton Branch. Alt. Ms. 1 Montreal, Richmond, and Quebt "..><» Alt. 29 Lewiaton J., Me. 1 d. Montalban. S4B Point Levis'* 88 Taylor Brook. it t08 i^p. Quebec). «♦ 7 Chaudiere Curve 2-8. Cambrian. 14 84 Auburn. ii 148 it tt9 86 1 Lewiaton, Me. «" Granite. 444 87jLyster. it 44S 169 DixTiUe. 6-7. Silurian. I1S7 41 St. Julie. it 478 176 Coaticooke. it '007 49 Somerset It 441 180 Richby. ti 819 66 Stanfold. it Its 188 Compton. (t 734 64 Arthabaska. ti 430 186 Waterville. "* 1. Pre-Cambria'^. it 2-8. Cambrian. 391 SS9 609 172|Montreal.»i° j 4 b. Utica (at Bona- 1 venture Station).'* 231 236 Danby. Acton Vale. >"» it it 438 312 Arthabaska and Three Bivers Branch • 248 Arthabaska. 2-8. Cambrian. 4«(> 249 Upton. it S04 4 j Walker's Cut- i ting. 262 St. Liboire. it it 266 Britannia Mills. 4 a. Trenton. S<2 11 Bulstrode. it 267 St. Rosalie. 4 c. Hudson River. 18! Aston. It 262 St Hyacinthe. it 111 2n St. Celestin. 6 a. Medina and Oneida. 269 St. Madeleine. ti 119 81 St, Gregoire. 4 c. Hudson B. 276 St. HiUre.106 Y% 1 11 86 63 1 86 Three Rivers. II 276 Beludil. •• 280 St. Brazile. St. Bruno. M 98 Champlain Division. 282 Montreal.* »» ( 4 b. Utica (at Bona* 287 St. Hubert."^ it 91 venture Station). 290 St Lambert. 4 b. Utiea. 76 7 St. Lambert. It 297 Montreal.." ,| " (^{^^^H 12 20 Brosseau's. Lacadie. it it tioook. 100. The portion of the province included between the 46th parallel and Maine boundary and the St. Lawrence, generally designated the " Eastern Townships," has given rise to more discussion and difference of opinion between geologists than any other part of the Dominion. It is naturally a region of extreme geological complexity and disturbance, and can scarcely yet be considered as f ally worked oat. For a work like the present it is necessary, however, at least to denote the f or- mations on one uniform system, whatever doubt may attach to the reference of some of them. For this purpose. Dr. Selwyn has kindly allowed the use of unpublished sheets, colored according to bia views. This district is the continuation northward of the Appalachian region. One of its most salient features is the great Champlain and St. Lawrence fault, wnich separates the undisturbed rocks of its northwestern from the plicated beds of its southeastern part. This great fracture runs from the head of Lake Champlain to Onebec . .jA beyond. (See Note 8, New York.) 101. LennoxviUe. The Hartford Mine, from which a great quantity of copper-ore has beer, ex- tracted, is situated at a distance of five m les ' >m this station. The ore is granular iron pyrites, mixed with copper pyrites. 105. Sherbrooke. Numerous y^ccurrences of copper-ore in this vicinity and near LennoxviUe. A bed of jasper in the town of Sherbrooke. 103. fuchmond. The Rockland and Melbourne slate quarries are within a few miles of this sta- fion. The slates here have been somewhat extensively worked, and are unsurpassed in quality. A few miles south of Richmond, in Melbourne, fine serpentine marbles occur. 104. Durham. The line between the Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian rocks is crossed at South Dur> iam. 106. Acton Vale. A very productive mine of variegated and vitreous copper-ore, occurring in brecciated portions of a limestoue-bed, was formerly worked here, but is now abandoned. Slate quar- ries also in this vicinity. 106. St. Hilaire. Boloeil Mountain, one of the remarkable igneous protrusions which penetrate the flat-lying Silurian rocks of the St. Lawrence Valley, may be visited from this point. The mountain is partly composed of augite-syenite and partly of nepheline-syenive. An excellent summer hotel on the mountain. (See Note 810 on Mount Royal, Montreal.) '.>■ I!R I f : 1M) AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) Grand Trank Ratlway- Ms. 1 Qnebco and Lake Ht. John Railway. Hi. 1 Champlain Division— Con. 4 6 8 10 14 16 17 Quebec.** Junction. Little River. Ancine Lorette. St. Ambrois. Valcartier Sta. Jacques Cartier. St. Gabriel. 4 c. Hudson River. 44 27 St. Johns. '»» 88 Grande Ligne. 89 StottBTiUe. 44 Lacolle. 50 Rouse's Pt.,N.Y. 4 b. Utica. ii ti it it (t ii 1 a. Laurentian. it ii Montreal and Province Line. t« 28 24 27 St. Catharines. Lake St. Joseph Lake Sergeant it /vIm * 1 110 '4 b. Utica (at Bona- OlMontreal.'^" |j venture Station). it tt 6i St. Lambert. ti 80 Bourg Louis it I'iBrosseau's. «i 86 St. Raymond. ti 14iLaprairie. ii 89 Cdtes Road. it 20!St. Constant. 4 a. Trenton. 4S River Roudeau. it 28 St. Isidore Juno. 8 a. Oalciferous. 46 Lake Simon. 86 Lake Edward. tt 27 St. Regis. St. Martine. Howiok. Bryson's. Ormstown. it 2 c. Potsdam. >< 8 a. CalciferouB. ii it 88 North Shore RaUway.o* 88 44 47 4 Quebec.** Lake St. John ) Railway June. J Lorette. 4 c. Hudson River. 66 Huntingdon. ° It St. Johns. » 9 4 b. Utica. 92 Yamachiche. tt 7 Verselles. ti 97 Louiseville. 4 b. Utica. 10 St. Brigede. 4 0. Hudson River. 101 Masklnonee. St. Barthelemi. tt 14 W. Famham. 4 a. Trenton. 107 it 21 Angeline. 2-8. Cambrian. 111 St. Cuthbert. ti 29 Qranby. ti 116 Berthier June. it 87 W. Shefford.»»<» ti 123 Lanoraie. 4 c. Hudson R. or Utloa. 48 Waterloo. 1. Pre-Cambrian. 129 La Valtrie. 4 b. Utica. Montreal* i» 182 L'Assomption. ti 27 St. Johns. »" 9 4 b. Utica. 186 L'Epiphanie. it 86 St. Alexandre. it 144 St. Henri Mas- ) 4 a. Trenton. 42 Des Riridres. 4 c. Hudson River. couche. f 45 Stanbridge.iii ii 148 Terrebonne."' tt 62 St. Armand.'i» 2-8. Cambrian. 164 St. Vincent de ) Paul. ) tt 57 Higfagate Sp'gs, E.Swanton.[Vt. 8 b. Levis Limestone. 61 2 \ Potsdam Slate. 159 St. Martin Jn. 8 c. Ghazy. 64 Swanton June. it 170 Hochelaga. 4 a. Trenton. 70 St. Albans. M 171 Montreal.* »» it 107. St. Hubert. Extensive peat-bogs in this vicinity, from which a considerable quantity of peat was at one time extracted and manufactured. 108. Montreal, Richmond and Quebec. This road passes for the most part over an alluvial country. in general thickly drift covered, and little is seen of the underlying rocks, except in the neighborhood ofKichn^ond. (See Note 108.) 109. St. Johns. Pottery-works. Bough earthen-ware articles are manufactured from clay un' derlying the town. The clay Is marine (leoa clay), twenty-two feet in thickness, and covered by one foot of soil. CANADA. (ONTARIO AND QUEBEC] I 61 North Shore Umllwrny— Con. Ms. 1 The Bay of Qalate Railway. Ma. 1 FUea Branch. iDeseronto. 4 a. Trcntun. 0,Tbree Rivera. 4 c Hudson River. 1 isaat isna. 2 Piles Branch Jn. I. Deseronto Juno. 9 St. Maurice."* 4 b. Utica & 4 a. Trenton. 1 a. Laurentian. Napanee. 21; Lac a la Torgue. 29 Grand Piles."' ' ' Northern and Northweetern Rallwaya. a 0|PortDover.>«* 9. Comif. and 8. Orla. 9;jarvi8. : " [kany. Berthier Branch. Berthierville. 4 c. Hudson River. 12 Garnett. Berthier Juno. 4 b. Utica. 14 16 24 HageraviUe. ' " Ba Isville. 6. Onondaga. Caledonia. i " Quebec Central Railway. OiSherbrooke."* 1. Fre-Gambrian. 29!Glanford. 6 d. Guelph. 4 Lenoxville. It 34Rymal. " 10 Ascot. tt 40 Hamilton. '^ 6 a. Medina and Oneida. 19 Basin. 6-7. Silurian. 48Burlingt'nB'cb. «4 21 Dudswell."* K 61 Burlington. M 86 Weedon. tl 67 St. Ann's. 6 c. Niagara (?) 6 a. Medina and Oneida. 47 Garthby.'"" (( 69|Zimmerman. 67 Coleraine. it 66 Milton. ti 67 ThetfdMin'8'»' 1. Prc-Cambrian. 75|8tewarton. <« 78 Broughton.'" It 77|Georgetown Ju. u 91 St. Frederic. tt 77JGeorgetown. u 100 Beauce. ti 79|Glenwilliam. u 105 St. Joseph. ^" 2-3. Cambrian. 81 Salmonville. u 110 Scotts. It 88 Cheltenham. M 122 St. Anselme. i< 86 Riverdale. M 189 Levis. 129 Glencaim. II 27 Libby Mills. it 161 ColUngwood.!*" It 80 Smith's Mills. II 135 Allandale. II 84 Stanstead Jn*" Graidte. Barrie. i< 40 Newport, Vt. 6-7. Silurian. Beeton and Barrle Branch. South Baatem Railway. Main Line.— Montreal to Rlchford, Vt. Beeton. Beeton Juno. OMoutreftl.*"' 9 Cookstown. 4 b. Utica. Longueuil. St. Lambert. 4 b. Utica. 14 Thornton. 4 a. Trenton. 2 II 19 Victoria. II 12 Chambiy Basin. 4 0. Hudson RiTW. 25 Allandale. II IS Chamb. Canton. — Barrie. " 14 Richelieu. 19 Marieville. It 1 * North Slmcoe Branch. 22 St. Angele. AUandale. 4 a. Trenton. 26 St Brigide. 6 Colwell. It 82 Farnham. 4 a. Trenton. 18 Uinesiug. It 37 Famdon. 2-8. Cambrian. 16 Hendrie. tt 89Brigham. II 19 Phelpston. II 42 East Faraham. tt 24 Elmvale. II 46 Cowans ville. It 26 Saurin. It 47 Sweetsburg. ti SOjWyevale. 39 Penetang. It 50 West Brome. 1. Pre-Cambrian. It 66 Sutton June. 68 Sutton. tt 1 tt Allendale to Miukoka Wharf. 68 Ambercom. 66 Rlchford, Vt. It ~68 Allandale. Barrie. 4 a. Trenton. 1 b. Huronitn. 64 70 Gk>wan. Oro. Northern Division. 74 Sorel. 4 0. Hudson River. 78 Hawkatone. 6 St. Robert. tt 87 Orillia. 10 Tamaska. It 90 Atherly. 14 St. David. It 95 Longford. Washago. 1 a. Laurentian. 21 St. Guillaume. It 100 II 27 Boulogne. It 108 Serem. (1 82 St. Germain. 2-8. Cambrian. ICSlLethbridge. It 86 Drummondville. It 116| Gravenburst. 1 It 46 Wickham. It 116 Huskoka Wharf II 64 Acton. »"» if 188. CoUingwood. The Utica shales may here be observed to overlap the Trenton. These shales were at one time distilled here for oil. 127. Stanatead Junction. A considerable area of granite here, sarroanded by dikes of the same material which penetrate the calcareous strata. The granite is excellent for bnildlng purposes. 138. Brome. About four miles sonthwest, iron-ores (specular schists) at one time worked. (See Note 110 on Brome Mountain, nnder Central Vermont Railway, Shefford.) 189. Sntton. Similar iron-slates to that above described in a number of places near here. 130. Abbotsford. Yamaska Mountain to the southeast, an intrusive mass about three mUes in diameter, is for the most part a micaceous trachyte rock. The southeastern portica is, however, a diorite. 131. Rongemont. The Intrusive mass forming the mountain of Rongemont is chiefly composed of olivine^liabase. This is one of a group of similar intrusions of wmch Mount Royal and Beloeil Mountain may be taken as typical. CANADA. (ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.) lb. I S«alh Baatara Railway— Northern Divlilun— Con. To Boxton Falls. ^-H. Cambrian. «7 South Roiton. i< 71 Savage's Milli. Warden. «< 11 1. Pree 11 Dickinson. 81 Farran's Point. 92|Morrl8burg. 99 Iroquois. 104 Edwardsburg. 112Pre8cott Jun. 4 a. Trenton, 14 m. 4 a. Black River. '<» 2 b. Potsd. &CalcIf."« 2 b. Potsdam, 12 m. ** It 8 a. Calc. 8o. Chaiy.'" 8 c. Chazy, 88 miles. 8 a. Caldferous. '** 8 a. Calcif. & 8 o. Chazr. 8 a. CalciferouB, 0m.>'* 4 a. Trenton, 2 miles. 8 0. Chazy, 80 miles. 112 Prescott Jun. 164 Ottawa.* '« llROladstone. 120Maitlaud. 125'Brockvillk."^ 129 Lvn.'" 188 l^allorytown. 147.Land8downo. 105!Gananoque.'^^ 162 Ballantyne^s. 169|Rideau. 172; Kingston. '♦» ISO.Collins' Bay. 194lFrederick8b'rg. 198'Napanee. 21.s'Shannonville. 228 BiLLIVILLI. 282|Trenton. 241 Brighton. 249,Colbome. 206Grafton. 264 CoBOCRO 270 279 286 290 294 299 0shawa. Tl 11 II 8 Chazy. 8 a. Caldferous. it t4t t4S • TT 30* 8 a.Calciferous,40 m.*°* 8 c. Chaz y, 7 milca. 8 a. Caldferous. 2 b. Potsdam. «8 ti 19 Port Colbome. u 82 Feeder. 6. Salina, 60 miles. 38 Dunnville. ti 69 Caledonia. It 68 Onondaga. uarries in the Guelph formation yielding building-stone (dolomite) of a superior character. Casts of fossils. 146. The portiuu of this province lying between the Great Lakes, and generally designated the " Ontario Peninsula," is geolcwically an extension of the rock-series of the adjacent portion of the State of New York, its formations showing throughout a close correspondence to those of that State. The separation marked jy the lakes and Niagara River is to be regarded rather as accidental than structural. The greater part of the surface of this portion of the province is heavily covered by depos- its due to the glacial penod, of which local details sufficiently precise for mention in connection with the actual lines of railways are frequentlv wanting. These superflcial deposits only are often seen for considerable distances along the railways. The boulder-clay, which is thick and almost universal, is overlaid by stratified clays (Erie claye), which have not been found to hold marine fossils. The clays with marine shells, which occur in the eastern extremity of Ontario and in the Ottawa Valley, are an extension of those of the Province of Quebec, elsewhere described. The Saugeen clays have been distinguished as an upper portion of the Erie clays, and are locally onconf ormable on them. They are brownish and calcareous, with beds of sand. North of Lake Huron, and between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River, the clays are overlain by the Algoma sands, of which tho Artemisia gravels, covering a considerable area in the Ontario Peninsula, are possibly a local de- velopment. 147. Widder. Near the station a cutting shows forty feet of the Hamilton formation. The rocks / ■Con. \Zm. 7S4 663 68B ,91in 60t 587 588 6t3 594 »n,8m.»"^ rolt_ ,82 m.'' miles. 706 US, 68 m. ' U90 730 rltcB in BllM- f or the Parlia- 3 takes a good ; the Saugeen In one of the ne on Lauren- lown as ''The in the vicinity actnre of min- iclnity. From p of the beds, Irst-mentloned \ of a Bopcrlor Ideslenated the Inortlon of the Tof that 8tat«. ccldentel than fered by depos- lannectlon with allwavB. , n (Erie clayy, feh occur in the he Province of land are locally \t Lake Huron, iands. of which ibly a local de- CANADA. (ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.) 65 Ms. 1 Canada Southern Railway. Alt.l Onwd Trunk Railway. Ma. 1 Great Western Viviiuou. Alt. RnvtTAi.n Comifpronn ftm ^^^ 6 AJ V M X A m4\J» Viotoria.i*« 6. Onondaga, 68 m. ^°'' SusP. Bridoi. 047 8 Niagara June. WeUand. .?^ 608 Clifton. 1" 6 c. Niagara, 9 m. 28 CI 5 89 9Thorold.>69 II 82 Perry. Ganfield. t. 590 llSt.Cath'rine8»6« 6 a. Med'jia, 84 m. 3'^ 47 U 681 27Grim8by.»»« 11 887 64 Dean'B. Hagersville. (1 63 7 9. Comiferou8,64m.^*° 43, Hamilton. 43Hamilton. II 255 64 5 a. Medina, 35J m. ««* 12 Villa NoTa. u 7 38 46|Toronto June. II 30S 88 Windliam. II 81T 66 Bronte. II 99 Til8onburg.»66 Springfield. <{ 806 69 Port Credit. 4 c. Hud. Riv., 7 miles. 111 fl 796 76 Himico. II 124 St. Thomas. 10. Hamilton, 74 m. ^^^ ' 7 £ JC 82 Toronto. 11 128 St. Clairs Jn. tl 766 43 Hamilton. 6 b. Clinton. "» 187 160 loua. Bismarck. tl 745 II 711 49Dundas."' 1 6 0. Niagara. 6i7 ' 6 b. Clinton. 6 d. Guelph. '*9 11 751 162 187 Highgate. Buxton. li 7 39 II 602 66Copetown."* 69 Lynden. 198 Tilbury. II 598 62 Harrisbubo. II 734 204 Comber. 9. Comiferous, 48 m.*"* 66 St. Georse. 11 213 Woodslee. II 619 67 Dumfries. 6. Onondaga. 227 Colchester. 11 611 72 Paris. " Grav. ridge. «*« 236 AMHIRS'JfBnRQ. II 600 79 Princeton. II 93B 236 Grosse Isle. II 84 Governor's. 9. Comiferous. 96» 289 Trenton. II 91 Woodstock. l< 95 T 266 Detroit. 10. Hamilton, 10 m. «'"' 9. Comiferous. "'' ,110 Dorchester, 119 London. li ess Buffalo. II 806 8 Niagara June. 6. Onondaga. «"•* 8 d. Guelph. »«" 129iEomoka. 10b.Hamilton,26m.'»" 19 Black Greek. 140 Longwood. 116 Appin. II 76 8 26 Chipnewa.^** 6 c. Niagara. lib. Chemung, 23 m.'* 3 28 Clifton. >'"' II 166 Newbury. II 702 29 Susp. BridKe>*6 It 6 47 168{ThameBvilIe. 10b.Hamilton,26m.6«3 86 Queenston. 6 a. Medina. ISRChatham. It 598 42 Niagara. II 19 Prairie. 9. Comiferous, 36 m.»9» bn. The rock! are soft marly claye with thin limestone beds, and are higlily fossiliferous, yielding Spirigera mucro- nata, Atrypa reticularis, Spirigera concentrica, etc. 148. Brantford. Erie clay used in manufacture of white brick. Artemisia gravels twenty miles. 149. Paris. Oypflum quarried in a number of places in this vicinity. Two beds, each fonr or five feet in thickness, separate by four feet of shale. 150. Seaforth. Salt-works. Brines from the Onondaga formation employed. 161. Clinton. Salt found in boring at 1,180 feet. 152. Ooderich. In cliffs on the Maitland River, near Goderich, sections of Comiferous formation —sandstones and limestones— in some places fossiliferous. In 1866 brine was discovered at Goderich, i in a boring made with the hope of obtaining petroleum. In the next three years several wells were sunk here and in the vicinity, the salt being derived from the Onondaga formation. In 1867 Mr. Att- I rill effected a boring of l.Slf feet, for the purpose of ascertaining the amount and character of the rock* (salt which had been reached in some of the wells made before that date. This boring showed a total Ithickness of 1S6 feet of rock-salt in 530 feet of strata. Dr. Hunt conducted analyses of the specimens obtained, and proved that some of the beds are extremely pure. He calculates at 880,000 lashels to |he acre, the yield of salt from tin- b««t white layer of ter and a half feet In thickness. The area under- laid by these salt deposits does not fxtenA ns far north as Teeswater, but appears to have a consider- able extension southward. Owing to difficulties met with in sinking a shaft to the rock-salt, the beds ^ave not yet been worked, though a larj^e qaantity of 'excellent salt— particularly suitable for daily I— is manufactured frc^- the brines. 158. Brantford. (See Note 148 'jndcr Buffalo to G. and D.> Artemisia gravels thirty-five mites. 154. Chippewa. Base of Onon^n species of fresh-water and land shells have been found 1 similar sands. (See Notes 89 and 42 in New York.) 166. Grimsby. Quarries in Niagara limeeitone and sandstone. 157. Dnndas. ClosetoBtatlon, on north side, a fine section of Niagara and Clinton. Quarries. Great ickness of Quaternary clays in this vicinity. North of the town a gravelly ridge or shore deposit 318 pt above the lake. Brick-yards. 168. Ccpetown. Summit of Niagara escarpment. l.'iO. Gait. Good exposures of Guelph formation with fossils. Quarries yielding magnesian lime* tae suitable for building. 160. Preston. Good sections of Guelph formation. Fossila. >ii^M.ij ''1VWP'*>V'mi)«"«vp'i>"*^'wrw*««a««wBHaMiw««pM 66 AN AMERICAN OEOLOOICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.j I Ma. I Grand Trnnk Railway— Great Western DiviBion— Con. 207 221 229 230 St. Gair. Tecumseh. Windsor. DiTROIT. 9. Comiferous. "« LennoxTille. Johnville. Bulwer. Birehton. Cookshire. Robinson. Gould. Scotstown. McLeod's Cross. Marsden. Sprioghill. Sandy Bay. 69 Lake Megantic. 1. Fre*Cambrian. ti 6-7. SUurian. it II It It It II II 11 II II II Grand Tmnk Railway* Georgian Bay and Lalce Erie Division. 8 16 20 83 36 44 50 64 69 11 17 22 26 69 78 88 91 104 106 112 113 127 136 141 144 149 160 167 Wiarton. Hepworth. Allenford. Tara. Ghesley. Elmwood. Hanover. Neustadt. Harriston. Palmerston. Palmerston. Mount Forrest. Holstein. Vamey. Durham. Palmerston. Listowell. Miilbank. Milverton. Stratford June. Stratford. Travistock Jn. Travistock. Woodstock. Burgessville. Brantford June. Otterville. Can. So. June. Simcoe. Port Dover. 6 c. Niagara, 4 m. 6 d. Guelph, 20 m. II II 6. Onondaga. Artem. grVols. II II II (I It 6. Onondaga. 6 c. Guelph. II II 6. Onondaga. 9. Gomif. k 8. Oriskuy. u !«> M 41. N. «* M «; m Wellington, Grey, and Bmce (Q. W. Div.). Brantford."' 0,Harrisbuig. 6:Branchton. 12'Galt.i»9 16 Preston. »«» 19,Hespeler. 27 Guelph. 40Elora.»8» 43 Fergus. 49Alma. 5 d. Guelph. M M w « u M W U 734 89T 88S 911 941 1079 119' 13«l CANADA. (ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.) «7 iBlon. 4'm. 20 m. gr*Tel8. Ma Onuid Tnuk Railway- Wellington, Grey, and Brnce (O. W. Div.] . I Continued. 65 68 62 10 76 82 91 97 101 104 106 112 118 126 129 Groldstone. Drayton. Moorefield. PalmeratoD. HarristOQ. Clifford. Mildmay Waikerton.»" Dunkeld. Cargill. Pinkerton. Paisley. Turners. Port Elgin. Southampton. 6. Onondaga. It it tt tt tt tt 41 it tt tt tt tt tt tt 1461 1394 13.n 1314 1864 1£34 1030 933 861 776 67S 616 Ma. I Great Weatem DlTiaion.— Loop Line. OlPalmerston. SGowan wn. 9 Listowfc. 15 At wood. 19 Henfryn. 22 Ethel. 27 Brussells. 84 Blue Vale. Wingham Juno. 88 Wingham. 44!White Church. 50 63 66 Lucknow. Ripley. Kincardine.*^' 1314| 9.Comif.&8.0riBk.»"''l it IS63 It « It tc « « M tt 6. Onondaga. 1204 1166 1174 112S 1079 108S 1046 910 807 690 Samla Branch (Q. W. Div.). 10 20 26 88 42 46 61 61 «1 London. Eomokfi. Strsthroj. Eerwood. Watford. Wanfltead. Wyoming. Petrolia.*** Mandaumin. Samia. Point Edward. Port Huron, Mic 10. Heunilton. tt It tt 806 888 747 11. Chemung *Port^»^ 702 718 647 089 tt tt M U (t tt tt Buffalo. Black Rock. Fort Erie. 16 Welland Juna 23 MarshTille. 81 Moulton. 83 Diltz. 40 Ganfield Juno. 48 Cayuga. »8« 63 Nelles' Comers. 61 Jarvis. 67 Renton. 72 Simcoe. 76 Nixon. 81 Delhi. 88 Courtland. 92|Til8onburg.'66 94 Tilsonburg Jn. 99 Corinth. 107 Aylmer. 102N«wSarum. 9. GomiferouB. 117 122 126 129 184 139 146 St. Thomas. Payne's. Baird's. Lawrence. Middlemiss. Ekfrid. Glencoe. «7T 6. Onondaga, tt tt tt t< CIS w necessary. Moat of tte on is refined in London, Out. It is supposed to originate in the Cor- 'ferons formation. 165. Oayaga. Extenrtwt gypsum deposits about three miles from the town. The bed worked is bout five feef in thickitom. lee Tilaonbnrg. Pwtawlemn has been obtained in this vicinity. IST. Bnotford. Erif clay used in manufacture of white brick. Artemisia gravel thirty-flve milea 68 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAI7.) I'm E- i Great Western Division. Ms. I firantford, Norfolk and Port Bnrwell R*y. 6 1 10 14 16 ai 22 26 27 82 84 Harrisburg. r1 1 67 Brantford. Mt. Pleasant. Mt. Vernon. Burford. Harley. Hatchley. Norwich. G.B.&L.E.Gro8a. Middletownline, Springford. Can.8.Ry. Cross. Tilsonburg.'^s Tilsonburg Jun. 6. Onondaga. « (I 734 6S9 810 839 844 9.Comif.&8.0riBk.''" It U 844 tl it U 8tl U 797 U 788 W Welland Division. Connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario. Port Daltiousie to Port Oolbome. Toronto, G.T.R. Hamilton. Port Dalhousie. 3St.Cath'rIne8i6« 6 Merritton. 8Thorold.»69 10 AUanbnrgh. 11 Allanburgh Jn. 18 Port Robinson. 17 Welland. 20 Wellan;^ Juno. 24 Humberstone. 26 R. Colbome. Buffalo. ass ass 6 a. Medina and Oneida. 6 c. Niagara, it 6 d. Ouelpb. t( 6. Onondaga. It II 9. Comif.&8. tl 370 003 091 089 60t Ori8k.'"'6 Oaaady Ballwajr. OlMontreal.*!" 88lCoteau. 42 St. Plycarpe. 68 Glen Robertson. 61 i Alexandria, Ont 68 Kenyon. 72 MaxTille. 70iRoxboroGrav.P 87:GaflBelman. 94 South Indian. 106 Eastman's Sp'gs 116|Ottawa.*»6 IChaudiere Falls S c. Chazy. II it 4 a. Trenton. It 4 c. Hudson Rirer. 4 b. Utica. CANADA. (ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.) ess 8S1 B46 896 SSI TfO 8T0 911 892 83T 847 481 65t 910 lit 6B0 (j 86» 9SB 851 846 • 96 "eTi T6t 7»7 rmanofwtnreof IfobsUb. A band JeratlonlnMadoc Ks.| Grand Trank Railway- Midland Division— Con. 84 88 91 93 94 98 102 106 106 109 112 114 116 120 124 128 Schepeler. Uptergrove. Atherly. Coucbiching. OrilUa. Silver Creek. Uhthoff. Foxmead. Alma. GoMwater. Fesserton. WaubauBhene. Sturge«D Bay. Vietoria Harbor. Old Fort. Midland. 4 a. Trenton. <( ti (t It t< 1 a. Laurentian. *^^ 2741 Ayr. ti 968 ai BathuTBt " 1279 Wolverton. It ' Mt 27 Haberly. :281 Drumbo. II I0I3 87 Sharbot Lake Jn 286 BlanUford. 9o.Com.andOriBk.»^* 46 Mountain Grove. 288 Innerkip. u • Tt 01 Arden. 294 Woodstock. M •♦» A2 Kaladar. 299 Beachville. II 71 Sheffield. 808 Ingersoll. II 78 Tweed. 4a.Tren.&la.Laur.'^^ 808 Putnam. U * V 87 Ivanlioe.*"* 4 a. Trenton. 313 Harrietsville. II 96 Cen. Ont Jn."" it 319 Belmont. it 105 Blairton. Havelock. Norwood. Indian River. it it ii ti 827 St. Thomas. 10. Hamilton. 110 116 Klora Branch. 126 Toronto."* tss 184 Peterboro. Ii Church's Falls. 6 c. Niagara. 1160 148 Cavanville. It 6 Erin. It 1(98 ISl Manvers. ii 8 Hillsburg. 6 d. Guelph. 14(4 166 Pontypool. ti 1064 12 Garafraza. 1481 167 Burketon. it 17 Douglas. 178 Myrtle. it 88 7 Spires. 182 Glaremont. 4 b. Utica. «" 26 Fergus. 1187 189 Green River. Agincourt. North Toronto. Toronto June. ti 4 0. Hudson River. "^^ it 406 tt 394 27 Elora.«°6 1801 197 207 Orangeville Branch. 211 Toronto.*"* (88 218 Parkdalc. (t Streetsville. 6 a. Med. and Oneid. «»» 216 Toronto.*"* U (88 1 Streetsville Jun. 11 883 218 Lambton. M 41 S 8 Meadowvale. it 866 216 Islington. U 6 Churchville. II 219 Dixie. II 8 Brampton. II TS4 291 Cooksvilie. M 393 18 Edmonton. II 214 Springfield. 6 a. Medina and Oneida. 17 Campb'l's Cross. II 227 Streetsville. U 499 18 Cheltenham. It 228 Streetsville Jun. « 803 21 Riverdale. It 231 Trafalgar. II 26 ( Forks of } Credit.*" It 1088 284 Hornby. tl 289 Milton. It 66S 28 Church's Falls. 6 c. Niagara. 1(60 246 Campb'lviUe*"' 6 c. Niagara. "9 81 Alton. Ii *-. 248 McRae's. 6 d. Guelph. 38 Melville June. It 261 Schaw. Ii 86 Orangeville.*"' 8b.Clin.&6aNiag.'"'' 901. Perth. Potsdam sandstones overlapping Laurentian near here. The peculiar tracks de- Bctibed as ProticAniteg and CHmactichnUet in qoarries in first-named formation. Daltaoosie or Cowan mines twelve miles distant. Red hematite. Laurentian. SOS. Ivanhoe. To Madoc iron-mines (magnetite and hasmatite) 6^ miles by road. SOS. Central Ontario Junction. Branch line to Coehill Iron Mine, about 40 miles distant. Mag- netite at junction of granite and cmitalline limestone in Laurentian. To Delero 7^ miles by road. Marmora gold-mines. Auriferous mlspickel in quartz gangue. 904. "Pronto. Pleistocene clay (Erie clay), extensive^ wrought for the manufacture of cream- colored brick. 906. Campbellvllle. Escarpment of the Niagara limestone here. The outcrop of the Clinton, which ia here tliirty to forty feet thick, is below it, but generally concealed by talus. 906. Elora. Good sections of Guelph formation in river cliffs. 907. Forks of Credit. Extensive quarries in Medina sandstone, producing a fine reddish freestone of excellent quality. 90R. Orangeville. Artemiair mvels fifty mUes. 909. Owen Sound. In cliffs along the fake shore good sections, extending from Hudson Biver through Medina and Clinton formations, with great mass of Niagara limestone capping the plateau. Excellent yellowish-gray stone in unlimited quantity afforded by last-mentioned formation. It has been used in construction of several lighthouses on tne lake. Quarries. Fossils. Deposit of yellow ocher near the town. Sectiona in road-cuttings exhibit relauona of Brie and overlying Sangeen claya. tS5 lf60 K95 14<4 13ST 1301 ' its BBS B66 T«4 1018 iteo ,136 8 X trackB de- isle or Cowan iBtant. Mag- lUea by road. tte of creatn- the Clinton, dish freestone Hudson River » the platean. Atlon. It has •orftofydlow lying Bangeen CANADA. (ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.) W idtaw Paellle Railway— Con. Vs. I Owen Sonnd Branch. 6 8 16 21 34 41 44 46 48 62 66 60 64 68 12 76 81 86 92 98 102 106 109 114 118 122 j Tor'nto,nnion J Station. Toronto J^ono. Weston. Woodbridge. El -inburg. Bolton. Mono Road. Cardwell June. Charleston. Alton. Melville June. Orangeville. Orangeville Jud, Laurel. Orombiefl. Shelboume. Melancthon. CorbettowD. Dundalk. Proton. Flesherton. Markdale. Berkeley. Williamsford. Amott. Chatsworth. Rockford. StVincent'sR'd. Owen Sound."' I 4 c. Hudson River, «" It M 4i' It t( 6 a. Medina, it 6 c. Niagara. 439 BS8 TIB 838 976 1367 1898 8c.Nia.&6b.Clin.'3»« 6 d. Guelph. it 1616 it «»« II 1846 II 1498 It 1644 It IB SB II 1486 II 1380 1883 1846 9 c. Com. andOris.^*"" 8 A. Caldferous. II 1 a. Laurentian. *^^ Eastern Division. Between Montreal, Ottawa, Pembroke, and Sud- bury. 1 4 8 11 12 17 19 27 82 37 48 48 69 64 74 78 83 90 93 99 103 109 Montreal.* I ° Hocbelaga. Mile End. Sault aux Rec> oUets. St. Martin. Martin Juno. Ste. Rose. Ste. Therese. St. Augustin. Ste.Schola8tique St. Hermas. Lachute.*" St. Philippe. 67Gr«nville. Calumet. Pointe au Ghene. Montebello. Papineauv'le*" N. Nation Mills. Thurso. Rockland. Buckingham*'' L'Ange Gardien. E.Templeton*" 114 Gatineau. 118Hull.«>» 120 Ottawa, Ont.«'« 122Skead8.«i^ 126 Britannia. 129 Bell's Comers. 186Stittsville< 189 Cleary's. 144 Ashton. 146 Appleton. 149 Garleton June. 165 Almonte. 169 Snedden's. 164Pakenham."8 172 Amprior.*'* 175 Braeside. 178 Sand Point. 184 Gastleford. 4 a. Trenton. It TO It ti« 8 c. Chazy. It 8 a. CalciferouB. " It it tST U t38 tl 88 7 tr 82ff (t 868 8 c. Chazy. ''o 8 a. CalciferouB. ^♦^ 1 a. Laurentian. >'* II 178 tl 188 It 2 b. Potsdam. '"" 1 a. Laurentian. M 1«3 II It 168 it 175 4 a. Trenton. "• It • . '_.':■ ■ ; 8 c. Ghaiy. It It ■'■",- II . tl tl . •?'»'"■ 3 a. Calcifercns. It It 8 c. Chazy. 2 b. Potsdam. 1 a. Laur. & 8 a. Calcif. 1 a. Laurentian. 6 and 7. Silurian. "< 210. Montreal. The region about Montreal is one of much geological interest. The following formations are represented in the immediate vicinity of the city: Pleistocene, Lower Helderberg, Hudson River, Utica, Trenton, and Chazy. The Chazy is here about two hundred feot thick, and consists chiefly of limestone. Exposures may be seen north of the city, as on the St. Lawrence road, also at Cauchnawaga, where there are extensive quarries. The Trenton is here about six hundred feet thick, and is composed of gray and blackish limestones for the most part. Good exposures, with nu- merous fossils, in quarries at the Mile End and at Pointe Claire. At the last-named locality. Black River beds occur. At the Reservoir, and at many points in Mount Royal Park, limestones, also of Trenton age, but differing in appearance from those of the above-meutioned localities, are well shown. The Chazy and Trenton formations of the vicinity supply most of the building-stone used in the city. The utica shales may be seen at the upp " their soft character are usually i -tnceaieA. ' most considerable being on St. 7Ielen'B Island, (I I!'. ■ -h p^ m P r- 73 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) "' -^' ■ Cmnadlan Padllo Railway— EflBtem Division- 6'o/t. Eastern Division— Con. Between Montreal, Ottawa, Pembroke, and Sud- Ms. 1 bury. Between Montreal, Ottawa, Pembroke, and Sad- Mb. 1 bnry. rsa Russell's. 1 a. Laurentian. 819 Mattawa. 1 a. Laurentian. 191 Renfrew. u 329 Renton. it 199 Haley's. 41 .' 842 Rutherglen. tl 206 Cobden. It 845 Callander. M 212 Snake River. it 349 Nosbousing. «l 216 Graham's. . .e I' I ll- 'I 74 AN AMERICAN OEOLOQICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) in. gtanitoba antr 'gaxi\j-W8itnt ©erritorji. Inelndlng dlitrloto of Auinlbote, Albert*, 8Mkatoh«w«n, and AthabaikiK to bu« of Rooky Monntalni. List of Qeologioal Formations. 20. QCATIMART. 19. TranART. 18. Cbbtaoio-Ter. TIART, La- A 1 1 U V i U m • Lake depoiits of Red RWer Valley and I'eaoe River, etc. Stratified Sands and QravelSi and IMoraineSi Boulder CiayorTill. Upper Boulder Clay. Interglaelal Lake_Depoflt Of Bonthen Alber- ta, eta Lower Bonlder Olay, 8hiDgle Beds. j Mloeene. CoDglotnerate Sandstone and Argllllte of Cypresa IIUls, ete. Porcupine Hill Series. Fort Union. Laramie. j^^ Willow Creek Seriesi St. Mary's River Series. §4 m i Wapite River Qroup. I 18. OBITAOIOrS. 9-12. Dkvonian. 4. Siluro-Camb. 1 b. HVRONIAN. 1 a. Ladrintian. Fox Hill Series. Pierre Series. Belly River Se- ries. Niobrara or Ben- ton Series. Fox Hill Ser. Pierre Series. Niobrara Se* ries. Benton Se- ries? Limestones of IVIanitoba Lake, etc. T re ntO n Q ro u p • (limestones of Wiunlpeg Lake, Red Rtyer Valley, eto.) J Smoky Riv ' er Qroup. Dunvegan Croup. Ft. St. John Croup. Oaaadlaa Pael He Hallway.— Con a Division. • Ms. 1 Winnipeg and Port Arthur Section— Con. Wester 221 Ozdrift. 1 a. Laurentian. 1189 lis. 1 Winnipeg and Port Arthur Section. 231 241 249 Eagle River. Yermilion Bay. Gilbert. tt it ti 11R3 1118 Port Arthur.*** Animikie 2. L. Camb. I 1814 6 Fort WilUam. It 603 266 Parrywood."* ti 1386 17 HuriUo. i< 944 272 Hawk Lake. it 1S86 27 Eaministiqua. 1 b. Huronian. lOIO 284 Beaver. It 1183 87 Fiomark. 1 b. Huronian and I a. Laurentian. "" 288 297 Rosaland. Rat Portage «*« Keewatin.*" Granite, 4 miles. 1 b. Huronian, 6 11Z8 44 Buda.*" 1 a. Laurentian. 1147 800 1 a. Laurentian. lOTt 66 Nordland. it 1S80 808 Ostersund. 1 a. Laurentian. not 69 Dexter. tt 818 Deception. ti 1133 66 Linkooping. it 1831 820 Kalmer. II 1(14 76 Savanne. t< 1803 828 Ineolf. it 1181 86 Upsala. 1 b, Huronian. 1889 (Manitoba.) 98 Garlstadt. 1 a. Laurentian. ISlt 888 Telford. II 1066 103 Bridge River. English River. ti 1840 848 Renne. it 1060 116 1 b. Huronian. 1314 869 Darwin. It ••• 128 Martin. 1 a. Laurentian. 1S54 868 Whitemouth. It »e« 188 Bonheur. It I8ZT 874 Shelly. It •;«ii 144 Falcon. It 1804 884 Monmouth. II «t(j 161 Ignace. ti 1448 394!Beau8ejour. 20. Alluvium. 811 1«0 Butler. tt 14S0 400 Tyndall. II 793 170 Raleigh. 1 b. Huronian. 1437 408 Selkirk." «* It »«> 180 Tach6. tt 1363 414 Qonor. II 190 Bral6. it 138S 421 Bird's Hill. II 202 Wabigoon. tt lt8< 428 Winnipeg June. II 209 Barclay. (i lt48 429 Winnipeg.* « 9 (( 'if CANADA. (MANITOBA AND NORTH-WEfT TERRITORY.) 75 nUlnt. m Alb«r> liver 1 Riv )up. ;an )• John i '■11«7, ete.) 1 I Mb. "O 2 7 15 29 86 40 49 56 64 72 77 86 98 106 114 128 tt «i It It It It CanadlmD Paelfle Hallway— Con. I Winnipog and Rocky Mountain Section. Winnipeg^* • » " 20rAllu vi«m. Air Line June. Bergen. Rosser. Marquette. Reabum. Poplar Point. High Bluff. Portage la Prairie. Bumside."" Bagot. McGregor. Austin. Sidney. Carberry. Sewell. Chater. 7»7 77« ■'HI 7S1 790 Koa «30li' Mh. Winnipeg and Rocky Mountain Section-- Con, II 843 1 20. Glacial drift, ably overlying [ taceous. 11 prob- Cie- 91t 937 It 981 It 1S08 It 1833 ti 1830 It 118S 1 ( 20. Glacial drift over- 188 Brandon."" \ lying 18. Cretaceouei, ( 290 in. '>'o HljKenmay. 11 1339 149 Alexander. •> IJtiS ISSiGriswold. II 1399 166 Oak Lake. II 1391 180 Virden. »« 1480 197!Elkhom. <« 1608 an Fleming. It 17 60 219 Moosomin. it 18 60 226 Red Jacket. II 1893 286 Wapella. »t 1907 248 BurrowB. II 1984 249 Whitewood. " 1939 264 Broadview. 11 1936 279 Grenfell. II 1933 286 Summerberry. It 1914 294 Wolseley. ti 1986 302 Sintaluta. II 1960 812 Indian Head. II 1900 HSU. Port Arthur. Good geological headiiuarters for examination of Nepieon, Auimike, and Iln- ronian eerieB. Silver-mines in neighborhood and line crystalline minerals. Aftractlve scenery. The formations assigned to the various stations on this line, from Port Arthur to Rat Portage, may in some cases be in error, as no geolngically colored map ohowinK the precise positions of stMlons is at present available. After leaving the Animike of the lake shore, the rocks are all Lanrentian or Huron- lan, with intrusive granitic masses. Fine sections of the rocks of these series, and the dikes and veins traversing them, occur in numerous cuttings. 825. Bnda. The reddiiih color of the drift deposits, characteristic of the neighborhood of Lake Superior and northeast portion of Minnesota, ends about here. i226. Rat Portage. On northern extremity of Lnkc of Woods good headquarters for excnrsions on lake, where Lanremian and Hnronian rocks are il inpluyed in almost continuous sections along the shores. Gold-mines. Lake extremely picturesque, with innumerable islands. Both west and east from Rat Portage, on the railway, but more particularly to east, very fine examples of perched blocks and glaci- ated rock sarfaces. Numerous cuttings In Laurentiaii, lluronian, una drift deposits. From Rat Port- age, In a distance of about forty miles eastward (to near Parrywood station), tne succession of roclcs traversed is as follows : Laurcntian, Int. granite, Lanrentian, Huronian, Laurentian, Hurunian, Lao- rentian. 227. Keewatin. Railway twice crosses boundary between Lanrentian and Huronian between Os* tersund and this station. Iiere s;ood opportunity of examining Junction. 228. Selkirk. Quarries close to station in Galena limestone. Fossils. 229. Winnipeg. The alluvium of the Bed River Valley is a deposit of a former great lake of Post- Glacial age, wnicn Mr. Warren Upham has proposed to name Lake Agassiz. The shore lines of this body of water may still be traced, at various levels, to the east and west of the valley. The lake mnst have received the waters of the Saskatchewan, and had its outflow southward to the Mississippi. The alluvial deposits are of great thickness, and consist above of silty or loess-like material ; below fre- quentlv of plastic clays more or less distinctly laminated. The upper layers make excellent cream- colored brick. Alluvium completely conceals the underlying rocks in this valley ; but these are, doubt- less, for the most part Silurian limestones like those of Lake Winnipeg. 230. Bumside. In 1874 a boring was carried out at Rat Creek, near this place, by the Geological Sur- vey. The following section was obtained : Blue clay, 70 feet ; sand, gravel, and stones, with water, 18 feet ; white limestone (probably Devonian), 42 feet ; gray crystalline rock '» 20. Glacial drift over-. 824 Qu'Appelle. ' lying 18. Cretaceous J «110 1 20. Glacial drift ovor- 461 Emfold.*" < lying 18. Cretaceous. 832 McLean. tt 1188 i >«64 841 Balgonie. tl tl64 471 Morse.*" tt ttsn 847 Pilot nuttc. tt 1993 480 Herbert. tt tliH7 866 Regina. tt 18 61 I 20. Glacial drift over- 873 Pense.* tt 1884 489 Rush Lake. \ lying 18. Pierre 881 Belle Pluine. it 18 7 7 shales. "''« 800 Pasqula. tt 18 9 1 496 Waldec. tt 1333 89S 406 Mooso Jaw.*'* Boharm. tt 17 43 tt 17 88: 610 Swift Cur'nt.«»« \ 18. Pierre Shales, 111 j miles. •«"" 414 Caron. tl 1817 619 Leven. tt 1440 20. Glacial drift over- 629 Goose Lake. tl t441 423 Mortlach.*^' lying Ft. Union Lar- 638 Antelope. tt 1831 amie. '»" 646 Gull Luke.«»^ tl 1839 432 Parkbeg."9 1988 664 Cypress. tl t63t 448 Secretan.*'* 8S88 665 Sidewood. it (431 676 C7rane Lake. it 8 .1 4 4 • 18. Pierre Siiales Btrucic in bore-hole. S86 Colley. It S48S : i; shaleB of tiie Cretaceous. Tlie boulciur-cltty, with overlying stratifled drift, and fine alluvium marking Bites of former lakes or ponds, cover the entire country. At or near Mortlacli the increasing eleva- tion of the plain brings in the base of tlie Fort Union Laramie, but there are no exposures near the railway. No western limit is given for thuBC beds, as their preciue extent has not been determined. They do not, however, extend on the line as far ae the Old Wives Lakes. They are well shown to the soutneast on the Souris River, and there hold numerous seams of lignite. 334. Secretan. At Secretan the drift hills of the Missouri COti'uu are wiHl displayed. The COtcau belt, where crossed by the railway, is not so well deftned as near the 49th narallcl, but may be said to extend from Parkbeg station westward to a point four or five miles beyond Secretan See Note 351). 835. Morse. Between Emfold and Morse a second line of COteau-lilli87 ift over- Pierre ««7S 1333 • 440 1441 *S3S mas t63t <431 IA44 S48S > to dip CANADA. (MANITOBA AND NORTH-WEST TERRITORY.) W CanadUn Paolfle Railway- | Winnipog and Rocky Mountuin Hection. WinnlpttK and I{(k ky Moantaiii Uectloo. Ml. 1 Continutd. Mt. 1 VwUinuta, 988 Silver City."" • j 9 and 14. Devono-Car- ( bonif erouB. **** B06 Maple Creek. 18. Pierre ShaleB. «*'" 610 Forres. i« t40R 945Eldon."> 2-4. Cambrian. ♦'•• 628 Walsh." ^* j 18. Belly River SorieB, 107 m. «*»' (t *469 t< 1373 <( tI4I « 140* 955Laggan.*"« tl 800S 688 Irvine.* '9 6S1 Dunmore. 660,MedicineHat««» 962Stenhen«»» j 9 & 14. Devono-Car- 962 Stephen. ^ bonif. »««'«(Humroit). BritlHh Columbia boundary line. 668 Stair. "«' 696Suffield. « f4Tl Emcrvon Section. 696iliangevin.»*' •< 147 1 St. Vincent. 20. Alluvium. 704lKininvic. It It408 Emerson. 713iTilley. t( t2 4 :m 10 Dominion City. 18 Amaud. 7A3 CaBBils."*' 18. Pierre Shales. "*"' 7B0 Lathom. tt y ^ 3 4 26'Diifrost. 767 Ba8Bano.*«« 18. Laramie. '""'* S.'j'Ottorburne. 766 Crowfoot.' ♦» It ii 6 7 I o a o '1 ' 42 Niverville. 776 78S Cluny. Gleichen. tl gHXJ 64 St. Norbert. 68 St. Boniface. 801|Stratbinore. it 300S 11 3S6B 64 j Winnipeg June. 819|Langdon. 830,Shepard. it 3344 66lWinnipeg. 1 " 889Calgary.«*« 848Keith. tl 138 8 II SAS2; Manitoba and Northwestern Railway of Canada. 862 Cochrane. tl 3 7 1 « j 18. Cretaceous, and' 18 Laramie. ""I 872 Radnor.*" 1 (J ( Portage la 1 / Prairie. S Alluvium overlying \ Devonian. 88lMorley. tt 4038 9Macdonald. 89SKananaBkiB.<**> it 417 16 Westboume. 901 TheGap.««9 9&14.Devono-Car.*'»'' 26|Woodside. 906 Canmore.*'" 18 Cretaceous. *"' 84 Gladstone. 914 Duthil. it 4348 61 Ardcn. 919 Banif."' It 40 31 61 Neepawa. Drift overlying Cretao. 927 j CaBtle Mount- ain. J 9 and 14. Devono-Car- ( boniferous. **" 66|Stony Creek. 78iMinnedosa. tl li below the Paleeozolc limeatoneB of the mountains, which are seen in cutting just be} or.J this station. Above catting, well-marked glociation due to former Bow Valley Klueler. (The railway here enters the Rocky Mountains.) Below mouth of Kananaskis River, flne falls over Cretaceous sandstone on Bow River. The great limestone series of the mountains, characterized above as Devono-Carbonifcr- ous, is the most important constituent of the range in this part of its length. No separation, except quite locally, has yet been found possible between the Devonian and Carboniferous parts of the scries. 249. The Gap. The valley beyond this point becomes quite wide, and turns to the northwest, fol- lowing a belt of Cretaceous rocks. 2M. Canmore. The valley here floored by the Cretaceous rocks above referred to, while lime- stones form the mountains on both sides. The Cretaceous is in the form of a long synclinal trough, compressed and overturned to the northeastward. Looking southeastward from this point down the valley, a section of the overturned rocks is seen in the distant hills. 251. Between Duthil and Banff, near the railway and to the north about two miles from Banff, openings have been made on anthracite coal-seams in the metamorphosed Cretaceous. Seams tliree to five feet. Coal of excellent qoality. 253. Silver City. Castle Mountain, a remarkably bold range of Devono-Carboniferoos limestone, nearly horizontal, rises immediately behind this place. Numerous discoveries of copper-ore in the vicinity. 258. Eldon. A few miles beyond Silver City the valley again turns to the northwest, following axis of anticlinal, which brings up Cambrian slates and quartzites. Mountains on both sides of valley still continue for the most pm limestone. 254. Laggan. Remarkably picturesque lake, with glacier at head a few miles to the sooth. 255. Stephen. Near summit, between headwaters of Saskatchewan and Columbia Rivers, the gen- era) structure of the watershed range is synclinal, but complicated by minor flexures. Cambrian rocks appear a few miles down valleys both east and west of the summit. Grand peaks to north and south or valley of pass, in several cases exceeding 11,000 feet altitude. This is the only railway in North America from which actual glaciers of almost Alpine magnitude may be seen. Observe snow-fleld and glacier in first valley from north, west of Stephen. 250. Stonewall. Excellent exposures, in quarries, of Silurian limestones, in some beds highly fos- sillferous. 267. Stone Fort. Quarries near Stone Fort and St. Andrews. Fossils. ipppw"^ 78 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.^ !'•.? CMiadlmn Paellle Rbllway— Con. Ms. 1 Pembina Monntain Section. Manitoba S. W. Colonization Railway- Ma. 1 Continued. 4 18 80 43 Winnipeg. «*» St. James. Sa Salle. Osborne. Morris. Rosenfeld."* Gretna. Plum Coulee. Morden. Thomhill. Darlingford. Manitou. 20. Alluvium. ^^t Pierre Shales. 14 27 46 47 61 Headinsly. Starbuck. Elm Greek. Maryland. End of Track. 20. Alluvium. « « 66 10 Stonewall Section. 66 81 88 96 102 1 13 20 Winnipeg. Air Line June. Stony Mountain. Stonewall." » 6 20. Alluvium. it 4 0. Hudson River. nranltoba 8. W. Colonization Railway. West Selkirk Brancli. Winnipeg. Stone Fort. "^ 22 W. Selkirk. 20. Alluvium. 1 Winnipeg. Murray Park. 20. Alluvium. 4 b. Galena Limestone. 258. Rosenfeld. Copious flow of brine struck here in deep boring in Silurian. 869. Parkbeg. The so-called Continental moraine is represented in Dakota and the North- West Territorjr of Canada by the Mii^.souri Cdteau. It would appear that this and the so^alled Cdteau des Prairies in Minnesota and Dakota are parts of the same great feature. Their elevation is similar, and they are equally characterized by the immense profusion of erratics with which they are strewn, and by basin-like swamps and lakes. In southwestern Minnesota and eastern Dakota this elevated tract, according to Winchell, called by the earliest Freiuh explorers Cdteau des Prairies, meaning highlands of the prairies, is 500 to 1,000 feet above the Minnesota River, and 1,300 to 2,000 feet above the sea. In the COteau, then, viewed as a whole, we have a natural feature of the first magnitude, a mass of elacial dibrls and traveled blocks, with an average breadth of perhaps thirty or forty miles, and ex- tending diagonally across the central region of the continent, from the southeastern corner of Minne- sota far into northern Canada, a distance of about 800 miles. Dr. George M. Dawson, from whose writings this note is compiled, was the first lo recognize the glacial origin of the Missouri Cdteau. He pronounces it one of the most remarkable feaiiires of the Western plains in their northwestern exten- sion, and as certainly the most important monument of the glacial period existing there. As to its origin, while he believes that the CAteau may possibly represent a Continental moraine, his examina- tion of it led him to consider it as more probably due to a deposit of material from floating ice along the sloping front of the third prairie steppe. It is a question which should not be prejudged, as so many difficulties remain to be elucidated, from whatever stand-point it may be regarded. As to the similar deposit farther south in Minnesota and Dakota, etc., T. C. Chamberlin and other ^t~' agists, who have critically studied it, are quite decided in their belief that it is a terminal moraine^ The superficial deposits are to be, for geologists, the great subject of the future. J. M. ,.'«. : CANADA. (BRITISH COLUUBU.) IV. gritbl^ €alnmhm. List of Formations. Coast Region. Intsiob Bkqion. 19. QUATURNAKT. Recent Raised Beachus. Stratified Sands, Gravels, and Clays (Marine Shells). Boulder Clay or Till. Stratified Sands and Qravels, "White Silts" of Nechacco Basin, etc. Terrace Deposits, Moraines, Boulder Clay or Till. 10. TisnART. Miocene (Volcanic). Miocene (Sedlmentaty, generally with Marine SheUs). Miocene (Volcanic). Miocene(8edimeDtary with Unites). Kakaimo Babin. Couox Basin. Ttjon (of CaL). OUeo (of Oal.). Shasta (ofCal.). Sandst. 8,894'. Shales 9W. Mzvproductive Up. Cong. 820' Up. Shales TTfC Mid.Cong.1,100' Mid. Shales w L. Cong. 900' L. Shales i.ooo' Coal Meas. 780' 1 QrKKN CllAtt- LOTTB ISLAKOS. • Aucella Bedsof Quatsino Sd. A. Up. Shales & Sandst. 1.500' B. Conglomer- ates 2,000* C. L. Shales & Sandst. b-ooo* D. Agglomer- ate 8,600' E.L. Sand- Stones 1,000' Nechacco Series. Skeena R. Sandstones with Coal. Iltasyouco Beds io,ooc; Skee- na Volcanic Series; Porphy- rite Series if)- Aucella Beds of Tatlayoco, Jackass Mt., and SkagitT.ooc or more; Rorphyrite Series (»)• OoABT Bioioir. Intibiob Rboion. 16. Triassio. Monotis Beds and Contempo- raneous Volcanic Rocks of Queen Charlotte and North- ern Vancouver islands. Volcanic Rocks of Sooke R. (f) Monotis Beds of Northern Rocky Mts.; Red Beds of Southern Rocky Mts.; Ni- cola Series (Volcanic) of S. Interior Plateau. Auriferous Schists (in i»rtf). 14. Garronifkr- ocB (possibly in part De- Tonian). Crystalline and Metamorphic Rocks of Vancouver and Coast Range (Iw^fly altered Vol- canic, but include Limestones, etc.). Cache Creek Series. (Fusullne Limestone, Quartz* ites, Volcanic Materials, etc.) 9-12. DlVONIAN. Limestones of Rocky Mts. M. Cakbbian. Basal Series of South. Rocky Mts. ; also largely in Purcefl and Selkirk's Ranges (Au- riferous Schists in partT). • ARCH.SAN. Basal Rocks of Coast Range (f)- Qneissic Rocks and Crystal- line Schists of Shuswap and Okanagan Lakes and Qold Ran.7e. 1 1 frii r J. I" ' '* lit til ;i r^ ?v 80 AN AMERIOAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) Ma. Canadian Paelfle Railway. 12 20 JO 40 49 68 68 16 82 SH 90 100 Port Moody. Port Hammond, Whannock. "St. Mary Man." Naoomin. Harrison River, Agassiz 302 Ruby Creek303 Hope. Texas Lake.'"* Emorr Yale.*"" Spuxsum. (19. Tertiary overlain ) by drift. (I IS (I 3£ (t 24 U 4 2 j 18. Cretaceous over- } lain by drift. "^ j Metamorphic rocks of ( Coast Ranges. u «( 96 209 198 182 216 366 Ms. I Canadian Paciflc Rail viray— Con. 117 127 137 148 149 163 160 166 177 194 206 North Bend. Keefers.*"^ Fraser R. Bridge.30T Lytton.3»« Section House. Section Ho.'"" Drynok. Spence's P-idge. j Chinaii- .n's ■j Ranch.310 Ashcroft.''^^ ( Penny's I Ranch.8i* j Metamorphic rocks of I Coast Ranges. **^ 16. Triassic (?) "* (18. Cretaceous, } "Shasta Group.""" ] Metamorphic rocks of 1 Coast Ranges. ^*^ »i 766 19b.Mio.(Volcanic).«*« " 769 c< 7 89 I 18. Carboniferous. f 877 18. Cretaceous. '"«> i 18. Miocene (Vol- ( canic). 1276 * Reduced levels above ordinary high water of Pacittc Ocean. 801. The rocks forming the south side of Burrard Inlet, and underlying the flat or gently nndu- lating tract about the mouth of the Fraser, are, so far as known, Tertiary, and, at least in part, of Mio- cene age. The covering of drift being, however, thick, and the region as yet but partially explored, it is difScult precisely to fix the limits of these rocks. Cretaceous rocks of the Shasta group, and possibly of the overiying series to which the coals of Vancouver Island belong, also occur. 808. The Cretaceous rocks above referred to are supposed to cross the Fraser about here. They are somewhat extensively developed on Harrison Lake, and hold abundance of Aucella PiocM^^ which may be considered as the most characteristic fossil of the Cretaceous of the mainland ot British Co- lumbia. 803. The metamorphic rocks of the Coast Ranges, named the " Cascade Crystalline series " in the preliminary classtflcation, consist of a great variety of gneissic and schistose materials. Orthoclase felspars are seldom developed, and dioritic rocks are abundant. The scries also includes limestones. It is, with little doubt, of the same age with the similar rocks of the vicinity of Victoria, and these are known to be Palaeozoic, and probably, in part at least. Carboniferous. The series has been largely built up of contemporaneous volcanic rocks which have since been extremely metamorphosed. Large granitic and syenitic int' isive masses are frequent. 804. At Silver Peak, near Hope, at a height of about seven thousand feet, exceptionally rich silver- ores occur. These exist in veins traversing a small outlier of the Shasta Cretaceous which occupies the summit of the mountain. Litigation has so far prevented the development of these mines. 305. At this point the line enters the Ca&on '>f the Fraser, and the scenery becomes grand in the extreme, the river brealdng through the axial p'M'ion of the Coast Range. From the mouth of the An- derson River (Boston Bar) the valley becoim^.^ " .. .in comparatively wide, and the mountains retreat to a greater distance. 806. The immediate valley of the river is excavated, in this part of its course, in dark slaty or schistose rocks, which have been referred to as the " Anderson River series " in preliminary reports. The age of these is uncertain, but they are very possibly Triassic. They underlie the lowest Creta- ceous, and rest between it and the older crystalline rocks, and have evidently been the source of the gold which is found on this part of the Fraser. The bar and bench diggings of the Fraser were at one time very remunerative, and were the first in British Columbia to attract attention and lead to an in- flux of miners. Subsequently the mines of the Cariboo country and rich gold finds in other districts, drew away the mining population. 807. A trough of Shasta Cretaceous here crosses the river obliquely. It forms the hills and mount- ains which rise above the valley on the east, for many miles to the southward. The rocks consist of hard, greenish sandstones or quartzites, with beds of conglomerate, and evidently represent, for the most part, the deposit of a shore-line. At Jackass Mountain, on the wagon-road, they are well shown, and have Vielded specimens of Aucella FiochU and other fossils. 808. The line here leaves the Fraser to follow the Thompson River. Immediately north of Lyt- ton the Cretaceous trough above referred to — which appears in the intervening distance to be inter- rupted— resumes, and characterizes the S^er Valley for a long way to the north. 809. The Tertiary rocks of this part of the province are all provisionally classified as Miocene, and are probably of the age of the " Truckee Miocene " of the 40th Parallel Report. They consist gener- ally of sandstones, shales, etc., capped by a great thickness of volcanic materials which are largely basaltic. The sedimentary part or the formation frequently holds lignites or coals, and a number of fossil plants have been obtained from it. 310. The rocks provisionally classed as Carboniferous are, at least in great part, of that age, and hold limestones characterized by FunUina. They consist, however, for the most part, of qnutzites and hard shales, and contain great beds of contemporaneous volcanic matter, in association with which serpentines occur. These rocks are well displayed on the wagon-rood from Ashcroft north- ward to Clinton. The serpentines, with associated conglomerates, etc., are best seen on this road be- tween Hat Creek and Mundorf 's. 311. The rocks in this vicinity are much altered, but those in the valley appear to belong to an iso- lated Cretaceous area. 818. Oeneral Note on Vi\flnh-kfd Portions of Une east of KanUoopt Zofe.— The line may now (December, 1884) be said to be practically completed to Kamloops Lake, leaving, under construction, a length of about one hundred and eighty miles eastward from this point to the month of the Kicking iiorse River, on the Columbia. The lower end of Kamloops Lake lies on rocks of the Cftche Creok CANADA. (BRITISH COLUMBU.) 81 I series, which have been characterized in a previooa note ; the greater part of the lalce is, however, bor- Idered by volcanic rocks of Tertiary age. Cherry and Battle Bloffs, on opposite sides of the lakes, are f believed to represent the core of an ancient Tertiary volcano. In the former considerable veins of mag- I netite occur. Remunerative gold placers have been worked for many years on the Tranquille River, I which flows into the lake. Near the town of Kamloops the rocks of the Cftche Creek series reappear land characterize the banks of the South Thompson River to the lower end of Little ShuswapLake, though ■the higher portion of the plateau to the south is composed of volcanic Tertiary rocks. White sUty cfe- )OBits, due to the last stage of the glacial period, are cut into terraces along the banks of the river. Little and Great Shuswap Lakes, with Adam's Lake, are fjord-like bodies of water occupying deep, aountain-bo/dered valleys in the western portion of the Qold Range. The lakes are bordered by neissic rocks and crystalline schists, which have been referred to collectively, in the reports of the -eological Survey, as the Shuswap series, and are now believed to be Archaean. These rocks prob- Ebly exceed thirty-two thousand feet in thickness, and are divisible into several subordinate seriea. For further information on the country from the mouth of the Fraser to this point, see " Descriptive Sketch of Physical Geography, and Geology of Canada, 1884," and " Report of Progress, 1877-1878." Leaving Shuswap Lake, the hne follows up the valley of Eagle Creek and traverses the Gold Range py thel^le Pass to the west crossing of the Columbia River. Thence it crosses the Selkirk range to Me east crossing of the Columbia, and follows that river up (southward) to the mouth of the Kicking pone. This portion of British Columbia may be said to be geologically unknown, but consists, so Ear as ascertained, of rocks similar to those of the Shuswap Lakes, with quartzites and Bchists which re probably Cambrian. / 88 AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) V. Steamboat §l0wtjes. I. Montreal to Qaebec* Little of geological interest is to be seen on this route, the rivei- banks b<>'ng generally low, or where higher usually showing only drift deposits. Near Quebec, sec- tions o^ Cambrian and Cambro-Silurian rocks. Q'lebec and Gnlf Porta. Quebec to Pictou, Nova Scotia, with calls at intermediate ports. A picturesque and geologically interesting route. Quebec. (See Note 24, under Intercolonial Railway.) Soon after leaving Quebec, a fine distant view of the Montmorenci Falls. Beyond the east end of the Island of Orleans, Laurentian rocks form the north shore. At St. Paul's Bay, Little Mai Bay, and Murray Bay, small outliers of Cambro-Silu- rian. Beyond these the north shore is entirely Laurentian. Behind Murray Bay the mountains are par- ticularly bold. The south shore to beyond St. Anne des Monte is composed of Cambrian rocka, wnich form picturesque hills near Bic. Father Point. Pilot station. Cambrian. Metis. Cambrian. A sea-side resort. Beyond Matanne the Shickshock Mountains to the south. The higher portions composed of Pre- Cambnan rocks with extensive granitic intrusions. Beyond St. Anne des Monts the south shore is fringed with Cambro-Silurian rocks to GaspS Bay. Gaspfi. Ship Head, at northern entrance to Qasp6 Bay, a bold promontory. Lower Helderberg limestone. The shores of Gaspfi Bay are generally characterized by Devonian rocks. Excellent sec- tions. Fossil plants. The south point of Gaspfi Bay is comuosed of rocks of the Bonaventure (Lower Carboniferous) series. This occupies the coast to the Bale des Chaleurs. Perc6 Silurian limestones here appear below the Bonaventure, and form the remarkable pierced rock, two hundred and ninety feet high, which gives the place its name. Bale des Chaleurs. (See notes under Intercolonial Railway.) The northern shore of the eastern part is principally composed of Silurian and Bonaventure rocks ; the southern, at Bathurst, Bonaven- ture formation; eastward, to Point Miscou, Middle Carboniferous. Miramichi Bay. Shores all Middle Carboniferous. Carboniferous rocks constitute the whole New Brunswick shore to Pictou. Prince Edward Island, Permo-Carboniferous and Triassic. Quebec to Sagnenay River. Suebec. (See notes under Intercolo.nial Railway and Quebec and Gulf Port steamers.) urray Bay. An outlier of Cambro-Silurian rocks liere occupies the coast for a distance of six miles, and runs up the Murray River for a similar distance, gradually narrowing out. The rocks arc well displayed in White Point at the wharf and at Les Ecorchfis on the east side of the bay. They consist of limestones and calcareous sandstones. Black River, and Trenton, and arc highly fossilifer- ouB in some places. Fossiliferons glacial clays on some parts of the beach at low tide. Ancient sea- margin terraces with marine shells to height of over 600 feet in this vicinity. Rividre du Loup. Cambrian, Marine shells in glacial clays of beach on east side of bay at month of river. Tadousac. At mouth of Saguenay River. Laurentian. Fine examples of terraces at severiil levels. The Saguenav River, from this point to Ha Ha Bay, is the finest example of a fjord on the eastern coast or Nortn America, and is celebrated for its grand and gloomy scenery. It possesses all the characters of a true fjord— bold rocky shores without beaches, uniformity in width, great depth in its upper part, and comparatively shallow water at its mouth. From Tadousac to Ha Ha Bay is a dis- tance of about sixty miloa. Near this point the valley bifurcates, one branch reaching to Lake St. John— forty miles— by Chicoutimi, while the other is occupied in part by Lake Kenogami. Tlie rocks to Ha Ha Bay and Chicoutimi are all Laurentian, and generally heavily glaciated. Near the wharf at Ha Ha,'Bay an intrusive mass characterized by anorthosite felspar. Round Lake St. John extensive area of Norian rocks, with overlying Cambro-Silurian, and jglacial days with marine shells. The existence of this great fjord is probably due to the greater drainage area tributary to it as com- pared with other rivers on the north snore, and it was probably in the first instance excavated by the river at a period of greater continental elevation than the present. Port ninlgrave to Sydney, C B. (Steamers connecting with Eastcn Extension Railway at Port Mulgrave and running through the Bras d'Or Lakes to Sydney, C. B.) Port Mulgrave. (See Notes 05 and 66, under Eastern Extension Railway.) The Bras d'Or Lakes are celebrated for their picturesque scenery. They ar.- almost altogether sur founded by a fringe, of varying width, of Lower Carboniferous rocks, behind which rise hills of Pre- Cambrian rocks. The formations met with in Cape Breton generally are, however, very varied. Sydney. Coal -format ion rocks, with the most important coal deposits of Cape Breton. The prin- cipal workings are in the Sydney main seam, averaging about six feet thick, and these already extend in some places to a considerable distance beneath the sea. Fine section on northwest side of Sydney Harbor, described by Mr. Brown as including thirty-four seams of coal and forty-one underclays with | Stigmaria. Erect trees and Calamitcs at eighteen distinct levels. Sydney mines afford good c .'U for i gas-makin<; and steam purposes, yielding a istrong coke. II. Toronto or Hingaton to Montreal by Steamer. This is a favorite route with tourlet'. After leaving Toronto, the north shore of Lake Ontario Is composed of Hudson River rocks for twenty { miles. Thence Utica twenty miles, Trenton one hundred miles. The rocks are generally heavily cov- ered with drift, which often forms steep banks. Both shores, and the islands at the eastern extremity of the lake, are based on Black River limestones. The north shore is then occupied by Laurentian for about thirty miles, the river cutting through a narrow neck of these rocks, which connects the sreat j Laurentian area to the north with that occurring in New York State. This produces the well-known j scenery of the Thouf^and Islands. For ten miles above Brockville the rocks on the north shore, Pots- dam ; south shore, Laurentian and Potsdam. Thence Calciferous on both shores twenty-flve inilei". Thence to Mill Roches (twenty-seven miles), north sliore, Chazy : s^nth shore, Calciferous. Thence Calciferous on both shores, twenty-four miles. Thence to Cotea i i, U. r.'>rtb ilicto of iuke and river.) STEAMBOAT ROUTES. 88 ite, the rivet- Quebec, sec- ediate porta. t fine distant in rocks form Cambro-8Ua- itains are par- rocks, wnich iposed of Pre- south shore is !CT Helderberg Excellent sec- renture (Lower jkable pierced of the eastern urst, Bonaven- the whole New irs.) . distance of six The rocks arf the bay. They ighly f ossilttor- . Ancient sea- )f bay at mouth ■aces at sevenil ' a fjord on the It possesses all great depth in .ia Bay is a dis- ling to Lake St. lenogami. The [iated. Near the Lake St. John h marine shells. Kry to it as com- [xcavated by the tension Railway It altogether Bur- lise hills of Pre- Iry varied. Teton. Theprin- 3 already extend . Bide of Sydney lunderclays witb Vd good c ;il fot ite with touriet«, frocks for twenty tally heavily cov- fastem extremity ly Laurentian tot , Innects the trreat ; ) the well-kiiiiwn orth shore, I'ots- jventy-flve mili'f Iferous. Thence Ih shore, Chii/y. liferous. Thence, | Iccession to .lion- 1 le and river,) Thb Rapids op thb St. Lawrknce.— Throughout that portion of the river characterized by Irapids, the rocks are those of the Cambro-Silurian system. The Lacbine Rapids occur over the out- crop of the Trenton limestone, the wide basin occupied by the river below being excavated in the softer Utica shales. With this exception, no very marked connection between the geological structure and the existence of the rapids is evident. The rapidt' may be said to begin below Prescott, but are mimportant till the Upper Long Sault i.i reached, thirty miles below that place. Four and a half niles below these are the Lougue Sault liapids, which ave twt.'ve miles in length, with a fall of forty- ei^ht feet. Farther down, at C6teau, the rapids recomiaence, and are known as the Cflteau Rapids. 3elow these is calm water for about five miles, when the Cedar Rapids, a mile and a half long, occur, ^f ter three miles of calm water are the Cascade Rapids, below which Lake St. Louis, at the moutn of the Jttawa River, is entered. The Lachine Rapids, between this lake and Montreal, are the last, with a descent of forty-five feet. Above the Lachine Rapids (he descent of the river is one hundred and leventy-flve feet, making the total descent, from Lak^ Ontario to the head of ocean navigation in Iho harbor of Montreal, two hundred and twenty feet. The average fall of the river is about eighteen mches to the mile, but a large part of thii? descent is accomplished in the various rapids. These are lurmonnted by vessels ascending the river by a series of canals, aggregnting forty-two miles in length. III. Routes flrom 8anua, Owen 8oand, CoUinswood, etc., to Port Arthur (con- necting there with C. P. Railway). Two main routes are followed— one to the south of Manitoulin Islands to'Sault St. Marie, the other J the north of the islands to the same point. The boats leaving the last-mentioned ports frequently ake the north shore route, which, from a geological or picturesque point of view, is to be preferred. The south shore of the Manitoulin Islands is throughout composed of Niagara limestones, with kutlying patches of Guelph in some places. After clearing Notawasaga Bay, the northeast shore of Georgian Bay is Laurentian to and at KU- amey. Thence the shore of the mainland is for seventy-flve miles Hiironian, the off-lying islands con- Jlsting of Cambro-Silurian rocks, from the Black River series to the Niagara. The north shore is then lor twenty miles Laurentian, this formation forming a narrow band with Huronian behind. Then venty miles Huronian to Bruce Mings. Bruce Mines. Good locality for studying the Huronian rocks. Copper-mines at one time exten- ively worked; at present closed. The veins traverse a mass of Interstratified diorlte. The ore is miefly copper pyrites. From Bruce Mines for ten miles, north shore, Huronian ; south shore, Cam- Iro-Silurian. Thence to Lake Superior, both Sugar Island and the southwest main shore of peculiar Bd and spotted sandstone of Potsdam or Chazy age. Thence to Port Arthur steamers generally run Br from land. The north shore is principally Laurentian and Huronian to Nipigon Bay, whence Bwer Cambrian rocks characterize the shore and form all the off-lying islands to Thunder Bay. Thunder Bay. (Sec Note 224, under C. P. Railway.) IV. Ttctoria to Nanaimo and Comox and Northward. Victoria. Highly altered rocks dioritic, felspathic, and micaceous, in a few places becoming al- jost gneissic, witii interbedded black argillites and crystalline limestones. The latter in a few places |old obscure fossils, which are Palajozoic and very probably Carboniferous. Many intrasive syenltic, tc.. masses ; one of which characterizes both sides of Victoria Harbor at the entrance. The rocks or ^is vicinity may be taken as typical of those forming the axial portions of Vancouver Island, and are irgely altered vclcanic products. Limestone may be observed near entrance to Beacon Hill Park, and t the shore at the west end of the town. Fossils in limestone on road near east side of Esquimau Bay. fery fine glaciated rocks every\vhere along the shore. These are overlain by boulder-clay, and this gain by stratified clays and sands which in some places yield marine sheik. Good sections of all Bese deposits in shore cliffs. (See papers in " Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc," Vol. XXXIV., p. 89, and ibid., Bl.) From Victoria, northward along coast, similar rocks to Saanich Point, the end of which is fringed ' Cretaceous. Cowichan Harbor. South side. Cretaceous. North side, metamorphic rocks (Carboniferous?). Maj)le Bay. South side. Cretaceous ; north side and at wharf, similar metamorphic rocks. From jple Bay, for eight miles, coast metamorphic, off-lying islands Cretaceous. Thence to Dodd Nar- Itvs, coast and island Cretaceous. (Productive coal measures.) Just north of Dodd Narrows, high pfis of these rocks. Nanaimo and Departure Bay. Productive coal measures (Cretaceous). Extensive coal-mines, ttms worked five to fifteen feet. These are true bituminous coals, yielding a good coke, and suitable ■ gas manufacture. From Departure Bay, for fourteen miles, the coast chiefly of metamorphic rocks ke those above described. Thence to Comox, forty-two miles, Cretaceous. Comox. An extensive coal-field, but by reason of the more accessible position of Nanaimo the Sues here are not at present worked. On Texada Island, to the northeast, fine deposit of magnetic pn-ore. N. B.— The route above described is that taken by coasting steamers. Steamers bound north- krd to Port Simpson and Alaska generally pass farther out near the off-lying islands. These are Tiost altogether composed of Cretaceous rocks, and, in consequence of their general northeastward D, the outer tier of islands displays the higher members of the formation as here developed. The pithwestem sides of the islands generally form low sandstone cl'ffs. Route Northward from abreaHt Comox to Port Simpson and Alanka. From Comox ' Cretaceous rocks probably extend in a wide belt alonij the share nearly to Seymour Narrows, but i heavily covered by drift deposits, which form white cuffs. High mountains in the interior of Van- aver Island composed, so far as known, of crystalline rocks, witli extensive OTanite intrusions. Seymour Narrows and northward to Alert Bay. Metamorphic and crystalline rocks. (See Note , Can. Pacific Railway, W. Coast portion.) Near Port McNeil, rretaceous rocks again form a strip \\ow country, extending back from the shore, and continue to Beaver Harbor. Thomas Point and Tth shore of Beaver Harbor, and thence to north end of Vancouver Island, all rocks of the older ties. Similar metamorphic and crystalline rocks, with Interbedded slaty argillites and limestones, and pitic intrusions northward to vVrangel, in Alaska. In vicinity of Port Simpson, slaty argillites and ca schists with limestones extensively developed. Near Wrangel sunilar mica schists yield very ! garnet crystals. Wrangel is at the mouth of the Stickeen River, by which the gold-mines of Cas- f are reached. >■> m If 'I I I* ■ m ■. ! . ■; \ ! i Cl^e Slefo ^ttglatti) States. General Note on the Geoloot of New England. The geology of the New England States is moch more difficult than that of the country west of the Hudson River and Lake Champlaln. The rocks are very largely crystalline, besides being greatly contorted and folded. Both Archaean and metamorphic Paleozoic groups are represented, and geolo- gists have disagreed as to the extent occupied by each of these two series. A quarter of a century since (before 1^) the opinion was commonly entertained that these crystallines consisted entirely of Paleozoic rocks in an altered condition ; now it is generally concedea that many of the older areas are to be found. Different views are also entertained as to the value of lithologlcal distinctions for chronological purposes. Fortunately, a few fossiliferous areas have escaped the ravages of upheaval and denudation, and it is only by a study of the relations of these to the underlying or overlying crys- tallines, that any attempt at correlation is possible. The principal localities where fossils are found are (1) the region of the Taconic schists and Stockbridge limestones : (3) that of probably Devonian limestone in the Connecticut Valley at Bemardston ; and Niagara limestones at Littleton, N. H. ; and (3) that of carboniferous rocks in Rhode Island and their continuation northeastward into Massa- i cbusetts. Devonian fossils have been found in the northern part of Maine, and Silurian and Devo- nian in the eastern part of Maine. The 16. Triassic of Connecticut Valley need not be named as one of these doubtful areas. The scheme of classification proposed by Prafessor C. H. Hitchcock for the whole of New Eng- land is printed on an introducto^ page, while his determinations as to the formation at each railroad station are those given in this " Quide " for Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut. In the chapter on Massachusetts, the determinations for each railway station are given by Professor W. O. Crosby, representing a class of geologists holding widely different views, who recognize the Taconic system and believe that the white crystalline marble, 3,000 feet thick, in Berkshire Cfounty, Mass., lies below the Cambrian, and is a distinct and much older formation ; and claim that the fossils referred to occur in outliers of the newer, resting on these older formations, just as they often do elsewhere. They also claim that the highly crystalline Taconic schists can not be correlated successfully with the I Cambrian or with the Hudson River group. The following scheme of classification of the New England crystallines, by Professor Hitchcock, I is also very different from that given by Professor W. O. Crosby for Massachusetts. The differences ■ are occasioned chiefly by the views entertained concerning the igneous rocks, syenites, granite, and ■ "orphyry. In Dr. Hitchcock's scheme these are regarded as of later origin than the gnefsses, which ave been disturbed by their eruption ; but Professor Crosby seems to regard many of the syenites, Ifelsites, and diorites as older than the gneisses ; because the latter appear to rest or lean upon the un- Istratified rocks. The difference is so radical that the schemes can not be harmonized. But, in a work |of this character, it is right that the different views should be represented. Professor Hitchcock also thinks that the word Montalban is misleading, and, as restricted by him ■in New Hampshire, it would not embrace over one sixth part of the rocks so named by Professor ■Crosby. The typical area of Montalban in the White Mountains is said by the former to be either |overlaid or cutoy the rock called Norian by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt and Professor Crosby. Hence, it is claimed, the Norian is the newer of the two, and the scheme proposed for Massachusetts is by him considered erroneous. However the reader may differ with either party, he will find much positive knowledge which all jciU accept in these pages, where the kinds of rock along the railroads are given, i. e., gneiss, mica schists, granite, etc., and we can leave it to time to give to these formations of doubtful age their true place in the series, for it is believed that the discovery of fossils here and there about New England may, after a while, settle the geology of a large portion of that difllcnlt country, and that even an Accepted classification of the crystalline rocks may be accomplished. J. M. / 86 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW ENGLAND.) I >' '.i; aht S^lmxH, antr Conmrtkut, Table of the Qeological Formations of the New England States^ By Professor C. H. Hitchcock. Cenozoic. 20. Quaternary. 19. Tertiary. 20 c. Terraces. 20 b. Champlain Clays. 20 a. Till, drumlins, Terminal Moraine. 19 c. Pliocene. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. Mesozoic. 16. Triassic. 1 16. Triassic. Paleozoic. 14. Carbonifer's, 8-10. Devonian. « 6-7. Silurian. 8-4. Cambro- Silurian. tt 9 D. Huronian. ««» l< 8 70 II 901 7. The New Hampshire formations are believed to poBsess thickness as follows : Niagara, 500 feet ; Calciferons mica schists, 4,800 feet ; CoOs group, 7,300 feet ; Cambrian slates of Connectient I Valley, 8,000 feet ; Kearsarge group, 1,300 feet ; Rockingtiam mica schists, 6,000 feet ; Merrimack group, 4,300 feet ; Huronian, 13,000 feet ; Montalban, 10,000 feet ; Lake Winniplseogee gneiss, 18,000 feet ; Bethlehem gneiss, 6,000 feet ; porphyritic gneiss, 6,000 feet. 8. Paris. Locality of the famous red and green tourmalines. At least one hundred remarkably ^J fine specimens of tourmaline have been taken from this vein and placed in museums or cut as gems. les of ignepoB ^1 Forty varieties of minerals occur in a coarse granite, one of which is mica in large plates. Ibase, morite, ^m i. North Conway. Mount EUarsarge. in Full view from the station, is a conical mass of Albany ^n granite which has broken tiirough both the Conway granite and a slate, and contains numerous frag- Iments of both these rocks in its igneous embrace. I 10. Crawford House. The railroad passes from here through the well-known notch of the White iMonntains and around the base of Mount Wiliard, a region as famous for its varieties of granite as for iKenery. The cut at the summit is through typical Montalban schists. Opposite Dismal Pool it ia ■traversed by an enormous vein of fine-grained granite, which has also cemented together immense Ifragmentsof the Montalban schists. The junction between this Franconia breccia and the sacceeding iConway granite, may be followed up a cliff for one thousand feet higher than the railroad, the latter rock , ^Jhavine oeen erupted last. Between this Conway granite and a dark slate often filled with large pencils Iwer Cwbon* ^Bof andalosite is the interesting vein, three hundred feet wide, of Albany granite, which illustrates the 1st Andrewfli ^■action of a melted rock upon slates, giving rise to " contact phenomena." The slates have been ren« dered more crystalline ; have been altered Into homstone ; the broken pieces have been cemented by a siliceous paste full of microscopic tourmalines; and Carlsbad twin crystals of orthoclase, with dihex- lagonal pyramids of quartz, are developed in the lower part of the Albany granite. All these and other linteresting phenomena mur be seen along the railroad in a walk of half a mile. ] 11. Twin Mountain. The large boulders of granite east of the hotel are part of the moraine of a jlocal glacier which has moved in a northwest direction. The boolders have certainly been tranaported ■from some ledge nearer Mount Washington than Fabyans's. ' ma IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 LI lAi|28 |2.5 ■^ i^ |2.2 ii — I'"* i'* .« 6" ► ll ^ ^T'^^^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREIT WIBSTIR.N.Y. MSSO (716) •72-490& qv 4? o "-^ 6^ ^'1 lit " III ^' ' P :f 1 90 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW ENGLAND.) Boston and liOwell Railroad— Con. Ms. I Concord to Nashua. 6 9 13 18 26 29 86 Concord. Suncook. Hooksett.!^ Martin's. Manchester.*^ Reed's. Thornton's. Nashua. Concord Granite. C. Montalban. it B. Lake Gneiss. it u i( D. Merrimack Gr'up.*'° SSI S06 199 181 137 185 Sancook Valley Branch. OiHboksett.*^ 20!Fittsfield. eo6 C. Montalban. E. Rockingham Sch. *»» Northern Division. 1 14 11 26 81 44 62 69 66 69 Concord. Penacook. Nor. Boscawen. Franklin. East Andover. Potter Place. i« Grafton." Canaan. Enfield. Lebanon. W. R. Junction. Concord Granite. G. Montalban. tt «c Group. E. Calcife's Mica Schist. (1 331 2.Camb.&D.Huro'n.'" D. Hombl.Sch. " »6« «" D. Huronian. '" Clay Slate. "" 8b.Camb.SiLLime8.*9° 2 Potsdam Sandst. "*°9 Mb. Central Division— Cort. 292IMilton. 296 Georgia.^'* 806 St. Aibans. 2 Potsdam Limes. »" Potsdam Slate. *8o 2 Potsdam Slate. »»" Rutland Division. 6 10 22 27 84 89 46 62 69 69 74 79 86 89 98 99 104 108 118 120 Bellows Falls.** Rockingham. Chester. Cavendish. Ludlow.*^ Summit. E. ;rallingford. E. Clarendon. Rutland." [ SutherlandFalls. Brandon. Leicester June. Salisbury. Middlebury. Brooksville. New Haven. Vergennes. Nor. Ferrisburg. Charlotte.«9 Shelbume. BurlJHgton. C. Momelban. «"» E. CalcifsMicaSch.'" B. Lake Gneiss. "°^ « »ti D. Huronian. »»«» B. Green Mt. Gneiss. 119C 8 b. Camb. Sil. Limest 2 e. Calcifer's Sandrook (Stockbridge). "> 8 0. C^azy Marble. 19a.EoceneTert'y."' 8 c. Chazy Marble. »" 8 b. Levis Limest. *«« 341 3 c. Chazy Limest. '"^ 4 a. Trenton Limest.*" 8 c. Chaiy Limest. «"» 131 161 ISl 109 <« II 2j Potsdam Sand, u 23. List of Eauprmt Bocks or Vkrxomt. — Diabase, diorite, trachytic porphyry, mnscovite granite, mica hornblende eranite, protogece, granitell, concretionary granite, granite of veins, sye- nite, brecciated syenite. The trachytic porphyry ib supposed to have been erupud at the close of the Silnrian. 84. Bellows Falls. The finest exhibition of terraces along the Connecticut River north of Mas- aachnsetts is jnst south of the village of Bellows Falls. 25. Windsor. An interesting escar bas been traced from Lyme, N. H., to Windsor, Vt., about thirty miles long. Portions of it have been removed by the wearing action of the Connecticut. It appears to have oeen deposited by a powerful current derived from the melting of the glacial sheet prior to the accumulation of terraces. Mt. Ascntney, 8,186 feet high, is proved to be an eruptive mass of syenite and granite which has been protruded through a narrow orifice and poured out over a floor oi the calciferoua mica schist about one thousand feet above the sea, very much as lava accumulates around a volcanic vent. The melted material penetrated cracks in the underlying calcifercas mica schist, forming veins indurating the clayey layers, calcining and glazing the limestones, but where it flowed over gneiss the floor remained uuEmected. Many other granite mountains in Northern New England show similar proofs of protrusion at the surface. 96. The center of the anticlinal axis of the Gre«;a Mountains. At least eight of tae general sec- tions of the Vermont survey show this feature of structure, proving this formation to be older than the Huronian adjacent upon bo\';h sides. This structure was denied oy Lofi»n for the continuation of the Vermont rocks in Canada in his generalizations, but his descriptions of the rocks confirm the views of the Vermont geologist. Dr. Selwyn, the snccesso? of Logan in office, accepts the Vermont view. 37. Ludlow. In Plymouth, ten miles north, gold is now (1886) being profitably milled from quartz. It is in the Huronian, which may be f ollowei continuously to Zoar ana (tester, Mass., upon theFiteh- buigRailroad. lis. Butland. The Rutland Railroad follows the Champlain Valley, noted for the presence of the entire series of Lower Silurian groups. The valley itself m a part of the great Appalachian Valley, extending from the St. Lawrence to Alabama, and constituting a natural and well-marked boundan between the cryste 'line groups on the east, known as the Oreen Mountains, Highlands of New York and New Jersey, Blue Ridge of Virginia, and the true Appalachian MountahiB on the west from the Catskills to the Cumberland plateau, in Tennessee. 29. Charlotte. Champlain clays. The bones of a Beluga, a species of white whale, were found nevT here while excavathu a railroad cut in 1849, one hundred ana fifty feet above the ocean. The flubdivision proposed by C. B. Adams in 1846 was that of the lower " Blue clay," contahiing a deep-sea fauna, and an upper " Brown clay,'* carrying littoral species. Several years later,iDawBon proposed the names of " Leda clay " and " Saxicava sand " for the synchronous deposits in the St. Lawrence Valley. 80. Qeorgia. This town has furnished thirty or forty species of trilobltes and other foaillf of the Middle Cambrian, or a horizon between the Potsdam sandstone of New York and the St. Johns o* Acadian group of New Brunswick and Eastern Massachusetts. NEW ENGLAND. (VERMONT.) north of Mas- Ms. I Central Venaont Rmilroad. Western DiTieion. 0|St. AibauB. 9Swantoa. 2 1. Potsdam Slate. 3«" a 160 Northern Division. St. Albans. Georgia."" 9 East Swanton. 17 Province Line. 2 j. Potsdam Slate. 3»° S b. Levis Limestone. Eastern Divibiun. 10 18 St. Albans. Sheldon. Enosburg Falls. Richford. Hnronian. 390 374 436 473 Addison Division. Leicester June. 3 Whiting. 1 Shoreham. 9 Orwell. 16 Larabee's Point. leiTiconderoga. 8 c. Chazj. "T»i " and 8 a. 2 c. Calcifer's Sandrock. 4 a. Trent. & La Motte. 8 a. Galciferous s. a. Woodstock Railroad. 1 6 7 11 14 White River Jn. Hartford. Dewey's MiUs. Qneechee. Taftsville. Woodstock. Ms. I Bennington and Kntland R. R.— Con. D. Huronian. Caldf . Mica ScbUt. «< 369 48S 600 6S7 697 Bennlugton and Rutland RaUroad. OIRutland. 6 'clarendon. 9|Wal1ingford. ISiS. Wallingford. .gDanby and ) "i Mt Tabor, f 26 East Dorset. 2 a. Caldf sSandr'k."!' li 639 tt 8 0. Chazy Marble. 8 a. Galcif B Sandstone. "ftChazyMarble 30 Manchester.'* 89 Arlington." 44 Shaftsbury. 61 In. Bennington. 65!Bennington. 61 T. &;B. Junc'n. 8 b. Camb. Sil. Limest. t« 471 H U (( 2. CambrIan(TacoDio) sL Boston and Lowell Railroad* Vermont Division. 7 18 21 83 41 49 87 62 70 78 78 86 104 118 120 Lunenburg. Miles Pond. West Concord. St. Johnsbury." Danville. Walden. Greensboro. Hardwick." Wolcott. Morrisville. Hyde Park. Johnson. Cambridge Jun. Sheldon. Swanton. Maquam Bay. Lyman Gp. and D. Hur. C, Montalban. •" E. Cods Group. •" E. CaIcifsMicaSoh.s9i M U tt tt D. Huronian. Ci (i (( (I ti tt tt 137S 167S lltiS 881 705 639 088 641 473 874 160 PasBumpsle Railroad. 8 12 80 84 40 4A 66 68 76 84 87 94 106 Sherbrooke,P.Q. Lennoxville. 1. Pre-Cambrian. *•« tt 6 00 North Hatley. " & 2-7. SUur'n. Smith's Mills. 6-7. Silurian. Stanstead June. Granite. Newport, Vt. E. Calc. Mica Schist^ <>• Coventry. Barton. tt tt 9S9 West Burka tt 1040 Lyndonville. St. Johnsbury." PasBumpsic. Bamet. tt 741 tt 8S1 if 466 Weils River. D. Huronian. *** 81. Arlington. A few miles east, in the edge of Snnderland, is the best-known exposure of the Junction of the Potsdam qnartzite with the anconformably underlying gneiss ot the Oreen Moont- ains. The blue quartz of the granite veins crossing the gneiss is recogmzed as the source of the grains of sand in the quartzite. Also an excellent locality forihe SoolUhtu. 88. St. Johnsbnry. Bastem Vermont is largely underlaid by a mica schist having a micaceons lime- stone interstratifled with it, to which the name of '* calciferons mica schist " is appued In the State re- ports. It is called " Silnrian " when it passes into Canada, and " Montalban mica schist " in Massa* chnsetts. Protracted studies show the strata to be disposed in a synclinal attitude, overlyinsclay slate. Numerous areas of granite have been erupted through it, both in Vermont and Canada. There is an excellent development of this rock at St. johnsbury Center and at Danville. 88. Fairlee. A few miles west of this station is the famous Ely copper-mine^or many yean tho greatest producer of the meta) from the yellow sulphuret of any mine in the united States. Six miles west of Pompanoosuc are other copper-mines, and an establi^nment producing copperas. 84. Norwich and Hanover. A few rods east of the station, on the east side of the Connectl* cut, the escar has been cut through by erosion, showing an anticlinal ridge of gravel underlying the terraces of Hanover Plain. The same ridge has been cut by White River at white River Junction, where the same structure is observable. 85. Hanover. The collections of the Geological Survey of the State are placed In the Museum of the State Agricultural College. A marked feature is the arrangement of over three thousand Utho- logical specunens In geographical order, taken along thirteen parallel sectional lines across New Hampshire and Vermont. Colored geological profiles accompany the specimens, with the locations and dips hidlcated, so that one can discover the mutual relations of tne rocks without the labor of traTelfng over the country. In the same room is a huge relief map of the same States, colored geo- logically, upon the horizontal scale of one mile to the inch. M y II. 1 94 AN AMERICAN 0E0L06I0AL RAILWAT GUIDE. (NEW ENGLAND.) Mb. I PaMonipsle Railroad.— Con. 110 lis 117 124 Newbury. ( S. Newbury ) < & Haver- \- i hill, N.H. ) Bradford. \ Fairlee b ) ,N.Ht i Orford,: D. Huronian. 4a6 412 410 438 Ms. I Pasaiunptlo Railroad.— Cton. 129 181 141 North Thetford.lD. Huronian. ^^**'e N.H. \ E- ^"» G«>"P- 5«li34 ■ \ Lyme, Norwich" ■• & Hano- ver,3»N.H. 146!White River Jn ■Jol 41* D. Hornblende Sch. *°^ 369 Connecticut."^ New York, New Haven and Hartford Hartford Division.— Cbn, Railroad. 86 Wallingford. SOYaleaville. 92 Meriden. 16. Triassio. New York and New Haven Division. New York. C. Montalban. »« l»l 11 W'ms Bridge. Crystalline Limestone. 99 Berlin. • • 14 Mount Vernon. ii 105,Newington. 17 New RochcUe. B. Mid. Lau'n Gneiss.^' 110 Hartford. ii ** (9 21 Mamaroneck. (( 11 6, Windsor. 22 Harrison. u 1 21 1 Windsor Locks. 49 24 Rye. u 1 221 Warehouse Pt. 26 Port CheBtar. u 124 'Enfield Bridge. 29 Greenwich. It 127 Thompsonville. 80 Cob Cob. Stamford, Conn. Noroton. Darien. it U IS M 186 Springfield. 84 91 Shore Line Division. 88 |New York. 0. Montalban. 42 South Norwalk. u New Haven. 16. Triassie. 10 4n Westport. 4( 2 Fair Haven. ti 60 Southport. « 8 Branford. Laurentian Gneiss. ni Fairfield. M 11 Stony Creek. II 66 Bridgeport. ii 9 16;Guilford. Anthophyllitic Gneiss. €0 Stratford. E. Caldf s Mica Schist. 20 Madison. II 61 Naugatuck Jun. TCival famishes the basis for the following attempted correlation of them with similar gronps else, where. The Trias divides the crystalline into an eastern and western " Primarv "—and Soman letters were used by Percival for the subdivisions of the western primary group. A. is undoubtedly the Hu« Ionian of the upper Conneei^icut. B. is the range of clay slate to the west, the same with that in Ber- nardston. near Guilford, Vt., and the Ammonoosnc gold-field, N. H. C. is the calcif erous mica schist. D. is probably Middle Laurentian. E., F., O., H., and I. belong to the Green Mountain gneiss, per- haps pwtly Montalban. K. is Lower or typical Laarentian. L., M., N., O., and P. are the Cambro- tSilnrian lime-stones and schists called Taconic by Emmons. The A. and B. of the eastern Primary comprise both Lower and Middle Laurentian. Cf. is probably Montalban. D. and B. are the south- ward extension of the ancient Laurentian gneiss of Worcester County, and F. is closely allied to the Montalban. Percival did not determine the nature of the " traps " of Connecticut, but showed their arrange* ment in curves ; Professor Dana determined the constituent minerals to be pyroxene and labiadonte with magnetite. Dr. G. W. Hawes confirmed this determination, but uses the name diabase instead of dolerue ; Percival found, in both the eastern and western primary, systems of dikes parallel to the borders of the Trias entirely through the State; these are anhydrous, while those in the sandstones are mostly hydrous and amygdaloidal. ideSch. ♦»• 11 369 lary granite, in le of "petrified ectlcntbyJ.O. liar gronpe else- d Boman letters abtedly the Hu- rtththatlnBer- ooBinlcaschiBt. tain aneiis, per- are tne Cambro- eastem Primary S. are the aouth- lely allied to the a their arrange- and labradorlte diabase inatead likee parallel to the aandatoneB NEW ENGLAND. (CONNBCTIOUT.) , ; 95 Ms. Shore Line DiviBion.— Con. Mb. 1 8hopaa« Rallroad-Cbn. Waterford. Laurentiai Gneiss. 24 Roxbjry Falls. iB. Middle Laurentian. 60 New London. « 9 27 Shepaug. II 112 Providence. 14. Coal Measures. 82 Hawle^lle. M \' 166 Boston. 2. Cambrian. 88 Bethel. II New Canaan Railroad. Naa«atnck Railroad. B. Middle Laurentian. New Haven. 16. Triassic. 9 Stanford. it 8 6 14 Bridgeport. Stratford. Junction. Derby. B. Middle Laurentian. E.Calcifer'8 Mica Schist. It Danbnry and Narwmlk Railroad. Wilson Point. B. Middle Laurentian. n. 2S6 Stafford. B. Middle Laurentian. 74 Hampton. B. Middle Laurentian. 262 Tolland. n. it ^- J ,^. It -, ».. Boston. 3-4. Cambrian. tt - ' ■'',' 46 East Douglass. Quartzite. 40 Central Village. It 68 E.Thompson,MB. C. Montalban. 44 Plainfield. It 67 Thompson, Ct. It 60jJewett City. It 61 Putnam. II 68|GreeneTiUe. M 66 Pomfret. B. Middle Laurentian. 60:Norwich. tl t8 Abington. ti 78 'New London. Laurentian. NSW ENGLAND. (CONNECTICUT.) 87 N. T. 4» New Brslwid R. VU—COn. Ms. 1 N«w HaTeii de N'thanpton R. R.— Con. Mi. 1 Hartford Dlvl»lon. SllFarmlngton. 87IAVOB. 16. Triassio. '°* Springfield. 10. Triossio. (1 (4fl 8 Armory Station. 89{Weatogue. 11 4 Water-Shops. 42Simsbury. tl 16T 1 E. Longmeadow. 47 Oranby. It t04 10 Shaker Station. Coneamond. South wick,Ma8S. II - StT 12 Hazardville. 06 It 84S 16 Melrose. 61 Westfield. « n Broad Biook. 68 Sovthampton. ■1 198 19 Osbom. 71 Easthampton. It 169 28 E. Windsor Hills. 76 Northampton. 16. Triassic and Syenite. 26 South Windsor. SO Hatfield. II ' 27 Buniham's. 86 Whately. 16. Triassic. 29 East Hartford. 88 South Deerfield. It 81 Hartford. 93 Conway. 96 j Conway June. 99 Shelburne Falls. E. Calcifs Mica Schist. Melroee Branch. It 16 Melrose. 16. Triassla Middle Laurentian. 17 Sadd's Mills. tl 108 Charlemont. B. Huronian. 19 21 Ellington. Windermere. tl 0. Montalban. lllZoar. 116 Hoosac Tunnel. It B. Middle Laurentian. 23 West Street. Bockville. It tl 123 North Adams. S-4. Camb. Sil. Limest. 24 Boston and New York Air Une, Providence Divieion. | 6 New Haven. Montowee. 16. Triassic. Providence. 14. Coal Measures. 4 Cranston. It 8 Northford. 1 Oak Lawn. It 12 Wallingford. Middlefield. Fontiac. b. CbampUin Clay and Gravel. 20 a. Olacial Drift. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. Mesozoic. 16. Triassio. |16. Triasaio. Paleozoic. 14. Carbonifer's 6. Silurian. 6. Cambrian. 14 b. Goal Measures. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 6. Lower Helderberg. S. Acadian. Eozoic. 14 4. Taconian. it 8. Montalban. it 4t M a. Huronian. « u M I. Norian. 4 e. Taconian Schist. 4 b. Stookbridge Limestone. 4 a. Quartzite. 8 f. Serpentine and Chlor- ite Schist. 8 e. Hornblende Rock and Schist, and Hydro.* Mica Schist. 8 d. Argillite and Quartzite. 8 c. Mica Schist (many Tari- eties). 3 b. Gneiss (many Tarieties) 8 a. Granite. 2 e. Limestone and Serpen- tine. 2 d. Stratified Diorite, Slate, Quartzite, etc. 2 c Eruptive Diorite, eta a b. Petrosilez and Felsite. 2 a. Granite. 1. Syenite, etc. IMS. Baatem Rallromd. Alt. Ms. I Bmatem Railroad— Con. Alt. 2 3 6 6 11 IS 16 18 VI 28 128 181 184 Boston.^ Somerville. Everett Chelsea.' Revere. Lynn." Swampsoott. Salem. Beverly. North Beverly. V/enham. Ipswich. Rowley. Knight's Cross. 20 a. Glacial Drift. >° fi. Acadian Slate. * 20 b. Clay and Gravel. ao a. Glacial Drift. It a b. Petrosilex and Felsite. a c. Eruptive Diorite, etc. 1. Syenite, a a. Granite, j a c. T!ruptive Diorite, { etc. tt a t . Gran. & a a Diorite. tt ** and a b. Felsite. 87 89 48 41 61 67 68 68 67 70 76 80 89 94 96 108 1 108 Newburyport. Salisbunr. Seabrook. Hampton. Greenland. PortsmouHi. Kittery. Elliott Conway Juna S. Berwick Jn. North Berwick. Wells. Kennebunk. Biddeford. Saoo. Scarboro. Portland. 2a. Gran.&aaDio.^'* tt 8 c Mica Schist It tt n •t if M tt It tt It 2 a. Granite. 6. Cambrian. " and Granite. 6. Cambrian. 2. Huronian II 13 1. The central portion of Beaton, embracing the termiui of all the railroada entering the city, resta I an unbroken drift formation : bnt nomeronn ezcavationa and boringa have shown that the onder- rlng rock ia the Acadian or Braintree elate. Arteaian wella on Canaeway and Providence Streeta have enetnted the alate to deptha of 1,700 and SJSOO feet. 8. The hiUa in Chelaes and vicinity are fine examplea of lenticolar drift hilla or dromlins. 8. The adjacent rocky peninaola of Nahant conaiats chiefly of coarae diabaae, which interaects icadian alate and limestone at Baat Point 4. This ia an intereating locality. Sonth of the atation ia the Parker River baain, which ia a cloaed aclinal of Acadian alate and conglomerate, reating on banded petroeilex, and inclnding contempom- BOOB beda of melaphyre. Within half a mile of the atation, toward the northwest, are the Devil'a Den td DeTil'a Baain, abandoned qnarriee of limestone and sei^entine, which have afforded specimens of — on. 1: 'i ' i 100 AN AMERICAN OEOLOQIOAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MASS.) Ml. I Eutcm B«llr«»4— Con. Saoguf Branch. 8 6 7 •s 10 11 12 Weat Everett. Maiden. Maplewood. Linden. Cliftondale. SauguB. East Saugus. Raddins. 20 b. Claj and Orarel. 5. Acadian Slate. 20 a. Glacial Driit. 2 b. Petrosilex k Felaite. u <1 it Swampscott Branch. IS IS 16 17 Swampscott. Phillip's Beach. Clifton. Marblehead." 2 c. Eruptive Dior., etc. «i '« Georgetown and Bradford Branch. 81 84 88 Georgetown. Groveland. Bradford. i 0. Erupt. Diorite, eto. 8 c. Mica Schist, A*^!. Lowell and Andover Branch. 20 Lowell Juno. 22 Tewiisbury. 27 Lowell. 8 b. Gneiss. 8 0. Mica Schist. 103 114 09 Dover and Alton Bay Branch. 67 Dover. 75 Gonic. 77 Rochester. 85 Farmington. 91 New Durham. 94|Alton. 96lAlton Bay. 8 a. Granite. 8 d. Argillite, eto. 8 0. Mioa Schist. It 3 b. Gneiss. BoBtea aad Lowell Railroad. i Boston.' Somerville. , College Hill, i West Medford. 8{Winche8ter. lOWobum. 20 a. liiacial Drift ^ 5. Acadian Slate. ' II 31 > tl 8 a. Granite. II tot tl II 3 0. Mica Schist '><> Nnshna and Acton Branch. Nashua. Dunstable. 9 East Groton. 16 Westford. 16 East Littleton. 20 1 North Acton. 22{ Acton. 28 Prison Station. 8 c. Mica Schist. 8 b. Gneiss. 8 c. Mica Schist 8 a. Granii». 8 b. Gneiss. tl 81 44 BoatOB, RoToro Beach, and Lyaa Rail- road. Boston.^ 1 East Boston. 3 Winthrop Jun& 4 Beachmont' ftlAtlantie. 7lPoint of Pines. 9 West Lynn. 10 Lynn. 20 a. Glacial Drift *<> tt It 20 b. Beach GraveL 11 2 b. Petrosil. and Felsite 8. The Chelmsford granite, so called, is extensively qaarried near this station. 0. This railroad mns from Beachmont to Point of Pines on the crest of Revere Beach, a remark- [able barrier thrown np by the surf between the sea and the marshes of Revere and Sanens. I 10. The celebrated Trilobite qnarry, a quarry In the Acadian slate, which has afforded large and I fine specimens of Paradozides Harlani, is on the banks of Hayward's Creek and Weymoath Fore I River, two miles southeast of Quincy station, and one mile north of Bast Braintree station. 11. Fall River is on the boundary between the Carboniferous conglomerate and the Montalbao jS'- -"'■i ll 1 ' 1 1 ' ■ 1 r i ! i 1 lit. > M 103 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MASS.) Mi. Old Colrny Railroad. Boston.^ 5 Savin Hill. 4 Harrison Square. 6 Neponset. 6 Atlantic. 7 Wollaston. 8Quincy.'° 9 Quincy Adams. 10 Braintree. 11 South Braintree. 14 Randolph. 17 Stoughton. 22 North Easton. 24 Easton. 30 Raynham. 86 Taunton. 87 North Dighton. 89 Dighton 42 Somerset. 48 Fall River." 64 Tiverton. 66 Bristol Ferry. 68 Portsmouth. > 2 68 Newport. *' 20 a. Giecial Drift. 6. Acadian Conglom. 20 a. Giecial Drift. 6. Acadian Slate. 2 a. Granite. 2 c Eruptive Diorite. 2 a. Granite. 14 b. Goal Measures. 14 a. Millstone Grit. <( it (I (t 14 b. Coal Measures. 10 Bridg. water and Myrick's DiviBion. 1 1 1 South Braintree. ISHolbrook. 17 {East Stoughton. 20Brockton. 21 26 84 42 46 60 Campello. Bridgewater. Middleboro. Myrick's. Assonet. Fall River." 2 a. Granite. 14. Carboniferous. 9b 8 a. Granite. 14 a. Millstone Grit. Shawtnnt and Milton Branches. Harrison Square. Shawmut. Cedar Grove. Milton L. Mills. Mattapan. 5. Acadian Conglom. 6. Acadian Slate. 6. Acadian Conglom. Granite Branch. Atlantic. E. Milton. West Quincy.'* 6. Acadian Conglomer. 6. Acadian Slate. 2 a. Granite. Ms. 1 Plymouth and South Shore Division. lOBraintree. 2 a. Granite. HE. Braintree.'" 6. Acadian Slate. 12 Wevmouth. and 2 a. 18 N. Weymouth. 2 a. Granite. 16 East Weymouth. ii 16 West Hingham. 6. Acadian Conglom. 17 Hiugham. 2 a. Granite. 19 Nantasket. « 1S8 22 Cohasset. «( 25 Egypt. « 27 Scituate.*' 20 a. Glacial Drift. SO E. Marshfield. u 84 Marshfield. u 86 Webster Place. ti 88 Duxbury. t« 89 South Duxbury. u 42 Kingston. ct 46 11 Plymouth." South Braintree. " 2 a. Granite. 16 S Weymouth. It 18 N. Abington. tt 21 S. Abineton.ie 14. Carboniferous. 24 South Hanson. (1 80|Plympton. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 83 IS Kingston. tt N. Abington. 2 a. Granite. 20 Rockland. " 25|HanoV'j..-» 14. Carboniferous. Cape Cod Division. 84 Middleboro." 20 a. Glacial Drift. "6 89 Rock. 3 a. Granite. 46 Tremcnt. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 49!Wareham. o 6. Acadian Conglom. " ' II 61 2 a. Granite. 2 c. Erupt. Diorite. ii 101 820 2 a. Granite. 14 b. Coal Meas. (i li sso Sll 169 1S9 11 II 14. Carboniferous. Dedham Branch. 6 6 8 10 Forest Hill. Roslindale. West Roxbury. Dedham. 6. Acadian Conglom. ^^ 6. Acadian SUite. It 2 a. Granite. N«w York and New Bacland Raflraai. Boston. 8 Dudley St. 4 Mount Bowdoin. 6 Dorchester. 6 Mattapan. 8 Hyde Park. 10|Readville. lllElmwood. 18 16 Ellis. Norwood. 20 a. Glacial Drift. ^^ 5. Acadian Conglom, li 5. Acadian Slate. 2 b. Petrosil. & Felsite. 6. Acadian Conglom. ' ^ ii 61 2 a. Granite. il - ~ ,1 Si^l 104 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MASS.) New York sad New Enslaad Railroad- Ms. I ConUnved. 19 Walpole. 23 Norfolk. 27 Franklin. SO Wadsworth's. 86:Blackstone. 40 Ironstone. 46 East Douglas. '48 Douglas. 62 East Thompson. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 2 c. Eruptive Diorite. 8 c. Mica Schist. 8 b. Gneisa. 197 SIT tt it Southbridge Extension. 62 68 69 64 61 VO East Thompson. East Webster. Webster. Quinncbaug. West Dudley. Southbridge. 3 b. Gneiss. 3 c. Mica Schist. 8 b. Gneiss. Woonsocket Division. 10 12 14 16 80 26 89 86 88 Boston.^ 20 a. Glacial Drift. ^° |Ne^onUpperj5^^,,^Congl. Needham. Charles River. Dover. Medfield. Medway. N. Bellingham. E. Blackstone. Woonsocket. 2 b. Petrosil. k Felsite. 2 a. Granite. 1 " 2 c. Eruptive Diorite. 3 c. Mica Schist. Norwich Division. Worcester." I 4 Auburn. 9 North Oxford. 11 Oxford. 16 Webster. (8 c. and d. Argilli>,<^ ( and 8 a. and b.*^" 8 0. Mica Schist. 8 b. Gneiss. Hartford Division. Springfield. E. Longmeadow. 16. Triassic. 171! Providence Extension. 27 81 88 Fraiiklia. W. Wrentham. Diamond HilL 2 c. Erupt. Dio., etc.*" 2 a. Granite. 3 b. Gneiss. ProTldeaee and Worcester RatlrMU.^. 16 Woonsocket. 18 Blackstone. 86 ITxbridge. 81 Northbridge. 86 Sutton. 8^ MiUbury. 44iWoroe8ter.*' 8 c. Mica Schist. « 197 8 b. Gneiss. "i it t69 ii 331 U S93 ( 8 c. and d. Ari^lllte, } and 8 B. and b. 4^" Ms. I Beaten and Albany Railroad. 6 1 12 13 Boston.^ Brighton. Newton. Aubumdale. S Newton Lower ) Falls. Wellesley Hilla. 15 Wellesley. IslNatick. 21 S. Fratningham. 24 1 Ashland. 28iSouthville. 32 Westborough. 38 Grafton. 44 Worcester.*' 68 Rochdale. 67 Charlton. 62 South Spencer. 67 Brookfield. 69 West Brookfield, 73 Warren. 79 West Brimfield. 84 Palmer. 89 N. Wilbraham. 92 Indian Orchard. 99'Springfield. 108 116 120 126 181 186 188 142 146 161 169 168 Westfield. Russell. Huntington. Chester.* 9 Middlefield. Becket. Washington. Hinsdale. Dalton. Pittsfield. lUchmond.*" State Line. 20 a. Glacia! Drift. " 6. Acad. SI. & Congl. ** ii 4 6 it 63 20 a. Glacial Drift. 2 a. Granite. Ii 140 2 a. and d. Granite & Strat. Diorite. 3 b. Gneiss. ti ii ii ii 170 163 184 <63 3 00 368 ii ii ii ii ii ti ti 16. Triassic. 8 c. Mica Schist. 89S ito; 1437 1431 1191 1013 1047 4c. Taconio Schists. ^'^ Brookllne and Newton Highlands Branch. Boston.* Brookline. Reservoir. Newton Centre. Newton Highl'ds 80 a. Glacial Drift. ■" 6.Acad. Sl.&OongI. " It It It 4( Milford Branch. 21 36 26 SO 12 S. Framingham. East Holliaton. HoUiston. BraggrUle. Milford. 8 b. Gneiss. 163 169 191 t4t 18. The Worcester slates Include a bed of anthracite one mile east of the city. It was mined tiitj yean ago. and granite is now quarried in that vicinity, on Millstone Hill. 19. The emery-mine, one half mile from the station, is an important mineral locality. One mU< west of the station the railroad crosses an immense bed of serpentine (8 f). 90. The Taconian llmonlte deposits are extensively mined in Richmond, and the celebrated bonldtf trains are in the western part of tLj town. !8 c. & d. Schist & Ar. |j gillite, also 8 a. & b. Gran. & Gneiss. *'"^ 8 b. Gneiss. "' 888 704 606 604 893 391 336 t6t S41 70 147 S73 ti 8 73 j 3 c. Mica Schist and ( 3 e. and f . 3 b. Gneiss. It it ti 4 a. Quartzite. 4 b. Limestone. it MASSACHUSETTS. 105 road* JMftT"^ &Congl." I 46 ( 63 icial Drift e. 140 d. Granite & Diorite. ITO 163 184 S63 300 368 . Schist & Ar. also 8 a. & b. AGneiBB. *" 888 704 606 604 093 391 136 t64 S41 70 141 873 373 ca Schist and andf. BIC. Schist. iSS. rtzite. estone. nic Schists. mds Branch 0911 lio: 1431 1431 1198 1011 1041 9U SdiiPrift. ;;; SL&Ck)ngl. " it »iM. 46 163 169 191 144 t vraa mined flttj Boston and Albany Railroad— Con • Worcester, Nashua, and Rochester RalU Ms. 1 Webster Branch. Ms. 1 road— Con. 44 Worcester.*' 8 c. &d. &3a.&b.*'»{ 46 Nashua. 8 c. Mica Schist. 48 Jamcsviile. 8 b. Gneiss. oe« 49 Hudson. tt 881 54 N. Oxford Mills. ii 67 Windham. t< 56 Howarth's. ii 63 Hampstead. tt 60 Webster Mills. (t 70l 74 Fremont. Epping. tt 60 Ware River Branch. tt RO T^„ 8 b. Gneiss. 8 c. Mica Schist. tt ii Winchendon. 6 Baldwinville. 10 Templeton. 16 Williamsville. 22 Cold Brook. 3 b. Gneiss. <> t< 993 901 964 833 0\J AJVC* 88 Barrington. 93Gonic. 95! Rochester. « (t 678 888 Boston, Barre, and Gardner Railroad. 25;Barre Plains. 0; Worcester.** 8c.&d.and3a.&b.'*^* 33'Gilbertville, 41 S46 3 Barber's. 8 e. Mica Scliist. 87Ware. iC 489 6 Chaffin's. ti 46iThorndike. « 348 8 Holden. tt TSS 49 Palmer. It 336 10 13 Jefferson's. Brooks. 8 b. Gneiss. Athol Branch. it so 16 20 2*7 Princeton. Hubbardston. Gardner. Winchendon. Springfield. 1 1ndian Orchard. 16. Triassic. (t 70 t41 ti 1009 11 Red Bridge. l7,Three Rivers. 19 Bondsville. 3 b. Gneiss, ti 38 it 993 tt 380 Fitchborff Railroad. 23 West Ware. M 387 Hoosac Tnnnel Route. 27 Enfield. 81 Greenwich. 88 North Dana. (( 418 443 Boston.* 20 a. Glacial Drift. *^ 'tl 462 3 Somerville. 6. Acadian Slate. * 40 New Salem. 43 South Athol. 49!Athol U tt 861 846 4 6 7 Cambridge. Belmont. Waverly. " and 2 c." tt ii 13t tif ' J\vl±\I*» 10 Waltham. Stony Brook. Weston. tt ii Pittsfleld and North Adams Branch. 12 13 2 c. Erupt. DJor., etc.'* 0,Pittsfield. 4 b. Limestone. 1018 ti 9S SColtsville. tt 17 Lincoln. 2 d. Strat. Dior., etc.*"' CjBerkshire. it 20 Concord. S b. Gneiss. *3" 9lCheshire.«i (t 22 Concord June. it 12 Cheshire Harb'r. (t 25 South Acton. tt 199 14 Adams. it ^2 Littleton. " and 8 c.«" 20 North Adams.* • tt 686 36 40 Ayer Junction. Shirley. 8 c. and 8 d. «»» 8 d. Argillite. «»• Worcester, Nashua, and Rochester RalU 42 Lunenburg. tt road. 45 60 Leominster. Fitchburg.** 8 c Mica Schist. »" Worcester.** 3c.&d. and8a.&b.*^» " &8a.&b.*3» 9 West Boyiston. 8 c. Mica Schist. 448 64 Wachusett. 8 b. Gneiss. 12 Sterling June. it 60 Ashbumham. Ii 1106 17 Clinton. 3 d. Argillite and ( !. '"^ 65 Gardner. ti ^ 1000 19 Lancaster." tt " 88 9 71 Baldwinville. ti S9t 26 Harvard. " and 8 a."' 77 Royalston. «♦ 28 Ayer June. *' and8< ■, 830 83 Athol. it 8 46 31 Groton. 3 c Mica Sohiit. 303 87 Orange. Wendell. *' and 8 a. 36 Pepperell. it 808 90 8 a. Granite and 8 b. 41 Hollis. II 92 Erving. 8 b. Gneiss. tci allty. One mile lelebtatedbonld* 21. The celebrated Berkshire sand, used in glas^-makin);, results from the disintegration of the Taconic qnartzite, and is most extensively quarried in t^f^ town of Cheshire. 22. At the Natural Bridge, one and a half miles 'luiwu^... of the station, la a fine gorge cut out of the Taconic limestone, and a large marble-quarry. 23. The micaceous argillite of Lancaster is noted for the nnmerons and fine crystals of chiastolite which it contains. 24. Rollstone Hill, immed*ately south of the city, and Pearl Hill, two miles north, are interesting localities for minerals and rocks. Rollstone EUll is a boss of micaceous granite (8 a.) which is exten- ; sively quarried. 106 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAT GUIDE. (MASS.) ' 'I i! . i Hill I ''> Mb. FItehbarc Rallromd— HooBac Tannel Bonte— Con. 98 Miller's Falls. 102 Montt^e. 106 Greenfield. 110 West Deerfield. 114 BardwelPs. ..Q j Shelbnme "*' 1 Falls." 122Buckland. 128 Charlemont. 132 Zoar. 186 Hoosac Tun'l.'e Hoosac Mount. Do., E. Summit, over Tunnel. Hoosac Tunnel, East Portal. Do., Cent. Shaft. Do.,West Portal. !48 North Adams." 148 Williamstown. 162 Pownal. 8 b. Gneiss and 8. *^' 16. Triassic. '" " Sandst. & Trap. "and 8c. »»' 8 c. Mica Schist. '3< Ub. Gneiss. «»" 8 c. Mica Schist. 8 e. and 8 f. 4 b. Jdmestone. *810 SS69 769 819 789 686 880 and 4 c. Watertown Branch. •Ki sh Pond. oiJfount Auburn. 8 10 Watertown. Waltham. 120 b. Champlain Clay. J 6. Acadian Slate. Marlborongh and Hndeon Branch . 26 28 81 82 84 88 South Acton. Ma3n)ard. Whitman's Cros. Rockbottom. Hudson. Marlboro. 3 b. Gneiss. 199 8<1 37 b Ma. I Peterboro and Shirley Branch. 86 40 44 46 48 62 66 60 Ayer Junction. West Groton. Townsend Harb. Townsend Cent'r V7. f ownsend. Mason Centre. Pratt's. Greenville. 8 c. and 8 d. «»• 8 d. Argillite. «t 3 c. Mica Schist. 8 b. Gneiss. (t Turner's Falls Branch. OjGreenfield. 3 1 Montague City. 6 Turner's Falls." 16. Triassic. 181 1Z9 170 New liondon Northern Railroad. 60 61 66 Stafford. Monson. Palmer. 68 Three Rivers. 70 Barrett's June. 76 Belchertown.* SODwight's. 86 Amherst. 88 North Amherst. 91 Leverett. 94 Mount Toby. 96 Montague. 100 MUler's Falls. 103 Northfield F'ms. 109 Northfield. Ill South Vernon. 116 Vernon. 121 Brattleboro. 3 b. Gneiss, ii (( i( 3 a. Granite. 8 b. Gneiss. it 3 a. Granite. t< 338 319 460 S4S 23S « (t 16. Triassic. 129 and 8 b. »9« 8 b. Gneiss. 16. Triassic. 8 0. and 3 d. <. 26. The falls of the Deerfield River are near the station, and arc interesting on account of the numerous large pot-holes exposed, and the contortions and metamorphism of the gneiss, which here marks an important anticliuKl axis. One mile west of the station ancient pot-holes are exposed in the raUroad cut, fifty feet above the present bed of the river, 36. The rocks traversed by the tunnel are well shown In the vast deposit of dibris between the station and the eastern portal. The side of the mountain above the portal is serpentine, the same belt that crosses the Boston and Albany Sailroad near Chester. One half mile east of the station is a quany in soapstone and chlorite schist, a^ording green foliated talc. Travelers on the Boston and Albany, and Fitcm)ui« Railroads, have a good opportunity to observe the stratigraphy of the mountainous district between the Berkshire and Connecticut Valleys. The main Hoosac range is probably an overturned or broken anticlinal, the exposed beds nearly all dipping to the east. A synclinal axis is reached at Chester, on the Boston and Albany line, and near zoar, on the Fitchburg. Beyond this the strata dip to the west until we reach the anticlinal axis at Shelbnme Falls, on the Fitchburg, beyond which they dip to the east again for about eight miles, or until covered by the Tri- assic beds. The second anticlinal is not exposed on the Boston and Albany road, passing under the Triassic before it reaches that line. 37. The noted locality of fossil footmarks '.a on the west bank of the river, one and a half miles above the village. W. W. Draper was the first person tO observe them, in 1886. He suggested that they were " turkey tracks made two thousand years ago." His impressions were communicated to Colonel Wilson, who called the attention of Dexter Marsh to them. Mr. Marsh collected many fino slabs, and showed them to Dr. James Dean, who requested Professor B. Hitchcock to investigate them scientifically. Thie was done, and the results accumulated in the Hitchcock Ichnological Museum at Amherst, where are over twenty thousand separate ichnites, illustrating about one hundred and sixty species, all f ron the Connecticut Valley. 88. This is ibe locality furnishing for the Amherst Museum the large rows of tracks of Brontotaum Oiganteum, the largest of the Triassic birds. Across the river, in South Hadley, is an excellent local- ity of Otoxoum Moodli, so named for Pliny Moody, who was the first person in the Connecticut Valley known to have observed any of the footmarks. A specimen is preserved which he dug up in 1800, sayine that " the tracks were made by Noah's raven.'' 29. This is the town where the celebrated Helderuerg limestone crops out. It is believed to be a remnant of a once extensive deposit, preserved accidentally from erosion, and resting upon or folded beneath the Coos quartzite. V MASSACHUSETTS. 107 Mb. I CoBneetleat RlTer RaUroad. 181 129 170 Ibany line, and ier the Trlassic ndahalf nulcB ) BuggeBted that jimnnnlcateQ lO ected many flue nvestlgate them 'ical MUBeum at ndred and sixty iot Brontotcum I excellent local- Springfield. 4 Gbicopee. 6 Gbioopee Falls. 8 Holyoke. 18 Smith's Fern. 16 Mount Tom.** 17 Northampton. 21 Hatfield. 14 North HatfielJ. 26 Whateley. 28 South Deerfield. 88 Deerfield. 36 Greenfield. 48Bemardston.'^ 60 South Vernon. 16. Triassio. it «( (« « i( 16. Triassio. II II It II It It and d. 3 c. and 8 d. TO 79 94 Its and8a.i«« 178 186 807 2<1 181 and 8 c. 309 New Haren and Northampton Railroad. 47 Granby. 16. Triassic. 56 Southwick. tl S4( 61 Westfield. tt 147 68 Southampton. tt 195 tt 169 72 Etisthampton. 77 Northampton. " and3a."« New HaTen and Nortkanptoa Railroad- Ms. I Continited. SOlFlorence. 82 84 86 88 98 99 Leeds. Haydenville. Williamsburg. South Deerfield. Conway. Shelb'me F'ls." 8 a. Granite. tt S7» , 38ft the trap has come from below as a diice through a long rentjor fissure and then extended eastward ' I by intrusion between the layers of sedimentary rock. Subsequent erosion has removed the overly- t Ing strata near the crest line and for some distance back but at many points along the western ' side of the ridge, the dike structure and relations to the overlying strata are finely exposed. ; See Notes 14S and 134. N. H. Dabton. i (Seedescriptionof the 16. Triassic formation and Its Trap Dikes.) Here is a remarkable but not uncommon instance of a great geological blank. On the east side of this river the formations be- long either to the Archaean and oldeitt rocks, or to the Cambro-Lower Silurian, metamorphosed, ;i whfle on the west side they are No. 16. all the intermediate Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous formations being wanting. This state of things continues all aloug the Atlantic coast to Georgia, • the 18. Cretaceous or 17. Jurassic taking the place of the 16. Triassic farther south. J. M. 6. 38 Montrose to 64 Cornwall This celebrated passage of the Hudson through the Highlands, is a gorge nearly 20 miles long f^om 3 miles south of Peekskill to Fishkill, and is worn out of the 1 a. Laurentian rocks far below mean tide water. The hills on its sides rise in some instances ai much as 2,600 feet, and in many places the walls are very precipitous. The rook is gneiss, of a kind that ii not easily disintegrated or eroded, nor is there any evidence of any ooaTUlslTe movement. NEW YORK. Ill itian. 23 m». Mew York Central ft Hudaon River Ball- Ms. road.— Cbn«nu«d.7 Alt. 67 68 62 64 69 78 78 83 88 94 98 104 107 109 114 118 121 128 129 138 142 142 148 (Dutchess and Columbia Junction. ^ Fiahkill. Low Point. NewHamb'g.ii* Camelot. Po'ighke'psie."* Hyde Park. Staatsburg. Rhinebeok. Barry town. Tivoli. Germantown. Livington. Catskili. Hudson.* Stockport. Coxsackie. Stuyvesant. Sohodack.», no Castleton. East Albany. Albany.io, »" Troy. 7 10 4 0. Hud. Riv. Group. 213 M « Caici ferou8>Trenton . 4o.Hud.Riv.Gr'p.i»» <« « 40.&H.R. 2d.&2b.Gam. « M M <( (I 4 b. Utica. 2 d. Cambrian. « 4c.H'd.R.&2d.0am. 4 0. Hudson River. ^ ' « 2 8 (I 8 4c.Hnd.R.&2d.Cam. New York Central Si Hudson River Ball* Ms. road.— Cton^iinuad, Alt. 142 145 160 169 174 176 182 187 192 196 198 200 206 209 216 228 225 227 237 241 244 Albany. 10,1" West Albany. 11 Schenectady.12* Hoffman's Ferry. Crane's Village. Amsterdam. i> Tribes Hill.ii^ Fonda. 18 Yost's.!* Spraker's. i * Palatine Bridge. [15^X80 Fort Plain. 16 St.Johnsville.i80 East Creek. Little Falls. i» Herkimer.no Ilion. Frankfort. Utioa.i* Whitesboro.io Oriskany.^o { 4 c. Hudson Riv., 27 m. 4 b. Utioa, »*• 4b.Utioa, Tmiles.'"* (I 170 4 a. Trent. 10 ms. >'' " quar. 1 m.''^ 4 b. Utica, 5 miles."* r Two bluffs or noses \of Calo. onLaur.'O" 3 a. Calo. hill. Laur'n at R. R. traok.3 01 4 a. Trent. 3 ms.^o* 1 Hills to north Calcif. I 4 a. Trenton, 18 ms. tandHuds'nRiv.'os « 319 « 884 1 a.Lauren'an, 1 m.8'« 4 b. Utioa, 28 miles.* »» « 400 M 402 « 410 « 415 4. c.Hud.Riv. 8m.*2» It is clearly a case of erosion, but not by the present river, which has but very slight fall in cross- ing them to Join tide water near Peekskili. This therefore was probably a work mainly per- formed in some past period when the continent was at a higher level. Most likely it is a valley of great antiquity. Also see note 17. 7. From Dutchess Junction to Troy, revised bv Prof. W. B. Dwight, from Rhinebeok to Troy the stratigraphy being given on the authority of Mr. S. W. Ford, except that his nomenclature has oeen modified so as to harmonize with that adopted in this chapter. 8. Sehodaek. A series ofgreat dislocations with upthrows on the east side traverse eastern North America flrom Canada to Alabama. One of these great faults has been traced from near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, keeping mostly under the water up to Quebec Just north of the fortress, thence by a gently curving line to Lake Champlain or through Western Vermont across Washing- ton and Rensselaer Counties into Columbia County. The line of faulting has been recently traced southward to Schodack.Landiug and tothesouthof Poughkeepsie and is supposed to run in to anoth- er series of faults, probably of a later date, which extend as far as Alabama. It brings up the rocks of the 2 b. Potsdam group in Vermont and New York on the east side of the fi'acture to the level of the 4 c. Hudson River and « a. Trenton 1. s. on the west. In some places the Trenton appears on the east. J. M. This fault is met with, a little more than half a mile east of Troy along the line of Jacob street. The rocks upon its eastern side (Potsdam) there hold an interesting fauna. From that point the fault takes a somewhat irregukr course, being nearly two miles inland from the Hudson at OreenbusL and comes out upon the Hudson about a mile and a half south of Sehodaek landing. S. W. F. 9. CattkiU Mountaitu, For many miles on this railroad are beautiful views of the Catskili Mountains, 3,000 feet high, (12. Catskili,) several miles distant on the opposite or west side of the river and which furnish the name /or the Catskili formation. The wide valley between them and the river is composed of 11 b. Chemung. 10. Hamilton, 7 Lower Helderberg and 4 c. Hudson River. The geology on the east or railroad side is entirely ditturent. 10. Albany. The clay beds at Albany are more than 100 feet thick, and between that city and Schenectady tney are underlaid by a bed of sand that is in some places more than SO feet th xk. There is an old glacial clay andlraulder drift below the grovel at Albany, but Professor Hall says 't is not the estuary stratified clay. At the south end of the city of Troy the gravel and sand beds are subject to dangerous land slides. See also Note 121. 11. The distant mountain to the southwest is the Helderberg range. See notes 24 and 41. 12. Amsterdam. Precipice of 4 a. Trenton limestone back ofthe town, and quarries at the track. For 40 miles to Little Falls the railroad runs on Trenton limestone 3 a. Calciferous, 4 b. Utica and 4c. Hudson River irregularly alternating. See also Note W\j, 13. Branch railroad north to Johnstown and Qloversville, in a valley of Utica slate. 14 Between Fonda and Palatine Bridge are fine bluffs of 8 a. Calciferous. The talus of fl:\<$> nients of rock at the foot ofthe precipice whiten out in weathering like the stones about an old lime* kiln. It is from the cavities of the Calciferous that the beautiml quartz crystals are produced, of which great quantities have been found. A similar bluff on south side of river. No Potsdam here. 15. The railroad skirts along the base of a ridge of Trenton limestone here and at Fort Plain. 16. At Fort Plain village the transition firom the Birdseye to the Trenton limestone is to be seen, the first layers of the latter being of a drab color. 17. At Little Falls for one mile it a rare opportunity of seeing tha 1 a. Laurentian formatlwa beingagorgeout by the Mohawk River through a spur ofthe Adirondack Mountain, which here crosses the railroad. Touarenowon the l)ottom rooks ofthe geological series, fornothing olubT Ij V I I h'l m if.i Si i;'i 111 !!• :ii > m WA / 112 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) New York Central Ms. road. 561 A Hudaun River Rall- -ContiwuA. Alt. 255 259 264 266 269 Rome.ii «^s Green's Cora. 2 » Verona. 2 3 *«» Onelda.2* **<> Wampsville. ' * Cacastota." *»« 4 0. Hudson Riyor. 6 a. Medina, 2 ma.^^o 4 b. Clinton 9 miles. 4 0. Niagara. 8 miles. « (6. Salina or Onon- daga Salt group. 23 milea. New York Central Si Hndton Kli^er Ball* Mh. road.— Cbnftnu«i. Alt. 278 275 279 282 289 Canaseraga. *^> Chittenango. Kirkville. Manlius. Syracuse. »»,»«! {" The railroad via Auburn Ib better than the Di- rect road to Rooiiester for geological oLserTation. \k has ever been found beneath them. The scenery has Ruddenly chanrjed, and nothing is seen but bare, weatherworn preoipices of crystalline rocks, from which all the eljmentH throuKli all the ageti, have failed to produce a soil, yet a certain strange interest is attached to them. The oldest picture in the world, the oldest statue or other work of art, would excite the greatest attention, yet what are these In antiquity compared with these grand old Laurentian rocks, the oldeHt formation and the oldest drv land on the face of the earth gating farbackoftheflrst appearance of eith'^ranimalorTcg- etable life of any kind on our planet. The river channel through these rocks is an u'lequivocal exam- ple of river erosion, as pot-holes are found at various heightx. See also notes and 56. 18. Vtica. The 4 o. Utica slate was named from this city. To study the Trenton, Black River and Birdseye limestones at their original, historical localities, change cars at Iticaandgoup tho Utlca and Back River Railroad to Trenton Falls. (Seo tho within guide for that railroad). You can then Ro on to Watertown on these limestones. Return by the Rome, Watertown k Ogdensburg Rail- road to Rome or Syracuse, examining the Loraine shales at Adams and Pulaski. 19. From here to Syracuse there is no lock in the canal. This long level is 427 feet above tide. 90. OiiMkany. The formation of this name, is not exposed here, but at Oriskany Falls on the D. L & W. B. R. from which the name is derived. The best fossils of it are found east of Union Springs in Cayuga Countv. Along the part of the road east of Oriskany, the Uti^a shale forms the bottom of the valley. The south wall of the valley con.«iat8 of the outcrops of the 4 c. Hudson River, 6 a. Onei- da Conglomerate, 6 b. Clinton, the 6 Wateriime and 9. Upper Helderberg. See 191. 21. JZom<. No more 2-4 formations west of this in New York. From Home to Buffalo and from Lake Ontario south to the Pennsylvania line all the formations are 6-11 Pilurian and Devonian, and ttiev are flnelv displayed in numerous gorges, ravines, canons and precipiceti. very regularly disposed in belts of outcrop running east and west. The typical localities from which most of the formations were named, are situated in this district. It is all historical geological ground, and you can scarcely go amiss in looking for fossils. 22. West of Little Falls the lower formations pass abruptly to the north and cross under Lake Ontario into Canadt>. The 4 c. Hudson River first crosses the valley, and then the Oneida conglom- erate. Other rock formations nowappear between Rome and Oneida, which had no existence In the basin east of LittleFalls. The:.e are the S a. Medina and Clinton, which ovcrlio the Oneida, and forr^ all the south shore of Lake Ontario, and extend across Canada West. Also 5 c. Niagara and the C. Salina or Onondaga salt group, on which the N. Y. C. ft H. R. R. R. runs f^om Oneida nearly to Roches- ter. The non-existenoe of these extensive formations east of Little Falls (the 5 a. Medina, 5 b. Clin- ton, 6c. Niagara and 6. Salina), which cover the best part of Western New York, must be owinp to the two parts of the State being separated in these early ages by the old LAurentine ridge at Lit- tle Falls into separate basins, In which the rock-forming conditions were different. 23. Verona. The Clinton fossil iron ore crops out on the railroad, but not of a good quality. 24. On^da. The prominent ridge bounding the valley on the Nouth of Utica, Oneida and Syra- cuse, called Stockbridge Hill, Pompey Hill, Cazenovia Hill and Onondaga Hill, isi the Helderbcrg range, a continuous mountain 800 feet high, forming the back-bone of the State, and composed at its baseof the 6 Wateriime, of the Salina group, all the members of the 7. Lower Helderberg being want- ing as well as the 8. Oriskany sandstone and other sandstones that separate the Lower and Upper Helderberg, except a mere trace. On the Wateriime rests the Onondaga limestone, the most valu- able bulldmg stone, and above this the Comiferous. Over these three great limestone formations la alwavs found the 10 a. Marcellus shales, the 10 b. Hamilton and the 10 c. Genesee, forming the fine fertile country extending south from this ridge. Still farther south is the 11 a. Portage with its glens, gorges and precipices, and lib. Chemung, extending to the Pennsylvania State line. The Oneida conglomerate, which is 30 or more feet thick in Herkimer and Oneida, gradually attenuates ingoing west, being, a grey band, ftom 4 to 6 ft. thick at Rochester. It was named from Oneida County. 25. IFampavtUa. Numerous fragments of Niagara limestones are seen mixed with the soil, showing its existence underneath. The Niagara limestone and sh.'.les which, at Niagara, Lockport and Rochester are 150 ft. thick, thin out in going eastward, being vuly two or three ft. thick at Sa- quoit Creek near Utica. 26. CaiMsboto. Stop off and take the branch railroad to Cazenovia, rising 750 feet in IS milea. Fine geological sections of 6. Siilina with gypsum beds, 9 Uppor Helderberg and 10 b. Hamilton. Mag- nificent view across Oneida Lake and a beautiful village and lake at Cazenovia. , 27. Sj^ocuce. Onondaga Lake, which is in sight andon the north side of the railroad at the west end of Syracuse City, is 5 milea long , 1 mile wide; its greatest depth is 60 feet, and its surface la 863 feet above tide water. It is excavated in the red shale of the (6.)»alina formation. The lake is what remains of an ancient much more extensive and deeper excavation, all of which has been filled in vith sand, gravel and rolled stones, except the part occupied by the lake. The bottom and sides ot the lake are covered with lake marl six feet thick. The ancient excavation underneath answers an excellent purpose as a reservoir into which the salt waters are received and retained, and the marl of the bottom of^the lake serves an equally good purpose by separating the fresh water of the lake from the salt water stored away in the basin or reservoir of sand and gravel beneath. There could be no bet- ter material for the purpose. Into this basin the various borings of the salt wells are made, not through Ms. . Salina or Onon- D I 289 daga Salt group 1 ■ 298 " *'^ 1 I 800 « 438 1 ■ 803 Phelps. Clifton 8prl'gs.*o Shortsville. Canandaigua.i'^ Paddleford. Farmington. W. Farmington. Victor. '•« Fishtr's.»«a Pittsford. Brighton. Rochester, 3 «,»»» 9c.Comlf. r.B., 18 m^ It u • tlv 10 Hamilton ms. »«• u 9 0. Comifcr's 1. 8. and Salina. , { D c. Salina 11 miles'. « 5 c. Niagara, 4 miles. >« to* or into rock, but only through the lake marl and other loose material mentioned , ton depi h of Ifiu to 4M feet. No rock salt or bed of ealt has ever been discovered in this State, although it has been in Canada: >iut in this Salina formation are twoporous or Vermicular mai^ses of limestone, looking as if perforated by little worms, and hence the namo ; and between them ar^ certain hopper shaped cavities in the shale in which, as well as in the perforations of these limestones, salt in a crytalline and solid state, it has been conjectured, formerly existed, the saline materials of which have been dissolved in water which percolated through the formation and passed into the basin where it is now found, the bed of marl on which is Onondaga Lake, being afterwards formed over it. But the origin of the salt water may be said to be at present unknown. Forty gallons of the brine pr duce r bushel of salt, weighing 60 pounds. These are the most productive salt wells in the world in so sniall a terri- tory—two mites long end one-fourth of a mile wide. 28. Marcellus, from which the formation ia named, is three miles south of this station. 29. Skaneateles. From the Junction wHh the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. the Skaneateles railroad rons south up the outlet of the lake of that name over the Corniferous limestone. The lake outlet with its falls, amounting to 463 I'eet to Jordan, affording excellent mill sites and many exposures of the rock. Before reaching Skaneateles Village the railroad passes over the Marcellus shales. Skaneateles Lake, where the railroad terminates. Is 14 miles lone, from a half to a mile and a half wide; its greatest depth south of Borodino 18 820 feet and its surrace 879 feet above tide. The sides of the northern end of this lake, at the beautiful village of Skaneateles, gradually slope to the water, corresponding in inclination to each other and adding greatly to the beauty of the lake. The v. -\ter line, with the exception of the south part, is excavated in the Hamilton group. The south part of the lake is more narrow, and the banks rise abruptly to a considerable height above the water> The Tully Imestone, at the top of the Hamilton, and over that of the Genesee slate, appear to the south of Borodino, rising, when flrst seen, 160 feet above thu lake, and the south end or head of the lake is surrounded by the Portage group. Fossils along the lake. G/athophvUoid corals. 30. Auburn. The Corniferous member of the 9. Upper Helderberg Timeptone and the Onondaga llmestoae, which is its lower member, are extensively quarried at Audu^'u. The State Prison and the facings o' many of the buildings of this hand.jome little city areenHrely made of this limestone, and several fine churches are built of it. The formation ends at the main street where the 10 a. Marcellus shale begins, and it extends in the stream up to the outlet of the lake. Beginning below the city and following up the stream to the State Prison, the outlet exposes the following section: eight feet of the upper part of 6. the Waterlime of the Salina formation, one foot of 8. Oriskany sand stone, over eight feet of 9 o. Onondaga 11 imestone and twenty-seven feet of the Corniferous exclusive of its upper member the Seneca limestone. 31. Oeneva. The Seneca limestone of the upper part of the 9. Upper Helderberg disappears near Waterloo and reappears at a distance of six or seven miles west near Oaks Corners. The whole mass of limestone, and all the rocks north of it to Lake Ontario, have been removed from all tho intermediate space, and along the shore of that lake the great depth of alluvium conceals the rock if any be present. Near Oaks Corners the limeSiOne suddenly terminates as if broken off an<'^ removed, leaving an abrupt descent to the east which bears evidence of the erosive action of water. Seneca Lake and Lake Ontario probably originally communicated by this deep old channel. Ontario is 196 feet lower than Seneca. The same state of things seems to exist north of Cayuga Lake, where the drift material causes the Montezuma marshes and the shallowness of that lake at that end. Sen- eca Lake is 40 miles long, 3 miles wide, 630 feet deep, and its surface is 441 feet above tide water. 32. Jordan. Between Skaneateles Junction and Elbridge the Oriskany sandstone is over 30 feet thick, being at its maximum. At Auburn it is from six inchos to two and a half feet thick. 33. Weeatport. At many points between Syracuse and Rochester, and on the Southern Central and other cross roads, are seen numerous hills or short ridges running ftom north to south, from fifty to one hundred feet high, with steep slopes and very sharp crests. These are not of drift or alluvium, as they appear tCtbe, but are in reality outliers of the marly deposits of the Salina or On- ondaga salt group, with only a thin covering of loose materials. Mount Hope at Rochester, the hllln soath of Brighton, Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn, James street hill and ^T.^.lreisity hill in Syracuse, and numerous hog-back ridges al>out Jordan and other places, are of this character, being Salina shales in place, spared when the adjoining valleys were eroded. There are, however, some hills composed of gravel, or a mixture or gravel and sand, but very little glacial drift on this B. R. 34. Great crops of peppermint are raised here, and this place supplies the world with pepp«r> mint oil. There seems to be some peculiarity in the soil which adapts it for the production tf this plant a m iiii J;; > :il 114 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Mew York Central A HiuUon River lUU- New York Central * Hudson Blver lUll. ro»d.— ( OmtUue-l. road. Ma. Direct Hoad. Alt. Mh. Mngara FbIIh Division.— Cbn«nu«(l. Alt. 280 Syracuse. »%>»» j 6. Salina or Ononda. \8altgr'p, 71 ms.*"* 426 480 Lockport.** '"o Look port Juno. 60. Niagara, 10 miles. •< 628 290 Warner's. 6 « 40 T 462 Buffalo.*" <4 884 Direot Route. 886 870 Rochester. »",»»» 6 O.Niagara, 16 mi.*o* 840 « 411 877 Coldwater. 11 488 848 Palmyra.** « 48) 881 Chili. »a Murray. Albion. 6 a. Medina, 23 miles. « 668 »« HI ■ ButTalo and Niagara Falls DlTiaion. 481 Buffalo. »»* 9 0. Comif. 1. B. 6 ms, 407 Knowlesville. u 8 Intern'l Bridge. nn Tj>iir«nn 4 2 SB8 rS b. Clinton, 6 a. \ Medina. Lake, 245. 447 Niagara Falls.** enUia. 38. At Lockport is a repetition of the Rochester and Niagara Falls ravine in the Niagara lime- ritone and shales here crossed by the railroad on a high bridge. Here too, a mile west of the city, you can see on the north side of the railroad an old, dry channel from which the stream was diver- ted by the drift, corresponding to the Irondequoit at Rochester and St. David's at Niagara Falls. There is another of these dry, old channels at Oak Orchard. Niagara fossils found here. 39. Niagara Falls are six and a half miles south f^om Lake Ontario at Lewiston, and the whole distance the river runs in a gulf, which, at the falls, is 160 feet, and at Lewiston, 300 feet deep and seneraily about twice as wide at the top as at the bottom. The rocks pass«l through by the receding nils are the Medina sandstone, the Clinton group of limestone and snale, and the Niagara limestone and shale. These rocks have a slight southerly dip, and all except the Niagara group have disap- peared beneath the bed of the river, the falls being now in the Niagara group entirely, the shale lying beneath the limestone. At the whirlpool, a little more than three miles mIow the falls, on the west bank of the river, the continuity of the rock forming the bank is interrupted by a deep ravine filled with drift material. This ravine many be traced two miles in a northwest direction, and from thence another depression can be followed to Lake Ontario at St. David's four miles west of Queens- town. When the ravine to St. David's was blocked up by drift materials the stream would be forced NEW YORK. lis New York Central A HudMO River iUll- M«w York Central * Hudion River Rail. roMd. —ContinuaA. romd.—Continu&i. Ms. CananauigURsndTonawBmda Divlaion. Alt. Ms. Charlotte Brandt. Alt Canandai({ua.i*T 10b.aamin,16m.r«'): ;nO Rochester. »«,»•» fSc.Niagara »»• \ G b. Clinton. 8 East Bloomfleld. 4< 18 3 • 12 Miller's Cor's.»»» West Bloomfleld. « 198 f< 879 Charlotte. 3 » 6 a. Med., (Lake, 246) 16 18 Honeoye Falls. West Rush. Erie R. R. June. 9o. Comifer. 2 ms."' Troy A Boheneotadjr. 21) 0. Salina, 22 miles. « 26 148,Troy. Hud. Riv.& 2 b. Poti. 28 Maxwell's B 10b. Hamilton. "'o to find itspresent rooky channel. Even though the drift rose only a foot higher than the rooks It would as etfectually force the water over the rocka as if it formed a mountain. Could the river have once surmounted the drift, Its work would have been comparatively easy in wearing out a bed through the old ravine, but till it was able to flow over the barrier it would have no power over it, and must commence its slow work of wearing away the solid rock. The present gulf shows us what it has done since the drift period. J. Hall and Bib Cbahlu Ltul. 40. At Black Rock there is only fh>m 6 to 14 inches of the Onondaga limestone which is of a grayish color, crystalline and contains few fossils. The Corniferous limestone above it is 26 to 80 feet containing abundance of hornstone. It is dark colored, fine grained, and in its fresh fhioture, and Sarticularly when wet, it presents an almost black appearance, which has given the name of Black :ock to the place. It affords good auarries of excellent building stone. From t4ie occurrence of the Corniferous along the south end of Lake Erie and its dip southward, it seems probable that the bed of this lake has never been excavated below it, and that it now forms the floor beneath the de- posit of alluvium. It seems that there are others of the lake bottoms composed of limestone, espeo- lally Lake Ontario. See note 71. This is probably for the reason that it received a polish from the action of glaciers which then passed over it, while the resistance of the grit of the Handstones and shales was more favorable for deeper excavation. Lake Erie is 230 miles long, SO miles wide, 140 feet deep and its surface is 569 feet above tide. 41. Batavia is the highest point on the N. T. G. A H. R. R. R., and one of the highest in V.'estern New York, being 895 feet above tide. This is caused by there crossing the 9 c. Helderberg forma- tion, which maintains its elevation although not observable as a mountain range, being overcome by I easy grades. Noi.''ie the elevations of the railroad crossings of the Helderberg and Hamilton range, although the railroad seeks the lowest points; Buffalo, 684; Batavia, 896; Le Roy, 872; Canandaigua, 740; Auburn, 716; Skaneateles, 890; Tuliy, 1249; Cazenovia, 1249; Coopers own, 1193. When the valleys cut throush the limestone, the summit is farther south on the Hamilton or Portage. j 42. Lewitton. Tourists should not fail to go down to Lewiston, the terminus of the Buffalo and Niagara Falls division. This railroad ride, although little known, is one of the finest in the United States. It follows the bank of the Niagara River, affording admirable views of the rapids and the I formations displayed in the gulf. Nowhere in the State are there better geological sections. On the Canada side, also the Canada Southern Railway, running to the mouth of the Niagara River at Niag- I ara City, affords one good view of the falls, but no such remarkable sections of the rocks as on the I American side, where the railroad overhangs the fearful torrent of the river for several miles. I 43. Knowertville. The Helderberg mountain shows finely on the left or southwest side of the railroad opposite Guilderland and Enowersville. The railroad passes through it between that place aad Duanesburgh. The mountain is capped by the 7. Lower Helderberg limestone forming a steep I precipice along its summit, and this rests on the 4 0. Hudson River slates. Back of Knowersville liwonotchesareoutoutof the mountain by two streams, leaving a picturesque, fortress-like bluff of I the limestone. The Helderberg formations are named from this mountain. See Note 168. I 44. At Howe's Cave large quarries on the railroad track. Good place to examine Lower Helder- I berg limestone and to collect fossils. The cave is an old underground water channel, and it is several ■ miles long. Notice that the limestone at Cobleskill is ITpper Helderberg and that at Howe's Cave ILoutr Helderberg. On no other railroad can you see them both. I 45. Cooperstown is seated at the south end of Otsego Lake on a dike of alluvium. This lake. I is a handsome sheet of water seven miles long, one and a half wide, 1193 feet above the ocean. lit has a high ridge of the Hamilton group on the east side, a low and interrupted range of the same Ion the west side, and an elevated projection on the northeast end. This lake is one of the head Iwaters of the Susquehanna, the valley spreading out to the southwest. See also 186. I 46. Sharon Springs. All the large sulphur sjprings of the State, Avon, Clifton, Richfield, eto., land many small ones, rise trom the waterlime. Glacial Striae here and at Cherry Valley. I 47. Cherry Valleu. The railroad is on Corniferous, but the olitb and gorge are Waterlime, Lower ■Helderberg, Cauda Galli, and, slightly, Oriskany. Marcelhu and Hamilton form the bills on the south. mm 116 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) U ■i;il!i Delaware & Hudson Canal Co's Railroads Ms. Albany and Susquehanna Railroad. Alt. OAlbany.10,121 6 AdamsTille. 7 Slingerlands. 11 New Scotland. 14Quilderliind.is'» 17 Knowersville.*' 24 Duanesburg. » » ' 27 Quaker Street. 81 Esp^^'ance. 86 %.Tal Bridge. 89 Howe's Cave.** 45 Cobleskill. 9o» 60 RicIimondTille. 67 East Worcester. 62 Worcester, mo 67Schenevu8. 12^2 70 Maryland. 1220 yr f Cooperstown (.Junction.** 76 Colliers. 79 Emmons. 82 Oneonta. 90 Otego. 95 Wells Bridge. 99Unadilla.'«* 103 Sidney. »»« 108 Bainbridge. 114 Afton. 119 Nineveh. 127 Tunnel. 182 Osbom Hollow. 184 Port Crane. 142 Binghamton. ^ * * 15 29 45 60 54 59 68 Saratoga. Ballston. Schenectady. Quaker Street, 265 3X0 Cobleskill. 9o» Hyndsville. Seward. Sharon Spr'gs.*^ Cherry Valley.*^ 4 c. Hudson River. * " « 21a 214 « 82 7 « 329 « 439 *' and Utica. « 789 7. L. Helderberg. « 78 2 8, Oriskany. ^ 9c.U.Helderb'gl.8.| 10 a. Marcellus. m ii»3 " 10b. Ham.* 10 b. Hamilton. * « 11 a. Portage. B 11 b. Chemung, » in 8 « 1054 « 10 19 « 1022 12. Catskill, synclinal. « 9»4 979 1032 lib. Chemung. Ills 1041 £59 3 a. Calciferous and 4 a. Trenton. 8°* 4 0. Hudson River. i< 246 9 c. Upper Helderberg. << 1112 " 1177 7. Low. Helderb. i»»3 9o. Corn.&Marc.isi' Cooperstown and Susquehanna Valley R. R. 75|Junction. 91 'Cooperstown.** Ill a. Portage. 110 b. Hamilton. 1193 Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's Railroads.— Cbnttnued. Middleburg and Schoharie, and Schoharie Val- Ms. ley Railroads. Alt. 8 6 9 12 Central Bridge or Schoharie Junction. Hollenbeck's.*' Schoh'eC. H.*» Borst's. Middleburg. 1 4 c. Hudson River. 9 b. Schoharie grit.^ » 7. Lower Helderberg. 10 a. Marcellus. 6*0 Nineveh Branch. 119 122 127 130 133 140 Nineveh. Centre Village. Ouaquaga. Windsor. Comstock. Jefferson June. 11 b. Chemung. 1082 964 991 Saratoga and Champlain Division. 6 9 12 6 12 25 32 43 49 67 60 64 71 7 10 14 20 22 24 Aiuanv.i°,i''^ West Troy. Cohoes.*" Albany Junction. Troy. Albany June, l^echanicsville. Ballston. Saratoga. 2 8 5 Gansevoorts. Fort Edward. Smith's Basin. Fort Ann. Comstock's. White Hall. "9 White Hall SI Chubb'sDock. Dresden. '2 Putnam. Pattuiwa. (Mt. Defiance.) Ft. Ticonderoga. (Ticon'ga Creek, (Tunnel.) Addison June. 4 c. Hudson River. ' « " Falls 70 ft. « 4 a. Trenton ft & .iO ?10 Calcif. « 141 " quarries. ■ ni r I. 118 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Ms. Adirondack Railroad. Alt. Ms. Utioa and Blaclt River B. B.— Con. Alt. Saratoga. so* 4 a. Trenton & 3 a Cal. 6 Greenfield. 2b Potsdam. 564 10 King's. 8° « 888 13 South Corinth. « 606 17 Jessup'sLanding. i< 606 22 Hadley.6" la. Laurentian. 606 80 Stony Creek. « 569 36 Thurman. <( 68B 44 The Glen. II 712 47 Washbu'n'sEddy. >i 60 Riverside. II 816 58 North Creek. II 970 Cliateaugay Bailroad.164 0|Plattsburg.i6i 4 a. Trenton. 8 Morrisonville. 2 b. Cambrian. (?) 12 Cadyville. II 17 Danneniora. 1. Laurent. & 2. b. Cam 22 Saranao. « 34 Lyon Mt. K Crown Point Iron Go's B. B. 0' Crown Point. ISlHammondville. 1. Laurt. &4 a. Trent. 1. Laurentian. Utioa and Black Biver B. B. 6 10 12 16 18 19 21 Utica. Mp.rcy. StittviUe. Holland Patent. Trenton. Trenton Falls. «» Prospect.** Remsen. 4 b. Utica, 12 ms. **« II S87 •I 560 4a.Trenton,32m8.o»<* •c 840 840 1010 1185 25 28 35 38 42 45 51 54 58 66 70 74 81 83 85 92 104 ~U 92 98 101 108 74 83 87 90 93 95 101 108 113 118 128 East Steuben. Alder Creek. Boonville.** Leyden. Port Leyden. Lyons Falls.** Glendale. Martinsburg.** Lowville. Castor Land. Deer River. Carthage.' 8 Great Bend. Felt's Mills. Black River. Watertown.*' Sacket's Harbor Carthage.** Theresa Juno. Orleans Corners. Lafargeville. Clayton. Carthage. * * Sterlingsville. Philadelphia. Shurtliff's. *»* Theresa Juuct. Theresa. Redwood. Rossie. •'* Hammond. Briar Hill. Morristown. '*» 4 a. Treuton. |( 900 1 a. Lauren. 1 m. i**' 4 a. Trent., 28 ms. '""> II « « 760 749 1 a. Laurentian. ''*'> 4 a. Trent. 18 ms. **» l< 620 « 897rR575 Tren.,Bli'dseye &B1ack 4SS 1 a. Laure'n 6 ms. ''*" 2 b. Potsdam. "J 3 a. Calciferouii. u 2 b. Pots dam. 2" 1 a. Lauren iTm. ^ 3 a. Calcif 1 m. »»* 2 b. Potsdam, 8 m8.*«» *• Iron ore. ^ feet over gneiss or 1 a. Laurentian rock. Thence to Carthage it fails but 9 feet and there is another fall over gneiss rock. 66. The high hills west of Martinsburg are of the Hudson River group. NEW YORK. 110 R.-Con. Alt. ect station aod ;h the Trenton sr 100 feet. In the place, just- luding the one it regular and iches in think- The formn- .•eadth. Goine stone quarried ay color and of tad you travel Df Black River, Important falls and interest- Borne, Watertownand Ogdensburg Ms. Railroad. Alt, 11 14 18 23 28 31 87 42 47 52 54 59 63 72 73 78 83 90 96 101 108 115 123 129 134 142 42 47 50 55 60 63 _71 73 72 76 86 89 93 _97 123 131 142 148 Rome. Taberg. 44e McConnellaTille. Camden. West Camden. Williamstown. Kasoag. Albion. Richland,* « Sandy Creek.6 8» Mannsville. ^26 Pierrep't Manor. Adams.* 9 *99 Adams Centre. Watertown June. Watertown.*^ Sanford'sCorners Evan's Mills. Philadelphia. Antwerp. Keene's. Gouverneur. Richville. »»» De Kalb Juno. Rensselaer Falls. Heuvelton. Ogdensburg. Richland.* 8 Pulaski. 7 Sandhill. Mexico. New Haven. Scriba. Oswego. *i 2eu Watertown.*' Watertown June. Brownville.^' Chaumont. Three-Mile Bay. Rosiere. Cape Vincent. De Kalb June. Canton. Potadam.*! Potsdam Juno. ! 4 c. Hudson River. "11 miles. 5 a. Medina and Oneida Conglom- erate, 31 miles. « I>2 « « 60i « 086 " 547 « 4 0. Hudson R. 12 ms. " Lora. shales. " deep gulfs. 4 a. Trenton limestone. « 619 Tren., Birdseye «S and Black Riv.;§ 40 3 (^455 3 a. Calciferous. "p 2 b. Potsdam. jg*«5 1 a. Laure'n, Iron ore. « i< 2 b. Potsdam. 1 a. Laurentian. " Iron ore. 2 b. Potsdam. « 3. a. Calciferous. 2*8 5 a. Medina. 4 c. Hudson River.s?' 5 a. Medina. 'i^ « 3 75 « 306 II " Lake, 245 4 a. Trenton. li II II II II 455 403 294 2S3 1 a. Laurentian. 2 b. Potsdam. II 3 a. Calciferous. Ronie,Watertown & Ogdensburg B. B.— Con. Ms. Syracuse Division. Alt Syracuse. 2 » 6 Liverpool. 8 Woodward. 11 Clay. 15Brewerton.ioa 1 ^j Central Square. 22 Mallory. 24 Hastings. 27 Parish. 31 Union Square. 34 Holmcsville. 39 Pulaski. »o 45 Sandy Creek Ju, / 6. Salinaor Ononda- \ ga Salt group.* 08 11 5 c. Niagara. 6 b. Clinton. II 384 6 a. Medina. II i< « 474 4 c. Hudson River. II 330 II Ml i 120 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Delaware, IJackawanna and 'Western Ms. Kailroad. Alt. 7 11 21 23 80 85 44 47 64 59 61 66 73 _80 80 92 98 104 116 Biaghamton. * * * Chenago.190 Chenango Forks. Whitney's Point. Lisle. Marathon, State Bridge. Cortland.i"! Homer. Preble. "«8 Tully.^' 12 00 Apulia. Onativia. Jamesville.^* Syracuse.*' Syracuse.'' 7 Baldwinsville. Lamson's. Fulton. 7 5 Oswego.'* ^'o 11 b. Chemung. »*^ 901 « Moraine. « 102 6 " Moraine. 11 a. Portage " ms (I « 113 1 10 a. Genesee," 10 b. Famil'n, " « « 12 2 7 10 c. Marcellus. 9 c. Corniferous. ' * * 6. Sttlina. «o» 403 390 6. Salina. 6 c. Niagara. 6 b. Clinton. 5 a. Medina. t< 88 7 « Lake, 245. Cayuga Division. 4 10 14 88 SS 11 19 26 29 88 41 47 62 57 Owepo.i" Cattatonk. Candor. Wilseyville. Ithaca on hill. Ithaca on Lake. Bingham ton. i** Chenango Forks. Greene. ^ * ' Brisbin.^** Coventry.!** Oxford. -8» 9*0 Norwich. looi North Norwich. Sherburne. Earlville.94,191 11 b. Chemung. 822 « 822 11 a. Portage. 6*° " Striae. »*° 18 9 « 8 9 2 lib. Chemuug. *** 901 «« Moraine. « 91 C is •I W 10 a. Portage. 10 b. Hamilton. S « p « 104 2 « 10 71 Delaware, Liackawanna and Western Mb. Railroad.— Con. Alt. 60 64 68 72 73 78 81 84 86 87 98 91 95 '81 85 86 88 90 92 99 102 4 9 11 14 18 21 24 26 29 ~0 2 3 5 7 13 Poolville. 1099 Hubbardsville. Nor. Brookfield. Sangerfield Cen. Waterville.18* Paris. 1*22 Richfield Ju. CIayville.191 Sauquoit Chadwick's. Washing'n Mills. New Hartford. Utica.i* Richfield Junc'n. Bridgewater.i9° Unadilla Forks. West Winfield. Cedarville.i»8 Miller's Mills. South Columbia. Riclifield Spgs.*^ Utica.is New Hartford. Clinton. " ^ Franklin I. W. Deansville. OriskanyFalls.20 Solsville.191 Bouckville. Peaksport. Hamilton.i9» Smith's Valley. S' ^ 10 b. Hamilton. 9c. Cornife's. izs* g 3 O.Waterlime. la's » 1087 * 888 ^ 6 a. Med'a.8.8. "2* g. " 67 7 o « 677 '^ 410 s* a 5 b. Clinton. 4 b. Utica. 6. Waterlime. s 10 b. Hamilton." »» S. 11 b. Chemung." 94 3 12Catskill Synclin. a 10 b. Hamilton. 9 c. Upper Helderberg. 4 b. Utica. 13 L Clinton. Clinton." 8 Kirkland. Clark's Mills. Westmoreland. Bartlett. Rome. 410 683 •J c. Niagara. 6. Salina. 8.0risk'yon7L.H'g.956 10 b. Hamilton. " Valley drift. « (I 310 6 b. Clinton. ««» « « « 640 628 528 568 4 c. Hudson River.*** The Falls of BlacK River in Watertown are ,S5 feet perpendicular over the limestones at the Suepen- sion Hridee, and 112 feet within the city limits in six separate falls. Good locality for fossils. 68. Tn(>i are two miles of rapids in Salmon River, which terminate in a fall of 107 feet. At high water the .sheet of water is 250 feet wide, and at low water about half that extent. The fall is over the grey sandstone of the 5 a. Medina, and i.s seven miles northeast from Richland. 69. Adams. The Gulf of Loraine, on South Sandy Creek, is a genuine canon upon a small stream flowing through the Loraine or Hudson River slates, Utica slate and Trenton limestone in the town of Loraine, from which some geologists prefer that name for the formation. The walls are perpen- dicular and vary in height from lOU to 30U feet, and the gulf varies in width up to 16 rods. There are several of these gulfs in Jefferson County, some of them 12 miles in length, reaching to the starting ftoints of the streams. A convenient place to study the Loraine shales, a huge mass of mud rook, s the p'.easant village of Adams. There are two of the.se gulfs within two niiles southeast in the tovirn of Loraine, but not on the stream in the village, which is on Trenton limestone. On the way observe a remarkable moraine of naked Laurentlan boulders, some of them very large. This ridge orosses the railroad just south of Adams, where are many boulders in the fields, and is said to ex- tend from Lake Ontario south of Woodford northeast into Canada. The ridge road, which runs all along Lake Ontario, also occurs here a little nearer the lake than the ridge of boulders. 70. The shales and sandstones at Pulaski are the upper part of the 4 c. Hudson River, which were at first called Pulaski Shales, or the Shales of Salmon River, and Loraine Shales. It is the only rock at Pulaski village and is full of fossils, while the lower or Frankfort division has very few. 71. Oswego. Lake Ontario, like all other New York lakes, is a lake of excavation. Along its northeast shore, in Canada, is the 4 a. Trenton limestone. On its south or New York shore we find the 6 a. Medina sandstone extending from Oswego, the whole length of the lake to Hamilton in Canada. The lake is excavated 60 feet in the red and 100 feet in the gray 5 a. Medina formation, S90 feet in the Hudson River and 120 feet in the 4 b. Utica slate, the whole making a thickness of too feet or the real depth of the lake, the surface of the 4 a. Trenton limestone being ita bottom. It is 180 miles long, 40 miles wide, 492 feet deep and its surface is 245 feet above tide water. NEW YORK. 121 3on River.*** Delaware, Laokawaiuia and Western Railroad.— 0>n. Ms. Binghp-nton to Buffalo. Alt, 207Binghamton.'>o 215 "Vestal. 221 Apalachin. 228 0wego.i«« 233 Lounsberry. 236 Nichols. 242 Litchfield. 246 Waveily.i»8 250 Willi wanna. Lowmansville. 263 Elmira. 267 Korseheads. 272 Big Flats. Gibson. 278 Corning.'^ * » 281 Painted Post. 284 Coopers. 287 Curtis. 289 Campbells. 293 Savonia. 298 Bath."* 302 Kanona. 806 Avoca. Wallace. 314 Cohocton. 319 Bloods. 327 Perkinsville. Wayland. 832 Dansville. 332 Groveland. 846 Mt.Morris. 849 Leichestor. 858 York. 863 Roch. & Pitts. Ju, 867 East Bethany. 874 Alexander. 11 b. Chemung. It (t Fossils. " « « (I « t< <« <> 11 a. Portage. (< 10 c. Genesee, it 10 b. Hamilton. 863 828 819 81S 789 826 801 828 8ES 911 906 929 945 1015 1101 1193 1232 1287 1317 1359 loss 698 574 650 929 908 890 Del., Lack. A Western R. R.— Om. Ms. Blnghamtoa to Buffalo.— Con. Alt. SSOlDarien. 387Alden. 396 Lancaster. 408 East Buffalo. 409lBufralo.9o 800 10 b. Hamilton. •?» 10 b. Ham, & 9 c. Com. 9 0. Comiferous. «8» « 8 77 « 58S Northern Central Railroad. 6 10 13 19 22 29 31 33 87 41 45 49 61 55 58 61 63 69 4 6 10 13 16 20 22 23 27 31 84 Elmira.10 8 Horse Heads. Pine Valley. Millport. Havana.8 5,191 Watkins.8«,i9* Rock Stream. Big Stream. Starkey. Himrod's. Milo. Penn Yan.sT Benton. Bellona. Hall's. Stanley. Lewis. Hopewell. Canandaigua.sB Sodua Point. WalUngton. Sodus Centre. Zurich. Fairviile. Newark. Marbleton. Outlet. Phelps. Orleans. Flint. Stanley. lib. 88S 11 a. 478 Chemung. 8 8* " Valley drift. « om which the station is named. It is the dividing; line between the 10 b. Hamilton and the 10 o. Oenesee. It dips as you go sooth and rises again. This looks liki a flexure of the formations, but it is caused by the otiange in the course of iili > 122 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) 1:1-''. 1:1 m m ,: nil 1 Lehigh Valley Bailroad. Ms, Cayuga Branch. 7 7 Alt. Cayuga. 7 » 8»« 6 Union Springs.^' 394 lOLevanna.^o 18 Aurora.* 1 16 Willett's. 20 King's Ferry. 22 Atwater's. 25 Lake Ridge.* a 27 Taughannock. 82Ludlowville.8» S96 38Ithnca.8* 6 8alina. Lake, 376. (6. Salina, with Gyp- sum beds. 9 c. Cor- niferous quarries. / 10 a. Marcellus. \ 10 b, Hamilton. « 925 « 40S 3 94 " Bluffs 100 ft. « 8 94 ioi « Tully limes, 411 « « {10 c. Genesee and Portage, lib. Portage. 892 Pa. & N. Y. Canal & B. R. OSayre.io* 7 Barton. 10 Smithboro. 14 Tioga. 20Owego."» 24 Flemingville. 29 Newark Valley. 35 Berkshire. 39 Richford. 43 Hartford Mills. 45Hartford.i»8 51 Dryd6n.i96 »°79 64 Freeyille. 56 Peruville. 59Groton.i»6 66Locke.i»» 69 Moravia." 78 Cascade. »» 76Scipio.»9 7 70Wyckoff's.»9 (Foot of Lake.) 86 Auburn.so 90 Throop. 95Weedsport.8» 99 Brick Church. 104 Cato. 108 Ira. 112 MartTille. 115 Sterling. 116 Fair Haven. 118 N. Fair Haven.'i lib. Chemung. << « « 774 so .<=> aos »o Otselic. Plymouth. Norwich. 11 b. Chemung. 101a 940 958 (I « (I i( <( « 862 899 1097 11 a. Portage. It Striae. " Elinlrat Cortland & Northern, formerly Ms. Utica, Ithaca and Ehnira Railroad. Alt. ~~0 6 10 14 17 21 25 28 32 34 37 42 44 46 50 53 64 57 60 62 63 67 70 Jl 12 16 JO 10 20 28 (t cs o ? 9 cn a )45 '1 >49 J 840 993 1010 1049 1059 1090 llSl 1116 1116 Ma. New Turk, Ontario ft WeHtem R. R. Alt. iNew York, (Erie O'Middletown. 6: Fair Oaks. 198 101 lOjBloomingb'g, 12jWurtzboro. 15Summitville.i9» 80 Fallsburg. 39 Liberty Falls. 40 Liberty. 46|Park8ville. 51iMorseton. 63 Cook's Falls. 73 82 East Branch. Hancock.l8* 11 a. Portnge. me "V'ydrift.ii35 « 12 25 10 C.Genesee. i»»o lU c. Genesee. 11 a. Portage. 11 b. Chemung. 1276 1001 Elmira, Cortland & Northern R. 11.2 6 OCaiiastota.^e 3Clockville.i»» 4Colton.'96 5 Oak Hill. 6 Quarries. 9 » 8Pen'yville.«« 9 Hyatt's. llChitt'goFalls.<»» 12Bingley.i»i 13 Shelter Valley. 14 Firndell. 15Cazenovia.9»,i»t 17 Syr. & Chen. Ju. 22 New Woodstock. 26Shedd'8 Comers. 80DeRuyter.i»o (j. Saliua. 426 637 " Gypsum in cuts. 9. Onondaga limest'ne. H 1041 (( 10 0. MaroelluB. i"*! « 1041 <« 10 a. Hamilton. (t 117 6 « 124 8 <( 129 3 « 13 8 3 10 O.Genesee. 12^8 89,Codosia Summit. 93 Rock Rift.i»8 101 Wiilton.i»8 108' Zig Zag.18 117 Sidney Centre. 1 1 25 i Sidney Plains. 127: New Berlin Jun, 134|Guilford. 143;Oxford. 148Norwich.i9o 163Earlville.i8» 167 Smith's Valley. 172 Eaton. 174Morri8ville.i»» ISlMunnsville.ioi j 183 Cook's Comers. 1 187 Oneida Comm'ty 190 Oneida. il92Durhamville. 200 North Bay.io = ;209 Cleveland. l216Constantia.io» |223 Central Square. |230 Pennellville. 238 Fulton. »» 250 Oswe go. Ti iroi '105 109 |112 118 Railroad), N. W. 4 c. Hudson River.8 80 « f 6 a. Oneida. ''5 7 \ Tunnel, 3,840 feet. 545 f 10. Hamilton, 11 a., \ Portage & Chemung. 12. Catskill. Tunnel, Striae. " 1,017 ft. « « 1798 11. Chemung. 12. Cat'l. Tun'l, l,10?)'ft << 1462 X 115 2 Junc'nofthe 11. 1220 Chem.&12. Cat8k.io8 5 12. Catskill, synclinal. 11 b. Chemung. 127 134 140 145 149 Walton.18 8 Colchester. Hawley's. De Lancey's. Delhi. 967 11 a. Portage. 10 0. Genesee. 10 b. Hamilton. 10 a. Marcellus. 9 c. Comifer. 1. « 6. Salina. 5 0. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 139» 768 8. in hills. 412 'S.c "Lake. 867 S J 5 a. Medina. g 3. 'J35 Lake, 245. (As before.) 12. Catskill. II II New Berlin Jun. Mount Upton. Holmesville. New Berlin Cen New Berlin. 11 b. Chemung. 10. Hamilton. 87. The outlet of Crooked Lake from Penn Van to Dresden is through the Genesee slate, Tally limestone, and the upper part of the Hamilton— all finely dis[>"'»y""- Crooked Lake is 20 miles long, one mile wide, lOO feet deep, and its surface is 718 feet above tide water. Its northern half is divided by a bluff of Portage (800 feet high) into two branches- -one of them 12 and the other 8 miles long. 88. Canandaigua Lake is 14 miles long, from ona to two miles wide, its surface is 668 foet above tide, and its greatest depth is 100 feet, but it is verj shallow at both ends. It is excavated from the Hamilton and Portage groups. 89. The drift describea in note 31 extends nearly to Dresden. 90. The D., L. & W. From Binghampton to Biiffalo is by Prof. H. S. Williams of Cornell Uni- versity. Compare formations and notes on N. Y., L. £. t W. i ■ i m H? 124 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE, (N. Y.) m m III II f> ill ■ii ■'■'ll' lit Ms. NewYork.OntarloA Western.— Con. Alt, 16 17 19 23 Middletown. 4 0. Hudson River SummitTille. (• Phillipsport. « Homowack. (> EllenviUe. " and Tren Cornwall to Middletown. i» a Cornwall. ii«,i'*i' 4 c.Hudaon River. 8 Montana. « 6. Meadow Br'k.i 24 Red Grits and Cong. 7 Dennistons.i*^ 4 0. Hudson River. 12 Rock Tavern. 14 Burnside. 16 Campbell Hall. 18 Stony Fork. 21 Ireland. 23 Mechanicstown. 25 Middletown. New York, LAke Erie and Western B. B. (Late Erie Railway.) I New York. Jersey City loa Q 11 16 21 28 26 27 81 88 84 86 41 48 03 f 3.) I 'rk. 16 (Tide Marshes Rutherford P'rk. Passaic.^ 2^ Paterson. Ridgewood Hohokus. Allendale. Ramsey's. Suflfern, N.J. JOS Ramapo, N. Y. Sterling Juno. Sloatsburg. Southfield. Greenwood. 105 See Note 4. 16. Triasic. Tunnel in intrusive ba- salt sheet. Triassic. * ° l( ss « 8 9 « 137 " 190 u 270 84S 298 810 Ms. New York, Lake Erie ft West'n— Qm. Alt, 20. Quaternary. 1. Archaean. 850 491 S20 47 49 60 61 63 69 66 70 76 87 99 106 110 116 122 131 136 136 143 147 154 159 163 172 176 il84 192 200 Turner's.!" Monroe.ias Schunemunk Mt. Oxford. Greycourt.no Goshen. Middletown. Howell's. Otisville.io« Kittatiny, Blue, or Shnwangunk Mountain. Port Jervis.Joi 188 Sparrowbush Pond Eddy, Pa. 8hohola. Lackawaxen.JOT Pine Grove. Narrowsburg.i ' Cochecton, N. Y. Callicoon. Hawkins. Basket. Lordville. Stockport. Hancock. Hale's Eddy. Deposit. Summit.19 9 Susquehan'a.10 8 Great Bend. 200 3? Low. Silur'n 1. 8.»«8 4 c. Hudson River. 10? Middle Devonian, 3?Low. Silur'ul. 8.B*') 4o. Hudson River. « 4 31 « 66] « 6 99 U 870 6 a. Oneida, or Shaw- angunk and Medina. C 7. Low'r Helderberg, 8. Oriskany. **i 9. Cauda Gain & Up, [ Heldg. & 10. Hamilt, 1 1 II Portage, 1 1 b. Chemung, « « 571 641 64S 668 720 748 12. Catskill ridge 1 1 b. Chemung. " 781 12. Catskill,(bluff8). 11 b. Chemung. 12. Catskill. s^e 11 b. Chemung. 9«» ed over it, which forms the sides of the creek at the top of or above the Falls. Under the Onondag,* limestone is the Oriskany sand.stone.only six inches thick. Above the Falls the creek flows through a small, hand- some valley, its lower side^ formed of Marcellu.s, and the tops of the hills Hamilton. 98. Moravia is an excellent locality for Hamilton fossils. The Tully limestone, the dividing line between the Hamilton and Genesee, is half way up the hill sides, and appears to dip below the valley north of Locke. It is met with at the falls of Dry Creek, south of Moravia. 99. Owasco Lake is 10 miles long, a mile ana n half wide at the north at Auburn, and a half mile at the south end, and 76() feet above tide water. The whole of the lake is in the Hamilton group. lUO. Marl is here taken from the bottom of ponds; dried like bricks, and burnt into lime. 101. From Bloomingburg tunnel to Sidney, the geology is the same as from Port Jervis to Sus- quehanna on the Erie Railway. In the hills at Port Jervis, fossils of L. H., Oriskany and Hamilton. 102. Oneida Lake is 19 miles long, miles wide, its greatest depth not over 40 feet, and in gener- al it is quite shoal. Its surface is 367 feet above tide water. It is excavated in the 6 b. Clinton group the rocks of which appear on its south shore and west end. Its north shore is covered with sandy alluvium which is 100 feet deep at the east end and furnishes glass sand used in the glass factories In this vicinity. 103. The Erie railway tunnel at Jersey City is through Bergen Hill, which is thp southern end of the mour.tain ridge of basalt or trap rock of the 16. Triassic age, 48 miles long, known farther north as the Pali 4ade Mountain. See note 6. 104. Vhe railroads out of New York through New Jersey pass over very extensive tide marshe.s, covered i 1501 da, or Shaw> 266 Wellsburg. « 394 Olean.aoi 11 1418 nd Medina. 273 Elmira.io* • < ct 868 DC" _ . 398 Allegany. ^ .1 1422 r Helderberg. kany. **^ la Gain & Up. & 10. Hamilt. 290Coming.i»» t< « 942 407 CarrolKon. P, 11 1399 801 Addison. « 7f 998 410 Great Valley. A* II 139« "^ II 1384 831 Hornellsville. i< O 1161 413 Salamanca. 843|CanaBeraga. Mor.? " 5* 421 Little Valley. 3. ♦« Mor. »»94 •^age. inung. ^ ' ' II 1411 8(iirortage.J»o^i»» ti 1314 437 Dayton. " Mor. !»♦• 805 Castile. 1" * Granton.i»» Ridgefield. Leonia. Englewood. Highland. Tenafly. Cresskill. Clostor. Norwood. Tappan. Sparkill.i»a Piermont. Nyack. 16. Triaasio. « « « « Trap. Trap, 20 Quat. Trap. Jersey City. 59 Goshen. 10 1* 61 Ripp's. 64 Campbell Hall. 66 Neely Town. 08 Beaver Dam. 69 Montgomery. 73 Walden. Shawangunk. New Hurley. Gardner. Forest Glen. New Platx. Springtown. Rosendale.^i* Katson's Cave. Whiteport. Kingston. 1^* 79 82 85 87 91 04 Its 102 (Sue Main Line ErieR.) 4 0. Hudson Riv. «>' «( 3 91 Ra.L.Sil.La.(foB.)3«> « 409 « S8« »5i " FoBsila. r 5 a. On 'da or Shaw'k \ Grit andMedi. an (7. Lower Helderberg and 9. Upper Held'g, mainly Upper. •« 811 « 386 « 4 0. Hudson River.K' IK ISf & Waterli Monticeli.) aLd Port Jervls Railroad. 6 8 12 13 16 18 20 24 Port Jervia.ioi Huguenot.' 6 Rose Point. Paradise. Oakland. Hartwood. Gillman's. Barnum's. Monticello.*o' 10. Hamilton. It 11 b. Chemung. 441 « « « u 12. GatskiU. 106. Otisvilte. A short distance west of OtisTille the Hudson River Slates are seen in contact with the Shawangunk Orits along a fault line. This is the dividing line between two of the great geological groups or periods, the Lower Silurian and Upper Silurian. In a moment the whole char- acter of the country is changed from cultivated grazing land on the Hudson River slates, the Orange County milk country to the east of this line, to a poor, barren, rocky region on the Oneida or Shaw- anguDK and Medina formations, showing in a striking manner how the character of the country de- pends on its geology. In descending the Shawangunk Mountain towards Port Jervls there is an al- ternation uf beds of the Oneida conglomerate, which is of a light gray color, and the Medina sand- stone, which is of a high red color. Some pockets of galena were discovered and mined here, but were soon exhausted. AtPortJervis we are in the Hamilton, aformation producing a country cap- able of supporting a population. The intermediate formations are very thin and compreiised together. 107. Laekawaxen. From Port Jervis to Narrowsburg, the Delaware River and Erie Railway Jiass through a deep and crooked gorge about 25 miles long, exhibiting some of the wildest scenery n the country. The railroad is cutout of rock in many places and overhung as it were by ragged precipices. 108. Binghampton. West of Susquehanna the Erie Railway and its branches run for more than 300 miles on the 11 b. Chemung formation. Most of it is a fine fertile country with some handsome towns, the largest of which are Elmira and Binghampton, in valleys filled with gravel alluvium, andttie higher country formed of'the calcareous Chemung shales, is quite productive, much of it being a good grazing country; but there is no variety in its geology. East of Susquehanna the Chemung formation is composed of harder sandstone. Itcontains less calcareous shale, and the soil is poor. The country improves rapidly going westward from Susquehanna. See also 186. 109. Just west of Waverly are the Chemung Narrows, where 100 feet of rook are exposed. The quarries have produced an abundance of characteristic fossils of the Chemung group in their great- est beautv and perfection, the formation having been named from this locality. Five miles south of Waverly the opening of the Susquehanna Valley may be seen, where the Chemung River from the west and the Susquehanna from the east unite and traverse the State of Pennsylvania to Chesapeake Bay. At the wes;, ^nd of Waverly Village is a curious flat-topped hill, about 60 feet high, called "Spanish Hill." It is aa eddy hill of gravel formed in the drift period ; but it can be seen to netter ad- Tantage on the south side, at Sayre on the Pa. A N. Y. R. R. and the O. I. A S. R. R. There is a simi- lar eddy hill in the village of Union. The plain at Sayre is "Valley Drift." 110. Portage. Here the railroad crosses the very deep gorge of the Oenesee River on a high iron bridge 820 feet long and 236 feet high. There are three lalis within a distance of two miles which in River.'" es, the Orange aiaa or Shaw- NEW YORK. 127 Mew Tork.lAke ErleA Weatem.— Con. | New York, Lake Erie A Western.— Owi. «8. Buffalo, Bradford A PittHburnh R. R. Al'. Mh. NewburK Brannh.iis Alt. Carrolton. lib. Chemung, i'"" Greycourt.i'o 4 0. Hudson River. 6 Limestone. K 1416 2 Craigville.x*' «i Ill Bradford's, Pa. «< 14 6 4 7 9 Washingtonville. Salisbury. II Buffalo and Southwestern. 1 ""OlBuffalo.'**' 9 0. Comiferous. »3e 13 Vails Gate. S3 Oowanda. « 7 76 8 Manlius Cen.^^ 7.L.H9ld.,WaterU.4»5 89 Dayton. " Moraine 10 Fayetteville. "&9.0non.l.8.»8» 43 Pine Valley. 48 Cherry Creek. M 865 « 12 Manlius. f 9. Onondaga limest. \ Heavy beds. ''*' 53 Clear Creek. 15 Oran.»» 9. Onondaga L B. 89 7 50; Randolph. " Moraine. r 10 a. Marcellus. 60; Kennedy. m 1 ii 1: Ms. Lake Bhora * Mloh. Soathem R. R. Al(. Buffalo.* 9c Corniferous 10 Hamburg. *<• 10 Hamilton. 21 Angola. II 26 Farnham. I* 29 Irving. II 81 Silver Creok. 10 Genesee. 40 Dunkirk. »»• 11a Port. & Chemung. 49 Brocton Junot'n. 6I» « ii L 67 Westfield. 697 It (1 65 Ripley, Pa. (1 11 ortage al nnngtotli 78 Nortli East. tos 80 Harbor Creek. Til 84 Wesleyville. 88 Erie. eae &g 98 Fairview. paw 108 Girard, Pa. 717 B-^ 116 Conneaut, Ohio. 11. Erie Shale. Frs* 128 KingsTille. ava i< ti 128 Ashtabula. !*• 641 II 58 Westfield. <• 11 66 Ripley, Pa. 11 M 88 Erie. t. 11 103 Girard. n ■ 63 Rook Glen. <« ■ 691 Gainesville. " Mor. »«" ■ Bliss Comers. «< ■ 84] Eagle Village. Moraine." Sum't. 1909 ■ 891 Maohias. »•*• •«&llb.Che, ■ 071 Ashford. Mor. " " ■ 1071 Ellicottsville. Moraine. " »"• ■ 1211 Great VaDey."* l< ISDI lla.Por. llb.ChemH -^.^— 11 b. Chemung. 12 20 26 29 33 35 2. 3. NEW YORK. 120 derberg'" on. 9«t 940 see. ige. 98) Mor. 140> Sum't. 1909 & lib. Che. 1 « i< liiH 4< IdH ift. " 139! ferous. Hon. < i< les through the illey. There ii joof of the Start poBure of the 10 1 •y is in itself re- attened cannon I reather so well ue views iron I me rock, which I ermediate foil holdal flracturft (Isewhere. I tide water and et it empties itil beaatiftil shei^ I more level and I being along iti r GftBva I ttel42.)and the atter. See »1«| H. Dabtor- Biiffiftlo. New York and Philadelphia, now, Mh. Western N. Y. A Penna. R. R. Alt. BuffSa* » 13 17 '22 26 29 36 39 43 50 67 63 69 76 84 89 97 107 121 Elma. Aurora. ••» Wales. Holland. Protection. Arcade."* »«»» Yorkshire. Maohias. FrankliDville. Ischua. Hinsdale. Olean.aoi Portville, Eldred, Pa. Larabees. Port AUegeny. Keating Summit. Emporium. *<>'* 9 0. CorniferouB. * » • 10. Hamilton. til " &lla. Portg. u u lus Moraine. " »»•» lla.Por.&llb.Chem. Moraine. 14SS lib. Chemung. Vall'y drift. " « « Moraine. " « 12. Gatskill. « 1S9S 1541 1501 1431 1443 1448 1481 , <> 1413 Ii 1R81 14 a. CarboniferouH, Bummit of hiilu. PittsbuFKh Division.isa Buffalo,* lOHamburg.i** 40 Dunkirk. 49 Brocton. 56 63 69 73 79 83 Prospect. Mayville. Summerdale. Sherman. Panama. Clymer. (Continued in See Lake Shore R. R. « 11 b. Chemung. « « Pennsylvania. 673 1321 1800 1628 1568 1545 1146 D., N. Y. « P.. novr Vf'n. ». Y. A Fa. R. R., Mi. Rochestur Division.— Con. Alt 47 60 63 62 52 56 69 64 68 72 76 91 99 106 8 9 13 19 26 83 89 Tusoarora. Nunda Ju. Nunda. Swains. W. Nunda. Lewis. Portage. Wiscoy. Filmore. Houghton. Caneadea. Cuba. Hinsdale. Olean.aoi Oiean. Alleghany. S. Vandalia. 8. Carrolton. Salamanca. Red House. Wolf Run. Cory don, (Pa.) 11 a. Portage. It i< lla.Por.&llb.Chem. 11 b. Chemung. '• to Conglomer. II ■ '§ 180 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Fonda, Johnstown and Oloversville Ms. Railroad. Alt. 6 8 22 Fonda. 13 Johnstown. Gloversville. Northfield.iso 4 b. Utica. " Strifo. (4 b. Utica and \ 4 a. Trenton, f 4 b Utica and 1 1 a. Laurentian. 299 soo Lackawanna & Pittsburg K. R.136 Olean Division. Olean. 4 Gordons. 6 Postville. 7 White House. 10 Ceres. 1^ Little Genesee. 18 Bolivar. 20 Richburg. 29 Friendship. 88 Narrow Gage Ju, 44 Angelica. 11 b. Chemung. & Conglom. Chemung to Conglom. 11 b. Chemung. « « 6 16 24 29 87 10 12 SwaiiiE. Nunda. Junction. 11 b. Chemung. Lackawanna Diyision Nar'w Guage Ju. Anjjelica. Birdsall. Swains. Canaserago. Bogersville. Wayland. 136 11 a. Portage. Ulster and Delaware Itallroad. 4 9 12 16 17 18 21 24 27 82 83 86 39 44 48 61 68 67 69 74 Rondout.ii* 159 Kingston. West Hurley. Olive Branch. Brook's Crossing. Broadhead Bra. Shokan. »»» Boioeville. Mount Pleasant. Phoenicia. »»• Fox Hollow. Shandaken. Big Indian. Pine Hill. i«»» Griffin's Gomera. Dean's Comers. Kelly's Comers. Halcottville. "o* Straton's Falls. Roxbui7.*o« Moresville. Stamford.*'* i 4c. Hudson Riv.^ \ 6.Water Lime. 7. Lower Helderberg, 10. Hamilton. 11 b. Chemung. 11 a. Portage. S34 504 11. Chem. &11, 12.Gat8kill. « 604 Cats. 604 {or 308 « 796 « 1004 « 10 7 2 « 1 2 1 S •• Lowest Pass the Catskill Mts. 1504 1878 1408 « ISOl "and Chemung. 8 50 95 74 67 a 4« (2 74 93 122 Trap." « 125 « 178 U 75 '*T?siates &limest'8.5 1 a. Laurentian. ' << * 8 4c. Hud. Riv.i*2 " {Hudson Riv. and ^ > Cambro-Silu. limest. f ,8. Lower Silurian ( limestones. i" 4 c. Hudson River, i" 4 c. Hud. Riv. Group ' « « 9 108 118 145 18i 191 9 a. Cauda Galli. »" 4 0. Hudson River.'" Coraiferous. This limestone oroflses the Hudson River obliquely in two strips, between Hampton, Oual ■onth of Marlboroueh), and Danskantmer Point. At the north end of the New Hamburgh tunnel, the limestone is wen shown overlying, by inversion, the Hudson River shale. The shales throughout this County are mainly of the Hudson River Group, with here nnd th^re Omptolitio layers, which are by some geologists assigned to the Utioa slates. W. B. D. NEW YORK. 181 ;'uR.K. 123 a River.i*2 s & Umest'8.5 Ms. no 116 120 126 128 133 141 128 132 136 142 146 147 152 160 161 168 173 174 178 183 187 193 194 199 200 West Shore.— Cm. Alt. Catskill.i»» West Athens. Coxsackie. New Baltimore. Coeyman's Ju. Selkirk. Albany. CoeymRn's Ju. S. Bethlehem. Feura Bush. New Scotland. Voorheesville. Guilderland. Fullers. S. Schenectady. Saratoga. Rotterdam Ju. Pattersonville. Port Jackson. Fort Hunter. Auriesville. Fultonville. Downing. Sprakers. 809 Canajoharie. Fort Plain. 8 0« St. Johnsville. Mindenville. 204; Indian Castle. 209!Little Falls. 2r2:Jacksonburgh. 217 219 221 226 229 231 238 242 247 262 Mohawk. Ilion. Frankfort. W. Frankfort. E. Utica. Utica. Clark's Milla. Heckla. Vernon. Oneida Castle. 4o. Hudson Riv.? »' (( <( ' in the various cities along the line of the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R., are as follows : At Albany and Schenectady, 4 c. Hud- son River . Utica and Rome, 4 a. Trenton limestone, generally of the Birdseye portion, which produces t;ie thickest stone; at Syracuse, Auburn and Geneva, the 9. Upper Helderberg, generally the Onondaga or lower portion of it; from Rochester to Buffalo the 6 a. Medina sandstone is the favorite for these purposes. Some 5. Niagara limestone are used at Rochester and 9 Upper Helderberg or Corniferous at Buffalo, especially foi lime burning. But tha best flagstones are from the Hamilton and Chemung formations, and generally come from the shores of Cayugt Lake. Large quantities of flagstones are also brought from the upper part of the Hamilton group in the higher parts of the Helderberg, and from the same geological position along the west side of the River Hudson from below Catskill as far as Kingston. 123. By Mr. Nelson H. Darton, of the U. 8. Geological Survey. Mr. Darton prefers to lue the term 4 a. Trenton rather than Hudson River for the wide areas of slates in Orange and ad- jacent counties, which contain a mixed Hudson River and Trenton limestone fauna, but for the sake of uniformity Hudson River is used throughout the chapter. 124. Meadow Brook. About three-fourths of a mile east, the railroad crosses the ridge de- scribed ill note 126. The red grits near this station are the some as those in the ridge there de- scribed, broueht up by a synclinal. N. H. D. 125. Caledonia and Stafford, two of the best places in the State for silicified Upper Helder- berg corals. Akron also. Excellent corals at Le Roy. R. P. W, 126. Comtoall. Just west of this station is a ridge composed of red and grey conglomeratei similar to those near Highland Mills and probably near Oneida in age. It is flanked on the western j side by Lower Helderberg limestone from the Waterlime to the Delthrysis r'i .'v limestone, the latter holding a bed of Limonite and plentiful fine casts of about a hundrei! ^nir'cties of fossils, | The occurrence of this fossihferous rock so far from the main mass of the ' > . i: i is very in- teresting. See also Note 124. N. H. D. 127. Passaic. South of this station the palisadal front of the First Wat. :, ar or Orange! Mountain is in sight. This long canoe-shaped ridge and some others behind it "> ue west and I south are capped l>y the outcropping edges of great sheets of basalt lavas, which w ^e outpoured] at intervals on the floor of the Triassic sea during the deposition of the formation. The u|)per| surfaces of these sheets, when not too deeplv eroded, are deeply vesicular and at some poinul they are exposed in contact with unaltered snaly sediments. The more or less vesicular and alt- 1 ered bases of these sheets lie with perfect contormity on the shales, which often extend fori some distance up the steep sides of the ridges and dip at low angles westward. Basal contact) I in the quarries on the ridge slopes southeast of Paterson may be teen from the cars and are I fine exposures in the deep gorge, into which the Passaic River fal.s in crossing the First Wit-[ chung ridge in Paterson. N. H. Darton. I 128. Turner's. On emerging from the highlands north of Greenwood the line of the road pass- 1 esover a broad valley encirling and extending northeastward from '.I'urner's, and is in greater part I underlaid by limestones of undeterpnined, but probably Lower Siiuriuu age, and by slates of Tren-r ton age. N. H. D. I 129. JIfonroe. A mile west of this station a synclinal holding Middle Devonian is crossed, bull no outcrops are visible from the cars. These rocks extend for many miles southward into New I Jersey. In New York they form Bell vale Mountain to the Erie R. R. and thence extend northward | in the high, rough, double crested ridge known as Schunemunk Mountain. The lower membeni are flagstones and slates, the upper a coarse pebble conglomet-ate. In a flagstone quarry, two inilMl N. N. W. of Monroe, the remains of Devonian plants are quite abundant. In the valley westwardl the series is underlaid by a white Quartzite succednd by limestone holding an Upper Siluriul fauna and an unfossiliferous limestone lying on Gneiss. The two last are exposed in the railroad cull a mile east of Oxford. This gneiss is flanked on the west by an inconsiderable thickness of liiBe>| stone which is overlaid by tne slates which are thence exposed nearly to Oxford, if. H. D. NEW YORK. 133 702 V, Y. Central & Hudson River R. R.— Con. Hlg. Harlem Division. — Con. Alt, 12 84 87 93 97 [100 106 109 116 120 Wassaic. Amenia. Sharon. Millerton. Mount Riga. Boston Corners. Copake. Hillsdale. «»i Martinsdale. Philmont. Gam.-Sil. Schists. " " 1. 8. " " "Burd'n'sgun " "bar'l iron oreW " " I. s. (Summit). " " « Iron ore W. « « " Iron Works. Cambro-Silurian. « « 126|Ghent. 127iChatham. I All the iron ore is produced on the west side- 1 none on the east .side of railroad. N. T.f Rntland & Montreal Ry. 0:Chatham 4 cor. 5 Chatham. 11 Rider's Mill. 18 New Lebanon. 27 Lebanon Springs. 31 N. Stephenlown. 84 Centre Berlin. 39 Berlin. 44 Petersburg. 45 N. Petersburg. 47 T. & B. Junction. 53 Bennington, Vt 4 c. Hud. Riv. Group. it « « « (( ade trap sheet, as stated in Note 6. North of this station the R. R. crosses th') sheet and ikirts the east side of the ridge at a considerable altitude. The under contact of trap and pandstone maybe found near Piermont-on-the-Hill, and near Grandview, above the R. R. N. H. D. , 133. Homestead. See Note 5. This road crosses the Palisade trap ridge in the Erie tunnel ^nd Hkirts its western base to SparkiU where it reerosses to Piermont. A few hundred yards S. of the station, and in- sight from the cars, contact of trap and overlying shales is exposed in small quarry. N. U. D. 134. New Durham. Three-fourths of a mile east in a cut at entrance to W. S. R. R. tunnel khe dike structure of Palisade trap is exposed at unconformable contact with overlying sand- stones. N. H. D. 135. Oranton. A short distance north is a small dike and sheet of trap separated from the palisade sheet by a slight thickness of sandstone. N. H. D. 136. By Prof. H. S. Williams, of Cornell University. 137. Roshester. Shales below falls filled with corals and Braehiopod$ of Niagara group. En- tire Clinton exposed and manv layers filled with excellent fossils. Several beds of graptolites known by the olack color of the seam. Lower fall gives limestoue filled with Pentameroua Elong- ftus and below Medina sandstone with fucoides, etc. R. P. Whitfield. See Note 36 and Glacial Note 181. 138. Newburgh. The city rests upon strata which are evidently similar to those identified In Duchess County. Tlie entire water-front is composes of Hudson River shale, while that part If the city west of West street Is on the belt of limostone which crosses ;the river from New aamburg in Duchess County. On the river ioad three miles north of the city, there are highly bsslliferous ledges of the Trenton group, containing the Coral Solenopora Compacta, and very srge Crinoid columns. With this exception this great belt of limestone from Hampton to Long pond appears to be entirely without fossils. A comparison with the more northern ex- ension of the belt makes it probable that besides the Trenton, Calciferous and Cambrian strata ire present. Snake Hill to the south and Cronomer's Hill to the west, are Archcean Deiss. W. B. D. 139. Mt. Joy, Road crosses Palisade trap sheet. 140. Eagle Bridge. At Eagle Bridge, Cambridge and Granville, the railroad passes over a karrow strip of Hudson River Shales flanked on either side by broad masses or Lower Cam- Irian or " Georgia " shales and limestones, which are not more than a mile distant, or less. >t Salem a broad belt of Hudson River shale lies a short distance to the west. Fossiliferoua calities of the Lower Cambrian have been found near Shushan, Salem, Rupert and Granville, ome of the chief localities described are one mile south of Shushan one and one-half miles St and west, and one mile south of N. Greenwich (near Salem) two miles south of North Iranville, and at Low Hampton, Ju.st west at the crossing of Poultney River.) W. B. D. Ifl«^ > ■fvJ '^ mi 184 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Ms. Boston and Albany Railroad. Alt.; Ms. Hartford & Conn. Western R. R. Alt. 0| Albany. 4 0. Hudson Biver. ^2 Rhineoliif. 4 c. Hudson River. 1 Greenbush. « 24 3 Pihinebeck. « 9 Schodack. 208 Doubtiul, i»4,i"&i»8! 7 Red Hook. 2-4 Camb. Sil. Schists. 17iKinderhook. « 318 11 Spring Lake. << 20JChatham Centre. « sib! 17 Jacivson Corners « 24lChatham.i6 3 4o.Hud.Riv.Gr'p.46 2 25 Ancram. «< 29! East Chatham. « 691 35 Boston Comers. 3-4 Camb. Sil. Limest. 34 Canaan.1'8 « 8 69 42 State Line. l careous conglomerate. A few hundred feet farther, on Stony Point, the deep cut gives fine | exposures of some members of the Cortland series of intrusives and metamorphics. N. H. D. I 147. TompKi^'s Cove. Extensive quarries of blue and grey limestones near station. A« of the beds uncertain but probably Lower Silurian. They are separated from the Archeean rocks I of the highlands by black slates of unknown age, which are exposed at many points in thiii vicinity and southward to Pompton, N. J. N. H. D. 148. Hamburg. Eighteen Mile Creek and vicinity are roost excellent localities for Ham-. ilton fossils, along lake shore and up stream a short distance and also at Hamburg in cutting on R. R. (R. P. W.) ' Sub-aqueous drift; lake terraces along the lake shore to Ashtabula. (Chamberlin.) 149. aark'a Dock. Interesting clay beds of .he Champlain Period deposited in the form I of three inverted, truncated cones, instead of horizontally, as is usual in the beds lining botb banks of the Hudson. W. B. D. 1 160. Marlborotigh. Hampton Point, three quarters of a mile south is the northern edgectl the limestone belt crossing from Duchess County, (See Note 118.) and passing to the west of I Newburgh. Here Kerr's Hydraulic Cement Works are now in successAil operation. The lime- 1 stone is apparently Cambrian with perhaps Lower Silurian. See Note 138. W. B. D. I 151 West Park. On the north side of a railroad cut Just south of Hazen's (or Adam's Dock). I and between one and two miles south of thA railroad station, slabs of slate covered with excellenll graptolites, may be obtained. These are referred by Prof. Whitfield to the Utica slate ; vi\ some other geologists to the Hudson River Oroup. W. B. D. 14 B 19 S 22 P 25 P 31 P 33 T( 38 B 44 M ■- ■/■■'. ) R. B. Alt. nlliver. Sil. Schists. Sil. Limeat. B ailroad.164 Riv. Group. K 213 •ent.(?)l'8.2i» i( 252 i( 289 NEW YORK 186 3onRiver.3 9i II 5S3 II S66 i( « «3' ,n(Upper?)*" jiferous. terousand 'os jer Cambriaa in (Upper?) Ison River."' ous-Trent.?'«» le" of Priraor- there crop out jrvstallized and ■" W. B. D. ^ rk, and extend- inton limestone N. H. D. ^ t,y Prof. W. B, J. S. Geologist, ,nd Hon. Jamei 8. Williams of allel. nee northward, in a tunnel north med by the trap, nnel the highly while on the east BatinK the dik» N. H. D. 16. Triassic cil- p cut gives fine phios. N. H.D. ir station. Am ) Archaean rociu iv points in thii ' '^N. H. D. lalities for H«n- iburj in cutting (R. P. W.) ' (ChAMBBRLI!!.) , ted in the foita beds lining both W. B. I). , northern edgecl IK to the westM ^tion^The^ln.^ (or Adam's Dock). red with excelled » Utica slate; tj W. B. D. ' 213 233 Ms. Mew York & New Bngland B. R.164 Alt. 1 4 8 10 14 10 22 25 31 33 38 44 Newburgh.i8* Fishkill.ii* Matteawan.i'o Fishkill Village. BrinkerhoflF. Hopewell. Stormville. Poughquag. Pawling. Patterson. Towners. Brewster. Mill Plain. 4 0. Hudson River. K << Caloif.-Trent. I's. « (i II Laurentian. 44 2 406 Troy and Boston Railroad. Iij4 (Fitchburg Pailroad.)li3 OTroy. 4Lan8ingburgh. 9 Melrose. 13 14 17 21 24 Schaghticoke. Valley Falls. Johnsonville. Buskirk's. Eagle Bridge. Hud.Riv. and Georgia. « " Trenton? 4 0. Hudson River. << 4 c. H. Riv. & Georgia. Ms. Troy and Boston.— Con. Alt. 26iHo38ic Junction. I State Line. 27 Hoosic Falls. 80 Hoosac. 32 Petersburg. 86 North Pawnal. 43 Willi'mstown.16 8 45 Blackinton. 48 North Adams. 4 0. H. Riv. & Georgia- r 4 c. Hud. Riv. and \ Calcif.-Chazy-Tren. 4 c. Hudson River, r 4 c. Hud. Riv. and \ Calcif.-Chazy-Tren. Calcif.-Chazy-Trent. f Hudson River and \ Calcif.-Chazy-Tren. Calcif.-Chazy-TrenlDn. Oreenwich and Johnsonville Railroad. Washington Co. 164 9 Johnsonvilb. 5! Lee's. 6JS. Cambridge. SjW. Cambridge. 10 Summit. 13 16 Easton. Greenwich. I 4 c. Hudson River. II II Lower- Cambrian. i< 152. Esopus. On leaving the river in Esopus, before crossing Rondout Creek, going north, [the road crosses the ends of a synclinal arch; the first rock is nearly vertical section of IMiaKara, then Waterlime-Pentamerus, Catskill Shaly, Upper-Pentamerus, Catskill-Shaly, Pen- Itamerus, Upper Pentamerus. After crossing the creek, the road enters a tunnel the soath lend of which is Catskill Shaly, the middle section Upper Pentamerus and the north end loriskany, all nearly vertical. After the tunnel is passed the Cauda Galli is entered and per- Ihaps Schoharie Grit, and then Corniferous and it may be the Onondaga. J. O. L. I 153. Kingiton. Unconformabiliiy of Low^r and Upper Silurian well shown here. Remark- lable contortions of strata. Fossils abundant. At Rondout, now included in the cityofKings- Iton, are seen Hudson River Group; Oneida; Coralline limestone of Niagara Group; all the di- iTisions of Lower Helderberg: Oriskany; Cnuda Galli and Corniferous; all but the last two ■quite fossiliferous. At old Kingston, on T'sopus Creek, Marcellus and Hamilton. Immense ICement quarries in Helderberg limestor js. See '^Non-conformity at Rondout " by W. M. Davis, Am. Journ. Science, November, 1883. W. B. D. Station is on terrace of Alluvium and Drift overlying Corniferous, which crops out in a Ihigh ridge to the eastward, dipping to the northwest. To the west bluff of Marcellus over- llymg Corniferous. J. G. L. I 154. Mount Marion. The road (going north) continues on Cornifoi-ous nearly to Saugerties, ■where it comes again to the Cauda Galli and, before it reaches West Camp, it passes back over all the intervening layers to the Hudson River which it does not leave, except a few cuts into the Waterlime between West Camp and Catskill. J. O. L. At Glenerie a little over a mile southeast from Mount Marion station along the east bank jof Saugerties Creek, are abundant exposures of Oriskany, crowded with fineU' weathered fossils. W. B. D. 165. OatskiU. The Helderberg rises sharply to the west nearly all the way to Coeyman'a. 158. By Prof. C. H. Hitchcock. 167. (Atiandaigua. Go up the lake six miles to Monteith's Pt. up ravine, most excellent Hamilton fossils, all classes. Also all along lake shore to Black Pt. Heads of Monteith's ra- Irine, Genesee slate with plants, and gas springs. R. P. W. I 1S8. KnowersviUe and OuUderland. Go up mountain to first plateau, rocks filled with Low- br Helderberg fossils. Tentaeutitea and Leperditia at base of vertical layers. Thompson's Lake bneand a half miles back from top of bhifT at Indian Ladder road, Schoharie grit and Up- per Helderberg fossils. Also Clarksville 12 miles southwest of Albany has yielded immense num- ers of Lower Helderberg Bryozoans and Corals. R. P W. 159. Sekoharie. In the hill east and west fl-om the village the entire Helderberg series cours, and fossils ore numerous in the Coralline limestone. Lower Helderberg, Oriskany sand, Bcboharie grit and Upper Helderberg. R. P. W. 160. Darien. Best locality in the state for Hamilton in streams at Darien City, and also TO miles west of Darien Centre in small stream at Milldam, and for one mile below slate ftd Corals and Shells. R. P. W. 161. The formations are given on this road approximately, no definite information having en published. From Dannamora to Lynn Mt. both the Laurentian and the Potsdam are tlven, implying that both strata are in the neighborhood. W. B. D. [ 162. Revised by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock. From Pawling to Chatham Prof. Dwight prefers t CalciferouB " or " Calciferous-Trenton." This limestone, he says, is the eastern fork of the Copake- lillsdale belt of which the Wappinger Valley limestones are the western fork. Cploiferons fossils Rcur in It. Cambrian strata may be present. At North East Center, one and one-half miles south of lillerton.C«lciferoaB fossils ooour on Bdward Clark's farm. ! I i > 1". :i: ill ■•'I ^:il 186 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE . (N.Y.) MsOgdensburg & liake Champlain R.B. Alt. \ Ms. CatskiU Mt. Sc Cairo Itailroad.164 Alt. 9 17 25 28 Ogdensburj», Lisbon. Madrid. Norwood. Knapps. Brasher Falls. Lawrence. Moira. Bangor. Malone. Chateaugay. Cherubusoo. EUenburg. Dannemora. Altona. Mooer's Forks. Mooer's Junction. Champlain. Rouse's Point. Alburgh. Alburgh Springs. Swanton. Swanton June. St. Albans, Vt. 3 a. Calcif. 20 ms. 24B « « 2 b. Potsdam, 53 ms. « M «< '' 191. |i . ■ 1; "i;| 192. 1 ■ li 1 19.3. 194. 19S. 196. 197. h- ' 198. 199. 1 ' 200. 1. 201. i '■' 202. K 1 203. ■ 204. t 205. l 2oe. ■• 907. 5 , 208. !» 200. . 210. rS; ■ I-, .''' 211. K^ |: ' ; ■ ■' ■ extend north ward over a portion of Euttern New York and neiKhboring portion of Connecticut, Massachusetts and the southern half of Vermont. The limestones have afforded Lower Sil- urian fossils in Canaan, (see Note 173). Columbia County, New Yorlc and in West Rutland and elsewhere in Central Vermont. Tlie rooks near Poughkeepsie were made part of the "Low- er Taconlc" and have recently afforded Lower Silurian and some Cambrian fossils. The slates were formerly all referred to the Hudson River Group. In Rensselaer Co., N. Y., oc- cur slates and other rocks made "Upper Taconio" by Emmons, containing Cambrian fossils and similar rocks occur in parte of western and northern Vermont. J. D. Dana. Note on the QIacial Drift on Lone Island by Mr. Warren Upham, Assistant U. 8. Qeologisti 177. On Long Island the terminal moraine of the continental ice-sheet extends from Fort Hamilton iiwenty-four miles in a nearly northeast course to Roslyn ; thence it runs nearly due east sixtr miles to Canoe Place and the Shinnecock Hills; next it turns northeast about eight miles to near Sag Harbor; and thence its course is eaft and east-northeast about twentv-nve to Mo:: .auk Point. This range of hills long ago was called "The backbone of the island." Trom the Narrows to Roslyn, this moraine varies from 100 to 2.W feet in height, is mainly composed of unmodiflod drift, upper till on the surface, with glaciated pebbles and boulders in deep excavations. Its irregular contour is well seen in Greenwood Cemetery and Prospect Park and at Ridgewood Reservoir. East of Roslvn it is almost wholly composed of modified drift, being waterworn grav- el and sand witn few or no boulders. These deposits are stratified, but often with oblique bedding and seem to constitute the entire mass of hills from 200 to nearly 400 feet high. Harbor Hill, a half mile east from Roslvn is the highest, 384 feet above sea, and is of this kind. In the same class are Jane's Hill, 354 feet; Rutland's, 340 feet; Osborn's or Bald Hill, a few miles southwest f^om Riverhead, 293 feet, The portion of this moraine forming the peninsula of Montauk, ten miles lonr^ and 160 to 200 feet high, is stratified, but contains nrequent embedded boulders, which are also spread over the surface. Long Island, south of this series of hills, consists of plains of fine gravel and sand 8 to 10 miles wide and lOOj long. The north portion at the foot of the moraine is 60 to IM feet above sea, from which height thev slope southward. Numerous ancient water courses 10 to 26 feet deep and 100 to 300 feet wide cross from north to south. In some cases these channels continue beneath the the sea level of the southern bays to the beach ridge, by which they are divided from the ocean. A later terminal moraine 100 to 200 feet high, formed during a halt in the final retreat of the ice-sheet, of modified drift, except near Greenport and Orient, forms the north shore from Port Jefterson to Orient Point. It is separated from the extreme moraine by plains, also crossed by old channels of drainage. QIacial Notesi Bt Pbof. T. C. Cuambiblin, Of the United States Geological Survey and State Geologist of Wisconsin. Roches Moutonnees at New York and for several stations east on the N. Y. & N. R. R. Champlain. Striae. Between Syracuse and Rochester drumlins have yery fine development. Between Victor and Fisher's, kame-like, semi-morainic hills are well developed. Kame-like, semi-morainic hills. Kame-like gravel hills. Glacial flood deposits. Gravel hills and terraces. Moraine. Valley drift, kame-like knolls. Sub-aqueous drift. Valley drift. Morainic and glacial flood gravels. Moraine and sub-aqueous drift. Morainic(?) hills. Sub-aqueous till; strise. Morainic(?) knolls. Morainic glacial flood gravels. Sub-aqueous till. " Kame-like knolls. Kame-like knolls; Moraine(?). Valley drift; Kame-like knolls; MorainesfO . Kame-like and morainic hills. ^ Valley drift; moraine. Morainic knolls. Morainic kame-like hills. Kame-like knolls and glacial flood gravels; moraine(T). ^ Valley drift; gravel knolls. Strise; moraine(?) in vicinity. Valley drift; gravel knolls; moraine(?) Moraine; gravel knoll. Glacial flood gravels. Morainic terrace. NEW JERSEY. 18^ New Jersey. Bt Frorbsor Jmo. C. Smock, Assistant State Geologist, New BRTTNsrncK, N. J. Geological Formations or Epochs found In New Jersey. 20. Quaternary and Recent 20 b. Champlain. 20 a. Glacial Drift. Tertiary. 19. Tertiary. 19 0. Pliocene. It 19 b. Miocene. i( 19 a. Eocene (Upper in part). Marl Cretaceous. 18. Cretaceous. « 16. 18 g. Upper Marl (in part). 18 f. Yellow Sand. 18 e. Middle Marl. 18 d Red Sand. 18 c. Lower Marl. " 1 18 b. Clay Marls. " 18 a. Rarjtan Clay8orPlas- ! tic Clays. Triassic, or New Red Sandstone. Devonian. 10. Hamilton. 9. Upper Hel- derbcrg or Corniferous 8. Oriskany. Green Poad Mountain Rocks. 10 a. Marcellus Shale. ( 9 d. Corniferous. -< 9 c. Onondaga. ( 9 a. Cauda Galli. 8. Oriskany Sandstone. Upper Silurian. 7. L.Helderb'g it (t It i( 6. Salina. Upper Pentanierus Litnest. Encrinal " Delthyris Shale '' Lower Pentamerus " Tentaculite " 6. Water Lime. Lower Silurian. Medina Sandstone. OneidaConglomerate 6. Niagara. 6 a. 4. Hudson. 4 c. Hudson River Slate. (t 4 b. Utica Slate. 4. Trenton. 4 a. Trenton Limestone. S. Canadian. 3 a. Magnesian Limestone. 2. Primordial or Cambrian. 2 b. Potsdam Sandstone. 1. Archaean. lb. Huronian. (t 1 a. Laurentian. Notes on thk Table of Formations.— No. 21, Recent, includes the tidal meadows, the alla- vial, upland necks of the southern part of the State, the sand-heaches of the Atlantic coast, and some of the peat-deposits of the interior. Under 20 b., Cbahplaxn, are placed the modified drift bordering some of the rivers ; and deposits of the ancient lake basins. No. 20 A., Glacial, reprt;sentB the glacial drift north of the terminal moraine. The TELLOW SAND AND oii.vvEL of the Bouthem part of the State is repret churc^^^teristic fossilsTin Cumberland County, but it is not on any railroad line. The Eocene, 19 A., is recognized in the upper h jers of the upper green-sand marl-bed. The Cretaceous, 18, includes the green-sand marls of the southern part of the State and the plas- tic clays here designated as the Raritan clays. Under 16, Tblassio, the trap-rock outcrops are included with the red sandstone. The Oreen-Pond Mountain series of shales, sandstones, and conglomerates are of Devonian age, but there is some uncertainty as to their true position. They are provisionally assigned to the Upper Devonian. The Marcellus Shale, the Corniferous and Onondaga Limestones, the Caxtda Galli Grit, the Okhkant Sandstone, the Lower ^elderbero Series, and the Water Lime group occur in the Upper Delaware Valley, west of the Eittatinny Mountain. No railway line runs nearer to them than the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railway, at Carpenter's Point, and Port Jervis. The S A. E. 0., Maoneblan Limestone, is the equivalent of the calciferons sandstone of New York. The 4 B. E. 0., Utioa Slate, has not been outlined on any of the State maps, as it is almost im- possible to separate it from the Hudson River slate. In No. 1, ARORiEAN, the subdivision is based on lithology alone. The gneissic, granitic, syenitic, and other associated crystaIline!rocks are assigned to the Laurentian, and the fine crystalline, horn* blendic, schistose rocks to the Huronian. The reference to the newer and superficial formations is not made in all cases ; and the more charncteriBtic and typical localities only of the Recent and Quaternary ages are given. Some of the stations are on the boundaries of formations and cover two outcrops. The aim is to give the most conspicuous and well-developed one in such localities. ti : 1 ';;i;!!a|l 140 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW JERSEY.) Ma- I Northern Kallroad of New Jersey.* erseyCity.* « 7|New Durham.^ SiGranton. lOlRidgelield. 13lLeonia. ISlEuglewood. leHighland. ITiTenafly. ISjCrcsskill. 20|Clo8tcr.* 22 Norwood. 1. Archeean, 16. Trias. ^ J 16. Triassic, 20. Qua- I ternary, 21. Recent.* «t 4« U M tl (I tl it 4 4 18 SA 4S 40 38 40 New York, Weat Shore, and BulTalo Hallway. 'Jersey City. Weehawken." l|New Durh'm.8 ^ BLlttle Ferry. 6'RidgefieId Park. ^jHackensack. 9,Teaneck. lOjW. Englewood. 12^ Bergen Fields. 12 Schraalenburgh. 16Randall'8. 17 1 West Norwood. 19 Tappan, N. Y. 1. Arclioean. 16. Trias.*" 16. Triaeaic. '" i le.Trias., 20. Quater. ' nary, 21. Recent. * (t 11 Belleville. it 38 12 Avondalc's tt 100 13 Franklin. it 7 16 Peru. tl 13S 17;Athenia. it 130 20lPatcrson. tl 7 7 New Jersey and New York Rallroad> T C'arlstadt* ° 2 Woodridge. 6 Hackensack. Y Cherryville. 9 New Milford. 10 Oradell. 13 Westwood. 14 Hillsdale. 16 Pascack. 16 Park Ridge. 16. Trias., 21. Recent. " ii IS 11 10 it 10 ii 10 tl 10 ii 78 II 68 ii 118 11 188 In MorrlB nil], near the falls, fine section of sandstone and conglomerate, bedded trap-rock capped by the columnar trap. 10. Columnar trap-rock seen on west of road in the second mountain range. 11. Moralnic drift surface is noticeable on north of road, from here to Oakland, where the modi- fled or terrace drift can be seen, thence to Pompton on the left side of car. 12. Here the train approaches the gneissic rocks (1 a. Laurentian) in the eastern face of the High- lands. 13. South of Pompton Junction J mile, and In the left bank of the Pequannock River, there is an isolated outcrop of black, slaty rock, which is probably Huronian. The locality is in sight from the railroad track. Graphite mine ^ mile south of Bloommgdale, a ilag-Htation between Pompton and Butler. From Pompton to Charlotteburgh the road follows the Pequannock River, and excellent views of the Highland ranges are to be had from the car-window. 14. The bold escarpment of the Copperas Mountain here comes in view, and west of this station the road passes through a gap in the range. It belongs to the Green-Pond Mountain series of Devon- ian age. 15. Green Pond Mountain is seen to the southwest of the station. Green Pond, a beautiful, natu- ral lake, 1,048 feet high, is three miles souch of Newfoundland. 16. East of Stockholm the line re-enters the outcrop of the Laurentian rocks, and runs thence over them to Franklin Furnace. 17. The railroad line here runs on a remarkable moraine, which, excepting the narrow passage for the Wallkill, stretches across the valley and is one hundred or more feet high, affording pretty views on each side. West of the station there are cuts in the white, crystalline limestone. The Sterling Hill zinc-mines are southwest of the station. 18. The noted Mine Hill is northeast of and in sight from the station. The zinc-mines ot frank- Unite ore are here. Famous mineral locality. The Potsdam sandstone is cut a few rods northwest of the depot. 19. The extensive meadows of the Drownei. Lands are on the east of the road. Quarries of flag- ging-stone on Flagstone Hill west of the station. 80. The valley of the Wallkill River is on the west. 21. Modified drift of Germany Plats conceals the limestone. 22. The road here runs near the line between the slate and the magnesian limestone of the Paul- inekill Valley. The ridge bordering the valley on the southeast from Washingtonville to the Dela- ware River is slate. 23. Near Marksboro, ^Vhite Pond is noted for its shell marl deposits of Recent age. 24. The station is on the river terrace. Northward two miles, the road enters the slate belt. Qnar- ries of rooflng-slate a little way east of the road. 25. The railroad line follows the river through the gap in the conglomerate of the main southeast ridge, and then across the Medina red, gray, and olive-colored shales and sandstones. Grand scenery. 26. The road here crosses a low, upland strip of sandstone. To the southwest are to be seen the Snake Hill and Little Snake Hill— trap-rock hills. The meadows to the southeast and to the north- west are Recent. 27. (See Note 9.) The modified drift is beaatif ully exposed in hills east of the depot and in the city. 28. The red sandstone is cnt down deeply by the gorge east of the road. Northward to the State line the rock is covered by drift, and several side-cuttings show this drift. 29. The Belleville quarries, southeast of the station, yield annually a great amount of very excel- lent brownstone. 30. Tidal meadows to right. Sandstone ridge on left. The line follows the Hackensack and then the Pascack Rivers. Very few exposures of the rock ; drift surface generally. 31. This railway west of the Erie line runs westerly, and cuts into the sandstone at the south side of Snake Hill, which is trap-rock mainly. West of Arlington it cats deeply across the sandstone ridge. 1 l*r '': ■' *'.« > VJ [ ■ .■■■!i t !^ ■ ■ i ^! ^ 1 , 1- , ■•til • 5' ■■■'i '1 « ill I -, 142 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW JERSEY.) N«w York aud Greenwood Lake Ball- Dolaware, LaokawKDnaf and Weetern Ma. 1 road. Uallroad-6'o/t. 0;New York. 1. ArohsBan, 16. Trias. ^ 16, Triassic. >«° Ma. 1 Morriti and Khhux Uivieion. 1 1 Jersey City. Arliagton.* ' 20 Short Hills.** 16. Triassic, 20 a. Gla- cial. «'" 8 Newark. a 80 21 Summit. tt It 38 1 11 Blooinfield. t< 140 24 Chatham. tl 11 till 18 Montclair.'" it 880 27 Madison. II 388 17 18 Great Notcli.** Cedar Grove. a iOli 16.Triiis.,20a.Glac.'«^° I 1 81 Morristown. 1 a. Laurentian ; 16. Triassic. 3S6 19 20 UttleFall8.»« Singao. 16. Triaasic. "'"' j 16. Tiiasaic, 20 b. } Champlain, "*» 38 Morris Plains.** 87IDenville. i 16. Triafifiic; 20 b. } Chnmplnin. *"» 1 a. Laurentian. '*' 22 Mount'nView." M 1 8 fl 39Rockawa7. It 887 24 Pequannock. 14 180 43 Dover.*' " 20 a. Gla- cial «" 26PomptonPlaiu8. tt 190 27 Pomptou. l( <2A 48 Drakesvillc. 1 a. Laurentian. ^^' 82Midvalc.»8 1 1 a. Laurentian, 20 b. Ciiamplaiu. **" SiStanhope. tl 873 1 56 Waterloo.* « It 7 17 84 Ring wood June. .« S80 61 Hackettstown.*^ 8 a. Mag. Limestone. '^^ 86 Ringwood.*'^ 1 a. Laurentian. ^*°\ 67 Port Murray. 4 c. Hudson River. «°o 88 41 Hewitt. Cooper.** «( 4801 « 611 71 Washington.** 1 a. Laurentian ; 2 b. Potsdam. ""o Surface of Green wood Lake. 76 Broadway. 1 a. Laurentian. ^'i 44 State Line. tt 630 80 84 Stewart.sville. Phillipsburg."" 3 a. Magnesian. '^^ Orange Branch. tt ito 8 Newark and Bloomfleld Brnnob B. B. 11 Watsessing Jn. 16. Triaasic. **' Orange.*" | " »6» 11 14 Newark. 4 Blnomfip^ 16. Triassic. »• tl 119 Delaware, liackawaaaa, and Weetem SJMontclaii It 190 Railroad. 8 Paeealo and Delaware R. R. Summit. 2 N.Providence." 16. Triassic. »" New York. It tao 1 Hoboken.*" 16. Triassic. fi Berkel'yH'ights. ■ •I |i rs 'B II V lit ^ t98 H 349 1 338 I 4Tt ■ 611 438 398 334 311 tt3 S Newark arnd New York R. R. 1. Archaean. Jersey City. Newark. IC. Triassic. 10 36 44. The Archican rocks are west of the plains. The drift i^ thick and the plains are a part of the I old glacial Lake Passaic. The road enters tne Highlands north of this station. 4.5. Dover is the center of the iron-mine district of Morris County. 4t). The Musconetcong Valley is here entered, the road passing through the terminal moraine a I half mile north of Ilackcttstown. 47. The beautiful and fertile valley is here spread out before the traveler. Ooini: south to Port iMorray, deep cuts show slate. The Schooley's Mountain table-land is seen un the cast.' I 48. The railroad cut exposes Potsdam sandstone and Laurentian gneiss. The Pohutcong Valley [is here entered, and hence to Broadway the line follows at the side of the valley. 60. The railroad cut near Phillipsburg cuts a slaty rock, which mav be Utica slate. 61. The railroad line runs down from Summit into the valley of the Passaic and along the south- least foot of Long Hill. 62. Bernards ville is at the border of the Laurentian Highlands. 63. Modified drift forms the surface of these plains. 54. The road nins close under Garret Rock. Quarries of sandstone on the east side of this mouft- Itin, where the trap-rock can be seen upon the sanastone. On the left side of the track there are side cats in trap-rock and sandstone. On the right one sees the same rocks exposed in the bluff west of Ihe mills. Fine view of the city is here also bad. 56. (See Note 35.) 67. Here the road follows on northern foot of Hook Mountain and south of the Pompton Plains. 58. Between Whitehall and Montville there are very fine sections of high terrace hills at the right bf the track. Footprints in red sandstone at quarry one mile southeast of the station. I 59. Famous locality for ser|)entine and chrysolite at Gordon's qnarry two miles north of this sta- tion. Fossil fish locality is about two miles southeast. 60. To the east and southeast the passenger looks over the red sandstone plain— to the distant Becond Mountain range of trap-rock. 61. ^ee Note 48.) 62. Extensive iron-works and iron-mines. Tunnel through the gneissic rocks east of the station. 63. Tunnel in slate. Beautiful view of the Delaware and of Water Gap. 64. Railroad cut west of the station, near Newark Bay, shows old sand-dune upon sandstone drift. 05. Beyond this station, and on to Netherwood, railroad cuts show good sections of glacial drift rhere the terminal moraine is crossed. 66. The plahi coontry sonthwest of the moraine is here reached. First Mountain (of trap-rocw> is i the north. f V ; ^ ''!iiii 144 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW JERSEY.) Us , 3 Delaware and Beaad Break R. R. OjNew York. ] Jersey City. 81 {Bound Brook. 85 j Weston. 41 Van Aken. 46iSkillmaD.^3 48{Hopewell. SSiPeuiington. 67|Ewing. eiiTrenton. i. Arch'n; 16. Trias, 'o 16. Triassic. (( ({ ° tt 3 3S 2 b. Potsdam. *«'' 3 a. Mag, limestone, '^°'^ (I (t tt it 545 578 , Archaean (?) ; 20 b. Champlain. ^^° 687 It tt 727 l.Arch.;20a.Gla'L6^'' 870 tt tt tt tt 840 Hibemia Mine B. R. 4|Hibemia.^* II. Arch. ; 20 a. Gla'I. «*" 6 Ocden Mine R. R. 76 80 88 90 Eenvil. Hopatcong.^^ Surface of lake Hurdtown.^" Ogden Mines. j 1. Archaean ; 20 h I Champlain. '"'' tt tt 9<6 980 ias6 Ms. 7 Chester Branch R. R. 64: German Valley. 70|Che8ter.»°» 8 b. Mag. limestone. " *< 1. Archaean. '♦' Boston and Amboy R. R. Lehigh Valley R. R. 1 26 _3S 82 86 47 M 61 64 60 New York. Jersey City. Metuchen.*' Pert'i Amboy. New Market. Bound Brook. Neshanic. Flemingt'n June. Clinton. 69 71 76 Landsdown. Midvale. Pattenburg.^* West End. Bloomsbury. Pbillipsburg. 1. Arch'n; 16. Trias. >» 16. Trias. ; 20a.Glac . i » » 18 a. Rpritan clays. '« 16. Triassic. it it 39 tt 113 tt 116 8a Mag. limestone. 200 16. Triassic. tt '/(III 380 44S 1. Arch'n; 3b. Mag. ♦»« 8 b. Magnesian. ^o< 3!I Pennsylvania R. R. 1. United Railroads of New Jeraey. iNew York. 1 'jersey City.*' 8! Marion. 4 1 Meadows.** 8|Ea8t Newark. 9 [Newark. lliWaverly. 14 Elizabeth. l7jLinden. 19 [Rah way. 21IHoutenville. 28JlBelin. 24lMenlo Park." 26 Metuchen. 29 Stelton. 81 N. Brunswick.** 86 Adams. 88 Deans, 41 Monmouth JunC' tion.*^ 46 Plainsboro. 47 Princeton June, 60 61 66 1. Arch'n; 16. Trias. '» 16. Trias.; 20 a. Glac. * 21. Recent; 16. Trias. ♦ 16. Triassic. it tt «t tt tt tt tt It it ti tt 10 10 10 2S !5 25 39 8!' 90 110 90 to 110 j 18 a. Cretaceous, ( Plastic clay. "| 18 a. Cretaceous. '' Princeton. Lawrence. Trenton.'" 16. Triassic. tin i 18 a. CretaoeouB, ■ Plastic clay. "I j 1. Archaean; 20 b, ( Champlain. " ' 67. Round Valley Mountain to the Boathwest, a peculiar, horseehoe shaped ridge of trap-rock, The railroad line is at north side of it. 68. About half a mile west of Lebanon the Archaean territory is entered. 69. Here the deep valley of the north branch of Raritan is crossed. 70. Limestone dipping under the gneiss of mountain is noticeable in the railroad cut northeast ol I the station. Hence to Bloomsbury the line runs near foot of the Mnsconetcong Mountain. 71. Large iron-mines one mile southwest. 72. (See Note 80.) ^ , 78. Sourland Mountain (trap-rock) appears on right side of the car, to northwest. Beyond tse | next station (Hopewell) the road cuts across the end of the Mount Rose or Rocky HIU range. 74. Here the road enters the German Valley, shut in by Archaean ranges of mountains. 75. The underlying formation (presumably ArchteanHs here concealed by drift. The same is tnt I at the succeeding stations of Drakesville and Kenvil. The low ridges on the east of the line are a| •aadatoue (Green Pond Mountain series). 8EY.) R. imestcne. n. 849 .R. 16. Trias 20a.Glac 10 100 tan clays. 10 ic. 61 39 111 .116 limeatoDe ttoo NEW JERSEY. 145 2 Woodbrldse and Pertb Amboy R. R. Ms. I 19 20 22 23 24 26 New York. Ruhway. Perth Amboy Jn. Edgar's Woodbridge.«9 Spa Spring. Perth Amboy. ^° 16. Triassio. ss 20 ( IS a. Cretaceous, Ra- "1 ritan clays. ■"' 18 a. Cretaceous. ""' « 10 li 4U Mb. I Lebigb and Hndaon Rtver R. R. 3 a. BelTldere Delaware R. R. OjTrenton.^^ 4 Asylum.^* 8 Somerset. 9 Wash'ton Cross. lOTitusville.s* 12 Moore's. 16 Lambertville.9* 19 Stockton."' 28 Bull's Island. 26 Tumble. 31 Frenchtown. 36Milford.9« 38 Holland. 42Riegelsville.^* 45iCarp'nterville.99 PhiUipsburg.io« Harmony Martin's Creek. Belvidere. Manunka Chunk. 50: 53 57 64 68 1. Arch'n ; 2 b. Fotsd. 16. Triassic. (t (I (( K tt (i ad southeast of the station. 82. Here the road leaves the red sandstone territory and enters the gneiss in the Miisconetcong tannel. A fold of the magneslan limestone in it. At the west end entrance of the tunnel the deep cut exposes disintegrated gneisses, and to west the magnesian limestone and hydro-mica slates. West End iron-mines. , 83. Bergen Cut, in trap-rock, between Jersey City and Marion. 84. The road here crosses the Newark Meadows. Much buried cedar timber in the black earth ; I and the stamps and fallen trunks may be seen from the car-windows. 85. The terminal moraine is crossed between this station and Metnchen. 86. The red sandstone forms bluffs in right bank of the Raritan, which are seen crossing the I bridge. 87. Low cuts here and hence to Trenton in drift sand and gravel. They conceal the underlying I foroiations. 88. The gneissic rocks are to be seen in the Delaware River above the railroad bridge. Northeast I of the station a long cut exposes a gravel formation, which belongs to the Trenton terrace level. Mas- todon tusk has been found in it. Rude flint implements found by Dr. Abbott in this formation, south of station, in the river Muff. 89. Center of fire-clay digging and fire-brick works. Very large banks west and south of the I village. w. Southern limit of glacial drift at mouth of the Raritan River 91. A micaceous sandstone (Potsdam) near the Warren Street p..ation. 98. Coarse, T>ebbly beds of the Triassic are noticeable nenr Asylum station. Thence, up the river, |many cuts iu tlie red sandstone. Near Greensburg there ^re larr^e quarries of sandstone. 93. Trap-rock of Smith's Hill, north of TitusvlUe. 94. Goat Hill (trap-rock) south of this station. North of it, and east of the town, remarkable ez- |amples of indurated Biiales. Tonrmaline locality. 95. Sandstone quarries. 96. Flagstone quarries north and northeast of village. Pebble bluff, a huge wall of red conglom- erate northwest of the village, at foot of which is the road. Nockamlzon Clifls on opposite (Penn- jiylvania) side. 96. Muaconetcong Mountain range of gneiss south of station. Ill i wmm fcv. r ,-'j) :> 146 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GTTIDE. (NEW JERSEY.) Mb. I 4. Koeky HIU Braneh R. R. 41 46 47 New York. Mom louth Junction. Kingston. RockjHill.»o^ j 18 a. Cretaceous, l ritan clay. 16. Triaasic. Ra. 9< 60 60 5. Amboy DlTlalon. 8 10 14 16 18 21 24 27 81 84 86 87 89 48 -46 47 49 BO 68 64 67 61 62 New York. So. Amboy. '<" Old Bridge. Spotswo<^. Jamesburg. Prospect Plains Granbury. Hi^htstown. Windsor. Newtown. Yardville. Bordentown. 18. Cretaceous ; a. ritan clays. M U 18. Cretaceous ; Clay marls. II Trenton.»°9 White Hm."«> Einkora. Florence. Burlington. Edgewater. Beverly. Delanco. Riverside. Riverton. Palmyra."' Fish House."* Camden. Philadelphia. M U II 1. Archaean. T9. Ra. so 10 <9 73 140 b. 110 99 8S ISC 83 10 ■^3 6. Freehold and Jmrneahurg Asrloaitwrai Ms. I B. R. Cretaceous ; Plastic clays ; Clay marls. 18. Cretaceous Plastic clays. II II (t (t u 41 U ti u a. b. 10 a. 10 41 Monmouth Junc- tion. 43 Dayton. 49 Jamesburg 64Englishtown."3 68 Freehold. 61 Howell's. 66Farmingdale."4 69 Allaire. 73 74 Manasquan. Sea Girt. (18. Cretaceous ; a. Ra. ( ritan clay. 9' «» 90 «« 73 IS.Cret.; a. b. Clay m'U. ( " d. Red sand." «« 1 " c. Lower marl. " e. Middle marl. ( " f. Yellow sand. ■J " g. Upper marl. ( Eocene. II 19. Tertiary. II 7. PembeitOB and Hlshtatown R. R. Hightstown. 6'Sharon. 7|Imlaystown. 10 Cream Ridge."" 12 Hornerstown. 16|NewEgypt."6 20 Wrightstown. 23 Lewistown. 26|Pemberton."^ 18. Gret's; b. Clay marls. II II II II j " d. Red sand bed. I " c. Lower mrl bed. " e. Middle marl. ( " f. Yellow sand. I " g. Upper marl. " f. Yellow sand, II II II " e. Middle marl. " f . Yellow sand. " 6- tTpper marl. 9. BarllngtoB R. R. Burlington. Mount Holly."' 18 Cretaceous ; a. Plastic clay. '" I 18. Cret'ous; b. Clay marl; c. Lower mrl; u. Red sand. ^ilil 90. Pohatcong range of gneiss north of this place. 100. Two miles to north the railroad line runs at river foot of Marble Mountain. Homblcndic ■chiBte, crystalline limestone, steatite (quarries) and gneisses. Some of these may be Huronian. River terraces at Belvidere. 101. The line skirts mountain on west, Pequest Valley on east. Teruilnal moraine lies acroBS Tui- ley near Townsbnry. 108. Great Meadows is an old glacial lake-basin filled by drift and recei t alluvial deposits. 103. The once famous Andover iron-mine is northeast of station and near the track. To northeut a chain of natural lakes in a modified drift, valley underlain by limestone. 104. A remarkable cut in glacial drift south of the station. 105. Large quarries in white, crystalline limestone in this vicinity and near Hamburgh. On eatt the high Wawayanda Mountain ; on the west, Pochuck Mountain ; both ranges of gneisslc rocks, 1(W. Copper-mine west of town. 107. Trap-rock quarries south of station. 108. Fossil-leaf locality la clay-pits near shore. 109. ^ee Notes 88 and 91.) 110. Fine sections of clay-marls, and the clays in the bluff, and at clay-banks near Kinkora. North- west of Florence station and in the river bluff the yellow gravel covers thirty or more feet of Cretaceooi | clays and sands. 111. Fine section of gravel, sands, and Cretaceous clay in south bank of the Pensauken Creek. 118. Clay-pits. Locality of fossil unios in clay. 118. Marl-pits north of railroad line— as near Freehold. Red sand forms surface at Freehold. 114. Bztensive marl-pits m vicinity. Lower layer of upper bed mostly opened. Upper layer li Eocene. Many'fossUs. 116. Lower marl is opened in this neighborhood for marls. 116. Good section along Crosswicks Creek, showing all the marl-beds and their layers. Uppo I marl-bed is worked in vicinity of New Egypt. Many fossils. 117. Large pits near the village, in the middle bed. .T , NEW JERSET. ' 147 Kb. I 8. Klakora Braneli R. R. e lies across val- 4 1 9 10 Kinkora."' Columbus.**" Jobstown. Juliustown. Lewistown. I" b. 18. Cretaceous. Plaauc clay. Clay marls. 'IS.Oret's b.Claymrl. " c. Lower marl " d. Red sand. " e. Middle marl. " f . Yellow sand. 10. Camden and Bnrllnston Connty R. R. Philadelphia. 1 Camden. 18. Cret's ; a. Plas. clay. 6 Merchantville. t( « 11 Moorestown. " b. Clay marl. 14 Hartford. u tt 16 Masonville. • " c. Lower marl. 18 Hunesport. Ct it 20 Mt.Holly.i«i ■ " d. Red sand. 22 Smithrille. ■ " d. Red sand. " e. Middle marl. 24 Birmingham. '*' <( <4 26 Pemberton. t( (( 11. Pemberton and Sea>Shore R. R. 25 So. Pemberton. 29 New Lisbon. 48 Whitings. 62 Toms River. 66 Island Heights. 68 Bamegat Pier. iSeasidePark.»" 60 Berkeley.!** 64 Chadwick. 70 Bay Head. [Bay Head June. ?1 Point Pleasant. 72 Brielle. 78,MaDasquan. 74;gea Girt. n8. Cretac's; g. Uppor { marl ; f . yellow sand. 19. Tertiary; c. Pliocene. it ti 21. Recent. it ii (t it « (( it ti it it it it 10 10 s s Its Ms. 12. Medfard Bimneli R. R. Mount Holly. Lumberton. Medford.»«« 18. Cret's; b.Cl'ymrb. " c. Lower marl " d. Red sand. " d. Red sand. " e. Middle marl. " f. Yellow sand. " g. Upper marl New York and Lon* Branch R. R. 1 13 14 21 26 27 28 80 82 84 38 42 44 47 48 60 62 66 66 68 60 New York. Jersey City. Elizabetbport. Elizabeth. Sewaren. Perth Amboy. South Amboy. Morgan.!*^ ClifFwood. Matawan.i"* Hazlet. Middletown.»*9 Red Bank. Little Silver. Branchport. Long Branch. ' '" Elberon. Deal Beach."! AsburyPark.*'* Key East. Ocean Beach. Spring Lake. Sea Girt. L Arch'n; 16. Trias. »» 16. Triassic. ><> it tt it ts j 18. Cretaceous; a. Ra- \ ritan clays. 3" it 10 tt 10 18. Cret's; b. Clay marls. tt tt it " c. Lower marl. " d. Red sand, it It " d. Red sand. " e. Middle marl, it it j " f. Yellow sand. ( •' g. Upper marl. 19. Tertiary; c. Pliocene. it it ii it it u ti (I Frerhold and New York R. R. 1 14 New York. Jersey City. Matawan. Keyport. 1. Arch'n; 16. Trias. " 18. Cret's; b. Clay marls. 118. Holly Monnt consists of red-eand bed capping lower marl rising above the clay-marl plain. 119. (See Note 110.) lao. Here, as at many localities in We t Jersey, the strata are concealed ; and the dip of beds is ao slight that there is some uncertainty in some localities wliat are the underlying strata, ill. (See Note 118.) 122. (See Note 117^ 123. Sea-beaches (Recent). 124. Artesian well here snrikes the marl-beds after penetrating overlying gravels, sands, and clays. 125. Or, possibly. Pliocene. 126. Marl>pit8 in both the middle and upper beds in the vicinity of village. 127. The railroad line here cats into the stoneware clay-bed, going toward South Amboy. South- ward the dark-colored clays and the clay-marls are exposed in the cats. 128. Matavan Creek cuts into clay-marls. 129. Bailroad cat tliroagh lower bed, at station. Deep cat in red sand south, one mile. 130. Surface clays end navels may he Pliocene. 131. Pits in appei marl-Ded— west of railroad line— at Poplar, also near Deal Beach. 182. The BapeiT.cial beds are probably Pliocene. Artesfan-well borings pass through these and reach the Cretacecas marl series. 133. Mount Pleasant Hills (red-sand bed and lower marl) to southeast. 134. Numeroos marl-pits in vicinity, and many fossils. Red-sand bed forms hills generally. 135. A sandy strip of beach-sand and Recent. 130. Navesink Highlands to west of river— of red-aand bed, capphig lower marl. Latter ia Men in north or Raritan Bay side of Highlands. > tj , 148 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW JERSEY.) Mb. I Freehold aad New York R. R.— Con. 22 Morganville.^^' Wickatunk. Marlboro'gh."* Freehold. IS. Gret's; b. Clay marls. j " c. Lower marl. i " d. Red sand. (( it 39 Cedar Lake. Landisville. Vineland. Bradway. Rosenha3m. Bridgeton. Bowentown. Greenwich.!**' Bayside. 21. Recent. 19. Tertiary. 18. Cretaceous. " d. Red sand. (I u ({ S4 " f. Yellow sand. " 6* Upper marl. li It 19. Tert. (i It It tt It it c. Pliocene.' ' ti It (I II It It 4S 187 143 136 98 It II It II It II It It It It It tt tt tt It II It tt II 21. Recent. 3. Atlantic HIcblande Branch R. R. Red Bank. Chapel Hill. Hopping. AtlanticHighlde. Port Monmouth. ( 18.Cret'8;d.Reds'nd. 1 '* e. Middle marl. " d. Red sand. " b. Clay marls. " d. Red sand. 21. Recent; 18 a. CI. mrl. Me. I 8. Toms RiTer and Waretown R. R, New York. 0, Sandy Hook. 40 Manchester. 47 61 53 65 69 62 Toms River. Bayville. Cedar Creek. Forked River. Waretown. Bamegat. 21. Recent. 19. Tert'ry; c. Pliocene. 11 It tt It II It II It It It 11 II Tnckerton R. R. 5 7 11 15 17 21 26 29 Whitings. Bamber. Lacy. Middle Branch. Waretown June. Bamegat.!*! Manahawken. West Creek. Tuckerton. 19. Tert'ry; c. Pliocent. It ii II It It II tt Recent. « It 11 it tt It Camden and Atlantic R. R. 1 7 10 12 17 19 28 27 80 88 86 41 47 52 69 Philadelphia. Camden. Haddonfield. Ashland. Kirk wood.!** Berlin. Atco. Waterford. Winsiow.!'* Hammonton. Da Costa. Elwood. Egg Harbor. Pomona. Absecon. Atlantic City. 18, 19. Cret's; a. Plas. d'ys.' " b. Clay marls. '» " c. Lower marl. " d. Red sand. " e. Middle marl.«9 Tert.;c.PUoc'ne.!'« It II ' It II II It 11 It 11 It It II It It 21. " and 21. Recent Recent. ' Phf ladelphla, Marlton and Medford R. B. 1 7 18 Philadelphia. Camden. Haddonfield. Marlton. ISMedford.!" 18.Cret's;a.Pla8.cry8.« " b. ':^Iay marls. " " e. Middle marl. /It II "I " f . Yellow sand. ( ** g. Upper marl. Wllllaniatown R. R. Atco. Williamstown. 19. Tert'ry ; c. Pliocene. It 11 137. Much sandy gravel on hills in vicinity, which may be Pliocene. Shark Biver marl-pits neu | villase and sontheast of station. Noted Eocene fosBil locality. 188. Clay-pits near station. , 189. Olass-sand pits. Olass-works. Artesian well reached Cretaceous marls three hnndred m \ •izty feet deep. 140. A very fertile allnvial upland neck. 141. The lower npland points are probably Becent, as are the tidal marshes along this coast 14S. Pits in middle man-bed at side of track. VEYf JERSET. 149 f ; c. Plioceni. ' it and 21. Recent. Medford R. B. f . Yellow sand. g. Upper marl. pt'ry ; c. Pliocene. liver marl-pitB not three hondred asl | sng thifl coast. nbiy't Landlnv and Bsc Harbor R> R. Us. I Egg Harbor. May's Landing. 19. Tert'ry; c. Pliocene. a u Philadelphia and Atlantic City R. R. 8 4 5 1 8 9 11 14 15 16 19 21 23 27 SO 88 88 48 49 68 Camden. Oakland. Linden. Dentdale. Magnolia. SomerriUe. Laurel. Clementon. Albion. Lansborough. Willi'mst'wn Jn. Cedar Brook. Blue Anchor. Winslow. Hammonton. Da Costa. Elwood. Egg Harbor. Pomona. Pleasantville. Atlantic City. 18. Gret's; a. Plas. clays- li t« it it li II ly whether plac3s stand upon Ciiemung, Catskill, Pocono or Mauch Chunk rocks. In such cases, Chemung has been pre- ferred, because the others might be studied In the surrounding hills on account of the general hori- zontality of the bedding. The last column in the table slvef 3 numbers assigned to the Paleozoic formations in 1837, and their modifications since 1874. All abo . XII are additions. J. P. L. i V'l 152 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( PA.) Pennsylvania.* r i > J*:.) Pennsylvania Railroad. Ms. New York DiTiaion. Alt. 6 13 23 26 82 88 W. Philadelphia. Kensingi^on.^ Holmesburg. Bristol. Tullytown. MorrisTille. Trenton, N. J. 1. Azoio. 20. Quaternary. 1. Azoio. 32 27 21 in 84 ( See New Jersey.) «3 Pennsylvania Diriaion— Main Line. 6 9 20 22 28 83 39 44 47 61 67 W. Philadelphia. Merion. Bryn Mawr. Paoli. Malvern. Oakland.' "s Downingtown. Coatesville. Parkersburg. Penningtonville. Gap.» Lemon Place.* Azoic. « ' 82 « iia " »S4 « 546 f 2-4. Siluro-Cam- \brian. (Calcifous?) r 3 a. &4 a. Magnesian \ Limesto's & &Iarble8 « 880 2 b. Potsdam 8. 8. »«^ « 600 1. Azoic. »»» ( 2-4. Siluro-Cam- 1 brian Limesto's. » • * Ms. Pennsylvania Railroad. Pennsylvania Div.— Main Line— Con. All, Gl 69 76 81 87 95 96 106 111 118 120 133 138 143 148 152 155 162 167 178 Bird-in-Hand. Lancaster. Landisville." Mount Joy. Elizabeth town." Branch Inter.' Middletown. Harrisburg. Rockville.« »»<> Marysville. Duncannou.' Newport. Millerstown.i' Thompsontown. TuBcarora. Perrysville.i* Mifflin. Narrows.^ 2 Lewistown. Mc Vey town. * » ( 2-4. Siluro-Cam-3»9 \ brian Limestones. « 819 « 405 « 86« 16.Triassic. *ii « 314 lime. ;e ^20 Slate. 4 c. Hudson Riv. Slate. 5 a. Oneida Conglom'e 12 Catskill b. s. \ •>« 11 b. Chemung. ( »»! f 5 b. Clinton and «»' \ fossil Iron ore beds. 7. L. Helderberg. *" 10. Hamilton. «»9 t< m 441 (4 a. Trenton I stone and edge of 4 b. Utioa S 5 b. Clinton. « 7. L. Helderberg. 4tl 8]] 1. JCen$ington. This line runs along the Delawnre river over alluvion and modified glacial drift, based upon Azoic rocks, upon which lie the bottom layers of the Cretaceous of Now Jersey. 2. Oakland. Here the line finally leaves the Azoic rocks, across a fault, and vasses white marble quarries to the Westchester Valley, rocks vertical, and probably identical witlt those of westers Vermont. 3. Gap. Beds of quicksand. Wharton's famous nickel mine not far off. 4. Lemon Place. From here ^o Elizabethtown, over the garden of Pennsylvania, the great lime- stone plain of Lancaster; steep dips; plications and faults innumerable; structure difficult. 6. LandisvUle. Zinc mines recently worked one mile to the east. 6. Elizabethtown. Road runs for a mile or two along part of a greenstone trap dike, twenty miles long, extending from the Cornwall iron mines near Lebanon, to the Susquehanna river at Falmouth, and into the trap region of York County. Good place to study the action of the trap rock in metamor- phosing the beds of Ifew Red. 7. Branch Inter. South edge of the limestones of the Oreat Valley. 8. SoekviUe. Finest section in the State here. Seven miles thickness of rock, nearly vertical, slightly overiurned, so that the upper formations seem to plunge beneath the lower, may here be measured, viz : From the Hudson River slates (Siluro-Camorian), up to the Coal Measures on the summit of the Third Mountain. 9. Duneannon. Here a greenstone trap dike only 4 feet thick, crosses the road and river. It carries iron ore. One mile west, a coal bed is opened in the Pocono Sandstone, the representative of the New River Coal System of Montgomery County in Virginia. Five miles east is a curious notrh In the summit of Peter's (Fourth) Mountain, where the Dauphin-Halifax Turnpike crosses its crest The vertical wall is scored horizontally with glacial striw { »). Notice the terrace which the Cat.skill makes on the north flank of Peter's Mountain opposite Duneannon; it is the finest exhibition of Catskill terraoj erosion in the State. See Notes 77 and 170. 10. Militrttown. Clinton fossil ore bed extensively worked here and at Mifilin. 11. PeirrytviUe. Best pUce to study the little coal beds in Hamilton (Lower Devonian) rocks. 12. Narrowt. Long Narrows. River flows In a narrow synclinal between anticlinals of Medina. 13. Mi Veytoum. Good place to study Oriskany glass sand quarries, one mile back of Mc Veytown on the opposite (north) side of river. * The altitudes In this chapter are taken from Report N, by Charles Allen, Assistant Geologist. and f^om other reports of the survey. The datum is high water in the Schuylkill and seven feet have been added to reduce to mean surface of the Ocean. PENNSYLVANIA. 168 M!>. res 191 19o [203| 210 210; 220 223 227 231 237 1242 Pennsylvanls Railroad. PfnngylTADia Div.— Maia Line— Con. Alt. Newton Hamil'D. Mount Union. Mapleton."* Huntingdon.!' Petersburg. jSpruce Creek.i* I Birmingham.!^ Tyrone. Tipton.*' Bell's Mills.!* Altoona. KittaningPt.!9 |24C* Gallitzin. |2o2 Cresscn. 1255 Lilly. *>^ Wilmore. 265|SouthFork.a! 26i» Mineral Point. (!74 Conemaugh. 276 Johnstown. 285Ninevah. 290jNew Florence. 295 Bolivar. 2 a BOl Blairsville Int." 10. Hamilton. 6 b. Clinton. 7. L. Helderberg. 10 b. Hamilton. 6. Salina. 4 a. Trenton L. a. 8 a. Calciferous. 6 b. Clinton. 10. Hamilton. S99 897 S93 622 678 777 tea 907 990 1060 1178 1S94 12. Catakill. f 14b.CoalMea8-»>6i ■I ures of the Alle- ( gheny Biv. Series II II II « « It II II II II 2017 1887 1557 1485 1414 1225 1184 1121 1076 1033 1 iia I Pennaylvanla Il.'^llroad. ^^I^'. Pennsylvania Div.— Main ^jine.— C'oi. Wi Deny. 818|Latrob8.2 4 !oo« 323 Greensburg. 8^8Penn. 383, Irwin's. 843 Brinton's. 347;Wilkin8burg. 354:Pitt9burgh.''» Alt. 14 b. Barren Mres.117* r 14 0. Monongabela \ Riv. Series of C. M. (t 1091 9 74 « 88 4 « 787 14 b. Barren Mres. »23 east, up bpnice Creek a dozen miles, are the largest limonite mines of the interior of the State. 17. Birmingham. Here Potsdam comes up in the center of the overturned anticlinal. 18. BelV$ Mills. Blair's mine, between Bell's Mills and Altoona. An open quarry in limonite on bri-'kany and Helderberg outcrops; very curious. Unique exposure of eelestine in the bank of the (reek below Bell's Mills. 19. Kittaning Ft. Horseshoe Bend, on 1° gradient, cuts off the point of a spur of horizontal bevonian measures, between two ravines ; coal mines p.t the huad of each ravine ; curious scenery. •20. Lilly. Coal mines and coke ovens for miles. 21. South Fork. The anticlinal at the Viaduct brings up the Mauch Chunk Red Shale 20 feet bove grade, and produces the three-mile loop in the river. A very curious place. Notice the oulders of false bedded Pocono sandstone lying in the bed of the valley below, under the viaduct. 22. Bolivar. A vast bed of fire-brick clay half a mile back. 23. Blairsville Int. Notice the arch of Pocono and Catskill opposite. On the opposite mountain bp lies a small patch of the lowest coal bed of the Allegheny River series. See also note 73. 24. Latrobe. Here the Pittsburgh Coal Bed is first met— the lowest bed of the upper productive loQongahfcla River) Coal Series. Down the Loyalhanna, left bank, six miles, tne hill slopi^ is bvered with cubic blocks of sand rock 20 feet high and 100 feet on a side, moved several hundred letdown a gentle slope ffm their original sites. I 25. Pittsburgh. The iittsbui 'h Cob', Bed is seen mined at the hil! tops south of the city, 350 feet bove the Monongahela River level. At t^e south end of the hill behind the city, stand? au oil well Brrlek 70 feet high, 100 feet above the .^vreets. It has been bored to a depth of 2,300 feet, through le Butler Oil Rocks, but yie' ',s nuiniug but a stream of strong brine. 1 26. Sunbury. Fine cliffs opposite, west side of the river. Superb landscape from hill Ji mile ^ck of station. 27. Milton. In the centra of a rolling plain of Salina antlcllnals and synclinals crossing the ^er from east to west, bounded on the west by anticlinal Oneida and Medina Mountains called le "Buffalo," "Seven Mountain," "Jacks," etc., around the bases of which run the outcrops of the Issil ore. 28. Muney. Plenty of fossils; fine cliffs of Chemung and Portage facing the river on the east Be. Last appearance of Silurian Mountains of Middle Pennsvlvanla towards the north-east— the Id of the Bald Eagle Mountain (5 a. Medlna^ close along the railroad. Facing the spectator, In the Irth, appears the wall of the Allegheny Mountain with patches of the lowest coal ou the broken test plateau above. I 29. Williomtport. Five miles south, through a gap, lies the little secluded Musquito Valley oi luro-Cambrian limestone, with black marble quarries of Trenton limestone. i r :i' '•' > m < 16i AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( PA.) Peiinitylvanla Railroad. 1 Pennitylvania Railroad. Ma. Philkdelphia and Erie Divliion— Om. Alt. Mh. Philadelphia and Erie Division— Con. Alt 69 Queen's Run.* a 11 b. Chemung. 9B4 284 Pittsfleld. 11 b. Chemung, i^^i 75 Femey. « »9S 288 Garland.* » '« IJOI 80 Whitham. Ik «19 244 Spring Creek. " 13)! 86 Hyner. i< 044 249 Columbus. " nor 89 North Point. i( 0S7 251 Corry.** <• Hi! 92 Renovo.3» It 072 266 Concord. •• mi 98 Westport. « 691 262 Union. " 12:1 102 Cook'B Run. i( V09 269 Waterford. «« lUI 106 Keating. it 719 276 Jackson: • • liV 110 Round Inland. ti rsj 281 Bello Valley.** 11 u. Portage. " ' 117 120 Sinnemahoning. « 794 288 Erie. 'SO i ( ; . ; Driftwood.'** 12. Catskill. 8 15 129 Sterling. « 814 Sunbury Brnnoh. 183 189 148 Cameron." Emporium. 3 8 Beech wood i( fi A 9 « V Q « 1081 1252 11 Sunbury.** Danville.*^ 12. Catskill. 11 5 b. Clinton. «" "VWa* " WU* - ■« J «_ All 1. -r.. I 20 Catawissa. Catskill-Chemung.*?' 160 165 St. Mary's. »88 7 Dagu8cahonda.»* < 14 b. Allegheny niv. \ Series of Coal Mres. 12. Catskill. i*-" 54 Conyngham. Cranberry. Hazleton.** « (( Hb.Anth. CoalMrM, « « « nil 170 Ridgeway.** Wilmarth. lib. Chemung. 12. Catskill. 1393 178 1447: "86 Nescopec.** 10 b. Hamilton. 184]Wilcox.»9 " 199 Wetmore. i< 1808 : 35 Mt. Grove.* 2 13 b. Mauch Chunk. 202 Ludlow. 8. Ridgeway. Down the Clarion are coal mines and salt and oil borings (no oil). 39. Wilcox. Deep gas wells (no oil). The Bishop Summit coal mines, 10 miles to the 001 east ; Johnson's Run coal basin to the east. 40. Kane. Summit of the country. Lowest coal bed. Road northeast, through forest, 15 mill to Alton coal mines; thence railroad down Tuniangwant to the Bradford oil wells. J 41. Sheffield, Here the Olean conglomerate may be well studied in connection with the loffl coal bed. 42. Warren. Capital centre point for the geological student. Fossils in the hills around, cliffs of Olean conglomerate crown the hill tops. Butler- Venango oil sands crop out in the foot-cii Oil wells sunk in the valley bottom reach Warren oil sand group at 000 to 600 feet. Railroads doij the river; and across to Titusville. Good hill-roads to Pleasantville and Oil City, along the | original oil belt. . . 43. Oarland. Olean conglomerate quarries on the peak of the hill, one mile northwest Toff oil sand crops out in the valley bed. 44. Carry. Oil refineries ; very high land. , 45. Belle Valley descends rapidly through a ravine, in Chemung and Portage rocks, to the I shore. PENNSYLVANIA. 156 muiig. 12)1 ISO) it 1311 t( 140! « Hil (1 liH t< V.-.i It lUI tt liit •tncrft- 10") lanett's Branch. Ms. Pt>nu«ylTanta Railroad— Conf tnutii. Columbia Branch. Alt. 7 12 16 23 27 80 88 Lancaster. Mountville. Columbia.** Marietta. Bainbridge.»» Falmouth. Highspire. Baldwin. 87 Harrisburg. f 2-4. Siluro-Cam \brian Limesto's. *>* i< 404 i< 3 51 l< 280 (I ail 16. Triassio. Pennsylvania Railroad— Continued. Ms. Ea! Ebensburg and Cresson Branch. Cresson. BKaylor's. 11 Ebensburg. f 14 b. CoalMr8.«o»» \ Allegheny Riv. Ser. 3032 Bedford Division. (See Huntingdon and Broad Top Railroad.) Mount Dallas. •<> 8, Bedford. «i »o8 2 13 Napier. 18 Sulphur Springs. 22 Bard's. 31 Hyndman.«» 36 Cook's Mills. 39 State Line, Md. 41 Mt. Savage, Jn." 45 Cumberland, " 5 b. Clinton. i«»» 7. Lower Helderberg. 6 b, Clinton. "»» It 10. Hamilton. 7. Low. Held. •»» u 774 It 72S 11 887 II 63S 46. Tipton. Branch railroad to mines recently opened in Pocono coal measures. Very important geological locality. 47. Danville. Famous and extensive fossil ore (Clinton^ iron mines, sunk deep. Iron works here and at Bloomsburg. Ore crops along both sides of mountain ridge for 16 miles. May be studied on the anticlinal arch in the gaps at ooth places. Medina arch in the gap through Montour's Ridge. Fine clitfs of Portage and Chemung along the river. Fine collecting ground for fossils at I the limestone quarries. 48. Hazleton. Mammoth and other anthracite beds mined extensively along this road ; remark- lable open cut mines. 49. Neteopee. Pine gap through the Nescopec mountain to the south. 50. Nantieoke. A remarkable mining accident occurred in the vicinity of Nanticoke, December [18, 1885. The roof of a coal mine which was only three feet thicK, but which was overlaid by 257 feet lof glacial drift, caved in. The glacial gravel fliled the mine and entrapped 26 miners. Exposure of red |bea8 of No. XI, 600 feet thick on south side of river extending from Nanticoke gap to Shickshinny. I The mountain on the north side of the river is made of No. X. No. XII caps the mountain on the bouth side of the river. The thickening of the red shale between Pittston and Nanticoke is gradual. |Bee Note 122. 51. Mainvilte. Fine gap and section of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks here. 62. Mt. Orove. Pass the isolated synclinal McCauley's mountain and coal basin between here land next station. I 53. Rock Olen. Enter here the northern basin of the Eastern Middle Anthracite coal field. IFine views down upon the red shale. Cunningham valley northward. I 64. Columbia. Five miles back toward Lancaster, famous limonite iron mines. Road runs up Ithe east bank of the river, six miles, under cliffs, to Chicques. Chicques rock, 300 feet high, Potsdam. IGeology still obscure and verv interesting. I 56. Bainbridge. One mile after passing this, enter Trias (dipping N. W.) and continue on it to |flighspire. 66. Avondala. Serpentine belt crossed here, and before reaching here. 67. York. This road follows the York county belt of the Cadorus (S.-C.) limestones, with the south-east edge of the Trias, not far off on the right, and the north-west edge of the Azoic country on phe left. Pigeon Hills (Azoic or perhaps Potsdam ?) to the right before reaching Hanover. Trap yikes just west of Hanover, and at LIttlestown. 68. Willianuburg. The great Springileld furnace limonite mines are (by Mine Railroad) five niles to the south. 69. Franktioten. Old and extensive Clinton (fossil) ore mines here. c m AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( PA.) I ■>: Pennsylvania HuUroud—Coiitinutd. Pennsylvania Railroad— Cbn^inu>>< 61 Mill Hall. 873 22 Martinsburg. « isei 66 Lock Haven. :,ii 28 Henrietta. 8 » •< liOi 81 Milesburg.** 700 Southwest Pennsylvania Branch. 88 RftllAfnTltA «» 4 n. Trnntnn 744| ~T Fairchance 14 0. U. Coal Mres. Tyrone and Clearfleld Division. 1 2 7 Oliphant. Un ontown. 44 Oi Tyrone. 6 Vanscoyoc. 6 b. Clinton. 907 44 »)3 12. Catskill. 1437 11 Laniont Furn.^o 44 loai 13Sumnnt.«9 »<>*» 14 a. PottsvilleConglol 16 Dunbar. Ti « Hi 19 Osceola. 8 If 14 b. Coal Mra. I4a» 20 Connellsville. '' • 14 b. Barren Mrs. >is 24 Pliillipsburp. »> 47 Curwinsville. 44 1141 60. Mt. Dallas. Exteni^ive fossil ore mines at Everett, eaot of Mount Dalla.s; and in the gap of the mountain approaching Bedford. Cl. Bedford. Mineral waters. Abundance of Helderberg and Oriskany fossils; interesting and varied geology; iron mines around. Dunning mountain, foiisil iron ore mines, north-east. 62. Hyndman. At north end of, but outside of the Cumberland coal basin. 63. Bald Eagle. This and the following stations are at old iron furnaces, not able to use their fossil ore close by, and therefore hauling Sil.-Cambrian limonites from the Warrior Mark Valle;, over the Bald Eagle mountain. 64. Milesburg. Entrance gap to the Nittany Limestone Valley, which is full of iron ore banks. 65. Bellefonte. Trenton fossils abundant here. To the soutii-east, seven miles, Nittany Mountain, in the centre of tho valley; fine views; curious geology; synclinal ships-keel mountain; turnpike road. Fine section of lim'^-tono beds on the great anticlinal of Nittany Valley. 66. Summit. Summiv 'Allegheny Mountain and east edge of the bituminous coal fields. Here Powell's semi-bitumlnoub coal mines. 67. Oteeola, Many coal mines along the Moshannon above and below this in the 1st sub-division of First Basin. Road gets into 2d sub-division over a low anticlinal. All the mines along this road are on beds of the Allegheny River series. 68. Bearing Springs. Here enter Morrison's Cove by a gap in the nearly vertical Medina and Oneida rocks of Dunnmg's Ridge. Fossil ore outside (W.); Bloomfield limonite mine (very famous) inside (E.) U. S. cannon made at Pittsburgh from pig metal from the furnace in the gap. Sinking springs up the run. 69. Henrietta. Old limonite mines (very rich), Schoenberger's. A few miles further on are the large, recent, and curious Leathercrucker Cove limonite mines of the Cambria Company. Remarka- ble faults. 70. Lamont Furnace. Important outcrop of the iron ore beds underlying the Pittsburgh Coal bed, 71. Dunbar. Mt.uch Chunk red shale iron ore beds in the ravines of the mountain. 72. Connellsville. Centre of the coke trade. Miles of coke ovens along the road from here toward Greensburg and toward Mount Pleasant. (See Coke Report, L. 1877, Second Oeologicsl Survey of Pa.) Pittsburgh bed 12 feet thick in this narrow basin. 73. Blairsville Int. Occupies the same position on the Kiskaminitas that Connellsville (72) do«j on the Youghioghany, in the center of the narrow first gas coal basin west of Chestnut ridge, Pittsburgh coal bed on the hills opposite, south side river. See also Note 23. 74. Saltsburg. Two miles furtner the Pittsburgh bed occupies the central hills of the third gas coal basin. Old salt wells along the river bringing up brine from the Pocono sandstone. 76. Leeehburg. Famous gas well 1,260 feet deep, on south side of river. Gas from first (?) oil sand (of Butler and Venango) brought across the river on bridge, to rolling mill. Gas furnaces for | puddling iron here first successfully used. See Report L. Geological Survey. Some miles to tbe south are the famous Murraysville gas wells. 76. Tarentum. Group of great gas wells : gas piped to Pittsburgh. 77. Mtllersburg. End of tne long trap dike is just back of this. See Notes 9 and 170. 78. Allegheny Cfity. Remark the typical Eddy Hill in the centre of plain, on which thf Observatory stands. PENNSYLVANIA. 167 «f ove Branch, id in the gap of Pennnylvanla Railroad— Con ti'rtueci. WeHttTTi PennHylvaniK Diviaion. Alt. 8 17 24 82 87 88 45 61 67 62 67 10 21 Blairsville Int." Livermore. Saltsbnrg.'* Roaring Run. Leechburg.'" Allegheny Juno. Frceport. Tarentum.^' Springdalo. Montrose. Sharpsburg.*'* Allegh'y City.T' Butler." Delano. Butler Junction. 14b. L.Coal Mrs.iii* 14 b. Barren Mra. •*» (( 80 1 <( 8 30 14 b. L. Coal Mrs. II 789 II T72 II 797 14 b. Barren Mrs. ''*' II ^* r- 7. L. Ilelderberg. *<<» ] PennaylTanla Railroad— Con«nu«d. Mfl. Lfwliiburg and Tyrone Railroad. Mt. Montandon. 2 Lewisburg. 11 Mifflinburg. 19 Laurelton."* 37Coburn.«» 4.3 Rising Springs'* 57 Oak Hall.** 58 Lcmont. 6 b. Clinton. II 4 a. Trenton. i< 4«a 86» «0T 1036 1003 L 6. Salina. II »8S Sprinpficid Branch. Springfield June. S: Mines." 4 0. Hudson Riv. *"" 3 a. CalciferouB. »»»* 79. Butler. To get to the fir!ii SiOrehill. 3 a. Calciferous. 8 Washington. « 211 6 Cresswe 1. Pittsburgh, Virginia and Charleston Rj r. 11 Safe Harbor. »» " i»e Now Monongahela Div. P. R. R. 14 Pequea. «' McCall'sFerryse risning Creek. Peachbottom. Conowingo. lOl 4 c. Hudson Riv. » 1 Azoic. " 69 68 Tippecanoe. Wolf Run. 14. Coal Measuret « 1,8 S 4 89S 36 38 Octoraro. Rock Run. 65 Upp. Middletown Redstone Juno. TJniontown. u »1I 40 Port Deposit, Md. " » 70 u it 9S1 990 44 Perryville. « ], 77 Phila., Germantown & Chestnut Hill Branch. Westchester Branch. 12 Philadelphia. Chestnut Hill. »' 1 Azoic. 31 24 26 28 Philadelphia. Frazer.91 Woodland. Greece Hill. 1. Azoic. 32 490 SSI Northern Central Railway. 47 57 Baltimore, Md. Hanover Jun. »* York. (See Alary land.) 2-4. Siluro-Camb. *» « 3(1 29 81 Fern Hill. » a Westchester. »« 420 67 73 79 Conewago.'* Goldsboro.ioo Red Bank. 16. Triassic. 2" « aot Schuyllzill Division. « 84 Bridgeport. * ° ^ Harrisburg. : a. Trenton. »» Philadelphia. 1. Azoic. 60 88 4 b. Utica. 4 Park. ti 165 91 Marysville. 5 a. Oneida. >>» V W. Laurel Hill. e mica slate. line; contortions; r, which runs on lester Valley. Ine section of the Bst of this and in I bed aboye, b»ck | wrisburg. pe, 40 imles long, tto general use ii 10. Hamilton. 12. Catskill. M 640 694 I Ms- Northern Central Railway.— Cbn. Alt, 178 187 192 1198 1202 1203 |207 I212 1218 1220 1222 1231 1236 |241 1247 1256 William8port.a» Cogan Valley. Trout Run.io* Bodine's. Ralston. Mclntyre.io* Roaring Run. Carpenter's. Canton. Minnequa Sprgs. Alba.io" Troy. Columbia X R'ds Snediker's. Slate Line. Elmira, N. Y. 14 b. Coal Meas. »6° « 12. Catskill. »*» 11 b. Cliemung. « 1 201 « 1261 12. Catskill. i2»o « 1348 lib. Chemung, ii** « 1148 « 1106 i< S63 Shamokin Division. ll38|Sunbury.a« |l56Sliamokin.»<»» 1164 Mt. Carmel.ios 12. Catskill. ♦*« 14 b. Anthracite ^»» Coal Measures. « 10S4 { Summit Branch Railroad. 8 14 17 20 Millersburg.^»* Elizabethville. Lykena.iio Dayton. Williamstown. 13 b. Mauch Chunk Red Shale. « 397 6TT 1197 New York, I.ake Erie & Western R. R Jefferson Branch. Susquehanna. 11 Starrucca. UThompson's. 25;Herrick Centre. 33 Forest City. 38 Carbondale. lib. Chemung. •^^ 12. Catskill. I< 1703 « 18 03 13 a. Pocono. i*8i f 14b. Anthracite 10 ^9 \ Coal Measures. N. T., I< 184« " 1440 «< 15 9S «* 1 a I Bradford Branch. 11 19 26 14 27 32 42 63 Carrolton, N. Y. Bradford, m Big Shanty. Qilesville. Custer City. KinzuaB'dge"* Mt. Jewett. Midmont. Johnsonburgh. (See Erie Railw'y)i»»9 11 b. Chemung, i*** « 1666 14 b. CoalMres. 2o«8 Catskill & Chemung. f Carboniferous Con. \ and 13a. Pocono s.s. 14. Coal Measures, ii 13a. Pocono Sandstone. 103. Trevorton. West end of the anthracite coal field. No anthracite west of this. Fine study bf the lowest beds in the gap of the Conglomerate mountain. > 104. Selinsgrove. Easternmost limit of the fossil ore outcrops of the .Lewisto^u belt. Good knticiinal sections of lo Genesee, Hamilton, Marcelius and 7. Lower Helderber^ i. s. between here and Sunbury. [ 105. Trout Sun. Entrance to the long gorge of the Lycoming Creek through the Allegheny Mountain plateau ; similarly ^ituaited to Queens Run (32). Gorge exactly like that of the West Branch Busquehanna (3. .. Coal patches l,*//) feet above roaa level, up Trout Run. 106. Itelntyre. Old ir<>n mine.s under the cliffs of Pottsville conglomerate forming the cornice bf the mountain walls. 0/«at incline ^lain up mountain to Mclntyre coal mines. 107. Alba. The Armenia Mountain of Catskill and Pocono dominates this on the west. On its op is the east end of the Blo8i<-rmilk and other cascades to the right of the road (east). Noble carriigtl drive and exquisite scenery, for 30 miles fVom Stroudaburg to Milford. Lake on top of the Bl»l (Kittatinny) Mountain, 10 rr iles east of 8. Fine drive south-west through Red Valley (Clinton) andl over outcrops of Helderberg to the Wind Gap. Ascent of the Pocono Knob (Catskill) to the north-wMt | •) PENNSYLVANIA. 161 fe WeBtem Alt, rom N. Jersey.) j ison River, jiiia. 31) I lilton. *o! -Chemung.^'tJ ». Catskill.ioii < ■' 13Sj '« 110)1 fee. Anthra-'ii Coal Measuiei I skill. iJi! 920 Jit 1-Chemiuig. " lOJJ " lOJl hemung. »"> I in N. Y.) m ion. 1.2 1 and c. .'eCoal iures. S76 576 t( S«3 « S4 2 « 53 8 §5^ p F<< ? )tt3ville Con.5" [amiltoQ. '•" milton. 5-1 . Helderberg^" ! ]hemung. **■ inton. *'■ tskill. <" dale and Scrantoi j ver the Wyoming oil sand in 1871, i 121 square miles, per square mile liscovery of oil at below the Oleu| 52 feet long ; coa- e New York, Lake I !er, on the road to | 3. Surrey. e in the gap made ng these rocks are ; headquarters fcr and the mountilD Kuoband so vest | lologlcal Survey, iskany. Waterline, Fossils abuDdutl t). Noble C8rri«i»| n top of the Blu»l illey (CHnton) and j to "the north-w«tt j Ms. "6 61 73 88 81 87 94 103 107 114 120 130 132 142 146 152 Lehigh Valley Railroad. Alt. Perth Amboy. Easton.12 8 Bethlehem.i2« AUentown. Cata8auqua,*2» Laury's. Slatington.»2« Lehighton.129 Mauch Chunk ISO Penn Haven. Drake's Creek, Tannery. Whitehaven. Summit Siding. Fair Vievr.m Newport. tozi 15 ■■ '' 162m 168Foi ar Notch, ^eo .^esbarre. ' ^ ^ L Blanchard. (See New Jersey.) 3 a. Calciferous. »io « 23 5 « 254 4 a. Trenton. »8 2 4c.HudsonRiv.Sh.s2» « 36 5 11 b. Chemung. *«' 13b. M'chCh'kr. 8.844 «« 705 12. Catskill. ii 13b. MauchCh'k.ii43 13 a. Pocono. »»a8 « 16 78 13b.Mc'hCh'kr.8. 14 a. Potts. Cong. 14b. An. CI. Mres. « 519 Pa. A N. 170 Pittston. 172 183 Y. R. R. L. & B. Junction Fall8.i3 3 186|McKunes.i8* 194iTunkhannock. 199iVosburg. 206|Mehoopany. 209|Me8hoppen. 217 Laceyville. 227:Wya]using. 233 Frenchtown. 237 Rummeriield. i> >» 871 S69 12. Catakill. « « « « c I a ' OR < a" 887 SS7 810 815 884 643 Catskill-Chemung. e * ^ « 874 11 b. Chemung. 889 696 liehlgh Valley Railroad. Ms. Pa. & N. Y. R. H.— Continued. Alt. 244iWy8auking.i3» 248Towanda.i3 6 255 Ulster. 259 Milan. 263 Athens. 265 Sayre. 268 Waverly, N. Y. 11 b. Chemung. « « 718 7ST 743 119 Hi, 830 Mahanoy, Hazelton & Beaver Meadow Branches. 4 5 11 10 14 16 16 15 23 18 22 2^ 30 85 38 36 40 45 59 Penn Haven Jc. Black Creek Jc. Weatherly. Beaver Meadow. Audenreid. Lumber Yard. Jeddo. Ebervale. Freeland. Hazelton,** Tomhicken. Quakake Junct. Delano. Mahanoy City. Shenandoah.^ 3 7 Girardville. Ashland. Ra'^en Run. Ceutralia. Mt. Carmel."9 Shamokin.10 8 13b. M'chCh'kr. s.'os . « 1015 (I logo 14b. An. Cl.Mre8.i3!5 " 1785 Carbonif. Conglom. 14 b. Anth. CI. Mrea. << 13b. MauchCh'k.»»»» 14b. An. CI. Mres.i"' << 1280 river, north bank, the ice has crushed over the slates, polished the surface and loaded Ift with till. Prom the Gap Hotel ride to the top of Stone Hill (Oriskany outcrop) for the view through |tM Gap. Hydraulic lime quarriea on the w>y up. 162 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( PA.) Ms. Barclay Railroad. Alt 7 16 Towanda.^»« Greenwood. Barclay. ^ » s 11 b. Chemung. ^as 12. Catskill. 8 23 14 b. CoalMres. »"6 State Line and Sullivan Railroad. 4 24 29 Towanda.i'* Monroeton. Dushore. Bemice. 11 b. Chemung. 72S 762 isgs 12. Catskill, fl4 b. Loyalsock Coal MeasureSiSemi- Anthracite. ^^^s lUontrose Railroad. 8 14 22 28 Montrose. Hunter's. Springville. Lobeck. Tunkhannock. 12. Catskill. « 16S6 la47 1257 811 Ms. Philadelphia and Reading R. R. Alt. Philadelphia. 1. Azoic. >) 4 Belmont. " 49 8 W. Manay'k.i«9 " 61 14 W. ConBho'n.i4o " 61 17 Bridgeport. 1*1 3 a. CalciferouB. ? '« 22 Port Kennedy. 2 b. Potsdam. «' 24 Valley Forge.i*2 «« 9t 28 Phoenixville.i*3 16. Triassic. no 82 Royer's Ford. «< 12J 40 Pottstown.i** " 150 45 Douglasville. " 101 47 Monocacy. 4< 162 62 Exeter.i** «« 193 68 Reading. i*« 3 a. Calciferous. ^es 66 Leesport. 4 b. Utica. ? w 70 Shoemakersville . 4c Hudi'u Riv. 8.1.314 75 Hamburg. «« 375 78 Pt. Clinton.147 5 b. Clinton. i" 83 Auburn. i*« 7. Low. Helderbcrg^n 86 Landingville. 11 b. Chemung. 3^3 93 P0ttSVillel*9 614 14b.&c. An.Cl.Mres. 129. Lehighton. On the crest of one of the grandest antielinals in the State. The gently south dipping Chemung and Hamilton here turn over and descend vertically. From here to Mauch Chunk the vertical Devonian and Bernician systems are crossed at right angles, so as to give an easy section of 10,000 feet, up to the coal measures. 130. Maueh Chunk. Fine geological headquarters. The gap in the Second mountain gives the whole Pocono and Catskill. The river above gives the Mauch Chunk red shale. Mt. Plsgah ths Pottsville cojLglomerate. Nine miles up the "passenger tourist's gravity road" lies the famous Summit Mine. mamm«)th coal bed, 60 feet thick, open quarry. In the gap notice the islet on which th. very eairliest antiisacite iron furnace once stood. Good specimens of dendrites to be got from the plates !n the mountain opposite the hotel. From here to Penn Haven, the fine gorge of the Lehi£;h, witti its ox bow bend and walls of Catskill rocks. Glacial Moraine at Sand Run. 131. Fair View. Ascend 400 feet higher to the summit of Penobscot Knob, affording the finest iriew in th« State. Notice the glacial scratches on the rock on the highest summit or the Knob, From here all the colleries are visible below, and the whole structure of the third anthracite coal field can be nuklo out. Down Solomon's Gap by three incline planes, notice the erosion of the red shale under the nongiomerate cover. 132. Wilkesttarre. Anthracite coal was first mined and used at Wilkesbarre in 1768 and 17M by two blaclEsmiths named Gore. First shipment made to government arsenal at Carlisle in 177S. 133. Palls. Buttermilk Falls, not the falls of that name near Stroudsburg, but in nearly the ■ame rocks, with the hollows filled with gravel. 134. McKune'B. Enter the long gorge of the North branch of the Susquehanna through the Allegheny mountain plateau, cappeof (further west) by the Mehoopany coal basin. 136. 'WysauKing. A small but remarkable fault in the 11 b. Chemung rocks in the Wysox Narrows, it slants up the hillside and may be studied on the R. R. and on the common road, 200 feet above. Tne centpn line of the Towanda anticlinal crosses thb river at the northern end of this cliff, 1,050 feet above th* fault. 136. Towanda. Fine cliffs, " The Red Rocks," Just north of the fault and east from Wysauking ■tetion. Chemung fossils. Also Euiother cliff directly opposite Towanda on east side of the river. Going north no such precipifes are seen, the Chemung shales forming hills with rounded summit!. Good view of Towanda village from the railroad. Boulders of white limestone from Central New iTork found in the river were formerly burnt for lime. Picturesque view at Ulster Narrows. 137. Shenandoah. The greatest overlap in the mammoth coal bed in the Anthracite region occur.-) in the Shenandoah City colliery. See Atlas of Geological Survey, where it is fully illustrated, 138 Barclay. Barclay or Towanda 0. Co.'s, Long Valley and Bhraeder Mines on the top of the Towanda Mountain, 1,300 feet above the river at Towanda. Incline planes. High falls. Profound gorges splittins; tho mountain. Laurel swamps. Semi-bituminous coal. 189. W. Manayunk. Beautiful ravine of the Wissahiccon to the east, deeply trenching the Azoic belt. Serpentine and soapstone quarries at Lafayette above Manayunk. 140. W. Comhohoeknn Picturesque vertical trap dyke left standing In the limestone. Marble quarries east and west (A here. 141. Bridgeport. On south edge of the Trias country. Bone cavern in limestone ouarryneB Port Kennedy studied by Dr. Leldy and Prof. Cope. Great limestone quarries south ot the river, in one of whif h the trias beds are seen lying on the upturned edge of the old limestone beds. 142. F«U«v Forge. Ditto. The hill Fiack of it is the east end of the ridge of Potsdam sandstone forming the abrth wall of the Chester Valley far to the south-west. Under its north flank come up ^e Azoic. 143. Phcenixville. In the tunnel here Mr. Wheatley found his coal plants (Trias) and reptile bones. Two milps south-west runs the edge of the Trias, with breccias, copper veins, etc., lying on | Azoic. Trias continues hence to near Rending. 144. Pottitown. Trap hills to the north. PENNSYLVANIA. 168 kg R. B. .\lt. IS 19 61 61 iferous. ? lam. n 87 91 sic. 110 127 150 161 162 19S iferous. a,? i'n Riv. 8 368 29! 1.314 375 iton. ^'o Helderberg*7i lemung. ^" . An. CI. Mves. LQua through the jstone qnarry neit utliol the river, in >ne beds. Potsdam sandstoM orth flank come up [Trias) Jind reptile ■eins, etc., lying o" Philadelphia & Beading B. B. — Continued, Ms. Lehigh and Susquehanna Division. Alt. 76iEa8ton."» 86|Bethlehem.i2« OSCatasaqua.ia' 109 Lehigh Gap." 8 120iMauch Chnk.i" 127jPenn Haven Ju. 145 White Haven. 158 Penobscot. »" 171 Ashley. «»* 174 Wilkesbarre. ''o 183iPitt8ton. 571 187; Spring Brook. 193iScranton. 74o 195!Green Ridge. 3 a. Caloiferous. 215 ass 4 a. Trenton. 2«» 11 b. Chemung, '^a 13 b. Mch.Chk.r.8.5 3 2 « 70 8 12 Catskill. mo (( 14 b.Anth'e Coal Mres. *""^ ^-^ ST* o « m a « « (B CO ^ g* East Penna and Leb.inoa Valley Branch. OAllentown.150 6 Emaus. 10 Millerstown. 15 Shamrock. 18 Topton. 25 Fleetwood. 31 Temple. 3G Reading. 148 45 Wernersville. 5l|Womelsdorf. 58Myerstown. 64 1 Lebanon. ^51 69'Annville. 74 Palmyra. 81jHummelston.i«2 90 Harrisburg. 3 a. Calciferous. « « « << (t « 4 b. Utica Slate. 431 4S4 8S3 43 7 485 449 887 368 888 456 474 466 442 455 876 821 Philadelphia & Beading B. It.— Continued. Little Bchuylkill. East Mahanoy, Mine Hill and Ms. Mahanoy & Shamokin Branches. Alt. 14 21 25 80 43 45 47 98 102 Hemdon. Trevorton. ^ * ' Shamokin. 1 8 Excelsior. Mount Carmel. Ashland. * * * Girardville. Mahanoy, 154 Tamaqua.^'* Ringgold. 1 5 6 12 Catskill. 14b.&c.An.CL « « « 431 Mres. 7ii8 85» 1021 1843 5 b. Clinton. 80S sss Chester Valley Branch. OjBridgoport. ejCentreville. 10; Cedar Hollow. IGExton. 22 Downington. 3 a. Califerous. c< 7S 202 24& 824 267 Schuylkill & Susquehanna Branch. OlAuburn.14 8 SJHannon. 12:Rock. 18 24 30 9. Up. Helderberg. *«» 10. Hamilton. 35 38 46 51 54 69 Pine Grove. 11 b. Chemung. *20 Ell wood. « » 3 13 b. Mauch Chu'k r. s. RauschGap. j " »0 9 Yellow Spring. " »»» ~ " « 692 (< 48 8 (I 849 4 0. Hudson Riv. Slate. 4 b. Utica Slate. 8»i Rattling Run Forge. Dauphin. Rockville.* s** Harrisburg. 145. Exeter. Trap dikes to the south and west, across the river. Remarkable horseshoe ridge of trap to the east. See map of the South Mountains in Report D 3, Vol. II, Part 1, Atlas Geological Survey. 146. Reading. The " White Spot " high on the mountain to the east is a remnant of Potsdam sandstone left lying unconformably on Laurentian. 147. Port Clinton. A noble fault crosses the river three times in the gap ; once at the canal locks, again at the rock at the west mouth of the old tunnel, and then runs vertically up the steep. Hudson River slates dipping 10° south abut against the bottom plate of Oneida standing vertical. Between this and Auburn very fine exposures of Clinton red shales. No ossil ore. 148. Auburn. Back of this, on the south side of Summer Hill, multitudes of Hamilton and Chemung fossils. 149. Pottsville. Center of the soft anthracite colleries. Fine geological headquarters. For four miles before reaching this place the whole Devonian and Bernician systems stand vertical, affording a section of 20,(KX> feet of rock up to the top of the lower productive coal series in the fold of the great synclinal in the lower part of the town. View from the top of Sharp Mountain, 800 feet high, instructive. Hotel at Mount Carbon close to where Dr. Isaac Lea found fossil footprints. See Note 1C9. 150. Allentown. Road runs along the base of the Laurentian Mountains over Calciferous limestone holding limonite beds. 151. Lebanon. Cornwall Magnetic Iron Mines six miles to the south ; holds copper, trap and marble. 1.52. Hummelton. Iron mines, limonite, south of the town. 153. Ashland, Remarkable large fossil tree stems visible in the coal measures here. Glacial 8tri8e(?) cross white pebbles in the conglomerate crest of mountain west of the Ashland Gap, opposite Mt. Carmel. 154. Mahanoy, Large colleries. Shaft sunk by diamond drill, 155. Tamaqua. Little Schuylkill here makes a cross section of the Pottsville coal basin. Mr. C. A. Ashburner estimates that the center of the mammoth coal bed basin south of Tamaqua is 180O feet deep. 156. Ringgold. From here down to Port Clinton the Little Schuylkill cuts through ten anticlinals. Union, All along here the thinness of the Trias upon the Cambro-Silurian is revealed by 157. erosion. 158. 159. Jronville. Famous old and large limonite iron ore mine. Tremont, View fVom the mountain to the southwest of it down the fish tail double red shale valley, split by the great mass of the Pooono rocks, is fine and instructive. 164 i: I h AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.) Philadelphia & Beading R. K.— Continued. Ms. Schuylkill Valley Branch. Alt. 4 7 IS 18 Pottsville.i** Port Carbon. New Philadelp'a. TuBoarora. Tamaqua.i" 14b.&c.An.Cl.Mre8«i* « 68 9 t< C90 t< 90 9 << aoa Pickering Valley Branch. 11 Phoenixville.**> Byers. 16. Triassic. 1. Azoic. 110 426 Reading and Columbia Branch. Reading. i*« 3 a. Calciferous. 2e( 6 Sinking Springs. « S«B 18 Reinholds. 16. Triassic. 449 16 Union. * * ' «< 399 20 Ephrata. 3 a. Calciferous. 384 27 Litis. II 375 82 Manheim. <*° Girard. Brand'nville.i" Ringtown. Beaver Valley. McAuley.i*' Mainville.*** Catawissa. Danville*' Mooresburg. Pottsgrove. Milton." White Deer. Montgomery. Muncy.'* Hall's. 8»» Montoursville. Williamsport.»9 (See Main Line.) 5 b. Clinton. *n> 14b.& c. CI. Mres. »o> 13 b. Mb. Ck. r.s.& 8.8. i< 1407 13 b. Mh.Ck.r. s, II 1285 1129 924 759 672 12 Catskill. Cdtskill-Chemung. *"> 5 b. Clinton. 10 Hamilton, it 6 Salina. 434 818 489 465 478 488 494 11 a. Portage. 5 b. Clinton. 7 Lower Helderberg. 10 Hamilton. ^^* 11 a. Portage. *»» Mill Creek and Mount Carbon Branch. 0|Pottsville.»*» 4: Dormer's. 7 New Castle. 12Fraokville. 14 b. An.CLMres. «H •rate is overturned and is toward the south, although the coal beds above the conglomerate lio in the (KTnolinal to the north. See Note 14a —Oontinutd. ranch. Alt. Line.) 410 l.Mrea. 8o» :k. r.8. &8.8. 1407 k. r. a. 1235 1129 • 24 759 1. 872 lemung. *'''' n. ■»»* an. 818 489 46S 478 age. m. 488 494 [elderberg. on. "« acre. Sit 1 Branch. [!l.Mre8. «i< 647 t7« 1479 10. 150 lis ranch. 47 410 iooB synolinul ezisM. The gap of rate. Back of n and western from between the (Pocono) Is (McCauley) d Its fortress Pocono rocks tanneL epofllt of iron inifsrons octt* the oonglr m- nnenkte lid in PENNSYLVANIA. I! 16ft Philadelphia & Reading R. H.— Continued, jila. Schuylkill and Lehigh Branuh. Alt. 0;Beading.i*8 43!siatington."» 8 a. Caloiferous. »«» 4 c.HudsonRiv. s.l. ' * « North Pennsylvania and Bourd Brook Dlv. 10 14 18 22 25 31 38 44 51 64 Philadelphia. Abington. Ft. Washington. Gwynedd.i8» Landsdale. Hatfield, Sellersville. Quakertown. Coopersburg.*'" Hellertown. Betlilehem.i»« 1. Azoic, (t Triassic « 16. 28 254 170 271 868 <( 311 " and Trap.'" « 496 <( S49 3 a. Caloiferous. 276 « 23 7 Bound Brook Route. 0, Philadelphia. 8!Jenkintown. IS^Somerton. 21iLanghom. 29|Yardley. 88 Jersey City. 1. Azoio. 16. Triassic. « (See New Jersey.) 28 203 156 86 79 Steelton Branch. Harrisburg. Steelton.16' 4 a. Trenton. 321 Germnntowc and Norristown Branches. Philadelphia. Germantown. School Lane. Wissahickon. Schurz. Shawmont. Princeton. Lafayette. Spring Mill. Potts. Magee's. Norristown. 1 Azoio. « « 3 a. Caloiferous. 16 Trias. 4- ais 108 39 71 69 62 53 53 6a 64 75 Stony Creek R. R. 0| Norristown. 10|Lansdale. 16 Trias. li 62 362 North East Penna. R. R. 4 7 10 Abington Ju. Hillside. Willow Grove. Heaton. Hatboro. Hartsville. 1 Azoic. 2 b. Potsdam. 3 a. Caloiferous. 16 Trias. « « 239 259 329 14! Phlladelpma Ss Reading R. B,.— Continued. Ms. Cornwall and Mt. Hope R. R. Alt. _0 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 Lebanon. ^ * » Donaghmore. Midway. N. Cornwall. Cornwall.^** Miners Village. Overlook. Penryn. Mt. Hope. 3 a. Caloiferous. 16 Trias. « II II People's Railway. 5 15 Pottsville.i*9 Pottsville Ju. Tremont.16 9 14 b. Coal Mres. II • 14 Coudersport and Port Allegheny R. R. 3 9 13 17 Coudersport. Olmstead. Pomery Bridge. Silver Spring. Port Allegheny. 12 Catskill. TiTT 14SI Warren and Famsworth Vy. R. R. 3 6 8 10 Clarendon. Underwood's. McCalmont. East Branch. Garfield. 13 a. Pocono s. 11 Carbonif. Cong. 13SS Nanticoke Branch. 3 5 8 12 13 Wilkes Barre.»»» Ashley. Sugar Not"h. 7Ianover. Nanticoke. *<> Wanamie. 14 Coal Mres. S50 «84 659 654 540 544 Nescopeo Branch. White Haven. Upper Lehigh. 13 b. MauchCh'k.1120 14 Coal Mres. »««>* Drifton Branch. 7 8 10 11 Drifton Ju. Council Ridge. Eckley. Jeddo. Drifton.* «» 13 b. Mauch Ch'k r. s. Carbonif. Conglomert. 14 Coal Mres. Tamaqua Branch. 6 9 10 11 15 Mauch Ch'nk.18 Nesquehoning. Hanto. Lansford.i'i Coledale. Tamaqua. 1" 13b.MauchC'kjf.s.»»« 14 Goal Mres. « 301 1005 96S 170 Carliak. Trap dike 3 miles before reaching Carlisle; visible a long way off as a low mound across the great valley covered with trees, while all around is cultivation, west of Carlisle notice "Wagner's Gap" and "Doubling Gap" in the North or B'ue Mountain. They are really not gaps but folds, caused by anticlinals passing through the mountain and elevating tne vertical S a. Medina strata. The mode in which this was done mav be understood by holding up the edge of a sheet of paper in a perpendicular manner and then elevating it in one spot from beneath, which will oanae the upper edge to fold in an S shape, similar to these so-called gaps. II a 166 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.) M8 Oettysborg tf& HarrUbnrg R. R. Alt. bCarlilBe Juncfn. 4 a. Trenton 477 8 Upper Mill. »7a 1. Azoio. 10 Hunter's Run. 1. Azoic. 16 Laurel. 3 a. Caloiferous. 413 18 Pine Grove,i»8 « 1 Azoic. 133X 10 Hunter's Ivun. 16 Starner's. « 16 Idaville. 16 Trias. 17 Gardener's. « 19 Bendersville. (1 22 Sunnyside. « 23 Biglersville. 1194 « 12 9 6 i< 145 5 Oil Sand Group. »*3 3 Oil City and Ridgeway Railroad. Oil City. Sidney's. lOOS 11 b. Chemung 14 b. Coal Measures. Union and Titusville Branch. 8 16 25 Titu8ville.i»2 Tryonville. Lincolnville. Union City. 13 Sub-conglomer. > i * * « 18 20 « 188 1 Oil Sand Group. »2^o New Castle and Franklin Railroad. 9 16 22 30 36 67 New Ca8tlei8 2 Wilmington. Leesburg. Mercorii' Garvin's. Stoneboro. * * * Franklin.1^8 14 a.Conglomerate.'*' « 928 • ' 1045 <> 1097 « 1327 (( 1171 Sub-Conglomer. ^ o » ^ Ms. B., N. T. & P.— Concluded. Uutfalo Division. Alt. OOlean.N. Y llKnapp'e Creek. 17 Red Rock, Pa. 22:Tarport. 23 61 ^6 79 Bradford.112 Kinzua. Portville, N. Y. Bullis Mills, Pa. 84|Eldred. Eldred. 6 Duke Centre. 11 Summit City, 16 Sawyer. ISTarport. 19 Bradford.! 12 lib. Chemung. "»» 12 Catskill. lib. Chemung. II II 1440 1440 Chemung and Catskill. 13 a. Pocono. 11 b. Chemung. 7;Larrabees. " ^*'" Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley and Pitta- l>urg Railroad. 0' Dunkirk. 47 Russell aburg. 56 Warren.* 2 61 Irvineton. 67lPitt8field. 7i:Garland.*» 79JNewton. 90|Titusville.»»i (See New York.) 11 b. Chemung. Oil Sand Group. 598 123S 1200 1164 1245 1298 1411 Sub-oarbonife'us. **»* (I 11 Lake Shore St Michigan Southern R. B. 436; 441 j 4611 4691 4661 Girard. 11 a. Portage. Fairview. Erie. Harbor Creek. North East. (Continued in Ohio.) 717 785 88S 780 804 Franklin Division. 36, 46 62 57 66 71 78 86 Jamestown. Salem. Clark. Stoneboro.il* Raymilton. Summit. Franklin.ii* Oil City. Sub-conglomerate. •"> 14a.Conglomerate.9'* It 1164 II llTl It 1188 II 1165 Sub-conglom'rate * <> i * If 1010 179. Clermont. Coal mines on the highest land at the onlv practicable north and south ptss over the great water shed between the Pennsylvania and New York waters. 180. Tidioute. The valley of the Allegheny River is full of derricks from here to Oil City; and the valley of Oil Creek up to Titusville. 181. Tituaville. Here is the deepest of all oil wells, but unproductive. 182. New Castle. Old iron making centre. Banks of the river faced with terraces of Ferrifer* ous limestone supporting large deposits of limonite ("buhr stone") iron ore, of the lower productive coal series. 183. Kittanning. Two Rittanning coal beds . Conglomerate. Sligo Branch. 86 OiSligo Junction. 14 b. Lower Coal Mres. 87 Branohton. 10lSIigo.i»» " iiii 88 Bovard. it ~"~ 48 Anandale. >t 68 Butler. It (Continued in Ohio.) Allegheny Talley Railroad. New Bright n and Newcastle R. R. 4 10 17 21 29 86 44 Pittsburgh. 2 » Sharpsburg. Verona. Parnassus. Tarentum. West Pa. Junct. Kelly's. Kittanning.iBi Cowanesha'ock. 14b. BarrenMres. »«» <4 74S « 746 « 761 14b *Megh'yR.Cl8."» 814 168iHomewood. II 950 188. HotMxoood. Immense sandstone cliffs (at the base of the coal mea.sure8) wall in the val "7 of the Beaver. Homewood Furnace. Ferriferous limestone and ore all around. 189. Erie. Numerous gas wells used for lighting the city, heating, rolling iron, etc. 190. Sharon. The Sharon bed as a 'hlook coal" raw fuel for iron furnaces becomes the great bed of Ohio; it is the lowest workable coal bed ; overlies the Olean conglomerate, which is the low«>9t of the three divisions of the Pottsville conglomerate form&iiion. No. XII. The coal bedisinUiA hill tops. PENNSYLVANIA. 169 ge. 73i 697 lung. 76i tS7 loet lur merat. 103S 1081 97» 9S1 894 353 833 823 ill lomerat.*" merate. "' 774 ate. 808 911 801 900 950 in the val^'^y I'es the great is the lowpst bed la in m Ms. AshtobuUi and Plttaburprh R. R, Alt '"OPittsburgST" 47 57 Lawrence Juno. LowelL (Continued in Ohio.) 14b.&o.Bar'nMre8.»*» 14 a. Potts. Conglo."* lis Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. Pittsburgh." 26 Rochester. 34 Industry 40 Smith'sFery. >»» (Continued in Ohio.) Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. LouIb Railroad, 14b.&c.Bar'uMre8'** 14b. Lower CI. Mre8'»" II 701 .1 698 8 16 23 32 Pittsb'rgh** '**il4 b. &c. Barren Mres. Mansfield. Noblestown. Bulger."* Hanlon's. 14 c. Up. CI. Mres. "» 836 1156 942 (Continued in Ohio.) Chartiers Division. 8 22 81 Pittsb'rgh.** T4» Mansfield. Canonsburg. Washington.* 3 1 14 0. Upper Coal Mres. II 778 II 63 s •I lOSl Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Pittsburgh DiTision. Pittsburgh. »» ^si 11 Port Perry. 9 15 McKeesport. 22Coulter8ville. '«« 33 West Newton. 40 Jacob's Cr'k. "» 49 Oakdale. 57Connell8Tille.T* 66IndianCreek.i9» 74 0hioPyle.i9* 84 Confluence. i»» 92Pinkerton.»9« 101 Mineral Pt.i*^ 109 Voder's. 116SandPatch»9» 126 Glencoe. 13oHyndman.«2 141 Cook's Mills. 146 Mt. Savage J un. 160 Cuml.rland, Md, 14 b. & C.Bar. CI. Mres. II 765 " T85 14 0. Upper Coal Mres. 14 b.& c. Bar. CI. Mres. II 84i) elin« aud Pittfihurgh Branch. Alt. OjPitUbuigh.*' 6'Glenwood. 11 White Hall. 19 21 24 84 38 46 54 70 Gastonviile. Finleysville. Crouches. Zediker. Waahington.is* Taylorstown, W, Alexander. Wheeling, W. Vs., 14 b. Barren Mres. II 7 60 14o.Up.Cl. Mre8."«« 81 Hopewell.'oi 43JEverett.»<'» 681 Bedford." 10 b. Hamilton. 5^» 10 a. MaroelluB. 10 b. Hamilton. •»» 12. Catskill. x' ISb.Mch. Ck.r.B. »»» 10 b. Hamilton. »»» « 7.Lo. Helderberg.>''«^ Cum berlan d V alley Railroad. Tib 8 19 80 41 62 68 74 94 Harrisburg. Mechanicsburg. Carlisle.! »o Newville. Shippensb'g.«o* Chambers'g."" Greencastle. Hagerstown, Md Martinsburg. Utica Slate. 9. Corniferous. 4 a. Trenton. 436 477 983 654 818 98» ST2 (See Maryland.) «»« u II II II South Penn. Branch. 0|Chamber8b'g.'"'» 7|Marion. 9 So. Penn Junct. 16|William8on. 19 Lehmaster's. 20 Mercersburg Ju. 22|Mercersburg. 26 London. 28 Richmond. 4 a. Trenton. 1. s. * i * 8 a. Calciferous. 9i 10 a. Marcellus. 8. Oriskany, cut. 7 L. Helderberg 1. 1. 5 b. Clinton anticlin. f 6 Salina & Wat'lime. 7. L. Helderberg I, e, 8. Oriskany. 10 a. Marcellus. lib. Chemung gap. 12. Catskill. 18 a. Pooono tunnel. ISb.MauchCk.r.s. 14 a. Pott. oon. on top 13 b. Mh.Ck. r.s.E. " tunnel. 14 a. & 14 b. on west. 13b,MauchCk.r.8. \ 14 a. Conglomerate. 14 b. L. CI. Series.i'" Shade Qap Branch. Rockhill.aoo Shade Gap. 1 7 L. Helderberg. 1 6 b. Clinton. eii Coming, Cowanesque and Antrim B. B. 0| Coming. 15 Lawrenceville. 23|Tioga. Wellsboro. 39 61 Antrim. 11 b. Chemung. »<> II 1001 II 1091 II nil f 14 b. Semi-Bitumi'i \ Coal Mres. "'» 15 Lawrenceville. 27;£lkland. 11 b. Chemung. i<><» II lUt 194. Ohio Pule. Fine Cascade. The whole river falls over a horizontal plate of coal measun sandstone. Wild scenery all around. Coal bed 4 feet thick under the falls. 195. Confiuence. The Turkey Foot. Junction of the three great branches of the Youghiogh- eny. Fort Hill, a very remarkable oval hill of coal measures terraced by coal bed outcrops all around as if artificially, several hundred feet high; its flat top, a field from which Indian skeleton!) hava been ploughed up ever since the first settlement of the country. 196. Pinkerton. Fine mountain nose full of coall>edsand|erraoedby sandstone of the barren measures. 197. Mineral Point. The fine isolated Pittsburgh coal bed basin of the Salisbury Ridge, to the south, capped with foasiliferous limestones of the upper coal measures. Romantic falls on Elk Lick Creek not far up from its mouth. 108. Sand Patch. Summitof the Allegheny Mountain. 199. Washington. Great gas and oil wt>lls recently struck in this neighborhood. 200. SaxUm, Turn in here to the Broad Top Coal Mines up Shoup's Run. Hotel at Broad Top City, as high as the top of the Allegheny Mountain. Fine scenery. Curious^eology. PENNSYLVANIA. 171 Intrlm B. R. lemung, « 9il looa « lOJJ II till Semi-Bitumi'8 il Mres. 1(71 of coal measun the Youghiogh- tcrops all around a BkeletoDH have )ae of the barreD dge, to the south, I Elk Lick Creek tel at Broad Top hornlngt Cowenesqn* A Antrim R. R.- ^g, Pino Creek Dlvisioa. •Con. Alt. [figCorning, N. Y. 93 Stokesville Ju. |97|Mat8on'8. 101 AnBonia. 110 Tindaghton. il8Blackwell8."i 123 Cednr Run. [28 Slate Run. IBS'Ross. l34Camraal."» 136 Miller's. IBP'Jersey Mills. 143|Waterville.2i3 146 Ramsey's. SsiiSafe Harbor. 155 Jersey Shore.' 157 tl64 168 171 CementHol'w.«»4 Linden. Newberry Ju. Williamsport.2« 12 Catskill. II II 11 b. Chemung. 12 Catskill. II II II II II II 11 II II 7 L. Helderberg. II 11 11 » » » Conglonmerate, Mauoh Chunk, and Pooono. 12 Catskill. 12»t 1»94 177T 1»88 19>1 1887 looa Bangor and Portiand. " 2 Mt. Bethel. 5 Johnsonville. Bangor. 10 Flicksville. 13 Ackermanville. IG Pen Argyl. 19 Miller. 23 Stockertown. 24]Tataray. 26;Nazareth. Portland Ry. 4 c. Hudson River. II M M II l( II turnpike immense old limonite ore banks (Pond Bank, |etc.)in which kaolin and lignite deposits occur like those of Brandon in Vermont. Five miles ftir- Ither south, in the foot slope of the mountain, are the Mont Alto ore banks. Back of Mont Alto in |the mountains are magnetic ore beds, porphory rocks, copper ores. 206. Qettyiburg. «Ro 'nd Top," "Cemetery Hill," "Macfarlane's Hill" and "Gulp's Hill," forming Ithe ridge on which the Union Army fought the great battle of Gettysburg, July 2a and 3d, 1863, are ■all trap dikes. Good place to study trap dikes. Scenery beautiful and mil of historical interest. ■(See description of Tnasaic formation in Report C and C2.) Wliir !;';■) i" ! »\ 172 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.) Ms. 'WllIlamsportA North Branch B.B. Alt. ;Ms. Cataaauqua and FoglesvlUe B. R.^ Williamsport.a* 7 Lower Helderberg. Catasauqua.12^ 3 a Calciferous. >ii Halls. « 512 8 Seiples. « Ui 2 Pennsville. 10 a Marcellus. 5 Guth's. « 4,1 8 Lime Ridge. 7 Lower Helderberg. 6 Walbert. " 5SI 4 Opp's Cross. « 9 Chapman. " 541 6Hughsville. 10 b. Hamilton. ss" lib. Chemung 12 14 Trexlertown. " 411 8~ jisryan. Breinigsville. Lichty. 9 Picture Rocks. 12Cat8kill. 66 T 17 10 11 Lyon Saw Mill. Tivoli. lib. Chemug « 13 Spring Creek. « 3i| 13 14 Corson. Glen Mawr. Edkins. 12 Catskill. « 16 20 Alburtis. Rittenh'seGp.ai* " 41! Azoic. 9« 16 Cornwall & Liebanon & Colebrook 17 Strawbridge. « Talley Ballroads. 19 Stroups. Muncy Vy. 20 Concwago. 16 Trias. 22 Sonestown. •< 945 1 2 Mt. Venion. Aberdeen. (( (( Bells Gap B. B. 3 5 Beverly. Bellair. IC Bells Mills. I » 10 a Marcellus. loso « 2 Root's. lib. Chemung. ^2 7 Flag. <( 4 Collier Siding. 12 Catskill. 164 2 8 Roseland. « 6 Shaw Run. 13 a Pocono. 10 Colebrook. 13 Mountaindale. « 196S 19 Midway. <( 16 Glascow. Irvooa. " 17 7 2 22 Lebanon.^*! » Ut 25 ^p ■ # ^w V V ^i^ ft V V Ugonler Valley Bailroad. Bradford, Eldred and Cuba and Bradford, Bordell and Kinzua Ballroads. OLatrobe.2* 14 c. U. CI. Mres.iao' 3 Kingston. lljLigonier. 14 b. Barren Mres. Bradford, m m 1 11 b Chemung. 14 b. L. CI. Mreg.in Taylor. 12 Catskill. 9 Kinzua Jc. 13 a Pocono. Meadvllle Sc Jjlnesvllle B. B. Van Vlicka. Simpsons. Ormsbys. Smethport. u Meadville. Oil Saad Group. Carbonif. Cong. Catskill and Chemung, lib Chemung. 1 8 7 Kerrtown. Mercer Pike. Wafann Run Sub Conglomerate. « "24 Eldred. 9 West Vernon. 40, Bolivar. « 12 Conneaui Lake. «< lOJJ 56: Wellsville. 11 11 b Chemung. 16 Harmonsburg. 16Gehrtou. Cuba. 21 42 Bolivar. 14 bL. Coal Mres. 17 Shermansville. Richburg. 21 LinesviUe. « lOlt 207 See Report F. of the second geological survey. 208. JUL Union. Jack's Mountain on the west, 5 a. Medina, with 6 b. Clinton fo8!>ii oro on in flanks. Blue Ridge, 5 a. Medina in the distance on the east. End of Chestnut Ridge, southeast from station, compo«ea of Lewiston on 9 Upper Helderberg limestone and 8 Oriskany Handstone. 209. Eoek Mill. On the east, Blacklog Mountain, 5 a. Medina. Shade Mountain also Medini. Blacklog valley between them, is anticlinal Chazy and Trenton limestone. 210. RoberUdale. Coal openings on both sides of the railroad. The two upper seams worked, the lower seam not worked. 211. Blackweila. Third Basin crosses about one and a half miles north. Flagstone quarry. The Terminal Mersiue crosses this road near the station. A quarter of a mile below the month of Babb's Creek. A hill covered with ooulders on the west side of Pine Creek, rises 100 feet above the creek. No similar accumulation occurs below this point. The creek flows in a deep gorge between nearly vertical clitfs of Catskill sandsiune. H. C. Lewis. 212. Cnmmal. Second Basin crosses near thi station. A. Habdt, C. E. 213. WatervtUe. First Basin crosses near here. A. H. 214. Ctment Hollow, Cement was produced here years ago. A. H. •A.) PENNSYLVANIA. 178 8villeB.R. All Iciferous. jfi Hi 491 55) Ml 411 Sil Hi 9t) b Colebrook ids. ias. « « « (i alciferous. ««i illroad. U. CI. Mres.io" Barren Mres. L. CI. Mres."« lUe B. B. 1 Group. !onglomerate. (( u 1081 lOt! on fossil oroonits ge, southea.^tfrom nandstone. Qtain also Medini Der seams worked, Flagstone quarry. low the month of 100 feet above the Sep gorge between C. Lewis. Habdt, C. E. A. H. A.H. i^, Plilla., Newtown & N. Y., B. B. Ait, "OiPhiladelphia. 8'Fox Chase. |l2iHuntingtop V'y. |l6! County Line. |l6'Southamton. ItChurchville. 19' Holland. fc?., Newtown. 1 Azoic. « 16 Trias. 190 117 289 184 144 York & f eachbottom B. B. Ol'ork. TiDallastown. 9 Red Lion. 14Felton. 18 Laurel, 21 Muddy C'k F'ks. 27 Woodbine. 40 Peachbottom. 3 0. Calciferous Chlorite Schists. 1 Azoic. 36 1 657 9 00 536 411 366 394 4c. lxudsonRiv.(?)ii8 « « « Harrlsburg: & Potomac B. B. 0|Shippen8b'g.2O4 s'Leosburg. 7'Jacksonville. 9 Haj'sgrove. 11 Doner's. 12 Huntzdale. 14 Moore's Mill. It Bamitz. I9 Mt.Hor.y Springs feOGt.&Har.Cros'g, ii Boiling Springs. B5 Leidigh's. 67 Brandtsville. |9 Mech.& Dill's Jc. Bowmandalo. 3 a. Calciferous Lime. « « « (t « « « (I « « Alont Alto B. B. Waynesboro. Price's Church. Nunnery. Quincy, Zion. elAltodale. 7|lnter8ection, 9 Mt. Alto. 5 Fayetteville. Font Hill. Ww'dstock. Brookside. Junction. ChambersV g.»°» 3 a. Calciferous. "o" see 715 Tl4 4 a. Trenton Lime. Ma. Lehigh & Lackawanna K. B. ilt. Bethlehem, lae 3 a. Calciferous. 4 Shimer. « 5 Ritter. « 7 Broadhead. i( 8 Steuben. << 10 Clyde. « 12 Bath. 4 a. Trenton Lime. 16 Chapman. 4 c. Hudson Riv. Slate. 17 Point Phillips. « 20 Katellen. « 22 Horn's Springs. t< 26 Wind Gap. « 27 Pen Argyle. 1 ' ' -'^'•rl ! ■ ' 1 ■"( M 174 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILW.iY GUIDE. (PA.) Ms. SharpsTille R. B. Alt. 6 Sharpsville. Sub-conglomerate. 8 Mt. Hickory. Conglomerate. 4 Hermitage. 6 Oakland. . 6 Summit. 7 Neshannock. 9 Lackawan'ck Jc. 12 Lyle. 16 New Wilmington. 17 Wilmington Jc. Tlonesta Valley R. R. 6 10 18 19 Sheffield Junct. Brookston. Donaldson. Sheffield.216 Garfield. 13 a. Pocono. Carbonif. Conglom. 3f ew York, Pittsburgh & Chicago R. R. New Galilee. 14 b. Low. CI. Mres. 8 6 Darlington. Cannelton. 9 12 Negley. Mill Rock. 14 Rogersville. Pittsburgh & Castle Shannon R. R. iTb OiPittsburgh.^s 9! Castle Shannon Barren Mres. 14 c. U. Coal Mres. Pittsburgh & Lake £rie R. R. * Pittsburgh. 2 5 5 Chartiers. 6 McKee's Rocks. 7 Davis Island. 11 Moon Run. 12 Montour Jc. 13 Middletown. 14'Lashell. 15! Stoop's Ferry. 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 81 82 34 86 40 Shousetown. Shannopin. West Economy. Woodlawn. Alliquippa. Logstown, Stobe. Kiasola. Monaca. Phillipaburg. Beaver. Bridgewater. Fallston. Brrghton. Beaver Falls. College. Home wood. 1" Clinton. Rock Point. i4 b. Barren Mres. '^o « T2i3 l4v. Mahoning 8. 8.' 2 6 it 7 25 «< 718 •< 718 «« 722 «« 716 U 719 «« 761 14 b. L. CI. Mres. "^ « 76 5 Lower half of XIL^^^ i< 754 « 754 Ms. Pittsburgh Sc Lake Erie ^R. R.— Con. ^ 43 44 46 j49 T2 60 64 57 59 62 68 Wampum. Newport. Moravia. New Castle Jc. New Castle.i8 2~ Mahoningtown. Edenburg. 793 Carbon. Lowellsville, 0. Struthers. Youngstown. 218 Lower half of XII. nil Basal portion XII. f!i | Base of XII. ni | « " iii I 13 d. Cuyahoga Shall " >ii « ill I " SI! « Pittsburgh, McKeesport & Yuughlogheni Railroad. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 19 22 25 28 33 38 40 46 54 56 57 68 Pittsburgh. 2 5 Hayes. Homestead. City Farm. Rankin. Braddock. Bessemer. Port Perry. 9 Saltsburg. Demmler. McKeesport. 8 Boston. Greenock. Stringtown. Scott Haven. AVest Newton. Port Royal. Jacob's Creek. Layton. Dickerson Run. P-road Ford Jc. Broad Ford. New Haven. 14 b. Barren Mres.' (I I '.J 180 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY QUIDE. (OHIO.) Cleveland, Colnmbae, ClDclon«tl and Ms. I rndianapolla Railroad— Con. ICleTelaod, 'Ms. I 86 Wellington. 47 New London. 66 Greenwich. 67 Shelby. 70 Vernon. 76 Crestline. 80 Gallon. 98|Gilead. 97,Cardington. 104 Ashley. 114 Delaware. 122 Lewis Centre. 129|Worthmgton. ISSlColumbua. 18b.&o.Waverly. »«» 996 13 c. 11 it "> 2 It 987 i 9. Comif., 10. Ham., & I 10 c. Huron. 9" 10.a.&c.Hu.Shale. 9«* U 9 1 » 10. Hamil, OhioSh. '*^ ( 9. Cornif., J & 11. 01 Indianapolis Division. 80 Gallon. 18. Waverly, '»^o 92 Caledonia. 9. Comiferous. 101 Marion. a 97 7 111 N. Bloomington. 7. Helderberg. 122 Mt. Victory. 11 182 Rushsylvania. • 141 Bellefontaine. i 7. Held., 9. Cornif., & J 10c. Huron. "»» 160 De Graff. 6. Niagara. 167 Pemberton. 14 164 Sidney. 11 908 182 Versailles. 11 190 Ansonia. li 197 Union. (1 Cincinnati Division. Delaware. j 9. Cornif., 10. Ham., 1 & 10 c. Huron. 9" 9 Ostrander. 9. Comiferous. 17 Marysville. 7. Helderberg. 22 Milford. 11 82 Mechanicsburg. 6. Niag. & 7. Helderb. 43 Moorfield. 5. Niagara. 60 Springfield. 6 d. e. f. g. Niagara. 63 Osborn. Cincinnati Group. 74 Dayton. j 4 c. Cin. Group & 6 a. \ b. C.Niagara. ^»* 81 Carrollton. 4 c. Cincinnati Group. 90 Franklin. 99 Henderson. 108 Maud's. 4 b. " 120iCarthage. 180 Cincinnati. 11 S07 Cleveland, Leraine iSc Wfaeellns Railroad. Uhrichsville. i 14 b. Coal Meas., Kit. 1 Seam, 5 and 6. 12 Dover. It 28 Barr*s Mills. 1 14 b. Coal Meas., Mer- cer Horizon. 85 Massillon. j 14 b. C. Meas., Sharon Seam No. 1. 48 Warwick. 11 n9 Russell. 18 a. Waverly. Loralae aad Wtaeelinv Raik road— Con. 72 Medina. 86|Grafton. 16 Black River. 18 d. & e. Waverly. 18 b. & c. " 11. Ohio Shale. Cleveland, Akron and Coliimbua R. R, 7 14 Hudson. Cuyahoga Falls. Akron, 27 Clinton. 88 Orrville. 62 Fredericksburg. 61 Millersburg. 81 Gann. 90 Howard. 100 Mt. Vernon. 109 Mt. Liberty. 124Sunbury. 188 Westerville. 146 Columbus. 14 a. Conglomerate. li i 14 b. 0. Meas., Sharon I Seam No. 1. 18 e. Waverly. i"'* j 18 e. Waverly. 14 i I Con. Goal Meas. j 13 f. Sub-Carbonifer- ous Limestone. 14 b. L. Coal Meas., Ferrif. Limestone. ( 14 b. L. Coal Meas., Kit, Coal, No. 6.^ "fi 14 b. L. Coal Meas., Mercer Horizon. 14 b. L. Coal Meas., Kittanning Coal, it « 8 8 3 Toledo Division. Columbus. 14 Powell's. 24 Delaware. 41 Owen's. 46 1 Marion. 64 Up. Sandusky. 74! Carey. 88]Fostoria. 96 Rising Sun. 106 Pembersville. 124 1 Toledo. 9. Cor. & 11. 0. Sh/i^ 9. Comiferous. 9. Cor. ^ 11. 0. Sh. 9" 9. Corniferous. H 977 7.Waterlime,drifthe y 6g. Ni. &7. Wateri.*** 5 g. Niagara. 1. Waterlime. 887 Colnmbua and Xenla Railroad. Columbus. 9 Alton. 26 London. 4i;Selma. 65 Xenia. { 9. Cor., 10. Ham., & } 11. Ohio Shale.^*6 9. Comiferous. U I 18 6. Niagara. (4 c. Cin., 5 a b. and l c. Niagara. 14. Bavard. Glacial boundary passes through Bayard. G. F. W. 15. I'aimyra. Sharon coal in valuable basins. 16. .Vewton Falls. Fine development of conglomerate. 17. Wilmington. Fine exposures of Clinton limestone in Todd's Fork, near Wilmington. 18. Thornport. Near boundary of drift. 19. Glenford. Fine quality of 8. C. limestone quarried here. Carboniferous conglomerate ground I for glass-sand near by. 20. Lancaster. Glacial boundary passes through Lancaster. G. F. W. 21. Nelsonville. Fine sections of lower coal measures. 22. Snlina. Salt manufacture ; the Logan group furnishes the brine. 23. Minerton. The Clarion or Ferriferous limestone coal is mined here. 24. Middleport. Brown or paper coal found in the Pittsburg seam at one point. 2-5. Pomeroy. Extensive mining of coal (Pittsburg seam) and manufacture of salt. Brine derived from Waverly conglomerate, Logan group. , 26. Webb's Summit. Typical locality of Sub-Carboniferous limestone for Ohio. MaxviUe is ad- jacent. I i n I v\ 14 n > I 182 AN AMERICAN GEOLOOIOAL RAILWA 3UIDB. (OHIO.) Mb. CoBOOtton Yalley Railroad. 12 82 40 60 16 87 96 102 Cleveland. Bedford. Kent. Mogadore.'^ Canton.* » Minerva June. Garrollton. Dell Roy.«9 Sherrodsville. 11. Ohio Shale. "»» 112 a. and b. Waverly. Typical locality for Bedford shale. »"« 14 a. Con. Massive.' "^^ \ 14 b. L. Coal Meas., I Mercer Horizon. ''>> 14 b. L. Coal Meas., : Up.Freep'tC'l,No.7 Dayton and Michigan Railroad. OjGincinnati. 60 Dayton. 74 87 88 100 119 181 144 161 166 176 182 198 202 Tippecanoe. Troy. Piqua. Sidne}. Wapakoneta. Lima. Columbus Grove Ottawa. Deshler. Weston. Tontogany. Perrysburg. Toledo. 807 ( 4 c. Cincin. Group, J 6 a. b. &c.Niag.^ Cincinnati Group S4 84S j 4. Cin. Group, 6 } Clin.,&6.Niag.9 6 g. Niagara. 7. Helderberg. 8. Orisk. k 9. Com. ^ 7. Helderberg. a. 3a 03 93 77 69 30 83 689 S89 Dayton and Union Railroad. Dayton. i 4 c. Cin. Group and 6 } a. b.c. Niag. "♦ 12 Brookville. 6 a. b. and c. Niagara. 21 Baltimore. 6 f. Niagara. 28 Arcanum. ti 86 Greenville. 6 g. " ^°'" 47 Union. li Indiana, Bloomlngton dc Wentem R. R. 11 20 82 46 Springfield. Plattsburg. London. Georgesville. Columbus. 6 d. and e. Niagara. 6. Niag. and 7. Helder. 7. Helderberg. 9. Com. and 7. Helderb. ( 9. Com., 10. Ham., & 1 11. Ohio Shale. Mb. I Lake Brie and Weatern Railroad. 6 23 44 60 76 91 112 128 138 Sandusky. Castalia.^' Fremont. Fostoria. Findlay. Bluff ton." Lima. St. Mary's. Celina. Fort Recovery. 9. ComiferouB. «• 1,1)0 7. Waterlime. «" 6 g. Niagara. 6 g. Niag. & 7. Helder, 7. Waterlime. j 7. Waterlime, drift ( heavy. *'« U 811 *( 8tO liake Shore and Mlehlcan Southern B. R, OBuffalo, N. Y. 116|Conneaut. 1 29 j Ashtabula. ISSjGeneva. 144lMadison. 166Painesville. 174 183 196 Nottingham. Cleveland. Berea.^* 209'Elyria. 217 227 289 248 261 268 267 279 296 863 860 870 10 14 21 34 46 68 66 Oberlin. Wakeman. Norwalk. Monroeville. Bellevue. Clyde. Fremont. Elmore. Toledo. Wauseon. Stryker. Bryan. Edgerton. Elyria. Brownhelm. Vermilion. Ceylon. Sandusky. Port Clinton. Oak Harbor. Graytown. See New Vork. 11 a. an*', b. Erie Sh."5 ti 630 M 669 « . 711 41 631 l( « SH 18 b. & c. Waverly. '" M 7 30 <( 817 «( *< 730 11. Ohio Shale. "« & 9. Cor. '6« 701 637 Lorain. 221 ! Vermilion. 229;BerIin Heights. 236'MiIan. 248Bellcvue. 260 Green Springs. 1280 Foatoria. 800 Mt. Comb. 310,Leipsic. 326|Continental. 841Latty. 363 Smiley'a Station, 11. Ohio Shale. II It II II It II II It II It 13 a. and b. Waverly. 11. Ohio Shale. It 7. Waterlime. 5 g. Niagara. 7. Waterlime. It 9. Comiferous. II 766 New Yorli, Pc Cincinnati."* 59 Dayton. 70 76 80 89 96 106 114 121 129 138 144 163 164 172 179 1-87 196 207 213 216 221 226 Osborne. Enon. Springfield. Bowlinsville. Urbana. Mingo. Pottersburg. Broadway. Richwood. Green Camp. Marion. Caledonia. Gallon. Ontario. Mansfield. Windsor. Ashland. Polk. West Salem. Burbank. Pike. Ruaaell. naylTanla Sc Obio R. R. ^BOT 4. Cincin. Group, & 5 a. b. & c. Niag."* Cincinnati Group. 6 d. and e. Niagara. 6d.e.f.g. " "» Niagara. 6g.Ni. &7. Held. >»«» 7. Helderberg. It II II 9 a. and b. Comif, 11 13 b. Waverly. 18 c. " 18 e. Waverly. II It tt II It It • 44 961 1068 1171 13TT 1156 1069 lots lt4> loss iTfl IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 U4|28 |2.5 1^ IM 12.2 li 1.8 U 11.6 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STilET WIBSTU.N.Y. USIO (> 1ft) 72-4503 ^^'^ fe ^ o V 184 AN AMERICAN OEOLOGIGAli RAILWAY GUIDE. (OHIO.) Mew York, Penntylranta sad Ohio Kail* Us. I road— Con. 840 246 260 266 263 269 279 283 294 807 Wadsworth. New Portage. Akrou. TaUmadge. Kent. Ravenna Freedou). Bracevillc. Leavittsburg.' Warren. Cortland. Orangeville. 14 b. Coal Meas. >>^' 14 a. Conglomerate. '^^ It 1005 ( 14 b. Coal Measure, ( Sharon Seam. i'»* 14 a. Conglomerate. '" * ' 14a.&b.C'lMea8."'9» « USD 13 d. and e. Wav. »"* 13d.&e.Waverly. *»« 3 d. Waverly. 908 13 c. and d. Wav. 9*" Mahoning Division. 1 16 81 40 61 67 66 75 80 Sharon. Hubbard. Youngstown. Nilea. Leavittsburg. Mahoning. Mantua. Aurora. Solon. Newburg. Cleveland. U4 a. & b. C'l Meas., I Sharon C'l, No. 1 14 a. & b. Coal Meas. ( 14 a. Cong. & 14 a. & \ h. Sharon Coal No. r 1. *^' <» 911 it 89T 14 a. Conglomerate. 13 a. Waverly. 11. Erie Shale. 1111 1090 1032 81S S99 Niles and New Lisbon Branch. 6 12 18 23 25 Niles. Austintown, Canfield. Green Leetonia. Franklin. New Lisbon.** 13 d. Waverly and 14 a. Conglom. ^ ' ^ 14 a & b. C'l Meas., Low. Merc. Horiz. Coal Meas., Ferrif. Limest. Horiz. ii""! Coal Meas., Low. Eit-j tanning Coal. (I 1036 tt ( Coal Meas., Fcrrifer. < Limest. to Mahon- ( ing Sandstone. ^^^ Ms. I Nortta-Westera Ohio Railway. Toledo. 6|Walbridge. ISjWoodville. 26 1 Helena. SliBurgoon. 42iT:35n. 62lBloomville. 62JNew Washington 76 1 Vernon. 86l Mansfield. 889 7. Helderberg. It 6. Niagara. " & 7. Held.'" 9. Comiferous. 10 c. Har. & 10. Ham. 18 d. Waverly. 18 e. ♦' '•«' Ohio Ceatml Railway. 10 36 69 89 108 124 142 166 167 172 179 184 Toleda Stony Ridge. Fostoria. Bucyrua. Mt. Gilead. Centerburg. Granville. Lakeside.*' Rushville.'6 Junction City. New Lexington. Moxahala.*' Coming.** 7. Lower tielderb. 6 g. Niagara. 587 11. Ohio Shale. '""s 18 a. and b. Wav. "o" 18 d. Waverly. 18 e. " 13 d. " 18 e. 14 b. Low. Mer. Horiz. 14b.Kit.C'l8,6&6.8" Ohio aad nilsa'.ailppi Railroad. 9 18 Circinnati. Delhi. North Bend.* 9 14 b. Cincin. Group. 507 Ohio Sonthera Railway. Liberty and Vienna Branch. Vienna. Vienna Junct. 14 b. Coal Meas. II 12 86 4? 60 62 84 97 J 09 118 119 Sprmgfield.*" S. Charleston. Washingt'n C.H, Good Hope. Greenfield.*' Bainbridge.* 4b. &c. " ^"o 4 b. " '"^ 4 c. Cincin. and 6 a. b. c. d. Niag. ■"♦ 4 c. Cincin. and 6 a. and b. Niagara. Toledo, Claelanatl nni St. Loala Rau, Ms. I road— Con. 80 66 80 93 104 110 116 116 186 162 169 168 Jamestown. Frankfort. Chillicothe. Richmoudale. Byers* Station. Coalton. Wellston. Wellston. Centerton. Mt. Vernon. Etna. Ircnton. j 6. Niagara. Drift I beds heavy. 11. Ohio Shale. ^a j 11. OhioSb. &13a.b. ( c. d. e. Wav. «" 14 a. Con. & 13 e. War. 14 a. &b. Con. &C'IM, 14 b. Coal Measures. (14 b. Coal Meas., Fer, J Limestone. Valley Railway. Cleveland. Independence.'* Peninsula.'^ Akron. Greentown. Canton." No. Industry. Mineral Point.'^ Valley June. 11. Ohio Shale. '^i 18 a. b. 0. Waverly. tt 14 a. Cong, and 14 b, Coal Measure. '"" 14 b. Brookville or Gray Limest. Coal 14 b. Merc. Horiz. '«" 14b.Eit.Cls.,No.6&6, i< 14 b. Mercer Horiz. ^'"' Wabaaht St. Loalo and Paelfle RallrowL 17 29 86 62 61 71 94 Toledo. South Toledo. White House. Liberty. Napoleon. Defiance. Emerald. Antwerp. Ft. Wayne. 7. Helderberg. '" 9. Comiferous. "♦ 10 e. Huron. '" 10.Ham.&11.0.Sh.s<' it 700 10. Hamilton. 9. Comiferous. '" See Indiana. 53. Ironton. The charcoal iron manufacture of Ohio is centered here. 53. Harrisburgh. Clinton limestone, white and marble-like here. 54. Dayton. Junctionof Lower and Upper Silurian well shown at Soldiers' Home. Valuable quu- ries in Dayton stone at many points. The Clinton limestone hignly fossiliferous in this region. ' 55. Lebanon. One of the typical localities for fossils of the Upper Cincinnati beds. 56. Independence. Valnabie quarries in Berea stone. Orit especially valaable for millstones for grinding wood pulp, pearl barley, etc. 57. Peninsula. Large quarries in Berea grit. Peninsula. 59. Mineral Point. 'Vafnable bed of Kittanning clay. Beet flie-clay in the State. 60. Lodi. Excellent locality for Upper Waverly fossilK. 81. Massillon. Lowest coal (Sharon) mined largely here. 62. The Cincinnati Glacial Dam. The survey or tne terminal moraine in Ohio, made by Rev. ( ¥. Wright in 1883, proved tl>at the southern boundary of the great ice-sheet crossed the OnioRiTSi near New Richmond, twenty-two miles by the river above Cincinnati, and extended across the north- 1 em counties of Kentucky, four or five miles south of the river, recrossing the Ohio near Aurora, m I ana. Mr. Wright inferred that one effect of this glacier was to form an immense dam of ice and no | raine debris, 6W to 600 feet high, which effectually closed the old channel of the Ohio for f orty-nim I miles by the windii^n o." the river, and set back the water of the river and its tributaries until, si shown by Mr. I. C. White, it probably occupied the channel between the Kanawha and the Ohio Vi^j leys, through West Virginia, now the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. The site of Pittt-I burg. Pa., was submermd to the depth of 800 feet, the remarkable terraces in the valleys of the Ohi&l Allegheny, MonongaheIa,tand other branches, for the origin of which no satisfactory explanation! bijl before been given, being then formed, according to WhiK and Lesley, around the snoros of this grwl inlandlake. (See MoteNo. 68, in West VirglDia.) . J.K I HIO.) St. Lonls RaiU Niagara. Drift beds heavy. ihio Shale. '" , Ohio Sb. & 13 a.b. c d. e. Wav. «" Con. & 13 e. War, (t &b. Con. &C'1M, . Ooal Measures. t b. Goal Meas., Fer. imestone. OHIO. 187 Ms. I WheeUns and Lake Brie Hallwa7< ~ Toledo. 36 59 64 86 100 121 Fre^nont. Monroeville. Norwalk. Wellington. Lodi.6^ Orrville. 7. Waterlime. "^ 7. Waterlime. *'^ 11. Ohio Shale. ^3« 18 a. & b. Waverly. 13d.Wav. D'fth'vy.'si 18 d. & e. Waverly. 18 e. Waverly. 1074 Ms. I Wheel's de Iiske Brie Hallway— Cim. 188Sippo. 187 148 164 167 Massillon. Navarre. Zoar. Valley Junction. U4 a. Gongl. & 14 b. ( Lower Goal Meas. 967 ( 14 b. Con. Coal Meas., ) Mercer Horizon. U 891 63. The Berea Grit, the most important member of the Sub-Carboniferoas formation in Ohio, is quarried here on a very large scale. The Berea Shale that makes the roofs of the qoarriea is highly foBsiliferouB. Iway. Ohio Shale. »» L b. c. Waverly. 4 a. Gong, and Ub, Coal Measure. "" 4 b. Brookville or Gray Limest. Coal b. Merc. Horiz. "<» [).Kit.ClB.,No.6&«, b. Mercer Horiz. ^" Paclfle Rallroai Iclderberg. 6il omiferous. «'♦ Huron. «" Ham.&11.0.Sh.«" Hamilton, ^omiferous. Indiana. 700 731 Home. Valuable quB- 1 118 in this region, latlbeds. . , lable for millstones lot State. Ohio, made by Rev. . crossed the Ohio B1V8 «nded across the DortM Ohio near Aurora, » nse dam of ice andiwi ;he Ohio for forty-nto its tributarieB nntyj awha and the Ohio ^1^ oad. The Bite of ml the valleys of the 01*1 actorr explanations Ml the snoros of thiywi Si ill' I, J ill ' ''■1: 'V 188 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. This blank space is intended for additional geological notes in pencil by the traveler. r i MICHIGAN. 169 the traveler. Michigan J LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF MICHIGAN. PROBABLE KQl'IVALENTS OF DANA. 20. Quaternary.' 14 c. Upper Coal Measures. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 13 b. Upper Sub'Carboniferous. 13 a. Lower Sub'Carboniferous. 11 b. Chemung. 11 a. Portage. 10 c. Genesee. 10 b. Hamilton. 9 c. Corniferous and 9 b. Schoharie. 7. Lower Helderberg. 6. Salina. 9 c. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 4 c. Cincinnati. 4 a. Trenton. 3. Canadian. 2 b. Potsdam. 1c. Keweenian. lb. Huronian. la. Laurentian. XOCAL DBSIQNATIONS. 20. Quaternary, Lacustrine Drift.^ 14 c. Coal Measures. 14 a. Parma Sandstone. 13 b. Carboniferous Limestonei 13 b. Michigan Salt Group. 13 a. Marshall Group. 11. Huron Group, Chemung Shale^ 11. Huron Group, Portage shale. 11. Huron Group, Black Shale. 10 b. Little Traverse Group. 9. Corniferous Group. 7. Lower Helderberg. 6. Salina Group. 5. Niagara Group. 4 e. Cincinnati. 4 a. Trenton. 3 c. and 3 a. Chazy and Calelferous. 2 b. Lake Superior Sandstone. 1 c. Cupriferous Rocks, Sandstones, Conglomerates and Traps. 1 b. Huronian. 1 a. LaurenUan. Sketch of the Geology of Michigan.* The State of Michigan is divided, geographical!;^, into two parts by Lake Michigan and the Straits of Mackinaw, but geologically there is no such division, the upper and lower peninsula, as they are called, being, with the portion now covered by water, one uniform series of formations succeeding each other in their proper order. For the clear understanding of its geological structure we should imagine the water of the lakes removed, or the strata extending under it. The city of Cincinnati, in Ohio, stands upon a dome or ridge oi upraised older strata which have been uncovered by the planing off of thdir higher beds, until on both sides of it the outcrop of several of the formations appear. The strata dip from this ridge towards the east and towards the west, and the line of it ex- tends towards the common corner of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. It bifurcates, iiowever, before reaching that point, the east branch running up to the west end of Lake Erie, causing several islands there, and subsides in Canada near the River Thames ; while the west branch passes across the northern part of Indiana and Illinois to the head of Lake Michigan, and thence northwest through Wisconsin. On the nortn another ridge of still older rocks, the 1. Laurentian, extends through Canada around the north shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. It also appears in the upper peninsula. This, the oldest of the formations, is the lowest and foundation of all. the later formations resting upon it, dipping south and southwest away from the Laurentian. The whole State of Michigan, including the parts covered by the lakes, i*; therefore surrounded on all sides by ancient axes of elevation. whicn isolated her rock formations from the adjoining regions. It may be considered as one great basin, for even if the surrounding regions do not in all cases actually occupy a higher level, yet we find the strata dip flrom all sides towar Is the centre. The upper peninsula, or that portion of the State north of Lake Michigan, is bounded around the entire south shore of Lake Superior by the 2 b. Potsdam red sandstone, of which the Pictured Rocks are composed, and reposing upota it are the south-dipping Lower Silurian series in regular belts, in a general east and west course, and extending ap to 5 c. Niagara limestone, which extends between Oreen Bay and Lake Michigan, and forms the shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. The Upper Helderberg also appears on Maekinaw and other islands. 1. This chapter was prepared for this work by Prof. Alexander Winchell, LL. D., of the Univer- sity of Michigan, former Director of the Geological Survey of Michigan. 2. The rocky formations of the lower peninsula are deeply and generally covered by drift. In all the western half of the State, sovth of Little Traverse Bay, no good characteristic exposures exist, ' " ' ....... Hence in most cases oar knowledge of the _ _ BW VtA W* MUAVVM^ A SCVWIO^ olland in Ottawa county, underlying rocks is only a matter of inference. A.W. N !,: * Derived chiefly f^om Prof. A. WincheU's Qeologleal Reports of this State. 190 AN AMERICAN OEOLOOIOAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MICH.) I *?!"■■ ■■, ^ ; irt>i^.^. 1 l>^^. ^; Ms. Bfloblgan Oentrsl BallroaA. Alt. 8 10 17 80 88 48 47 66 62 66 69 76 Detroit Orand Trunk Dearborn. Wayne. Ypsilanti. Ann Arbor. DelU. Dexter. Chelsea. Francisco. OrasB Lake. Leoni. Jackson. Jun r 10 b. Little Traverse, \ ben. Lacustrine. » » * 11. Hu. ben. Lacus. tt 614 « 6«a fl3a.Ma8h»il(?)Ti* Lower Ridge. •18 b. Mich. salt,»»» Terminal Moraine.* ' 18 b. Mich, salt, ' . Deep Drift. ' 18 b. Carbon, line s. \ Deep Drift. »»* 18 b. Carb. limeo."* « 1016 l( 98 6 II 98 14 c. C.Mes. Mines" >f (Air Line Division.) 76 88 90 99 108 109 117 124 129 136 140 146 162 160 166 170 174 179 Jackson. Snyder's. Concord. Homer. Clarendon. Tekonsha. Union City. Sherwood. Colon. Wasepi. Centreville. Three Rivers. Corey's. Vandalia. Cassopolis. Dailey. Baron Lake. Niles. • a? 14 c. Coal Mes. Mines. 18 b. Carb. 1. s. II 18 a. Marshall { 11. Huron. Iron Ore. II II 10b.L.Trv.(?) II 9. Comiferous II 971 987 972 966 937 Kid'y 900 873 838 843 sas 805 871 878 881 •«871 5*768 P6 81 Iflolilfan Central RaUroad— Con Ms. (Kalamazoo Division.) 76 81 87 92 96 101 108 118 115 121 126 130 186 140 144 149 166 160 162 168 172 179 185 191 197 202 205 209 211 218 Jackson. Trumbull's. Parma. • * * Bath Mills. Albion. Marengo, Marshall. Ceresco. White's. Battle Creek. Bedford. Augusta. Oalesburg. Comstock. Kalamazoo. Ostemo. Mattawan. Lawton. White Oaks. Decatur. Glenwood. Dowagiac. Pokagon. Niles. Buchanan. Dayton. Oalien. Avery's. Three Oaks. New Buffalo. (Continued' Alt, 937 14 c. Coal Meas. 14 a. Parma s. s. outc'p 13 b. Carb. limestoDe, 18 a. Marshall. »ii " outcrops.''! II 102 II 900 II II 111 II 109 U) 78! T8] 7?) 9ta 860 7Tl (?) 11. Huron. II II II II II II 10b.L.Tra.(?) 9. Comifer.(?) ^781 ■ 0?51 2.760 *7JJ 681 " 7»J " 711 " «ea II «9g ti 66) " Sand Dunes."" in Indiana.) (Grand Rapids Division.) Jackson. 10 Rives Junction. 17 Onondaga. 24 Eaton Rapids. 86 Charlotte. 40 Chester. 46 Vermontville. 14 c. Coal Measures. II »o« « 8>5 II 8 76 14 a. Parma Sand.^''' II 883 18 b. Carb. Lime. «" The lake is excavated chiefly in the 6. Salina formation, Prof. James Hall estimating that two- thirds of It Is from that formation. The geological strata were first laid down extending across where the lakes now are, so that eastern Wisconsin is a part ot this basin. The lakes rest in troughs which have been excavated subsequently oearly along the strike or outcropping edges of some ot the softer formations. In the lower peninsula, or the main portion of the State between Lake Michigan and Lake Erie, all the Michigan series above the Niagara and up to the Carboniferous appear on tb« surface, but all of them much thinner than in the States larther east. To make it Btiil more clear we might begin at the highest formation, the U b. Coal Measures, which extends, in an oval form, trom Jackson to Saginaw Bay. This is the upper layer of rocks, ana the other formations crop out in successive layers below it on all sides. The annexed Railway Guide ■hows their exposures on the lines of the railroads, as they have been carefully made out by Prof. Alex. Winohell. Each rocky stratum, therefore, may be considered as dish-shaped, and taken together they form a nest of dishes oi basins, tho highest being the coal field near the centre oi the lower peninsula, and passing f^om this in any direction we travel suocessiveiy ovei the outcropping edges of oldei and older strata. The Lake Superior iton oie is found in the 1 b. Huronian formation, directly west of Marqaettt. The copper is found chiefly in a great trap-dyke, which extends foi many miles along Keweenaw Point. These Iron ore and copper producing mines are the richest and most productive in Americi Michigan is therefore a distinct and Independent geological area. Its copmosi foimation iai coal basin, underlaid by the Devonian formations, very much thinned out it u true, and bel' w ihit the Silurian largely developed and extending oat to the oldest Laurentian rocks on the north on til this within the bounds of the State, with small portions only of this sepaiate geological woria ex' tending into adjoining States on the west side. The whole of the peninsula is covered with driit, Irom one hundred to three hundred feet deep, and rock exposures are very raie _ * Drift 164 feet on Main Str nO Alt. »17 sal Meaa. &nna s. e. outc'c arb. limestone. II 9U [anhall. »i " outcrops.'" II S02 II >00 II II lU II t09 ■ 8 96 I. tf34 i< 824 (Detroit Division ) OlToleda 71 West Toledo. lOJ Alexis. 15! Vienna. 20; La Salle. 25 Monroe Junction 19- Comiferous, •I >i &L.Held'g. "9 * Suakea in the limestone, and has undeigiound communication wtth Lake Erie 3 Lacustrine deposits of Saginaw Valley 100 leet deep 4 The sballow salt wells here aie supplied from the base ot the Coal Measures ill. ' •■! ■ i. r ^ /'■*'! ' -i ' •■■I ; II 19S \ AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MICH.) nke Shore A MiohlKan Southern R. K. Luke Shore * Mlohiffsn Southern It. R Ms. (Detroit Divl»lon.)— Con. Alt. Mm. (LnnMing DiviHion.)— Con. ^|^ 25 Monroe Juno.^ 9.Comifer. ^ S ^584 83 Springport. 14 a. Parma s. s. Jti 82 Newport. Rock wood. 157 Nottawa. M «)l 20 Deerfield. « 8 70 159 Wasepi. " id 26 Wellsville. 10 b. Lit. Traverse.* 9 163 Mendon. " l«l 29 Lewanee Juno. 11. Huron. ^u 168 Portage Lake. " Ml 83 Adrian. « 810 173 1 '^O Vicksburg. 4 i.2 » Ml (Jackson Division.) 1(8 i8r» Austin. Kalamazoo. Travis. II 86 Napoleon. r " exposures exten- \ sively quarried. '** 221 227 Ross. Fisher. 13 b. Carb. 1. s. »> 40 Eldred. 13 b. Carb. 1. s. (?) 234 Grand Rapids. < 237 244 248 251 D. & M. Crossing. Belmont. Rockford. Edgerton. II (Kalamazo LKvislon.) M 6<1 « Hi White Pigeon. 11. Huron. 14 0. Parma s. s. i» 4 12 Constantino. Three Rivers. 11 A*^ 805 256 267 Cedar Springs. Lockwood. 14 0. CI. Measure. '" 11 8)1 17 Moore Park. « ,^^**[ 260 Sand Lake. g 262 Pier son. II 901 24 80 Schoolcraft. Portage. 3.0 884 .^fseo 266 268 Maple Hill. Howard City. Morley. Stanwood. II Ml II 87 Kalamazoo. II £.»»» 274 14 Mr 43 Cooper. 13 a. Marshall. »49 281 M 9!l 46 49 62 Argenta. Plainwell. Otsego. «• 772 « 114 U »10 290 291 295 Low. Big Rapids. Up. Big Rap ds. Paris. M tU M II »<; 62 Allegan. II 708 302 Reed City. « (9\ 1011 70 Hopkins. «l »0i 309 Ashton. °" (Lansing Division.) Walton. Fife Lake. « 10(1 Jonesville. 18a.Mar8'llexpo.»o'»» i< 1011 7 Litchfield. « 1009 862 South Boardman. M 1011 14 Homer. « 972 871 Kalkaska. 11 1011 -^2 Albion. 18 b. Carb. I. s. »*« 876 lieetaville. •1 lOil 29 Devereux. 14 a. Parma B. s. 9»« 880 HftTana. : t). Mich. Salt, '»' (i ni b. Carb. 1. s. "" « toi II 6(1 i< «)) I ). Parma s. s. '" CI. Measure, «*' ] »ll 90) <)l It II II II ft It II tt " (?) " (?) M> Sit 91! 9!; 1011 I USl 9\ nil D.Mich,SaU(?)"" ti b. Carb. 1. 9. II IX 11(1 a. Marshall. lOt! It 10(1 ti 1011 It 1011 It 1011 It lOIl . It Grand Itopldi A Indiana Railroad— OarMnued. m. 884 Mancelona. 3<)0, Cascade. 894 Simons. 89U,Elniira. 408 Boyne Falls. 415'Melro8e. 424]Peto8key. Alt. 18 a. Marshall. >i>» 11. Huron. N 1214 10 b. Lit. Trav.(?) »»» U 877 " ext. cliffs. •»» (TiHverwe C ty Rulliottd. ) 862 Walton. 861 Ivingsley. 864 Mayfteld. 878 Traverse City. Detroit, Grand Haven St Milwaukee R. B7 18 a. Marshall, ^o^? It Tse 11. Huron. " Lacustrine. Detroit. 8 L. S. & M. S. Jun. 4 Od. Trunk Jun. 13 Royal Oak. 18 Birmingham. 26 Pontiao. 81 Drayton Plains. 88 Waterford. 35 Clarkston. 41 Davisburg. 47 Holly. 60 Fenton. 65 Linden. 68 Gaines. 70 Vernon. 76 Corunna. 78 Owosso. 88 OTyi. 92 HhepardsTille. 98 St. Johns. 107 Fowler. iriPewamo. 117 Muir. 124 Ionia. 132 Saranao. 139 Lowell. 148 Ada. 168 Grand Rapids. 167 Berlin. 173 Coopersville. 180 Nunica. 186 Spring Lake. 187 Ferrysburg. 189 Grand Haven. FUiit A Pare Marqa» .te Ballroad— Ms. Continued. Alt. 48 New Boston, 11. Huron. 51 Wayne. «i ««a 68 Plymouth. II 747 ( D., L. * L. M. Crossing. ) 10 b. Lit. Traverse.*" 11. Huron. It 516 « ees 18 a. Marshall. ^^^ U 084 18 b. Mich. Salt. »«» 13 b. Carb. 1. 8. "^ « 100 8 « 9 5 9 14 a. Parma s. s. * ' ' 14 0. Coal Meas. bo^ <« 8 74 11 859 «« 770 "Mines. »»6 u 7 4S It 73 S « 749 « 767 •I 74 8 « 744 «< 65 7 r <• Quarries in \ upper sandstone.^ * " 14 c. Coal Meas. ^*^ 14 a. Parma 8. 8. '*^ 18 b. Carb. L 8. «•« " ext. quarries." '9 18 b. Mich. Salt, ost 18 a. Marshall. ««« II 681 « 596 11. Huron. »»• f " Remarkable 1 Sand Dunes. »»* 62 66 70 76 80 83 91 100 :i08 116 119 !l23 ;i26 134 138 142 Flint A Para Marqnetfc Railroad. Toledo. 25jMonroe. 84|Orafton. 86|CarUon. 39Walts. 40Belden. 9. Corniferous. »^» " & 7. Low. Held'g. 9. Corniferous. erg. 6. Salt wells 800 feet deep to Marshall sandstone ; supplied from overlying Michigan salt group. 194 AN AMERICAN OEOLOOICAL RAILWAT GUIDE. (MICH.) ..;!M :': Kw:i -i' M iV l! ;, ^im ^M. ] -M D«trolt, Laaalng A Morthem R. R. Md. Alt. -~o Detroit. 10 b. Lit. Traverse.* »' 8 Od. Trunk Juno. 11. Huron. »•• 18 Bedford. •< 611 16 Fisher's. « «SI 16 Elmwood. « 68 « 19 LiTonia. 18a.Ma8haU. ««" 28 Plymouth. •< 747 29 Salem. t« »S3 84 South Lyon. 18 b. Carb. 1. s. »»" 48 Brighton. 14 a. Parma s. s. »»» 46 Qenoa. 14 0. Coal Meas. "" 62 HowelL «< 67 Fleming. 14 984 60 Fowlerville. « 802 65 Le Roy. 41 1 2 S 2 71 Williamaton. outcrops." »•" 78 Meridan. « 8ft0 79 Okemoa. 9i II II 13 b. Carb. limestone. II 14 c. CI. Measure.'" 13 a. Marshall. »< II 18 b. Mich. Salt. »" 13b.C'ar.l.s., exten- sive deta'ed tab.*<" 18 b. Carb. limestone. II tis { Grand Rapids, Newaygo A Iiake Shore ftollro ad. 7 14 19 21 25 27 80 36 39 46 67 Grand Rapids. Alpine. Sparta. Tyrone. Casinovia. County Line. Ashland. Grant. Newaygo. Croton. Morgan. Big Rapids. ' 18 b. Carb. 1. s. 11 II II « M 609 60i 4 0. Coal Measure.'" Detroit, Hillsdale A S. W. Ballroad. 11 17 YpsilantL Saline. Bridgewater. 281 Manchester. 36 41 Brooklyn. Woodstock. 18 a. Marshall II 714 S>9 90) IKI MIGHIOAN. 10ft iobigan Salt. arb. limeatone. ?arb. limestone. « 1. Measure.'" i Lake Shore al Measure."' V. Railroad. Dctrolti HlllMlal* A 8oathweBt«rn R. R.— Ml. Oontinutd. Alt. 44 Somerset. 18 a. Marshall. 40 Jerome. It f)3 North Adams. II 61 Hillsdale. " Outcrops fos8.«»»» 65 Banker's. « loaT Reading. n. Huron. >»oo • •■• Camden. II Chicago ft Canada Southern Railroad. Fayette. 11. Huron. 7 Morenci. II 13 Weston. II 17 Fairfield. 10b.Lit.Traverse.»»» 20 0gden. M 25 Blissfield. M 6«4 82 Deerfield. M 870 36 Petersburg. II 6 70 40; Dundee. 9. Comiferous. «»> 42 North Rainsville. " est. quarries. 47 May bee. it 60! Exeter. M 66|Carlton. II 67:Bryar Hill. •• 61 Flat Rock. II 67 Slocum Junction. II Toledo, Canada Southern A Detroit R. R. ~0 2 9 12 16 17 15 "20 25 30 34 40 Detroit, M. C. Junotton. Ecorces. Wyandotte. Trenton. Slocum Junction, Stony Creek. Monroe. La Salle. Vienna. Alexis. Toledo. 10 b. Lit. Traverse.* •» 11. Huron. 10 b. Little Traverse. II S8 9. Comiferous. »** f » and 7. L. Held. \ ezt. expos. & quar. 6. Com. & 7. Heldberg 9. Comiferous. a. C sP Grand Trunk Railroad. 196 Port Huron. 207 Smith's Creek. 217 Ridgeway. 223jNew Haven. 237 Mount Clemens. 250| Milwaukee June. 255 Detroit Junction, 268 Detroit. 11. Huron"' It It 11 8X7 603 10 b. L. Trav. DriftoverlOO feet deep. 111 % ? Chicago S( Grand Trunk Railroad. 4 10 19 27 Port Huron. Gd. Trunk Junct. Thornton. Emmet. Capao. 11. Huron. II II It 18 8. Marshall. 688 886 779 817 Chloago M Grand Trunk Railroad.— Mn. Continutd, Alt. 84 89 46 68 67 C6 88 87 96 100 112 llfi 120 126 127 184 142 147 152 160 Imlay City Attica. Lapeer. Elba. Davison. Flint. Dnrand. Bancroft. Perry. Shaftsburg. Trowbridge. Lansing. Millett's. Sevastopol. Pottervillc. Charlotte. Olivet. Bellevue. Madison. Battle Creek. II II 170 Climax 175 Scott's 179 Indian Lake 183 Vicksturg, 189 Schoolcraft, 200 MarcelluB 204 Volinia 209 Jamestown. 213 Cassopolis. 222 Edwardsburg. (Continued Saginaw Valley A St. liouls Railway. 18 a. Marshall. f" It 818 18 b. Mich. salt. ••<> 18 b. Carb. 1. s. •»• 14 a. Parma s. s. f*^ ' 14 0. Coal Measures. Not worked. ♦ * » 14 c. Coal Meas.,,, Some exposures,,,, but not worked., ff /14 c. Coal Meas.it* \ Slightly worked.'" 14 c. Coal Measures. It It 80S 14 a. Parma sand s. 18 b. Car. I.S., quar. foa. 13 b. Michigan salt, r 18 a. Marshall, out- \ crop fossiL •»• 18 a. Marshall. 11, Huron. 88t 10 b. Little Travene. 9. Comiferous. it 881 in Indiana.) 2 6 9 11 12 16 19 22 26 28 86 East Saginaw." Saginaw. Tittabawassee Jc Swan Creek. Graham's. Sand Ridge. Hemlock. Porter's. West Mill. Wheeler's. Breckenridge. St. Louis. Elm Hall. 14 c. Coal MeasuNs. II It II II II II II II i< II II Chicago ft Northwestern Railroad. Green Bay A Lake Superior Line. 0' Chicago, 111. 264iMenomonee. 273| Little River. 279 Wallace. 286 291 296 802 806 Stephenson. Gravel Pit. Bagley. Kloman. Spaulding. fSee Wisconsin.) 4 a. Trenton. 3 a. CalciferovB. 1 '*?lif-1' iW AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MICH.) ChtosKp St NTthwestem Railroad. Ms. Green May A Lake Superior Line.— Con. Alt. 816 821 828 881 888 887 840 845 862 867 862 869 870 882 884 889 898 401 441 Bar i River. Fo d River. Eacanaba. Flat Rock. Bay Biding. Ma3on. Day's River. Beaver. Maple Ridge. Centreville. Helena. Little Lake. Smith Mine Juno. Oasoade Junction Goose Lake. Negaunee. Ishpeming. Marquette. L'Anse. 8 a. Calciferous. 4 a. Trenton. M 688 M M M M 818 3 a. Calo., 8 o. Chazy. 2 b. Lake Superior s. s. 1 a. Laurentian. 1 b. Huronian. 44 rib. Huron, Iron \ Mines. "" 44 1448 44 849 2 b.L, Superior s.8.« 08 Blarqaette, Houghton Sc Ontonagon R. tt. 8 7 C 12 15 21 25 J6 86 81 8b 47 66 68 98 93 Marquette. Bancroft. Morgan. Eagle Mills. Negaunee. Ishpeming. Greenwow*. Clarksburg. Humboldt. Republic. Champion. Michigamme. Sturgeon. Palmer. L'Anse. Houghton. Hancock. 1 b. Huronian. 649 i< 936 « 12 8 i< 13 7 9 " Iron Mines. 1*4 3 " Exten. Min. 8 2* 1584 1 a. Laurentian. i**^ 1 b. Huronian. * ^ * 2 b. L. Super. 8. 8. eos (2-4. Errptive rooks, with Native Copper Mines. «°» BUohlgaa & Ohio Batlruad. 23 88 84 88 61 60 67 70 76 79 88 100 Toledo. Dundee. Britton. Ridgeway. Teoumseh. Cambridge. Addison. Jerome. Moscow. Hanover. Pulaski. Homer. ManhftU. {Deep Lacustrinb de- posits over 9. Comif. 9. Comiferous. 11. Huron. No expos. 4t H 807 18 a. MarshalL 4t f 13 a. Marshall,many \ expo., fossil casts. 18 a. Mar. Quarry»»i* " Expos. »o*» 18 a. Marshall ^-i* " Old quarry filled. •»• { Mr. Mlohlgan ft Ohio Railroad. Continued. Alt. 105 114 123 127 129 145 149 151 156 Ceresco. Battle Creek. Augusta. Yorkville. Richland. Monteith. Fisk. Kellogg. AHegan. 18 a. Marshall. ^92 f " Outcrops \ fossils. 8 1 9 13 a. Marshall. 7c» « Rare exposures. 13 a. Mar8hall.(?) \ No exposures. 13 a. Mar8ball.(?) «>» {11. Huron. No con- venient exposurs ' " * Fort Huroo A Northwestern Railroad. (Ea.Mt Saginaw DiviBion.) 11 12 20 25 8<5 37 45 60 59 65 71 72 83 91 Port Huron. Gratiot Centre. Kingsley. Saginaw Junct'n. Green's Comers. Brockway Centre Yorks. Brown's City. Marlctte. CliflFord. Mayville. Juniata. D. & B. C. Junot Vassar. Fraukenmuth. East Saginaw. fll. Huron, under Lacustrine. Buried trees. 11. Huron. «»» 44 14 73$ 13 a. Mar;hs!l. 13 b. Mich. Salt Group 18 b. Carbon. 1. s. 14 a. Parma s. s. 14 c. Coal Measure8(?) «4 n\ 64J 14 c. Coal Measures. Lacustrine. ■ 14 c. Coal Measures. • Lacustrine, 100 feet . Many brine wells. (Sand Beach Division.) 15 26 32 45 52 70 Port Huron. Grant Centre. CroswelL Anderson. Downing. Palms. Sand Beach. «2 11. Huron. o^ « ad. Alt. hall. 8 9i> Outcrops 818 hall. posures. ir8hall.(?) sures. ball.(?) s'* 'i m. rio con- Bxposiirs'o' Railroad. I on, under Lne. Buried All I lit I I th'AI. I. Salt Group >on. 1. s. aa 8. 8. Mea8ureB(7) I n\ 64» al Measures. ine. al Measures. ine, 100 feet irine wells. ) 1. Huron. II 74S II 730 II 7iS t< II II Fort Hiuron A Zfortfiiirsttem B< B« — Con. Jig, { P ort Austin DtTision.) Alt. Port Huron. 52 Palms. CO Tyre. 70 Bad Axe. 77iFiIion. 87 1 Port Austin. 11. Huron. II 13 a. Marshall. " Salt wells, Grand Baplds & Indiana Railroad. 425 426 430 Petosky. Bay View. Alanson. 668 616 460 Mackinaw City. f lOb.Lit.Trav. Fine \ expo., many fossils. 10 b. Little Traverse. (9. Comiferous. Fine expodures across the Straits. SUohlgan Central Railroad. ( Mackinaw Dirision.) llQGaylord. 127!Vanderbilt 138 Wolverine. 160 166 182 Mullet Lake. Cheboygan. Mackinaw City. 13 a. Mar8hall.(?)i»*» 11. Huron. (?) 10 b. Little Traverse. 9. Comiferous. " Outcrops. Detroit, BlaoUnaw A Marquette Railroad. 9 11 20 23 27 37 55 64 76 84 91 101 Point St Ignaoe. St. Ignace. AUenvillo. Moran. Palms. Johnson. Trout Lake. Hendrie. Newberry. McMillan. Seney. Driggs. Creighton. Jerome. 109:MuniBi3g. 122 127 132 134 136 147 151 Au Train, llock River. Deerton. White Fish. Sand River. Chocolay. Marquette. ■ 9. Comiferous. Fine exposures Salina Gypsum near. 11 6. Niagara lime. fi-s So EH Q^utn 2 b. L. Superior s. s. Cliffs. Fine expos- ures on Grand Is. 2 b. L. Superior s. s. { M « << 62 7 M 617 rib. Huronian. g^g \ Glaciated rooks. Grand Trunk Railway. (Michigan Air Line Branch.) Ridgeway. D. & B. 0. Cross. 11. Huron. 25 18 a. Marshall. 86 Pontiao. II 8. Orchard Lake. a Grand Trunk Railroad. Ma. (Michigan Air Line Branch.)— Qm. Alt. 69 67 106 South Lyon. Hamburg. Jackson. 18 b. Mioh. Salt Gr. 14 a. Parma s. 8.(?) 14 0. Coal Measorea. BUohlgav Central Railroad. (South Hawn Division.) 9 16 18 23 25 28 29 32 40 Kalamazoo. Alamo. '<" Kendall's. »" Pine Grove. »^» Bloomingdale ' * * Berlamont. »oo Columbia Grand June. '^^ Lacota. South Haven. »»8 11 Huron. £ « s S cs 3 117 Chloaeo & Northwestem Railroad. (Menominee River Railroad.) 305 313 216 319 323 326 330 334 336 389 843 349 349 35 368 361 364 363 356 361 371 373 374 Chicago. 5. Niagara 1. s. Powers. Cedar. Wauceda. Sturgeon. Vulcan. Curry. Norway. Indiana. Quinnesec. Iron " 2 2.2 » i:i|S"' to © -S a Brule. Stager. Armstrong. Palatka. Stambaugh, Mich Iron River. 9 S^ 8 S «« eS >> q> ' S « 3 frH 05 » £ s •♦ Toledo, Ann Arbor & Grand Trunk K. B. 18 22 32 40 46 56 61 Toledo. Monroe Junction. Dundee. Milan. Pittsfield. Ann Arbor. Worden's. South Lyon. f Deep Lacustrine, . \ over 9. Comiferous. 9. Comiferous. 9. Cornif , Quarries nr. 13 a. Marshall. 13 b. Mick. Salt Gp. (Deep (204 ft.) Drift, over 13 b. Michigan Salt Group. 13 b. Michigan salt. 18 b. Carbon. 1. b. i.-'i'-i:-'-;!!! 'Ml^fii. I,* 1 " tMl f.p^:^y'ff^ 198 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND.) Indiana. BT FBOr. JOHN COLLETT, 8TATX OEOLOOIST. LIST OF THE QEOLOQICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN INDIANA." 20. Quaternary. * 13 b . Upper Sub-Carbonifer's . 5 c. Niagara. 14 0. Upper Coal Measures. 13 a Lower Sub-Carbon Iter's i 5 b. Clinton. 14 b. Middle Coal Measures. 9-12 1 Devonian. 4 c. Cincinnati. 14 a. Millstone Crit and Low- er Coal Measures. Michigan Central Railroad. Lake Shore A Michigan Southern B. H. Mb. Alt. Ms. (Air Lj.'..e Division)— Continued. Alt Chicago. (See Illinois.) 589 47 Corunna. 9-12. Devonian. «'' 23 Gibaon's. 5 c. Niagara. 600 bJ Sedan. " 923 29 Tolleston. 607 64 Waterloo. « 897 85 Lake. 417 62 Butler. >>» 0. Niagara. 80 Warren. i< TSl 16 Sheffield. 86 South Bend. i< 735 20 Cassello. II 90 Mishawaka. (t 732 24 Clarke. 41 96 Osceola. M 737 31 Liverpool. II 101 Elkhart 4( 785 37 44 Wheeler. Valparaiso. Wanatah. II 666 (Air Line Division.) | t' '7 A\ Elkhart. 9-12. Devonian. 756 59 Hanna. 9-12. Devonian. ! 18 Goshen. 80 Wawaka. II 896 99 Etna Green. II 84 Brimfield. II 945 104 Selby. Warsaw. l( 41 Kendallville. II • 74 109 II 624 * Four-fifths of the State of Indiana is covered with drift. It is 90 feet to the rock in Indianapolis. At some points north of Wabash Ui'-^e the drift has been bored into 4(JU to 6(JU feet. It thins out as you go toward Ohio River, does not reach it at some points, and is sparingly found south of that stream. ^ Notes No. 62 Ohio and No. 62 West Virginia.) INDIANA. 199 Niagara. Clinton. Dincinnati. atheru B.B. ntinued. Alt ovonian. 957 U V \A\MO\fhMi Winamac.'* II 713 Indianapolis. 9-12. Devonian. 709 97 Siar City. II 706 4 Maywood. II 101 Rosedale. 11 8 Valley Mill. 1 105 Royal Centre II 736 11 West Newton. 13 a. L. Sub-Carb , * * w 111 Gebhardt II 762 12 Friendswood. II 117 Logansport. II 006 16 Mooresville. II 121 Anoka. 9-12. Devonian. 896 18 Mathews*. II 127 Onward. 11 763 20 Brooklyn. II 132 Bunker Hill. II 800 23 Centerton." II 140 North Grove. II 817 26 Hastings. II 142 Amboy. II 810 80 Martinsville.'' 11 145 Converse. II 81B 83 Hynds. 600 148 Mier II SIC 37 Paraaan. " »7» 157]Marion. •') c. Niatcara. en 44;Go.-vort.»' !13 b U Sub-CarK's* 1 Glacial markings. 2. Crowded with foBsUs of Lower Silurian age. 3. Rich in fossilB, Devonian and Up. Silurian. 4. Pre-historic mounds. 6. Coal fossils. 6. Devonian foselU. .200 AN AMERICAN GEOLOaiGAL RAILWAT GUIDE. (IND.) PittHbnrg, Oinolnnatl & St. I<» " era 18 b. L. Sub-Carb. ««» 14 b. L.Coal Meas.<'s II II Indianapolis, Bloomlngton & Western R.B. 14 18 22 27 83 44 64 65 72 85 Indiana. Brownsburg. Pittsboro. Lizton.** Jamestown." New Ross. Crawfordsville » » Wayneto'n.>a**» Veedersburg. Covington.i8*«» Danville, IU.i» (Continued 9-12. Devonian. II 18 a. Lower Sub-Carb. II II 18 b. Upper Sub-Carb. " 711 14 a. Millstone Grit 14a.Mills.Gt.&14b.L 14c. " CoalMeas. 14 c. " in Illinois.) Cleveland, Columbus, Clnolnnatt A Indian. apolls Railroad. (Indianapolis Division.) 9 14 16 21 28 35 41 48 48 64 60 67 76 84 Indianapolis. Lawrence. Oakland. McCord's. Fortville. Pendleton.!* **« Anderson.*' Chesterfield. Daleville. Yorktown. Munoie. Selma. Farmland. Winchester. Union. (Continued 9-12. Devonian. '<" 6 fi. Niagara. II II II II »u 951 817 B47 830 907 910 914 948 loot 10S7 :oat 1108 in Ohio.) 7. Upper Silurian cephalipodes. 8. Upper Silurian and Devonian fossils. 9. Pentamerous and black slate. 10. Drift and knolls. 11. Keokuk crinoida. 12. Glacial markintr". 13. Coal measures fossils. 14. Devonian fossils. V 1 INDIANA. 201 lo B. R.— Cbn n^ Alt Sub-Carb. 595 « 047 It 6JI Coal MeaB. 615 (( lot 11 734 li 710 hloago R. ] K. ►evonian. 709 . Sub-Carb 505 M 647 II 672 . Sub-Carb , 611 w Coal Meas,"> II II ft Weatcrn R.& Devonian. ' II lower Sub-Carb, Fpper Sub-Carb. II 741 f illstone Orit ill8.Gt.&Hb.L " CoalMeas. lois.) anatt A Indian- d. )ion.) Devonian. 709 II 171 II 846 II 354 II 8ST II 847 agara. II 890 »0I II 910 II 914 II 941 11 1005 II 1087 11 :08> 14 1108 0.) M8. 2 6 8 12 16 19 23 27 31 32 38 44 48 53 56 61 64 67 69 72 IndlsnapoUa & St. lAola Railroad. Alt. Indianapolis. Asylum. Sunnyside. Spray. Avon, Easton. Danville. Hadley. Reno. Malta. Darwin. Oreencastle. Fern. Lena. Carbon. Perth. Fountain. Grant. Markle. Gravel Pit. Terre Haute. 9-12. Devonian. »09 II 13 a. Lower Sub-Carb. II M fllH 18 b. Upper Sub-Carb. / 13 b. U. Sub-Carb. & \ 14 a. Mills. Grit. II 14 a. Millstone Orit. 14 b. Low. Coal Meas. II II 14 c. Mid. Coal Meas. 870 498 St. Loulai Vandalla, Terre Hante A In- dlanapolla Railroad. Indianapolis. 4 Fairview. 9 Bridgeport. 14 Plainfield. 17 Cartersburg. 19 Belleville. 20 Clayton. 25 Amo 28 Coatsville. 33 Fillmore. 39Gr'nca8tle."**» 43 Hamrick's. 47 Reelsville. 50 Eagle's. 53 Harmony. 64Knight8ville. »"* 67 Brazil* «**» 60 Williams, 62 Staunton. 65 Seeleyvill 73 Terre Haute m. '\ rille. > 60 laute. j 9-12. Devonian. II 13 a. L. Sub-Carb 709 748 t42 II 8 59 11 8ao II 8 78 13 b. U. Sub-Carb. «** 13b.&14a.Mills.Gt.»»* 14 a. Mills. Grit, 'os II 68 8 II 14b.L. CoalMeas.«7 3 49 « X 643 14c. M.Coal Meas. ss^ • i 643 II 68 5 •I 492 rSee Ohio.) 4 c. Cincinnati. I Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indlanapolla R. R. 25 32 39 44 52 Cincinnati. Hamilton. McGonigle's. Oxford. College Comer. Liberty. 68j Brownsville 66|Connersvilie. 6 0. Niagara. ros 979 T98 883 Olnoinnatl, Hamilton A Indlanapolla R. R. Ma. Omtinued. Alt 76 84 91 98 103 123 Glenwood. Rushville. Arlington. Morristown. Fountaintown. Indianapolis. 6 c. Niagara. 91% 9-12. Dev. 9o.Cor.«*» 709 Indianapolis, Cincinnati A lAfayette R. R. 18 20 25 26 33 84 40 42 46 48 61 64 60 62 65 68 74 78 81 84 88 95 99 100 102 106 115 125 130 135 138 143 148 152 167 163 166 171 179 Cincinanti. Valley June." Elizabeth town. Lawrenceburg. Newton.* • Guilford. Hansen's. Harman's.*" Weisburg. Sunman's. Spades."* Morris. Batesville. New Point. Smith's Crossing. McCoy's. Greensburg. Adams. St. Paul.i» Waldron.»» Prescott. Shelbyville. Fairland. London. Brookfield. Acton, Gallaudet.i» Indianapolis. Augusta. Zionsville. Whitestown. Holmes. Lebanon. Hazelrigg. Thomtown. Colfax. Clark's HiU. Stockwell. Culver's. Lafayette. (See Ohio.) I. II 646 4 0. Cincinnati. *»» 60S 747 • 29 1015 6 0. Niagara. *<>*« II 982 II 96« II II II II II II II 1003 11 1027 II 943 II 8 80 II 652 <• 6X9 II 9-12 Devonian. »•» «< T74 II 775 II 11 7 92 II 8 52 II 709 13 b. Up. Sub-Carbon. II II II II II so*" 925 818 825 782 595 Jefferaon, Madlaon A Indlanapolla R. R. 7 11 18 16 20 Indiai^polis. Southport. Greenwood. Worthsville. Whiteland. Franklin." 9-12 Devonian. "» 761 858 805 733 l5. GoodfosBils. 18. Block coal. 17. Rich in Upper Silurian foaails ; good quarries. 18. Lower Silurian foaaila. 19. Healthy summit ao. Collette Qlacial River bed. 21. Lower Silurian fossils. 22. Geodes. t 1 I " ,! I; 1 202 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDR (IND.) Jeffenoii« Bladlson ft Indlanmpolls B. B.— Ms. Continued. Alt. 25 81 85 88 41 46 48 52 67 69 64 66 69 71 75 77 82 89 93 100 108 Amity. Edinburg. Taylorsville. Lowell. Columbus. WalesboTo. Waynesville Jonesville. Rcckford." Seymour. Chestn'tR'ge Langdon's. Retreat. Crothersv'le. Austin. Marshfield. Vienna. Henryville. Memphis. **> Sellersburg. Jeffersonv'le ao 9-12. Devonian. 8»3 18 a. L.Sub-Carb. •»* «< ess M 686 M 630 <« 613 l« 607 M S94 9-12. Devonian. < 14 d. Up. Coal Mrs. in Illinois.) Fort Wayne & Jaokson Railroad. (L. S. St M. S.) 16 23 28 83 87 42 60 64 Fort Wayne. New Era. Auburn. Waterloo. Summit. Pleasant Lake. Angola. Fremont. State Line. (Continued 9-12. Devonian. 11 II II II II II II II in Michigan.) (!) «;i looi lOJ] losi Grr.acl Rapids A Indiaiw Railroad. 275 286 290 295 297 304 310 314 320 338 Sturgis. La Grange. Valentine. Wolcottville. Rome City. Kendallville. A villa. La Otto. Huntertown. Fort Wayne. (See Michigan.) 9-12. Devonian. !>» II II II II M M II 951 nil ISO 9U 96) tit 711 Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne Railroad. 333 338 354 360 366 370 374 381 392 400 406 409 416 418 422 424 (Co Fort Wayne. 9-li !. Devonian. Adams. Decatur. 6 c. Niagara. "• « SO) Monroe. Berne. Geneva. Briant. Portland. « sot Ridgeville. Winchester. 3I l< tio M 9)4 M 911 M M ill « 7!: ft Fort Wayne 1. i. Devonian. Niagara. « 41 U U U It M 603 98 Milton. \f. Beeson's. II 875 a 9 9 Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis R. R. 108 Connersville. II O J « 6 10 11 16 19 27 29 Princeton. Lyle's. Mount Carmel. C. & V. Junction. Brown's. Bellmont. Crackle's. Albion, 111. 14 c. U. Coal Mrs. (See Illinois.) 483 Cincinnati, Wabash & Mlohlgau Ti. R. 13 34 54 69 90 Anderso ■ Juno. Alexandria. Marion. Wabash. N, Manchester, Wnrren. 8.0ri8k.&9c.Cor.»94 5 c. Niagara. » ' « « 8 11 n 742 9-12. Devonian. »»* II 731 08 Milford. II 850 Louisville, New Albany & Chicago R. R. 15 25 Goshen. Elkhart. II i< 789 741 New Albany.' 9 ( 9-12. Devonian & 13 ' n. T. fliih.Pn.rh 4 3 8 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. 6 12 Smith's Mills. Wilson's. _ a. Li, ouu-uuro. II M Indianapolis. 19-12. Devonian. 709 6 Malott Park. II 18 Providence »»*«<» 13 a. Lower Sub-Carb. 11 Castleton. M 23 Pekin. II 15 Fisher's. II 27 Farabee'o. II 17 Britton's. II 30 Harristo'n.»8*ei 13 b. U. Sub-Carb _872 22 Noblesville. II 36 Salem.a6*«i « 714 28 Cicero. II 40 Hitchcock's. II 81 Arcadia. II 45 Campbellsburg. II. 34 Buena Vista. « 47 Saltillo. II 40 Tipton. 5 0. Niagara. 607 62 Lancaster. II 42 Jackson's. . U. Coal Mrs. ni tt u If 206 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND.) I Mb. Alt. Ms. (Rockport Brnnoh.) '^k LouisTille. Centryville. 14 b. Middle CUiJi 6 New Albany.' T 13 a. L. Carb. k. 8.*»« 2|Junction. 12 Edward8villo.«« 13 b. L. Carbon. 1. s. 6 Bradley's. 16 Georgetown. ti 9 Chrisney. 21 Crandall. u 10 Miller's. " III 27 Ramsey's. 11 12;Ritchie'8. 84 89 Milltown. Marengo."* 11 18 1 Rockport. 46 Englit?h.c» Taswell. 14 a. L. Coal Meas. Chicago A Great Sontheru R. B. 68 Fair Oaks. 6 c. Niagara "~ 66 Boston. »o II 9 Mt. Ayr. II 60 Birdseye."* 14 b. Middle CI. Meas. 19 Percy. 9-12. Devonian. 66 75 Kyana. Huntingburg. II 22 26 Goodland. Wadena. f 1 3 a. Lower Carbon \ Knob Stone, 'i' !58 Evansville. 14 c. Up. CI. Meas.»7 8 14 a, L. Coal Meas, 84 Velpen.»o 14 a. L. Coal Meas. 32 Orthland. ii 91 Winslow. 14 b. Middle CI. Mers. 84 Wyndhara. i( 99 Oakland.* • <> »4 6 40 Oxford. " ?ti 106 Francisco. 14 0. U. Coal Meas. 45 Pine Village. «« (II 113 Princeton. « 483 54 Attica. " 111 114 E. & T. H. June. II 03 Rob Rov.«* II 118 Lyles. Mt. Carmel. II 68 Stone lilulf. 14 b. Mid. CI. Meas, 124 II 73 Vcedersburg. II 80 Yeddo. II e Division.) (Evansvlll Ohio & Mississippi Railroad. (Louisville Division.) Evansville.' Smyihe. 14 c. U. CI. Meas. »">» « 870 4 North Vernon. 1-12. Devonian. 6 Garvin. M 378 25i Lexington. II 8 Stevenson. II 40 1 Charleston. 11 10 King's Station. II 53 Jeffersonville. 11 12 Chandler. 14 b. Mid CI. Meas.*" « 55 Louisville. Ii 14 De Forrest. " 406 17 Booneville. « 8»1 New York, Chicago & St. Ikiols Railroad. 26 Tenneson. Pigeon. 14 h. Middle Gl. Meas. (Niclcol Plate Railroad.) 80 Buffalo. 82 Centryville. ■ II 364 New Haven, Ind. 9-12. Devonian. '" 88 Junction. II 371 Fort Wayne. « iti 84 Lincoln. II 397 South Whitley. « III 88 Dale. II 406 Packerton. 42 Ferdinand. « 410 Claypool. II igi 48 Huntingburg. i< 415 Burkett. 62 Rose Bank. 14 a. L. Coal Meas. 419 Mentone, 65 Jasper. 14 b. Mid. Coal Meas. 424 Tippecanoe. " III 73. Martinavitle. Glacial bound'y. Glacialdepositsiothenorth, east and wcs^.j none to the south. V4. Edwardtport. Ttiis road runs nearly parallel witii tlie glacial boundary :rom Martinsriliett Edwardsport. Glacial striae 10 miles west of Spencer, pointing soutiieast. 76. Valley Junction. Tunnel between North Bend and Valley Junction is through a glacial de- posit full of finely striated stones. 76. Aurora. Split rock, on Woolper Creek in Kentucky, three miles below Aurora, belongs toi post glacial conglomerate, rising more than 200 feet above the river, and marlcs very nearly thesouib- em boundary of the glaciated area. Gold is found in glacial deposits on Laughery'a Creek, fin miles southwest of Aurora. See note C2 in Ohio, and No. 02 in West Virginia. 77. Broumatown. The glacial boundary running nearly north by south from Charlestowntotta northeast corner of Brown County, passes a little east of Brownstown. 78. WheaUand. The railroad re-enters the glaciated area at Wheatland. 79. Quiney. This railroad from New Albany to Gosport passes through an unglatiated axen 1v glacial boundary is about three miles south of Quincy. 80. Fort Branch ( nd Evansville. From Evansville to Fort Branch the country is un^laciim though covered with Loess. The glacial boundary runs Arom here nearly parallel with this roufe ^ the neighborhood of Vinoennes. The above eight glacial notes are by Rev. G. F. Wright. INDIANA. aoT ntheru R. R, !. Devonian. 3 a. Lower Carboi b. Mid. CI. Meai I, Devoniaa. t. Iuntry Is unglacWeJ allel with this Kudu F. Wright. New York Gbloam A St. Loolt R. B.— ^" (Nickel Plate Railroad.) / 140 151 t62 107 177 180 184 188 193 (03 &10 m S14 ^IC \l\ m Argu8. Hibbard. Burr Oak. Knox. Tbomaston. Wanatab. Valparaiso. Spriggsboro. Wheeler. Hobart, Joliet Pit. Hammond. Cummings, 111. Stony Island. Grand Crossing. Englewood. •2'2d Street. Chicago. <4 II II II 6 0. Niagara. II It 11 II II II II II II II II TS« aes e2s 604 680 Indiana! Bloomington Si Weatern R. R. O' Indianapolis. 2 Moorfield. Johnsonville. 15 |l9 |23 127 9-12. Devouian 14 b. Middle Coal { Measures. II II II If II II 700 842 494 482 648 Terre Harate * IndlanspolU Railroad. Mb^ (Vandalla Line.) Alt 6 28 81 88 46 68 61 69 79 88 98 102 no 116 136 143 160 173 183 Terre Haute. Otter Cr'k Juno. Rookville. Judson. Wavelaad. New Market. Crawfordsville. Darlington. Colfax. Frankfort. Sedalia. Flora. Camden. Clymer. Loganeport. Kewanna. Marshland. Plymouth. Lakeville. South Bend. 18 0. U. CI. Meaa. «•* 14 a. 9-12. L. Coal Meas. Devonian. 13 a. L Carb. Knob s. « 8 26 9-12 DeTonian. »*» II u 606 781 788 liake ISrle & Westem Railroad. 138 149 160 165 176 Fort Recovery. Portland, Ind. Red Key. Albany. Muncie. 176 192 201 212 225 287 246 252 260 261 270 280 282 289 296 805 812 Munoie. Alexandria. Ellwood. Tipton. Circlerville. Frankfort. Mulberry. Dayton. Lafayette Juno. Lafayette. Moncmorency. Templeton. Oxford. Boswell. Ambia, Ind. Hoopeston, 111. East Lynn. 5 0. Niagara. II II II i< -jr 11 II i< 904 948 948 »ftr 888 868 9-12 13 a. L Devonian. II 14 a. L. C. II II II II CI, II II u « l< 841 Knob8.»»* 64» St» Meas. •" 70* tl4. ri» ifil. Uy the excellent Geological Map of Indiana, published by Professor Collett, with his report : 1H84, the following appears to be the mil section or the exposed strata of the State, with the thick- fes9 of each : F0BMATI0N8. THICKNESS IN FT. FOBMATIONS. THICKNESS IN R.. c. Alluvium. 0-50 0-12 Devonian. b. Loess. 0-30 Genesee Black Slate. 60-120 a. Glacial Drift. 0-311 Corniferous. 6-70 Permo Carboniferous or 60-lt8 V Upper Coal Measures, b. Middle Ccal Measures. Upper Silurian. 600-888 6 0. Niagara. 20-fiO Lo\''er Coal Measures, and \ Conglomerate. 60-210 6 c. Clinton. 0-10 Lower Silurian. Sub- Carhoniferout. i c. Hudsou River or Cincinnati. 60-^20 b. Chester 1. s. 0-74 b. St. Louis 1. s. 0-330 The sub-divisions of the Devo- b. Keokuk 1. s. 6-106 nian are too narrow to be sepa- a. Knobstone s. s. 12-S32 rately noticed in the Guide. 908 AM AMERICAN QEOLOOICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ThU blank ipM* U intonded for additional geological not«t lo pencil by the trarelor. 'i-!'')^: w l'.:'^ (S*A '''I \^ ILLINOaS. 209 List of th« Qtoiogioal Formations on the Illinois RailroadSi 18 and 19. Cratacaous or Tartiary. H 0. Uppar Coal Maasurasi 14 b.^ Lowar Coal Maasuras and Con* 14 a.( glontaratat 13 a. Low. Carbonlfarous Limastona.* 9*12. Davonian. Bo. Niagara Qroup. 4 c. Cinoinnati Qroup. 4 a. Tranton and Qalana Limastona. 3 0. St. Patar's Sandstona. 3 a. Caloifarous and Lowar Magnasian Limastona. BslUmor*. Plttobarffand Ohloago Railroad. Ml. (B. * O.) Alt. Chicago.'* 12 Kingston. 14 South Chicago. 21 Edgemoor. 80 Miller's. 84 Mioh. Cent. Jan. 6 0. Niagara. <• II 84 Monee. 40 Peotone. 47 Manteno. 66 Kankakee.* 65 Chebanse. 69 Clifton. 81 Oilman. 86 Onarga. 08 Bulkley. 09 Loda. 103 Paxton. 106 Ludlow. »•» 114Rantoul.'« 119 Thomasboro. 128 Champaign.' •> 187 Tolono. 148 Pesotum. 160 Tuscola. 168 Areola. 173 Mattoon. 186 Neoga. 100 Effingham. Sc.Niag. 88 ms. »*» < S9S • •9 796 Til 616 • 44 • 63 4 c. Cincinnati, 16 ms. << 7 77 • 210 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.) Mb. nilnolt Centnil BallroML Dubuque to CbAto,— Continued. Alt, 117Amboy.»»8 126 Sublette. 188 Mendota. 141 Dimmick. 149 La Salle. 10 »i« 168 Tonioa. 169 Wenona. 180 Minonk. 188 Panola. 191 El Paso. 200 Hudson. 207 Normal. 209 Bloomington.il 227 Wapella. 281 Clinton. 240 Maroa. 263 Decatur. 268 Wheatland. 268 Macon. 269 Moawoqua. 276 Assumption. 286 Pana. 303 Ramsey. i> 816 Vandalia. 330 Patoka. 339 Sandoval. S44 Central City. 846 Centralia. 358 Cairo.'" 4 c. Cincinnati, 8 miles 4 a. Trenton, 20 miles. 74» { 14 a. Conglo. &14b. L. Coal Mres. 8 ms. 14b.L.Cl.Mr8. it « 494 II II 4»4 18.&19. Creta.&Ter'y niinois Central B^Oxomd.— Continued. Ms. Springfield Division. Alt. 24 44 62 82 97 111 Springfield. Mount Pulaski. Clinton. Farmer City. Gibson. Roberts. Oilman. 14 0. Up. Coal Mrs. s» II 14 a. L. CI. Mrs. 15 ms. 4 b. Cincinnati, Urns. 6. Niagara, 6 ms. ^>i Chloago, Barlington and Qolnojr Railroad. Middle Division. 6 29 36 60 71 78 83 38 42 46 60 64 79 86 Kankakee. Otto. Kempton Jn. Griswoid. Pontiac. Kankakee Jn. Minonk. CuUom. Charlotte. Chatsworth. Crumpton. Risk. Colfax, Barnes. Bloomington.'o 6 c. Niagara «>• No exposure. 14a.&b.LowCI.M.««« (t 11 No exposures. i< 14a.«b.LowCl.M.»3» li ii 14 c. U. CI. Mres. 8 28 30 38 43 47 53 57 61 67 74 84 100 106 112 118 124 132 140 148 162 156 164 179 186 198 207 164 178 183 186 192 208 210 212 Chicago.'* Naperville. Aurora. Oswego. 1* Bristol. Piano. Sandwich. Somonauk. Leland. Earl. Mendota. Maiden. Princeton. Wyanet. Buda. Neponsett. Kewanee.i* Galva.8»i Altona. Oneida. Wataga. Galesburg. Monmouth. 18 Kirkwood. Sagetown.18 Burlington. 6 c. Niagara. »» II 4 c. Cincinnati, II II 4 a. Trenton, 46 miles. Galesburg.'* 8 Abingdon. Avon. Prairie City. Budhnfell. Macomb. Colchester.^' Tennesee. ii II ii Hi f 14a.CongLandl4b, \ Low. CI. Mrs. 92 ms. It 7*6 tt f 4 c. Cincinnati. tt it aor H Auror i and Geneva Branch. 4 a. Trenton. tt i • Aurora. iBatavia. i Geneva. S.Niagara. •«<> tt tl II \ It It M. 2S. 26. 27. 28. ■ »• I this 30. Fossil plant* abundant in roof shales of coal No. 2. Limestone of Upper Coal Measures full of fossils. Fossils in roof anales and limeitono over ooal No. 5. Fine outcrop of Devonian shale and limestone between these points Aill of fossils. Niagara fossils occur sparingly at eaoh of these pointa. Fossils abundant in Cincinnati group. Fo&sil plants in roof ahalea of ooal No. 2. Fossils abundant In roof shales of coal No. 8, and also in that of No. 0. in the ahafta opened vicinity. Upper Ooal Meaanra limeatone with a few foaatls. ^'fi;^! MP ' I''' V iiil ' !1: ; . !* : ,11 212 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.) GhleagOf Burlington and Qolncy Railroad. Ms. — Continued. Alt. Quincy, Hannibal and Louisiana Branch. 10 17 19 36 41 43 Quincy " Fall Creek. Hannibal." Hulls. Rookport.'* Pike. Louisiana. ' ' 488 13 a. Low Carbon, l.s. << i< i< 468 6. U. Silu. Niag. group. St. Louis and Rock Island Division. 20 26 38 42 56 67 82 87 92 101 111 116 120 185 164 170 182 203 220 227 239 242 246 265 268 278 280 291 St. Louis. East St. Louis. Alton. » 8 Upper Alton. Brighton. Medora. J vemper. Greenfield. Whitehall. Winchester.'* Riggston. Chapin. Arenzville. Beardstown. Frederick. Browning. Vermont. Bushnell. Roseville. Monmouth. Rio. Orion. Port Byron. »» Rock Island. Moline. Port Byron Jun, Rock River Jun. Erie. Lyndon. R. I. Junction. Sterling. 13 a. Low Carb. l.s.*i« » Ht 14 a. Cong, and 14 b, L. Coal Mrs. 41 ms, 8 a. Cal., 9 ms. at II f 14 b. L. CI. Mrs. 5" \ and Conglomerate. •i « 455 13 20 28 46 Bureau. Henry. Sparland. Chillicothe. Peoria. 2* Pckin. Jacksonville. | ( 14 a. &14b.CoDgla \ and Lower Coal Mn. [ 11 « Ii * » 124 Normal. 11 74 Dwight. 14a.&b.L.C.M-8.6<'» 126 Bloomington.'o 1. St8 96 Streator. II 6 30 146 Atlanta. « 744 109 Wenona. << 167 Lincoln. (1 618 118 Varna. II 164 186 Broadv/ell. "»» Springfield." 14 0. Upper Coal Mres. « 693 128 Lccon. 14 a. &b. L.Coal Mres. 118 Varna. 14 a. Lower Coal Mres. 194 Chatham. * 14 19 28 82 Columbia. 8 « Attica. Waterloo.'* Cambria. 1. JacksonTille Division. II II 664 East St. Louis. 13a.Low.Carb.l.8.*»« i< 3 Venice. II 87 Red Bud. 3 » II 45 7 16 Edwardsville Jn. 14 a. and b. 46 Baldwin. II 23 Alton. *»» 13 a. Low. Carb. 1. s. 64 Sparta. s» Ua-ftb-KCMrs-O*' 28 Godfrey. 14 a. and b. 835 75 Ava. 86 Delhi. II 90 Murphysboro.*' 14 a, Low. Car. 1.8. *" 43 Jerseyville. II 116 Jonesboro.*^ (( 48 Kane. 13 a. Lower Carb. 1. b. 136 Hodge's Park. 19 Tertiary. 66 65 Carrolton."* Whitehall." II 147 Cairo. 11 313 fi 49 Roodhouse. 14 a. and b. L.Cl. Mrs. Ms. Cairo, Tincennes & Chicago R. R. Alt. 91 Jacksonville. 14a.&b.L.Cl.Mr8.6i9 Vincinnes. 106 Ashland. II 8 38 10 St. Francisville. 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. 118 Petersburg. » 14 a. Lovir. Coal Mres. 426 Versailles. 13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s. 10 Georgetown. II 436 Mount Sterling. II 16 Ridge Farm. Chrisman. Paris. « <85 II II 705 446 Clayton. II 8 59 23 30 446 458 Clayton. Labuda. «• 1159 11 62 Marshall. 'i" 14 c. Upper Coal Mrs. 462 Bowen. II 81 Robinson. II 50 8 467 Denver. II 90 Flat Rock. 476 Carthage. 13 a. Low. Carbon. La. 97 Pinkstaff. 481 Elvaston. II 102 Lawrenceville. « » II 424 488 Hamilton.*' II 108 108 112 0. & M. Jun. Beman. Vincennea. II 424 11 (1 452 457 Camp Point. Coatsburg. 14 b. Lower Coal Mres. II 463 Fowler 13a Low Carhnn 1 n Chicago, Kansas City and St, Joseph. 474 Quincy. II 749 ~0 Peoria. *«• Pekin. 14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs. II 4 78 St. Louis and 1 Chicago Line. 10 St. Louis, Mo. 22 Manito, « 3 East St. Louis. 13 a. L. Sub-C. l.s.*»« 27 Forest City. i« 6 78 6 Venice. II 41 Havana. . 11 47 2 22 Edwardsville. 14 b. Lower Coal Mrea. 49 Bath. 38 Staunton." 14 c. Upper Coal Mrea. 59 Chandlerville. 52 Litchfield. ft 68 Virginia. II «08 86 Taylorville. « 65« 83 Jacksonville. II 619 105 113 Boody. Decatur * o ^ II II Havana and Springfield Line. 133 141 Bement. Monticello. 14. Coal Mres. Springfield. "» 14 0. Upper Coal Mrea. 14 c. Upper Coal Mrea. la Athens. 14 b. Lower Coal Mrea. 146 Lodge. 14. Coal Mrs. 22 Petersburg." « 149 Oalesville. ■1 81 Oakford. i< 164 Mansfield. 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. 47 Havana. « 471 166 Osman. II iS, with characteriatio 46. Roof shale and limestone of No. 6 coal Aill of fossils. 47. Another outcrop of the same. 48. Fossils in the limestone over the coal. 49. Outcrop of nearly 260 feet of Chester limestone and shale abounding in the characteristic fossils of this group. 60. Fossils in limestone and shale over coal No. 6. 61. Fossils of Upper Coal Measures abundant in shale below the mill dam and two miles east of town at the bridge on the wagon road. 62. Fossils in shale and limestone over coal No. 6. 1 1 ft % 't i? f-!(i; ■■ t U' \h IW' i ,!-r *SJ y. ] •/hi ■/'! J ..!■ 2ie AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE . (ILL.) ^abaah, St. Loula and Faolflo R. R. Peoria, Deoator A BraniTllle Railroad. Ma. St. Louis and Chicftgo Line.— CSonttnutd. Alt. Ms. —CmUnued, ^it. 162 Howard. 14 a. & b. Low Goal. 98 Bethany. 14c. U. Coal Mres. ess 174 Gibson. 8> 72 7fi Girard. Virden. 14c. Up. CoalMrs.6«7 " 691 6 14 Pacific Jun. Montrose. 88 Waverly. 14 a. &. b. L. CI. Mrea. 24 Deerfield. 106 Jftfiksonville. " 610 32 Libertyville. 3Q Dl1T*110A ~0 Jerseyville Branch. 47 Russell. Springfield. 2 e 14 c. U. CoalMres.5 9 2 Chicago.'* 6. Niagara. ><• 13 Bates. II 8 Galewood. 25 Waverly. 14a.&b.L.Cl.Mrs.6 9i 19 Salt Creek. 86 Palmyra. ii 24 Roselle. " 807 50 Chesterfield. >i 36 Elgin. «i 7O0 59 Fidelity. ii 50 Hampshire. 68 Jersey ville. 11 59 Genoa. 81 Jersey Landing. 13 a. Burlington 1. s. 02 Kingston. 4 c. Cincinnati. 85 Grafton. 5 c. Niagara. 74 88 Monroe. Byron. 4 a. Trenton. St. lioula Coal Railroad. II Marion. Bainbridge. 14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs. Racine and S. W. Division. 8 Racine. fSee Wisconsin.) 4 a. Trenton. 11 Fredonia. 69 Beloit.8» 18 Carbondale. « S»4 90 Davis'. II 23 Glenahl. 103 Freeport. " »j» 27 Harrison. 111 Florence. 6. Niagara. 29 Murphysboro. << 4 25 117 124 181 Shannon. Lanark. Mt. Carroll.'* II 29 Grange Hall. 4. a. Trenton. 86 Vergennes. 142 Say anna.'* 4 0. Cincinnati. 43 Pyatts. 169 Fulton. II 48 Pickneyville. II 444 166 Albany. Port Byron. 8 « 14 b. Niagara. II Peoria, Decatur & EyansTllle Railroad. 181 Peoria.' * 14a.&b.L. Cl.Mr.4 8 3 187 Hampton. 14 b. Low. CI. Mrs. '" 10 Pekin " 47S 194 Moline.«T II 27 Delavan. Hartsburg. II II 613 197 Rock Island. 8 » Devonian. "* 37 86 Stillmau Valley. Lower Silurian. 45 Lincoln. II 89 Byron. II 66 Mount Pulaski. II 97 Leaf Riyer. l Bellville. *" Bellville. O'Fallon. Rentchler's. Mascoutah. New Memphis. Venedy. Nashville. »<>» Ashley. Woodlawn. Belle River. Shawnee Jun. Shawnee Jun. McLeansboro. Broughton. Eldorado. »» Equality. Cyprese Jun. Shawneetown. 13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. 9, 14 a. &b. L.Coal Mres. II II 345 II « 425 « 411 « 4U 14 0. Upper Coal Mrs. I| M9 l< It II 4tS 4ii il 4BI II 500 « . L. Coal Mrs^ '9-11 Dev. 5H Chicago R. a Saute K. R. aw. Carbon. Is, ( an b.L.CoalMre9, < < 47> ( 611 i< 404 i< 541 « 444 (( 459 Railroad. ishville Line. low. Carbon. 1.9, b. L. Coal Mm l( 4i« il 500 (1 « 3I( Lower « Coal Mn, 340 (1 S6) ILLINOia 219 LonlBTllle * NaahTlUe Railroad.— Cbn. Ms. St. Louii, EvansTille and Naahville Line. Alt. Lake Brie * Weatem Railroad. 805 Hoopstown, 111. 812; East Lynn. 148.L.C.M.&CgL»»t 101 MoLeansboro. 14 0. Up. Coal Mrs.' "« 113 Enfield. << 4S8 817,Rankin. « 128 Carmi. " 401 818 PeUsviUe. (1 131 Wabash. « 827,Paxton. 4 c. Cincinnati. St. LoulB. Vandalla tt Terre Haute R. R. 841 Gibson. 14a.L.C.Ms.&Congl. 351 357 Saybrook. Arrowsmith <4 East St. Louis. 18 a. L. Carb. 1. 8. *i»' « 11 Collinsville. 14 a. Low. CLMrs.*««l 361 Ellsworth. . « 19 Troy. " 539 364 Padua. (. 80 Highland.* • 14 b. Up.CLMres.s'? 367iHolder. « 40 Ad Pocahontas. •< 49S «< 5 55 377Blooming.8o << 833 67 Vandalia. «< 800 Lonlaville, ETanavlUe * St. Louis R. R. 81 St. Elmo. Mt. Vernon, Ind. 407 86 Altamont. " 6 16 8 Blueford, " 98 Effingham. " 588 20 Wayne. 111. 14 0. Upper Coal Mres. 102 TeutopoliB. (< 30 Fairfield. " 588 122 Greenup. «« 351 34 Meriam. 130 Casey.* » ({ 47 Albion. 187 Martinsville. " 5 73 61 Brown's Cross. 148 Marshall." « 610 56 Bellmont. 161 Griffiths. « 65 Mt. Carniel. 166Dennison. 13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s. 74 E. & T. H. Jun. 168 Farrington. (( 75 Princeton. " 4I» 166 Terre Haute. " 498 88 90 Francisco. Oakland. Toledo. Pooria & Western Railroad. << •4« Chicago and Iowa Railroad. State Line. 5. Niagara. " 7 08 2 Sheldon. 89 Flag Centre. 4 a. Trenton. 11 Watseka.*!" " 627 95 Chana. i( 26!Gilman. " 65 2 98 Honey Creek. 3 c. St. Petera s. s. 29|La Hogue. 4 c. Cincinnati. 101 Oregon. << 704 40 Chatsworth. " 7sa 108 Mt. Morris. 4 a. Trenton. 1. s. »<»« 47 [Forrest. " 6 78 114 Maryland. '< 941 62Fairbury. 14a.&b.L.C. Mrs.«9 7 120 Forreston. >( 63jChenoa. 724 14 c. Up. CoalMr9.T6 4 132 Freeport. (1 67Meadow8. Rock Island St Meroer County Railroad. 78 El Paso. 92Eureka. " 712 Rock Island. 9-12 Devonian. »•* 99 109 Washington. Hilton. 1. 74b 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs. 4 12 Milan. Taylor Ridge. 14 a. & b. L. CI. Mres. lll'Peoria. «• 468 " 55 6 26 Cable. 139;Canton. Chicago & Evanston Railroad. 149:Cuba. 171|Bu8hnell. " 874 << 664 Oj Chicago. 7* 7iFlftxton 6 c. Niagara. ^st « 189:BlandinsvilIe. 196 T,a Uamut " 730 13 a. L. Carb. L 8. ai^ 10 Calvary. t< 215 195 Burlington. Kankakee & Seneca Railroad. La Harpe. » 887 Kankakee. 5 0. Niagara. *'* 2001La Crosse. ( 5 Hawkins. « 210|Ferri8. « «77 11 Bonfield. 4 c. Cincinnati gr. 216|Elvaston. | ? VSl WISCONSIN. 223 Wisconsin. 1 «• LIST OF THE QEOLOCICAL FORMATIONS IN WISCONSIN. 20. Quaternary. }S?SiS|'"'*''* [10. Hamilton , (Milwaukee Rool(). 7. Lower Helderberg. 9 c. Niagara Limestone.* 9 b. Clinton.* 4 c. Cincinnati Shale. 4 b. Qalena Limestone. Cement 4 a. Trenton Limestone.* 3 0. St. Peter's Sandstone. 3 a. Lower Magnesian (Caiclferous).* 2 b. Potsdam Sandstone.' Keweenawan or Copper'bearing series. 1 b. Huronian. 1 a. Laurentian. Chicago St North-Wetttem Rnllroad. I Ma. Chicago, St. Paul & Minneapolis Line. Alt. 90 104 107 I 111 116 122 128 133 Chicago. Beloit. AftOD. HanoTer. Footville. Magnolia. EvansTille. Brooklyn. Oregon. Syene. Madison. • 08 138 143Mendota. 148,Waunakee. f4b. \ 4 a. (So. (Ab before.) ' b. Galena 1. s. a. Trenton 1.8. '** St. Peter's 8. a. I 4 a. Trenton 1.8. »»» t 8 c. St. Peter's s. s. 4 a. Trenton 1. 8. »•" 4 a. Trenton 1.8. '** 8 0. St. Peter's s. s. Juno. Tren. and St. P. 4 a. Trenton 1. 8. '"^ 20. Moraine Drift. 4 a. Trenton 1.8. "^ '.8c. St, Peter's s, b. 3 c. St. Peter's s. s. \ 3 a. Lower Magn.l.s. Moraines, Drumlins. 3 a. Lower Magn.l.s. 2 b. Madison s.s. •*' Mendota limestone. Potsdam sandstone. ( 8 a. L. Magn. '\2b. Mad.s.B. 8 a. Lower Magn.l.s. on bluffs. »22 2 b. Potsdam s. b. In out, ( Chioag3 |>tone. . , ¥M ffli n f mWf' ' ■ ! Iijl i: ■': i- ii »:■-. ^ <: ; J ) ii ;i: liil i 224 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.) Chicago Si North-W«storn RailroMtl.— Cott- Mb. Chicago, St. Paul and Min. Line. Alt. 212 226 227 242 244 249 266 277 282 289 299 809 821 823 882 889 844 868 868 861 869 872 878 890 401 894 410 Elroy. Camp Douglas, r Wis. Val. Juno. Lowery's. Warren's. Rudd'B. Bl'k River Falls Merrillan. Humbird. Fairchild. Augusta. Fall Creek. Eau Claire. 2 West Eau Claire. Elk Mound. Rusk. Menonionee. Enapp. Wilson. Hersey. Baldwin. Hammond. Roberts. Hudson.' River Falls. Stillwater Juno. St. Paul. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 9»8 II 9 29 11 9 2S 11 959 Ii 1019 i< 9 74 (2 b. Potsdam s. :'s., resting on 1 Arch aean gneiss. *"* 2 b. Potsdam s. s. » 3 » II 1018 >• 106 6 i< 969 II 939 " 88a " 8 77 II 9 26 Pots. 8.8. / Glacial »<»i Pots. s.s. \ flood pi. «T8 3 a. Lower Magn, 20. Quaternary. 919 1147 1168 << 118 3 20. Quat. & 8 c. St. Peter's. "oo Moraine West. io8« 2 b. Potsdam. 'oo { 1 8 a. Lower Magn. 2 b. Potsdam,Glacial flood drift, Moraine Moraine hills. '(See Minnesota.) Kenosha and Rockford Division. 6 10 12 16 19 22 27 44 72 Kenosha. Pleasant Prairie: Woodworth. Bristol. Salem. Fox River. BaBsett. Genoa Junction. Harvard Juno. Rockford. 20. Quaternary. 818 697 748 T69 776 II V (See Illinois.) o M 842 Mianesota Division. 212 217 227 283 246 266 Chicago. Elroy. Glendale. Wilton. Norwalk.* Sparta.* Bangor. (As before.) 2 b. Potsdam 8. 8. •■» « « 988 1010 786 2 b. Pots. 8. 8.Ter. »»« Chicago & North-Western Railroad.— Con. Ms. Minnesota Division.— Corifinurd. Alt. 260| Salem. 267iWinona June. 2 b. Pots. s. 8. Ter. '*« 2 b. Pots, s, s. Ter, "s 27G:La Crosse. 267! Winona Juno. 269 Onalaska. 273 278 284 292 297 Midway. Lytles. Trempealeau. Marshland. Winona. 2b.Pots.s.8.L.l\l _^. Valley drift. « A 2 b. Potsdan\ s, 8.~«'~» f 2 b. Potsdam s. s. \ Valley drift. f 2 b. Potsdam s. s. \ Valley drift. (2 b. Potsdam s. s \ Valley drift. (2 b. Pots. s. 8. Loess, \ drift. 6J0 j Potsdam s.s. \ 8 a. Low. Magn.'" (See Minnesota.) Milwaultee, Green Bay and Marquette Lire. 46 61 60 62 70 76 81 83 86 90 91 100 107 112 119 120 126 183 140 148 166 178 Chicago. State Line. Kenosha. Racine Juno." Racine.* County Line. Oak Creek. St. Francis. Elizabeth St. Milwaukee.^ Lake Shore Juno Lindivern. '^ anville. Germantown. Jackson. West Bend. Barton. Kewaskum. New Cassel. Eden. Fond du Lac. Oshkoah. Menasha and Neenah. As before.) lO. Quaternary. 611 ( 6 c. Niag. (Racine) \ limestone. «" ^ 6 c. Niag. (Racine) \ limestone. 20. Quaternary. «" i6< II !10. Hamilton oeinent rock. 511 6 c. Niagara. 20. Quaternary. «" 631 6 0. Niagara, Drift.'" I< 863 i< 897 {20. Moraine, and fluvial drift. "" r 20. Moraine, and \ fluvial drift. ( 20. Mor. and tiuvial \ d'ft. 6c. Niag.»" f 20. Mor. and fluTJal { d'ft. 6 c. Niag. ( 20. Mor. and fluTJal \ dft. 5 c. Niag. 4 b. Gal. red clt; drift. "' (4 b. Galena. 4 a.Tren. Strite, Till and Red Clay."' f 4 a. Tren. Striae, Till \ and Red Clay.'^ { 1. Camp DougUm. Remarkable castellated outliers. 2. Eau Clairt. Glacial valley drift carved into fine terraces. 3. Hudson. Potitdam, glacial flood deposits and terraces. 4. Sparta. Terraces, artesian wells. Tunnels in or below Lower ICagneslan limestone. f). Racine. Glacial and lacustrine drift. Ancient beach line*. 6. Mihaauktt. Glacial and lacustrine drifts. WISCONSIN. 226 3ts. 8. 8. Ter. '*» )t3. 8. 8, Ter, 655 Pot8. 8. 8. L.JIag. alley drift, 'ss Ghioago A North- Western Ballroad. Ms. Mil., Green Bay & Marq. Line.— Con. Alt, 180 185 190 West Menasha. Appleton. Little Chute. 192 Kaukauna. !98 Wrightstown. 208pe Pere. ^-.|Ft. Howard and "^^l Green Bay. 21 8J Duck Creek. 2221 Big Suamico, 228 233 237 242 252 266 263 264 882 Little Suamioo. Brook side. Pensaukee. Oconto. Cavoits. Peshtigo. Marinette. Monominee. Escanaba, Mioh (Continued f 4 a. Tren. Strioe, Till \ and Red Clay. /4 b. Galena. '»* \ Tren., Red Clay, f 4 b.Galena, red clay \ drift. TO' f 4 b. Galena, red clay \ drift. 6" f 4 b. Galena, red clay \ drift. StriEe. sae f 4 b. Galena, red clay \ drift. Strite. »»! f 4 c. Cin. shale, ^ss \ 4. b. Gal., red clay. 4 b. Galena, Striae. tt (I 20. Quaternary. 4 b. Gal. limestone. 4 a. Tren. limestone. 20. Quaternary. 4 a. Trenton 1. s. 4 b. Galena 1. s. Striae, it (Sea Michigan.) in Michigan.) (Lancaster and Woodman Line.) OGalena, 111. TiBell's. 15^Benton. 20 St. Rose. 82 Platteville. 4 b. Galena limestone, « M II 4 b. Galena 1. b. 4 a. Trenton 1. s. (Sheboygan and Western Railroad.) Sheboygan. 6 Sheboygan Falls, 10 Town Line. 14 Plymouth. 20Glenbaulah. 26 St. Cloud. 30 Calvary. 48 Fond du Lao. 44 Fond du Lao Jo. 47 WoodhuU. 62 Eldorado. S6 Rosendale. £7 West Rosendale. 68 Ripon. 6 0. Niagara. Sub- aqueous drift. **• 5 0. Niagara. Sub- aqueous drift. «8 8 20. Drift. 20. Red clay, r Kettle Range. \ Moraine drift. 6 0. Niag. 1. 8. Niag. drumlins. 4 b. Galena 1. s. 840 867 sar 840 746 20. Quaternary. II 87S (7< ?tl 10. Hamilton, Mil. Cement Rook. "* 6 0. Niagara 1. s. 20. Quaternary. "* f 5 c. Niag., StriJB, Drumlins east *<> ' 20. Moraine fluvial drift. •" iiaha R, B, liv.)— Con. Alt, ne, west. inic drift. st Faul Rallroftd. SRpolis Line.) Alt. ifore.) atemary. II «" ti "» II '" Hamilton, Mil. ement Rook. "* Niagara 1. s. laternary. "* Niag., StriBi, umlinseaBt."' Moraine fluYUl drift. "» WISCONSIN. 227 Ohloago, Hllwaakae & St. Paul Railroad. Ma. (Chicago, St. Paul and Min. Line.)— Cbn. Alt. Ill 116 129 130 139 144 148 152 168 163 168 176 193 Nashotah. Oconomowoc. Watertown. Watertown Jo. Reeseville. Elba. Columbus. Fall River. Doylestown. Rio. Wyocena. Portage City.' Kilboum.* 20. Drumlins. 202 Lyndon. 209 Lemonweir. 212 MauBton. 220 Lisbon. 225 Camp D'glas 238 Tomah. 242 Greenfield. 249 Lafayette. 255 Sparta.^ 265 Bangor. 270 West Salem. 277 Winona June. 280 La Crosse. 410 St. Paul. 420| Minneapolis. BBS 9ta { 20. Moraine, fluvial drift. b. Galena 1. drumlins. sei s., 821 { L.. Magn. drift. II \. 8. M II 884 988 938 2 b. Madison s. s 2 b. Mendotas.s. ^ 2 b. Pots. 8. B. »«» 2 b. Potsdam a. s. 2 b. Pots. 8. B. finely exposed in dalles of Wisconsin. *'* 2 b. Potsdam s. s. II 8 94 " f fine cas- " ■! tellated " ( outliers. II M II II 2 b. Pots. B II II 8. ter. 967 788 752 {2 b.Pots. s.8.,8 a. Low Magn.val.d'ft.«»» (See Minnesota.) (Prairie du Chien Division.) OMilwaukee.* I Wauwatosa. I 10 Elm Grove. 14;6rookfield Jo. 17|Forest House. 21! Waukesha. 28 Genesee.' SrNorth Prairie." 87 Eagle." 10. Ham. cement r'ck 5 O.Niagara 1. s. *** 6 0. Niagara. Striee, Drift. «»i 20. Quaternary. '** II 8 24 « 818 5 0. Niagara. Striae, Drift. »<>» 4 a. Tren. 1.8. "r 3 C.St. P. 8. 8., Drift. I St. Peter's 8. 8. »9»\ 4 b. Galena 1. 8. «»» 4 b. Galena 1. 8. «< 786 7. Fortagt Gtu. Fluvial drift, moraine between Portage and Kilboum. 8. Kilboum. Beautiful exhibitions of fluvial erosion in Dalles of the Wisconsin. 9. Oenesee, Drumlins east and moraindS and kames west of Oenesee. 10. Nortk Prairie. Till, fluvial drift ; moraines and kames east and west of this place. 11. Eagle. Glacial flood plainn. 12. Whitewater. Drumlins ; striee. Kettle moraine south of this place. 13. Milton. Moraines north and south, glacial flood drift. 14. Prairie du CMen. Potsdam ; valley drift ; artesian wells. 15. Brodhead. Trenton (capping bluflfs east). Glacial flood plaint 16. Monroe. Border of orift. Glacial gravel capped with till. • ^8 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.) n •V ! ;■■ • ; '■^%, t ; ■•( ,5 : I '■ Chleago, BUlwankee ft St. Paul Bailroad. Ms. Madison Division. Alt. 0, Madison. 12 Sun Prairie. 18 20 23 27 87 Deanville. Marshall. Waterloo." Hubbleton. Watertown June, 3 a. Lower Magn. «** 4 a. Trenton, Drift, f 4 a. Trent. Drift. Drumlins. "" / 20. Quat. 4 a. Trent. Drift; Drumlins.s** 4 a. Tren.on 1. s. « 1 9 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s. 1 a. Arch. Quartzite. Subaqueous drift. 4 b. Galena 1. 8. «" Northeru Division. 9 16 20 25 83 87 41 46 47 76 "64 69 68 76 83 Milwaukee. ° Sohwartzburg. Granville. Germantown. Richfield. 18 Schleisingville. Hartford. Rubicon. Woodland. Iron Ridge. Fond du Lac. Horicon June. Burnett June. Waupun. Brandon. Ripon. 96 90 102 90 96 99 104 Berlin. »• Picket's. Oshkosh. { 10. Hamilton, Mil- waukee Cem.Rock 5 c. Niagara 1. s. *84 « 648 M 136 « 863 20. Quaternary. »»« f Kettle Moraine. \Glac'l flood d'ft."" 15 c. Niag. 1. s. 5 b. Clin, iron ore.® '• 4 c. Cin. shale. 20. Quaternary, ^ois « 951 5 c. Niagara 1. s. 6 b. Clin, iron ore.»»» 4 c. Cin. Shale. 1 { 4 b. Galena. Red drift clay, 768 20. Quaternary. *** •« 611 4 b. Gal., Striae. 892 20. Quaternary. »«>oo ' 4 b. Galena 1. s. 4 a. Trenton L 8. »»o 8 0. St. Peter's s. s. 8 a. Lower Magn. l.s. { 8 a. Lower Magn. l.s. 2b.Potsdams.8. »«a 1 Arch. Porphyry. 4 a. Ti-enton limestone. 4 b. Galena 1. s. "» 4 a. Trenton 1. s. { Rush Lake. Waukau. Omro. Winneconne. *<> 8 a. L. Magn., Striae. «*i L. Magn. Red d'ft clay, r 20. Quat., Red drift \ clay. 8 a. L. Magn. 1. s. Chicago, MUwankee ft St. Panl Railroad. Ms. Northern Division.— Continued. Alt. 54 57 59 63 69 74 80 90 98 Horicon Juno. Minnesota Juno. Rolling Prairie. Beaver Dam. Fox Lake June. Randolph. Cambria. Pardeeville. Portage City. ' 20. Quaternary. 8 84 « 929 " 941 f 4 b. Galena Is »»« \ Tren. l.s., drumlins. 4 a. Trenton 1. 8. 8 83 4 a Trenton 1. s. "56 3 c. St. Peter's a. s. . 3 a. Lower Magn.l.s, ' 3 a.Lower Magn. l.s, 2 b. Madison e.s.ss' 2 b. Mendota 1. s. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 9" Madison and Portage Division. 1 12 16 21 25 39 Madison. East Madison. Windsor. Morrison. Arlington. Poynette. Portage. (As before.) { 848 84S 3 a. Lower Magn.1.8, 2 b. Potsdam 8.8.882 8 a. L. Magn. 1. s. »«' /3 c. St. Peter's s. b. \3a.L. Mag.l.s. "«« 2 b. Potsdam s. s. « 79t Racine and Southwestern Division. 2 8 10 15 18 27 31 84 41 46 60 64 69 69 Racine. " Junction. W. U. Juno. Windsor. Union Grove. Kansasville. Burlington. Lyons. Springfield. Elkhom. Delavan. Darien. Allen's Grove. Clinton. Beloit. (Continued Eagle. Troy Center.*^ Niag. (Racine) Is. «»« t( 611 Deep drift, (Till) «83 f 20. « Till \ & gravel. "♦ 20. Moraine. »♦' Heavy drift. »" « t«i (Galena & Trenton Is. St. Peter's s. s. Glac'l flood grav.'" in Illinois.) Kettle Moraine. Heavy drift. 9il 871 17. 18. 19. ao. u. SL Waterloo. Drumlina; heavy drift; boulder train. Biel^Md. Heavy drift; kattlc moraine west. Berlin. Red clay drift; boulder train. Wittnteotme, Lower magnesian limestone domes mat ; heavy drift '^- TVoy Centre. Till and glaoial flood depoelta. Amheret. Moraine east; glaoial flood plain west of this plaoe. WISCONSIN. 229 Cbicago, BUlwanh.oe Sc St. Paul Railroad. Ms. Racine and Southwestern Div.— Con, Alt 11 17 Mayhew's. Fayette. Elkhom. 20. Heavy drift. 861 991 Wisconsin Valley Division. 7 10 18 29 42 46^ 54 60 70 76 89 08 102 107 Tomah. Valley Junction. Norway. Beaver. Remington. Port Edwards. Centralia. Rudolph. Junction City. Knowlton. Mosinee. Wausau. Trap City. Pine River. Merrill. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 98 7 '* 2 b. Potsdam s. s. and altering into Kaolin. 2 b. PotB. 8. 3. 1001 •< 9sa 23. Chippewa Falls. Glacial flood deposit ; terraces. 24. Sauk Citv. Drift Margin. Border of the driftless area. 26. Prairie Du Sae. Kettle moraine and valley overwash. 26. Wabaiha. Blufili canped with Lower Magnesian limestone. Valley drift terrates. II m 2S0 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.) i I'A I .i.i'*' ).,,§ f-Ak M m ^''^l 1 1 '^i M m ''"''' w m ' '^ m 1 \(A Oreen Bay, TTlnona ft St. P»al Ml. BsllroAd.— Continued. Alt, 142 149 153 169 166 172 179 198 210 214 Hatfield. Merrillan. Alma Center. Hizton. Taylor. Blair. Whitehall. Arcadia. Marshland. Winona. 2 b. Potsdam a. s. « « a 043 Val. d'tTer f 2 b. Pots. 8. 8. •»» 1 3 a. L. Magn. l.s. (See Minnesota.) •*' Sfllwankee, taike Shore ft Weatem B. B. 4 6 10 18 20 25 81 83 88 42 46 48 62 £8 64 69 77 84 S9 91 94 100 104 108 ,118 116 120 T7 84 78 89 94 Milwaukee. * Lake Shore Juno. White Fish Bay. Dillman's. Mequon. Ulao. Port Washington. Decker's. Belgium. Cedar Grove. Oostburg. Wilson. Weeden'a. Sheboygan. Mosel. Centreville. Newton. Manitowoc. Branch. Cato. Grimms. Reedville. Brillion. Forest Junction. Dundas. Kaukauua. Little Chute. Appleton. Manitowoc. Two Rivers. lO.Hamilton Cement Rock. 5 8* 5 0. Niagara 1. e. 20. Quaternary. «*« 10. Hamilton, Red clay drift. «»* 20. Quat., Red clay drift. ««• l< 69 7 5 0. Niag., Red drift clay. 669 20. Quat. Red drift clay. »»» l< 697 II 696 M TOO 6 0. Niag. 1. 8., Red clay drift, Strise.6 6 « 20. Quat. Red drift clay. 63 9 II 637 II 65 7 5 c. Niag. 1. 8. Red drift clay. o^* 20. Moraine west. '* 5 c. Niagara. *** II 845 20. Quaternary. 8»o l< 832 4 b. Galena. «** <• 707 4 b. Galena 1.8. "» 4 a. Trenton 1. s. 20. Quaternary. »»» « 58 S Manitowoc. Cato. ReedsTille. 5 c. Niag., Red drift clay. 6»« II 814 << 830 Milwaukee, X^ I A Atlantic. IOWA. Iowa J 238 LIST OF GEOLOQIC FORMATIONS FOUND IN IOWA. 20 b. Loess, (concealing stratified rocics. 20a.QlacialDrift" « •< 18 Inoceramust 18 Woodbury, 18 Nishnabotna. 18 Fort Dodge.* 14 c. Upper Goal. 14b. Middle Coal. 14 a. Lower CoaL 13 d. St. Louis. 13c. Keol(ul(. 13 b. Burlington. 13 a. Kindernook. 10. Hamilton. 5 c. Niagara. 4 c. Maquoketa. 4 b.Qalena Limestone. 4 a. Trenton. 3 b. St. Peter. 3 a. Lower Magnesian. 2 b. Potsdam. 2 a. Sioux. Brief Sketch of the Geology of lowat The general geologio structure of Iowa is simple: Ttie prevailing dip of the strata is low, rarelv reaching 6°, and Boutn-westerly in direction. In consequence the outcrops of the greater rock Beries, from the oldest to the newest, form successive zones trending N . W.— S. E., each overlapped on the 8outh-we8t by the attenuated margin of the next higher series. In detail this structure is modi- fied and complicated by slight diversity in strilte and dip and variations in thickness of the several formations, and the regularity of the zones of outcrop is destroyed through erosion by which the north-easterly (and basal) margins of the successive formations are channelled, deeply crenulated, and sometimes cut otf in insulated outliers; and some of the major as well as many of the minor features of the stratified rocks are obscured by a mantle of superficial deposits. The Potsdam is exposed by erosion only in the valley-bottoms or the extreme northeastern comer of the State, where it forms the gently-sloping bases of bluffs 300 to 600 feet high. The steeper medial portion of these bluffs is Lower Magnesian limestone, which, by reason of its firm texture, haa well resisted the degradation of the rivers and forms nearly continuous mural or castel ated precipices. Both formations disappear on the Oneota (or Upper Iowa) river about the west liti of Allamakee county, and on the Mississippi, a few miles south of McGregor. The gentle slopes toward the summits of the bluffs in this region represent the friable St. Peter sandstone, sometimes white as snow, again brown, red or yellow, and elsewhere curiou ily variegated, as at McGregor, where it forma the " pictured rocks " of Iowa. The generally abrupt escarpment of the Trenton limestone overlooks the easy slopes of the sandstone, and forms a secondary line of bluffs along the Mississippi, Oneota and Yellow rivers in the north, which merges into the immediate river bluffs toward the mouth of Turkey river. The Trenton is the first of the formations to occupy a considerable area. It extends along the Iowa-Minnesota line from a few miles wesi/ of the Mississippi to several miles west of De- corah; but by reason of rapid attenuation southward and its confinement to the precipitous Mississippi bluffs below the mouth or the Turkey, the terrane contracts greatly toward Dubuque, where it passes beneath (he surface. Almost everywhere the Tronton is richly fossililerous. The precipitous bluffs at Dubuque represent the Galena limestone, which there has a thickness of 200 or 250 feet, but which rapidly dwindles northwestward. It is the plumbiftrous formation of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa, and takes its name from the prevalent form of the ore. "iuia iio caverns are brought forth the superb stalactites and crystalline masses of various minerals adorning the lawns and verandas of Dubuque. A narrow belt of soft-contoured hills cleft by spring-born stioamlets, or a single gentle slope, rises from the precipices of the Galena and is overlooked by the bold Niagara escarpment. It represents the easily weathered shales and clays of the fossiliferous Maquoketa— a formation typally exposed along the Little Maquoketa river in Dubuque county. The tjrpe section is at Lattner's, on the D. & N. W. R. R., and 4 miles north of Peosta, on the I. C. R. R. The most prominent topographic feature in the State Is the deeply crenulated escarpment of the western equivalent of the New York Niagara, stretching from the Minnesota line north of Cresco by West Union, Elkport, "Sherrlll's Mound" (Dubuque county), Lattner's, and Peosta to the Mississippi at Bellevue, and forming the river-bluffs thence to Lyons. To the north the formation (generally a poorly fossiliferous dolomite abounding in cherty nodules) is thin, and its outcrop but a few miles in width ; but toward the south it thickens to 350 feet or more, and its terrane widens greatly. It forms the "rapids" at Le Claire, but psuses beneath the Mississippi between that town and Davenport. It is economically important by reason of its building-stone. Each of these formations (Niagara to Pots- dam) is clearly differentiated, and conjointly they constitute a topographically distinct section of the State— a section in which the relief is the product of sculpture by rain and rivers during a vast period. Elsewhere the monotonous topography of the State is glaoio in origin, with some post-glacial modifi- cation bv hydric agencies : Here it is exclusively hydrlc. To the southwestward the firm dolomites of the Niagara pass beneath the argillaceous limestones and shales of Devonian age which are usually referred conjunctively to the epoch of the New York 1. Bv W. J. McGee, U. 8. Geologist. 2. The Fort Dodge is referred to the Cretaceous with doubt. It m m i W'l ' • 1 ■ - :f]| \> ■ . . . '■■' 1 ' ' ' ' i' ' ' 234 AN AMERICAN QEOLOOICAL RAILWAY OUIDE. (lA.) Chlenso, Milwaukee A St. Paul lUUroad. { Chloago, aUlwankee * St. Paul Railroad. Ma. Prairie du Chit /., k la. and Minn. Div. Alt. Ma. Maaon Clt7 and Auatin Diriaion. Alt. r 8 b. St. Peter, «•! Mason City. 10 b. Hamilton, nao No. McGregor. 1 ' 8 a. L. Magnesian in 8 Plymouth. " 1114 i hills, 2 b. Potsdam. 21 Carpenter. II 6 Giard. 8 b. St. Peter. 28 Lyle. II 16! Monona. 4 a. Trenton. laai 40 Austin, Minn. 18. Cretaceous. ii>7 19 26 tiuana. PoBlTille.* »«o» Castalia. U lias 4 c. Maq. & 4 b. Galena. It « 1 a 5 7 Dubuque and South-Weatern Railroad. 82 Farley. 6 0. Niagara. uii 87 Ossian. « laai 7 Worthington. II 48 Calmar. 4 a. Trenton. laas 14 Sand Spring. " 13) 46 ConoTer. »'*» 4c.Maq.&4.b.Gal. I 20 Monticello. « 100 68 Ridgeway. 5 0. Niagara. 24 Langworthy. II «2 Cresco. II 1813 81 Anamosa. II 78 Lime Springs. i< 13S8 88 Viola. II 78 Chester. II 1344 45 Paralta. II 85 Leroy. i< 12B8 60 Marion. 10 b. Hamilton. (See Minnesota.) 66 Cedar Rapids. " 7l« lovre and Dakota Dirision. Chicago, Council Bluffs and Omaha Line. Calmar. 4 a. Trenton. laas OSabula.« Maquoketa, 6 c. Niag. « Fort Atkinson. II 1038 6 Elk Rirer. II II 18 Lawler. 10 b. Hamilton. 16 Miles. II II nil 150 II II II 13 14 21 80 Jefferson. " DaTis Jc. " Elk Point, " Burbank, " 18 b. Mid. Greta's."" II nio II 1141 « tlSi 166 178 High Lake. EstherTille. 162 Ruthven. « 84 Vermillion, " •< III! 176 Spencer. II II 44 60 Meokling, " Gayville, " " lUT 187 Milford. << iiri 192 Lakes Okoboji. II 65 James Riv., •« 196 Spirit Lake. 1' II 61 Yankton. 8 " II 1I9> 200 Sanborn. 14 Davia Jc, " » 1130 211 Sheldon. II 19 Joy. 226 Patterson. II 24 Westfield. II 1141 262 Canton.* eBS&18Woodt (• 1121 Hid. Greta's."" nso 1143 1153 uei IIBT 1178 II II II 1196 1130 1141 116i te and a point on tl member of the Icareous member, also a dark shale em margin of the 1 St. L0U18) cannot ^oess; but all hare ^te. The Burling- formation derirei tedfortheintfpi- Bt Bapida"vhich olc yields n tbIuit iortantasa3ource IOWA. 236 OhleagOt BUlwaokaa A St. Paul B. B.— Cbnt' Ms. Darenport Line. Alt, 01 Davenport.* *•* 6 Mount Joy. elEldridge. 17 Donahue. 23 Dixoo. 82 Wheatland. 87 Toronto. 40 MassiUon. 46 Oxford Mills. 63 Wyoming. 69 MontioelTo. 77 Hopkinton. 86 Delhi. 89 Delaware 94 Greeley. 99 Edgewood. 106 Enfield. 116 Brush Greek. 126 Fayette.' »o»« 140 Hawkeye. 10b.Ham.,20».Gl.Dft II tible gradations i on dfvides and ommon phase of Iowa, extondin? another pha.se of leeks eminences, ;hibit anomalous nrlands and hare I 67.) Within the i by the Niagara uary clay formed Loess and Dn» IthfheirTolume. llllnoU Oantral Railroad. M». Iowa DlTlsIon— Continued. Alt. 210 Manson. 20 Glacial Drift. »»♦» 2181'omeroy. 20 a. Glacial Dft. i»«* 220, Fonda. 235;Newell. 245 Storm Lake. 14 * 258'Aurelia. 268 Cherokee. "20b.LoeBs.i"» 283 Marcus. II II 148B 291 Rcmsen. II 11 1 S S 8 802|Lo Mars. II II 12 21 819 James' 20 b. Loess & Woodb'y. 827 Sioux City. II II 1122 IOWA. Ml MT ChloHgo and North- We«t«rn K. H. Council Bluffs and Omaha Line— 0>nt. Alt. Cedar Fulls nod Minnesota Bmnoli. 0| Waterloo. 10 b. Hamilton. 862 12 Janesville. 692 l8,Waverly. 642 27;Plainfleld. eae 85 Nashua. «7B 46 Charles City. 1012 62;Floyd. HOT 63 i Osage. 1178 67 1 West Mitchell. 72 St. Ansgar. 1179 80'Mona. 1203 Cbicago and North-Wegtern Kallroad. Clinton and Anamosa Line. Oi Clinton. 5o Niagara. 617 8]Lyons.i» II 617 10Almont.«» " Maquoketa.' 9 2 17 Bryant. So Niagara. 802 26 Charlotte. II 711 83 Delmar Junot'n. It 837 88 Maquoketa. II 718 44 Nashville. II 789 47 Baldwin. II 744 60 Monmouth. II 791 67 Onslow. II • 86 64 Amber. <( es6 71 Anamosa. 11 (44 1G3 Grand Mound. IG9 Calamus. 178 Wheatland. 1 1 78 Loudon. il85 Clnrence. il90Stanwood. 195 Mechanicsville. 202} Lisbon. 208 Mouht Vornon. 210iBertrani. 210|Cedflr Rapids. 227 1 Fairfax. 234. Norway. 244jBlairstown. 240;Luzernc. 254 i Belle Plaine. 260 Chelsea. 270Tama. 277iMontour. 280' Le Grand. 283 Quarry. 288lMarshall.«o i'OG; Lamoille. 303, State Centre. 310Col. ;317|Novada. 326 Ames. 1 330! Ontario. '335Midway. 1 3401 Boone. |346|Moingona. 352 Ogden. Council Bluffs and Omaha Line. 138 143 147 162 167 Chicago. Clinton. Camanche. Low Moor. Malone. De Witt. ( As before.) 0. Niagara. vesteta part of the town. IP |!| ml 4 is ', \im im I ; M "f {■■ H. 288 AN AMERICAN 0E0L06IGAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (lA.) Ohleago and North-Western R. R.— Cont. Ms. St. Paul and Minneapolis Lines. Alt. 8 11 14 18 2i 'Ab 3i 87 44 6U 68 69 66 73 81 88 94 100 108 117 121 181 187 Des Moines.** Saylor. Trent. Ankeny. Pelton. Polk City. Ulm. Sheldahl. Kelley. Ames. Gilbert. Story. Randall. Jewell. Kamrar. Webster City. Woolstock. Eagle Grove. Thrall. Renwick. Whitman. Iryington. Algona. Burt. Bancroft. 14 a. Lower Ccal. »»* « 884 (I « 1034 « II II lOAO II 13 d. St. Louis. »♦» « 20a.Dft.ii»* II II 1189 II i< 120T| 20 a. Drift. »<>" " 14 c. Low. Coal. " 13d.St.L.io«« 20 a. Drift. "09 « 1188 ii lias II II Ii II II rise 1176 1228 1178 1188 Maple River R. R. Branch.** 7 17 27 88 46 64 60 Maple River Jo. Breda. Wall Lake. «» Odebolt. "•• Ida Grove. Battle Creek. Danbury. Mapleton. 20 a. Glaoial Dft. io«» « 1188 i( loss '< and 20 b. Loess. Dft. in valley " 10 »» 1028 884 889 Sac City Branch** Wall Lake.** 18 Sac City. 21 Early. 29Schaller. i«3» 86|GaIra. 44 Holstein. 52 67 70 Cushing. Correctionville. Kingsley. 20 a. Glacial Dft. 10 8 9 <( 1104 « 1144 '* and 20 b. Loess. II i< 1098 i< llTl id'k. Drift.ii*i 1 f 1147 rift. llii laoial Dft ini 1381 1414 12JJ 1276 1157 and 20 b. Loess. 14 0. Low. CoiL Ota Division. 18 in plateau to IT., 18 a. KindeN Drift. 38 in plateau to West, Drift, 14 0. . Goal in vicin- ISa.Kinderh'k. uvium. 941 of tiie Lower CmI idstone occurs »l«o 1 doubt. It occun «d by Hall in m- IOWA. 289 Mb. Cbiosgo, Rook Isl'd and Pao. R. R. Alt, 183 195 199 208 211 216 221 227 287 252 257 267 277 287 293 802 818 Chicago. Davenport.' '*" Woloott. Fulton. Wilton. Moscow. Atalissa. West Liberty. Downey. Iowa City.'* Oxford.' « Homestead." Marengo." Victor. Brooklyn.' • Malcolm. Grinnell.*® 1 { 806 840 857 872 879 386 892 897 403 408 415 422 436 465 463 474 490 Kclligg. Newton. Colfax. Mitchellsville. Des Moines." Booneville. De Soto. Earlham. Dexter. Stuart. Quthrie. Casey. Adair. Anita. Atlantic. ATOca. Shelby. Neola. Council Bluffs. (As before.) 20 a. GLDft.,20 b. Loess, 14 a. Low. CI. 10 Hamilton. 20 a. Glacial Drift.7" 5 c. Niagara. * " 20 a. Glacial Drift. 5 0. Niagara. • ^ " 10 Hamilton. •" « Audubon Branch. 1 12 16 26 Atlantic. Audubon Juno. Brayton. Exira.*' Audubon. 'Drift, Loess in val- leysides, Subterrane probably 14 c. U. CI. 18 Nishnabotnanear to South-easi. Drift, Loess. [CL " "ov. 14 b. Mid. Carson and Harlan Bra.ich. 1 ^8 1 13 Carson. Avoca. Harlan Junction, Harlan. Loess and Drift ov'jr 14 0. Upper ^ Coal. Loess and Drift. 14. iSp«eM'8 ,F>rry. Trenton and (3alen% with Maqnoketa and Niagara in hills. 15. Peru. Trenton and Oaiena, with Maquoketa and Niagara in hills. 16. Dvbuqut. Trenton in river bed, Galena in hlila, Maquoketa on eminences, overlaid by Loeai» i'fi! ; f ;\v- 240 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( lA.) m I r! If. '' '. ' ii ^ J. ■!■ ^ Vl Jii-^C M:.-li ■ OhloagOt Book laland and Pac. B. B.— dont Ms. Monroe Bm ich. Alt. 10 17 Newton. Reaanor.*^ Monroe. 14 a. Low Coal. « Guthrie Braach. 6 16 Menlo. Glendon. Guthrie Centre. D'ftoverl4c.Up.Cl.? " Nish'botna, South-Western Division. 188 192 197 203 211 Davenport.' Buffalo. Montpelier, Fairport. Muscatine. *i As before. tFossilifer's 10 Ham- ilton in valley, 14 c. Lower Coal in hills. / Loess, D'ft, 10 Ham- ( ilton, 14 0. L. Coal, Chicago, Burlington and Quinoy B, B. Iowa Division. Oi Burlington. »* QJMiddletown. '25 13'Danville. ^i' 19 New London. 28: Mt. Pleasant. »»» 85, Rome. 4261endale. 60B'airfield.»i £6 Whitfield. 62Batavia. 69 Agency. 75 0ttumwa.»« 83 Chillicothe. 88 Dudley. 91 Frederic. lOOiAlbia. 108 Tyrone. 114| Melrose. 122iRusBell. 78S 180 189 146 156 166 180 190 195 211 215 225 283 Chariton. Lucas. Woodbum. Osceola. Murray. Afton. Creston. Cromwell. Coming. Brooks*. Villisoa. Starton. Chicago, Burlington and Qulnoy R, R. Ms. Iowa Division — Qmtinued. x\t. 1018 13 b. Burlington, sac 20a. Gl.Dft., 20b. Loess 13c.Keok.&13d.St.L. 13 b. Burl. & 18 c. Keok. 14 b. Lower Coal. "^^ 18 d. St. Louis. '"^ « 677 14 a. Lower Coal. '*° (( 8 01 13 C.Keokuk. ««0| « 045 " & 18 d. St. L. 20Gl.Dft.&14a.L.Cl. It fi 048 « « 819 « « 8 58 « « 1 1 7 « < (( « « 14 a. Lower Coal Jlres [Mrs. 14b.U.orl4c.Mid.Cl. (i 102S « « It « « « laao 1137 1004 190: Creston. 207 Lenox. 225' Bedford. 234 'Hopkins. 241 Red Oak. io»» 254 Essex. 259 Shenandoah. 266 Farragut. 271Riverton. 280 Hamburg. 291: Nebraska City. « « « f 14 c.U. or 14 b. Mid. \ Coal. Nishnabotna. 20 b. Loess. > « « 97) 961 9]1 911 River mud. Albia and Des Moines Branch. OAlbia. OJLovilla. . 14{Bussey. 191Tracey.»» 25| Durham. 28|Flaglers. 33Knoxville. 37'Donnelly. 43 Pleasantville. 49 Swan. 68; Des Moines." Drift over 14 a. L CL « II loi.St.L « Loess & Dft. ove " Drift over 14 a. LCI. f Loess, Drift, 14 a. L I "iCoal, 13d.St.Loui!.| Drift over 14 a. L. G. 14 a. Lower Coal. "' 17. Lyont. The Maquoketa passes beneath the Niagara a mile north of Lyons, where the cod- I tact is well exhibited in an artlflclal cutting. 18. BUmort. Treaton in valley. Galena |iD first bluff, Maquoketa in terrace, and Nisgtn ii | second bluff. 19. MUea. Maquoketa in slopes, Niagara in hills. ao. Amana. Hamilton, locally overlain by Lower Coal ferruginoua sandstones. 81. Sigoumey. St. Louis, with Lower Coal in hills. S2. Ottumwa Keokuk, with St Louis and Lower Coal on hills to north and south. 23. Det JHoinu, The Loess of Des Moines reposes on Drift In normal relation, but is in 1°'| overlain by a newer sheet of Drift. Such supDrposition U unknown elMwharo. Vidt Am. Jawr. Si 2d. XXIV., 1882. aoa-ss. Joseph Branch. rSUbTiiirCL « 102S (( (( « « , over 14 a. L. CL s&Dft.ove " over 14 a. L. CI. )e88,Drift,U8.L| »al,13d.St.Louii.j t over 14 a, L. CI. fons, where the coo- lace, and Nisgui in IOWA. 2^ Villisca. Clarinda Junct Clarinda. Burl'ton Jc, Mo. 14 b.U.CL.Loess, Drift. Chicago, Burl, and Qulnay B. B.— CSon(tnu«d. Ms. Branches. Alt. 1 16 _36 15 30 « 11 « Chicago, Burl, and Kansas City R. B. Creston. Orient. Fontanel!*. Drift, 14 b. Mid. Coal. 11 22 29 44 Bethany Junct. Eellerton. Mt. Ayr. Delphos. Grant City. Loess (sometimes absent). Drift, 14 c. Upper Coal. 7 12 18 Red Oak. Stennet. Elliot. Griswold. 14 c. Up. Goal, Nish- nab'na & 20 b. Loess 'Loess, Drift, (some- times absent), 14 c . Upper Coal. 9 13 IG Hastings. Henderson. Macedonia. Carson City. r 20 b. Loess over 14 c. \ Upper Coal. ( Loess, Drift, (s'times \ absent), 14o. Up. CI 12 18 2? Hastings. Randolph. Anderson. ^Sidney. ' 20 b. Loess over 14 c. Upper Coal, Drift sometimes exposed at base of Loess. 0| Clarinda. ISNorthboro. r Loess, Drift, 14 c. \ Upper Coal. 11 19 25 82 37 43 Burlington. Wever. Ft. Madison. Viele. Montrose. Ballinger. Sandusky. Keokuk. 19 25 31 33 36 44 50 56 68 69 75 86 99 108 113 118 122 128 Burlington.*" Fort Madison. Viele. Franklin. Donaldson. Warren. Farmington. Willits. Mount Sterling. Cantril. Milton. Pulaski. Bloomfield. Moulton. Caldwell. Cincinnati. Mendota, Mo. Howland, " Unionville," 983 13b.Bur.l8o.Keo."» « 6 in 13 c. Keokuk. »*» « 703 20 a. Glacial Drift. »»» 13 C.Keokuk. ''o» "13d.8t.L.»" 14 a. Lower Coal. «»* i< •«• II lit 11 lo* II •4« II 114 >. Loess & 20 a. Glacial Drift. »<»» Centreville. 14 b. Lower Coal. 101 8 7 Sedan. « 817 11 Dean. <( 8iV 15 Hamilton. •1 987 24 Waukon Branch. Entirely in the " Driftless Area." The superficial detritus is residuary clays, sands, and alluvium. 26. ZwingU. Attenuated eastern margin of Glacial Drift. 26. Wathington MilU. Maquoketa a raw feet below level of creek. 27. Samara, Piltnor*. Between these stations lies an insulated basin of Drift, completely sur- rounded by Loess. 28. Fort Dodge. St. Louis overlain b^ Fort Dodge resting on Lower Coal in hills. 29. Almont. Maquoketa in slopes, Niagara in hills. 30. Marshall. St. Louis ? Lower Coal in eminences. Remarkable crinoid bed near here. 31. Mo. Valley Junction. Glacial Drift in valleys. Loess on uplands. 32. ilfapte River and Sae City Branches traverse an area over which the Glacial Drift is of consid- enble thickness and overlain by Loess, gradually thickening westward from an irregular eastern margin generally coinciding approximately with the Mississippi-Missouri watershed. i 33. Wall Lake is named from the adjr^cent lake, which is in part surrounded by a natural wall of rock, formed by the long continued pus.iing shoreward of the boulders lying upon its shallow bot- tom by the expansion or the ice in whi jh they become bedded each winter. 34. Dakota City. From near Dakota City to the Big Sioux River this railway traverses a heavily drift-mantled area, and the subterrane is wholly unknown empirically. The Sub-Carboniferous probably extends many miles. Northwest of Dakota there may be remnants of the Coal Measures. ! The InoceramuB and Woodbury are probably developed towards the state line where, too, the red quartzites of the Sioux doubtless lie beneath the Drift and Loess. _, 35. Iowa City. Hamilton in city, and Lower Coal sandstones in hills to northward, overlain by I Glacial Drift and Loess. Locality of '' Iowa City Marble." 30 Oxford. Hamilton with Lower Coal sandstones in hills. i I S42 ▲M AMERICAN OEOLOOICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (lA.) I ■ill 1 -I r ■ ilr-i" M J' , I Ms. WttbMk, It. It. sad P»e. B. B.— Cbn. Alt. 269 Keokuk. «•• 274 Alexandria, Mo. 281 Wayland, " 287 Clark City, « 298 Luray, " 806 Arbela, « 814 Memphis, « 826 Downing, « 886 Lancaster, « 888 Glenwood Juno. 862 Sedan. 869 Centreville. 887Corydon. "92 400 Humeston. 414 Weldon. 428 Grand River. 468 Goshen. 484 New Market. 492Clarinda. i(»» 600 Yorktown. 618 Shenandoah. 686 Malvern. 668 Council Bluffs. Omaha, Neb. {18 c. Keok. overlain by 20 b. Loess. 14 a. Lower Coal. •>' « 1018 14o.Up.orl4b.Mid.Cl. « « « « « A « « <( (( i( « 20 b. Loess. "•3 m »T9 Pes Moinea Division (Narrow Guage). 16 22 81 48 68 66 79 87 98 116 Des Moines.'* Waukee. Adel. Redfield. Panora. Hemdon. Jefferson. Churdan. Eads. Rockwell City. Fonda. 968 (As before.) •»'' 14 a. Lower Coal. 1049 « 901 « and 18 Nish. « « 10 74 20 a. Glacial Drift. « « « « Ohio., St. Paul, Bllnneap. and Omaha B*y. St. Paul, Omaha and Kansas City. 8 26 80 42 60 68 67 74 92 Sioux City, ii" James. LeMars. Seney. i"» East Orange. Hospers. Sheldon. St. Oilman. Sibley. Worthington. 20b. Loess & 18 Woodb. 20 b. Loess. « 1281 ««&20a.Gl.Dft. 20 a. Gl. Drift. i»o» (< 13 8 8 « 140SI « 1442' « 15 09 ( See Minnesota., Sioux Oltj and Paetfle Bailroad. 9 22 88 68 60 66 71 77 Sioux City. "»» Sergeant's Bluffs. Sloan. Onawa. River Sioux. Mondamin. Modale. California June. Missouri Valley 20b.Loe88& 18 Woodb " « 1001 « M lost AlluTium & Loess. > <>•« « « « « Kansas City, St. Joseph and Coanoll Bloflb, 1 6 14 17 20 26 30 34 40 61 Council Bluffs. 20 b. Loess. Traders' Point. 20. Alluvium. Pacific. « Pacific Junot.B a Haney's." Bartlett. McPaul. Peroival. E.Nebraska City Hamburg. (Continued in Missouri.) « « « ail »H •<1 9«0 III >4i • «0 • It til 911 Des Moines and Fort Dod^e Bailroad. ODes Moines.'' 8 Ashewa. 16 Waukee. 21 Dallas Centre. 27 Minburn. 34 Perry. 42 Rippey. 60 Grand Junction. 69 Paton. 67 Gowrie. 73 Callender. 82 Tara. 88 Fort Dodge." 82 89 100 108 114 119 130 137 Tara. Clare. Gilmore. Rolfe. Plover. Mallard. Ayrshire. Ruthven. 14 a. Low. CI. Mres.'or IS O >os 1041 lOli 1011 »7t lOll lOSi nil 1191 " 11J9 / 18d. St.Louis,»»" \ 18 d. Fort Dodge, 20 a. Drift, 14 a. LCI? 20 a. Drift. II " 18a.Eind'h'k? II II II II II 37. Homestead. Hamilton with Lower Coal sandstones in hills. 38. Marengo. Hamilton with Lower Coal sandstones in hills. 39. Brooklyn. Glacial Drift with St. Louis? in artificial exposures. 40. OrinneU, About the undetermlnod eastern margin of the Lower Goal. 41. Muscatine. Hamilton with Lower Coal sandstones on hills, overlain by Glacial Drift ui Loess. From Davenport to Muscatine the Mississippi has corraded its channel through one of tb« Carboniferous outliers (ferruginous sandstone, with pockets of coal) characteristic of eastern Ion ,2 {Loesa, Drift ov. 13 c. Keok. & 13 d. St. L Loess, D'ftov. 14a. L.C Belmond Branch.** 14 22 Belmond. Lattimer. Hampton. t Drift over undeter- mined Sub-Carbon- iferous strata. Centna Iowa Hallway— CbnNniMd. Ms. Story City Branch. Alt. Marshalltown. 4iMinerya Junot. 11 Minerva. 13 Bromley. 17 St. Anthony. 22Zearing.s» 83 Roland. 89 Story City. 118o. Keok., 13 d. St. Louis, partly over- lain by D'ft & Loess. Drift and Alluvium. Drift over 14 a. L. Gl. ? K (I (( « tt " 13 d. St. Louis. State Center Branch. 6 24 83 Grinnell.*o Newburg. State Center Jet. State Center. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 20a. D'ftov. 14a. L.C? Newton Branch. OINewaharon. 14 Lynnville. 30 Newton. (14 a. Low. Coal, •»» generally concealed by Drift. 'S* Montezuma Branch. 0:GrinneU.*o 10 17 Ewart. Montezuma. 20 a. Drift. 1011 { " Loess ov. East- em margin 14a. L.C. Burlington, Gedar Rapids and Northern Railroad. 9 12 15 20 23 29 85 41 44 47 55 61 67 70 73 77 82 89 Buri'gton.'o »»8 Latty. Sperry. ^ Kossuth. Linton. Morning Sun. Wapello. Long Creek. Columbus J uno. Port Allen. Cone. Nichols. West Liberty. Centredale. West Branch. Oasis. Morse. Solon. Sly. 13 b. Burl. & 13 c. Keo. 20 a. Glacial Drift. « 747 « 769 M 761 « 8 8S 13 a. Kinderhook. "f* 20 a. Glacial Drift. « 10 Hamilton. « « 585 608 638 666 716 708 700 758 784 781 45. Rose nm. St. Louia, with Lower Coal in hillf>. 46. Extra. About the northern margin of Upper Coal. 4T. Pella. St, Louis in valleys and south of town. 48. Eddyviile. Keokuk, with St. Louis and Lower Coal in adjacent hills. 49. Reasnor. It is probable that the Chicaqua ( Skunk ) River, crossed between Reiner and (onroe, cuts down to the Sub-Carboniferous. 60. Burlington. Burlington, with Keokuk in hills overlain by Glacial Drift and Loess. SI. Fairfield. St. Louis, with Lower Coal in hills to northward. 62. Pacific Junction. Upper or Middle Coal capped by Loess in hills to eastward. 63. Des Moines, Chariton and St. Joieph Branch of C. B. 4a .Trenton. «»» 89 Clermont. « 8 56 98 Po8tville.a »"» 4c ?iaq.&4b.Gal. Muscatine Division. 11 18 16 28 26 81 87 68 66 70 76 79 88 Muscatine.^ ^ Cedar River. Adams. Nichols. Lone Tree. Rirer Junction. Riverside. «i Ealona. Kinross. Keswick. Thomburg Juno, What Cheer. Barnes City. Montezuma. 544 608 628 718 10 b. Hamilton. (I « (I « « 6 31 Loess, D'ft, 13a. Kind.? i< « t< « « i< " " 14a. L. Coal. « « « II « II Cedar Rapids. Palo. Shellsburg. Vinton. Garrison. Dysart. Traer. Reinbeok. Grundy Centre. Wellsburg. Cleves. Abbott Crossing. Iowa Falls. Carleton. Galtville. Clarion. Goldfield. Hardy. Livermore. Bode. West Bend. Emmetsburg. Graetinger. Wallingford. Esthenrille. Superior. Spirit Lake,Minn Lake Park. Round Lake. Worthington. 10 Hamilton. II II II II II II II anil Nortih. B. 3.— cvm. Division. Alt, ~7T» 741 7<4 800 >i« 918 tot <« 9ie 20 a. Glacial Drift. II II 18 a. Kinderhook. m 20 a. Glacial Drift. II II II II " IIM II 4t ( 9SI ( tot ( >1( i( oee laoial Drift. Linderhook. •*< flaoial Drift. a. Heavy Drift, Sub-Carbonif- U8^ an. 10 Hamilton. Drift,6o.Niig. Loess, Drift, Ni». rium,6c. Niag. ess in hills, Alio- im in valley, 5 c. agara. B 60 to 150 feet deep, reach the pUtew " direct course, goal behavior of aewjj ■aes. (cf.Burl.F» 183, 688.) Ms. Dubnqne »nd Dakota Ballroad. Alt. "T Hampton. 12 Diunont. 16 Bristow. 22 Allison. 29 ClarlcBville. 36 Shell Book. 41 Waverly. 64 Sumnev. Drift OY. 18 S.-G. strata « « 1 " xO Hamilton. « « 10 b. Hamilton. •!« « «( 949 Drift over 10 Hamilton IflniiMapolls and Sft. I' Kelsey. Boone. 14 a. Lower Coal. •<>« Drift over 14 a. L. CI. 14 a. Low. Coal. »»»» Des Moines, Osoeola and Southern R. R. Des Moines. ' ' 11 18 20 29 50 58 72 81 87 100 111 Norwalk. Poole. R. I. Crossing. St. Charles. Jamison.** Osoeola. Van Wert. «» Decatur. Leon.'* Harding. CainsvUle. St. liouls, Keolrak and North-West. R. R. 14 a. Lower Coal. *°<^ ( Drift & Loess ov. 14a. \L.C.&14b.Mid.C.? Drift, Loess over 14 a Drift, Loess. Dft., Loess OV.14C.U.0, Drift over " « « 4< (I « (I 15 17 82 87 43 49 Keokuk. Boston.'* Charleston. Houghton. Salem. Oakland Mills. Mt. Pleasant. 6* r Loess, Drift, 18d. St. \ Louis, 18 0. Keokuk. 20 a. Drift. « « [Keok. Loess," 18d. St. L.,18o. « « « « Wisconsin, Iowa and Nebraska Railroad. 9 26 46 61 68 74 80 87 95 106 110 Des Moines, f^s Berwick. Mingo. Melbourne. Luray." Marshalltown." Rockton. Gladbrook. Berlin. Reinbeck. Hudson. Waterloo. Cedar Falls. Drift, Loess, 14 a. L. C. " 14 a. Low. Coal. i< { 8»a 18 c. Keokuk. 13 d. St. Louis? Drift. /Loess to S.-W., Drift, \ 14a. L.C., 13a. Kind. Drift. " over 10 Ham. « « Drift ov. 10 Hamilton. Fort Madison and North- Western R. R. 8 6 32 :i Fort Madison. Bluff Siding. Benbon. McVeigh. Birmingham. f Drift, 13 c. Keokuk, 1 13 b. Burlington.? Drift. " 14 a. Low. CoaL Burlington and North- Western and Bur- lington and Western Railroads. 20 84 89 42 47 62 40 66 66 84 95 104 Burlington.'** Roscoe. Winfield. Wyman. Crawfords. Havre. Washington. Wayne. Brighton.*' Woolson. Hedrick. Cedar. Oskaloosa. As before. 20 a. Drift. « sa» " 20 b. Loess. 20 a. Drift. Drift, 13 d. St. Louis? " 13 d. St. Louis. " Loess, 14 a., 18 d. " 14 a. Low. CoaL « « (I « 850 58. Belmond Branch traverses the eastern aide of the Iowa loop of the Great Terminal Moraine I of the Upper Mississippi Valley. 59. seating. The Terminal Moraine crosses the railway f^om north to south in this vicinity. 60. Elgin. Galena, Maquoketa and Niagara in eminences. 81. Riverside. Hamilton, with Kinderhook on south side of river. 62. Jamiton. Drift— concealed eastern margin of Upper Coal probably near here. 63. Van Wert. Drift along vallej sides generally overlain by Lioess. The phase of Drift knowu las " hard pan " (a dense, tenaCiOus blue or gray clay, weathering white) occurs in vicinity of this and (succeeding stations. I 64. Boeton to Mt. Pleasant. Subterrane includes easterr salients of* Lower Coal, the 8t Louis land Keokuk, and. possibly, the Burlington. 66. Luray. About eastern margin of Lower Coal. ^ 66. MarsniMtown. Keokuk and St. Louis? with Lower Coal on adjacent hills. 67. West Keithtly^g^ to Oskaloosa, Formations only approximately located. m HI i '.;'"i :h : 1 ) 'F II ■I I i i !. . e-l^v:-- f 2M6 AN AMERICAN QEOLOQICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MINN.) Minnesota.* LIST OF THE QEOLOQICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN MINNESOTA." PORMATIONB 1IINNB80TA rOHMATIONS MINNESOTA PBK OINBBAI. LIST. 8VB-DIVI8ION8. FEB OENERAL LIBT. 8VB-DlV16IUNg. 20. QUATERNART. 20. Quater. or drift. 18 b. Benton. 4 a. Trenton. 4 b. Qalena 1. 1. 18 Crktacsous. « 4 a. Trenton 1. 1, 1' 18 a. Dakota. 3 a. Calciferous. 3 b. St. Peter s. s. 10. Hamilton. 10 a. Hamilton 1. s. <« 3 a. L. Magnetian.t 9 0. CORNIFEROUS. 9 c Corniferous. 2 b. Potsdam. 3 c. St. Croix s. 1. 6 c. Niagara. 5 c. Niagara l.s. /2 b. Potsdam 1. 1, I ofWIeconsin. 4 0. HcDSON River. 40. Maquoltetath. 2 a. Potsdam of Min, 1. ARCHiBAN. 1. Archaean. Potsdkin sandstone of the Wisconsin geologistfl ; 3 c. of this scheme for Minnesota (the St. Croix •andstone), and the Potsdam sandstone of New Yorlt is regarded as the equivalent of 2 a. by Prof, Winohell. Under the New Yoric Calciferous are included the St. Peter sandstone, the Lower Magnesiui (Shakopee, Jordan and St. Lawrence), and the St. Croix spidstone. N. U. W. The course of glacial stri. \ and of transportation of the drift in eastern Minnesota, is southwest fi-om Lake Superior to the Missisalppi River : but in the west part of the State it is to the south and southeast, from Lake Winnipeg to Big Stone Lake, and into Iowa, excepting the southwest corner of the State, where the course is deflected to the southwest. A tract adjoining the Mississippi River, from Lake Pepin to the southeast corner of the State, Uw In a driftless area, which has a large extent toward the east and south in Wisconsin. W. U. The four most notable features of the glacial drift in Minnesota are the following : a. Its great depth, averaging 100 feet, and sometimes exceeding 200 feet, uponlhe western twcH thirds of the State, where it generally covers all the surface of the older bed rocKs. W. U. 6. The terminal moraines of the last glacial epoch. These belts of hilly and knolly drift retch from St. Paul and Minneapolis, north and northwest, to the Leaf hills and Itasca Lake. A great loop of the same formation also extends from Lake Aiinnetonka, by Albert Lea, into Iowa, to Pilot Moano, Mineral Ridge, and the vicinity of Des Moinos, where it curves like the letter U, thence passing northwest by Storm Lake and Spirit Lake in Iowa, and along the elevated Coteau des Prairiet througn southwestern Minnesota into Dakota. W. U. e. Lake Agassis, which occupied the basin of the Red River of the North and Lake Winnipeg daring the recession of the ice sheet, that being a barrier to prevent the water on this area from flowing to Hudson Bay as now. The beach of Lake Agassia is well exhibited on the Northern PaciBc Railroad close east of Muskoda. W. U. d. The channel or valley in which lakes Traverse and Big Stone and the Minnesota River lie, excavated 100 to 225 feet in depth and about a mile in width. It was eroded by the outflow from Lake Agassiz ; and the river thus formed has been named the River Warren, in honor of Oen'l Georee K. Warren, who first described this channel and showed its origin from the glacial lake in the Red liiver Valley. W. U. Ohleaso, Slllwankee A St. Paal R. R. Mb^ (Southern Minne.sota Division ) Alt. 1 82 37 46 61 67 62 70 77 Milwaukee. La Crescent. Qrand Crossing. Rushford. Peterson. Whalan. Lanesboro.^ iBinours.' Fountain. Wykoff. Spring Valley.* 3 c. St. Croix. »•♦ 3 a L. Mag. Bluffs.s*^ « « « « 722 766 78« 841 899 3 b. St. Peter. »»<>a 4 a. under village. 4 a. Tren. Frequent sink-holes. * * ^ ' 10 a. Ham. uncon. on 4c.Hud.River.»»6« Chicago, Milwaukee Si St. Pan! R. R. Ms. (Southern MinneHotti Division.)— C»h. Alt. 86 101 106 113 122 128 138 147 162 171 174 191 216 Grand Meadow. Brownsdale. Ramsay. Oakland. Hayward. Albert Lea. Alden. Wells. Delavan. Winnebago City, Winnebago. Fairmount. Jackson. { IS 18. Creta. (proba- bly) >"» II 1271 <« i^^S" ii IKlJ ii 1341'^ over" Dev.»"iH « 12«lJ « IIJI? i< lost II 1096 20. Heavy drift. * Prepared expressly for this work by Prof N. H. Winchell, of Minneapolis, the State (ieolo^ of Minnesota; with elevations and notes on glacial drift by Mr. Warren Upnam, Assistant Geologiat t Sub-divided into 3 SHakopee 1. s., 2 Jordan s. s., and 1 8t. Lawrence I. s. 1. The three sub-divisions of the Lower Magnesian : 1, St. Lawrence limestone ; 2, Jordii sandstone : and 3, Shakopee limestone are here seen. 2. In the immediate river bluffs are (he Jordan and Shakopee. Further back are the St. PeM and Trenton. MINNESOTA. 24: MINNESOTA JB-DIVIBIONB. i80ta (the 8t, Croix nt of 2 a. by Prof. I Lower Magneaias N. H. W. isota, is southveat is to the Bouth and outhwest corner of er of the State, \im n. W. U. Ing: tnlhe western two- s. W. U. I knolly drift reach Lake. A great loop wa, to Pilot Mound, U, thence passing ea Prairies tnrougn W.U. nd Lake Winnipeg on this area from le Northern Pacific W.U. innesota River lie, 1 outflow from Lake of Gen'l George K. ke in the Red River W.U. , Creta. (proba-' 1831 , the 8tat« Geologiit Assistant Geologist mestone ; 2, Jordu Bk are the 8t. Pet* 01il«aco* Milwaukee A St. Paul R. B. Ms. Southern Minnesota Division.— Cm. Alt. 240 268 282 296 St. P& S.C.Juno. Fulde. lona. Edgerton. Pipestone. IS Heavy Drift.' 1708 Quartzite & Gatlinite. Dakota Line. »»** Cbloagu & North-WMtem Railroad. 297 Winona. 808 Minnesota City. 808 Stockton. 816 Lcwiston. 81d Utioa. 826 St. CharlcTs. 829 Dover. 884 Eyota.< 847 Rochester. 866 Byron. 862 Kasson. 868 Dodge Centre. 876 Claremont. 882 Havara. 887 Owatonna. 896 Meriden. 402 Waseca. 413 Janosville. 428 Mankato Juno. .OQ St.Paul& Sioux \ City Junction. J 428 Mankato* 487 St. Peter. 446 Oshawa. 467 New Ulm. 479 490 498 606 616 Sleepy Eye. Springfield. Sanborn. Lamberton. Walnut Grove. 626Tracy.»i i*"' 639 645 653 661 1667 Balaton. Redwood. Tyler. Lake Benton. Verdi. { 8 c. St. Croix & 8 a. L. Mag. in bluffs. /So. St. Cro!x, 8a. 1 L. Mag. '»• «< laii « 1170 14 8,. Tren. in bluffs. 8 b. St. Peter. " 8 a. Low. Mag."«» 8 b. and 4 a. i>>* 4 a. Trenton. "8 7 (SameasStChas.)**! ib. Galena 1. s. "50 <• 1 a s 2 18. Cret. probably "•• it isto « 1346 4 a. Trenton. Heavy drift. "<* 18. Cretaceous. »»<» 18. Gretac. Heavy drift. "»» >* 18. Cretaceous. i«» Prob. it 1089 1144 iai«> { 20. H'vy drift of the Coteau des Prairies l< 18 2 8 M 103 8 « 17 8 (( 1789 « 17 71 Ohlc8iC*> i^d .VfortlwWmtem BaHroad. Ms. Qmtinuad. Alt. 674 662 666 676 698 Elkton. MarshaU. Minnesota. Canby. Gary." (Dakota 20. H'vy drift of the Coteau des Prairies f20. H'vy drift, prob- ably undorlain by gneiss and schists, 1174 ii 1179 i< 1348 Line.) " **«* Minnesota Valley Railway Division. 479 481 493 499 606 Sleepy Eye. Redwood Jo. Morgan. Paxton. Redwood Falls. Arcliaean. »o»» Heavy drift of the Co- teau des Prairies^ * Heavy drift. i<>*» m V Mlf . 1 • y is:: r- :'-:i -'.9.-: ) , i •' I: Wi ■ . mi ■ m 'i ■ VI. l'.. it OhlosKu, St. Paul, BUnneapoUa Si Umalia Ma. ntMMmf ^Continued, Alt 89!Jordan. 43 47 51 68 62 69 76 77 86 89 91 99 109 116 122 187 148 164 160 170 St. Lawrence. Belle Plaine Blakely. E. Henderson. Le Sueur. Ottawa. St. Peter. Kasota. Mankato.* South Bend. Minneopa.'* Lake Crystal. Madelia. Lincoln. St. James. Mountain Lake. Windom. Wilder. Heron Lake Hersey. 178 Worthing! on. » ">** Shakopee 1. and Jordan s. s. f 8 a Low.Magnesian \ St. Lawrence, f 18. Cretaceous over \ 3 a. Low. Mag.»»» " 738 <• 714 8 a L. Mag., Shak- opee limestone, Jor- dan sandstone. ''*' u T»o « 747 «< top "1 "18a.Creta. (< (OS « 171 18.Cret.H'Tydrift.»»< I M 1021 1042 107J ISOO 1S5S 1448 1417 1485 1S82 Mb. AiiuneapoUs A St. Loul* Hallway. Continued. 27 82 42 60 68 66 76 88 94 108 Merriam Jo. .Jordan. New Prague. Montgomery. Kilkenny. Waterville. Waseca. Richland. Hartland. Albert Lea. 8 a. Shakopee. 3 a. Jordan s.s. Morainio Drift. 3I « 816 « 993 (i 97< II 191 99S 913 lOlt Flat d'ft on Arch."" II lOtl (1 1061 //17 (1 iei« r 26 )rift. 1001 80 « im 42 « 1171 47 804 115 121 132 123 141 155 Barn urn. Black Hoof. N. P. Junction. Thompson. Fond du Lac. Duluth. Taoonio. « M l( (( iurtheni Paolflo Ballrfiad.— C'onfinuad. Ms. Little Falls * Dakota R. R. Alt. 1 vlor's Falls Branch. 21 Wyoming. Taylor's Falls. Passenger Dep't. 2. Primordial?) •«« St. Croix. 8. 8. T41 Knife Falls R. R. Branch. OlN. P. Junction. 6|Cloquet. Huronian Slates. »"«* i 1 78 Northern Pacific Railroad. FcTKus Falls and Black Hills R. R. O; Wadena. I » IjWadena June. 10|Deer Creek. UParkton. ISHenning. 24'Vining. 29:ciitheral. 33, Battle Lake. 39; Maple wood. 41jSouthwick. 42l Underwood. 63;Fergus Falls. 12 BOjAmes. 68 77 Everdell. Breckenridge. Dakota Line. >>.2 a g o Si o 1349 1350 1394 1394 1436 1389 1346 1354 1360 1342 1182 1063 993 960 8 16 25 29 31 88 48 53 60 69 79 88 Little Falls. La Fond. Swanville. Gray Eagle. Birch Lake. Spaulding. Sauk Center. Westport. Villard. Glenwood. Starbuok. Cyrus. \forri8. fStaurolitic& garnet- iferous mica schists. Ill* Drift. »i«* >• 1171 « 12 28 * * * X 1401 Drift. ii»» « 1185 l< 118 4 Chicago, Milwaukee A St. Paul Hallway. Southern Minnesota DiviHion. 9 19 26 87 83 Wells. Minn Lake. Mapleton. Good Thunder. St. P. & S.C. Jc.» Mankato. ' Heavy Drift. iiss loss « 10 81 <> 074 3 a. Low. Mag.Shak. I. B. 18 Cret. f »» 18.Cret. L. M. Shak. I.S.Jordan, s. s.^'" Wabasha Division. Wabasha. 13 Glasgow. 20 Theilman. 29 Millville. 341 Hammond. 42; Zurabro Falls. 52|Mazeppa. 63|Foresl Mills. 60! Zumbrota. {' 3 a. L. Mag. 8 o. St. Croix in bluflfs.*" i< 71« « T48 <« 78 7 3a.L.Mag.inbl'fs."3 « 83 T « OSS « 70 " Shak.l.8.«»o Hastings & Dakota Division. 9 18 22 27 31 33 8 12 18 22 Minneapolis.' Hopkins. Chanhassen. Hazeltine. Augusta. Benton Jc. Cologne. 4 a. Tren., 3o.St. Pet. Heavy Drift. Hastings. Vermillion. Auburn. Farmington. Fairfield. « Heavy drift. 91! 066 924 974 94S 04S r 3 a. Low.Mag. & St. \ Croix bluffs. »«>7 (I 3 a. Low. Mag. »«i 3 b. St. Peter s. s. 904 " or4a. Tren. »*» St. Peter s, s. 6. Cantle Roek. The outlier of the St. Peter toward the east gives the name to the place. sandstone, 70 feet high, visible from the station I S80 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MINN.) •I : i .t'J: ' : ■ < -!-^Y*-t; '■•■m Ohloaso, imiwankaa M St. PabI B. B. M». (HMtlng« * Dakota l)iv.)—Con. Alt. 88 41 45 48 64 89 114 137 167 178 178 182 Prior Lake Shakopee. ChsBka. Carver. Glenooe. Bird Island. Granite Falls.* Montevideo. Appleton. r 8 a. St. Peter a. a. or \ 4 a. Trenton. •«» 8 a. Sliakopee I. a. ^>* 8 a. Cal. heavy drifts >• IIS ' 20. Heavy drift, un- derlain by 1. Aroh- aean rooka. AltematinK beds of gneisa ana aohiata, Red and grmy gneiaa. 20. Drift. ' Heavy expoaurea of gneiaa & granitoid Odessa. |' gneisa, with oon- Juno. Switch, f ■ apicuoua glaciation OrtonviUe. parallel with the Minneaota River Valley (Dakota Line.) (Iowa A Minnesota DiviBJon.) 85 96 111 114 117 126 135 144 150 159 170 178 179 186 193 199 200 212 N. McGregor. Lfl Roy. Adama. Auatin. Ramsey. L^naing. Blooming Prairie Aurora. Owatonna. Medford. Faribault. Dundas. Northfield. Castle Rock.B Farmingtoa. Rosemount. Weatcott. St. Paul Juno. St. Paul. (See Iowa.) 10. Hamilton. Marcellus. Heavy drift. {■ laso tare 18 a. Cretaceous on tlBT 131» 1334 latc •< 13SS 4 a. Tren. on river banks. "*♦ 8 a. River Terr's. '"»» r 4 a. Trenton. ' "* t 8 a. St. Peter. 8a.L.Mag.(Shak.)«»> / 8 a. Cal. & 4 a. Tren. \ on high bluffs. *i> /8 b. St. Peter s. s. & \ 4 a. Tren. near »»* 4 a. Trenton. Heavy 9 0* " drift.»»» « 813 " »5» »o* "& 8b. St. Pet. Mil. lOMtO, m tn. Paul H. B.-Con La Cr(t«ie A 8t. Paul Dtvliton. ) Alt, 806 818 828 826 888 840 842 852 859 869 890 396 401 409 424 Winona. Minnesota City. Minneiska. Weaver. KellogK. Wabasha. Reed's Landing. Lake City. Frontenac. Red Wing. Hastings. Langdon. Newport. St. Paul. Fort Snelling. Minnehaha. Minneapolis.* 1 8 a. Low. Mng.ft 8 q, St. Croix 8. 8. com- pose the bluffs. <«> " «Tt " e»i " eit " »ei " Ut " III " ♦«• " Til " 117 " Til « 111 " »« 4 a. Trenton. 8 b. St. Peter. fi« BUnncspolU M St. lioula Railway. 21 23 26 Minneapolis.* Chaska. Carver. Sioux City June. (4 a. Trenton. »» \ 3 0. St. Peter s. g. 8 a. Calciferoug. f» " 71» " 761 St. Paul, MUnneapolla * Manitoba Ry.* 10 11 25 28 33 85 48 49 54 57 61 St. Paul. E. Minneapolis. Minneapolis. Wayzata. Long Lake. Maple Plain. Armstrong. Delano. Waverly, Howard Lake. Smith Lake. Cokato. 4 a. Trenton. '" 3 c. St. Peter s. s. « 134 18. Cretaceous.? »•• « BI4 " i 2. Primordial.? »"4 " III « I'oio^ « ion9 1. Metamorphic probably i*'" 6. Apring Valley. At four miles east is the best exposure of ii/k^aconeJta, OrtAiA and on.) Alt. jow. Mag.&Sc. [7roix H. B. com- 1 the bluffs ,«61 <« •ri * 3 a. St. Peter s. s. 4 a. Trenton. «*' II 911 3 a. Calciferous. ''^ II 697 ♦ The main line of the Northern Pacific Kailroad is given in a separate chapter. 10. The standard thickness of the formations in Minnesota of the paleeozoic rock is : downward, Galena, or Upper Magnesian, 183 feet; Upper Trenton, gray limeutone, 120 feet; a green shale, 15 feet; Lower (blue) Trenton, 17 feet; St. Peter sandstone, 115 feet; Lower Magnesian, 25U feet; Potsdam, perhaps, 1,000 feet. The upper measures are greatly corroded and show but a small part of the several measures, except the Lower Trenton and its invariable associate the St. Peter sandstone, giving such uniformity of escarpment as will be found in no other formations. The Upper Trenton is usually corroded woll back from the front of any blutf and shows light slopes. W. D. H. 11. From Tracy to Gary, on the southwest, are to be seen the foothills of the Coteau des Prairies. Going west from Tracy the railroad ptwses into a valley between two morainic hills, and near Canby the ascent of the Ooteau is begun, the summit of which is reached at Goodwin, Dak., at 1,996 feet above the sea. C. W. H. 12. From Wadena to Fergus Falls the railway passes through the beautiful " Lake Park Region," with the abrupt morainic mounds of tho Leaf Hills and numerous glacial lakes. Near Ames and Everdill are the beaches of the glacial lake Agassiz (Upham.) C. W. H. 13- Winnebago City is on the deposits of a glacial lake (Upham.) After crossing the Des Moines River the Ooteau det Prairies is ascended. The three hignest points between the Dea Moines and the James Rivers are : Four miles west of lona, 1^05 feet; four miles east of Pipestone City. 1,744 ||*'* Granite. i««« 20. Drift. »««• Slates & schists, ><>« with jasp. & hematite, ' Notes Bigned C. W. H. are by Prof. C. W. Hall. 14. Taylor't FcM». The primordeal is here Tery fossiiiferous and lies unconformably on trap rock, supposed to be Oiprifrrcut. 16. The great Mesabi range of Gabbro is crossed between St. Louis river and Okwanim. The Mesaba Hetghtt, as here named, is on a range of granitic rocks, the apparent equivalent of the Slant's range known further northeastand in Canada ■rrata: Page 246, after Wisconsin geologists, read, is equivalent to 3 c, etc. Note 6. For "of RhyaimtUa," read, for BhynchonMa, Note 7. For «' 700," read 1,700. Note 9. For "is a reef or bar of quartzite," read, are caused by a grey gneiss. •'■Iiiiiiii''^ ^•) nltoba RaU- Alt e. vered. « lliU 1112 1107 (ranch. sdam B. S. !<»'» rift. lOlJ K III « lOif II lOit i« toil M 1111 l< lOIT II 1122 in Lint > 1022 Ine. >rifl. II II tin Line. lilt 1301 IISI llli III! Railroad. Prift. It 11 drift. range, e. ift. & schists, »*" asp. & hematite. I3i 1210 1714 ISTi HOT 1414 1104 1441 nformably on trap idOkwanim. The equivalent of the NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. 25S North and South Dakota. ^ Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Iowa and Dakota DiTision. Ms. (Mitchell to Chamberlin.) Alt. 832 Mitchell.* 347 861 888 420 429 461 855 867 879 390 Letcher. Woonsocket. Woolsey. Redfield. Aahton. Aberdeen. Plankington. Yorkton. Kimball. i»«i Puckwana. Chamberlain.* J 18 a. & b.Cretaceous. 1. 2d Moraine. i»9* / 18 b. Cretaceous, \ Deep Till, noo II 1308 ♦'3dMor.i85» 18 b. Cretaceous, ^^ob ia»6 ««Lacust'lAlluv. 1801 II «« "&Till. Deep Tin. i52i » 16 3 9 Ist or Principal Mora, f Lacustral Alluvium, \ and Till. "»» f 18b.Cret(Berg)i»8« \ Till on Uplands. (Canton to Mitchell.) 262 262 268 Canton. Worthing. Lennox. 381 Parker.* 287 287 298 309 819 843 350 287 303 318 332 Mariira Ju. Marion Ju. Freeman. Menno. Scotland. Springfield. Running Water. Marion Ju, Bridgewater. Alexandria. Mitchell. 18 b. Cret., Till << 1341 1857 II 1347 1 b. Red Quartzite, and 2d Mor. i»*i <4 1440 X 1440 Till and 2d Mor. is"* Till. !«'» 18 b. Greta., Till. i»*o » 13 2 7 II 1213 I 1440 1 b. Red Quartzite, Till. i*»» • < 1345 1 b. Red Quartzite, 18 a. and b. Creta- ceous, 2d Mor.'2»* Sioux City and Dakota Division. Sioux City, McCook. 8 13 21 21 38 33 47 66 _66 68 Jefferson. Elk Point. Elk Point. Westfield. Akron. Calliope. Eden. Rock Valley. Austin. 18 a. Cretaceous, Drift and Loess. io»' Alluvium. 1105 nil 1124 « 1124 •I 1121 f 18 a. and b. Cretac, \ Drift and Loess. !'*» 18 b. " " 11 ''5J ) I 264 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. & S. DAK.) ih |! h. ! I ii » :/ S I Chloasot Milwaukee ft St. Paul B. tl.—Oon. Ma. Fargo Southern Line. Alt. Ortonville, Minn. Till. Archaean 9^^ granites extensive- ly exposed in val- 222 Graceville, «' ley of Minnesota River. "<>» 'Lacustrine de- ^71 49 White Rock. posits of Lake 66 Tyler. Agassiz overly- ' « ^ ing till. 88 Aberorombie. « 988 120 Fargo. (< 908 HastinKS and Dakota Linei.— Con. 16 81 Ipswick. Roscoe. Bowdle. 7 Till. i*»i « 18 2 7 l8t&2d Moraine.1996 Roscoe and Orient Branch. 6. 8 26 49 68 68 Eureka. Hillsview. Roscoe. Millard. Faulkton.* Orient Till&2dMoraine,i88 5 << 18 5 « 18 2 7 « 1641 "2J Moraine. is74 a 1600 Chicago and Nortli Western R'y. Eagle Grove and Hawarden Line. 614 622 681 641 664 663 679 690 602 612 624 681 640 668 Hawarden. Alcester. Beresford. Centreville. Hurley. Parker. Canistota. Salem. Canova. Vilas. Carthage. Esmond. Iroquois. Cavour. Huron. Till and Loess. Ist Moraine. 18 b. Cret., Till. <( « lb. Red Quartzite, 18 b. Cret.2d Mor " Till. i< (> <( (I 3d Moraine. Till. 1181 1346 1505 1239 1 268 1340 1455 1817 1527 1480 1438 1433 1401 1311 128 5 Minnesota and Central Daliota Line. 693 631 649 662 681 691 702 713 723 736 744 763 769 Gary. Altamont. Goodwin. Eransburg. Watertown. Henry. Clark Centre. Raymond. Doland. Frankfort. Redfield. Athol. Northville. Rudolph. Aberdeen. Ordway. Columbia. 2d Moraine. i*** Ist " i»3* Old Till. 1996 « 198 2 1st Moraine. I's' Till. 18 12 2d Moraine. 1^8 9 Till. !*«« 8d Moraine. ^^ss Alluvium & Till, i^^* Chicago & North Western B'y.— Con. Ms. (Elkton to Redfleld.) Alt 574 584 590 597 608 619 644 653 663 662 675 687 699 713 725 739 752 761 781 662 675 684 703 Elkton. Aurora. Brookings. Volga. Nordland. Preston. De Smet. Iroquois. Cavour. Huron. Woolsey. Wessington. St. Lawrence. Ree Heights. Highmore. Harold. Blunt. Canning. Pierre. (Missouri Huron. Broadland. Hitchcock. Redfield. Dnft Plain. Ist Moraine. Till. 2d Moraine. Till. 2d Moraine. Till. 3d Moraine. 17 5! 1630 16S8 16SI tm 169( Mat 1401 isn 12li I34a 1410 1880 Till. f 18 b. Cretaceous, \l8t& 2dMora.i'3i 2d Moraine. ust Till. HOI 18 b. Cretaceous, 1st Moraine. i<2i « 1561 River.) " i<" Till. 12" << 1301 3d Moraine.J'" 18b. Cret., « laoo (Watertown Junction to Watertown.) 0| Watertown Ju. 8i Bruce. IS^Estelline. 30! Castle wood. 44 Watertown. Drift. itot ISiO l«5t 1615 1731 St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba R. R, 241 Morehead, Minn, 242 Fargo, Dak. 251 Harwood. Argusville. 263 Gardner. 269 Grandin. 275 Kelso. 281 Hillsboro. 289 Cumminga. 295 Buxton. 300 Reynolds. 307 Thompson. 320i Grand Forks. 333Manvoel. 345 Ardock. .351iMinto. ;^t)0 Grafton. 18b.Cret.,3d .Mor.iao" " Lact'l Allu.12 96 «' " 12 991 374 St. Thomas " "& Till.' ' ' 3S7 Hamilton. « « 13 01. 1314 1315 392 400 402 Bathgate. Neche. Gretna, Canada J Plain of Lake Agas- \8iz. Laous'l Dep.»»' « 901 II reeI;enridge. ISlDwight. 21 63 80 [ Colfax. I Eyerest. I Greenfield. 99|Mayville. ISlLarimore. 145 Orr. 155 Conway. 167 Park Riyer. r Laoustrial '*• \ Ghamplain. 9« Tin. 4thMor.(?) i"* «' LakeDakota.iso* II 1807 l< 1306 f< isoa It 1300 Northern Pacific Railroad. 5 Ms. Jamestown and Northern Railroad. Alt. 6 13 21 34 43 Jamestown, i*"* Parkhurst. Buchanan. Pingree. Melville. Carrington. eOlNew Rockford. SeiSykeston. 18.Cret.,Till&Vy Drift. 1500 o Fairbum. Hermosa. Brennen. Rapid City, a » Black Hawk. 662 Sacora. 568 577 584 593 597 Tilford. Sturgis." White wood.*' Deadwood. Pennington. 19 b. Miocene. S3>« « SHi 18 Cretaceous. 18 a. i( II II ii (I II it II a. St. Peter sand s. 848 860 3 a. Calciferous. **» 891 2. Primordial. »oi 818 040 976 997 1016 1030 1004 1053 10S9 1080 109S 1115 IISO 1144 1158 1173 1186 1208 1162 1189 1203 1200 1212 1223 <> 12 50 ti 1290 132 7 "heavy drift. a 1147 II 1349 II 1350 II 1310 II 13 76 II 1409 II 1394 II 136? II u ( 1308 (t 1334 n 1399 a IISO i( 1O90 II 924 II 920 II 903 867 1. h'vy drift.'"' II 903 11 f03 Fp. Devoniari'03 « 913 11 II i< i< II M etaceous. iTater. etaceous. etaceous. 920 930 983 1206 1170 1240 142S 1218 1200 Hi: 1460 1444 1477 14tJ 139S 1310 1340 1831 1840 1790 1790 1760 1741 k,i8byProf.N.H, is by Prof. Raphael , and his journeys ; of the stations in B. T. P. arebyhii living the obserw- «rritory of Canada. J. M. NORTHERN J>ACIPIC RAILROAD. (DAK. AND MON.) 269 Ms. Northern Paolflo B. WL,—Ca)t. Alt. Mb. Northern Paolflo B. K.— Con Alt. 428 Steele. 18. Cretaceous. "»» ■ 18 d. Fort Union 486 Geneva. 11 18 88 611 Fryburg. Laramie, Creta- 439 Driacoll. « 18 8 6 ceous. 2767 446 Sterling. l( 1865 617 Sully Springs. « 2647 463 McKensie. H 1696 620 Scoria.* « 2 505 458 Menoken. « 1718 625 Medora. '^iiH << 2 2 6 5 467 Apple Creek. « r642 • t «•• Little Mo. River. 7 « 3 24 5 471 Bismarck.^ ( 18d.Laramie,Creta- \ ceous. i«88 626 633 Little Missouri.* Andrews. " Lignite Mines**** « 2476 ••••• Missouri River Low Water. i8i« f 18 c. Pierre & Fox \ HiU. 1**4 641 Sentinel Butte. l< 2707 476 Mandan. MONTANA. 484 Marmot." II 1729 j 18 d. Fort Union 490 Sweet Briar. " 168 3 650 Beach. ■1 Laramie, Creta- 500 Sedalia. « 2030 ( ceous. 2754 • •**■ Summit. « 2 165 Summit. « 2819 604 New Salem. « 2 161 669 McClellan. i( 2685 507 Blue Grass. 3 1 8 d. Ft. Union." 2042 661 Mingusville. M 2639 611 Sims.* " I960 Summit. II 616 Almont. « 19 18 671 Hodges. II 2535 521 Curlew. " 19 5 5 681 Allard. II 2299 528 Kurtz. II 2023 691 Glendive.io II 2067 533 Glenullen. « 20 70 701 Iron Bluff. II 2097 688 Eagle's Nest. « 209 8 706 Milton. II 2114 547 Knife River. « 2160 721 Fallon. II 2206 666 Antelope.' f 18 d. Ft. Union \ Laramie. »*»» • •••• 731 0. Fallon Creek. Terry. Powder River. II X. •?!■■ \l 260 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE . (MON.) Ms. Morthem Pacific R. B.— Con. Alt. Ma. Northern P»clflo B. R.— Con. Alt. C18 d. Laramie, Summit of Mt. over Tunnel. »«»j 782 Horton. Cretaceous, Lignite 1046 We«t End. 18U.Cre.Juras.&»»4o ( Mines. 3390 1046 Timber Line,** •' [Trias.'soo 790 Hathway. « 2426 1048 Mountain Side. " 5a7« 802 Rosebud. II 2460 1049 /RockCafton*» \ Chestnut. ■■"> f 17. Jurassic, 8>ai \ 16 Carboniferous. 815 Forsyth. II 2512 826 Howard.* * 18 0. Fox Hill 2S58 1061 Gordon. " 4905 886 Sanders.* 1 II 2S93 1054 Fort Ellis. 20. Quaternary. *86o 847 Myers." II 26S1 1057 Bozeman.*^ " 4782 867 Big Horn. II 2688 1067 Belgrade. " 443$ 868 Custer. II 27 2S 1072 Central Park. " 4299 872 Riverside. II 2777 •••••• Gallatin River, " ^ 4280 880 Bull Mountain. i< 3840 1076 Hamilton. " * 4240 888 Pompey's Pillar. 18 i< 3869 1086 Gallatin. " 4njo 896 Clermont. 11 2951 1096 Magpie. / 14. Carboniferous, 904 Huntley. 18 c. Fox Hill. 3012 (.2. Cambrian, "'so Ist Cross'g Yel. River. " 8077 1103 Painted Rock. " 3968 (18 c. Fort Pierre, 1112 Toston. " 8919 917 Billings.! 8 ■I with BluflFs of Fox ( HiU Group. "»» 1122 Townsend. f 20. Quaternary, \ Lake Basin, ^sot 930 Laurel. '» 1041 Hopper's.*^ i( 5175 1044 Muir. i< 5500 118/1 EUiston. f 14. Carboniferous, \18. Cretaceous. 503« Belt Range Tun nel. 5 5 6 5 p*"^ 11. Before reaching Howard, and between ttiat station and Saunders, almost continuous exposures of massive yellowish soft sandstone, evidently Fox Hill, and nearly horizontal. G. M. D. 12. In a cut at Meuer's, and just beyond that station, a slight undulation brings the top of tht Pierrfl into view. The base of the sandstone becomes interbedded with dark shales. G. M. D. 13. Similar sandstones, with top of Pierre occasionally showing below them, extend all along the Y*llow8tone Valley to Billing's, and beyond. At Billing's they form bold cliffs behind the town. Th« BO-called Pompey's Pillar, near station of same name, is an isolated mass of these sandstones. 6. M. D, U. Near Springdale, the rocka become disturbed for the first time, and dip at high angles. Jugu- sic-Triassic, according to Hayden's map. (? ?) Beyond Springdale, fine views of Little Belt Mountains to north, and north end of YellowstoiM range to south, the former composed (by map) of volcanic rocks, with a belt of Carboniferous tilted up around them, the latter of Metamorphic rocks, surrounded by Silurian, Carboniferous and Jiina- ■ic-Triasaic. G. M. D, 15. Livingston. Branch railroad to Yellowstone National Park, Lower caflon of the YollowBtont in sight. It is cut across the arch of a pitching anticlinal giving a fine section of Carboniferous, Jurassic, Triassic (?) and Cretaceous fossiliferous beds. R. P. 16. From Livingston to Bozeman T^nne^. Cretaceous and possibly Jurassic-Triassic rocks, much disturbed, and at all angles to vertical. 6. M. D. 17. Hoppers. Seams of Cretaceous coking coal are worked a.mile or so south of the tunnel. R. P. 18. At Timber Line, just west of Bozeman Tunnel, spur track to coat mine, which I am informed yields most of coal now used on line. G. M. D. 19. Bock CaHon, just beyond Timber Line, seems to show Carboniferous limestones and other old rocks neaily on edge. G. M. D, 20. Chestnut. Several seams of coking coal, much crushed. Carboniferous, Jurassic and Dt- kota exposed in a canon cut across the end of an anticlinal arch. R. P. 21. Helena is built in a gulch, which has been washed with great profit for gold. R. P> C2. Summit. Cretaceous seams of coking coal. R. P. ..—Con. Alt. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. (MON. & IDAHO.) 261 Mr. Northern Paolfle R. R.— Con. Alt. 1193 120(5 1207 1214 1227 1239 1247 1255 12ti2 1269 1279 1286 1291 1307 1316 1323 1330 1338 Avon. Garrison.* Lloyd." Gold Creek. 2^ Drummond. " * Bearmouth. Carlan. Bonita.2' Wallace. Turah. Missoula.*' De Smet. Evaro.2 9 Arlee. Jocko Creek. Ravalli. 8 Jocko. Duncan.* ^ Perma. 3d Crossing Cla {14. Carboniferous. 18. Cretaceous. *«^» f 18. Cretaceous. *»»» \ 14. Carboniferous. ii 4 2 95 (I 4 208 (14. Carboniferous. Cnnon in Carbonif. limestone. •»*» « 3 78 7 Deposit of Traver- tine. 38»» 2. Cambrian, with eruptive-dykes. « 8 5 64 « 8 4 3 8 <• 3808 (18. Cretaceous basin with seams of lig' nite. »»»» << 3318 2. Cambrian. »«*« Lakebas.prob- '<"' ablylOf. Pli-i«9»2 oceneorQuat-2 8 80 ernary. * "> ^ 2.Cambrian contain ing Plioo. or Quat. Lake Basin. 249 7 (< 2493 rk'sF'k. " a*6 2 Ms. Northern Pnelflo R. R.— Con. Alt. 1844 1350 1357 1304 1871 1878 1881 1882 1887 1394 1404 1410 1419 1429 1436 1442 1452 Victor. Paradise. Horse Plains. Weoksville.*! Eddy. Woodlin. Thompson Fs.^* Allen.»» f 2d Crossing \ Clark's Fork. Belknap. White Pine. Trout Creek. Tuscor Nozon. Heron. Cabinet.** Clark's Fork. 1st Crossing Cla Hope. 1 2.Cambrian contain ingPlioc. or Quat. Lake Basin. 41 u sidian or volcanic glass. Noevideneeof volcanic craters were observed, and no basaltic overflows were seen to indicate centres of recent vol- canic action. Major Powell reports this region ,-^4 containing the grandest and most extensive dls- £lay of volcanic phenomena now known in any part of the world, and the investigation of it promises ) supply matter of great importance and iastruotion to geologic science. We do not yet knoveTtt NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. 268 Oo.'sR.R. Alt. of Montana. Line.*" i gravels underlie G. M. D. h the vast volcanic jal notes. A recent Home de.scriptions almost wholly vol- ?-land; but in later 1 thus divided into entHsoaatoexpose 8. In the Warner ingth, are literally bold palisades that tbine to make a re- d from the terraces :e8, are permanent evidence of either egon and Wa.'^hing- ruptl on are rare, m a be traced to their tnds, from sunria- er is there definite flssure eruptions. seen but volcanic sedimentary i)edi, volcanic rocks are 9B. No eyidence of ntres of recent Tol- lost extenHive dlfr ation of it promise! not yet know eves Ms. Daliith & Brainerd Une. Alt. .Ms. N. P. Feryua * Black Hills R R . Alt Duluth, Minn. 1. Cupriferous. h n Wadena. 20. Heavy drift 1 1 3 4"» 23 N. P, Junction. Potsdain Tuconic 1 (1 H 1 Wadena June. with many 1360 28 Pine Grove. 12 3,', 10 Deer Creek. glacial takes . 1394 33 Norman. 1316 14 Park ton. and nioranic 1394 39 Corona. 1 .1 1 IH Fleiiiiing. hills. 1436 45 Cromwell. laconic. 1.10 4 24 Vining. II laaff 51 Wright. 1307 2',> Clitheral. << 1348 57 Tamarack. 12 9 ;{;! Battle l.iike. • 1 1S54 t)6 McGregor. 1 J 2 >; n<) Maplewood. i< 13i Portland, Ore. Volcanic. .« 96 7 P,8 Kalamn, Wash. 1. ss Barney. 'i 1 081 59 75 Castle Rock. Winlock. Chehalis. Centralia. Tenino. Yelm Prairie. 14 82 328 204 20 7 106 120 Wyndinere. Milnnr. II 1060 .1 1006 M8 92 104 118 Fargo & Southwestern Division. ** 8 1.1 38 7 Fargo. ( 20. Lacustrine silt of \ LakeAgassiz, "o* 134 Lake View. (. 324 4 Cotters. 'I 9 09 143 Taeoma. a 81 10 Horace. • > 917 l.)2 I'uvalluD. a 51 19 Davenport. • I 92 1 153 ^ a Puyallup June. Sumner. ft 67 28 Leonard. • ( 1045 155 a 80 41 Sheldon. 20. Till. io»« 159 Struck June. tt 1 10 60 Buttzville. 1171 156 Alderton. (i tfS 66 Lisbon. 1089 175 Wilkeson. ti 8S6 68 Marshall. f 20. Till and 4th Mo- \ raine. »3 4i • 1 13 8 4 177 Carbonado.Wash. « 1152 76 88 Verona. La Moure. Wlsconsli 1 DIviaton. 18. Cret. & Till, i^os Lake Superior. 20. Red Clay Drift. ''■"2 Sanborn, CooperHtoM m & Turtle Mountain 2 Ashland, Wis. Omaha June. ii 4i 6ti9 042 (\ Railroad. 6 a„_i — _„ f 18. Cret., under very \ heavy drift, i**" 24 Summit. ti 1178 U kuniiuuiii. 64 Superior. 4i 1)0 8 9 Odell. II 1441 76 Walbridge. 44 8 18 ISDazey. • 1 144R 79 Carlton. ** ua» 27 Hannaford. 11 143 7 88 N. P. Junction. 44 1080 36 Cooperstown. 11 1447 theextL-ntof this vast volcanic regiou in Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Nevada and California, but it has been estimated by Prof. J(. I'ph LeGonte, at from '200,000 to 300,(X)0 square miles, and its age, he thinks, is Tertiary and probably Miocene. After these vast fields of lava had cooled and consolidated, then came another revolution thut aflfected a region equally great, but situated mostly to the south of il, a force or series of forces, the power and extent of which are utterly beyond the limits of cur con- ception, which broke the earth's crust into thousands of fragments, which were depressed and buried I* oruphoaved into mountain ridges. It will be, when fully explored, one of the wonders of geolocy for its extent, its remarkable structure, and the m>[stery of its origin. *). Yellowstone Park Line of Rocky Mountain Railroad of Montana; by Professor \Vm. M. Davis, of Harvard College. 41. Briibin. In passing up lower Canon of Yellowstone, Jurassic (fossils just outside and west of entranci ), Carboniferous limestone (very heavy, poor in fossils], and Lower Silurian (Potsdam), are crosaed eas t of river above ranon, contact of Lower Silurian ami Archsean. (Hayden.) The altitudes on the Northern Pacific Railroad were furnished by A. Anderson, Engine»r in Chief. They differ slightly from those in Gannett's Dictionary of Altitu 940 Yantic. 00; Mt. Olympus, 8,138; Ranier, (Tacoma) 14,444 ; Mt. Skomegan, 8,400 ; Mt. Tchopahk, 7,200 ; Mt. St. Helena, 9,760. J, R M. E ! I . ! K', I H.) igatlon Co. Alt. Note 13. (I 2S«0 2il«0 116S 12 13S6 Hit uoe 685 llSi 1591 1900 >I9 7 57 89« 101] 1014 13S0 1478 1974 217S 2194 2244 234S 2900 2569 canons cut dovn B. W. of sand:* -''s of B. Vv'. tions were faTO^ •nary time. It is are very largely nable. The same matiUa. B. W. do. (See page 263). This is the only " Puget Group.'' B. W. coma, distanre 25 if snuw fields to of the region in king intereBtand , in Washington, definite can be J. B. M. , are of interest n, 8.138; Ranier, ),750. ■^ J. R M MISSOURI. U0 Missouri.' OirOLOQICAL FORMATIONS OF MISSOURI. 10. Quaternary, Alluviumi Bluff or Loess, and Drift. 19. Tertiary, in Southeast Missouri. 18. Cretaceous, " " 14. Coal Measures, 14 e. Upper. " " 14 b. Middle. " " 14 a. Lower. 13. L. Carboniferous or Sub-Garb., 13 e. Chestergroup. 13 d. St. Louis. 13 c. Keokuk. 13 b. Burlington. 13 a. Kinderhook or Chouteau. 10. Devonian, 100. Black Slate (Gen- esee ?) 5-7. Upper Silurian, 8 Oriskany. II 11 II ii ii II 11 5-7. Upper Silurian, 7. L. Helderberg. 5. Niagara. 2-4. Lower Silurian, 4. c. Hudson River. " " 4. b. Galena or Re- ceptaculite l.s. 4. a. Trenton and Black River. 1st Magnesian. Saccharoidal s.s. 2d Magnesian l.s. 2d Sandstone. 3d Magnesian I. s. Lower Magnesian I. s. and s.s. 2 b. Potsdam. IS ii 11 Si & ii ii o II ii o ii ii ii ii 1 b. Hi jronian. 1 a. Laurentian. Ms. Hannibal and Si;. Joseph Railroad. Alt. Hannibal. *"» 6 Bear Creek. 6«9 lOBarkley. «»» 16 Palmyra Jo. «** 19 Woodland. •»» 80 Monroe. »»♦ 42Lakenan. '"^ 68Lentner. »•» 59 01arenoe. "'* 70 Macon. »»'' 79Callao. •»« 90 Lingo. »o» 104 Brookfield. "^ 109 Laclede. »«» 121 Wheeling. '^o 1300hillioothe. »«* 140 Mooreaville. »" 150 Nettleton. ■»• 160 Hamilton. »»' 188 Kidder. »oit 172 Cameron. io»« 177 08bom. 10** 186 Stewartsv'le. »»» 200[8axton. 200! St. Joseph. 881 833 b. Sub-Car b. & 20. Quat. Lime made. 13 a. & << it << (< 14 a. Goal M?es. << « 20. overlies 18 c. 14 b. Coal Mies. " 4 ft. coal. oa6 it 948 « 6 85 « 648 « 789 «&20 »*» Wabash. St. liouis and Pacific R. R.* Oi St. Louis. 8«» *i Bartmer. 14 Qraham's. 22 St. Charles. »<>* 30 Dardenne. 38 Perruque. 48lF(.ri8tell. 58 VVarrenton. 68 Jonesburg. 77|New Florence 858 806 13 d. St. Louis group. 14 b. Mid. Coal Mrs. [by 20. 13 d. St.Lo. group,cov'd 20. Quaternary. 13 0. and d. 13 a. & b. rests on 10 c. "on4a.&4b. 13 a. and 4 a. Trenton. 13 a. 1. By Professor G. C. Broadhead, lat<« State OutAngiot of Missouri. 2. On W., St. L. A P. R. R., in Warron and Montgomery CounilM, we pass within a few miles irom Carboniferous, chiefly Lower part of Siib-Carbonlferoua tliroufh thin outliers of Devonian to the Receptaculite (Gtilena Limestone) and Trenton and Bla'-k River to the 1st Magnesian limestone and Saccharoidal sandstouej the latter well developed nnd very suitable for glass-making purposes- thick deposits and easy to crush. It is the equivalent of the St. Ptter's sandstone. [HI i!^ "1 f 'I f , ' ' ? -' 1 r *fii' : > \) ( t , P« r B9f I ) ■ I . 268 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( MO.) Wabash, St. Loula and Paclflo Bailroad. Ma. Continued. Alt. 108 108 114 122 180 140 146 168 160 167 178 186 192 196 202 209 219 228 284 289 246 264 266 278 276 WelidTille. Benton City. Mexico. Thompson. Centralia. Sturgeon. Roniok. Moberly. Hunts viiie. Clifton. Salisbury. Dalton. Brunswick. Dewitt. Miami. Wakenda. Carrolltoa.®*' Norbome. Hardin. Lexington Juno. Camden.'" Orrick. MissouriCity.7«a N. Missouri June. Harlem. Kansas City.* 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs. It 4< « S7S « •47 " 4ft.ooal. << 882 »" " 4 ft. coal. « 721 <> 7tl «' 687 " 03 1 «** " [quarry. " white s. 8. 20. Quaternary. 14. b. Mid. Coal Mrs. 20. Quaternary. « 14 b. Coal, middle ser. " 2 ft. coal. 20. Quaternary. 14 c. base of U. CI. Ms. 74 7 « 20. Quaternary. '*« Cl4o.Up.Cl.Mr8.T*8 ■! Good Mollusca of i Up. Carb. St. Louis and Des Moines. 146 Moberly. 14 a. Lower CI. Ms.8 8 2 163 Cairo. « 8 60 162 Emerson. « 8 66 169 Macon. i< 8 00 180 Atlanta. It S06 189 LaPlata. « 940 196 Millard. « 9 70 203 Kirksville. 14a.&b. " •" 211 Sublett'fl. <( 218 Queen City. 14 a. " 1004 227 Glenwood. u 9 90 284 CoatesTille. tl (Continued in Iowa.) St. Joseph Division. 9 19 26 86 44 68 62 78 Lexington June. Swan wick. Vibbard LawBon. Lathrop. Plattsburg. Gower. Agency Ford. St. Joseph. 14 b. Mid. Coal Mres. 14 c. Base of up. Coal. 14 0. Up. Coal Mres. li « 948 «48 086 sar Columbia Branch. OiOeatralia.«»» 22lColumbia. 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs, 14 a. and 18 b. & o. Wabaah, St. Iionla and Paolflo R. B.— Cbnt. Ms. Glasgow Branch. Alt. 16 Salisbury. ^ai Glasgow. "'o 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs base! St. Louis and Omaha Line. 88 64 80 107 131 148 223 «44 778 St. Louis. Brunswick. Chillicothe. Gallatin. Pattonsb'gh Stanbury. M«vrysville. Roseberry. Burlington Juno. Council Bluffs.Ia. 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs 14 b. Mid. Cl.Mrg. »64 14 c. Up. Coal Mres. 876 lojr ill « (I t( « " «»r " 7*1 13 d. Overlaid by drift Deep drift. [in 14a.LowerCl.Mrs.9's 14 b. »35 14 b. & 14 0. MO Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska Railroad. 24 82 40 61 61 64 70 Alexandria. Wayland. Kahoka. Luray. Arbela. 787 655 Memphis. Downing. Lancaster. 787 869 078 Glenwood. 090 Hamilton. 937 20. Alluvium. <«! 18 d. St. Louis 1. 8. XI 14 a. Coal Mres. it IS ^ n -COS £•0 Missouri Paoiflo Railroad.* St. Louis." *8» Benton. Kirk wood. 7 34 Carondelet. l9 26 30 37 41 62 64 67 75 81 88 92 470 688 Meramec. Glencoe. Eureka. Pacific. Gray's Sum't, South Point. Washington. Miller's L'd'g. Berger. Hermann. Gasconade. Morrison. 420 458 830 610 487 608 616 611 488 618 18 d. St. Louis 1.8. & a. Coal Measures. 13 d. St. Louis 1. B. fl8 114 13 d. & 18 c. Eeok. 13 b. Sub-Carbonifer'B. 4 a. Trenton. « 3 a.Calcif. &4a.Tren, " Ist sandstone, " 2dMagn.l,9, « (I « it [0.) MISSOURI. 269 olflo R. B—Cbnt h. Alt. Lower Coal MrZ a Line. Lower Coal Mrs. Mid. Cl.Mrg. »64 « 7p. Coal Mres. " 8 76 «• 103T " 97r (( (( 989 uifio Railroad, iaternary. 3ub-Carb. m «< «9T »< J41 Jverlaid by drift drift. [ns .lOwerCl.Mra.'" 99S & 14 0. 8«(i ftska Railroad. [luvium. <«5 St. Louial.B."! Coal Mres. " i.2 « >J > « C 3 Q allroad.* d. St. Louis 1. 6. & a. Coal Measures, St. Louis 1. 8. & 13 0. Eeok. Sub-Carbonifer's, renton. li alcif. &4a.Tren, " Ist sandstone, 2d Magn. 1. s. A* » Lebanon Branch. OJeffersonCity.*! "IS a. Calcif. 2d Magn. Is lljMoreau. " «« 760 " Lead mines near II 19 Ruaselville. 28i01ean. 83:Eldon. 37|AuroraSp'8."" 40 Cooper. 46|Bagnell. Ms. AUssoarl Paolflc Railroad. Ait. Lexington and Southern Br&Dch— Continued. 64 Bedford. 14 a. Lower Coal Mres. 66 Arthur. II 710 69 Nevada. • TO 82 Sheldon. .< 93 Lamar. " coal and s. s. 99 Carleton. II 105 Jasper. 13 c. Keokuk. 110 Gary. II 116 Carthage. " Lime quar. ^^ee 119 Edwin. " Zinc and lead. 126 Webb City. II II 133 Joplin. l< II 1018 Warsaw Section. 20 42 Sedalia. Cole Camp. Warsaw. f 13a.Kiuderhook9 0^ \ 13 b. Burlington. 3 a. Calcif., lead mines. " on Osage River. Creve Coeur Lake Branch. Oi Laclede. 121 Creve Coeur. 13 d. St. Louis. Lower Carb. 786 St. Louis, Iron Mountain anU -Southern Division.* 6\ " 10 13 21 24 26 29 36 39 43 61 6? 61 65 8a.Calcf.3dMagn.l.s. II " Osage River. Lexington and Southern Branch. 10 23 29 88 60 Pleasant Hill. Harrison ville. Archie. Adrian. Butler. Rich Hill. 784 14 U. CI. Mres. 11 826 f 14 0. Upper & 14 b. \Mid. Coal Mres. 14 b. Mid. Coal Mres. II 814 r 14 a. L. C. Mrs., coal \ mines, beds 3 to 6ft. 66 70 75 83 87 95 102 106 112 118 126 184 St. Louis. Jefferson Bar'ks. Cliff Cave. Kimmswick. *^' Sulphur Springs. Pevely. Horine.' Hematite. Victoria. De Soto. Blackwell. Cadet. Mineral Ft. 497 Potosi Hopewell. Irondale. *'* Bismarck. Loughborough. De Lassus. 8'" Knob Lick. 9«6 817 Mine La Motte. Frederickt'n. »•» Cornwall. Marquand. Bcssville. Lutesville. 6*1 13 d. St. LouisLs. *ii 18 d. Warsaw l.s. *!« 13 c. Keokuk 1. s. 13 b. Burl. 1. 8., lime. II 411 4 a. Trenton. **i r 3 a.Calc, Sandy lead \ mine 6 miles north. 3 a. Calciferous. *'8 II " Valle lead ms. 10 miles so., Frumet lead ms. 10 miles no. Good building stone. 3 a. Calciferous. »»2 " lead mine. « 5 "many lead ms. II >l 98* 1024 2 b. Potsd. & 1 b. Hur. " [quarry. " & granite " lead, nickel, cobalt, manganese, copper, iron and porphyry. 2 b. Potsd. & 1 b. Hur. f 2 b., 1 b. & 3 a. Calo. \ Iron and granite. 3 a. Calcif 's, iron. »" II " Limo. •" Fii Iff n'M 3. LoesB is well developed at Kansas City. Wl: 270 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( MO.) f ' > >: ! ' • i m 1'-' i.{- 1 ■^ h . n III i ■ Ma. MisBouri Faolflo Bailroad. Alt. St. Louis, Iron Mount, and South. Div.—Cont. 148 AUenville 164 168 162 174 178 1C5 Jackson. Sylvania. Morley. Diehlstadt. Charleston. Belmont. 345 8 a. Caloif s, iron. 3»9 4 a.Trenton & Black riv 3 a. Calciferous f 20. Quaternary, with \ probably 19. Tert'ry 8»1 S13 Arkansas Division. 76 Bismarck. 81 86 88 89 96 104 108 116 127 134 146 148 166 181 201 186 893 «3S Iron Mountain." Pilot Knob.» Iron ton, 10 s^s Arcadia. Hogan. Ozark. Annapolis. Des Arc. •*^ Piedmont. *«>» Mill Spring. **» Williamsville**! Blums. »*8 Poplar BluflF. Neelyville. S06 Domphau. Moark. 287 3 a. Calciferous. *<>" !2 b. Pots. & 1 b. Hur, Specular iron ore in vast quantitiei.io^^ « 85' 2 b. Potad. & 1 b. Hur. '« a ►^ K J _ o \< £ « D W. "rt. 9 j granite \ quarry." g g> ^1? 8 a. Calciferous. " &20.Quat 20. Quat. Swamp. 3 a. Calciferous. 20. Quaternary. Cairo Branch. 10 16 28 74 Cairo. Hough's. Charleston. Sikeston. Poplar BluflF. 860 I Low lands. 20. Quat. and probably 19 Tertiary. « P2 3 2* « «S S 3 30 « Nevada. «»<> 14 a. Lower Goal Mres. 18 b. Sub-Carbonifer'8 13 0. " 13 c. & d. & 14 a. 4 ft. coal. 14 a. Coal Mrea. << « "&18C.U.8..C. 18 b. Upper Sub-Carb. 18 a. Sub-Carbonifer's. 18 b. Upper Sub-Carb. 14 a. Coal Mrs. 4 ft, ol, potter " clay & iron ore " coal mine8,fo8- ail ferns, &c. { « "4ft.cL Kansas and Arizona Division. 8 16 22 Holden. Benton. *''° East Lynn. Harrisonville.'i* 14 b. Mid. Coal Mres, 14 b. Coal Mres. 14 0. Upper Coal Mres, Chloago, Rock Island and Faolflo B. R, South-Western Division. JO 5 11 21 29 36 47 55 76 Atchison. Atchison June. Learen worth. Beverly.»«» Platte Ci ^ . Atchison June. Qrayson. Platt8burg.»*8 Perrin. Cameron, i"'" Gallatin. 14 0. Upper Coal Mres, .11 M .It M M iy; on \t the saniii^/.u A top of Suo- Carboniferous (Millstone Grit 7) and underlaid by Chouteau group. [ h' t., ti'ie Cr»l ].i..6ii ;''e8 ippef' 6. At Cheltenham, four mllei from St Loais, are vast deposits o*' g x^i hrc i-^(it.y. MO.) MISSOURI. 271 oad— Cbntinutd. 'exas Division. Alt. . & b. Sub-CarbT « . Lower Coal Mres. . Sub-Carboniferti. « '. & d. & 14 a. «< 4 ft. coal. i. Coal Mrea. (I "&18C.U.S..C. ). Upper Sub-Carb, I. Sub-Carbonifer's. t). Upper Sub-Carb. I. Coal Mrs. 4 ft. d. ter " clay & iron ore " coal mineB,foB- ail ferns, &c. " "4ft.cL « na Division. b. Mid. Coal Mres. <( b. Coal Mres. c. Upper Coal Mres. and Paolflo B. R, Division. 0. Upper Coal Mres, Jamesport. Trenton. Princeton. LineTille. AUerton. Seymour. 14 0. Upper Coal Mres. ObloagOt Rook Island and Paolflo B. R. jfs. Soath-Western Division— Osntinued. Alt. 16 102 127 148 166 169 St. IiouIb and San Franolaoo, formerly At< Ms. Jantlo and Paolflo, Railroad." Alt. <( II »1 :j-iv.. .'eiapptW' re i'^ivy. 6. Down the St. Louis & Iron Mountain R. R. we have St. Louis lim jstone then Warsaw litr»estone, Keokuk Hmestone, and Burlington limestone within 20 miles. Crossing the Merritnac River, we find the last for a while, then the Receptaculite, Trenton and Black Fiver limestone, 1st Magnesian limestone, and at Horine Station the Saccharoidal sandstone, very soft, used for glads-making, and is Tsry white and pure. Afterwards we have 2d Magnesian limestone. (Jrossing Big River, the 3d Magnesian limestone near Iron Mountain. De Lassus, Mine la Motte, Fredericktown, Pilot Knob, Dea Arc and Annapolis are porphyry hills of Huronian age, and the adjacent limestones and lower aandatones and conglomerates are proliably Potsdam. At Mine la Motte and Fredericktown are certainly Potsdam fossils, but the absolute line (if any) has not been determined between the PotHdam and Calciferous beds. Near Iron Mountain, Knob Lick and Cornwall are superior granite quarrios, which may be of age of Laurentian. 7. Four nMea southeast is Crystal City on the Mississippi River, where glass is made. The Mcoharoidal or St. Peter's sandstone is here forty or fifty feet thick, and over one hundred feet (nick in Warrpn County. It is very valuable for glass-making. 8. Iron Mountain is 228 feet high, and its base covers 500 acres. 9. Pilot Knob is a conical hill, nearly circular, 581 feet high, with a north and south diameter of about one mile at its base, which covers 3C0 acres Elevation 1,500 feet above sea. 10. Sheppard Mountain magnetic Iron ore. s w -if! -S iii' > ■'■ '.V 1- '. ' li ; i i •J ' I ! MM^nP 272 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY G' IDE. (MO.) Mr. St. lrf>uit A San Fninolaoo R R.— Cbn. Alt. 21 24 89 Springfield. Buckley. Graydon. Bolivar. 18 0. Keokuk. 1360 L.Carb. prob&bly 13 b, Joplin Branch. 10 20 Oronogo. Webb City. Joplin. Galena. 1018 13 0. Keokuk mines. " Handsome crys- tals of Blende, Caloite & Galena Zinc mines. 1 8 O.Rich in lead & zinc Kansas Division. Peirce City. 18c.Keok.lime. i»»» 27 Carthage. " Lime kilns. 86 Oronogo. <• Zinc & lecd. 44 Smithfield. 11 ( Continued in Kansas.) Girard Branch. 20 Opolis. Joplin. 13 0. Keok. " Lead & zinc. 1 PI" Kansas Olty, St. Joseph and Oonnoll BluffB Ms. Railroad. Alt. Kansas City. »*» \ 14 Upper Carbon. Qood fossil moUusca 10 Parkville. »»» 14 0. Upper Carbon. 17 Waldron. »»» II 26 E. Leavenworth. » II 66 Rushville. »»• l< 66 Lake Station. 20 Quaternary. »»« 70 St.Joseph. 14 c.Upper Carbon.' 2* 80 Amazonia. " fuBulina abounds. 99 Forest City. " " &mollusca. 109 Bigelow. 20 Quaternary. » « ^ 116 Ci»ig. •»» " over 14 c. 122 Corning. •»« II 185 Phelps. II 895 149 Hamburg. " &14C.U. C. 200 Council Bluffs. 88B ( Continue( 1 in Iowa.) Hopkins Branch. 70 79 86 91 101 108 116 128 181 St. Joseph. Amazonia. Savannah, i**" Rosendale. Barnard. Bridge water. Maryville. Pickering. Hopkins. 14 0. Up. Carbon. "* "Fusulina. •" Good " fossil moluBoa II 7 95 943 Kansas City, St. oa, * GouncU Blulis SI. r. Ms. Nodaway Valley Branch. Alt. 0| Mound City. lllMaitland. 17 Skidmore. 28 Quitman. 29 Burlington June, Quaternary. ««f 14 c. Up. Coal. Mres. II Clarksville. Kissenger. Elsberry. Winfield. Monroe. St. Peters. 13 c. Keokuk 1. s. 469 20. Quaternary. 13 b. & 0. Keok. Is. <•• 11 13 b. Sub-Carb. "» 13 a. &b."&4c.Cinn. 4 0. Hudson River, f 4 c, 10 c. and 13 a, \ & b. Sulphur Sp'gs. (18 a. Kinderhook. 18 b. Burlington & 10 Devonian. 18 a. and 13 b. f 10 Dev'n, 4 a. Tren. \ and 4 b. Galena, 18d. St. L. Fault near. 18 c. Keokuk. »' 20. Quaternary. St. lionls, Salem & Little Rook Railroad. 9 24 40 46 Cuba. Steelville. Cook'e. Salem. »»•« Orchard Bank. 3 a. Caloif. lOlt 9 p. » 3 II. On St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., going Bouthwest, after leaving Pacific (or Franklhi) the 2d Magnesian limestone gradually riMos, showing some 2d sandstone, and through Crawford, Phelps, and Pulaski counties the latter is the highest rock, resting on 8d Magnesian litneBtone, th« latter well exposed along the Gasconade River. Crossing It, we are upon the highest lands Is Missouri. Descending towtxds Springfield, we find the Lower members of the Sab-Carboniferou l/^i MISSOURI. 273 11 Blulla ». a ich. Alt. ary. "i ). Coal. Mres. I 1 Coal and "• ist Upper Cat- 's rooks in Mo. oh. lary. '" onUc.U.C.M. isas City B. R. tern R. R. lid. Coal Ms.'" " Clays."' « 7eo pper Carb. '*" lid. Coal M8."9 wa.) .Wetttem R. R, Leokuk 1. s. 461 atemary. I c. Keok. Is. *•• it Jub-Carb. *•« b." &4c.CinD. iidaon River, 10 0. and 13 8. Sulphur Sp'gs. Kinderhook. , Burlington 4 )evonian. nd 13 b. )ev'n, 4 a. Tren, 4 b. Galena. L. Fault near. Keokuk. "' a*ernar y. lock Railroad. h" 1011 it aloif. ciflo (or Frankliu) through Orawfort, ilan limestone, tne I hiRht'gt lands to 8ub-Carboni(eroM Kansas City, Fort Soott & Quit Railroad. Mh. KnnyRH City, Sp'gfleld ft Memphis Line. Alt. 15 Fort Scott, Kan. Arcadia. 88 Lamar. 50 Golden City. 65!Greenfield. SSJAsh Grove, 101 186 143 193 214 242 Springfield. Seymour. Cedar Gap. Willow Springs. West Plains. Augusta. Mammoth S'pg. Spring City. 14 b. Mid. Coal Mrs. ^ Coal near. ■ 14 a. Low. Coal Mrs. i Coal mines. " coal and sandst. 13 c. Keokuk. " lead ne.ar. " lead and lime. « 13S2 {« 1650 Highest land in Mo. 8 a. Calciferous. i7<"» li 13 70 II 950 "3dMagn.l. "o > « « « « 9U 920 ass 9S5 96S loot 1000 loot ■mo-Carbonif. 1061 1070 1081 not 1114 llSS 1155 ISa.Dak.i'"' « list « 1225 at Lansing, a 21- ,. The lime.«tone8 —jper coal measure lythe glacial drift gravels locally sre it is mined to fovernment, hai at this writing. Ms. VnloD Paclflo Ballway. KanBM OiTliion.— Q>n. Alt. 194BaTaria.>o 201 BrookTille. Areola. Terra Gotta. 211 Carneiro.* Mt Zion. 218 Kanopolifl. 228 Ellsworth. Black Wolf. Cow Creek. 239 Wilson. Dorrance. 263 Bunker Hill. Homer. 263 Russell. Gorham. Walker. 279 Victoria. Toulon. 289 Haya. Hogback. 303 Ellis. 313 Ogallah. 821 Wakeeney.* Colono. 336 Collyer. Quinter. 860 Buffalo Park. 866 Grainfield. 366 Grinnell. 877 Oakley. 886 Monument. Boaz. 398 Winona. 406 Lisbon.' McAUaster. Turkey Creek. Wallace. 18 a. Dakota. 4< «<>» Kalula. 110 Olsburg. " 1427 Carll. 117 Garrison. " long Tasco. Leonardville. l 19 Wakefield. M 1152 61 Sabetha. •1 1308 28 Broughton. 11 118 3 69 Oneida. l( 1219 83 Clay Centre. M 12 3 mm Seneca. f 16. Permo-Carbcn- \ iferous. "" 41 Morganville. (1 128 8 77 49 Clifton. 18 a. Dakota. "»' 84 BaileyVille. II 1:94 60 Vining. u 127? 89 Axtel. II 1368 66 Clyde. « 12 9 9 99 Beattie. II 1298 68 Lawrenceburg. 1 M 18 2 9 105 Home. M 1339 71 68 Concordia. II 1888 l« 18 2 9 113 118 Marysville. Herkimer. II 11S5 Lawrenceburg. « 1238 66 Christie. M 1341 128 Hanover. 18 a. Dakota? i"» 70|Talmo. fi 1865 187 HoUenberg. K I2S( 80| Belleyille, « ISSl series, are extensively quarried for building purposes. Underlying the quarry ledges isa heary stratum of soft buff earthy limestone, possessing the properties of an hydraulic llmeBtone, and preparations for the manuCgtoture of cement have been made on quite an extensive scale. 9. Alt. pperCoal easures. ^ " ^ lost 14 II l( rth. Alt. "^ Carthage, Mo. f Lower Carbon.: \ Keokuk lirutHt. »»« •226 Burr ton. 16. Permo-Carb. 234 Bubler, or II 7 ( 14 b. Lower Coal \ Measures. * * " Hamburg. 23 Crestline. 238 Medora. T 31 Columbus. i< 018 252 Wherry. ? 35 VVelland, or 44 8 89 2G4 Lyons. 18 a. Dakota.? ^"i Wilson. 271 Clarence, or K 37 Sherwin. 41 87 5 Pollard. 30 Uallowell. If 861 275 Dacey. <4 Oswogo.i* / 14 c. Upper and »i* \ 14 b. Low. CI. Mres.l 281 Lorraine. «? 47 288 Phipps. 18 b. llenton. ? Stover. Altamont. f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. If 924 295 Ellswortli f< 15S« Arkansas City iviid Anthony Line. 58 Beaumont. 1 >, I'ermo-Carb. "o* 64 Mound Valley. fl 83 7 Burgess. It m Big Hill. 44 8 30 13 Latham. 14 74 Cherryvale. 44 853 19 Wingate. Atlanta. 44 83 Brooks. 44 8 97 23 4( 88 Neodesha.i* 44 816 81 Wilmot. 44 Dun. 44 84 Floral. « 101 Fredonia. 41 078 40 Younts. 44 107 New Albany. 41 SI a 43 Winfield.i* 41 1 1 1 a 113 Fall River. 44 040 50 Tresham. 44 119 Greenwood. ff 1011 67 Arkansas City. 44 10«4 (15. Permo-Carbon- \ iferous.? i»2< C,n.\ei 44 125 Severy. 64 Geuda Springs. 44 134 Piedmont. ft 1216 69 Ash ton. II 140 Derry. II 14 TO 73 Portland. 44 145 Beaumont.^* 41 1604 79 South If iven. 41 1114 15-2 Keighley. 41 18 4 2 81 Hunnewell Ju. 44 iioa 160 Leon. 44 13 4 9 84 Drury. 44 166 Haverhill. 44 1340 80 Falls. 14 171 Augusta. II 12 4 6 91 Caldwell. 44 177 Lorena. 44 1356 101 Blackstone. 44 181 Andover. 4t 13 7 106 Bluff. 186 Manchester. 41 140 3 Blackburn. 192 195 197 Wichita. i» Davidson. Wichita Heights. 41 1318 41 41 Anthony. 16 Triassic. Wichita and Halstead. Wichita. 1^ 15. Permo-Carb. i»i« 201 210 219 Valley Centre. Bentley. Paterson. 44 1339 44 (4 10 17 26 Valley Centre. Sedgwick. Halstead. II 1856 41 1S8B If 1402 ledges is ft heMT io HmaBtone.Md igoale. 8. Junction City. Extensive quarries in heavy ledges of light buff limestone, used in the con* struction of the east wing of the Capital at Topelca. 9. Solomon. Strong brine wells in gypsiferous shales of the Permo-carboniferous, from which salt has been manufactured quite extensively. 10. Bavaria. The Dakota sandstone near this place affords numerous characteristic fossils. Near Brookville Dicotyledonous leaves abundant in the sandstone. 11. Pittsburgh. Centre extensive coal mining interests and zinc smelting furnaces. The ores arc brought from Galena and adjacent mining districts in Missouri, in the lower carboniferous rocks. 12. Wtir City. Centre of coal mining district, zinc smelting establishments. 13. Qalma. Extensive lead and zinc mines in lower carboniferous Keokuk formation. M. Oswego, The Neosho river is excavated into the lower coal measures, the upper coal hori- zons of which appear at various localities in the vicinity. The plateau upon which the town is located, is formed by the basal limestones of the upper coal measures, including the horizon of tlie Ft. Scott coal, which is here a bituminous shale and the cement rock. Interesting localities for both upper and lower coal measures fossils. 15. Neodesha. Along the Verdigris and Elk rivers a heavy ledge of sandstone ocean. which belongs well up in the upper coal series, and affords remains of large trees peculiar to the coal measures period. Although the Verdigris has cut its bed more deeply, geologically it is more than a thousand feet above the Neosho at Oswego, or on the line of greatest depression between the Ozark reKionofS.W. Missouri and the first great highland belt traversing Central Kansas fkom near the south border to the Nebraska line on the north. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^6 1.0 l.i ■^1^ |2.5 ■^ lU 12.2 L25 III! 1.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN SYMIT WIBSTIR.N.Y. MStO (716) •72-4303 X ^ S78 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KAN.) fiiilrkM t't I I ' u I r r rl I' hi .' k. ' St. IiOulB and San Franolsoo Railway. Oirard Branch. Alt. 12 18 n 22 29 Carl Junotion. Opolis. Litchfield Jo. Pittsburgh.* » Lone Oak. Girard. J 18. L. Garb, and*** ' 14b.L.Coal Mres. / 14 b. Lower Goal* " Measures. « 93S « 96* « 066 {Upper and Lower Coal Measures. » 3 Weir City Branch. 10 Pittsburgh. Weir City.* » 14b.Low.Cl.Mres.'"'* <> 9S4 Joplin and Galnna. OJoplin. 9 Galena." f LowerCarbonif. * » ^ * \ 13 c. Keokuk ti 8»S Missouri, Kansas and Texas By. In Kansas. 21 28 84 41 48 66 62 69 78 83 93 Nevada, Mo. Ft. Scott. Ronald. Hiattville. Hepler. Walnut. Osage Mission. South Mound. Parsons. Labette. Oswego. Ghetopa. {14 b. Lower Goal Measures. *""> {Low. and Upper Goal Measures. 804 14 c. Upper Coal Measures. « M « { « « 1003 1002 931 S90 993 • 02 ■ 64 MlssoiiTlt Kansas and Tezai By. Ms. Neosho Valley Section. Alt. Parsons. J i«o. upper uo 1 Measures. ai'Mw 6 Ladore. « 90» 11 Oalesburg. <« 9T» 17 Urbana. u 981 26 Chanute. II 910 36 Humboldt Stat'n, So.K. II 952 44 Piqua. .12S» 127 Down:i ig Station. II 132 Parkersvillo. 1 (JT 137 White City. ti 1476 144 Skiddy. II I22& 162 Wreford. II 167 Junction CHy. II 1 9 » Lawrence and Southwestern B. R. f 14 c. Upp. and 14 b. \Low. CI. Mres. »95 ( 14 b. Lower Gl. «»2 1 Measures. Oj Lawrence, lo! Clinton. 13;Belvoir. 19!Richland. JRidgeway. 27 Kinney s. 31 Carbon Hill. 32 Carbondale. 14 c. U.Coal Mres. »'* 107» 16. Beaumont. Summit of the " Flint Hills," composed of a cherty member and the light huff limestones of the Permo-Carboniferous, forming a highland bench of the type of a monocline, pre- aentlng a somewhat abrupt eastern scarp and long gentle we.sterly slope. A conspicuous topogrnphie ftature at intervals across the central portion of the State to the Nebraska line. 17. Wichita lies within the area oocupicil by the heavy series of sha'y deposits, to which the sreat salines and salt beds, occurring in central Kansas, belong. These deposits underlie the "red beds " presumably of Triassic age, and are in conformable sequence with the Underlying porous limestones and shales of the so-called Permo-Carboniferous. 18. Winfteld. Extensive quarries of even, thick, and thin-bedded limestone, affording fiuo Imilding material and flagging in the vicinity. 19. Scott City. Basin receives considerable drainage from the west. ao. The line from La Cross follows the water-shed south of the Smoky Hill, an elevated plain •teadily increasing in altitude to nearly 4,0iK) feet on the west boundary of the State, and blanketed by Tertiary deposits. The Niobrara appears along the more deeply eroded drainage channels flowing to the Smoky Hill, the exposures affording characteristic fossils. 21. Louisburg. Natural gas wells, also near Somerset. 22. The highlands west of Mankato are blanketed by Tertiary deposits, the Crctaceou!), Niobrara, appearing at intervals in the more deeply cut drainage cnannels. The latter deposits •bound in characteristic fossils, vertebrates and mollusks. 23. Paola. Natural gas found in drilled wells in vicinity, in considerable volume. 24. La Cffi, 16. Coal shaft, to workable vein in lower portion of Upper Coal measures. 26. Pteaiant4}n. Coal shaft, same coal mined at La Cygne. On mine creek, S. E. of the town, the ores of lead and zinc occur in Upper Coal measures strata. Near the town a bituminous sand- atone affords flagging layers. 26. Ft.Seott. Gas and mineral water developed in drilled wells. Associated with a thin com which has been extensively worked by surface stripping In thevlolnity and south to Arradia and Mulberry, occurs an hydraulic limestone, which furnishes material for the manufacture of cemeot, which is extensively engaged in at Ft. Scott. 27. FarlingUm. In the vicinity, extensive quarries have been opened in a flagging sandstone. 1 wslly. Q. AIL [>per Coal »o« lures. • • o» II 9T» K 9S1 It 910 U 95S 1112 198 Goffeeville. « r2s 496 Kellogg. Oxford. Roper and Feru. 605 146 Roper. 14 c. Up. Coal Mres. 616 Belle Plaine. « 1200 Cordley. M Riverdale. « 1S80 Sexton. <( Arson. <* Dill. (C 686 Conway Springs. " Fredonia. i Milton. La Fontaine. \ 648 Norwich. Costello. « ', 658 Belmont. Elk City. (1 Alameda. Colfax- « 570 Kingman. Hale. (1 583 Penalosa. Monett. « 587 Olcott. Peru. « lukaaad Olcott. 596 Preston or Silverton. Carmi. 1853 I Ft. Scott, Wichita and Western kailway. 601 Ft. Scott. 14 b. Lower Coal \ Measures. ">« f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. ?•*' 607 luka. 587 Olcott. 591 Turon. 7 Marmaton. Nfioln. 10 Redfield. <( 607 Stafford. 16 Uniontown. « Bedford. 22 Bronson. i 'i 1 ' ■ H I ^ 'i ,y- ' 'H ■Uaaonrl P»«lflo Ballway. X*. Ft Soott. Wiohtta ft Wesfrn R'y.— Cbn. Alt, 147 152 168 164 169 174 179 186 190 196 208 214 221 224 281 286 242 7 12 19 27 89 46 64 70 78 84 Gre«nwioh. Tolerville. Wichita. OatTille. Bayneville. Clearwater. Millerton. Conway Springs. Ewell. Argonia. Freeport. Anthony. Gobs. Ruella. Corwin. Hazelton. Kiowa. Pleasanton. M and City. C--tzer. Blue Mound. Kincaid. Lone Elm. Colony. Northcott. LeRoy. Crandall. G-idley. D iuaway. Wilbar. Madison. 16. Permo-Carb. i< M n It M U « lt»l 16. Triassio Red Beds. K M 20 d. Valley Allu- vium. •»! « 8 33 c. Upper Coal { Measures, ii II II II i( , Kansas 3t Nebraska B.'j. 122 126 134 142 148 167 164 171 179 180 192 198 205 211 218 224 229 235 245 256 263 271 278 285 292 298 307 314 319 324 329 339 348 MoFarland. Alma. Volland. Alta Vista. Dwight. White City. Latimer. Horington. Ramona. Tampa. Durham. Waldeck. Canton. Galva. McPherson. Grovel and. Aiken. Medora. Hutchison. Partridge. Arlington. Langdon. Turon. Preston. Natrona. Pratt. CuUison. Wellsford. Haviland. Brenhara. Greensburg. Mullinville. Bucklin. n.Ali 14o.Up.Cl. Mres.io«V « 1071 •« 11»1 f 15. Permo-Car-i««t \ boniferouB. {Up. Coal Meas- ures. (Permo-i*»» Carboniferous.) '• 1421 II II II II II II II II 2ISt South Line. Herington. Lost Springs. Lincolnville. Marion. Aulne. Peabody. Elbing. Whitewater. 16. Permo-Carb, « (I « M << M lill Mil l«l lilt 1414 :iT« Mil IIH AN.) raska B'y. ilber»l.— t*n. Alt p.Cl. Mre8."»» K 1071 II 11»1 Permo-Car-»**» miferoua. 11 1510 Goal Meas- i. (Permo-i*'» boniferous.) II II 11 ii II II II <« « u II II II •• "? «♦? •♦? ? ? 1411 13SI 144( 143S 1311 1S7> 1601 lS6i ISOS 1491 153} 1434 1544 i«a5 ieo» 1107 1)34 1331 lS9t bablyTria89ic>9" 1 beds," with "» nants of Ter-"» forming the"" erficial depoB-"" 2243 234) 3433 Jranch. Tertiary Kansas. 28S OliloAgo, Kan >• and Nabrask* B'y. South Line.— Gm. Ills. S9'Furley. 286 Keohi. 1 246 Wichita. 260 Gladys. 1260 Peck. 1262 Zyba. 1267 Riverdale. 1274 Wellington. 283 Perth. 287 Corbin. Alt. 2423 16. 1296 llOO Il09 114 122 1180 189 146 162 168 166 173 Caldwell. Permo-Carb. II II II II N II II II II II 1424 ItSI 11X0 12«t IS80 1242 1S80 1208 122S 1171 1128 Clay Centre Line. McFarland. Wabaunsee. Zcandale. Manhattan. Keats. Riley, Bala. Rosevale. Clay Centre. MorganTille. Clifton. Clyde. Agenda. Cuba. Belleville. Chloago, KamiM and Nebraska B'y. Ms. Colorado Line. In Kangan.— Con. Ali> l4o. Up.Cl.Mres.1"" << 1 S 9 II 1007 II 1027 118B 1289 II 1281 II 119 5 II 1218 II 1948 1281 1810 93» 1002 loor 1004^ 1008 1004 101& 969- 90» 94 2. 830' 84» 93 2 116» 99» 115» 921 100 3 108» 1004^ 1097 iisa 120O 117* ji; s' 1284 t AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KAN.) ^♦l! 4i i: ^i; t / 'hi' Kansas Cltjr, Wyandotte and Northwestern Ms. Hallway.— Con. Alt. 117 128 184 139 20 21 26 28 SO 81 84 Seneca, Axtel. Mina. Summerfield. 15. Permo-Carb. ^i^i M 18 9 I 1430 f( 1490 Leavenworth Branch. Usher. Wallula. Lansing. Soldier's Home. So. liOaven worth. Leavenworth. * Ft. Leavenworth. 14 c. Up.CL Mres. »88 « 964 « 788 i( 844 << 7 88 « 7 86 « 8 38 Burlington and Missouri River R. R. (In Kansas.) Atchison and Nebraska R. R. 7 12 16 22 24 30 86 Atchison. Doniphan. Brenner. Troy. Fanning. Highland. Iowa Point. White Cloud. 798 14 c. Upp. Coal Mres. « « « « « 1112 Nebraska Railway. Hasting, Republican and Oberlin. 0, Republican, Neb. 10|WoodruflF. 17 Long Island. 27'Almena. ^ISeth. 38 Norton. 47 67 <58 78 «2 €9 76 S6 91 96 102 110 118 128 134 7 14 23 Oronoque. Norcatur. Kanona. Oberlin. 1944 ' 18 c. Niobrara in the deeper valleys; 19. Tertiary in* 161 the uplands. "°» 891 1 opUn Line. Lower and Upper Coal Measures. '"I ■ 14 c. Upper Coal"»| Measures. i< titl II ml II ml II ml II iiij 14 b. Lower Coal'"! Measures. II Mil II Mil •I ml I Carboniferou!."' la c. Keokuk. II • 1 140oddard. 16 Zarah. M 1 20|6arden Plain. 22 Elizabeth. « 1 26 Cheney. 26 Olathe. «« lost 1 ^^ Murdook. 85 Gardner. « I iiri iii> nil III* UV.) HmiiU Fe R. U. )lviHliin, ihIoi). Alt, rriassio. M l.'h. \ i\ Upper CoHl»r» MciiBurcH, N II »31 M 0. Upper "» nd 14 b. Lower Coal Measures, 4 b. Ix)wer Coal MensurcH. It anch. 16. Permo-Car boniforous. I ~i wtil It ll» I, lilt tl li" I It tt It It II tl 11" itlH nil ii» nil ilK KANSAR. m Atohlwm, Topak* Antl S»nt» F« R. R. Southern KaniM DlTiston. Mr. Caldwell Branch. Alt. 6 11 17 27 81 89 Mulvane. Belle Plaine Cioero Wellington. Perth. Corbln. Caldwell. 16. Permo-Car-»<»»» boniferous. II I lot II isos tt 1310 It laoi tl II 110 3 AtohiMon, Topeka A Main Santo Fe Railroad, i s Line. KanMi City. 5 Argentine. 7|Turner. lOjMorrii. ISHolliday. ISChoteau. UWilder. 23 Cedar Junot. 25 33 40 46 61 64 66 69 62 66 73 79 84 87 93 98 101 — ■ 106 Barclay. De Soto. Endora. Lawrence. Lake View. Le Compton. Glendale. Orover. Spencer. Tecumaeh. Topeka.* Pauline. Wakarusa. Carbondale. Scranton. Burlingame. Peterton. Osage City. 112 Reading. 120 Lang. 127 Emporia Junot. 128 Emporia. 134|Phillips. 137!Plymouth. 139 Staffordville. 143 Ellinor. 14 0. Upper CoaP*» Measures. It It It It tl tl M 11 II tl It U tl tt u tl tl tl It tl II It tl 11 II li tt it It It It 748 763 7&8 7«4 770 778 790 (1 I (4B t2« (44 (49 «50 (60 884 1027 148 10:2 1099 1043 lOK.-i 1075 1 1 l< 9 1073 1133 1 1 32 1 1 2S 1 185 U40 1 184 Atchison, Topeka and Santa ¥m Ms. Railroad. All. 148 162 164 162 160 178 180 184 188 194 201 211 220 227 284 289 246 268 269 266 269 275 280 280 1 293 299 1 808 818 319 325 1882 841 840 |852 361 368 877 887 398 400 406 412 418 425 433 440 449 Strong City. Evans. Elm dale. ClonientR. Cedar Grovft. Florence. Horner's. Peabody. Braddook. Walton. Newton. Halstead. Burrton. Kent. Hutchison. Bath. Nickerson. Sterling. Alden. Raymond. Clarendon. EUinwood. Dartmouth. Oreat Bend. Dundee. Pawnee Rook. Lamed. Hamburg. Garfield. Nettleton. Kinsley. Offerle. Belleionte. Spearville. Wright. Dodge City. Howell. Cimarron. Ingalla. Charle, town. Pierce ville. Mansfield. Garden City. Sherlock. Deerfield. Lakin. Hartland. I 14 0. 16. Per-U7i \ mo-Carbonifer. It tt It It II II II II tl tl It It tl It tl It 18 a. Dakota. It tl tl It tl 19. Tertiary. >i 11 II II lilt lasT lane iiu ll4t 1837 I4(( !((• 14(1 \8tl 1811 ll(( 1«7I 1731 17tS 1(41 l(f« 19(t Ktl 30«« 21 11 3I«1 33(1 26(a 344t 347S 35(« 3«l« 27(« 28tr 293* 29IS 2»(e 3047 86. The portion of the line in Culoradu is hv Mr. S. F. Emmons, (see Colorado chapter), aud that from Trinidad to the end of the chapter, with the notcH, was prepared by James Macfarlaue, but from what authority compiled, his notes do not in all catieM indicate. J. R. M ST. The road follows the valley bottom of the Arkansas river; underlying rocks are Cretaceous. 8. F. B. 88. Pm6(o. Niobrara limestone in R. R. cut north of town. Casts of Inoceramus. S.F. E. 88. THnUad. Coal mines in Laramie. Sandstones capped b^ basalt 8. F. E. 40. Santa Fe. New Mexico is a very mountainous country with a large valley in the middle, in which is located the At. Top. and Santa Fe Railroad. The valley is formed by the Rio del Norte, I which follows a generally southern direction, at least 2,0 18.Ciet. TheMtB. partPaleozoic, etc. l< 8 811 fTl ]y in M 7513 U 877a 41 II 3713 It 4014 « 4488 «« 44*5 M 4484 II 4858 II 4837 57T1 Near Santa Fe it is from two to three feet high, but the larger species in Northern Mexico grow as trees of several feet in diameter and forty or fifty feet in height. W. Meaquit or Prosopis glanduloaa of Qray and Torrey, is a shrub or tree with thorny branches and desiduous foliase, which is composed of thin and scattered leaflets, affording no protection from the heat. Its flowers are greenish vhite at first, and later yellow. The ripe pods are yellowish white, mottled with red, and the ripe beans are used for food by the Mexicans, and are eaten by animals. As fuel, the wood, both root and stem, is unsurpassed. The roots often afford much fUel when there is hardly any stalk, branches, or foliage. Of roots there are two kinds, some of them spreading laterally, while others are very long top roots. Large mesquite trees indicate the pres- ence of water beneath. The mesquit flourishes in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico, its northern limit being the 37th parallel or the southern boundary of Colorado and Utah. Db. V. Habvabd. U. S. A. in Am. Na*. 46. Socorro. The mountains consist principally of porphyritic rocks, with green trachyte. At Lopez, six miles beyond Socorro, the mountains which' have generally been ten to twenty tnileii distant now approach, and the bluffs consist of brown, nodular sandstone ; south of this the tiills are black basalt. 46. Rineon. The Jornada del Afuerto, UterMy the day's Journey of the dead man, which refers to an old tradition that the first traveler who attempted to cross it in one day perished on the way, was a part of the old Santi Fe road, 90 miles in length without any water in the dry season. Trie circuitous course of the river, with rough mountains along side of it, rendered it necessary to resort to this awful Jornada. As to the Colorado Dosert, see in the California chapter notes Nos. 24, 26, 29, SO and 31. 47. Montoya, Organ Mountain. The eastern mountain chain has a very broken pointed basaltic appearance, and is called the Organ Mountain, from the resemblance of the basaltic columns of its terminus to the pipes of that instrument. 48. Bl Paao. Note 13 on Texas. Thi Desirt Formation. To the traveler ftom the East, the desert country of the West and Southwest is surprisiuK. The valley of the Mississippi, so called, lying between the Appalachian chain and the desert border of the Rocky Mountains, consists of each an expanse of fertile country, as o<«n be found in one body, nowhere else on the face of the globe, producing all the fruits of the earth, including those found in every zone from the boreal regions to the tropics. The region west of the Mississippi Valley, and extending to the Coast Range of California on the contrary, is widely different, owing to the dryness of the climate and the presence of "alkidiea" injurious to vegetation in extensive districts, and the physical structure of tne surface formations onen consisting of stratified pebbles and coarse sandy layers of great thickness. In these deep porus layers, rapidly absorbing the rain-fall, which is very smaU, leaving the surface an arid waste under a Durning sun w j !i 1040 18 a. Dak., " iio» « 1186 18 a. Cret. Dakota Gr. (« 12 4 7 f Deep till over i**' \ 19 c. Pliocene? sail''. 18 b. Niobrara. i»68 0. 9 X 5 OS > o o Cm t >■ 1573 16»« 1599 1689 1812 1947 2088 2076 2150 Ms. Atclilson and Nebraska Division. Alt. 9 11 16 22 36 49 63 72 86 92 111 Lincoln.* 'i^o Saltillo. Roca.9 i2i» Hickman. Firth. Sterling. Tecumseh. Table Rock. Humboldt. Salem. Falls City. White Cloud. (Continuec Loess, 18 a. Dakota Gr. ' '< n 1 1178 " 14 c. Up. Carb. " « 1247 II « 1319 II > « Ills >• i< 102S « 11 98 5 (I (t 915 " 14 b. CLMres.«o* i( I< 8 5 S in Kansas.) Nebraska Railway Division. 11 Nebraska City. Dunbar. i» Till, Loess, 14 C1.M. 941 « « « 1051 22 34 41 Syracuse.* ° Palmyra. Bennet.i» i< |< i( II « 1058 II 1151 >> 72 Brownville. >,?i*4» 29 Seward, 42 50 56 64 74 Ulysses. Garrison. David City. Bellwood. Columbus. Loess, 19oV.lUy.' 'sa* II laok- II II 14^'; Alluv. " 1*5: «« '« li58 Eastern Division. 7 19 28 39 48 57 66 72 80 90 97 106 114 122 136 142 146 Table Rock. Pawnee. Birchard. Liberty. Wymore. Odell. Diller. Endicott. Kesterson. Reynolds. Hubbell. Chester. Harbine. Hardy. Superior. Guide Rock. Amboy. Red Cloud. C a, J OS « loat 1180 o 1272 I2t2 Loess and Drift,! 2 91 18 a. Dakota Group. " 1S49 « 1291 " Loess. II 11 <» " 1460 "? " 16J1 ««7 II 167S 18b. Niobrara?" isn II 7 II 1574 t' ? " 1650 " ? " 169J >< II 1691) Republican Valley Branch. 12 19 31 37 41 49 64 66 69 74 81 87 98 106 120 134 148 160 171 193 211 238 242 249 267 264 Hastings. Ayr. Blue Hill. Cowles. Amboy. Red Cloud. Inavale. Riverton. Franklin. Bloomington. Naponee. Republican. Alma. Orleans. Oxford. Arapahoe. Cambridge. Indianola. McCook. Culbertson. Stratton,Neb. Benkleman. Haigler. Laird. Wray, Col. Robb. Eckley. f 20 Loess, 19 c. i94» \ Pliocene ? ss. II II II 11 It ti il II II II SSII 3i;> 10. Dunbar, &fraeuse. Quarries within two miles. 11. Betmet. Quarries near, and Strie. •) NEBRASKA. 296 virion. hnt. Alt. iSiov-b.?!*" »» II II II If ft If II ft ff ft f< If ff ff fi If II II 1776 1871 1022 1996 2067 2167 2278 2326 2394 2529 2657 2695 2808 2920 3000 3216 3371 3833 4095 4200 4386 Omaha and Repnblican Valley Branch. Nebraska Division. Valley. n^s 7 Clear Creek. 19 Wahoo.J* 27 Weston. 38 Valparaiso. 47 Raymond. 68 Lincoln. 66 Jamaica. 69 Hanlon. 80 Cortland. 90 Pickrell. 98 Beatrice. 112 Blue Springs. 119 Otoe Agency. 125 Oketo. 136 Marysville, Kan Alluv., 18 a. Dak. BS. Loess, " ? ii»» If ft 7 1183 11 If 7 1261 f Drift, Loess, i^it \l8b.Niob. Chalkst. f Loess, 19c. PIio-"«» \ cene sand and clay. Dft., Loess, 18a. Dak. ss If tl f If ff 7 If ft 7 II ft 7 f Dft., Loess, 18a.i 28 1 \Dak.ov.l4c.U.Carb. Valparaiso. Brainard. David City. Risings. Shelby. 88 61 61 71 78 85 1 Osceola. 90 Stromsburg. 1597 ft It ? J Drift, Loess, 1 » » « \ 18b. Niob. Ch'kstone Drift,? Loess. i«8 7 II 1619 Loess, 19 c. Plioc. sand. If It 1642 1636 Omaha, Niobrara and Black Hills Branch. OiNorfolk. 6 Munson. 15 24 36 41 60 9 20 81 43 13 30 Madison. Humphreys. Platte Center. Lost Creek. Columbus. Till,Loess,19Tert.i6»i» Loess, 19 c. Plioc. ^*9* Lost Creek. Genoa. St. Edwards. Albion. II If ft ft ft Alluvium, " If ft Genoa. FuUerton. Cedar Rapids. II If 1585 1650 1537 1500 1453 1500 1584 1666 "Loess*' Loess, 19b.W.R.?i»»8 " 19c. Plioc? ^»«* fi 7 ff 12. Fremont. Very fine oxposureB of Till, Red Clay, Old Soil and Loess in bluff south of tl« Platte, 2 to 6 miles soutnwest. A high terrace extends along north of the Platte from Kearney to Fremont. 13. Rogtra. Fort Benton exposed 6 to 8 milos south near Linwood and Skull Creek. 14. WM09. On west bank of an old valley of the Platte. 296 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEB.) ' ii h ijt.; iH 5:1 •i i Union Paolflo Railroad— CbnMnued. Ms. Grand Island and North Loup Br. Alt 47 49 Grand Island. Sootia. North Loup. 20 Alluvium. "" / Loess, 19 c. Pliocene l over 19 b. White Rlv Ma. Sioux City and Paolflo Railroad. Elkhorn Valley Line, Nebraska Dir. Alt. 12 13 20 29 88 46 63 61 73 89 96 106 117 117 119 124 132 140 149 169 128 140 147 162 171 192 200 210 219 229 240 260 269 269 280 287 299 806 Mo. Valley, la. S.C.&P. Bridge" Blair: Kennard. Arlington Fremont. Niokerson. Hooper. Scribner. West Point. 18 Wisner. Pilger. Stanton. Norfolk June. Norfolk June. Norfolk. Hadar. Pierce. Morehouse. Plainview. Creighton. Battle Creek. 1 7 Burnett. Oakdale. Neligh. Ewing. O'Neill. Emmett. Atkinson. Stuart. Newport. Bassett. Long Pine. Ainsworth. Johnstown. Woodlake. Arabia. Thatcher. Valentine. 20 Alluvium. 20Dft. pud Loess.iioo t< K 11S7 r 20 Drift and »»»« \ Loess, i2o» i 18 a. Dakota. "" f20Alluv. and i^s' tLoes8,18a.Dak.»2«6 20 Till and Loess, 18 b. Niob- rara. ( Till, Loess, 19 \ Tertiary. ? 1326 139S 1413 1488 1532 Mn. Missouri Paclflo Railroad. Alt. 379 384 394 401 408 414 418 423 427 432 337 444 440 456 4(55 471 481 486 496 Reserve, Kan. Falls City, Neb. Verdon, Stella. Howe. Auburn. Qlen Rook. Brock. Talmadge. Delta. Dunbar. Berlin. Avoca. Weeping Water. Louisville. Springfield. Papillon. Gilmore. Omaha. <3 iS •c o IN •-I 904 Drift, Loess, 'o^a 14 c. Upper Carb. ti u t< u u « « «l l< <( lost 1140 100.1 99s 1039 1532 1532 Chic, St. Paul, Mlnneapolitt & Oiiialm K. K. Nebraska Divi.Hion. (Drift and Loess, 19 c. rUocene(Loup) over 19 b. White River. ^ 6 OS PU , > u o C5 00 1-H -s ^ e 2 a n m w a a © V Oi u OD .a ja ^ 19 b.White Riv. « 1602 1691 17 2 1761 1875 1992 2039 2125 2171 2249 3340 3416 3538 3618 3704 2735 3669 3598 2 7 12 16 29 51 68 06 81 98 104 107 122 128 12 16 28 Sioux City Covington. Dakota City. Coburn June Hubbard. Emerson. Bancroft. Lyons. Oakland. Tekamah. Blair. 112 ^ ♦ ^ Ponca.i* Till, Loess, 18 a. Dak. Alluvium, " '124 <« " 1121 " Loess, " 1124 Loess, 18 b. Niob. ii«i '< " 1450 »< " '.' I31H <« << 7 13 06 <« a V 1300 Till, 18 a. Dakota.! »-5 ( Drift, Loess, noo \ 14 Carb. Coal Mres, « l 1684 1942 M 18. 8. C. A P. Bridge. 14 c. Upper Carboniferous limestone 50 feet below low water. 16. W«$t Point. A fine exposure of more than 100 feet vertical 5 miles northwest, showing Loais, Red Clay, Volcanic Ash (6 feet) and Till. Chalkstone struck in wells at West Point. 17. Battle Creek. " Yellow Banks," a cliff of 60 to 70 feet of sand above as much bluish olay.botli with6ut fossMo, 3 miles northwest. 18. Ponta. A seam of lignite at the ferry landintr 5.) .Ilroatl. Alt. •^ >i 904 I aa Q, t, Loess, losi , Upper Cavb. ti i( t< (I lost COLORADO. 297 Colorado. BT St r. XMM0M8, UNITED STATES OEOLOOtST. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN COLORADO. II 1040 loon 99S 1039 H & Omaha K. K. lion. Loess, 18 a. Dak. 'ium, " "24 I II 1121 < Loess," n" J, 18 b. Niob. n«i II 14S0 II •) 13H II ■) 1306 II ? :300 18 a. Dakota.'""' ift, Loess, 1100 Carb. Coal ^Irei II 7 1100 '•? 11? 1J2) 11 II 1039 Above. ^* [.Loess, ISa.Dfik, ' u iiuoa b, Niobrara. \nch. ^8b."Niob. "»« iDrift, " 1*" ■ i< HS5 |l9 c. Plioc. sands, ft., Loess, 19C.1"* liocene sands, 19 b. |. Riv., 18^^^ 7h' loess. 1" 146) 1684 \, 20 Loe8s^_2!." [northwest, showing Vest Point. tch bluish olay.both 20. Quaternary. 17. Jurassic. 16. Triasslc. ». Tertiary. 14. Carboniferous. 14 c.Upp.Ci.Mres. l4b.W9ber Qrits. 14 a. Low. Carbon* L iferous. (A 3 O « u (4 *' O k CO 18 d. Laramie (Lignitic of Hayden.> 18 c. Fox Hilis. 18 b. Colorado. 18 a. Daltota. Fort Pierre. Niobrara. Fort Benton. 9-7 Siiurian. 2. Cambrian. I. ArchsBan. GEOLOGY OF COLORADO. Certain broad general features of the geology of Colorado are comparatively simple and, owing to the climatic conditions of the region which leave the rocic exposures relatively unobscurea, can be easily recognized by the geological tourist. The details of structure for any particular region are, on the other hand, as a rule extremely complicated and have only been worked out over limited areas. Even were they fully known it would not be practicable to explain them in the restricted space of the present guide). The notes given above, therefore, must be un- derstood as only indicating the.se broad and easily recognizable features. In some few cases, moreover, the country has not been visited since tne respective railroads have been built, and in such cases tne geological indications given may not be strictly applicable to the actual location of the given railroad station; in other cases there may still be some doubt as to the exact subdivision of a geological formation which is exposed at a given point. It is believed, however, that such oases are sufflciently explained by the accompanying notes to avoid leading the observer into any serious error. Tne Hayden atlas of Colorado gives a most excellent idea of the general distribution of geological formations throughout the state , whenever these notes differ therefrom it is because later and more detailed studies hare I enabled the writer to make such later corrections, as would naturally be called for in a work I of BO general a character as that necessarily was. GlNERAL STNUOTURK. In phvsical structure this region may be divided Into a mountain area nnd plain areas which border it both on the east and west sides. Thd plain areas and many of the broad valleys, included within the mountain arep, proper, show as a rule only I exposures of Mesozoio, generally Cretaceous, strata, or of overlying Tertiary beds, either of iwhioh may be completely obscured bv later Quaternary deposits, in the mountun area on 298 AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (COL.) W: ^■\ M t- if ! •' i *■ ■ f.-i ' ■ 111 the other hand are found the original Archrean rocks, which form the baae of all the depositfi, and Bome considerable areas of upturned Palteozoic beds, and of eruptive rocks. Aloug thu im- mediate flanks of the mountains, especially un the east flank of the Colorado or Front Range, the upturned Mesozoic strata often form fringing reefs, popularly called "Hogback" ridges, approximately parallel with the shore line or the sea in which they were originally deposited. Large areas of Archeean rocks have undoubtedly never been entirely subnrterged since Aroheean times, and everywhere, where erosion has gone deep enough, they are exposed as the base rock. While the view of earlier geologists that the time of principal uplift in this region was at the close of the Cretaceous still nolds good, evidence has recently been found in local noaconformitles, of subsidence and elevation both previous and subsequent to this period. AncHCAN Formations. These consist of granite, granite-gneiss, micaceous and hornhlendic gneisses and amphibolites. The granite is sometimes found as an immense central mass upon which the more distinctly stratified members of the formation are apparently resting ; again as distinctly eruptive or intrusive masses penetrating these members, and still again as a constituent part or them, sharing in their bedded structure. Granite has never yet been found in Colorado penetrating later formations than the Archwan, although .noma later eruptlves have so crystalline a structure that they might on hasty esamin- atlon be considered to be granite. Granite-gneiss is the name given to a very co'.nmon development among these rocks in which, while the component miner- alj are foliated, the rocks nave still the massive structure of granite. The true gneis- ses vary flrom the extreme micaceous to the extreme hornblendic type, and the amphibolites are massive rocks composed almost exclusively of hornblende. Less crystalline rocks than the above, if present, are very rare, and as yet no limestones whatever have been found among these rocks. For one who wishes to make a study of this oldest known geological formation, which presumably represents the first rock crust of the globe, no better fieldcan be found than is afforded by the many deep canon exposures of Colorado. Paueozoic Fonmations. These are much thinner in Colorado than in Nevada or in the Eastern states. The Cambrian which is the lowest formation found in contact with the Archcean consists of a few hundred feet of saccharodial quartzites, generally white, and passing up into shaly and more or less calcareous beds carrying fossils of the Upper Cambrian. A still lower unconform- able series of beds, about ten thousand feet in thickness and later than the Archiean, has been observed by the writer at a single locality in the state but not on the line of any rail- road. Above the Cambrian are a few hundred feet of light colored siliceous limestones, of- ten magnesian, sometimes greenish or pinkish in color, whose fauna corresponds to that ol the Pogonip, or Silurian limestone of Nevada. The Devonian is apparently wanting in Colorado, as the beds found immediately overly- ing the above, generally a blue gray limestone or dolomite, carry lower Carboniferous fos- silri. There is some evidence of a nonconformity by erosion in the upper part of the Silurian which would explain the local absence of Devonian formations. The Carhoniferoui for- mation has a greater aggregate thickness than all the other Palteozoic formations combined. The lower Blue limestone (above mentioned is genera'.ly succeeded by black shales andthe»e by a very considerable thickness, amounting to two or three thousand feet, of sandstones and conglomerates with subordinate beds of bincK shale and limestone, locally known as the Weber Grits. Thin beds of impure anthracite are sometimes found in the lower part of this formation. Its prevailing colors are gray or red. The upper part of the CarVion- Iferous formation is of similar constitution, generally with an increasing proportion of calcar- eous beds and of coarse red sandstones, which are often diflicult to distinguish from the imme- diately overlying red sandstones of the Trias. Gypsum is found in these unper beds. >'o unquestionably Permian fauna has yet been found in Colorado. Mksozoio Formations. The Tria$ is represented by a series of coarse red sandstones and conglomerates, the form- er often strikingly cro8sl>edded, which are everywhere prominent by their brilliant coloring. Organic remains are apparently almost: entirely wanting in these beds, for which reason it is impossible to draw a definite dividing line between this and the proceeding or succeeding forma- tion. The Jura consists of a gray or buff sandstone at base, often crossbedded, succeeded by shales of variegated colors, with lenticular secretions of limestone which sometimes form a distinct and prominent bed. This formation is locally well defined by both molluscan and vertebrate remains. The OretaeeoM is the most important of the Mesozoic formations and is subdivided into four members. The Dakota at the base is characteristically a heavy bedded sandstone or quartz- ite, carrying a peculiftr conglomerate bed at its base. The formation also includes some beds of shale, and on the eastern slopes of the mountains carries beds of remarkable pure fire clay. The Colorado next above is essentially a clay formation, its clays being black when freshly opened and bleaching upon exposure; its topography hence is quite characteristic. It generally carries a bed of^light colored limestone, which is known as the Niobrara lime- stone, being characteristic of the sub-division of that name formerly made by Dr. Hayden. The Abx HUl$ and Laramie sub-divisions which succeed consist of alternating friable sandstones and clays, and are only distinguishable flrom each other by their molluscan remains, which in the former are marine, in the latter brackish, or fresh water. The Laramie formation hss been formerly considered Tertiary by some geologists on account of its fauna, but later in- vestigations have shown it to be more properly the closing member of the Cretaceous from i paleontologlcal point of view, while its stratigraphical relations have always associated it with the Cretaceous. It is the coal-bearing formation of the West, most all the known coal deposit) whose horizon has been accurately determined having been found to belong to it, while of those not yet thoroughly studied some have been provisorily assigned to the Fox Hills. 30L.) the depositR, and Along thu im- ilorado or Front ailed "Hogback" were originally ;lrely subnnerged they are exposed I this region was m found in local to this period. ic gneisses and nass upon which tl V resting ; again ad still again as M never yet been , although sDme 1 hasty examin- given to a very 3omponent miner- . The true gneis- I the amphibolites italline rocks than ' have been found known geological no better field can istern states. The ^n consists of a few nto shaly and more I lower unconform- the Arcluean, has he line of any rail- ous limestones, of- iponda to that ot the mmediately overly- 1 Carboniferous fos- upper part of Corooni/eroui for- nations combined. shales andthee>e eet, of sandstones locally known as the lower part of art of the CarVion- roportion of culcar- ih from the imme- unper beds. No merates, the form- • brilliant coloring. which reason it Is succeeding forma- led, succeeded by sometimes form a oth motluscan and ubdivided Into four indstone or quartJ- Includes some beds markable pure Are being black when uite characteristic. the Niobrara lime- ie by Dr. Hayden. able sandstones and remains, which in imie formation has ,una, but later in- Cretaceous from I ( associated it witn known coal deposia ong to It, while of he Fox Hills. COLORADO. 299 TcRTiARV Formations. There are many detached remnants of fresh water Tertiary formations in Colorado, the relations of which to each other have not yet been thoroughly worked out, nor in most cases have their ages been satisfactorily determined. In the above notes therefore they have not been assigned to any definite subdivision, and the local names are given only when they tre sufficiently known to Justify it. QUATCRNANV FORMATIONS. These have likewise not been subdivided, though it is evident that there were Beversl dUtinot periods of deposit. They have been indioated in the notes only where they so ob- scure the underlying formations that the latter can be determined either not at all or only with oonslderable unoertainty. Cruptive Rocks. These form a most important feature in the geology of Colorado. In the Archeean rocks they occur as narrow dikes of porphyry, diorite and diabase. In the Paleeozoic and Mesozoic forma- tions are laccolitio masNOH and immense intrusive sheets of prophyry, porphyrite and diorite whose principal time of eruption was Just preceding and subsequent to the Post Cretaceous upheav- tl. Among later Tertiary and recent eruptive rocks are found hornblende and hypersthene an- desites, basalts, rhyolites and less frequently trachytes. 'I'he larger areas of recent surface flows pro found in the southwestern part of tlie State. H-^re are extensive bedded masses of breccia, formerly considered trachytic but probably *n large part, if not entirely, ande- BiviC Minerals. Colorado is exceptionally rich in rare and precious minerals. The best known locality is in the Archeean area around Pike's Peak, extending west as far as Florissant and north to Platte Mountain. Here are found very nne topaz, amazon-stone, zircon and phenacite crys- tals and avery complete series of cryolite minerals, hitherto known only in Greenland. Boul- der county is famous for its great variety of Telluride minerals, many new to science. Topaz is also found in the Arkansas valley, in druses in the rhyolite of Nathrop and Chalk Mountain, associated in the former locality with fine clear garnets. A great variety of silver, copper and bismuth minerals have been obtained from various mining districts. The San Juan and Elk Mountains offer a most attractive field for the mineralogical explorer and have already yielded many new and rare mineral species. Precious Metals. In the value of its product of precious metals Colorado ranks first among the States. Its average annual product may be estimated in round numbers at four million dollars in gold and sixteen millions in silver (coining value). Of this value the single district of Leadvilk pro- duces more than half. In other metals its most important products have been lead and copper, amounting in a single year to 7(),ono tons of the former metal and a thousand tons of the latter. Its ores present every variety of mineralogical composition, but that which produces the greatest aggregate value is argentiferous galena and its secondary products. In geological distribution the ores are as diversifiod as in their mineralogical constitution. In the Archeean are found the Telluride ores of Boulder County, the auriferous pyrites of Gilpin County, the argentiferous galena and other silver minerals of Clear Creek and Hall's Valley, and deposits in in the Wet Mountain valley, the Mosquito, Sawatch and other ranges. Ores have been extracted from the Cambrian and Silurian in the Mosquito Range,at Red Clif^atOuray and possibly at other localities. From the Lower Carboniferous limestone is derived most of the ore of Leadville, of Red Cliff, Aspen, Monarch, Ouray and other mining districts. At the Ten Mile district and in various parts of the Elk Mountains and San Juan Mountains ores are obtained from the upper horizons of the Carboniferous. Some of the ores from the vi- cinity of Breckenridge and of the San Juan region come from Triassic horizons, while those in the vicinitv of Irwin, Gunnison County, and probably of several other regions not yet examined, are round in Cretaceous rocks. While eruptive bodies in some form are an almost invariable accompaniment of the valuable concentrations of ore in Colorado, the ore itself is rather more frequently found in the associated sedimentary rocks, especially when the latter are calcareous. Important deposits are found, however, in the eruptive rocks them- selves, notably in the San Juan region, in Summit District, Rio Grande County and in Wet Mountain Valley, (Rosita and Silver CiifT); moreover the so-called fissure veins in the Arch- tean are sometimes only mineralized dikes of eruptive rock. Coal and Iron. Although the development of these more useful minerals is still in its infincy, amount- ing to a million and a quarter tons of the former, and 25,(K)U tons of the latter, the natural resources of the State are most extensive. The coal horizons surround the mountains on every side and penetrate many of the interior valleys, while many deposits of iron ore have al- ready been discovered, although the industrial conditions h ve not yet developed a very ac- tive search. Semery. Colorado presents several types of scenery, each in itsvtoyof great interest. On the east are the great treeless plains, sloping imperceptibly towards the Mississippi valley. Their soil is naturally rich, but, owing to the slight rainfall, only that portion which can be irri- gated is available for agriculture, the balance being utilized as pasturage for cattle and sheep. Facing the plains is the Coloraao or Front Range, whose trend is nearly north and south and which is cut by the deep caflons of draining mountain streams, utilized bv the various raflroads which reach the interior. Back of this are a series of mountain valleys, the prin- cipal of which are the Wet Mountain Valley, San Luis Park, South Park, Middle Park and North Park; all but the last of these are penetrated or traversed by railroads. West of these is a second series of mountain ranges forming the general line of elevation known as the Park Range, but which is less regular in structure than the Colorado Range. Opposite the South Park it is spilt into two ranges, the Mosquito and the Sawatch, by the deep 800 AN AMERICAN OEOLOOICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (COL.) % mi !..' ii> ; ; f '■ i \i ■ ^S l\\ \ III; ^i longitudinal Tnlley of the Upper ArkanaM River. West of thene two syntemB of elevation Htmtnhei the Mesa reKion of the basin of the Colorado river, characteriiied hy its inti.cato net- work of deep, narrow oaflons out through Rott horizontal etrnta, which flndu ItH mowt RtrilcinK deTelopment beyond the boundarieH of the state, in Utah and Arizona. DetitchcU moim. tiUn masaefi strftch out on the western fla.iks of the ranges above mentioned into tliii) iilg. teau region. of these the most important are the San Juan Mountains and tiiu Elk Moim- tains, on the south and north of the Ounnison River respectively, which are largely componed of eruptive rocks, and some smaller masses such as the Sierra La SnI, eto., which aiipnrint- ly owe their elevation entirely to eruptive action. Types of the varied scenery of tluxo va- rious regions can be seen from the railroad itself, but a far better knowledge is ohtnint'il by short excursions which can be readily made from various central points. From Denver excursions may be made Ist to Estes Park, 76 miles north, (two hours tiy rail and four hours by stage) a most beautiful mountain valley in the granite mountains, and the only one to whicn the name " Park," as it is understood outside of Colorado, is properly applicable. A good hotel and various ranche boarding houses atford accommodations to the tourist and a great variety of excursions may be made on horseback or in wagon. Lon"'a Peak, the most precipitous in the Colorado Range, can be easily ascended nn boi, by th.se whcise nerves are sufflciently steady. The air Is dry, cool, yet mild, and peculiarly hcaltliail. ju elevation is about 8,()no feet. 2nd. By rail to Boulder and tnence by wagon or on horseback to the famous Tdluride mines of Boulder County. 3rd. By rail past the volcanic mesas of Golden, up Clear Creek Caflon to the .nines of Central City and by Idaho Springs (thermal baths) to Georgetown;, from Graymont, the ttr- minus, it is an easy two-hours' walk or ride to tho summit of Gray's Peak. 4tn. By rail to Morri.son— upturned Mesozoio strata, carrying gypsum and rema ns of At- lanta sauru.a. 6th. By the Denver and South Park Railroad up the Platte cafion to the South Park, Thence either across Mount Guyot to Breckonridge, and up the Ten-Mile valley to Ltmiville' or southwest across South Park to Buena Vista in the Arkansas Valley, ana over tiio Sa^ watch Range, by the Alpine Pass, to Pitkin and Gunnison. 6th. By the Jenver and Rio Grande to Palmer Lake (summer hotel and pfoasure ? 'rounds) on the divide between the South Platte and the Arkansas rivers and close to the oot hills of the Colorado Range. The metallurgist will be repaid by a visit to the Argo (copper) and Grant (lead) smelt- ing works on the outskirts of Denver. From Colorado Springs (excellent hotel— "The Anthers"). By carriage or rail (four miips) to Manitou, the fashionable summer resort of Colorado. Many hotels. Iron and sota (effer- vescent) spring?. Caverns In the Silurian limestone. Ute Falls (granite). Garden of the Gods (upturned red sandstones). Glen Eyrie (residence of General Palmer), with picturp-C|UH gorge in Archaean and Cambrian just ba.'lc of the house. Ascent of Pike's Peak (station o? the U. 8. Signal Scrvii-e on the summit) can be made in a day either on foot or on liorsiback. Drive across Ute Pass to Manitou Park, a pretty mountain valley containing a remnant of Cambrian and Silurian strata, deposited in a bay of the original Archa?an land mns.s, which have escaped erosion. Near Cheyenne Mountain are found 'the rare cryolite minerals, and south of Manitou near Florissant amazon stone, topaz and phenacite. The piojectHd I.iidland Railroad (broad gauge) starling lr<>m Colora>lo Springs will cross the Ute Pass, traverse the lower part ot South Park, crossing the Mosquito Range (Palseo- zoic and Archrean) to LeadviUe, and thence across the Sawatch Range (Archiean) to Aspen (silver ores in lower Carboniferous limestone) on the Roaring Fork of^ Grand River. Pueblo is of more importance as an industrial centre, than from a picturesque point of view. To it are tributary the Caf\on City coal fields, and those worked by the Atchison, Topeka & S.inte Fe R. R., and the Denver & Rio Gr-inde Railway in the vicinity of Trinidad and El More, while the various interior railroad lines centering here communicate with the principal mining districts of the state. Two large lead smelting works and one Bessemer plant are already established in its imme- diate vicinity. From Pueblo railroad lines run south, southwest, west, north and east. (SoutA, the Atchison, Topeka k Santa Fe leads to New Mexico, and the southern overland route. Southweit, the D. 4 R, G. Railway crosses the La Veta pass,Just north of the Spanish Peaks and south of Blanca Peak.into the broad alluvial valleyof San Luis Park. From Alamosa a branch follows up the Rio Grande river to Wagon Wheel Gap, now a favorite summer resort ; another branch runs south down the same river into New Mexico; while the main line crosses a low range of eruptive rocks resting on Archten, past the Toltec gorge, and then crossing the Cretaceous and Tertlarv plains of the basin of the San Juan River to Durango (coal mines and smelting works), penetrates the San .Juan Mountains tnrough the magnificent gorge of the Amimas, having its present terminus at Silverton in Baker's Park. This is the centre of the boldest and most precipitous mountain mass in Co.orado, as well asofman^ Important mining districts. The Alpine climber will here find many u^itried peaks to test his prowess; the jlt. id thu Elk MoiiD> larKely compoNed , which anpurtnt- anury of tru'so va- Ige 18 ohtaiiK-il Ijy rth, (two hniiM liy ito mountalnH.and lorado, if) properly amodatinnti to the 1 WRK<>n. Lon},''9 jofoy th.-so whose riy healtlii'ul. lu ) fatnoua T( llurldo I to tl>o ,ninP8 of iraymont, the tcr- c. ind rema.na of At- » the South Park. valley to Lcailville; , and over titu Sa- lotel and pfeaaure a and close to the Grant (lead) amelt- )r rail (four miies) )n and ho'Ir (effcr- Jarden of the Goils pictiir«>'-C|iio Borge leak (stRtion oi the l)t or on iiorsi'back. ing a reninant of land mass, which olite minerals, and Springs will cross iio Range (Palieo- ui) to Aspen (silver ver. e point of view. To Topeka A Sante Fe El Moro, while the ining districts of the ibliahed in its imme- South, the AtcliisoD, outhuiest, the D. i R. of Blanca Peak, into he Rio Grande river down the same river resting on ArchEeu, he basin of the San . Mountains tnrough )n In Baker's Park. o, as well asofinanj' d peaks to test his 8 variety of mineral .tains at Cafion City Limestone quarries, est through the no- The main linefol- Gorge, and through ;he south end of the tream. FromSalidt , carved mainly out the beautiful Twin tream Issuine from i macadamized road Mint Massive (14,1S8 lental divide to the COLORADO. 801 Mr. 1 8 7 7 11 17 21 •27 29 82 85 40 42 48 62 66 69 62 Union Paolflo Itallwajr. Denver And South Park Division. 74 76 81 Denyer.' West Denver. Auraria. Mooreville. Bear Creek. Littleton. Wheatland. » Platte Carton.' Deansbury.' South Platte.* Dome Rook. DawBon'a. Buffalo. Pine Grove. CrosBon's.* Eatabrook.* Bailey'e. Slagkt's. Meadows. Grant.* Webster.* Hoosier. ^ Kenosha.^ Jefferson. Como.* 94 Halfway. 97 Selkirk. 99 Boreas.* 101 Dwyer. 104 Argentine. »» 106Mayo.>o UOBreckenridge.** 114| Broncho. 116jDickey.>» 120 Frisco. 122 126 188 184 187 1 139 il44 il51 Curtin.»« Wheeler. Kokomo. Robinson. Climax. Alicants." Bird's Eye.^i* Leadville. ^ * 20. Quaternary. M tl «< i< 10849 14 b. Webber Grits. 1". Archaean. n"' 14b.& porphyry.! 01 8 J f 20. (Quaternary \ Lake beds. >oi7» Union Paolflo lUlIwajr. Ma. Denver and South Park Division.— Cbn. Alt. 88 94 108 Como.* Red Hill. Arthur's. 104 Garos. lOf-Oaro's. 115Fairplay.>» 120 London. 118 Platte River. >•> 120 Hill Top. 127|McGee'8. 182' Charcoal. 188 Schwanders. 187 Buena Vista. 188 187 142 149 163 Sch wanders. Nathrop.i' Hortense. \lpine. St. Elmo's. 156 Murphy's. 176,Pitkin.»» 190|ParlinB, 202 Gunnison. 216Baldwin. 219'Baldwin Mines. r 20. Quater. over \ LaraniieCretaoeoui, 18 b. Colorado. II i< II 16. Trias. •»«» l.Archoean. 20. River Bottom, f 14. Carboniferous \ Limestones. 1. Granite. II II f 20. Quaternary \ over Aroha'AQ. 1. Archaean, r 20.Quateniary \ over Archaean. 1. Granite. N 11 1. Archaean. II 20. Quaternary. •I 18 d. Laramie. Colorado Central Branch— Colorado Diviaion. Broad Gauge. 6 18 24 82 40 63 7: 80 85 92 100 110 Cheyenne. Colorado Junct. Lone Tree. Taylor's. Bristol. Fort Collins. Loveland. Berthoud. Longmort. Niwat. Boulder. Louisville.** Church's. r 19. Niobrara «•»♦ \ Pliocene. II 18 c. Fox Hills. 18 b. Colorado. II II II 18 c. Fox Hills. »»o« 18 d. Laramie. north, one descending Eagle River to the mining town of Red Clitf, the other the Ten-Mile river to the Middle Park, each valley being extremely precipitous and pieturesoue. I From Salida again, the prenenit main line goes westward, past Poncno Springs (Thermal baths), I sending off a short branch to the northwest to the Monarch mining district, and southward acroas I PoDcho Pass into the San Luis Valley and the iron mines at Hot Springs. The main line croaaea the Isouth end of the Sawatch range by the Marshall Pass and follows the Gunnison river down to the I Utah boundary line. From Giinnlsc.n City (LaVeta Hotel) a branch runs north to Crested Butte, a lEood centre for visiting the wild and beautlrul scenery of the Elk Mountains, and the mines of an- lihracite and bituminous coal, of silver, copper and lead. The forest growth and vegetation is gen- leially more luxuriant on these western mopes thnn on the east flanks of the mountains. Below IGannlson the railroad paaaea part way through the cafion of the Gunnison (known aa the Black Icaflon) and then divorges to the south into the Uncompaghre valley. From Montrose in this valley Ithe San Juan mountains may be reached by stage by way of Ouray, probably the most picturesquely leituated town in the state. Further westward the country asaumes the somewhat monotonous but iBtriklDg appearance characteristio of the Colorado plateau region. ft ! I, fill* m I Ifc 1^1 ilifl ,<•■ 802 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (COL.) Union Paclllo Rnl lw»y. Colorado Central Draiich— Cult>raiio DivlRiuu. Ma. Broad OauRe— Con. Alt. ~18"d 118 121 122 130 186 188 Ralston. >o Jones' Siding. Golden. 21 Arvada. Argo.»« Denver. Laramie. ( 10. Monument \ Creek Tertiary. 18 d. Laramie. **»* 20. Quaternary »»»» over Denver Tertiary. » > t s Narrow Oauge. 16 19 22 24 28 2g 81 84 86 40 Denver. Golden. 2 2 Chimney Gulch. Guy Gulch. Beaver Brook. Big Hill. Forks Creek. Cottonwood. Smith Hill. Black Hawk »* Central City." 20. 18 d. Larnmic. 1. Arokvan.^* « « Georgetown Branch. Omaha and Denver Short Line. 861 869 871 886 400 417 429 441 468 471 480 606 622 683 641 649 664 666 669 (Continued fro Big Springs. *» Barton. Denver Jc. (form- erly Julesberg.) Sedgewick. Crook. Hiff. Sterling. Merino. Snyder. Denel. Orchard. Hardin. La Salle." Platteville" Lupton. Brighton. Henderson. Jersey. Denver. •» m Nebraska.) 20.Quaternary. (I « « ottom, and edges of benches forotd of Denver Tertiary underlain by Laramie Cretaceous. 2. JKatte Canon. 16. 17, 18 a., IH b. Hog back ridges of Cretaceous sandstones and Jurassic liDt' atones. Sections from Ft. Benton to Trias, inclusive, from a point one mile east to a point one iuV | mile west of station. 3. DeansbiMry. Granite gneiss and amphibolites. 4. South Platte to Croeeon'e. Massive red granite throughout this distance. In part disintegiitiii COLORADO. 808 d. Laramie. »"♦ rbon Branch. 8 d. Lnramie. 8 a. Dak. 17. Juti» I dges of benches fotmed pones and JurMsic lit* [east to a point one iw In part disintegnM Vnlon Paolflo Railway. Hi. Oreoley, Salt Lake and Paciflo Branch. Alt 20. Quaternary over Denver Uiilwa Paolflo Railway. Mn. Kaniaa Dlrliion. Ali 2 7 14 19 26 86 41 46 Denver. Jersey. Hatchery. Henderson. Brighton. Lupton. Platteville. Hautes, La Salle. 48 62 Evans. Oreeley. 64iWind8or. 76 Fort Collins. 80 La Porte. 91 Stout." r Tertiary. M ouiferous and intrusive porphyry. 13. Alicante. The Mosquito fault crosses the Arkansas valley in a north and south direction about tangent to the curve or loop of the railroad. By its displacement the Archtean rocks forming the high mountains to the east have been lifted up and brought into juxtaposition with Upper CarboniferouH and Triassio strata on the west. U. Leadville. Silver mines in Carboniferous limestone. Gold placers in gulches. Fairplnti. Quarternary gravels which have been washed for gold. Platte /iiver. Salt Springs and gypsum deposits west of here. Nathrop. Ridge east of station, rnyolite carrying topaz. Pitkin. Ridge of Paleeozoic limestones to the northwest. Louisville. Fault in R. R. cut one half mile south. In opposition are seen the coal s.s. at base of Laramie, and the shales and iron-stones above the sandstone. 20. Ralston. Basalt breaking through the Cretaceous formations in hill to the west. 21. GoMen. Table topped ridges to south and east formed of Denver Tertiary beds, capped and j protected from erosion by flow of basaltic lava. Hogback ridges of Dakota sandstone, carrying fire I clay to the west. Coal mines in vertical beds of Laramie sandstone. See 22. : 22. The road crosses vertical outcrop of Laramie and Dakota Cretaceous and of Triassio Red I beds before entering the Archeean. Excellent fire clay found in the Dakota, north of Golden. 23. Qranite, granite-gneiss and schitits. Si Gold mines in granite-gneiss often associated with porphyry dikes. Main ore is auriferous I pyrites. Treated in amalgamating mills. I 25. Oeorgetoum. Silver mines mainly in granite-gneiss and intrusive porphyry. Main ore ivsentiferous galena, pyrlte and sulphides ol silver. Ore mostly treated in smelting vi I being dressed and concentrated here. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. ing works, after 804 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (COL.) Union Paolflo Railway. Ms. Denver, Marshall and Boulder Branch. Alt. 11 wt b n 'o S B VI ^« • 1-4 Pt4 Denver. Argo.'* Argo Junction. St i™ per. C. C. Junction. Louisville.f g Boulder. Ni Wot. Longniont.^i* Highland. Berthoud. Loveland. Fort Collins. 120. Quaternary over Denver Tertiary. 20. Quaternary. « H 18 d. Laramie. 18 c. Fox Hills. »»o« 18 b. Colorado. « Midway. Buena Vista. • ' Domick. Aniericus. Riverside. Pine Creek. Granite." Twin Lakes. Hayden. Crj'stal Lake. Malta. Eilers.** Leadville.** I 18 b. Colorado. *6t>» f 18 b. Colorado *'oi \ Cretaceous. " 4794 « « 18 c. Fox Hills, f 18 b. Colorado "» \ Limestone. 1. Archcean. ssu (I 17. and 18 a. Jura and Dakota sns Cretaceous. 1. Archaean. 1. Gnei.s8. n 120. Quaternary and Tertiary beds «"» over Archiean. f 20. Quaternary's" \ over Arch.Tean. f 14 a. Upper Carbon. \ iferous. «'" f20. Quaternary"" \ over Archaean. << 7011 (t 1. Archivan. (i ( 20. Qaternary »'• \ over Archiean. 1. Archaean. "•« f20. Quaternary"*! \ over Archaean. <{ « nil f 1. Archaean "" \ uranite. « 1711 <• I9ii 9009 f20. Arkansas »'J \ Valley Quaternary, II 9111 >i 9»l 120. Quaternaiy. "•• « lOlTI 26. OraymoJit. A.icent of Gray's Peak easily made in a few hours. 27. Biq Springs-La Salle. The railroad follows the bottom of the South Platte Rivpr. The country acfioininj? is formed of Upper Cretaceous beds overlaid on the north by Miocene Tertiary. 2a Platttsville- Denver. The pinin country traversed is underlaid by Laramie Crotaceoiu covered by quaternary gravels and loess, and in some parts by remnants of Denver rprUary. 29. PlatteviUe. directly west is Long's Peak (14, 371 ft.), at the southern end of the beautiftl vauey of Estes Park ; it ia the highest and finest mountain in this portion of Colorado. 30. Coal mines. COL.) le Railway. [iine.— Con: Alt. Colorado. *^t b. Colorado *»»• Cetaceous. '« 479» <4 « 4< l( > Cretaceous, rchsean. ineiss. •'•• ed Granite. *'•« 3. Quaternary and tertiary beds «»" over Archoean. 0. Quaternary""' over Arch.'^an. 4 a. Upper Carbon* iferous. «"♦• 0. Quaternary"" over Archaean. « 7011 (< lrcha.an. « 0. Qaternary '"• over Archxan. ^rchflpan. "" 0. Quaternary"*' over Archaean. « till Archuean '^'o uranite. It 1711 <. SI13 i< 900S 10. Arkansas "" Valley Quaternary. Jill 99(1 9111 Quaternaiy. loni h Platte Rivfr. The Miocene Tertiary. Laramie Crotaceoui nver Tertiary, end of the beautiful olorado. COLORADO. MNT Denver and Rio cfrande Railway. Denver and Ogden Line. Mb. 217SaUda.«o 221 Poncha Junct.*' 22(jOtto.«« 228 Mears Junction. 230| Shirley. 235; Gray 's.«» 242|Marshall's.«» 245'nillden. 246! Shamans.' » 250|Chester. 254 Buxton. 259 Sargent. 2C4'Elk8. 2G7|Crookton. 27llDoyle. 272 Bonita.'o 278;Parlin." 284 Mounds. 290;Gunni9on.'» 29()'Rieiiver 'I'ertiary. „. , , ,, i- , 3G. Anjo. Lar^e smelting works using the Augustine Ziervogel process for the separation of silver from eopper. r,, ^ ■ .■iT. Acfiiiia. High line eanal crosses Plum < reelc. ... m i _ m! SMm. \\M Cat Unites to the west fihow folding of Monument Creek beds. Plateau '"^"^i! 'ZaftTnT Taulo '{oppe7hills to the east, capped by pink rhyolitic tufa, extensiv^ tisc.l lis liuililing stone in Denver. 4(1. aiiiile. bawson's Hutto to west. ^ _,, «il* 41 Greenland. White K-noll of Tertiary to west, known as Casa Blanea. ,„„,,„.„ „„V'J»iO. i>. Fcdmrr Lake. ■ Tertiary covers upturned edges of Mesozoic and Palffiozolc strata and|[;#Bur8 RMirst Arc'hiean t..^^^^^^ to tlio west are some tall mouumenta, characteristlmiij^^ forip ition ''■" '!''d)la 44. Pike Vim. On the line between Monument Creek and Laramie formations. ,,•».*'.„. 4^ Colorado Sprinqn. Finrt view of Pike's Peak. Manitou, a summer resort where ,tj>^ff^u^ -Mini's an' situated lies four nlies west, in a recess at the foot ot the mountains. '""'-"y'yL W iiuf/ruoad follows the bottom of the Fontaine-qui-bouille, or Fountain Creek.^aipftd *y t 10 Canailiaii trappers from the effervescent springs at its source. '^^^ JJ 47. Pueblo. Niobrara litnestone carrying casts of Inoceramus in railroad cut nortn,9f)tofl(t. 48. iileadow. Biutfs capped by limestone. ,, , , m /r» „., »uhn, »iwJ'il^ »ilir««H 49. Beaver. Prominent outcrops of Niohraro "mestonealonR Bluffs on either Bld^f^ r#^roa ><; '[■yii i'J 806 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (COL.) Ilenver and Rio Grande Railway. Denver and Rio Grande Railway. Ms. Denver nnd Silrerton Line.— Om. Alt. Ms. Denver and Silverton Line.— Con. Alt. 208 Blanca.8* j 14. Carboniferous t Beds. 894 Carracas.9* j 18 C. D'OX 6141 t Hills. 213 Placer. " * 20. Quaternary. «8 8« f 19. Tertiary S99i 219 Trinchera.'« f20. Quaternary* o» a \ over Archaean. 402 Arboles."" Sandstones ( and Shales. 226 Garland. << 7914 406 Siding No. 22.»« II (20. Alluvial »»»2 409 Vail ego. " «»00 288 Baldy. deposits in the 412 Solidad. " 835J (. San Luis Valley. 416 Serape. «• « 2 1 247 Hayes. (1 417 LaBoca.9» 20. Quaternary. 260l Alamosa. « 7524 r 13. Tertiary «4i5 265 La Jara. l< 7S8 7 424 Ignacio. Sandstones 279 Artonito." f20. Quatemary»»«6 \ Gravels. 430 Silla. ( and Shales. •I 6850 289 Lava. « 8 44 8 483 Colina. " 8712 298 Big Horn. / Basaltic ^o"" t Tufa. 436 444 Florida. Bocea. 18 d. Laramie, ^'n Fox HiUs. 803 809 Sublette. Toltec." ( Andesitic »"» 1 Creceia. « 0443 447 450 Carbon.8° Durango." II f 18 b. Colorado'*" \ Clays. 817 821 Osier. Los Pinos. « »61S 11 9615 452 Animas. »» f 18d. Dakota «53J \ Sandstones. 829 831 Cumbres. Coxo. <« 9998 N 9701 467 Home Ranch. f 14 0. Upper Car- \ boniferous. 834 Cresco. M 459 Trimble.! II 838iLobato. « 461 Hermosa.o* 14 b. Weber Grits.««» 843 848 Chama. Willow Creek. U 7S41 « 7720 468 Rockwood.»oi f 1. Archaean Red \ Granite. 862 Azotca. «i 7701 477 Cascade. f 1. Granite Gneiss \ and Schists. "«• 862Monero.8 9 18 0. Fox Hills. »"« 865 Amargo.9 « ess 7 481 Needleton. II >iii 872Dulce.9» « 6757 489 Elk Park.10 2 II 8T61 876 885 Navajo." Juanita.'* l< 6 5 6 6 II 6819 496 Silverton. /20. Quaternary'"' \ Valley. 63. Oorgt. The Archtcan in the Royal Gorge conHists of gneiss and schists with intrugirt masHOS of red granite and small dikes of diabase. 64. Parkdala. This valley was one of the ancient bays in the original Archeean land mats. 66. Gneiss and amphibolite traversed by red granite. SB. Texas Cr»$k. At head of valley to north are horizontal beds of eruptive rocks (andesite!), 67. CotopaxL Eruptive rock on high hill to north. Carboniferous to the south of Vallio. 68. Houards, High peaks of the Saagre de Christo range to the south. 69. Badfjer. A continuous descending series of upturned Paleeozoic beds, somewhat faulted, and resting on Archaean is crossed front liere to Cleora. (' 60. Salida, Tertiary beds on west side of valley. Andesite hills east of town. 61. Iforthrop. Ridges .of Rhyolite just above station. Rock carries Crystals of garnet and topaz. 62. Buena VUta. Fine view of the high peaks of the Sawatah Range. Mt. Harvard (14,375 ft,) the' northermost, then Mt. Yale (14,187); to south of west, Mts. Princeton (14,196), Mt. Antero ui II 87<1 Quaternary"" Valley. hlBta with intrualTt ^roheean land mats. ve rocks (andesitet), outh of Vallio. somewhat faulted, WD • ystals of garnet and t Harvard (14,375 ft,) (14,196), Mt. Antero acers. Twin Lakes, ek, a few miles wesi defined moraines on Ite beds covered by its in Carboniferous At 273.6 to 274.6 W tapped by Cretaceoui COLORADO. 307 Denver and Rio Grande Railway. I^g. Manitou Branch. Alt. 76 Colorado Spr'gs. 781 81 Colorado City. Manitou.io» 5970 60»2 18 d. Laramie. 18. Colorado. fl4. Carbonifer-«»o2 \ oua Limestones. Denver and Rio Grande Railway. Ms. Monarch Branch. Alt Silver Cliff Branch. 161 163 172 177 194 Caiion City. Caiion Junct. Marsh.10 4 Soda Springs. WestCliflF."' fl8a. &b. Col- 8322 ■j orado Limestone & ( Dakota Sandstone. 1. Archaean. 6326 II 6 8 2 8 20. Quaternary 7842 over Archaean. San Luis Branch. 217 228 231 247 255 Salida. Mears Junct. Poncha Pass. Villa Grove. Hot Springs.* o« 20. Quaternary. »<>»• Andesite. »*i^ 1. Archaean. '945 J 20. Quaternary T»«5 of San Luis Valley. 14. Carboniferous(?) Limestone. 217 221 228 1235 238 Salida. «« Poncha. Mayaville. Garfield.i" Monarch. 20. Quaternary. »»»• « T458 19. Tertiary «»»• Lake Beds. 1. Archaean II { Eagle River Branch. { Crested Butte Branch. 217 Salida. 290 Gunnison.'" 801 Almont.io" 812 Jack's Cabin, 818 Created Butte.io" { 20. Quaternary T02 8 over Archaean. II 7 8 5 8 1. Archaean. 18 c. Fox Hills. »2»* 18 c. Laramie. *'*' Del Norte Branch. 109 250 268 281 297 811 Alamosa. Henry. Del Norte. South Park. "0 Wagon Wheel Gap. 20. Quaternary «< f Eruptive I CliflFa. 7524 7858 S1S6 8427 277LeadTJ;ie. 273 Malta. 279 Keildar. 282 Crane's Park." 2 283 Tenneasee Paaa. 294 Eagle Park."* 300RedCliflF."* f 20. Quaternary \ Lake Beda. f 20. Arkansas »"• \ Valley Quaternary. ■I 9948 f I.Archaean >oo»» 1 Granito. ("20. Quaternary 9 20' \ Valley Bottom. 1 2 b. Cambrian »«♦» \ Quartzite. Blue River Branch. 277 282 290 294 j296 ,302 1309 1313 Leadville. Birds Eye. Fremont Pass."* Robinson. Kokomo. Wheelers. Frisco. Dillon. 20.Quatemaryioi" Lake Beds. 14b.&Porphyry.ioi8r 14 b. Weber Grita. 14c.&Porphyry.»o«*9 14c. &Porphyry.io«o» 20. Quaternary'"' over Archaean. I' 906i «• 8 8 5 3 { El Moro Branch. 120 170 180 190 199 I2O6 Pueblo. Cuchara. Santa Clara. Apishapa. Chicosa. El Moro.i" 18 b. Colorado. M u «< M 18 d. Laramie. 4669 5921 6137 6095 5857 73. CeboUa. Large deposits of magnetite occur in the valley of Cebollo Creek. Capping of Cretaceou.s .sandstone and andesite to north. 74. Sapinero. Archtean capped by Cretaceous and eruptive rocks. Cliffs of granite and gneiss. 75. Crystal Creek. Archaean capped by Dakota sandstone. 76. Cimarron. At contact of Archasan fault line. 77. Cerro Summit. ArchB'an traversed by eruptive dike to north. 78. Afontrote. Stage line from here south to Ouray (35 ms.), which is beautifully situated in an amphitheatre at the head of the Uncompaghre, alm0.1t entirely surrounded by high peaks of the San Juan Mountains. Panoramic view or these mouutains seen from higher points on the railroad. 79. Coleroio— Acheron. Road follows in general valley bottom, ridges around formed of Creta- ceous beds, sometimes capped by lava.s. 80. Roan. Roan or Book Cliffs to the north. 81. Besiemer. Steel works of Colorado Coal and Iron Company. 82. Mule Shoe. Sp.anish Peaks to south, porphyry breaking through Carboniferous strata. 83. Veta Pait. Red sandstone shales. 84. Blanea. Gray sandstonxs. 85. Quaternary rests on Carboniferous strata. Archoean exposed on railroad cut below. Mag- netite mines five miles north of station. 86. Trinehera. Blanea Peak to the south Is the hichcst peak In Colorado, (14,404 ft.) 87. Mainly the debris of eruptive rocks, basalt and andesite. 88. Toltee. Toltec gorge is cut through Arclucun rocks which underlie the eruptives. 89. Monero. Coal mines in sandstones. 90. Amargo, Stage to Pagosa Springs (Hot Sulphur), beautiful natural pools in a bend of the Ban Juan river, formerly held in high repute among the Indians for their curative powers. 91. Dulee. Narrow vertical dikes of basalt, crossing sandstone strata and standing oat lik« •tone walls on the 8urf,«ce. i ii ^,i !:^HifM- P-i iiii 111 11 ,;K 808 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (COL.) 644 661 20. Quaternary. »8»» 48SS Burlington and Missouri River Ma. Railroad. Alt. 400 439 452 463 472 487 604 621 Eokley. Akron. Pinneo. Brush. 1" Fort Morgan. Corona. Roggen. Hudson. Derby. Denver. 1 « (( It II « k v .|loy. 109. Road follows aliiivial deposits of Rio Grande river, no. Wapon Wheel Oap. Andesitic breccia. 111. OarHeld. Arehiean on west. Carboniferous and Silurian on east 112. Crane's Park. Cambrian quartzite resting on Archrean. 11.3. Eagle Park. Valley rut partly in Areliisan, partly in overlyinp, Palwozoic rocks. 114. Rea Cliff. Archtean cut Just below town. On either sido clitts of Cambrian, Silurian and Carboniferous bed."). 115. Fremont Pass. Archiran forms mountains east of Mosquito fault. 116. El Mora. Coal mines and coke ovens. 117. Plains country underlain by Cretaceous beds, either Laramie or Fox Hills. 118. Distances ami stations on this line given approximately. 119. Longmont. Red sandstone quarries. Flagging and building stone. 120. LMons. Stage starts from here for Estes Park, twenty-two milos. 121. Sierra La SaU High isolated peak to south. WYOMING, UTAH, NEVADA AND IDAHO. 809 Railroad. Orleans. Alt. Quateruarj rer Denver r Tertiary. Monument eek Tertiary. II Weber. i» 14 b. Lr. C'l Ms. »o»o 623 Hazard. II 1021 Devil's Gate." 1. Archaean. 631 Otto. (1 102f 1 Uinta. IT 20. Quaternary. *»i9 636 Granite Caflon.* 1 a. Lauren'n. ^'i* 1035 iOgden.'o " 4308 642 649 Buford. Sherman.* Harney. « 7 78 5 <« S 2 S 6 « Central Paciflo Railroad. 659 Ogden.»o Bonneville. 20, Quaternary, iioj << 4310 684 Red Butte8.7«o9 17 Jurassic & Trias. 10 670 Fort Sanders. 18 a. Dak., Cretace's. 24 Corinne. « 4232 673 Laramie City. 11 715 8 43 Blue Creek. 14 a. Lr. C'l Ms. <3'» 681 Howell. II 7090 53 Promontory. « 4905 689 Wyoming. »<»«« 18 b. Colo., Cretac's. 78 Monument Pt, 20. Quaternary. *2J? <• 4223 699 Cooper's Lake. II 70 7 8 94 Keltou, 608 Lookout. I* 7I7T 113 Matlin.i' Basalt. ■«5" 616 Miser. II 124 Terrace. 20. Quaternary. *»" 625 Rook Creek. « !134 Bovine. «« 4347 640 Aurora.* 17 Jurassic. 147i Lucin. « 4491 648 667 Medicine Bow. Carbon.* «»*<> 18 b. Colo., Cret. '»" 18 d. Laramie, Cret. M.rzi 1 Nevada. 668 Percy.' Edson. U «S71 11 m^ \* W ^^\A9k9 682 690 Walcott's. •»«<> Fort Steele. 18 c. Fox Hill, Cret. Central Paolflo Railroad.— ConMnueti. 696 1«7 Montello. 20. Quaternary, '"o 711 Rawlins.' •»»» 14 b. Coal Measures. 183 Toano. lOo.Humb't. 59" 724 Separation. 18 d. Laramie, Cret. 193 Pequo. >< S1I4 789 Creston. « 7048 195 Otego, 19 a. Green R. E'cene. 764 Wash-a-kie. 19 a. Ver'n Ck. 1205 Independence. 20. Quaternary, s""' 764 Red Desert. 7 2 Basalt on west side. 20. Quaternary. *<>»» Rhyolite, Andesite. 20. Quaternary. 4*oo II M M 4497 4895 B581 California.) Utah. Union Paoiflo Railroad.— Continued. Mb. Utah and Northern Division. 31 Alt. 9 14 Ogden.4» Hot Springs. Willard. 20. Quaternary. *»<>• II 4277 19 c. Humb't Pliocene. 58 63 65 Logan. Hyde Park. Smithfield. II 4490 11 4585 71 Richmond. « 4527 78 Franklin. II 4805 Idaho. Union Pacific Railroad.— Continued. Utah and Northern Division. 81 90 101 115 125 Battle Creek. Oxford. Calvin. Arimo. 20. Quaternary and 19. Pliocene. **»» 4T«t 4654 6. Carbon offers an excellent opportunity for studying the Cretaceous coals of Wyoming. 6. To the south of Percy Station, Elk Mountain, which rises conspicuously above the plain, consists of Archcean crystalline schists, with Paleeozoio and Mesozoic strata upon the slopes, 7. Rawling'a Peak consists of an ArchiBan mass, surrounded by Paloeozoic and Mesosoic beds. In the coal measures is an Interesting body of iron ore. 8. Northeast from Point of Bocks is a remarkr.blo outburst of leucite rocks. 9. There is exposed here an interesting section of Laramie coal rocks. 10. Near Rock Springs the coal formations are well shown. U. Along the blutfs of Green River are seen the best exposures of the Green River Eocene. These beds are celebrated for the fine specimens of fossil fishes preserved in the shales. 12. On the south of the railroad, between Church Buttes and Carter, may be seen distant but good views of the Uinta Range. 13. About three miles north of Evanston are situated the Rocky Mountain and Wyoming coal Company's mines, where there is a good section of the Laramie bods. These mines have supplied immense quantities of coal used by the Union and Central Pacific roads. 14. From Wahsatch to Echo the railroad pa.'ses through Echo Caflon, where are exposed both ttiR Vermillion Creek and Laramie formations, the former lying unoonformaV)ly upon the latter. 15. Pa.saing throujgh Weber Caflon, from Lost Creek to wober Station, there is exposed a series ofbedsfrom the top of the Jurassic, through the Triassic, Upper Coal measures, Weoer Quartzite to the base of the Lower Coal measures. 16. At the Devil's Gate the Archroan rocks of the Wahsatch Range are characteristically shown. 17. The terraces of Lake Bonneville, which Ktand over 950 teH nbove the present level of Salt Lake, may be seen from Uinta station. They may be easily traced all the way from Ogden to Luc in. 18. On the north side of the railroad at Matlin the old lake torraces are distinctly cut in basalt. 19. From Wells there is a fine view of the East Humboldt range. Mount Bonpiaud attains an elevation of 11,321 feet above sea-level. 120. Just eastof Osino the rai'.oad passes through Osino Caflon, exposing a good section in the Weber Quartzite. 21. In the neighborhood of Elko may be seen the Green River Eocene, Humboldt Pliocene, characteristic outbursts of rhyolite and "Chicken Soup" hot springs. 22. In Moleen Caflon the Carboniferous formations arc well shown. The limestones of Moleen Peak, Just south of the railroad, carry large numbers of coal measure fossils. 23. Pali.sade Caflon cuts through rhyolites. Andesitea are also exposed. 24. Mill City is the most convenient place to leave the railroad in order to study the character* islic Triassic formations of the West Humboldt Range. 25. From Humboldt there is a fine view of the West Humboldt Range. In the neighborhood are some interesting outbursts of basalt and a deposit of sulphur. 26. In the Moniezuma Range, west of Brown's station, the volcanic rocks are well shown. It is an interesting place to study rhyolites and basalts. 27. The Hot Springs, a short distance east of the station, reach the surface near the base of basaltic hills. 28. TheTruokeeCafion,Justea8tofWad8worth, offers remarknVie outbursts of a great variety of volcanic rocks. There may be seen here basalts, rhyolites and andesites. Tourists leave the railroad here for Pyramid Lake. 29. Propylite Is the characteristic volcanic rock, which carries the Comstock Lode. A. H. 30. The last rail completing the Pacific railroads, from Omaha to San Francisco, was laid May 10^18681 m 812 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WY., UTAH, ETC.) (,r. i'iii mm Idaho. Idaho. Union Paoiflo Railroad.— Cbnfinu«d. Union Paciflo Railroad.— Cbn(tflu«d. K». Utahand Northern Division. 31 Alt. Ma. Oregon Short Line, s 2 Alt. 182 McCammon. 4756 968 Border. 16-17 Jura. Trias.* " « a 142 Inkone. 974 Nupher. 20.over '« 6041 148 Port Neuf. Camb.'ian in hills. 984 Dingle. ii li 166 Pocatello. Quat'y on basalt. **8 8 991 Montpelier. n 5948 166 Ross Fork. <( 44C2 997 Piscadero. 20.over Salt L.Ter.'' 28 179 Black foot. « 4S0S 1002 Oasis. Salt Lake Ter. 538( 191 Basalt. Basalt. *»^'-' 1005|Nov9ne. « 206 Eaglo Rock. « 4714 1020 Stock Yards. Basalt. 216 Payne. 1021 Soda Springs. Basalt. 5782 222 Market Lake. « 4 78 1 1026 Crater. Basalt. 5736 286 Hawgood. 1038 [Squaw Creek. Basalt. Cl.inhills.s^ 27 248 Camas. *8»2 B's'ltcov. 19c.Pro'ne. 1053 'Lava, Cambrian Hills. Dry Creek. lOGO Topax. 1067i McCammon. Quat., Basalt. ■1934 High Bridge. Quaternary. •1765 China Point. 1072;Onyx. 1078Inkom. t( 4048 272 Beaver Canon. It e038 Quat. Camb. in ] lilis. Pleasant Valley. Drift and Basalt. lOOOPocatello. Quat. on Basalt. 4488 Monida. 6809 10'J9;Michaud. 4478 Williams. 11 09: Sunshine. 1116 American Falls. 1124Napata. ( Late Ter. or \ Basalt. 3 3 Montana. Qimt. 4343 Union Pacific Railroad— Continued. 4467 Utah and Northern L». vision, 3 i 1132 Wapi. > « 1148 Minidoka. 1166 0niona. J ') a { u S948 ? Salt L.Ter 5028 ike Ter. &38( « 5782 8738 . Cl.in hills ,5427 rian Hills. Basalt. •19J4 iternary. 4765 it 4049 Camb. in hilis. on Basalt. 4468 4478 e Ter. or Quat. 3a3alt.3 3 4343 t> 4487 14 i« 4287 «( it 4279 •1 4211 <( 4073 tl 3975 « 3531 li (1 309» i> 2543 II 2588 II 2557 11 l< 2888 It 348» li 2374 II It ti It II 2121 mw w ' '■ 1 ' ' ' 1% it I ' '.'■ '.I !• U; -'•i Viil I I I 1- 814 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WT., UTAH, ETC.) Donver and Rio Grande Railroad. Utah Oentrai Railroad. 4 0.4 8 Ma. Continued from Colorado. Alt. «vj; — — Mb. OonUnuii. xii 718 724 Draper. Bingham Jo. BoL..dv'le Beds.Quat. 14 40 Lovendahra. 49^ Junction. 20. Quaternary. *iil 728 Oermania. « 4398 fiO Sandy. « 43»t 786 Salt Lake. 44 « 438 7 54 Draper. <« 4441 V4a Wood's Crossing. 1*1 68 Lehi Junction. «« 4JJT VbO Farmington. « 71 American Fork. «• 4BJ4 V64 Kaysville. It 74; Pleasant Grove. " 44tt Vti4 Hooper. « 86lProvo. •• 449« VVl Ogden.*» <« 90!Springville. 95 Spanish Fork. 103 Pay son. *»*» «« 4481 Coal Brunch. •« 4491 20. Bonneville Beds. Pleasant Val.Jo. 18. Upper Cretaceous. 14 Sobolield. (t 108,Santaquin. 20 Quaternary. *>u 19 Mud Creek. « 120:Mona. •« 4SIt 128 JNepbi. Juab. Mills. *< S08I Bingham and Alta Branch. 142 161 « toil Salt Lake. « 8 Bonnev'le Beds.Quat. ** 4S59 11 Bingham Jo. « 167 186 194 213 Lemmington. Riverside. Deseret. Neels. 20. Bon'v'leBed8.4 29 Alta. Devonian. (?) 268 Milford. « 4>0S Utah Central Railroad. 40.4 8 280! Frisco. Volcanic. «ms 16 Ogden.*» Kaysville. Farmington. 20. Quaternary. *»<>» Utah and Nevada Railway. 4o 22 Salt Lake.'** 20. Bonncillo Beds. 26 Centreville.*» 12 Chambers.*' 14. Carboniferous. 26 Wood's Crossing. 18 Garfield. " 87 Salt Lake City.*' 20 Lake Point.*' •( 43 Francklyn. 82 Tooele. 20. Bonneville Beds. 44 Germania. « 4343 87 Terminus. << 4991 38. Ketehum. Near station at Wood River bridge hornblende-andeslte. At head of Wood River valley and vicinity many gulches contain deposits of extinct glacloro, including glacinl lakes with Chinoak salmon and smaller ftalmon (oneorhynehui norka) locally called redfish from the cc r. Tertiary trachyte underlies stratified drift. J, H. H. 39. Cheyenne and Northern, and Tremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley are by Prof. G. E. Bailey, of the Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, South Dakota. A portion of the latter roid should be in the Nebraska chapter, but was overlooked when that chapter was printed. 40. By Mr. G. K. Gilbert, Geologist, U. 8. Geological Survey. 41. From Acheron to Price the road follows a great monocliual valley overlooked on the north by the Book Cliffs (Cretaceous.) G. K. G. 42. The north end of the Oqulrrh Range from Chambers to Lake Point is finely carved by old shore lines of Lake Bonneville. These extend up to 1,()()0 feet above Great Salt Lake. G. K. G. 43. From Spanish Fork to Lehi the road is in Utah valley and commands a view of the old shore lines of Lake Bonneville. A large delta of the old lake forms the terrace near Provo. G. K. G. 44. There Is a profound fault along the western base of the Wasatch range. The hot .springs close to the track between Salt Lake City and Wood's Crossing rise on the fault line. G. K. G. 45. Ogden. View of Wahsatch Mountains to ea^t, a very nne range, as seen in afternoon light, when eastern train arrives ; southeast, Archrean, with Weber Canon cut in it, through which Ihe railroad has come out into valley; east, " Fault Canon," faulted Cambrian lying on Arcliicnn, recog- nized by color: Ogden Canon; northeast, Eden Pass, another fault; north and north-northevl. Paloeozoic rocks on Archaean. Lake terraces show all along base of mountains, by gray horizontti line, very distinct. w. M. Davis, Jr., of Harvard Coileffe. 4C. Utah Central Railroad. Leaving Ogden and rounding long Quaternary slope south of Weber River, a long stretch of Wahsatch range comes into view. From Fault Canon, north; Archoean, at base; Paleeozoic, above; between Fault Canon and Centreville station, inoludiog Weber Canon, all Archaean. Then begins the great synclinal, as seen from along here. The north end, a little south of east from Centreville (Cambrian to Carboniferous) shows on top of mountaiM; and the south end. Twin Peaks (Cambrian), and Lone Peak (granite intruded through ArcliieAo), in farthest distance, showing over lower Tertiary hills south of Centreville. The axis of the synclinal (of soft, Mesozolc rocks) being low and hidden. The old lake terrace is vpry denrlj seen. W. M. D. 47. Centreville to Salt Lake City. Around west base of hills, formed of Paleeozoio rock, dip^og south (part of synclinal), overlaid by uncomformable Tertiary rocks. W< '. M.ii. PAH, ETC.) ro»d.40-4« Quaternary. t« M U II « U II ( 4441 4tl7 4554 44>J 4151 4491 4491 Bonneville Beds. Juaternary. *»i» II 11 II II list 5056 501t 4851 Bon'v'leBeds.*"* II II II II II Icanio. 4511 4541 4191 4)tt 4>0I asii » Railway. 40 Bonnc'illo Beds. Carbon' feroua. II >i . Bonneville Beds. 11 4991 e. At head of Wood Deluding Rlacial lakei redfish from the cc t. J. K H. ley are by Prof. G. E. ion of the latter roid printed, rerlooked on the north G. K. G. is finely carved hy old It Lake. G. K. G. inds B view of the old le near Provo. G. K. Ci. inge. The hot springs lit line. G. K. G, een in afternoon light, it, through wliichlhe ngon Archicftn, recog- \ and north-nnrtliea'h linB, by gray horizontil . of Harvard Coile|«e. ernary slope south « I Fault Canon, north; lUe station, including dong here. The norti s on top of mountaiD!! led through Ar'-'''f5i ille. The axis of m terrace is vfry elew? 'alsBOiolo rock, rtippi"! W. M. i* WYOMING, UTAH, NEVADA AND IDAHO. 816 Ban Pete Valley Railroad. 40 M«. Alt. Nepbi. Fountain Qreen. Moroni. 20. Quaternary. 19. Tertiary. S056 Union Paolflc Railroad. 4 o—0)n(inu*cl. Echo and Park City Branch. OiELho. »*»« SjGrass Creek Jo. GiCoalville. ISWansbip. 20' Atkinson. 27 1 Park City. Wasatob; Tertiary. IS.Upp. Creta. »"<> II 5s »6 14. Carbonifer'B. II BI64 646Z «l5t N eva da. Eureka and Pallaade Railroad. 4 9 'OlPalisade.*" Evans. Box Springs. Rbyulite. 20. Quaternary. 4lt^'l Nevada. Eureka and Palisade Railroad. 4 • Ms, Cbntinucd. Alt. 37 50 60 63 78 90 Mineral.*^ Alpha. Garden Pass. Summit. B> Diamond. Eureka.*' 20. Quaternary. »**» 11 6911 II II r lines. Of the numerous lower lines, marking the heights at which the water lingered, one lying 400 feet below the highest is called the Provo shore line. Between the Bonneville and Provo lines are four or five prominent lines. The following, from Mr. G. K. Gilbert's report on Lake Bonneville, gives, in a general way, Its oriein. ' The lowlands of the ' Great Basin ' are valleys without drainage to the ocean, and vhen the climate of the Glacial Epoch gave them a more generous supply of moisture, the surplus T-w accumulated in their lower parts In quantities which bore a definite relation to the climate. When for centuries the climate became more humid, the lake rose and encroached upon the land, aad when the reverse was true and aridity prevailed, they dried away and the land was laid bare." The origin and history of the great lakes of former periods is a subject of absorbing interest to the student of geologic science, and none offers a better field tlian Lake Bonneville.— [Ed.] u'';*iii. silt AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (OREGON.) '\\ f. ii in If Oij;; h!T; -riii ' .J.M lif' Oregon. 1 OroKon & California Railroad. Ms^ O'p tlm Vnllaiin'ttt< Vjillcy.)_ Alt. ' Hills on west. Hiisalt alluvial gravel plain cast. lU b. Miocene fosBiln in the river bed. *^ Basalt hills. i » ' « 134 11 16 20 25 29 33 40 53 61 67 72 Portland. Milwaukee. Clackamas. Oregon City. Rock Island. Canby. Aurora. Hubbard. Gervais. Salem. Turner. Marion. Jefferson. 175 218 206 210 187 810 822 264 (Exposure a mile above the town on the Santiana lliver.) 81 Albany. ' Bed of riverand hills on both sides col- umnar basalt. » " ' A transverse dike of trap, with amygda loid.HillH of basalt The bed of the river and the now widen ing valley of 20 Post Pliocene con- tain abundant fos- sil remains of 60s, lattfrou8, elcphag. mastodon and horse. The streams here to riojht and left ex- pose the 20. Post Pliocene mud. ' The river bed ia 20. Post Pliocene. The hills are rich with 19 b. Miocene ma- rine fossils. A ridge of dark col- ored 19. Tertiary crosses the line of tro,»l here — rich in f'.issils. The above rock seen acrosstheriver.2 3 8 OreRoii ft Calirornia Ilallroatl. Mh, Continued. 87 98 10)) 110 124 135 145 148 15G 161 181 200 213 Tangent. Halsey. Ilarrisburg. Junction. Eugene. Creswell. Latham. Divide. Comstock. Rice Hill. Oakland. Roseburg. Dillard. 269 807 832 348 666 667 231 Riddle's. i67 Glendale. 296 Grant's Pass. J20 335 340 349 Gold Hill.' Medford. Phoenix. Lshland.'** __Alt. ' An extended bej of an ancient inlnml sea, namcdbv I'lol. Condon "TiieWilli,." mette Sound," with abundance of I'j. Tertiary foHsils. The hills agniu with abundant 11) I,. Miocene fossils.*" f Volcanic tufas ain! \ porphyries. / Carbonaceous slmlc, \ with coal 18. Crei. . Miocono fossils.*" /■clean ic tufas am! porphyries. Carbonaceous slmlo, with coal 18. Crei. « itamorphio. *'" 20. Quaternary of L. Unip Southen. PAolflo Railroad. 8an Francisco and Portland I.iae.io Alt. Q?to**8nd Metamorphis :a. Cretaceous shore line le with fossils. ■iew of Mount Shn^ta. r line, thri'o hmiivs'" ions on north am e^> ta chiefly "yP"»'S vetide,ornoaryll,«» •kable symmetry oti» 8t5 64 70 98 126 134 Ashland* Hornbrook. Montague. (Yreka,») Siasion * Dunsmuir. U. Loda Sp'B.V) ibson. Delta, Cal. i,' See Notes. riven stations can not be determined from any ■ources at the command of the editor. Prof. Condon's notes, the general note 3!) on the Northern facific, and Mr. Willis' notes on pages 265 and liOfi will throw some lighten the geology of this sec- lion. Other lines of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. will bo tound in the chapter on the northern Pacifio. ■ J. R. M. 10. The notes on this line were prepared before the road was built (see Note a,) and as they are I that lean obtain for this line I have inserted tlie old staee stations in parentheses. J. R. M. >!h i: rH V^^ 8itf AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (OALO California.'*' LIST OF THE QEOLOQICAL FORMATIONS IN CALIFORNIA. t-" 20. Quaternary. < 19 c. Pliocene. t^ t ^ 19 b. Miocene. H 1 19 a. Eocene. H 18. Cretaceous. W. of Sierra Nevada. 17. Jurassic. W.andE. of Sierra Nevada. 16. Triassie. ti 14. Carboniferous. E.of 13. Sub-Carboniferous. W.andE. 9*11. Devonian. ? E. of . 5-7. Silurian. ? 11 2-4. Cambrian. ? li 1. Archaean. 3 W.andE. 'Explanatory Note. This oliapter was prepared by my father juft betore his denth, prind. pally from notcH ^urnished by Dr. J. ii. Cooper, whose nam.» is given at note 1 as tlie autlmnty for most of the chapter. Through some misunderstanding the pL^tss were made before Dr. Coop ing an enormous area called the "lava bed" in the northeastern part of the State, and, as in tli8 Cascade Ranjge, )a Oregon, forming the body of the comparatively low range, upon which the to!- oanio cone of Mount Shasta is superimposed. (See Note 39 on Northern Pacific Railroad.) (OAL.) CALIFORNIA. 819 FORNIA. la. L Nevada, li It II II II II M fore hiH dt'nth, prlnci- i I as the autliiiniyfor before Dr. Cooper had lumber of errors, most eed no further explan- I it is thought best to in no way responsibl* liis own, also that he I chapter were revised. J.R.M. of the State of Califo> ler, and the low Coast the two lies the grent . the douthw&rd by the valley, Bass westward •e through the Colden 'rem the Sierra Nevada, e main drainage of the lleys. The Immediate Valley, from the Tejon rminaten, is about tour les8 than forty miles. Blutf to the Calaveras ,, and then expanding undred and forty inilis basin surrounding it.- ie Qxttt Range of Cnll- lous clay slntes, Rlmost iHed, anci traversed by rnncispo these are fre- from distinct volcanic itral axis of granite or J lie more or Kss co> sic age, with pdKCS up- rovorbial "bed roi-k of narin^ deposits, mostly itly disfurbeil, andmio ,iato viiPoys, flanked by ward, on the lower foot lyofer-laid by eruptive e Tertiary age. In tM uore prominent, covei^ estate, and, as in the Ee. upon which the wl- fio inroad.) Mb. ei'ti 624 638 662 600 665 675 677 679 680 701 707 712 718 721 725 729 Central Faciflo Ballroad. Alt. State Line. Boca.* Truckee. Summit. Cisco.* Emigrant Gap.' Blue Canon. Aha. Dutch Flat. Gold Run. Colfax. Clipper Gap. Auburn.' Newcastle.6 Pino. Rocklin." Junction. Anteloi9.^ 20. Quaternary Bsai S819 6083 5934 5221 469S 3607 SS95 3220 2422 1759 1360 956 249 19 c. Pliocene, " »«' f Quaternary, above t. Granite ( Arch.?) i»* Ms. Central Pacific Railroad — Continued. Alt 731 744 525 G07 650 706 713 745 815 859 863 877 890 895 Arcade. Sacramento. Sacramento. Elk Grove. Gait. Stockton.* Lathrop. Banta. Tracy. Byron. Antioch. Martinez. Port Costa. San Pablo. Oakland Pier. San Francisco. ^0 20. Quater. Alluvial.' » « 30 « « so 5a 49 as 26 20. Quaternary. 19. Tertiary, Plio., 19 b. Miocene & lig- nite, 19. Eocene(?)»» 20. Quaternary. and f 18. Cretaceous \ 19. Eocene. 18. Cretaceous. 20. Quaternary <> 14 18. Meta. Cretaceous. Apart from the Cretaceous and Tertiary beds on the bo.ders of the great valley, there are within the valley terraces and bench marks showing the existence in Quaternary times of a great fresh- water lake, which was subsequently drained by the erosion or breaking, first of the Strait of Car- quines, and ultimately of that of the Golden Gate. Prior to the latter event, the drainage of the great valley passed through the Santa Clara and Pajaro valleys into the Bay of Monterey. The latest sur- face deposits are in the San Joaquin valley, mostly sandy, and in the Sacramento valley more com- monlv clay " adobe," correspondmg to the composition of the Coast Ranges opposite to each district. —E. )V. Hilgard, in Census Cotton Report. As the railroads are nearly all constructed In the valleys on the Quaternary formations just described, there is very little variety in the tabular list of forn>ations passed over and immediately adjoining the railroads. The notes on adjacent mountains impart some interest to the country for thii i;ooli )gist. 1. By Dr. J. G. Cooper, of Ilayward's, Cal., late Assistant Slate Geologist under Professor Whitney^ witii some notes derived from Prof. E. W. Hilgard's U. S. Census Cotton Report, and other sources. 2. Tertiary. Both marine and fresh water in the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada Mountains, but not yet defined and much of it volcanic. 3. Arehccan. Much of the Granite is also eruptive (19. Tertiary), but may be remelted Archeean- 4. Boca to Cisco. Volcanic and glacial, with I. Archoean (granite) and metamorphosed rocks of uncertain age. Metalliferous but not rich. Mt. Stanford, northward, is 9,500 feet high. 5. Emigrant Oap to Auburn. Glacial and detrital above 16. Triassic and 17. Jurassic sandstoccs, con-" talnlngmost of the gold mined on the western slopes. A fine iron mine seven miles north of Auburn. 6. Newcastle to Rocklin. Detrital above 1. Archeean granite, surface mining for gold, platinum,, (elburet of silver and nickel. Diamonds also occur in small quantities. 7. Antelope. The mountains to the east produce lime, marble, copper ore and some lignite (19 c Pliocene.) 8. Stockton. Mt. Diablo, 3,87C feet high, is in full view and easily ascended from near the coal mines. 9. Oakland and San fVanciseo. The Oolden Oate atid Bay of San fVancisco. This Bay has been celebrated, from the time of its first discovery, as among the finest in the world, and is justly entitled, to that cliaracter, even under the seaman's view of a mere harbor. But when all the accessory advantages which belong to it are taken int« the account, it rises into an importance far above that of a mere harbor. The Bay of San Francisco is separated from the sea by low (Cretaceous) mountain ranges. Looking from the peaks of the Sierra Iscvada, the Coast Mountains present an apparently cominiiouB line, with only amngle gap, resembling a mountain pass. This is the entrance to the rre.'-t bay, and is the only water communication from the coast to the interior country. Approaching Torn the sea, the coast presents a bold outline. On the south the bordering mountains come down in a narrow ridge of broken hills, terminating in a precinitous point, against which the sea breaks heavily. On t'.ie northern side the mountains present a bold promontory, rising in a few miles to a. heifi'ht of two or three thousand feet. Between these points is tlie strait, about one mile broad in the naiTowest part, and five miles long from the sea to the bay. This passage is called the Golden Gate. The form of the entrance into the Bay of San Francisco, and its advantages for commerce, suggested thoname long before the discovery of gold in California, and by analogy to the Golden Horn of Con- stantinople. Passing through this gate, the bay opens to the right and left, extending in each direc- tion about thirty-five miles, havii g a total length of more than seventy, and a coast of about two- hundred and seventy-five miles. It is divided by straits and projecting points into three separate I bays, of which the northern is called San Pablo, the middle one Suison, and the southern San Francisco. Within, the view is that of an interior lake of deep water lying between parallel ranges of mountains, rising two thou.'iand feet above the water, and behind the rugged peak of Mount. Diablo, thirty-seven hundred and seventy feet high, over-looking the bay and surrounding country. Islands, which have the bold character of the shores, some mere ma.«ses of rock, and others origi- nally grass-covered, rfsing to the height of three and eight hundred feet, break the surface of tne< bay, and add to its picturesque beauty. J. C. FntMOKT. f. i ■i-.'y .,-;l-'': ' J I r J ' m ||;j ^* 1 820 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE . (CAL.) Central Paoiflo Kallroad— Central Paclflo Railroad- Ms. Continued. Alt. Ms. Continued. Alt. « • ••• Sacramento. 1* 20. Quaternary. "o fl9 c. Tertiary Plio.. 13 Davis. « B4 86 Banta. • 19 b. Miocene lignite 21 Dixon." << 6S ( 19 a. Miocene. 29 Elmira.ia « 16 94 Lathrop.!' 20. Quaternary. 2e 40 Suisun. « 105 Ripon. II 67 Benicia. (( 108 Sa ida.16 II 68 Port Costa. 18. Cretaceous. 114 Modesto. " OS €1 Vallejo Junction. (1 119 Ceres. II €6 Pinole. 19 b. Miocene, Tertiary 127 Turlock. San Francisco in structure. 12. Jilrnira to Sacramento. Tlic coast rant;e westward, ,5,0()(i to 8,000 feet high, is little r-',.'rni, but resembles that south of San Francisco Bay, with much more volcanic, and towards 'ixrinli aurifei'oiis, hut only granitic or metamorphic rocks, containing tiie gold quartz, uudcrlic ' ■ r- ceoHs, as far as now known. l.'i. Tormay. Fossils of both formations are nioro plenty and better than el.sewhere u. ..n Francisco Bay. 14. Cornwall. Good fossils are to he found in Kirkor's pass, three miles south of Cornwall. ;./ •coal mines, five miles south, are not now worked, but a ride to the summit of Mt. Dialilo, ti'n miles, Is interesting. 1.'). Lathrop to Ooshen. The " High Sierra," 14,(HK) to 15,000 feet, can be seen on clear dnys. The mountains eastward have the samc> general character as on the line from Boca to Sacramonto, with the addition of some Is. Oetaceous unlifts near li.ase. 1(1. Salida. Table Jlouiitain, made famous by Bret Harte's humorous potm, rising some 2.000 feet above the Stanislaus river, has a length of about :v\ miles, its (lat top being fnm l,2iKi to l,wiflteet wide. A prominent feature in the topography of Amador, (,'alaveras and Tuolu nno count ie.s is the occurrence of belts of lava-capped hills and mountains, as well as deposits of otbt>r volcanic mnterial, the remains of what were once lava flows from the Sierra mountains westward. The TaMo Mountiio is a flow of lava, originating in the lofty volcanic region beyond the " big trees ' cf Calavera.'i. 17. Tipton. A great bed of magnesite twenty miles east. 18. Sumner. A great vein of antimony overlies 40 miles due south near Mt. Pines, 6,(X10 feet; elevation of mountain being 7,000 feet. 19. Pamfta. For several miles east the roads pass through hills of 19. Pliocene, Tertiary grew'' and clays, with volcanic and other detritus overlying metamorphic shales, etc., that may be 1& Cretaceous or 19. Eocene. 20. Kecne. Broken terraces of 19 c. Pliocene, Tertiary age, chiefly of volcanic materials foro« ■or six miles. AL.) CALIFORNIA. 82] allroad— Alt. ' c. Tertiary PUo., lb. Miocene lignite ( a. Miocene. Juatemary. »« it t« »> «( M l< « 17J « 'nrod, irtz, uudorli' ' - an olsewhcro a. .>i> jouth of CormvaU. ,i" f Mt. Diutilo, ton miles, pen on rU'M (Iftyi". The jcato Siicrainento, wiin fcotm, risinc some AM [olunno counties 19 the othcT volonnic nmteriai, i Tho Tftl'le Mountain 3M ' cf Calaveras. X Mt. Pinos, 6,0*10 fc«! locene, Tertiary gr««l» ^B, etc., that may b« » dcanicmaterialBforll'* Ms. Central Paolflc B. B.— Con. Alt. Ms. Central Pacific B. B.— Cbn. Alt "The Loop."* 439 Lang. 17 Jurassic. 1681 855 Girard.2> 13.SubCarb.l. S.8S01 452 Newhall. 20. Quaternary. laes Tyler. nt., the proportions varying very much in different places, is sulphate of sodium or glauber salt; from 10 to 20, and sometimes 30 per cent, chloride of sodium or common" .salt, from 15 to 60 per cent. of carbonate of soda or sal-soda, sometimes from five to 20 per cent, of sulphate of potassium, a less quantity of carbonate of potassium or saleratus, and other salts injurious to vegetation in various quantities, phosphates, nitrates, etc. The remedy for the reclamation of alkali lands is, of cour9e,'the leaching out of the injurious salts, by flooding with pure water and underdraining. Unfortunately, in many cases, the alkali returns ana i again increases on irrigated lands, rising from below through the agency of the water evaporated on the surface, which causes a greater depth of sub-soil to be drawn upon for its alkali, where, too, tho soil is more highly charged with it than at the surface. The origin of the alkali is not fully deter- I mined. Professor Hilgard thinks much of this salty matter pre-existed in the geological strata, as I it is seen to " bloom out" from tho rocks, and that from these it was .continually washed out in Quat- ernary times by percolatinf; water, when great lakes covered tho valleys of California, for a time held in suspense and then precipitated, or in some cases by the drying-up of the lakes the salts were deposited, which are now found accumulated in the soil. Hut the very great quantities of the alkali I may be said not to be satisfactorily accounted for. The alkali has a corrosive action upon the root I crowns and upper roots of plants. It seems that the cotton plants, having long tap roots, it is leas linjurious to them tlian to others. Another injurious eftect it has in hardening clay soils, producing a [tsmped condition, instead of the flocculont state whii'h we see in a well tilled and productive soil. 20. Acton. Iron and copper mines occur near here. 27. Son Fernando Tunnel. On west side of pass the sandstones reappear with marine fossils. iTunnel through 18. Cretaceous and 10. Tertiary hills. 1 •». LosAngeles. The hills northward are metamorphic(18.Cretaceous?),withagreatl9.Tertiary (19 b. |M iocone and 19 c. Pliocene) basin between them and the range north of San Fernando. To the east more Imetamorphic and granitic.with auriferous quartz.copper.etc. The lO.Tertiary contains m uch petroleum. I LosAngeles. The traveler from the eastward wno has begun to despair of ever seeing anything Igreenerthan giant cacti and adamantine vegetation which dispenses with water, is agreeably aur- Iprisedashe approaches Los Angeles. A drive through the place will enable you to appreciate tho |Tca8ons which induced the Spanish founders to give the city its name. W. H. R. Loi Anqehs to Aannheim. Alabaster and gypsum occur in low 19. Tertiary hills near here. Los Anqf'pji to El Careo. About half way the metamorphic and granitic hills approach the road. Much 19 b. Miocene Tertiary, with poor lignite, cms these on the west. I«< Angela to 8t. Monica. See note 89. }'r?;.;'4 w'-W^ n in; I ) t ■"' , I 322 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAL. & ARIZ.) Central Paclflc Railroad— Central Paolflo Railroad- Ma. Continued. Alt. Ma. Continued. Alt. 621 Ontario. 20. Quaternary, s*' 625 Cucamonga. « 9S2 Rattlesnake. Desert Region. 1» Sanaevain. « 10 74 761 Abonde. 11 144 " Desert Region. »»> *745 Araby. Gila City. 1104 San Simon. tl 3609 29. San Oorgonio. Metamorphic auriferous rocks (secondary) overlying granite, chiefly on the west side. San Barnardino Mountain is 11,600 feet high. San Oorgonio to El Rio. The railroad plunges into the most remor.seless, cruel waste of .sand and rock I every beheld. It spreads out up to the foot of the rugged hills of the Barnardino range, an abomination of desolation, compared with which the Lybrian Desert is the Oarden of Heaperideji. I cannot describe, nor could I at any time hope to give an adequate conception of this dreadf u 1 wilderoe^. For 107 miles there is not a drop of water to be found, but Mature, as if to take away the reproichol permitting such a vast blotch on her fair face^ kindly threw in Fata Morgana. We saw witli delight wide spread lakes, with fairy islands in the midst ; placid seas washing the base of the distant him This baked and dreary expanse extends from near San Oorgonio nearly to £1 Rio. Wm. Howard Russii. 30. India to Flouiing Wells. For 61 miles the road is below «na level, going down to 263 feet on | the border of 19. Pliocene Tertiary lake bed which contains fresh water fossil shells, and belovthem beds of salt, from being once the head of the Gulf of California; on its west side are I!) b. Miocene Tertiary sandstone strata, with marine fossils, lying against cost slope of Coast Mountains. Hot springs and mud volcanoes also occur in the lake bed hear its centre ; some ot our rarest micenli are found in the neigltuotint; mountains. 31. Dos Palmas. A few miles southwest of this place is a broad valley in which is the dry N of a lake forty miles in circumference. Nearly in the centre ol this plain, there is a lake of Win} mud about half a mile in length by Ave hundred yards in width. In this curious caldron the thick. grayish mud is constantly in motion, hissing and bubbling, with jets of boiling water and cloudsol sulphurous vapor and steam bursting through the tonaccous mud and rising high intheairvith reports often heard at a considerable distance. The whole district around the lake trembles under foot, and subterranean noises are heard in all directions. 32. Deming. The San Luis Mountains, on the Mexican side of the river, rise abruptly fromtbt plain, as they run south, and assume by far the most formidable appearance of any range west of tht Rio Grande. Tombstone mining region is in this mountain. Tiiia stupendous range of Meiieu mountains drops abruptly a few miles north of the boundary, as if to make room for s railroid to connect the Pacific and Atlantic states. In fact the orisinal boundary line was changed by a stMiia treaty, for the express purpose of securing to the United States this great roadway, tor at El Fuo fc ARIZ.) NTSW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 82a Kllroad— Alt. rt Region. (1 1»» 212 i« S25 « 4134 u 4394 t( 37!« it 3609 granite, chiefly on tho cruel waste of sand and Barnardino range, an rdenof Hesperides. 1 lis dreadful wilderness. e away the reproach o( . We Haw with delight ase of the disttnt hills. Rio. M. Howard Rwssel , ing down to 263 feet on sheila, and below them u Bide are 19 b. Miocene Coast Mountains. Hot of our rarest minerali ! n which isthednrbed ihere is a /«fce of mm rious caldron the thici, i ling water and clouds^ na; high in the airwth ;hl lake trembles under I .riseabruptlyfTcmto )f any range westoftht rdous rangl of M««« room for a railroad w tfts changed by a w«J^ roadway, lor at El P* Ms. 1118 NEW MEXICO. Gentrsl Padflo Railroad— Con. Southern Pacific Branch. Alt, 1138 1149 1158 1169 1178 1198 1209 1224 1237 1249 1259 1271 1281 Stein Pass. Pyramid. Lordsburg. Lisbon. Separ. Wilma. Gage. Lunis. Deming.'" Zuni. Cambray. Aden. Afton. Lanark. Strauas. Rogers. Bridge over Rio Desert Region. * ^ s i 4301 « « (I il « « Ii 660 9 ii 6 96 9 de. " > ii 4979 Ii 476S Ii 8879 {14 Car., overlaid in places withlava' *' * ii 686 2 7099 6887 6727 6917 6909 6105 8084 6687 6234 8128 6662 4769 4172 8632 8277 8472 8808 <( Ii ii ii ii il il Ii ii ii il ii il il T II 746 Waterman.*' II 3118 56 Fulton. « 754 768 Hinckley. Harper. Kramer. II II II 2159 2276 2482 67 Quemeville. « 777 Mark West. II 796 Rogers. II 2281 60 Healdsburg, II 816 Mojave, Cal.»* II 2761 75 85 Clairville. Cloverdale.'*'* II II • By Dr. J. G. Cooper, of California, late Assistant Geologist under Prof. Whitney. Dr. Cooper made a journey over this route specially to obtain the geology given in this table and the notea. 36 Ptach Spring Best point now known from whinh to visit the Grand Caflonof tho Colorado and the only accessible point from which the descent can be made, by an easily traveled road, into as maiestic and peculiar cahon scenery as is anywhere to be seen. The plates and descriptions bvDr J. 8. Newbury, in Ives' Report of 1858, give a fair idea of what is to be seen. Altogether there Is nothing Hire this caflon. The far-famed Yosemite is more beautiful and more varied, but not more magaincent nor half so strange and weird.— A. G., in Science. 36. The Needles to Edson. Frequent outcrops of Archasan and Metamorphio rocks near road, also erupted lavas and volcanic cones ol 19. Tertiary age, some perhaps 20. Quaternary. "The Needles" themselves are of purple porphyry and trachytic granite worn into sharp peaks. 37. Danby to Bag-dad. Tho road passes through the granite pass of Providence Mountains for many miles ; the same rocks occur as eastward and containmg ores of various kinds. The mountains nortnward resemble those of Nevada, being Paleozoic rocks containing lead and silver, with a little mid. 38 Aih Hill. The west slope of the mountains descends gradually to Soda Lake, tho sink of Mojave River. Death's Valley, described in note No. 24, lies nearly due north from Soda Lake, 75 to 100 miles distant. 39. Ludlow to Dagaett. 1. Archcean Granite motamorphic and 19. Tertiary volcanic rocks lie it the west side of the .sink, then cliffs of 19. Tertiary gravels, 50 to 100 feet high for 20 miles, then metalliferous rocks (Metamorphic). Abundance of soda and salt in the sink or Mojave River, other lake beds also containing borax. 40. Waterman to Mojave. After rising about 500 feet In the valley of the Mojave River, the road leaves it, and for 70 miles passes over an apparently level plain with little rock in sight, much of it being barren sand hills or alkaline planes, tne rest with low shrubbery or groves of yucca trees ^ feet nigh. It is probable that this Quaternary desert covers Tertiary strata even as old as Eocene, but fossils are absent. (See Colorado Desert notes. No. 24, 25, 20, 30 and 31.) 41 Nevada Countu Narrow Oauge Railroad. The air line distance is about IG miles, but the road winds among hills containing Archtean granite, 13 b. Sub-Carboniferous limestone,16 and 17. Auriferous slates and (juartis veins ; 19. Tertiary gravels and volcanic strata much intermined. It is tho richest quarts mining region in California. 42. San Bafael. Mt. Tamalpais, 2,004 feet high, may be ascended here. Gives a magnificent view of the country near San Francisco Bay. 43. (Santa Rosa, Mark West Creek, north and northwest of this place, a branch of tho Russim River, has along its banks beds of Pliocene or Post Pliocene fossils. (See Psiee. of Cal., by Gabb.) H. M. T. The hills north of Santa Rosa are fbll of fossils, 19 b. Miocene and 19 o. Pliocene, but the higheit ridges are more or less 18 c. Lignite and Metamorphic Cretaceous, with some coal, quicksilTer, sul' phur volcanic dikes flrequent. 44. Cloverdalt. The hills to the east of Oloverdale branch contain many small deposits of qoick* ^ilTer. H.M.T. ^ ™ Tvr^'i'' 't^ L.) CALIFORNIA. 826 •llroad.« Alt. atemary. M. & 17. Juraa. . Railroad. Met. CretaGeou8. Quaternary. i( i< M peroplis Railroads. <*• 6 11 ^5 15 22 SO 15 20 28 34 Stockton. Charleston. Ilolden Peter's. Peter's. Waverly.8' Milton. Peter's. Farmington. Clyde. Oakdale. 20. Quaternary. « 19. c. Tertiary Plio. 1. Arch. Granite. 20. Quaternary. II ♦ The gravelly hills, with clay, slates and sandstone of fresh water formation, are here 200 feet thick or more, and may include the wliole Tertiary age. t This formation crosses the river near here full of marine fossils, and lies flat on edges of the elates below. X Very much chanpeJ by It). Volcanic. 67. Redding. Mt. Shaska, 14,440 feet high, is in view and easily ascended in summer from the end of the railroad. Fine Cretaceous fossils are found near here and also beds of fossil wood, and an abundance of excellent iron ore is found on Spring Creek, 12 miles to the northwest. The rocks from here north are much covered with 19. Tertiary volcanic fragments and ashes, but exposed bjr the deep cuts. The Lava Beds. A large portion of the northeastern part of California, to the northern state line and spreading over Idaho, Oregon and Washington Territories, is covered to a depth of several hundred feet with great beds of lava and other volcanic material. The country has generally a broken surface, and is interspersed with hills and high volcanic cones, frequently cut into deep chasms by the few streams thi occur in this region, and extensive caves have been found under the lava bedn. This lava section has no arable lands, and it is fit only for grazing purposes. (See Note 39 on Northers Pacific Railroad.) E. W. H. 68. Mtddle Greek. Much placer mining is done, and quartz veins exist. 69. Oroville. Tertiary leaves and Lignite, 18. Cretaceous, 14. Sub-Carboniferous fossils found near by toward the northeast. 60. Shingle Spring. Iron, lead and zinc occur near. 61. Brooklyn. Redwood Peak, 1,6,35 feet high, is the highest in the range opposite San Fancisco. Mission Peak, 34 miles southeast, is 2,566 feet high. 62. Mien to Haifwards. Follows the 20. Quaternary (alluvial), nearly after passing through Alameda Caiion 10 miles, traversing 19. Tertiary, 19 c. Pliocene and 19 b. Miocene, then lignitic.witli little coal. , ,, 63. Irvington. Mountains on the east side rise to 4,443 feet, and on the west side to 3,780 feetu height, 64. San Jose. Alum Rock Cation, about seven miles easterly f^om San Jose, is a prett^puc^i with Miocene fossils and a good hotel. H. M. T. CALIFORNIA. 327 rou8 fossils found neir opposite San Fancisco. South Faoiflo Gout (N. O.) R. B. Ms. Alt. Southern Paolflo R. K.— Con. Mb. Alt. • •■•• 6 14 San Francisco. Alameda. W. Sanleandro. Alverado.0 8 Moury's. Alviso. San Jose.'* Los Gatros. Alma. Wright'8.8' Glenwood. Felton.«» Rincon.8 9 Santa Cruz. 18. Meta. Cretaceous. 20. Quaternary. i 198 « 284 l< 514 Pajaro. Watsonville. St. Andrew's. Aptos. Soguel. Santa Cruz. « as i< aa 19 c. Pliocene, Tert.r8« «( 102 II 5 8 « 18 81 Ctoshen DlTlilon Bi P« Ra B> Southern Paolflo Railroad. 6 12 17 21 San Francisco. San Miguel. Baden. »o Millbrae.»» San Mateo. Belmont. Redwood City." Menlo Park. Mountain View. Lawrence's. San Jose.** Coyote. Tennant.^* Gilroy." Carnadero. Sargent's. Vega." Pajaro. Castroville.''* Salinas. j 18 c. Metamorphic \ Cretaceous. ^ i' P i; .'Ml; HM' > <; 1 1 i< ?'! AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAL.) PBclflo Coast Railroad. Ms. (Near Intitudo 35°) Alt 10 15 22 80 85 42 46 65 64 Port Harford." > Ocean Side. Steele's. Verde. Lo8 Berroa. Nipoma. Santa Maria. Lake View. Harris. Loa Alamos. 19 b. Miocene, Tertia. <« 20. Quaternary. 19 b. Miocene, Tertia. 20. Quaternary. California Southern Railroad. 4 9 20 20 35 42 47 62 60 66 78 86 96 104 National City. San Diego. Old Town. Selwyn.»2 Cordero. Encinitas. Stewatt's. San Luis Rey. Yisidora. De Luz. Fallbrook. Temecula. " Car B." Elsinore. Pinacate.** 20. Quaternary. 19 c. Pliocene, Tertiary 20. Quaternary. 19. Eocene, Tertiary. 19 b. Miocene, Tertiary 20. Quaternary. 18 c. Metam. Creta. 1. Archaean Granite. II 20, Quaternary. 11 (( California Southern Railroad- Ms. Continued, w^^ 11(5 122 127 188 San Jacinto. Riveraide. Colton. San Barnardino. 20. Quaternary. lios Angeles & San Diego Railroad. 27 34 Los Angeles.'' Florence. Downey. Norwalk. Costa. Amheim. Orange. Santa Anna. 20. Quaternary. <4 II II II II M 293 ISI lU II n 134 110 115 Los Angeles Division. OjLos Angelea. 18 San Monica.' Los Angeles. SiFlorence. 10:Compton. 15jCerritoa. 22!\Vilmington.»* 25 San Pedro. 20. Quaternary. i< (I II II II or. The islands vii-iblo are similar, with some 20. Quaternary sandstone and Paleozoic rocks. 86. Oosken to Caliente. The mountains westward are like those from Pleasanton to Niles, with more 19. Tertiary, 19 b. Miocene and 18. Cretaceous. Also 20. Quaternary, volcanic and granite in pittces. The only coal now worked is north of Mt. Diablo and south of Livermore. The granite, of the coast ranges at least, is eruptive, and belongs rather to the Quaternary than the Archaean. 86. Stockton A Visalia Railroad. The most northern group of "Big 1 rees" is approached by this route. The Big TVees. One of the greatest curiosities in California consists of the Big Tree Grove, situ- ated on t^ie divifle between the middle fork of the Stanislaus and the Calaveras rivers, about 20 miles east of Mokeluinne hill, and at an elevation of 4,759 feet above the level of the sea. The trees range in height from 150 to 327 feet, and in diameter from 15 to 30 feet. 87. Perns Orove to Santa Eosa. The foothill.s are full of Tertiary fossils (Miocene and Pliocene). The metamorphic and volcanic mountains contain valuable quicksilver mines. 88. Northern Pacific Coast Railroad. The only groves of celebrated " Redwood " tree, accessible by railroad, are on this route and northward. Ermta :— Note 6, for " telburet" read telluret; page 320, at Cornwall and Antioch, read Pliocene; at Brentwood, etc.. Quaternary ; at Banta, for 19 a. "Miocene" read Eocene: page 321, at Nadesn, Quaternary; Note 28, for "El Carco," El Casco; page 324, for "Pem'a Grove," Penn's Grove: Note 41, lor " intormlned," intermixed ; for "quarts," quartz ; Note 43, after sulphur place a semicolon ;j)«Ke Sa, for " Bnrieio," Benicio; " Vaneleu," Vanden ; 327, "St. Andrews," San Andreas; Note 80, for"Tr('P- elite," 't'ripolite ; page 328, "San Monica," Santa Monica; throughout the chapter tor " Central," reil Southern Pacific. DELAWARE. 829 Delaware.* lego Railroad. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OP DELAWARE.** Quaternary. (t 2t] 111 M 111 « tl 41 14 It 134 M 110 If 115 le Quaternary straU, PS over rolliriK tul !.■ r aholls aro common ar, containing qiiick- »nd probably include rf found with lignito ribed aa Cretaceous, again occurs on the tation. Fine felspar, es, which will probn- The islands yhiUo Danton to Niles, with anic and granite in ore. The granite, of the Archcean. 8 approached by this Big Tree Grove, situ- rivers, about 20 miles ea. The trees range ocene and Pliocene). )od " tree, accessible tloch, read Pliocene; >age 321, at Nadean, nn'8 Groye : Note 41, :eaBemicoioD;p»go ;Note80,for"Trop- lor "Central," real Groups. Dblawarb Sub-Divisions. 20. QUATSRNARY. i Post Glacial. 1 Glacial. f Bog Clay, River Shore, 20 c. 1 Brick Clay, 80 b. I Red Gravel and Estuary . Sands, 20 a. 19. Tertiary. 1 1 9 o. Pliocene. ( 1 9 b. MIooene. . Blue Clay, .« ^ Glass Sand, ^^ *^- Potters Clay, 19 b. 18. Cretaceous. 18 o. Upper Cretaceous. • 18 b. Middle Cretaceous. 1 8 a. Lower Cretaceous; Green Sand, 18 c. Sand Marl. 18 b. Wealden Clays, 18 a. Crystalline Rocks. Age undetermined. Eruptive Gabbros and Horn* blende Rocks. Philadelphia Gneiss. Magnesian Marble. Quartzite. Phtladelphlfl^ unimlnf ton, and Baltimore B* R* Newark and Delaware Oltj Ball- road— C£>«/i««*rf. Ms. Stations. Geological Formations. Ms. 8 10 12 Stations. Geological Formations. 19 sa 24 18 32 Philadelphia. Claymont. Bellevue. Edge Moor. Wilmington.* Newport. Stanton. Newark.* Phila. Gneiss, Gabbros, •" i • 1 It u. Pli. to P. PH. Modem. t U. PI. to P. • • M l« «» «• PI." abound in places in ek, and a little to the 831 mrilmlngton 4e Northern B. R. WllmiDfton 4c Western R. R. Ms. Stations, Gbologicai. Formations. Ms. Stations. Geological Formations. Reading, Pa. See Pennsylvania. Wilmington. • Gabbro. & IH a. L. C. 67 Chadd's Ford. Phila. Gneiss. 7 Greenbank. Phila. Gneiss. 61 Granogue. i( 12 Ashland. (1 63 Adams. Hypersthene Gab. "' 15 Hocliessin." •• with Marble. 6.") 66 Dupont. Greenville. >• tia 17 Southwood. Quartzite, Marble, and Mica Schists. 68 Lancaster R'd. • 1 20 Landenberg." Same as above. 72 Wilmington.* L. Ore. & Gabbro. » tyenitic areas of ioutheaitern Pennsylvania, referred by Mr. C. E. Hall to the Laurentian, although they may prove to be Huronian, or even later, and probably forms an intrusive mass between tnc Philadelphia gneiu. , . e. (*) A northern area, the shape of a double convex lens, covered by granitic gneisses and mica schists, the equivalent of the Philadelphia gneiss, which by earlier writers has been referred to the Montalban, and bv later to the Palxozoic. This part of the State has an uneven surface of beautifully rounded hills, with a bold and rounded outline, and is elevated several hundred feet above tide water. Limestone also occurs in this primary region. It is a nearly pure dolomite in a coarse and fine grained crystalline mass of a white color, witn at times a bluish tinge. About six miles N. W. of Wilmington is a limited body of serpentine of various shades of green, with a heavy vein of granite passing through it. South of the Primary or Rocky regions of the State and, indeed, from Its lower limit to the south- boundary of Delaware, the seneral features of the country are widely different. Instead of em a con- stant succession of irregular and boldly rounded hills, is presented a comparatively level country or Uble land, gently vlopfng east and west towards either bay from an elevated strip of land several miles in breadth. The streams flow from this east and west through the soft and vielding strata which con - stitute the geological formations of • very large portion of the State; these formations being composed of clays and sands which are more or less loose in their texture. The surface of the country, originally rather flat and level, has been scooped out by brooks and creeks and rain torrents into an undulating surface, presenting low hills and bowl-like depressions, sometimes gently sloping, at others with abrupt declivities, where the formations offer a sufficient resit tance to the agents of denudation. From the lower limit of the primary formation nearly to the soutiiem b' der of New Castle County, is a series of clays and marls of the Cretaceous and upper Jurassic foriu.-itions. Between the lower or southern limit of the Cretaceous and the lower part of Kent County exists a series of b ^ds of clay and sand which are of the tertiary (mlocene) formation. The surface of the country ia the lower part of Kent and the whole of Sussex County is much more level than that farther north. The aggregate thickness of all the formations south of the primary will probably not fall short of five hundred teet, and the gen- eral hearing of all the formations, like that of the primary, is nearly N. SO" E. The little State of Delaware furnishes us with a general description of the Geology of the whole Atlantic Coast, including considerable portions of the States of New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia, comprising the primitive Archxan backbone or foundation formation, with the Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary extending eastward from it to the Ocean. Eastern Shore of Maryland and Virginia.* Ne w York, Phtla. Jc Norfolk R. R. 6 10 19 22 Delmar, Del. Salisbury, Md. Fruitland. Princess Anne. King's Creek. 10 c. U. PI. to P. PI.' II 20 c. Modern. (I 28 88 Kiiigston. Crisiield. 20 c. Modern. •• Salt Marsh. 72 95 119 181 Exmore. Cape Charles. Old Pt.Comfort Norfolk. 20 c. Modem. " Ocean Sand. By Steamer. II Cambridge and Seaford R. R. 14 83 Seaford, 9 Williamsburg. Cambridge. 19 c. U. PI. to P. PL It « *That is the Eastern Shore of Chesapeake Bay in those States. _Wlcom lco and Pocom o ke R. R. 10 19 23 80 Salisbury. Pittsville. St. Martin's. Berlin. Ocean City. 19 c. U. PL to P. PL 20 c P. PL & Modern ' Ocean Sand. 20 81 81) M altliore aud Del. Bay R» R. Clayton, Del. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. Kennedyville. Chestertown. Parsons. 19 a. Eocene & Creta. <^ueen An n exe & K ent Sc Towr ngend. 18 85 Townsend. Sudlersville. Centreville. 19 b. Miocene, li Pelairare and Cheeapeake R. R. 14 32 44 51 Clayton, Del. MarydeU. Queen Anne. Easton. Oxford. 19 b. Miocene. ^^ ITT m m W > I m ;;■?! Win- Bif % n3l-> !''■'■' mm ' '' 1' ! K':; 1; J mI'Iv m ■■ nnl ' 1 J ' ' ' -^p 1 ' '^ ^ ' 'f^i ';/' ' f$: •' ■ ' ■ ^S^i \ '■ 1: -i-i !.| 4i» AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MD ) Maryland/ Plilladelphla« Drilminfftom and Baltimore Bjitiroad* Ms. "1 28 80 32 84 40 46 62 65 61 Stations. Geological Fokmations. Ph''.adelphia. Wilmington. Delaware June. Newpof.. Stanton. Newarlc. Elkton. Northeast.* Charlestown. Perryville. (See Pennsylvania.) l8.Cret. &17. Juras.' •< It tt << *i IT to* 18 «t at 62 67 74 77 79 89 94 98 Aberdeen. Bush River. Edgewood. Magnolia. Stetnmer's Run Bay View. Baltimore. 1. Azoic " 1. Azoic •• 17. Juras.& Archaean** (Susquehanna River.) Granite, Gabbro- Diorite, 17. Jur." rassic. ' Havre-deGr'ce jLGi 1 Di( 17. Jur ao a* *« a« PItll. and Baltimore Central B. B> 86 62 60 67 71 76 119 Philadelphia. Kennett. Oxford. Rising Sun. Rowlandville. Port Deposit." Perryville. Baltimore.' (See Pennsylvania.) <• 1 a. Laure'n, Serpent. <4 Granite. 17. Jurassic & Archae. Baltimore and Potomae Railroad. 10 91 26 34 41 48 Baltimore.' Odenton.' Patuxent. Bowie. Wilson's. Navy Yard.* Wash., D. C. 17. Jur. & 1 b. Huro'n 18. Cret. and recent. '• 18. Cret. n'r Pope's Creek Branch. 1) 26 40 46 61 66 69 76 Baltimore.' Bowie. Marlboro. Linden. Brandywine. La Plata. Cox. Pope's Creek. 17. Jurassic. Upper Eocene. 10 a. Eocene. 10 b. Miocene. ii It II Baltimore and Ohio Ballroad. Washington Branch. Ms. 9 19 22 2(^ 84 84 40 Stations. j Baltimore.' ( Camd'n Stat. Relay House.' Annapolis Jun. Laurel. Beltsville. Alex'ndriajun. Bladensburg. Washington.' Geolocical Formations. 17. Jurassic. 1 b. Hur., Intra. Gran. 17. Jurassic. & Dior. Hur. «t II II ••lb.Huron'n. Alexandria Branch. 84 40 42 46 Baltimore. Alexandria Jc. Banning's. Uniontown. Shepherd. (Ast 17. J before.) urassic. •I Cretaceous & Jurass. AnnapolU and Blk Bldge B. R. Annapolis Jc. 8 Patuxent. 6 Odenton. 9 Gambrill's. 10 Millersville. 12 Waterbury. 14 Crownsville. 16 Iglehart. 18 Camp Parole. 21 Annapolis.* 19. Cret. & 17. Jurass. II 17. Jurassic. 41 Cretaceous. "& 10 a. Eocene Eocene. Eocene. • < Nortbern Central Ballroad. 2 7 12 16 20 23 29 86 42 47 67 Baltimore. Mt. Vernon, j Green Spr'gs \ Junction.'' Timonium. Cockeysville. Sparks'. Monkton. Parkton. I"i . Jurassic and I b. Huronian. " • • 111 2-4. Siluro-C'mbr'n Serpentine. y "large quar- ries of white marble 11 c. Montalban. •j 2-4. Siluro-C'mbr'n ( Limestones. Hur'n& Mica Schists, j 1 c. Montalban and 1 Serpentine. *" 1 c. Montalban. "* II Freeland's. Glenrock. Hanov. Ju., Pa. York, Pa. Continued in Pa. See page a8o.) 2-4. Siluro-Cam. 4«i * Br Prof. P. R. Uhler, of the Peabody Institute, Baltimore, except B. & O. R. R. west. L Kaoiia occurs near Annapolia, near Northeaet, and near the Metropolitan Railroad in Mont- Hoinery County. MARYLAND. 33a Westernt niarjrland Ballroad.* )ciCAL Formations. iur., Intnl. Gran, arassic. •• &Dior.Hur. •'lb.Huron'n. " & 10 a. Eocene ne. cene. 1 Railroad. , Jurassic and 1 b. Eiuronian. " II III 1. Siluro-C'mbr'n Serpentine. • I III " large quar- s of white marble c. Montalban. 1. Siluro-C'mbr'a Limestones. 'n& Mica Schists. :. Montalban and Serpentine. *" Monulban. "* << Siluro-Cam. *" II *•• See page a8o.) R. R. west, n Railroad in Moot* Ms. 3 6 6 9 10 11 14 19 22 81 84 41 45 48 49 _54 Jl 59 iceoug & Jurass. : Bldge B. R. 'ret. & 17. Jurass. H ipj 83 77 86 m m Stations. Baltimore.' " Fulton Station. Oakland. •" Arlington. *" Ho'rdsville. *" Pikesville. *•• Greenwood *•* Owing'sMs.*" Reisterstown. Finksburg. Tannery. •' Westm'ster. '""" N.Windsor. **" Un. Bridge.*" Middleb'rg. •" Frederickjc."' Rocky Ridge. Emmitsburg. Mech'cst'n. • Blue Ridge."" Waynesboro. Smithsburg. "• Hagersto'n. ••» Wmsport. "» Martinsburg. Geological Formations. 17. Jurassic & lb. Huronian. " Sen Mo. n'r. " & Montalb'n. Montalban. Copper. Huronian. Marble. •• Var. Marble. Trias. & Silur.-Cam. Triassic, Var. M rble. 16. Triassic. " Diabase. 16. Tri. Diab. dyke. 3 b. Potsd. (Marble.) Slate 4 a. Trent, limestone. II 4 c. Hudson River. 3a.&4c.Cal. &Hud. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad." 15 20 S5 87 82 48 60 58 Baltimore.' " Ellicolt City. ' Elysville. ' Woodstock. • Marriottsville. Sykesville. *" Mt. Airy. •" Monrovia. Frederick June. 17. 1 a. Lau., Gran. quar. II "Gra. & Stea. qu. 1 b. Huronian? II 1 c. Montalban. ' Slate quar. " Trias, near. Baltimore 4c Ohio R. Bk,— Continued. ' i.' Ma. Stations. Geological Formations. 62 Frederick. 1 b. Hur. limestone. 69 Point of Rocks 16. Trias. Pot. marb. 7 11 16 22 27 29 88 36 48 Washington. * Sil'r Spring. ••• Knowles*. "• RockviUe. «" Gaithersb'g. "' Germant'n. *** Boyds. •" Barnesville. "» Dickerson's* Pt of Rocks.??* 17. Up. Jur.?& Azoic. II 11 1 b. Hur. & 1 c. Mont. " Serpentine. II "Tal. sc. Mon. It 16. Tri. n. Dia. dykes Poto. Marble. 75 79 90 81 87 92 95 100 107 117 122 128 18S 168 163 170 178 Point of Rocks. Berlin. Weverton. »*• Sandy Hook. Harper's F'y?r Duffield's, Va. Kearneysville. Vanclievesv'le. Martinsb'g. *" Nor. Mount. " Sleepy Cr'k.*" Hancock. \V Sir John's Run. Orleans Road. Paw Paw. Green Spring. Patterson's Ck. CumbI'd.Md." 16. Trias. Pot. Marb. 1 b. Huronian ? Montalban. It Potsdam and Slate. 8a. to 4 c.Sil.-Cam. l.s. II / a 6-12 Sil. & Devonian. II 10 Ham. 4 7 L. Held. 8-12 Devon.*" f ^ a 7.L. Hel.&80ri ' ° 10. Hamilton. ( 8. Oriskany. 7. Lower Held'g to 18 a. Vespertine."* 2. Hartford County, a few miles northwest of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Rail- road yields a fine green serpentine in blocks, equal to verd-antique in splendor and polish, besides the common building sort. In the Jurassic beds on the same railroad, also on the Washington branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, vast beds of nodular carbonates of iron occur, rich in metal. 8. The Woodstock, EUicott's City and Port Deposit granites are superior of their kind. 4. Bare Hills mineral region. It has chrome and copper ores, asbestos, serpentine and magnesian rOcks. 6. The Western Maryland Railroad runs near copper mines, chrome, serpentine, talc, steatite, asbestos, carbonate of iron, and most beautiful marbles of every color, from blackj dark red, salmon, etc., to pure white — even statuary marble— besides the breccias of every degree of size in their compo- nent pebbles or pieces, both round and angular. P. R. U. 6. By Prof. William M. Fontaine, of Morgantown, West Virginia. 7. Baltimore is located upon rocks of 1 b. Huronian and 1 c. Montalban ages and upon rtayi and sands which rest upon the eroded edges of both of these. The clays approach the neocomir.n in posi- tion, while the sands and driftii belong to various more recent horizons. P. ''.<. U. 8. The rocks of the eastein por*:ioa of the Azoic area in Maryland, as in Virginia, are granites, gneisses and homblendic rocks. This bilt extends to near Parr's Ridge, where it if. succeeded by Argillites, with some metamorphic limestone, probably of Montalban age. 9. The Azoic area passes some distance to the west of the railroad from Baltimrre to Washington, consequently this road runs chiefly in formations similar to those found at Ballimor 884 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MD.) m Gnmberland 4e Fenn8ylTanlaB.B. Onmberland and PennaylTanU nallrOAd. Continued Stations. Geological Formations. Mn. Ms. Stations. Geological Formations. Cumberland." to Will's Gap. C. & P. June. Patterson's. " Barrelville. Mt. Savage. 10. Hamilton."" 8. Oriskany. 7. Low. Helderb'g S b. Clinton. 5 a. Medina. 6 a. Oneida. 4 c. Hudson Riv. 4 c. up to 14 b. Low. Coal Measures. Taoe 2 4 7 8 10 18 17 80 22 25 29 24 Morantown. Frostburg. '" Borden Shaft. Ocean Mines. Jackson. Barton. Pi'dm't, W. V. 14 c. Up. Coal Mres. 1... .. s^ncn 2. »» °S "^ Ji r Q-o'STtS S M j3 •fS (i |_t 1 o (J Geology of the Vicinity of Baltimore.* ri \'i V-'- ?! i I ' • n! Nortltern Central Ballroad. j Western Maryland Railroad. Mb. Stations. Geological Formations. Ms. Stations. Geological Formations. Baltimore. " Hornbl. sch. Gn. age? Baltimore. Homblen. schist age? 8 Woodberry. Gneiss " 8 Fulton Station Decomp. Mica sch." 6 Melvale. " >« •• 4 Highland Park. Hypersth. Gabbro " 6 Mt. Wash'ton. • 4 •< 6 Oakland. •I II 7 HoUins. l< II 6 Arlington. <* II 14 Texas. Crys. 1. s. Marb. " 8 Mt. Hope. •< II 16 Cockeytville. •1 int to the close compression of the folds in which the strata are thrown, many of the formations contained in this belt are always to be seen at any given locality, and hence when any formation is given for a Station it must not be inferred that this alone occurs there. In this belt the following formations are to be found: The 6 a. Oneida, 5 b. Clinton, 7. Lower Hel- derberg, 8. Oriskany, 10. Hamilton, 11 a. Portage, 11 b. Chemung, 12. Catskill, and 13 a. Vespertine. These have never been clearly separated from each other. The hard sandstones, such as the 5 a, Oneida and 8. Oriskany, usually form the crests of the ridges, and the softer strata, more commonly the Hamilton, compose the valleys and foot hills. W. M. F, 14. Cumberland, Md, Beautiful Oriskany sandstone fossils occur at the quarries in and about the city. Also Lower Helderberg and Clinton group fossils on Wills Creek below the town and Wills Gap. Aib^ Fucoids of the Medina sandstone. R. P. Whiti'eld. 15. Patterson Creek, A short distance south of the road good Hamilton fossils are obtained on the Patterson farm. R. P. W. 16. Frostburf, Coal plants of various kinds, Hamilton fossils as casts occur in and on ths hills on the N. £. of the city, some of them very fine. R. P. W. *A8 it would seem advisable to give with some fullness what is known about the rocks near a large citv like Baltimore, the following notes on the crystalline rocks in that neighborhood have been fur- nianed for this book by Dr. Georg[e H. Williams, associate in Mineralogy at the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, in which he has brought to light some interesting points which are easy of^access. J. M. (MD.) MARYLAND. 88S •ennsylTBnU cks. This Mesozoic laty limestone. rt probably Huroniao rrom this point, 83 me occurs, w«h occa- ding the 4 c. Hudson nates by far, and will ■North Mount, tin the Vespertine or i o. X, itrata occurs. Ov int formations contained mationisgivenfora linton,7. Lower Hel- and 13 a. Vespertine. )nes, such as the 5 a. trata, more commonly W. M. F. quarries in and about iw the town and Willi R. P. Whitfeld. [ossili are obtained on R. P. W. in and on ths hills on R.P.W. the rocks near a large irhood have been fur- >hns Hopkins Univer- ccess. J- M. Baltimore 4r Oblo Bailroad. Ms. 9 10 11 12 14 16 80 86 Stations, Relay. Avalon. Or'ge Grove.** Ilchester. Grays. Ellicott City." Elysville. Woodstock." Geological Formations. Granite & Granitoid Gneiss, age? Gn. & Horn. sch. " \ Gneiss with Erupt { Gran. Dykes age? Homblend. Gn. " Gneiss " Granite " Gneiss & Granite ' Gneiss " RIaryland Central (Delta) B.B. Ms. Stations. C Baltimore, 2 7 11 13 27 24 36 44 Guilford. Towsontown. Loch Raven.'* Notch Cliff. Belair, Fern Cliff, The Rocks. Delta. Geological Formations. Gneiss quarries age? Gn. & Horn. sch. " Gneiss " j Micasch., Quartzite ( & Crys, limest'ne 17, On the outskirts of the city on the right are the large Gneiss quarries of Tones Falls, which (umish Baltimore with much buildmg and paving stone. They also produce many beautiful minerals, including the species Beaumontite (Heulandite) and Haydenite (Chabazite). The Gneiss is intersected by large veins of pegmatite conuinmg fine specimens of microcline and frequently tourmaline, apatite, spbene, garnet, etc 18, Between Melvale and Woodberry a tongue of the Hypersthene-gabbro is crossed, and a contact between this rock and the gneiss well exposed. 19, Just west of HoUins Station, but not visible from the railroad, is the lenticular mass of serpen- tine, known as the Bare Hills. It contains considerable chromite, which, however, is now no longer worked. Just south of the Bare Hills is a mine of chalcopyrite, occurring in the hornblende gneiss in connection with octahedral crystals of magnetite, and an interesting monoclioic variety of anthopkvU lite, G, H. W. 2(X This most interesting eruptive rock, locally known as " Nig^erhead," covers an area of about fifty square miles west and north-west of Baltimore. It is most admirably exposed at the above-named stations, especially at Mt. Hope, where a long cut reveals a section of it nver 1,000 feet in length. In general appearance it strongly resembles the normal triassic trap, bu'. is petrographically altogether different. It weathers to a dark vermilion soil, through which huge blocks of the fresh purple rock may be seen protruding. The most interesting feature of this gabbro is the partial alteration which it has suffered to a homblendic rock which is generally massive, although sometimes schistose. This may be designated as Gabbro-Diorite, and has been formed by the paramorphosisof the pyroxene to hornblende without chemical change (see Am. Jour, Sci,, Oct,, 1884), This change may be most advantageously studied at the Mt. Hope cutting. Just south of Highland Park the contact of the Gabbro and Schists may be seen with large dykes of the former rock alternating with the schists before the actual contact it reached. G. H. W. 21. A few hundred yards above Orange Grove, on the Patapsco River, there is • most interesting- proiile 260 feet in length exposed by the railroad excavations. Hornblende schists, dipping over 70° t» the west, are cut by apparently eruptive granite. In the center a hu^e trunk, nearly SO feet broad, emerges from the ground parallel to the dip of the schists, and from this two lateral arms are given on on each side which traverse the schists nearly at right angles to their bedding. Tl e lower of these- lateral arms on the west side, although only four feet broad at its origin, may be tra< ed over 150 feet in a horizontal direction, ana when it disappears is less than five inches in width. On the east side the arms are equally well marked, but are not exposed for so long a distance. Inclusions of the schist in the granite are very numerous; one in the main trunk is over 14 feet long. These dykes exhibit in tn admirable manner the effect of the cooling surface on their structure, being always very coarse mined in the center but fine grained at the edge. Smaller dykes of granite are frequently exposed between Orange Grove and Avalon. G. H. W. 22. The granite at Ellicott City is generally porphyritic; on the edges of the mass, however, this- structure disappears and the rock seems to pass gradually into Cneiss. G, H. W. 23, The granite extensively quarried at Fox Rock and Granite P. O., a few miles north of Wood- stock, is of a very superior quality, closely resembling the " Richmond Granite " of Virginia. G. H. W. 24, Loch Raven is a romantic spot on the Gunpowder River, which has been dammed as part of the Baltimore water supply. A conduit, cut through five miles of solid rock, leads the water to the city. From the station northward along the river the road exposes a fine section of quartzite and mica schist in contact with crystalline limestone. On the railroad are exposed quartz rocks and gneisses, with tourmaline and secondary mica developed on the cleavage planes. These are immediately over- laid by crystalline limestone, which is in turn succeeded by mica schists, often rich in garnet and fibrol- ite, ?nd resembling the well known Philadelphia mica schists. At many points, however, the rocks on both sides of the hmestone appear to be identical. At the upper contact is a huge dyke of very coarse grained granite. This is on the road just opiiosite the Water-works building on the dam. G. H« W. iii III t J? 'ii i ■?!' This bhmk apace ia intended for additional geological notes in penoil by the traveler. if •Ji \ ■ > WEST VIRGINIA. 887 West Virginia.^ TABLE OF QEOLOQICAL FORMATIONS IN WEST VIKQINIA. 20.Quaternary,Claciai dam and river deposit 15. Permian or PermoCarbonif* erous 1.600 XVI. XV. XIV. XIII. XII. XI. XI. X. IX. VIII. Vlli. .1 i g i hi 10 c. Qenesee ^'^^^ 10 b. Hamilton co»-8«o 10 a. Marcelius eoo-eoo VIII. VIII. VIII. 01 3 u 1 14 c. Upper Coal Measures 275-374 14 b. Barren Measures ssJ^oo 14 b. Lower Coal Measures 250-1,100 14 a. Pottsville Conglomerate and New River Coal Series l50-i,;ioo 8. Orlskany 75-i5() 7. Lower hielderberg 400-500 6. Salina soo-ooo 5 b. and c. Niagara (?) and Clinton 400-500 5e. Medina and Oneida 1,400-2,000 VII. VI. V. V. IV. £ -I 6 13 c. Mauch Chunii Shales 300-2,000 13 b. Mt. or Qreen Brier L. S. lOO-ftX) 13 a. Pocono S. S. 500-1,200 4 0. Hudson River 2,000-3,000 4 a. Shenandoah L. S. 4,000-5,000 2 b. Potsdam 2,000-3,000 III. III. and II. I. i § > 12. Catsklll 8oo-i,.50o 11-12 Chemung-Catsklll 800-1,000 11 b. Chemung and) 3500 11 a. Portage j 1 1 b. Huror.ian DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. As the descriptions of the formations given in the introductory part of this volume do not give a detailed account of the carboniferous rocks, and as West Virginia can lav claim to greater develop- ment of these beds than any other State, Professor I. C. White has kindly furnished the following resiim6 of their structure and characteristics, and has extended it briefly to the other formations of that State, besides the Carboniferous. As these are the results of Professor White's very recent explorations as United States Geologist, they will bo especially valuable to those who have not the time or opportunity to look through the official geological reports, and they may serve to correct many erroneous statements as to the geology of West Virginia which have obtained currency. J. M. 20. QUATEENART. Cincinnati Ice Dam and Flooded River epochs. The only Quaternary deposits found in West Virginia are those made along the Ohio Rivei" and itj tributaries during the existence of the Glacial dam at Cincinnati, and those made along all the streams which drain the Allegheny Mountains plateau. (See Note <"<'' ^ The rounded boulders at high levels along the Potomac, Cheat and other rivers resemble glacial an^^osits, but no glacier ever existed in West Virginia,the deposits in question having been miido during the " Flooded River " epoch which closed the glacial period, when the snows that had doubtless accumulated to a considerable thickness on the Allegheny plateau melting away filled the draining streams with water to a depth probably exceeding 100 feet. The entire area of West Virginia was elevated above sea level during the Appala- chian revolution, and has remained above the same ever since, hence none of the formations between th<) (15) Permian and (20) Quaternary are found in this State. 15. Permian or Permo-CarbonJferouB, Upper Barrens.* [XVI. Serai.]* The Permian beds, according to Fontaine and White, include all the stratified rocks in West Virginia above the horizon of ihe Waynesburg coal. The .series has a maximum thickness of 1,500 feet, and consists of red shales, sandstones and limestones, there being three or four thin coal beds in tne lower half of the group, but none whatever in the upper. The beds are all apparently of fresh water origin, since the limestones contain no fossils except Spirorbis, Cypris, Estheria, and other bivalve crustaceans. The plant remains are principally Perns or Permian type, including Callipteria ronferta, though Taeniopteris, Baiera and others recall Mosozoic forms. The formation enters the State from the southwest corner of Pennsylvania and stretches across it to the Great Kanawha River in a belt 30-50 miles wide. 1. By Professor I. C. White, United .States Geologist, and lately on the Second Geological 'Jurvey of Pennsylvania. 2. Parmian. The evidence of the existence of the Permian or Permo-Carboniferous fovmation in West Virginia is contained in Vol. P.P. of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania by Wm. M. Fontaine and I. C. White, 1880. S. M. * The names and numbers en'jlosed in square brackets are those given to the formations hy,Win» h. Rogers, late State Geologist of Virginia. J88 . AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (W. VA.) IIM |»:i; ;i-'"'i ilt- i' \' :':>l\' 14o. Upper Coal Measures, Monongataela Series. [XV. Serai.] In the northern portions of the State contains four coal beds in descending order, as follows : Waynesburg bed, merohantablo coal 4-6 ft. Interval limestones, shales and sandstones 250 ft. Sewickley bed, merchantable 4-5 ft. Interval limestones and shales G5 ft. Redstone bod, worthless 3-4 ft. Interval limestones, shales and sandstones 40 ft. Pittsburg bed, merchantable coal 6 ft. Total thickness 374 ft. In Southern West Virginia, on Groat Kanawha River, the group has undergone the followinjf changes: The Sewickley and Redstone coals are absent; the Waynesburg is thin and worthless: the group has lost all its limestones except one thin stratum : it has also lo«t KM) feet of rock, inter- vals oeing reduced to 275 feet; red shales are abundant on the Kanawha I'iver j there are none in these measures on the Monongahela; the Pittsburg coal maintains 6 ft.-6 ft. of merchantable coal, but it is often absent entirely from wide areas, or only 1 ft.-2 ft. thick on others. 14b. Barren Measures. [XIV. Seral.l Northern West Virginia shows the following structure : Shales, sandstones and limestones, sometimes including a thin coal 200 ft. Morgantown sandstum ^5 ft. Elk Lick coal.. 0-4 ft. Shales 75 ft. Green crinoidal limestone, very fossiliferous 2 ft. Coal 0-1 ft. Red and variegated marley shales 100 ft. Bakerstown coal O-l ft. Shales and sandstones 40 ft. Upper Mahoning sandstone, pebbly 50 ft. Brush Creek coal 0-3 ft. Lower Mahoning sandstone 75 ft. Shales 12 ft. Total . ri.s j ft. On the Great Kanawha this group thickens up x> 800 feet; the green crinoidal limestone disap, pears, but is exactly replaced strati-graphically by one of fresh water origin. The Brush Creek coal attains important dimensions, and two new one* are introduced below it, while the series is termi- nated by the " Black Flint," a marine deposit oi dark gray, or blackish flint peculiar to the Kanawha Valley, and exhibiting every gradation between sandy shale and compact silex. The coals of the barrens are everywhere variable and uncertain. A bed may be present in good thickness on one farm, while on the adjoining land it may be absent entirely, or so impure as to prove worthless. The Brush Creek seam is the persistent and important one. 14b. Iiower Coal Measuret. Allegheny River Series. [XIII. Seral.1 These measures are 2.50 feet thick at the northern line of the State, and usually contain five coal beds, in the following order: Upper Freeport Coal— Interval. 50 ft Lower Freeport Coal- Interval 75 ft Middle Kittaning Coal- Interval 36 ft. Lower Kittaning Coal- Interval 60 ft Clarion Coal- Interval to top of XII 20 ft The Upper Kittaning Coal, which is often present in Pennsylvania, seems to be absent in Northern West Virgmia, though it comes into the section on the Kanawha River. The Upper Freeport and Lower Kittaningare the only ones of these five that are valuable, since the others are usually too thin and slaty. The first is generally 4 ft.-6 ft thick and the latter 3 ft.-5 ft This series gradually expands southwestward, and on the Kanawha River attains a maximum thickness of 1,100 ft, in which Its six productive coal beds are disposed somewhat as follows: Upper Freeport ("Cannelton Lower") bed- Interval. , 100 ft Lower Freeport (" Coalburg ") bed — Interval 75 ft Upper Kittaning (" Winnifrede ") bed- Interval :..: 360 ft Middle Kittaning (" Cedar Grove ") bed- Interval 115 ft Lower Kittaning (" Campbell Creek ") bed- Interval .....?. r. 120 ft Clarion (Eagle) bed- Interval to top of No. XII. in whish two or three thin coal streaks occur 340 ft ' The six coal beds given above are never all workable in the same section; in fact it is rare that more than two of them furnish valuable coal on the same property. The Lower Kittaning is probaoiy the most persistent of the Kanawha coals. V. VA.) der, as follows : 4-6 ft. ..... 250 ft. 4-fift. .. .. C5 ft. 3-4 ft. 40 ft. 6 ft. 374 ft. ;onG the following liin and worthless: fei't of rock, inter- thero are none in merchantable coal^ 200 ft. 25 ft. 0-4 ft. 75 ft. 2 ft. 0-1 ft. 100 ft 0-tft. 40 ft, 50 ft. 0-3 ft. 75 ft. 12 ft. ri8j ft. dal limostono disap. he Brush Creek coat the series is terml- liar to the Kanawha r be present in good , or 80 impure as to My contain Ave coal 50 ft. 76 ft 36 ft 60 ft 20 ft e absent in Northern Upper Freeport and tiers are usually too his series gradually 18 of 1,100 ft, in which 100 ft 75 ft 360 ft. 115 ft .120 ft 3cur 340 ft in fact it is rare that Klttaning is probablr WEST VIRGINIA. 14a> FottBTllle conglomerate. New River Coal Series. fXII. Serai.] The No. XII. series has the following structuro in Northern West Virginia, on Cheat Rivers Massive, pebbly, sandstone, sometimes in two or more beds with intervening shales, the whole representing the Homewood and Can".oquenessing sand- stones of Pennsylvania 160 ft Coal 1-2 ft Black Slate 10 ft. Gray Sandstone to base oi XII 25 ft. Southwestward across the State this series thickens, even to a greater extent than XIII., and in thelNew River (southward continuation of the Kanawha) region, attains a maximum of 1,300 ft, in which are three important coal beds in the following order, descending from top of XII. : Massive sandstones and conglomerate with a thin coal, 175 ft. below top 400 ft. Nuttall Coal Shales and massive sandstones 260 ft v Coal Shales and sandstones 100 ft Coal .-. Shales and massive sandstones to base of No. XII 560 ft. Total 1,300 ft These three beds are coking coals of the finest quality, and one of tiio tvo lower appears tc be identical with the great ten-foot seam of the, Flat Top country. These coal', are found of workable thickness only aroimd the southern margin of the coal area, in a belt of country 20-30 miles wide, north from which they thin away to insignificant streaks. The Nuttall bed would correspond to tl** Quftkertown coal of Pennsylvania, and the other two would represent the Sharon and its "rideT." 13. Sub-Carboniferous. 13c. Mauoli Chunlc Shales. [XI. Umbral Shales.] On Cheat River consists of shales, green sandstones, and thin limestones, with iron ore next the top; total thickness 300 ft, in which are only 10 ft.-16 ft. of red shale. On New River this series is not less than 2,000 ft. thick, consisting of red shales, green and gray sandstones, with an impure limestone at the vop of the group. 13b. Mountain or Greenbrier Limeatone. [XJ. Umbral Limestone.] 100 ft-150 ft. thick in Monongalia Co., but increases to over 8(Ki ft. in Greenbrier Cc. Is absent entirely over a lari Shenandoah Valley Umestone. [II. and III. Matinal and Auroral.] Limestones of great thickness, and some of it very pure ; no trustworthy measurements have been made, but it is probably not less than 4,000 to 6,000 ft. thiok along B. A O. B. R. 9b. Potadam Sandstone. [I Primal.] Found only in Blue Ridge at eastern line of State, where It consists of quartcites and nlateg, whose thickness has not been accusately determined, but it is probably not less than 2,(kiu to 8,000 ft. 1. Arohsean. lb. Hnrontan. Rocks of this age supposed to exist in the gap of the Potomac through the Blue Bidge at Harper's Ferry. 3. Professor White thinks the geology of West Virginia can be best studied by beginning at Harper's Ferry, in Maryland, at the bottom of the series of formations. By this means the road between that place and Cumberland is given twice. J. M. 4. The gorge at Harper's Ferry is cut througli metamorphic rocks, of probably Huronian age. One and a nali miles west of the station, a fault brings down the Potsdam and Calciferous rocks against the Azoic. From this point. 83 miles, to near North Mountain, 107 miles, a wide belt of Lower Silurian limestone occurs, with occasional bands of slate, embracing the rocks from the 3 a. Calciferous to and including the 4 c. Hudson River. These have never been separated in this region. The limestone predominates by far, and will be spoken of as the 2-4. Siluro-Cambrian. (F). 6. Martinshurg. Splendid quarries in No. II. limestone here. One mile east from Martinsburg a syncline catches the Hudson River slate and the limestone goes under for two or three miles, then reappears, and again goes under to come up once more near Iterneysville. These crumples near the centre of the valley are the northeastern extension of the great trough which holds Massanutten Mountain, 60 miles south from Martinsburg. 6. North Mountain. On the west side of this limestone belt a great fault brings down in North Mountain the various Silurian and IDevonian fornsations, from the 5 a. Medina to the 13 a. Vesper- tine or No. X., which are to be seen in North Mountain and it^ immediate vicinity. (F). 7. Sir John's Run. From this point westward to Cumberland the rocks are thrown into a serjbs of great arches, whose corresponding troughs catch the Poeono beds in the tops of the mountainn, and bring up the Lower Helderberg limestone on the antlclinals, so that frequently several formations may De seen near one station. (F). 8. Doe Oully. Fine exposures of Catskill rocks in the approaches to the tunnel, which cutting through them parallel to the strike, permits the highly inclined beds to slide down into the cuts from a long distance up the sloping side. 9. Oreen Spring Run. The vallev here is a syncline of Genesee, Hamilton and Marcelhts rocks, enclosed on either side by anticlinal ridges of Oriskany sandstone, making Mill Creek Mountain on the east and Patterson's Creek Mountain on the west. 10. Patterson's Oreek. Another synclinal valley of Hamilton beds, bordered east and west by anticlinal ridges of Oriskany. Under the arch of the eastern one the Lower Helderberg limestone la brought above water level and quarried on the Maryland side of Potomac. 11. Cumberland. Good geological headquarters. The great Will's Creek Mountain anticlinal inat east from the city, brings up the Red Medina, spanned by a splendid arch of White Medina, hrough which the creek has carved a narrow canon, in which there is barely room for the two R. R's and the National turnpike. The Clinton, L. Helderberg, Oriskany and Hamilton all exposed near city. The low mountain which begins on the Virginia side at Cumberland, and trends away to the southwest, is made by the massive Oriskany sandstone and called Knobby or " Knobley." 12. Keyser. Splendid ground for geologists. The Potomac river turns squarely around to the northeast on leaving Cumberland and the R. R. follows this direction almost parallel to the strike of the rocks, and hence along the crest and sides of the great Will's Creek Arch, which the river has worn down and converted into a valley from Cumberland to Keyser, with Knobley Mountain (Oriskanv) on the south, and Dan's Mountain (Poeono and No. XII.) on the north, from the highest peak of whicn, opposite Brady's Mill, is one of the grandest views in all the Appalachian resTon. Queen's point, opposite Keyser. is an arch of Oriskany, under which comes fine exposures of L. Helderberg, both ^^n.;- L) WEST VIRGINIA. omA—Con. Ifnt* Alt. Ian. IL ien. ton. iderberg. iderberg. « ti Iton. Iderberg. 499 545 sea • 50 653 56) 604 639 ~lTi 698 736 786 800 B.&0. R. U.,wcat asurementa hnve rtzites and filntes, less than 2,(iih) to through the Blue d by beginning at a means the road J. M. )ly Huronian age. Calciferous rocka 38 ,, a wide belt of „JK8 from the 3 a. ted in this region. ian. (F). from Martinsburg ' tliree miles, then crumples near the lolds AlassanutteD igs down in North the 13 a. Vesper- (F). rown into a ser^ he mountains, and lereral formations nel, which catting own into the cuts Marcellus rocks. Creek Mountain east and west by lerberg limestone ountain anticlinal of White Medina, for the two B. R's _> all exposed near trends away to the obley." ^^ ^. rely around to tne lei to the strike of lioh the river has ountain (Oriskany) leat peak of which, I. Queen's point Helderberg, both Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Ms. Alt. 20G 208 214 220 223 220 229 232 233 238 240 242 243 246 250 253 Baltimore, Md. Piedmont. Potomac Bridge. Bloomington. Frankville. Swanton Water St. Altamont. Deer Park.^* Mt. Lake Park. Little Yough Br. Oakland. Little Yough Br. Great You{];h Br . Chisholm Summit. Hutton's. tsnowy Creek Br. Terra Alta. E. P. MoGuire'j T. Rodemer's Tunnel. Salt Lake Bridge. Cheat River Br. 14a.Pott8villeCg9" >t 999 i< 1024 13 b. M. Chunk. IS" 9 « 2 28 2 13 a. Pocono. 2020 11 b. Chemung. 244 2 II 2400 l 1164 « 1166 (( 1110 « 1105 « 103 8 •< 103 2 ft.-lOO ft. deep, and at the Gray Run gorge the cars are apparently directly over Cheat River, 2i>0 ft. below. 16. W. Portal KiHfjwood Tunnel. Kingwood Tunnel is 4,132 ft. long and passes through Laurel Hill, the anticlinal axis of which crosses the R. R. somewhere near the eastern end of the tunnel, since the U. Freeport coal has there an elevation of l,8G.'j ft. A. T. and dips eastward, while at the western portal the same coal is 1,806 ft. .' T. and dipping rapidly westward. The summit of the mountain is made by 200 ft. of Mahoming sandstoi.e. 17. East Portal Murray's Tunnel. U Freepon coa' 'lere coked at Austin mines 20 ft. under R. R. track, iust 'est from '. 18. Newburg. A small area (3(KM00 acres) ,f the Pittsburg coal is caught in the summit of the hills here near the centre of the trough between Laurel Hill and Chestnut Ridge anticlinals. The Pitta- burg coal has an elevation of 500 ft. above R. R. and Is transported to the latter over a long incline. A shaft has recently been sunk near the foot of the incline which passed through the if. Presort coal, 4 ft. thick at 1(>9 ft., and the Lower Kittaning bed, 7 ft. thick at 359 ft. 19. Three Fork Creek Bridge. Three miles'up Three Fork Creek is Irondale Furnace where native ore (from 150 ft. above U. Freeport coal) is principally used, and theU. Freeport coal furnishes the coke. A branch R. R. connects it with B. &, O. at mouth of Three Fork. 20. Valley Rtver Fails. The anticlinal axis of Chestnut Ridge crosses the river here and brings up the conglomerate rocks of No. XIL to 150 ft. above water level, over which the stream descends in a series of wild cascades. The hills are capped by the Mahoming sandstone, thus exposing all of No.Xin. 21. Fairmont. The Pittsburg coal comes about 76 ft. above the track here and la extensively mined and shipped east for gas and steam purposes. re 5}4 {t.-4% ft. thick, and extensively Murray's 1 unnel. ••;(■» • ••• W. Por. " « 1198 59 ToUgate. " 7«; 861 Cameron. « 1049 62 Pennsboro, " 882 866 Easton. « 96 7 67 Ellcnboro." << 777 • • •#■ E. P. Shepard's T. « 68 8 72 Cornwallis. " «7« 861 Op. Rosby's Rock. •« 78 7 75 Cairo. «• 687 862 Rosby'a Rock. « 7 73 82 Petroleum.'* u 684 868 Moundsville.a^ 14c. Up. Coal M. 640 94 Kanawha. « 899 873 McMechena Cut. « 6«4 94 Claj'sville. <> 599 875 Benwood. P'burgC.nr.T.L,"** 104 Parkersburg.'s «< 626 879 Wheeling. 2 8 i< 64 S 22. Farmington. The Waynesburg bed is mined here about 150 ft. above track, the Pittsburg being more than 200 ft. under water level. 23. Mannington. The Waynesburj; coal, or highest number of the Carboniferous proper, go«9 under the R. R. track 23^ miles east trom Mannington, and from there to near the Ohio river the rocks belong to the Permian or Permo-Carboniforous series, the No. XVI. of Rogers. The Washing- ton coal is 75 ft.-lOO ft. above track at Mannington. 24. Burton. In the region between here and Bellton are to be found the highest rocks of the Permian series, some of the summits attaining an elevation of 1,200 ft.-l,5UU ft. above the Waynesburg coal. 25. West Portal Board Tree Funnel. Minevah coal, the uppermost small bed of the Permian series, 60 ft. over track here. 26. Belton. A fine locality for Permian exposures in the steep hills, which rise COO ft. to 700 ft. above water level. A hole bored for oil a sliort distance above Rellton, passed through the Waynes- burg coal at 4 i • V\.) b O. Railroad. Alt. •ens ,XIV.) »»? 1019 tl uu Point Mills. West Alexander. Claysville.' * Cbartier. Washington.' 9 Barrens (XIV.) «T5 14c. U.Coal M. e»2 687 829 Permian (XVI.) «»« it 1043 « 1143 1049 Chesapeake A Ohio Railroad. * 297 298 302 306 Alleghany Tun.*o Tuokahoe. White Sulphur.4» Hart Run. Pocono(X.),Cat.(IX.) 11 b. Chemung. 20 a a 10 b. Hamilton. 19 20 1814 Ms. Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad- Continued. Alt 807 312 .319 326 328 334 330 337 343 348 350 356 360 364 369 (.'uldwell. 11 b. Chemunff 1765 Ronceverte.** Fort Spring. Alderson. 13 b. Mauch Chunk (XI.) 18«0 ^ miles west from borough. Claysville anti« clioal of Stevenson crosses R. R. one-quarter mile west from station. 39. Washington. Tho Harvey, Hotf and Hess gas wells supply the town with fuel ; these three gas wells all on a line along the crest of the Washington anticlinal, were so located on suientifio grounds by Prof. I. C. White. Tl'.e GantzWell, one mile southeast from the anticlinal obtained oil from the same sand (1st Venango) that the others get gas from. Tho Gantz Well struck the sand at 2,200 ft., passing through Pittsburg coal at 350 ft., while tlie Hess well got gas at 2,068 ft., passing tne same coal at 250 ft. 40. Alleghany Tunnel. The line between Virginia and West Virginia is crossed near center of tunnel through the Alleghany Mountain, the backbone of which is the Pocono sandstone. 41. White Sulphur. A well known summer resort, famed for the curative properties of Its mineral water, which issues from the Oriskany sandstone in a large spring, flowing 75 to 100 gallons per minute. 42. Roneeverte. The railroad passes through the Pocono sandstone (X.) at Louisa tunnel, between Ronceverte and Caldwell, and then entcis a long stretch of No. XI. limestone and shales along the Greenbrier River. The limestone is over 8(X) ft. thick, and forms the rich belt of blue grass country, which extends through Monroe, Greenbrier and Pocahontas counties. In the Pocono roclcs at Louisa tunnel many fossil plants may be found. 43. Don. Near Don is the Big Bend tunnel, 6,080 ft. long, through No. XI. red shale, which cuts off several miles of meanders in the Greenbrier river. 44. Hinton. Junction of Greenbrier with New River. Here the railroad enters the cailon of the latter stream, a great gorge cut down 1,000 to 1,500 ft. below the tops of the bounding mountains, and in which the railroad runs for nearly 60 miles through some of the wildest scenery on the continent. 46. New Richmond. A splendid sandstone for building purposes crops out in the No. XI. sandy beds above the railroad here, and the West Virginia block for the Washington monument was quar- ried from the same. In the vicinity of Ronceverte and Alderson these sandy beds of XI. seem to be almost unrepresented, for the limestone there extends nearly up to the base of No. XII.; but as we enter the New River region a great mass of red shales, green and gray sandstones, etc., 1,500 to 2.000 ft. thick, wedges in between the main Greenbrier limestone below and 30 to 40 ft. of impure fossilif- erous limestone at top, which Immediately underlies the Pottsville (XII.) conglomerate. This upper limestone along New River holds the same fossils as an impure limestone In Monongalia County, which is sepanued ftom the main sub«arboniferous limestone by 60 ft. of sandstones and red shales^ 844 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (W. VA.) I 'ii ^ H 111' ■i\ U i; >i 1 » J i III r n' H liiiii Ohaaapcake ft Ohio Railroad— Mb. Continued. Alt, 870 872 879 881 882 886 887 888 890 892 894 896 899 401 406 408 418 418 Prince. McKendree.*' Stone Cliff.*' Rirer View. Dimmock. Fire Creek.* » E. Sewell. Sewell.*" Caperton. Nuttall." Fayette. Elmo. Hawk's Nest. » a Cotton Hill. Qauley. Kanawha Falls. Loup Creek. Mt. Carbon. »3 13 b. Mauoh Chunk (XI.) »»«» Base of (XII.) « 41 IISO 1076 1072 1045 Topof No. rXI.)i»»» Base of (XII.) loo* « 1004 4< 984 W »48 L. half of (XII.) "oo t< 860 Middle of (XII.) »»« Up.halfof(XII.)»»« Base of Homewood sandstone. ''<" Top of (XII.) <>»2 Homewood s. s. •*' 14 h. L. Coal Meas., Clar. and Lowev coals mined. * • * Ms. Ghetapeake * Ohio Railroad- Continued. 416 417 418 421 423 426 427 431 436 438 444 449 466 469 Frederick. Crescent. Cannelton.^* Dego. Paint Creek.** Blacksburg.*^ Coalburg.** Winnifred June* * Brownstown. Maiden.* 9 Charleston."" Spring Hill.fli St. Albans. Scary. 8 2 Alt. 14 b. L. Coal Meas.," Clar. (Eagle) and L. Kit. coals. 6*i « 638 14b. L.Coal Meas. (Eagle bed.) "i's 14 b. L. Coal M., 76' under L. Kit. lOO' under L.Kit.8>» 5'' above L. Kit. Cedar Grove (U.Kittan.) mined here, in 14 b. L. Coal M. 8'* 14 b. L. Coal M. sn 14 b. L. Coal Meas., axis crosses hereto > 14 b. L. Coal M., 20' under L. Kit. coal' o > Base XIV. (Bar.)'*)! Mahoningsands. ^^o MiddleofBarrens^^^ u 690 and the two are very probably identical, though the intervening rocks have increased 30 fuld in thickness on New River. 16. Quinnimont. The No. XII., or New Kivercoal seriea, comes into the tops of the adjoining mduntains here, and one of its coal beds, which comes 000 ft. above the base of Xll., has been mined and coked for use in the iron furnace situated at Quinnimont. It makes a splendid coke, as does (>ach of the three workable beds in No. XII. The elevation of the Quinnimont bed is 1,050 ft. above railroad. 47. MeKendree. About half way between this station and Prince, the upper or Chester lime.stime mentioned in Note 45 comes down to track level, and presents a flne opportunity for collecting tsub- carbo liferous (Chester) fossils. 48. Stone Ct\ff. Nlines in Fire Creek and Nuttall coals, the former at OSO ft. above river, the lat- ter at 950 ft. 49. Fire Creek. The Fire Creek coal here mined at 700 ft. above railroad, steepest Incline on river. 60. Sewed. All of the three New River coals may bo seen here. The Nuttall bed in the tun.t of the mountains, and the Quinnimont and Fire Creek below. These coals are of excellent coking varieties and very pure. 51. Nuttall. Nuttall coal, 400 ft. under top of XII. and 600 ft. above railroad, mined ti.re. Uppermost great cliff rock of XII. seen cappii:»: the mountain here, from which the scenery is very grand. 62. Hawk's Nest. The Hawk's Nest cliff is on right bank of river, one mile below station, and here the upper members of XII. rise almost vertically from the bed of the river to 500 ft. above tho same. The view from it is well worth a visit. The Anstoad coal mines are in Gauloy Mountain, four miles distant, and 8.'i5 ft. above C. & O. R. R. A narrow-gauge railroad loads out to them. Tho Lower Kittanning coal is the one mined. Nuttall coal is only 75 ft. above track at Hawk's Nest, and 2 ft. 8 in. thick. 63. Kanawha Falls. The falls are a series of cancades aggregating about 20 ft. in height over the hard current-bedded upper portion of the Homewood sandstone. 64. Cannelton. A good locality to study the lower coal measure series. The Clarion (Eagle) is just belf^'-T track level. The Lower Kittanning bed is 1(»5 ft. above, and extensively mined for gas coal, while on the north side here the U. Freeport coal may be seen at 750 ft. above river changed to a splendid cannel. From Mt. Carbon to near Charleston the track runs in No. XIII. beds, and coal openings are numerous on both sides of river. A general section of these measures is given in another connection. Paint Creek axis crosses here, and a railroad extends up Paint Creek for 10 Splendid example of erosion during coal measure times in cuts just above 65. Paint Creek. miles to coal mines. 66. Blacksburg. Blacksburg. 57. Coalburg. Splendid geological headquarters for seeing Coalburg, Cedar Grove and Brush Greek coals, and collecting fossil plants in roof of Lower Kittanning and Cedar Orove beds in Wat- son's Hollow, North Coalburg. 68. Winnifrede Junction. A railroad leads up Field's Creek seven miles to Winniftede coal mines, the typical locality of Winnifrede bed (Upper Kittanning). On the other side of the river directly opposite, and in plain sight from the cars, is the mine of the Macfarlane Coal Company, in the Win- nlirede bed, one of the best mines along the Kanawha, furnishing a very pure coal of splint and bituminous mixed, and in quality unsurpassed for domestic and steam purposes. 69. Maiden. Cross to opposite side and examine extensive mines on Campbell's Creek (Lower Kittanning) coal, also salt worlcs, the water being derived from base of XII. «0. CharlttUm. Good headquarters for studying barrens (XIV.). Three miniature faults la WEST VIRGINIA. 845 Chesapeake * Ohio BktlroMl— Ma. Continued. Alt. icreased 30 fuld In ,bove river, the lat- est incline on river, bed in the tops of excellent eDKin;; roftd, mined Ihto. the scenery is very helow station, nnd to f)(K) ft. ftbovo tho iluy Mountain, four out to thcin. Tho Uawk'8 Nest, and in height over the he Clarion (Eagle) ively mined for gas ■e river changed to :ill. beds, and coal easures is given in Paint Creek for 10 in cuts lust above ^ Grove and Brush Grove beds in Wat- -nifrede coal mines, )f the river directly mpany, in the Win- coal of splint and bell's Creek (Lower liniatare faults is 463 409 47« 479 480 482 485 491 m 501 502 8cott«». Hurrioano. Milton. Thorndyke. Ona.8* B. Sulphur Spga. Barboursville. Guyandotte, Huntingdon/<> Ceredo. Big Sandy, Ky. Barrens XIV., (upper half.) Barrens (XIV.) II II II II II II est ess ftse 640 632 508 6«0 660 BA6 BOl S02 Ohio River Railroad. 4 11 19 23 26 81 Wheeling." » Bonwood. Moundsville.'' Powhatan. Woodland. Clarington. Proctor. Baresville. Barrens. (XIV.) Pitts. CI. nr.track.0 3 9 f 14 c. Upper Coal Meas.(XV.) 14 c. Up. Coal Meas. 80(K of XVI. in hills. «3 8 14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.)«3» I 636 I Waynes Coal 76' ( above river. ^ 3 1 ( 7(y under Waynes \ CI. at river level.* 2 9 (Permian (XVI.) Waynes Coal nr. wiitcr level 626 Ms. Ohio River Railroad— ContiJined. 3H 41 4:5 47 61 64 69 61 68 66 68 71 74 81 83 87 88 94 Now Martinsv'le. Sardis. Paden's Valley. Sisterville. Friendly. Long Reach. Raven's Rock. Grape Island. St. Mary's. Vauoluse. Eureka. Willow Island. Bull Creek. Williamstown. Henderson. Briscoe. Vienna. Parkersburg."* Permian (XVI.) Alt. 6 2» t2X « 633 It 4 3 " fll T Permian (XVI.) and 14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.) Waynes Coal 2(/ above river. «'* I Waynes Coal 2(K \ above river. « > • 14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.)«>» X «15 f Barrens (XIV.)" Oil < Break " crosses. ( river here. •"' Barrens (XIV.) «»» « 607 « 61» 14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.)flo* (< Permian (XVI.) 11 686 « 5 79 <( 676 14 c. Up. Coal Me. »" « 572 « 6 70 <( 6 64 It 563 « 570 « 56 7 « 562 « 564 i< 56 3 14 b. Barrons. "^ 597 i< Ms. PlUsburK, Cincinnati & St. I«ula B. R. Pittsburg, Whee l ing A Kentucky D iv. 1 3 4 « 9 12 16 21 25 Steiibenville. Wheeling Juno. Middle Ferry. Lower Ferry. Cross Creek. Wellsburg.^i Beech Bottom. Short Creek. Glenns. Wheeling. Barrens (No. XIV.)'" <4 l( 1O09 Weston & Buckhannon R. B. 5 6 11 11 15 Weston.'^ Gaston. Seymour. Stone CoalSum." Lorenz. Buckhannon. 7' Barrens(No.XIV)»»o9 << 1040 « lOlS Up.Cl.Me.(XV.)»"« <« 1435 Barrens (XIV.) i"' Oak Ridge, four miles below Red House, where it is 20 ft. above river level. Its height is 175 ft. at Poca, and on up the river is "wried into the air along the valley. 68. Bed House. The gr».it clitf near the hill top is the Waynesburg sandstone. 69. Orimm's. Here the Waynesburg coal has been opened 190 ft. above river level, where it Is «Iaty, worthless, and only 3 ft. thick. A well, bored in search of the Pittsburg coal, found only a trace ■of that bed at 80 ft. under river. 70. Point Pleasant. The Pittsburg coal is here about 78 ft. above the Ohio River, but only IV (1. -2 ft. thick. The Waynesburg sandstODe at the base of the Permian, or No. XVI. of Rodgers, mates cliffs near the summit of the hills. 71. Wellsburg. In this town, and tne immediate vicinity, many strong gas wells have b«en struck at a depth of 1,300 ft. below the Ohio river. T.ie gas is utilizea for both neat and light Id the town, and also supplies the g'ass and other manufactories. The geological position of the gas sand is about 1,660 ft. under the FJtisburg coal, and is possibly identical with the Murraysvillo snnd. A shaft has also been sunk to the tiante coal that is mined at Steubenvillc, which Prof. Orton idcntifle.< with the Lower Freeport, and which is here about 210 ft. under the railroad. 72. The Grafton ft (jieenbrie.' is a narrow-gauge railroad, which follows the Tygart's Valley River southward from Grafton to Philippi, its track running for about six miles in the Barrens, No. XIV., "then passing down through the Lower Coal Measures and into No. XII. three or four miles in the T,;inity of Moatsville. and emerging at the horizon of the Upper Freeport coal at Philippi. 73. Pittsburg coal is mined ancTshipped from this point. 74. Pittsburg coal in tops of the hills about 300 ft. anove track. 75. The Mahoning sandstone crops out along west fork of Monongahela River here, according to Prof. Stevenson. The State Inscne Asylum, built of Barren Measures sandstone, is located at Weston. 76. This is a continuation of the Clarksburg ft Weston Narrow Gauge Railroad. 77. The Pittsburg coal is 40 to 50 ft. under the track here. 78. The Pittsburg coal is mined in the hills around Buckhannon, probably 100 ft. to 160 ft. above the depot. It is 4 ft. to 43>^ ft. thick. 79. By Mr. James Parsons, C. and M. E., Piedmont, W. Vr. 80. From Piedmont to within one mile of Gorman the road runs at the base of the Piedmont sandstone, the north branch of the Potomac having cut its circuitous course through that stone and bedded itself upon the upper series of the conglomerate. The cliiTs and blufRi formed by that stone tower high above the road on both sldos, and the ■cenery becomes grand, beautifUl and interwting. WEST VIRGINIA. 347 er BaUroad.'! renB(No. XIV \985 « 888 ii 995 [loal Meas. 1021 (t 1072 g. No. XII. 115J ];oal Meas. 1260 « 1286 u 1289 » 1287 H 12S8 BSton B. B> under Pitts. Coal. 1030 y 945 mnnon R. B. ,rren8(No!XIV]i^o»' « 1040 « 1039 ►.Cl.Me.(XV.)>*" Ms. Continued. Ait. 47 60 63 66 Pairfax.8 * Thomas.** Porter. Davis.* 5 Topl4b.Bar.Me.«05i 14 b. Freeport. 2 98* / Between 14 b. Free- \ port and Kit.* -01 14a.Homew'd8. s*!'" Branch to Mineville. Shaw.*« Mineville.* 6 Plane. Elk Garden. Mine No. 1. / 14 a. Homewood \ sandstone. i28» 14 b. Kittanning. i^os L. Barren Meas. 2288 ( Bottom of 14 c. Up. \ Coal Meas. 23 os 14 c. Pittsburg seam. 2808 { 81. At Oorman the road begins, geologically, to rise up through the Lower Coal Measures in a red thale, as observed also by Prof. I. C. White, a thing unheard of or unreported in the Lower Coal Measures, and at Bayard it has passed through the Kittanning and Freeport coals to the base of the Lowor Barren Measures. 82. From Camden to Fairfax it still continues to rise, until by the time it reaches the summit at the latter place it rests upon the top of the Lower Barren Measures and at the base of the Upper Coal Measures. 83. From Fairfax to Thomcu it gradually descends through the same barren measures and down until it reaches tiie bottom of the Freeport. 84. From Thomas to Davis it still continues to descend through the Lower Coal Measures until it reaches the Piedmont or Homewood sandstone at the latter place. 85. Davis is situa' )d in the renowned valley of Canaan on the Black Water, at its Junction with Beaver. Here the bottoms are broad, and stand on an elevation of 3,072 feet above tide water, while the plateaus running back both ways rise still higher— to an elevation of 8,170 feet. Davis, standing upon this bottom and plateau, is destined to become the frequent resort, not only of the seeker after pleasure, but of the scientiiic traveler, for from this point a great and grand panorama presents itself. Th<^ Plane rises about 600 feet, passing up through the Lower ' il Measures and the Lower Barren Measure-' to the base oi the Upper Coal Measures. Here the PiI>.^burg seam is opened and worked in several p.'aces at and near Elk Garden. This seam is 14 feet thick and of the finest quality. 86. The branch road from Shaw to Mineville passes up through the Piedmont or Homewood sandstone to the Kittanning coal, which crops out of the mountains at the foot of the plane. The not«J8 signed " F." are by Prof. V.'m. M. Fontaine, and those signed ii S." by Prof. J. J. Steven- son, taken from the first edition. The altitudes for West Virginia have been all carefully collected, from.originat sources, by Prof.. L 0. White ; many of tliem are nere published for the first time. I iflition of the gas eand Wurraysville sand. A Prof. Orton identifle.' I Tygart's Valley River ;he Barrens, No. XIV., ee or four miles in the il at Philippi. iver here, according to 3, is located at Weston. road. ylOOft.tol50ft.8boTe base of the Piedmont hrough that stone and J formed by that stone utiAil and interMting. »&: !•■:!: ; ¥>.u- > |ivi. n y It '{ IS. U mi : ' I , ' i ■ 'i -'."A I 848 AN AMERICAN GEOLOQICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (W. VA.) Falrmonnt, Morgantown & Flttaburg B.B.* West Virginia and Pittsburgh Ballroad. Ms. Alt. Ms. Braxton Extension. Alt. Fairmount.8 8 Up. p't'nof(XIV.)«»» Wubton. Piitobargh Cutkl. ^oi8 1 Junction Bridge. B'r'n8orNo.(XIV)»fl* 12 Roanoke. 14 0. in hills. loss Low water, 1 Monong. Riv. j 14 Arnolds. 14<3. Up.CoalM. io«s 25 Burnsville. f B. rrens, (XIV.) "s t2uO'underP.01'" 8 Houltowu. Base of (XV.) or Up. Coal Meas. « » » L. Kanawha Riv. 32 Salt Lick B'dges. Barrens, (XIV.) »«« 4 Rievesville.«» No. (XV.) 8»8 85 Hecter's. Barrens. >(3 Monong. R. here. 848 38 Flat Woods. "(XIV.) J«s» 7 Pricket's C'kB'g. Top of (XIV.) 8»2 89 Summit. '< ll«8 River here. Catawba. 843 Top of (XIV.) »«o Up. portion (XIV.) 44 Sutton. «2» Barrens, Mah. s. s. 7 Buckhannon River Extension. 11 Opekiska. ^f* Buckhannon. Barrens, (XIV.) iioj «• 1425 River here. 839 7 Sago. Ten Mile.»* 17 Little Falls. »« Top of (XIII.) 8" 13 14 b. L. C'l M. i«o. M'th Tom's Run. 822 17 Alt/m. " 181J 20 J. Kigers. U. Freeport Coal, ss^ 26!Newlon. M 19 ir 22 Offington.91 River here. Morgantown. 8' Base (XIV.) »" 791 See note. » * « Ohio Blver Railroad.— 0>n« Blonongahela River Kallroad. 111 117 Belleville. Murray sville. 8' «« 5«1 OFairmount. «»»|75' under P'gh Coal. Waynesburg s. s. '" 6^GamdenBburg. *' Pittsburgh Goal. »«» 120 Muse's Bottom. Perm. C'b., (XVI.)'" ll|Worthington. P'gh 'Joal in riv. 8 9« 123 Portland. « 5ja 13 Enterprise. Pittsburgh Coal. »oi 125 Sherman. « 587 le^Shimston. <( 911 128 Ravenswood. '''* Waynesburg "A" C'l. 23 Simpsons Creek. « 938 132 Pleasant View. Perm. C'b., (XVI.)^" 27 Bartlett. «• 981 136 Willow Grove. <> 58i 82,Clark8burg. << 1081 138 Ripley Landing. « 679 * Since the stereotypes were made of the foregoing pages'of this chapter, (which had been edited by my father), Prof, white has fur nished these additional lines and surveys. J. R. M. 87. Brrata in Note 45. The statement in Note 4S with reference to the thinning away of >'o, XII. red beds in vicinity of Alderson, etc., was made upon information which I considered reliable at the time, but a subsequent personal examination shows that what was taken for the Pottsville conglomerate is simply a massive, white pebbly sandstone in the No. XI. shales and that ins id ol having thinned away, these shales are here thicker than anywhere else in the state, approaching 2,500 reet and holding two immense white conglomerates, along with the red beds and impure lime* stonet). I. C. W. The casting of the plate in which Note 45 occurs prevented the making of this correction in its proper place. J. K. M. 88. Fairmount. The levels are brought IVom Fairmount on main line of B. tc 0. by Major Whiting of the B. 4 O. engineer corps The eloyation here gives 779 feet for low water at Morgan- town, but the river survey from PittsVmrgli makes it 780 feet. Soo Note 21. 89. Rievetville. Sewfckley coal crops out along railroad cuts. 90. UttU Fallt. Upper Freeport coal in cuts. Rapids in river made by Upper Freeport sand- atone. 91. (Mngton. Mahontag s. s. makes great cliffs here known as "Raven Rocks." 92. Morgantown. Upper Freeport coal 75 feet under river. Pittsburgh coal 440 feet above same i level. Fine show of terrace deposits extending to 275 feet above river. Good locality for fossils in crinoidal limestone. Cheat river gorge nine miles distant. Grand view from crest of Chestnut Ridge, Subcarboniferous fossils under great arch below. 93. Camdemburg. The Pittsburgh coal dips under the river about two and a half miles above Fairmount to about 60 feet bt-low the same, but comes up just below Camdensburg and is soon 25 to 30 feet above water. Extensrvw coking works of ex-Senator Camden and others, 250 ovens. Coal 9 to 10 feet thick. This bed is nwver less than 8 feet thick between Fairmount and Clarksburg, and is of excellentquality for fuel, gas and coke. This road passes through one of the finest coal fields in the world, which must in tne near future replace the Conncllsville field. 94. Ten Mile. Upper Freeport coal in hills here and at the level of the track four miles below, near mouth of Grassy Run, where it is only 3 to 4 foet thick, but roofed with 12 feet of cannel slate. 96. Murraytville. The Waynesburg sandstone is frequently seen between Parkersburg and Letout Falls, nometimes a great cliff as at Murraysville; again its top is Just seen in the bed ofth< Ohio. At Letout it rises from the river to the northwest and makes the rapids in the river. Belov here It forms long linos of cliffs near the summits nearly to Guyandotte. 06. Oraham. Pittsburgh coal mined on the other side of the river by shaft 170 feet deep. Coil about 5 feet thick and dips rapidly southeast toward the center of the Appalachian basin. 97. Hartford. Hartford, Mason City, Clifton and the town of Pomeroy on the Ohio side an oelebrated for the manufiftoture of salt and bromine. Salt bearing stratum reached by borings u •bout 1,1S0 feet under the Pittabursh coal. It aipears to be the top portion of the Pocono, (No.X.) •andstone and the same wt the Mt Morris oil rock ("BIk Iniun."t . VA.) burgh Ballroad. ision. Alt ,bargh Cwh-l. ioi» . in hills. 1058 . Up. Coal M. 10 95 rrens, (XIV.) "» ,(K under P.Ol'" rens, (XIV.) »8» Barrens. 'sj •«(XIV.) »«s» 4< lies pens, Mah. s. s. Extension. rens, (XIV.) i*o« « 142S i. L. C'l M. »«o« U 1811 1 {( 517 lynesburg "A" C'l. rm. C'b., (XVI.)"i 4( 679 'bich had been edited J. R. M. binning awny of No. 1 1 considered reliable cen for tlie Pottsville is and that inn id ol le state, approaching )ed8 and impure lime- I. C. W. this correction in ita J. R. M. of B. & 0. by Major low water at Morgan- Upper Freeport sand- | jcks." lal 440 feet above onme 1 locality for fossils in est of Chestnut Ridge. | nd a half miles above burg and is soon 25 to Bfs, 260 ovens. Coal 9 ; and Clarksburff, and f the finest coalfields ack four miles below, 12 feet of cannel slate. een Parkersburg and seen in the bed ofthe Is in the river. Below ,ft 170 feet deep. Coil hlan basin, n the Ohio side are reached by borings H f thePooono,(No.i.) WEST VIRGINIA. d49 Ohio BtverBallnMid.— ConMnuwi. Mb. Alt. 140 School House. 149 Letout 160 Graham. »• 163 New Haven. 154 Hartford. 9 7 157 Mason City. 159 Clifton. 161 W. Columbia. 162 Camden. »» 172 Pt. Pleasant. 173 K. & 0. Juno. 178 Gallipolis Ferry. 184 Ben Lomond. 187 Apple Grove. 188 Mercer's Bottom. 192Glenwood.»9 198 Crown City F'y. 200 Green bottom. Perm. Cb., (XVI.)»»* << 576 14 c. Up. C'l Mea8.»»« P'gh Coal in riv. »»« Pittsburgh Coal. "» « S74 M 6«4 <» B66 II S 6 7 II 5 7 t Virginia Central Ballroad.— Cbnfinued. Piedmont and Cumberland. 12 16 20 22 27 29 Cumberland. Rawlins. Black Oak. 21st Bridge. Keyser. Westernport. W. Va. Cent. 786 786 Jc. 7. Low'r Helderb'g. « » <> 5 b. Clinton. 8»8 « 734 10 b. Ham. (Marc'lua) 7. Low'r Helde \r. f 14a.Pottsv'le * \Topof(Xn.) ng. 81S 74 Fairfax. 78 Thomas. »»»« 79 Davis. «8 6» 80 Globe Falls. 81 Pt. Lookout.! a 82 2480 84 Big Run. 87 Hendrick'8. 90 Black Fork. 91 Shaver's Fork. 93 Haddix Run. 98 Haddix Summit. 101 Montrose. 106 Kerens. 112 01dLeadsville. 113'Elkin8.io« Barrens, (XIV.) »o»i Top L. Coal M.,(Xni.) Low Kittanning CoaL No. (Xn.) Congl.2»2* « 3640 Top Mauch C'k Reds. No. (XL) beds. »i»o 12. CatskiU. i"o 11 b. Chemung, i*** II 164S II 16 8 41 317 9 10 b. Hamilton, i^"* <4 44 <4 1938 1913 19 2 4 Survey, Elkins to Oauley River. Elkins. 6 Beverly. 8 Burnt Bridire. 13 ^ 16 Mill Creek. 17 Huttonsville. 26 1 Elk Water. 32 Brady's Summit, 84 1 Higgles. 35iRed Lick Run. 36 Elk River. 38,Whitacre 3 Falls, 39 Big Run. 46 Burgoo. 48 Leatherwood. 56 Elk River. 69 Addison. 10* 63 Payn's Summit. 71Gauley Riv."* 78; Williams Riv. 10 b. Hamilton, i"* « 195S 4< (water.) 1989 44 1974 14 3003 II 20 62 11 b. Chemung. "»»» No. (XL) 1. s. aosa No. (XL) Shales. 2 » I* Top (XL) \. S. "39 No. (XI.) Shales. "" 44 3171 II 318 6 M 1904 II 1841 II 16 8 3 Top(XI.)Ls. 1*6 8 Ba8eofNo.(XIL)»4»« No. (XII.) CongL2so8 <4 2215 Stony River Survey. 6 10 13 15 Mouth of River. Pike Cross'g. i«« Falls.io? No. (XII.) CongL "»« Barrens, (XIV.) »»*« Low. CoalMeas. 2799 Clarion CoaL a97» No. (XII.) CongL 8102 CamAm. Pittsburgh coal, 4 to 5 feet thick, mined here. It thins away down the river to 18 Ito 20 inches at Point Plea.saut. OcoaHionally, as at Mercer' .s liottom, it thickens to 4 or five feet. iBelow that it thins attain to a few inohos and not mined until near Huntington, where it is 3 to 4 feet. 1 99. Qlenwood. Here lecently an attempt was made to sell lands as containing tin ore. The Deputed tin is a brecciated limeMton* 4() to tiO fewt below the Pittsburgh coal and on analysis proved pot to contain a trace of tin. Another "tin syndicate" explored this same stratum for that metal on he Little Kanawha, nine miles aViove Grantwville. 100. Three Forks B»edy. The "Ridge Lime8t«>ne" near the summits ofthe hills over a large lortionof Jack.son county is often H' to 20 feet thick, and is probably the Ninevah Limestone of ^eunsylvania, the X. of Stevenson's Green county series. 101. Spencer. The Burning Springs or Volcano anticlinal passes along the valley of Spring .reek, brinRing the Barren Measures to the surtax*- Pittsburgh coni is absent or but feebly repre- lented in this portion ofthe state and espoclally iilong the line of the Volcano anticlinal everywhere. 102. Point Look Out. Grandest s(!««»«ry In the Appalachian Mountains. The Black Fork of the Pneatcuts a canon 1,50() feet deep thrrna«£ the Back Bone Mountain range, which is capped by the '^STille Conglomurate. The railroa Roaring. King's Ridge. Toll Gate. Burnt Bridge. White Oak SWt. Buck. R. Divide. Buokhannon. Uo.Low.CoalM.mo « a 1 a 1 Barrens, (XIV.) "•« M 3450 M 1851 Top Low. Coal M.i 8*0 Barrens, (XIV.) "si « 174S <4 1418 Elk River. 21 24 60 70 80 03 100 Charleston. Big Sandy. Queen's Sh'ls.i<>» Big Otter. "« Grove's Greek. Birch River. Little Otter. Beall's Mills. Sutton." base ot Barrens. ^'^ les Where the Gauley Turnpike crosses McOuires Gap, opposite Addison, a coal bed 2^ tos fcwit thick has been mined only 20 feet above the Mauch Chunk red beds, 105. Near here on Land Run is the out crop ol a coal oea 7 feet thick, of poor quality and It I would seem to come at the name horizon as the Pocahontas or No III. bed of the Flat Top region. lOft. Capt. Joseph Parnons, chief engineer of the W. Va. C. R. R. who has kindly fhmisnedall the elevations on that railroad and its surveys, states that the Lower Ktttanning coai passes under I Stony river about three and a haif miles abo*e \tn mouth and reappears at nine miles up. The centerof the trough is near where the nortnwestprn pike crosses Stony river, and here the Pitts- burgh coal ifl'in the summits of the hills juet north f^om the river. This is the northern end of the Elk Garden Pittsburgh coal basin, since northward from here that coal misses the hills by only » to 100 feet for twenty miles, till it is CRU^ht in the Fairfax summit on the Cheat-Potomac Divide. Wt. There is a large area of the lower Kittannlng coal from hereon down the river for four miles and it has a thickness.of eight feet witli its customary partings. It is forty feet above water •I the Falls. 108. Half way between Roaring creek and Elkins the Tygarts Valley river cuts squarely through thejgreat Rich-Laurel Mt. uplift; and exposes a splendid section from the Hamilton up to the Lower CoalMeasures. Along and in the vicinity of Roaring creek is a large field of the Upper Freeport coal where the bed has a thickness of 8 to 10 feet The Freeport sandstone is ve^ massive and pebbly along the lower part of Iloaring creek and makes the numerous falls. lOB. ve the same till the stream turns northwestward adots Clay 0. H. There is a fine area of this coal on Big and Little Sycamore creeks. With this excep- tion only the Barren Measures crop out alonu Elk between Sutton and its mouth, adistance of lOO miles, and as these beds have a greater thickness (800') here than anywhere else in the couDtry,I have termed them the Elk River series. 110. Sutton. The Mahoning oosl (about 100 feet above the base of the Barrens) crops 30 to *) feet above river level and has l)«*n mined to a small extent, while at Frametown 16 miles below, the Pittsburgh coal is in the summits of the hills, 500 feet above the river and 6 to 7 feet thick. ill. From the mouth of the Little Elk up to the Cherry River the Gaulev fiows in a narrow oaflon 300-400 feet deep, excavated out of the top members ;of No. XII., while the softer L^^' Coal Measures occur back in the summits of the hills on the broad plateau at the top of No. XII. The Nutall coal comes up at the mouth of Meadow River, but it thins there. It has a thicknessof I 5 to 6 feet on the waters of Hommony, Cherry and other streams, which put in from the 80uth,tDi> I Is • splendid coking ooaL 7. VA.) rrey.— GmMmift/. Alt. of (No. XII.) »»» XII.)N'fl ci"«» XII.)Congl. M M 18i» 1SI» « 16ti ^.Nutall Coal. "" « 191S (Xn.) Congl. "«» «« aier i< sou <« 121} 0. (XI.)or Greenb'r B.to Cherry R.»u» i Blver. (XVI.)Fm-C'b.»" i«i 5Ti 6ti (XIV.)Bar'en8."» «< eii (?) «»5 (XVI.)Fm-C'b.«n icallv a great arch, or Qtiolmals which cross ring there a trough lins the axes are less On one side (west) of the sea* and on the » PottsTille Conglom. I picturesque in th» nticlinal axis, which 1 800 feet of the Mauch rille Conglomerate la i hole was once bored lur water was struck, :er for medicinal pu^ cOuires Gap, opposite auch Chunk red beds. , ' poor quality and it ;he Flat Top reelon. 8 kindlv ftimisned all Ing coaf passes under nine mftes up. The , and here the Pitts- le northern end of th« BR the hills hy only W it-Potomac Divide. •wn the river for four i brty feet above water cuts squarely through ollton up to the Lower »f the Upper Freeport le is very massive and id the Upper Freeport northwestward abovs ks. With this excep- Buth, adistanceof 100 else in the country,! j Barrens) crops 30 to* wn 16 miles below, toe 7 feet thick. ley flows in a narrow ■hlle the softer Lower at the top of No. Xll. ■ It has a thickness or infiromtheBOutb,u02 Huron Shale. *"-' 9 c. Cornif. 1. s in nv. 6 c. Niagara. t< 4c. Cincinnati <{ lected and marketed as far back as 1841. The Eiireka Volcano Anticlinal (called the "Oil Break") passes through this region, and brings up 400 feet of the Barren Measures. The Pittsburgh coal i» absent, or only a few inches thick, while the Crinoidal coal is '.^0 inches thick and mined below the Tillage for local supply. Oil is obtained here in the Mahoning, Conglomerate, "Big Injun" (Pacors> and Maxburg (Gantz) sands. 115. OranUville. Here the Waynesburg is in the summit of the hills. U6. Steer Creek. At the mouth of this stream the massive sandstone above the Pittsburgh coal comes above water level, and the base of the great Waynesburg sandstone cliff is 275 feet above the same, 117. Tanner JFV>rA:. Along this stream the Waynesburg coal is mined for local use. It is only Ift to 24 inches thick and at Tannersville 6 miles up the stream is 135 feet above the latter. 118. Third Sun Shoals. The Waynesburg Coal shows in summit of hill here 3(H» feet above tho river or 1050 A. T. The horizon of the Pittsburgh coal is about 60 feet above the river, but the coal is absent. 119. 0{envi7{«. A broad anticlinal, which is probably identical with the Chestnut Ridge axis^ crosses the river above Glenville and hoists the Pittsburgh coal 226 feet above the same. This coal mskps lU first appearance here it being absent or butleebly developed everywhere below until its horizon dips under water near the mouth of Steer Creek; at one and a half mile(< above Glenville it 184 to 6 feet thick and 200 feet above the river. It runs along the hills at near this level for a mile or two further and then dips rapidly down below water level, passing under the river U/i miles below Land Fork or lOOj^ miles Irom Farkersburg. The sandstone above the coal has an immense develoiin.v^nt in this region, being 130 feet thick. The horizon of the Pittsburgh coal keeps 50 to 7& feet below river level till we come to Stout's Mil's, when the basin is crossed and it begins to rise I rapidly appearing 10 feet above river level, one mile above Stout's Milts, and one-half mile further up I stream is 76 feet above the same. It is here 7 feet thick and there is a great coal field in this basin I between Burnsville and Glenville. 120. This Division of the C. A 0, (formations by Prof. I.O.White) belongs in the Kentucky I chapter, but for tack of space is inserted here, just before publication. J. R. M. 'Vii'l^ 862 AN AMEK ^AN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ' /...■■ (VA.) m ^H iU' Virginia." Bt PBor. William B. Rooxbs. List of the Qeologieal Formations Found in Virginia and Wost Virginia. I General Gboups. QCATERNART. Tgrtiart. Upper and Lower Mesozoio. Upper Carboniferocb. Mid. Carboniferous. (Upper Scb-Carb.) Lower Carboniferous. (Lower Sub-Carb.) Devonian. Silurian. Siluro-Cambrian* OR Upper Cambrian. Middle* AND Lower Cahbrian. AROH.SAN. SCB-DlVIBIONB IN VIROINIA AND West Vibqinia. 20. Quaternary. 5g 19 c. Pliocene. 19 b. iMiocene. 19 a. Eocene. (18 %L 17.) Juratso-Cretac's.^ Upper Secondary s.s. (17, 16.) Jurasso-iriassic* Mid. Secondary Sandstones and Coal i\/ieasures> P^ - - 2pg« 14 c. Upper Barren Croup. 14 e. Upper Coal Group. 14 b. Lower Barren Croup. 14 b. Lower Coal Croup. 14 a. Croat Conglomerate and Congio. Coal Croup. XVI. XV. XIV. XIII. XII. 13 b. Creenbriar Sliales. 13 b. Creenbriar Limestone. (Carb. Limestone.) 13 a. IMontgomery Crits and Coal IVIeasures. (Tuedian ?) Names of N. Y. Survey chiefly: 12. Catslciil. 11 b. Chemung. 11a. Portage. 10 c. Cenesee. 10 b. Hamilton. 1 a. Marcellus. 8. 7. 6. 5 c. 5 b. 6 a. Orislcany. Lower Helderberg. Sal in a. Niagara. Clinton. (Medina. 4 c. Hudson River. in. 4 b. Utica. in. 4 a. Trenton. in. 3 c. Chazy. n. 3 b. Levis. II. 3 a. Calciferous. n. 2 b. Potsdam Croup." I. Archeean. A, B, C, P.* 0} _2^ Eo5 . XI. XI. X. IX. VIII. vin. vin. viii. VIIL VII. VL V. V. V. IV. Names adopted by H.D.andW.B.Rfur the Paleozoic Forma- tions of Pennsylvania and Virginia and ueed in H. D. Rogers' Final Report of the Geology of Pennsylvania. Serai. Serai. Serai. Serai. Serai. Umbrai Shaleii Umbrai Limesto. Vespertine Sand- stone and Coal. Ponent. Vergent. Vergent. Cadent. Cadent. Cadent. IVIeridian. Pre-iMeridian. Scale nt. Scalent. Surgent. Levant. IVIatinal. Matinal. Mat^nal. Auroral.^ Auroral. Auroral. Primal.' VA.) VIRGINIA. 868 feet Virginia. e^Tames adopted by D.andW.B.Rlor e Paleozoic Forma- ms of Pennsylvania id Virginia and used H. D. Rogers' Final eport of the Geology f Pennsylvania. Serai. Serai. SeraU Serali Serai. Umbral Slialei. Umbrai Limesto. Vespertine Sand. stone and Coali Ponent. Vergent. Vergent. Cadent. Sadent. Cadent. Meridian. Pre-Meridian. Seaient. Scalent. Surgent. Levant. Matinai. Matinal. Matrnai. Auroral.^ Auroral. Auroral. Primal.' Ms. Virginia. Baltimore and Ohio ?.tXallroad. Harper's Ferry and Valley Branch. Alt. 21: Harper's Ferry 1 6 10 14 23 27 32 36 39 42 44 46 50 61 55 57 61 66 74 81 88 94 00 105 117 126 Shenandoah. "^ Halltown. »»9 Charlestown. *i* Cameron. **' Wadesville. *»* Stephenson's. *»• Winchester. »i' Kernstown. '** Newtown. ''<> Vaucluse.'' Middletown. »ool Cedar Greek. «»* Capon Road. »*<> Ms. Chesapeake A Ohio Railroad. Alt. Richmond. ** Strasburg Jc.»»» Tom's Brook. Maurerstown. Woodstock. 8«o Edinburg. * * » 916 Mount Jackson. New Market. Broadway. Linville. Harrisonburg. » Pleasant Valley. Fort Defiance.' Staunton. ^ ' * « ' Altered Cambri'n(b) or Archaean B, fol- lowed west byCam- brian, 2 b., 8 a. Cambrian 8 a., b. •• 8 b., 0. << « Biluro-Cam. 4 a. & 4 b. / Siluro-Cam. & Cam. 4 a. and 8 0. The road runs close to boundary of Cam- brian 8 0., and Sil. Cambrian, 4 a., of the belt lying east, composed largely of 4 c. 1 Siluro-Cam Dri'n, 4 a. and 4 b.,on switch track. Cambrian, 3 b., c. ''*' 788 9 18 28 83 40 Atlee's. »o» Hanover C. H.«« Hanoyer Junot. Noel's. "' Beaver Dam. »»» 45jBampass' '*• 60 Frederick's Hall 66 « « « {Cam. & Siluro-Cam. 3 0. and 4 a. « 971 <( 1038 136lStaunton. 144 Swoope's. Upper Mesozoio, Jurasso-CretaoeouB. Archsean, G. r Gneiss &MicaSlates» \ with veins of Gran. 1. ArchsBan, A. i< SBl !Mic.Homb.& Hydro. Mio.Slat.,withAurif. q'rtz. The gold belk 1. Archeean, G. B. Argil.Mic. & Hydro. Mic.Sla.,with patch- es of Slaty Limestone & Steatite Epidotic^ Chlor. and Sil. Grits & Slates of S.W.Mt. followed west by Gneissoid Sandst'ne. Archaean, D, Horn.&Chl.Gnei.Syen. l.Arch.,B.Bl. Ridge Epid. Chlor. Argil. Slates,&c.,flank'dW. _byCamb,I,2b. Pots, f Cambrian, 3 a., ad- \ joining Hlates of 2 b. f Sil-Camb.,4a. &4b. \ Edge of slate belt. ( Camb. & Sil-Camb., \ So. and 4 a. 487 SOS 439 1387 164S 1. 1. The term JurassoCretaceous is uhosen to desiKnato tlie Upper Secondary Sandstones of the Virginia reports and the associated sands and clays wliieh in their prolongation, northeast through Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey, are found to underlie the Cretaceous green-sand formation of tiiose States, because the fossils found in the vicinity of Fredericksburg, etc., in Virginia, as well as near Baltimore, suggest the upper stage 01 the Jurassic period: while it is stated that the sands and clays of this t)elt in New Jersey are referable to the base of the Cretaceous. The whole group would seem in the main to be one of transition, and it is probably best comparable to the European Wealden. 2 The name Jurasso-Triassic is preferred for the Mid-Secondary rocks of the Virginia reports, as it is thought to correspond be!>t with the fossil indications thus far furnished by tlie several belts included in It. Of these, the most western area is in part continuous with the so-called Triassie belt of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and in part with the coal hearing rocks of Dan River, North Carolina. Tlie middle belt is in the line of prolongation of the Deep River coal rocks of North Carolina, and the eastern belt, including the Grits and Coal Measures of Chesterfield, Henrico, etc., is topograph- ically without a counterpart. The middle and eastern belts in Virginia, and the western tract in North Carolina, show a close airreement in their fossil flora, which in many pavtirulars has a decid- edly Jurassic character, and all three belts are connected by certain species of Estheria, Candona, etc., held in common. Collectively these beds represent most probably a group of deposits ranging through Upper Triassie, and Lower Jurassic time, and are in large measure of a transitional character. ■ 3. In grouping the Lower Paleozoic formations, Sedgewick's classification is used, including as dmbrtan and £V{uro-Cam6rtan, all the formations from the base of the Paleozoic to the top of the Trenton period (4 c), and as Silurian the succeeding formations to the top of the Orlskany (8.); these corresponding in limits to the Upper and Lower Silurian periods of the table. 4. The Middle Cambrian, or Auroral group, occupying much of the surface of the great valley west of the Blue Ridge, and exposed in numerous anticlinals and faults in the mountain belt farth- er west, is marked by a great preponderance of magnesian limestones in the lower two-thirds of its uuB, passing below in many cases into Arenaceous and Argillaceous limestones, and followed uove Dy ooUtio and by oberty and sandy bed*, these latter «ivin« cIma still higher to the W\ ml lllli ■HI :m I It t.T • -J 1,, ■ ■- '■ •■ITU! I ■$f. 'iiii' 864 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.; M^ Chesapeake & Ohio R. R.— Can. Alt. 160 169 168 175 2074 North Mountain. Craigsville. J'^^ Goshen. If >*»" Millboro.i2 ^^^^ (Devonian, 10 a., ad- joining Silurian of the Gap, 6 a., 5 b. to 8 , inverted. Silurian, 7.,Encrinal Marble. 8. Oria- kany. Devonian, 10 a. and 10 b., between ridg- ea of Silurian, 5 a to 8, Devonian 10 a., near' \ 8. of Sideling Ilill.j 195 205 221 IS Jackson's River, iiss Ma. Chesapeake A Ohio R. R.— Con. Alt. Devonian, 10 a.^weS side of Rich Patch Anticlinal Silurian, ^ 5 a. to 8. 'Devonian, 10 a. & 10 b., between aouth- weat end of Warm Spring Anticlinal, & nortbeaat end of ^ Peter's Mountain. ' Devonian, 10. to 12., enclosing, near tun- nel, belt of Sub-Car. 13 a. Vespertine. 148B Covington. »* Alleghany. "•« more purely Calcareous and ArgUlo-Calcareous strata appertaining to the base of the Siliiro-Cam. brian, Trenton, or Matinal group. The frequent faults, inversions and repetitions of the bede in the great valle;^, and the rarity of fo.ssila in the Auroral rocks, have interfered with a precipe demarcation of formations, but there can be little doubt, from fossil and other evidence, that they cover the period of the formations 3 a., 3 b., 3 c, assigned {to them In the Table. Hence, and as Indicating the formations near as well as at the localities, the designation 3 a. b. will be used for these rocks up to the top of the magnesian, without distinguishing between Calciferous and 8;uebec (or Levis), and 3 b. c, for the remaining strata up to the well defined base of the Siiuro- ambrian, Trenton or Matinal »roup, 4 a. b. and c. 6. Ttie Potsdam, or Primal group, includes in Virginia, where complete, besides the Potsdam proper, the ferriferous shales ne^t above, and the slates, shaly grits and conglomerates, below this formation. It is exposed in varying mass and completeness on the western slope and in the west flanking hills of the Blue Ridge throughout mu^h of its length, often, by inversion, dipping to the southeast, in seeming conformity beneath the older rocks of the Blue Ridge, but often, also restini; uncomformably upon or against them. These older rocks, comprising masses referable probably to Huronian and Laurenllan age, include also a group of highly altered beds, corresponding apparently to the copper-bearing or Keweenian series oi Northern Michigan, and perhaps to the lately described Dimetian rocks of Wales. 6. The letters A, B, C, D mark four rather distinct groups of Archssan rocks found in Virginia, of which the first three may probably be referred to the Laurentian, Huronian and Montaiban periods respectively, and the fourth to an intermediate stage — the Norian or Upper Laurentian. 7. This belt of Siluro-Cambrian slates extends continuously from the Potomac River to a point about ten miles south of Staunton, a distance of 140 miles, beyond which it becomes narrow and discontinuous. In the tract corresponding to the interval, from Strasburg to Harrisonburg, it encloses the complex synclinal of the Massanutten Mountains, coasi.>oth sides of this axis, as at Roaring Run, Callie's, Low Moor, and Kavsers near Clifton Forge, associated with formatioD 8. Orlskaay. The fossil ore of 6 b. is also mined at several poicts. /A.; VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA. 856 R. B.— Con. All. vonian.lO a., west de of Rich Patch iticlinal Silurian, k. to 8. Tonian, 10 a. & 10 (., between south. vest end of Warn pring Anticlinal, i northeast end of Peter's Mountain. ivonian, 10. to 12., iclosing, near tun> si, belt of SulvCar. 5 a. Vespertine. ) of the 8lIuro-C»m- litions of the bed? in fered with a precise evidence, that tliey ble. Hence, and as a. b. will be used for aen Calciferous and 1 base of the Siiuro- esides the Potsdam lomerates, below tiiij ope and in the west rsion, dipping to the mt often, also restini; !S referable probably beds, corresponding 1, and perhaps to the 18 found in Virginia, nian and Montalbaa Fpper Laurentian. mac River to a point becomes narrow and to Harrisonl)urg, it massive ranges of . ..all resting in tlie ad keeps generally a imes impinges upon few miles farther the ist-by-Bouth, about 20 a— anthracite, faulted om near tlie Potomac I North Mountain for 4. of the valley into 3d in a ridge of steep I as Tinder's, Boxley's, Panther Gap, 5 a. K, formations at Streclt- Ige Alum Springs, in lowing Cave of Bath ■west, near tlie iame '7 and 8, on east side LIum Springs, in 10 s., as a great arch built bllowed bv 10 a, and The main arch, bt (oncentric belts, made west side of the ui9, a horlsontal positioD. ■bringing to view the lolinal known as the ened on both sides ol ^orge, awociated witt West Virginia." Mb, Cheaapeake & Ohio R.R. — Con. Alt, 227 238 244 251 263 272 294 824 826 White Sulphur Springs. i»»o Ronoeverte. ^««o Fort Spring. !»»« Alderson. »'»» Taloott. Hinton»» "" Quinnimont. 1 * 9" Hawk's Nest. « 2' Cotton Hill. 833 Kanawha Falls 672 852 859 868 881 895 401 409 625 Coalburg. Brownstown. Charleston. St. Albans. 8 94 Hurricane. Milton. Barboursville. 416'Guyandotte. 42llHuntington. ( Devon., 10 a. & 10 b. \ Spring issues fromS. f Lower Sub-Garb., 13 \ a. Vespertine. ( Upper Sub-Carb.,18 \ b. Umbral lim'tone. ( Upper Sub-Carb., 13 \ b. Umbral shale. (I isio Upp. Sub-Car. .over- laid west by Congl , Coal group 14 a. ' Upper Sub-Carbon shales, overlaid by Conglo, Coal group 14 a. The shales disappear west near Buifalo Creek. Congl. Coal gr'p 14 a. « 79 6 Great Conglo. over- laid by Lower or main Coal group, 14 a. and 14 b. Main Coal group, 14 b. « 608 « 602 Low. barren gr'p,14 b. '• '6 8 3 « 586 <« 580 « S60 (I S66 Virginia. Washington City, Virginia Midland and Great Southern Railroad, now Ms. Virginia Midland. Alt. 5 9 14 18 21 27 31 84 89 41 44 47 61 56 62 69 74 79 83 89 93 96 102 105 110 111 119 Alexandria. I Alex. & Fred'b'g Crossing. Springfield. Burke's. Fairfax. Clifton. Manassas Junct. Bristoe. Nokesville. Catlett's. Warren ton Midland. Bealton. Rappahannock Brandy. Culpeper. Mitchell's. Rapidanne, Orange. 20.Quat. drift on denu. f Upper Mesozoio, Ju- \ rasso-CretaceouB. 1. Archaean, C. **• « \_ 2 58 « A. * * ' « A. '^0 Me3.,17-16Jur.-'fri.»i» June. 4 0.T 308 506 190 iro sso las aat a»o »i» 359 w. margin. 350 Madison. Gordonsville Lindslny's. Cobham. Keswick. Shadwell. Charlottesville. 450 Lynchburg June. Red Hill. 395 495 477 401 436 303 " S. margin. 1. Archaean, B. fArgiLMic.A Hydro. Mic.Slates.with pat- ches of Limestone & SteaschistE.ofS.W. Mt.,followedby Epi- dotic and Chloritio Quartzites & Slates of S.W.Mt. & thence W.byGneissoidGr'U 1. Archaean, D. 14. The Anticlinal Valley, which includes the group of thermals known a.s tlie Warm, Hoti Healing, etc.. Springs, closes up about ten miles northeast of this, and its axis subsides towards the southwest in broad spurs which reach the river a few miles below Covington, in low arches of 7. and 8.. overlaid by 10. The heated waters issue at numerous points throughout a distance of thirty miles ; from Cambrian and Siluro-Cambrian rocksi, 3. c, i a., usually inverted and often faulted along the west side of the valley, the eastern boundary of which it formed by the massive Warm Spring Mountain, 5 a. 6 b., dipping east, while its western limit consists of a narrow, broken ridge of the same formations in a vertical or inverted position. Stages to Healing, Hot and Warm Springs, severally 16, 19, and 22 miles. Near the first is the Cascade (200 feet) of Falling Spring Creek, which, cutting through the west wall of the anticlinal, flows over a mass of calcareous tufa, deposited from the Waters. The anticlinal of Peter's Mountain, rising a few miles northwest of Covington and exposing at the tunnel 7. and 8.. expands towards the southwest, until It opens out into the valley of the Sweet Springs, containing another group of thermals of lower temperature than the preceding. This anticlinal, extending southwest, does not close up, but passes into the great Peter's Mountain and East River Mountain fault, which for a distance of fifty miles brings the Cambrian in contact with the Vespertine and Umbral formation, Sub-Carb., 13 a., 13 b. 15. The Upper Subcarboniferous. or Umbral Shales, here include a considerable thickness of brown and gray flaggy sandstone, the same which forms the hard rock of Swope's Knobs. 16. About 20 miles northwest of this point (by canal or road) we enter the gorge by which the James River traverses the Blue Ridge, where are exposed fine sections of Archaean rocks, A and B, and of the Cambrian, Primal 2 a., resting unconformably on the western slope of the former, and occupying the flanking ridges, which adjoin the valley. The Natural Bridge, the remnant of a former tunnel or cave in 3 a. b., is about 8 mites northwest trom the upper end of the gap. 17. A few miles east of this, between Bannister and Dan Rivers, is a small patch of Jurasso- TriMsio rooks, 18-17., corresponding to the Farmville or Middle belt, (see note 2), and containing E8theri»,eto. 18. This deposit, made np largely of Diatoms, lies near the base, but within the limits, of the Hiooene Tei-tiary. It contains occasional oasts of Miocene shells, and is generally overlaid m beds « this formation, and rests either upon or but little above the top of the Eocene. Having formerly traced this deposit flrom the Fataxent Itiver in Maryland to theMeherrin in Virginia,! nn lately foand by an examiMtionof the artesian borings at Fortress Monroe, that a similar 8M AN AMERICAN QEOLOGIOAL RAILWAY dUIDE. (VA.) ( ' -I ( ; ii/'i;i Hi K ¥mi Mm Washington City, VlrglnlA Midland and Mt. Great Southern R. It.— Con. Alt. 121 127 181 188 187 140 146 149 162 167 168 166 171 177 182 188 192 196 199 206 209 216 220 226 280 236 287 North Garden. Covesville. Fabers. Rockfish. Elmington. Lovingston. Arrington. Tye River. New Glasgow. Amherat. Molvor's. Burford's. Lynchburg.* • Lucado. S88 Lawyer's Road. 719 Evington. '"* Otter River. Lynch's. Staunton River Sycamore. Ward's Springs. Whittle's. Chatham. Dry Fork. Fall Creek. Dundee. Danville. 624 From one and a half] miles west of Char lottesville to near Lynchb'gihe prev'l- ing rooks are Syen- ite, Granite, Protog- ine,Mic.Chlo.GneisB Near base of S.W.Mt are belts of Gneiss'id sand and steaschist. tMic,&Hor.,Sl.&Tr'p 1. Archaean, C. U Q_ 6 29 Micaceous & Argil Slates, includ'g pat- ches of Limestone & Steatite, Epidotic & Chloritio Quartzites. 1^ Archaean, C. •*' « 7 80 « 2 8.1 19 i« 812 f Meaozoic, IT-lO.Jur. \ a88o-Tria8'c,W. mai Rlolunond, Frederlokaburg: and Potomae Ms. Railroad. Alt. ii 624 535 1. Archrean, C. **» Mana8ii>as Division. 27 86 88 40 44 49 64 60 68 67 72 76 79 81 86 86 90 91 Alexandria. Manassas Ju.^^^ Gainesville. Haymarket. Thoro'ghfare. »e9 Broad Run. 3»6 Plains. Salem. Rectortown. Delaplane. Markham. Linden. Happy Creek. Front Royal. »*«> River. *»» Buckton. so* Water Lick. »»«> Strasburg. •»» Strasburg Juo. (As before.) Me8.,17-16.Juras-Tria. « 857 It 83 7 ' 1. Archxan.B, Slaty Quartzite, Epid. Chi. Argil. &Mic.Slate8 oi Bull Run and Pond Mountains. 1. Archaean, C. '** << 63 3 " B. *** « 46S « 5S2 <( 918 II 7 90 Cambrian, 3 a. Calcif Sil.-Camb.4a.&b. Tr. & Ut. 4 c. Hudson Riv'r. f Fort Mt. Synclinal \ (5 a. & b.)ends near. "4 a. &b.Tr.&Ut. 11 » 154{GreenBville Jun. 164;Pleasant Hill. 168Weldon. io» { { Upper Mesozoic, >* 17-18. Jurasso- Crets u 10 f" Patches of 19. Tertiary on de- nuded surface. •< " 18 " Resting on gneiss at Falls. *i 19. Tertiary. '« 100 II n JorasHO-Cretao., 17-18 ii •* 110 120. Quater'y, gneigg coming to surface. Archaean C. ((Same as bofore.)'* 20. Quaternary, on decomposing gneiss, Archaean, C. i< It II 119 •I 114 W. limit of Upper Mesozoic and 19. Tertiary. «« «r E.outc.ofGrie. Arch.C. << ita Gne.higher up, on cr'k. f Gne. short distance \W. Tertiary ditto E. 19. Terti. short digt.E. II Ii no E.outc. of Gn. inRiv.,C. I Piedmont Air Line Railroad. (Same as before.) 83 0: Richmond. 2IR. F. & P. Junct. 22 Powhatan. sao 36 Amelia C. H. 58 Burkeville. 73 Reysville. 90 R oanoke. 101 Scottsburg. 109 Boston.! » 127 Barksdale. 1 35 Ringgold. 141 Danville. 166 Ruffin, N. G. W.edge of Mes.cl.field. 1, Archaean, A. '" i< II II II 1. Archaean, C. II < II Sit 615 S4t Sit ssr 710 deposit exists in that region at the depth of S68 feet below the surface, overlaid by Miocene and Pliocene beds, and resting upon an Eocene deposit identical with that which underlies it at Ricli< I mond. We are thus assured of the great extension seaward of this deposit, and have the menu I of estimating the thickness of the Tertiary formations as far east as themouthof the JMnotl Biver. vraoi [NIA k.. 857 BlehmoDd, York River und ChM»peake Norfolk and Weitem R. R. Kb. Railroad. Alt. Ms. Continued. Alt. Riohmond.^* (Same as before.) 191 Conoord. 1. Archsean, B. *** ' At Richmond tunnel 204 Lynchburg. Forest. «< tat 7 Fair Oaka. laa cutsTert'yInfuBorial 216 I. Archiran, A. »'* bed, 19 b. Miocene. 229 Liberty. Buford. ioi< « 9«t 18 Diipatob. 67 In this interval both 241 2-4 Cambrlan,8 a. Gal. LowerandUpper 19. 246 Blue Ridge. i»»» 8 a. b. 16 Summit. Tertiary are access- 261 Bonaack's. << u ible above tide level. 264 Gish's. « « »tl 20 Tunstall's. 60 Eocene an M Miocene. 262 Bij^Liok. »0 7 "&Sil-Cambr'n. 24 White House 1« 'In this inter val.only 264 Saiem.19 9«» «'3c&4aCh.& Tr. 26 Fish Haul. 44 Upp. 19. Tertiary is 277 Big Spring. « i03j « 307 90 101 Portsmouth. ( 20. Quat. on 19. Ter. \ and 19 c. Pliocene. 108 Wilson's. «< 38 7 nSulTolk. 20. Quat.oul9.b. Mio. 112 Wcllville. 1. Archocan, A. *2» Ill Cavrsville. « 118 macks & Whites. « 423 37jFranklin. (t 124 Nottoway €. H. « 421 42 Nottoway. « 133 Burkeville. « 5 23 50|Newsum's. <( 141 Rice's. <• 386 55|13oykin's. <( 149 Farmville. 316 f 1»). Mcsozoic, 17-1(1. \ .Juriisso Trifis.sic. ('.3 Margaretsville. OS^Seaboard. 161 Prospect. 1. Arclucau, A. ^75 78iGary's. << 169 Pamplin's. '< 6 73 8C I Weldon. Outcrop of Gneiss. 181 Appomattox. « in. From this point, for many miles towards the southwest, the railroad runs near to and almost parRllcl with the l)rol{on synclinal, (about ^5 miles lone;), of which the lofty Catawba and Fort Lewis Mountains are the principal piirts. The former, composed of southeast dipping 4 a. b., etc., forms the farther or northwest rim of tho .synclinal, and bending abruptly around at i^s northeast end, becomes the 'I'inkor Mountain, which closes the basin in that direction. A shorter and gentler bend at the southwest end, tern nates in a fault. The corresponding rocks of the southeast, or near side of the syncHnal, are only partially preserved in a narrow inverted ridge at either end, the remainder of this rim of the sym linal liavin;? been engulfed in the prolonged fault, which, for many miles along the margin of the basin, has brouglit the Siluro-Cambrian rocks (4 a. c.) of the valloy to abut against, and over-ride the Devonian Kt. to 12. and the Vespertine 13 a., of which the Fort l/pwts Mountain, the central mass of the synclinal, is mainly composed. 20. .Wew miles west-by-north of this is an area of Vespertine rocks, 13 a., including one or more wnrliable beds of coal, mined on Strouble's Run and elsewhere. This area once probably continuous with the Vesficrtine of Fort Lewis Mountain, is almost encompassed by faults. Farther to the northwest, and separated friyOi the above by a belt of Cambrian and Siluro-Cambrian rocks 3c.. 4 a., etc , the Vespertine beds of the southeast slope of the Brushy Mountain, contain a similar coal, mined on Tom's Creek, etc., all these seams being more or less affected by the neighlwring faults. The dislocation which, southeast of Brushy Mountain, hriiiKs Vespertine and Umbral In apposition with Siluro-Cambrian Matinal, Is part of the great fault which, with some chances of direction and character, extends along the northwest edge of the great valley, trom near the James Birer to the eud of the Brushy Mountain, northeast of Abingdon, a distance of about 126 miles. ^' 'M\ ;'•< (•V I Wi m A ;-'t 'ill '•'ill 4 ill r 88fl ► AN AMERICAN UKULUOICAL RAILWAY GUIDE . (VA.) Waahinyton, Ohio and Wcttcm fVaBhlngton. Ohio and Wcitom Ml. Railroad. Alt. Ms. Railroad.— Con. Alt. 7 Alexandria. Carlia's. (game as before.) >7 27 Guilford. «>» r Mesozoio, 17-16 Jur* \ asso-Triassic. 11 Falls Church. 1. Arohoean, C. 81 Farmwell. <4 820 16 Vienna. 1. Arobeuan, A. »»' 88 Leeaburg. »'* Clark's Gap. "W. mar. Codj 18 Hunter's. M •«» 42 1. Aroheean, B. ii* 21 Thornton. 1. Arohxan, B. 46 Hamilton. •• m 28 Hemdon. f Mesozoio, 17-16. Jur- \ asso-Triassic. *<><^ 49 Puroellville. •■ tsi 62 Round Hill. •« 8«t Atadi8tanceof23 miles, in a northwest direction, is the sheet of water called " Mountain Lake," ■ituated near the top of Salt Pond Mountain, at a height of 4,000 feet abore tide. Here the Potb< and Johns Creek Mountains and the other ridges of 6 a. b, coalesce at their southwest termination, Into a lofty rugged table-land, overloolcing the New River, and commanding wide views. 21. A few miles south, the Lick Mountain range divides the valley for some miles into two and In the southern of these belts, on the New River, below the mouth of Cripple Creek, are the Austenville lead mines, in 3 b., near the Primal 2 b. of Popular Camp Mountain, and about IS milet distant fVom Wytheville. 22. From this point a short branch railroad lends north into the vallev of the north fork of the Holston River, between Walker's Mountain, 5 a , etc., and Poor Valley rlage, Vespertine 13 o., etc, which ilanks the Clinch Mountain on the sonthcaf« 2 Orleans Street. 18 Roxbury. 24 ProvidenceForge. 82 Lnnexa. 88 Toano. 48 Williamsburg. 57 Lee Hall. 69 Morrison. 75 Newport News. (Same as below.) ** f 20. Quaternary and \ 1ft. Tertiary. »» f 20. Quaternary and \ 10 b. M iooene. » ' i> 19 10 b. Miocene. '^ {20. Quaternary and 19 b. Miocene.ioi 19 b. Miocene. «« 20. Quaternary. »« Baltimore & Potomac Railroad.* 2 7 13 17 24 80 34 116 Washington. Long Bridge. Alexandria. Franconia. Long Branch. Woodbridge, Cherry Hill. Quantico. Richmond. I 20. Quaternary, and 17. Jurassic. 18. Cretaceous. 3S 17. JuniHsic. 18. Cretaceous. » 82 it 73 H 7 « 16 Junction of 1. Lau- rentian, 17. Juras., 18. Cretaceous, and 1ft. Tertiary. »* Mr. Brlghthop* Railway.* Alt. 8 14 22 38 Winterpock. Summit. Fendley. Chester. Bermuda. 17. Jurassic, 16. Trias. (Marf^in of 7. Juras., Triassic, and 1. Laurertian. 1 a. Laurentian. (20. Quaternary, base of Eocene nearby. >*> 20. Quaternary. Richmond ft Alleghany Railroad, f f» 7 12 18 17 1ft 20 25 80 38 34 40 42 47 62 64 Richmond.** Korah.2' Westham. Lorraine. Vinita. Manakin. Bo8cobel.2« Dover. Lee's. Maiden's Ad.^? Cedar Point. Irwin. Rock Castle. Stokes. Peniberton. Elk Hill. Elk Island. { W. margin Tertiary, Me8ozoic,18.,19.''» la. Granite. »<>« it 1 la 17. Jurassic CoaL ^*' 17. Mesozoio. ^*' X 141 1 7. Nr. raarg. Meso.' * ' « 14S 1 a,, 1 b. Archaean. j 1 a. In River. \ lb. On Hills. i*» « 159 X 1B9 X 175 II II 190 II 19« II 198 » By l'rofo8Hor William M. Fontaine, of the Univrivsity of VirKinin. f By ProfesMors .1. L. and H. I>. Campbell, of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va. 24. Richmond is on the west margin of the Meauzoiu and Tertiary belt. (Sec Roger."* Note l(i.) These formationH may bo seen in railway cut near Tredegar Iron Workts, at the York River Railwj.y station, and on the margin of Slioceo Creek, near the Mttdieal College. The bed of the river is gneis* aoid granite at the city, and for several miles above. 25. At Korah largo quantities of granite, doubtless of Laurentian at;?, are quarried for shipment. Another large quarry is opened opposite Westham, on soutli side of the river. Between Westham mid Lorrainu the road passes from the Aruheean to the Mesozoic eual-bcaring beds (17, 18), and oon- tinues on them for about 10 miles to Dover. 26. Boseobd, or Dover, near the west margin of the coal fleld, is near the old Dover Mines. Fos- sils in the debris of tho coal slates. 27. Between this point and Goochland C. H., a mica mine was formerly worked (in 1 b.), but not exhausted. [N. B. — In our notes on the Archeean rocks, we recognize only Laurentian (1 a.) and Huronian (lb.); and even the horizon between these is uncertain in this part of Virginia.] 28. At Columbia a granite quarry is worked in 1 a., overlaid by mica and hydro-mica slates and schists of I b. This is tlie best point from which to visit the several gold mines in the vicinity. 29. Bremo Bluff is a good point of departure for examining several objects of interest, (a) "The Bluff," near the station, is apparently a closed anticlinal fold of beds of hard gneissold sandstone and arenaceous slates, nearly vertical in position. A second blutf'of the same general structure occurs about aot) yards farther up the river. The syncline between them and outside flanks of both are occu- pied with argillaceous slates. The same ledges appear on the opposite side of the river. (6) At this point a branch (Buckingham Branch) railway crosses the river to extensive slate quarries, about five miles distant, and apparently in the same formation (1 b.) as the slates about tho "Bluff." Future explorations may modify this view, (c) Willi.s Mountain, about 20 miles east of this station, is an isolated mass of gneissold rocks, containing numerous crystals of kycnite of different shades of color, and of hornblende and tourmaline, with other minerals, (d) This is one of the best portions of the gold belt. Iron ores— limonite, hematite and magnetite— abound here. 30. From Richmond to SeottavUle the road cuts the strata by a route generally at right angles, or nearly so, to their strike; and for several miltj below the town the outcroppings, mostly of 1 b., show frequent changes of dip, and are occHSionally nearly horisontal. The route here changes towards tne southwest. 'l 1' 860 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.) Ms. Blchmond A AUeghsny Railroad— Continued. Alt, Hi; /( ilill^ ij> it nt ' 'I < 67 Columbia. 2 8 63 Boswell. 67Bremo Bluff. ^^ 70 Middleton Mills. 73 Hardware. • 75 Payne, 80Scott8ville.3o 88 Brown's. 86 Warren. 91 Howardsville.'i 96 Manteo. 99 Warminster. 102 Wingina. 106 Norwood. 109 Buffalo Springs. 114 Greenway.3 2 118 Gladstone. 123 Rivervillc. !1 a. Granite, 1 b. Mica Shists. Gold Belt. 2o« 1 a., 1 b. Arcbrean. 2 1 s fib. Gneissoid Sand \ 8. and Slates, am 1 b. Archroan. * ' ' f 1 b.Archn)an,Schists \ and Slate. ^ce > 131 133 136 147 148 149 161 159 159 161 166 170 175 178 180 Stapleton.3 2 Galtville. Joshua Falls. Lynchburg. 3 3 Va. Mid. June. Smith's Lock. Rolling Mill. Bethel. Holcomb Rock. Pedlar's. Coleman's Falls. Big Island. Jordan. Rope Ferry. 3* Balcony Falls. 3 5 i Olenwood.3 6 \ Nat. Bridge. Indian Rock. 3' f 1 a., 1 b. Gneiss, \ Mica, Slate 1 a. b. Archsesn. 531 529 Sl< 530 549 562 BT9 596 1 a. and 2.ab. Margin. !2 a. b. Cambrian, (Potsdam) Sand- stone, Slate. 6 6S " 701 3 b. L. Silurian, ^is 3 b. L. Silurian, near 4 a. "'« ! r- 31. AhoiU three miles below Jfowardsville the river and road cut into the lowest beds ot' a Mesozoic trough, or 0v.1l basin, that cm-ers several square miles of area, the larger portion on t!n' north side of the river. The remarkable coarse 'onKlomenite that forms the l)ase ot this series of rocks is well exposed in contact with Archivan rocks aloiiK the banks of Roekflsh River, near the sin- tion, and along a little stream rnnninij throti^h the neinhborinfc villaKe, while the overlying ferruiji. noiia sandstones and slates appear in the siirronndinj; hills. After passing this Mesozoic tract, (lie route, following the windings of ihe James River, keeps within the general trend of a belt four or five miles wide, in which are several beds of limestone iiici ores of iron inibcdiled in still heavier strata of micnceous, talcose and ehloritic slates and schists, all most probably of Unronian age. After following this limestone and ore licit for about 40 miles, the bearing is abruptly ehanged towurd the northwest about six miles below Lynchburg. :!2. At points between Grcniwmi and Stapletnn numerous ore minus and limestone quarries have been opened on both sides of the river. 33. At Lynchburg the river has cut the beds (1 a. and b.l nearly at rijiht angles, so as to expose a well-defined waving aich on the elitf opposite the I'ity. For aliou't H) miles above the city the roaJ continues on the gneisses, granites an(I slati's of Archiean age. 34. At about a mile below Rope Ferrii is the margin of a belt of alternating conglomerntr i, sandstones and sl.ites about two miles wicli', which were formerly elasseil as Unronian by Rogers and others. This belt flanks the southeast sli>pc of the Hluc Ridge, and is cut by the river so as to give fine exposures of its beds both above and below the railway briiiuc 'I'lic discovery we recently made oi' srolithus borings of the kind characteristic of Cambrian (I'ntsdarn) .sandstoni's in its lci.s determines its age to 1)0 Cambrian. The "Snowdon Slate Quarries" are in this Cambrian belt thiee miles towards the northeast, 3!>. \t Balcony Foils, between ^.;'.o and two miles below the station, the river has cut obliiiuoly through the core of the main Blue Ridi;e and exposed a fine section of Archiean rocks. These nave been formerly spanned by the Cambrian b(>ds, the ujiper portions of which were doubtless ru))tnred at the time ot the upheaval and swt'pt away. At this point occurs the finest natural section of tlio whole Cambrian series to bo foimd anywhere in Virginn*. The alternatfons of conglomerates, shales and sandstones present an aggregate thickness of about l,'i(M) ft. The tippcrmost sandstone, about 350 ft. thick, is the typical Potsdam, and abounds in borings of scolitlius linearis, thousands of which m.iy be seen in the broken rocks at the junction of the Lexington branch, 15o yards above the station Jiouse. Here the road enters the Great Silurian Valley. 30. Olcmvood is the station for stage line to Natural Rridge. (See Note 10.) The road hern passes through a depression in the Sallinj;s Mountain, an anticlinal ridge of primordial strata, i K b. The Natural Bridge, three miles from this statb.n by stage line, is in I^ower Hihirian limestone; thti abutments in Quebec (3 b.); the arch and the adjacent hills in Chazy (;) c.) This great natural curi- osity has been supposed by .some observers to be the remnant of a natural tunnel, and by others iho remains of an extensive cave, the top of whiidi has nil fallen in and been washed away except the narrow arch that now spans the chasm. Our belief is that it has resulted from a vertical fissure in the beds of limestone, which, by its opening, failed to rupture the portion of the uppermost beds that now forms the arch, but simplj; dragged them a few yards toward the west and left them stretched across the deep chasm, which has been subsequetitly enlarged by erosion. The entire absence of stalactites and stalagmites along the faces of the c^flon militates strongly against the caTe theory, while the secondary fissures still to be seen Just above thb bridge, together with the geueral 'JeaS^^ VIRGINIA. 861 Silurian. ' • ' one quarries liavo :iii oonRlnmorntP^, iis HiirDniaii by lit by tlif river so I'lic "iliscovery we ) .siuulstdiu's in its his Ciinibrian belt lias cut obiiiiiu'ly (•Us. Tlifschave i(iul)tlo»s ruptured iral section of the ^^lomerates. shales t sanc.L. Siluriau''5 3 4 a. Trenton. » i o u 1000 6 9 14 17 23 29 34 37 40 47 50 [>4 57 GU Hagerst'n, Md.*^ St. James. Grimes. Antietam. Shep'n, Va.*8 Shenandoah Jun. Charlestown. Ripon. Fairfield. Berryville. Hoyce. White Post. Ash by. Codarville. Iliverton.*^ { 4 a. Trenton, dip S. E. »«• 02 Front Royal. 07 Manor. 78'!5entonvillo. 3 c, 4 a. Nr. Margin" * 3 b. Siluro-Cambrian. II 3 b. c. " 11 ■•2 2 II 571 II 57S II 610 II 600 II S69 II 497 f 2 b. Cambrian and \ 3 a. Calcif. *95 f 3b.c. Sil.-Camb.,dip \ changes to N.AV.*!'T II 732 * Hy I'rofessdrs ,1. I., ami Jl. I). raiiii)l)oll, except those notes marked " M," which are by Dr. A. S. liL'Creiitli, Chemist of tlie Second (Jeolo^ical Survey of I'eiuisylvauia. C»ii the opposite side of tiio river are appearance of the plai'c seem to favor thi' view here proposed, the Cileuwooil Inm Mines of ,Iudu;e Anderson. 37. Indian litck. Trenton limestone, tuny coralline, (piarried hu'u'cly liere for lime. 38. Purgiito! Moiuitain terminates abruptly ni'ar JSiirh'innn. It is n somewhat isolated outlier of Nortli Mounta' i. Its base is Trenton limesioiic ( ( a.), its main mass I'tica and Hudson shales (ib. and4.c,), while its cap is Medina (5 a.); and in a synclinal trough held in a position where its top is lioublo, it carries tine beds of limoiiite and red shale ores. liii From liiichannn to EtKjlt Hod: the limestones of ;? b. and li c. are cxjiosed to view in several cuts, and at Eagle Hock they disaj>pcar bi'ucath the ixrouiis of Trenton (1). ot Medina ('>), Salina? (0). Lower lleldcrbcrg (7), Ori.-kany (S), :\lari cllus, etc. ( Devonian slates, lo a. and lo b.) The mountain Rt this pass is a prolongation of North Mountain, and has its hiirhcr mcMubcrs partially inverted, a feature very characteristic of ihis ;-ange throughout the greater portion of Virginia. Tito road hero passes into a synclinal valley with llclderbcrg (7) and (-)riskauy (s) for its bottom, and most of its surface covered with Devonian slates, lo a. b. 4'). Price's liliiffis an anticlinal arch of 7 and S, and furnishes good limestone and ore of iron. 41. Clifton F(ir between two beds of calcareous shale (a a.) may be seen 100 yards above tho Shenaiuloah Valley Vulway junction. i;t. Oreen Forest is the station for tlu> e.\tcn„i»e Huena Vista Iron Mines, in the primordial (2 b.) shales at tho northwestern base of the Hluc Uidge. 44. For LexitKjtim and its surroundings, see note N 74. 4.1. ITciirico C'i)al C'ompany's station for shipping coal and coke. 4(1. This road, throughoiJt its whole length of :;4o miles, runs on tho Siluro-Cambrian and tho Cambrian formations, chiefly on the former. 47. Ilngerafown stands on what seems to be the eastern portion of a closed and inverted syncline of Trenton ago ; the axis in the shales farther west. The '1 r. Over a large portion of the route the country rocks are very much obscured by the local drift from (headjaiH'iit mmintains. In the larger boulders from the Blue Ridge, the burrows of the scholithun llncuris are abundiKtt. 062 AN iiMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.) Mo. Shenandoah Valley Railroad— Continued. Alt. HU 'I if I'/ lljlpi M 76 80 85 89 96 102 104 107 113 128 129 132 137 144 Overall. 5 Rileyville. Kimball. Luray.'* Marks ville.** Ingham. Grove Hill. Milnes.*' Elkton. Port Republic.*' Weyers Cave.** Patterson. Crimora.*' Waynesboro Jun. /3 a. Near Sil.-Camb., \ dipch. toN.W.6 6 2 Sa.Calcif." »»« K 8 95 j Sta. on 3 b. entrance \ to cave on 3 c. * '^ ^ 2 b. Spur of Cam. io«8 3 b. c. Sil.-Cambrian. X ^ « 9 66 ° £ -C -9 g " ^^^^ u f 3 a. b. Sil.-Cambrian \ cave in 3 b. c.» 123 It 1135 « 114 2 Margin of2b., 3 a.i 298 Ms. Shenandoah Valley Railroad- Con (inuea. Alt. 148 161 163 160 163 168 173 175 177 180 186 189 Lyndhurst. Lipscomb.** Stuart's Draft. Greenville. Lofton.. Vesuvius."^ Marlbrook. Mid vale. Irisk Creek,** Riverside. Loch Laird.* 9 Thompson. so f Obscured by drift, \ etc. 1340 « << 1 3 S 8 f 3 b. c. Sil.-Camb., \ drift high on hills. I 1550 t< 3 a. Sil.-Camb . i*2« 3 f> b. ' ii'is J L-ed of Tufa., cut by railroad. 3 a. b. Ore in 2 b., 3 a. b. Sil.-Cam.Joio " »;)8 3 a. near 3 b. «oo 3 b. Sil.-Camb. "so { 60. Overall. Half a mile east of Overall station, Umber deposit, which has been partially developed. (M.) 61. At Luray, the station, the junction, and the greater part of the village, appear to rest upon the ledges of 3 b., Quebec (Levis), dipping 20° to 30° northwest, and passing beneath a ridge of 3 p.. (Chazy), in which is the entrance to the caverns ; and most prouably the higher chambers are in the same formation, while the lower ones are either within or rest upon beds of 3 b. Everywhere in the great valley of Virginia the limestones of the Quebec, as a rule, are much more ferruginous than these of the Chazy, and consequently produce darker and more fertile soils. The Que&ee also car- ries several thick beds of shale, while the Chazy is characterized in many places by beds of chert that contain characteristic fossils. The lithological peculiarities of these two formations, especially those which determine differences of soils, are well defined at Luray. (See note 75.) 52. Marksviile. Considerable deposits of light brown ochre worked here by Oxford Ochre Company. 53. Milnes. About five miles south southeast of Milnes there is a fine exhibition of the Potsdam ores (in the slates above the Potsdam sandstone), the principal development being on Fox Mountain, u low flat crested ridge, » foot hill of the Blue Ridge. The present working face is 85x300 ft., and the daily output is over 100 tons, shipped over the branch road to the Shenandoah Iron Co.'s fumme, near Milnes. (M.) 64. Weyers Cave has the same geological relation^ "s 'iie Luray Cave, except that it is nenror tlie margin of the Trenton trough, which carries the IV!-, ■, nuttens, and here extends to the south- west l)eyond the termination of the mountain range. 56. Vesuvius. The Rockbridge tin mines are in the Archroan core of the Blue Ridge,and may be reached by ordinary road, from either Vesuvius or Irish Creek Station. 65. Crimora. Two miles e.ist from Crimora there is a largo valuable deposit of Manganese ore, chiefly pyrolusite. The ore is very rich, and is now being mmed in quantity for shipment to Eng- land and to Pittsburg, Pa., at the latter place for use in the production of a remarkably high grade of ferro manganese. (M.) 56. Snerando. Near Sherando (Lipcomb Station), deposits of China Clay and Fire clay are being worked. (M.) 67. Vesuvius. Eight miles southeast of Vesuvius Station, and on a bank of Irish Creek, there i? quite an interesting exhibition of tin ore. The ore is Cassaterite ; and at one point on the Cash property the ore sliowed remarkably rich, at times being almost pure Cassaterite, and some of the specimens showing one to one and a half inches in thickness of the pure ore. (See page 134 McCreath's Mineral Wealth of Virginia). Occasionally the tin ore has associated with it the mineral Mispiekel, carrying more or less silver and gold. On the Vesuvius furnace property, and two and a han miles from the railroad, occurs a bod of brown hematite ore, ten feet wide, between nearly vertical walls of Potsdam sandstones. (M.) 58. Near Irish Creek a remarkable deposit of Dufrenitc (Hydrated Ferric Phosphate), nearly a foot thick, of nodular and radiating structure, was found several years ago in the Potsdam shales, resting on a heavy bed of limonite ore. (See American Journal of Science, July 1881, pp. 65, etc.) 59. At Loch Laird, about sixty yards northeast of the crossing of the Richmond A Alleghany Railway, a trap dike about six feet thick may be seen thrust up between two beds cf calc-shale of 3 a. 69. Loch Laird. On the Btiena Vista property there is a fine exhibition of the Potsdam ores (in the slates overlying the Potsdam), showmg perhaps the finest development of these ores in the Shenandoah Valley. On the same property wher- ftiarl Branch crosses the Lexington Turnpike, there is exposed a bed of so called Marl, fully 40 ft. thick. It yields over 96 per cent, carbonate of lime. (M.) 60. At Thompson is an old cement auarry. 61. Arcadia. Near Buchanan, on the Arcadia fUrnace property, there are numerous openings made on the so-called specular ore of the Blue Ridge. The ore is a red hematite, more or les.^ inti- mately mixed with fine grained quartz. Geologically it lies in the slates underlying the Potsdaiu sandstone. (M ) 62. J/Hhia ia neM tbe border of the extensive Cloveidale iron property; ore in 2 b. and 3 a. ,r VIRGINIA. 368 jured by drift, as been partially lidge.and may be nd Fire clay are ona & Alleghany calc-flhale of ,'ia. ho Potsdam ores these ores in the ington Turnpike, ent. carbonate oi 2 b. and 3 a. Shenandoah Valley Railroad- Ms. Continued. Alt. 191 199 209 215 220 225 228 233 237 240 Buffalo Forge. Natur'l Br.i6*38 Arcadia.*^ Buchanan. Lithia.«2 Houston.^' Troutville. Cloverdale.8* Tinker Creek. Roanoke. 3 b. Sil.-Camb. "s f Station3a.b.,Bridge t 3 b. c. 2 b. nr. 3 a. Camb. »»« 3 b. c. Sil-Camb. «37 <( 968 f3a. " 1348 \ Ore of 2 b. near. •) „ 1125 I See note. g^^ j 3 b. c.SiI.-Camb.,nr. 1 Trenton 4 a. 90' Norfolk Si Western Railroad. 283 Central «« 298 Pulaski.* 8 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Harper's Ferry iiiid Vitlley Hraiwli. * 1 6 10 14 23 Harper's Ferry. Shenandoah Halltown. Charlestown. Cameron. Wadesville. 8 a. 3 b, b., 3 a. Alt Canibriim (b Archijeaii H, lowed west Cambrian. b. Cambrian. c. " 4 a. b. Sil.-Camb. ered ) or fol- b.v 2 7 7 3 3U 5 1 It 547 495 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad— Con. Ms. Harper's Ferry and Valley Branch. Alt 32 3(1 39 42 44 40 50 51 57 61 ct; 74 81 88 04 1(10 !(».j KM) 11'2 11 r, 117 Stephenson's. Winchester. Kernstown. Newtown. Vaucluse.^ Middletown. Cedar Creek. Capon Road. Strasburg June. Tom's Brook. Maurertown. Woodstock. Edinburg.*^ Mount Jackson. New Market. Broadway." 8 Linville. Harrisonburg.* Pleasant Valley. Mt. Crawford Weyers Cave. ^■^ Mt. Sidney. Fort Defiance. • /4 a., 3 c. Siluro- t Cam., and Cam.* 9 9 [The road runs'^* close to bound-'** ary of Cam., 3 c.,' TO and Sil.-Cam.,4 a., of belt lying' eas4, composed*" largely of 4 c. '*o r4 a. b., Sil.-Camb, \ on switch track. '0* 3 b. c. CaniV)rian. '*5 u 788 « 8 20 (I 8 45 / 3 c, 4 a. Camb., and \ Sil.-Cambrian.»i« It 971 II Trenton, and 3 c. c. 10.18 1242 1340 1245 1172 4a 4a 3 b 3 b. c. 3 b. c. nr.4a. S.E.11B5 4 a. lear 3c. i^*' f 4 fi. nr. 3 c. Grapto- 1 litesin Tr. sha.i^'* * From s,s Hroadway, So ii tli, hy I'rol.-'. J. L. and H. 1 >. Ciu iiylicll ; nortli of that by Prof. W. H. Rogers. 63. Houston. Near Hdiiistoii Slatioii aro the Houston Mines of the Crozer Steel and Iron Co., extensively worked to supply tln'ir fiirimio at Koanoke. llicli Manganese ore is also mined here and shipped to Johnstown and I'ittsbiii^;. (M.) 64. Between Cloverdale and Tinker Creek the road skirts the northwest base of a Trenton ridge, capped with 5 a. b. sandstones. It is known locally as .Mill's mountain; really an outlier of Tinker Mt. 65. The New River Division of the Norfolk & Westt-rn starts from Central, and has its present terminus at Pocahontas, where it strikes tlie groat Flat Top coal field. It passes through a very inter- esting geological field. At Rippleinead Station there is a promising deposit of Magnetic Iron ore. in the No. 3 Lotver Silurian Limestone opened up on the bank of New River. Some 5,0-,. ~'>i ^ AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.) Baltimore A Ms. Harper's Fer Ohio Kallroad— Con. ry Htni Viillt'y Hrancli. Alt. 119 126 131 133 1.S8 Verona. |4a.Tr-Cal.shalesi»»o Staunton.* f Polly Mills. Mint Spring. Greenville."" margin 1366 1 t a. at N. E. corner, 3 c. Chief Rocks, 3 b. west of city. i a. near junc. with 3 C. 1*90 >i 156 3 J b. c. Iron Ores in Cambrian of Blue Ri.lge, S. E. "■«» Baltimore A Ohio Ms. Harper's Ferry and Kallroad— Con. Viilloy Hrancli. 144 149 154 160 162 Itaphine. '' ^ Fairfield. '2 Timber Ridge. » » R. & A. June, xington. /R. & A. \ E. Lex Lexington.'* AU. / 3 b. c. Iron Ore in \ 3 c. 1«8» f 3 b. c. Iron Ore in 3 \ c, Houston's.! '"0 3 C. 1*34 4 a. Trenton lime- stone forms high river cliffs. Drift on hills. 9 10 f 4 a. b. on south, 3 c, 1 west of town. 10 00 IE> t\ Myjn \/ 'flit.' iiiiiv .^i>v(irii*i Chazy (:i c.) to tlio Tri'iitoii (I a.1, att'd. Ill tlie tinvn, uh^iiit the I'liil 70. Near Orecnville tlio Qiiehoc (;> b.) lime.stonos, producing forriiginous clay soils, orcp out in tlie cuts fur a inilo nortlifast of t.'ic town, and alons? tlio banks of tlio adjacent strciim both iJiovo uiiii below the crossing ; but the Cliu/.y bods form tlio country rock of the town and rcj;it)n betw'.'.oii it ami Rapliine Station. The Primordial (Cainbrian) ridges ot the Blue Kidj;o range extend mi.ch furlluT Into tlie Gri>at \'alloy opiiosite (irecnville, than they do at any other point seen from th'c iino of this road, and carry some productive beds of limoiiite ore. 71. About 2)^ miles iiortliwest of linp/iuic Station are very extensive bods of limonitr ores on the lands of Samuel Carson, Ksq., and Messrs. Gibbs A Kawlings. The beds of ore have boon partially opened, and, where seen in place, appear to occuiiy about the same relative position amoui; thi> Cnazy (;J c.) limestones a-; the clicrl licis found in such iibumiance in other parts of thf' same forma- tion The Vesuvius Iron Mines arc in J b., at. nut four or livi" miles southeast of this station. Tlio tin mines, now in proc<'ss of development, are in the Arcluean core of the Blue Uidgo, about 12 miles southeast by turni)iko. 72. At Fairjkhl the road crosses to the west side of Tiir.bcr Riape. 7-!. From Tbnhrr A'i'((/c .Station a line of cnuvey.in'cs extends to Hockbridgt^ "liaths, a jileaf.tnt summer resort. The tlierm.il water of these baths issue- tVom the (Quebec (:i b.) limestones near a fissure or fault where the beds (if 4 a. Trenton have dropped down to the level n(;\ b., and apparently dip beni^alh the hater, le* may be seen at points nortln a^^t and southwest beyond the a<'cumulaiions of river drift, which is f lundou hills here more than loo fei't alieve the bed "of the river. About \\\u miles ncu'thwest of the liatlis is the entran<'c to the tanious "(ioslicn I'ass," the dei^j) canon throui;li which -North Kiver fuids its way to the(ireat Valley This canon gives a complete section of the whole North .Mountain range from 1 a. Trenton iij) to l)evon!an shah's, p) a. b. Fossils are aluui- dant here. For sketch and geological section, see Am. .Jour, of Sej., Vol. XVIII., Is7li, p. IP.t. 71. About one mile southwest of Timber Riihii' Station the railway ptisses abrujitly from tin- entering the irregidar syni>lliial troinrii in winch Lrxiniidin is siiu- els o|' the ai|,iiicei,t north lir.im'h of .hum s Kivi'r, and over about .m\ miles of area towards the northeast and four mil's soiitheu^t. the Trentoi. limestones (t a.) are iIm> counlry rocks; but in the popl.ar Hills toward tiie soiuhwesl and south, the l.'tica shales, with very fossililcroiis thin beds of limestone, become con ■picuou-,. The Hru>hy Hill-, west of the town, ai> com pose, 1 of Cha/.y limestones and chert> (;! c.i, ;i- regards their southca-|ern slopes, while the norfii- western slopes present exposures of U b. dipping benc'ath the hills. .J.s I'ar as incasurenients can lie made here :io. isaliout lloolcct, and:!b, aliout l.Milect thick. Along the eastern base of Brushy Hills the outcrop of the low<'r Trenton limestone, 4 a., is apparently an auiicnt coral-reeC. now a very itompai't, Tiurc coral limi>stonc, quite l.u'gely i|Uiirric(l for local building purpe>iw, ;ind for thv' manufacture ef lime. Tills coridlnie bcci contain^ shell- a< well a-^ I'oral. It varies iVom Ion lo |.">o feci In thickness. Tin' Ib.'Uso Mountain (or rather )i(ui- of iii'iunlains), about six mil"s west northwest from bexiic- ton, is one of the most striking 1' 'atin'cs of the graml srcnery in this jiortion of the (freat \'al|ey. This isolated mountain group rc:-t- upon Trcnt'in limestone which erops out around the base. Tie'ii in niiirly horiz'Pnlal str:Ua otlcr formations, I b., as shales and shaly limestones, 4 c, as purnli-li, ferrugin". 'US shales and : 'laly .-.aie 1st ones, ami ahove all a caiiof M(>dina' saiiilstones, 5 a,; the whol' vis- int; 2,iHNi [ret above the bicestone valley below. I.exingtoo Is H good point of dcjiarturc for the geologi- cal study . Qufbcr Group. I)r. A. H. ('. Sclwyn, the successor of Sir Wni. I.ogan, as Dircctorof theOcolngi- oal Survey of Can.ida, does n:)t rccogiuze ihi' (Quebec as a get>logical formation, and in Professor .). 1). Dana's table, as given in thispuide, it isomiiteil, being considered as merged in the Calcifi'i'oiis. Professor (.'ampbell, of N'irginia, is not prepared to adopt tiiis vii'W as siiihible for tlnit Stale. Hp reports tliat throughout the fireat Valley of Virginia, il'iO miles in length, with continuous Icdge.s of limestone, there e.xists what is known as the Canadian grou]),i'ousisting of three tolerably well detined sub-groups of limestones, with extensive beds of interstratilicd shales and calcareiais sandstones iu the lowest;! a. Valcift-ouH; very regular stratitied beds of dolomiti'^ liinestones more or h'ss feriiigi- nous and producing rich soils in the nc.\t higher '.i b. Lrris ; and, in the last, some beds of pure limestone, with a stratum of brown sandstone in the lower portion, abounding 'n iTtolluseean fo.ssilH, not well preserved, but doubtless .'t c. Chazy; and still higher, near the T(- .-, ! "o i of ehort abounding iu oephalopods and gastropods of undoubted 3 c. Chur.y age. II*., lhi:r,!l ir;, nrefers to retain the three divi.eioii.j, at least until additional paltcontologieul o,i<;'. n'.t settles t';> (,'' miles, of which two-thirds, or about ."i.OtKt square miles, lie within North Carolina. The main or western chain, which more to the north borders the great valley in Virginia and ia there called the Blue Ridge, gradually deviates towards the southwest. .\ n(>w chain, detached on the east and curving a little more to the south, takes now the name of the Blue Ridge, and in this State attains gradually to 5,(KX) and 5,(KK» feet, composed of many fragments, scarcely connected into a continuous and regular chain. These groups are separated by long intervals of depression, in which are gaps but little above the interior valleys. West or this, and separated from it by a valley, is the great western chain of mountains, named locally the Iron Mountain in the northern portion, and Unaka in the southern, the whole being known as the Smoky Mountains, and forming the line between Tennessee and North Carolina. This ia much more continuous, more elevated and rt'gular in its direction and height, and increases very uniformly from 6,000 to nearly 6,700 feet. The valley comprised between these two main chains, the Smoky Mountain and the Blue Ridge, is divided by transverse eh lins into many basins of great altitude. The height of these transverse chains is greater than that of the Blue Ridge, being from 5,000 to G,(K)0 feet and upwards, and the gaps that cross them arc as high, and often higher, than those of the Blue Ridge. Tne whole chain of valleys extends for more than 180 miles, and from 20 to 50 miles wide, with a mean height of more than '-VKM) feet, and portions of them 3,600 to 4,000 feet, this being the highest plateau of the same extent east of the Rocky Mountains. These are all valleys of erosion, ami they, as well as the mountains and plateaus have, in Prof. Kerr's opinion, no anticlinal or synclinal origin, being in fact wholly independent of geological structure. The mountains which reach 6,000 feet are more than fifty in number, and the loftiest peaks rise to 6,700 feet. Here, then, in all respects, is the culminating region of the vast Appalachian system. This mountain region, where the most striking natural objects in the State are to be seen, haa not yet been penetrated by the railroads, except that the Western North Carolina R. R. crosBCB th« mountains, connecting with the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R. R. ':! i, i> |j-!il !i 'm ! ir w;;;i 866 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. C.) Richmond & Danville Railroad. Western Mort Carolina Railroad, Ms. Alt. Ms. Alt. Richmond, Va. Salisbury. 1 a. Lauren. 106m.'eo 141 Danville, Va. la. U.Lauren. 42 m"» 26 Statesville.^ " 955 156 Ruffin, N. C. <« 70 7 48 Newton. " 1070 165 Reidsville. « S28 68 Hickory.* " 1140 181 Moorehead. « 78 Morganton. « 189 Greensboro. 1 a. L. Lauren. 6 m s^s V>9 Marion. " 1425 204 High Point. Thomasville. (t ;9 4S 114 Henry. 1 b, Huronian, 8 m. 211 (1 126 Black Mountain. li 222 Lexington. « 776 139 Ashville June. 1 a, Laurentian. 288 Salisbury. « 760 142 Ashville. <« 261 Concord. (( 143 Ducktown June. « 282 Charlotte. i' 7 2.') 166 Marshall. «« 1647 812 State Line. a 182 Warm Springs, Wolf Ck., Tenn. 2 a. Oc,,Cg.&Sh,i3 25 E. T. V, & Ga. R. R. Goldsbor Branch. 190 Paint Rock. DiioUtnwn Rranph Greensboro. 1 a. Lauren. 30m.8 4 3 OiAshville. 1 a. Laurentian. 21 82 Company Shops. Mebanesville. lb,Huronian.20m''8" 30 Waynesville. " 41 Hillsboro.i* University. (1 53 9 Raleigh A Gaston Railroad. 46 Portsmouth, Va. 1 a. Laurentian, 56 Durham. 16. Triassic. 22 m, *"o Weldon. 0 miles northeast and southwest, and comprises nearly one-half of the territory of the State. It rises in going west about four feet to the mile, and attains an elevation of l,()i)0 to 1,500 feet at the foot of the Blue Hidgo. The channels of the large rivers, however, are cut IdO to 3(X.> feet Vjelow the intervening divides. Between the swamp country, along the eoast, and the hilly region of the interior, is a belt of level, sandy, barren territory, extending from near the line of Virgmia aoross the entire State, and from 30 to 80 miles wide, covered by the long leaved pine. Spirits of turpentine produced in this pine region is the must important branch of manufacturing in the State. The eastern division or the State extends from the coast, about 100 miles, to the lower falls of the rivers, and constitutes nearly two-fifths of the State. This region is for the most part nearly level or very gently undulatin^^, except along the rivers on the upper reaches of which are bluffs and small hills. Its slope seaward is between one and two feet to a mile and it is covered by the horizontal strata of the quaternary underlaid by the tertiary. They consist of the noneompacted sands, clays, marls and gravels, coarser materials predominating westward, and becoming successively finer towards the coast. TVifl Coast of North Carolina is remarkable for the shallow sounds and bays that extend along the ent're sea (rent nearly .300 miles, the largest of which are Pamlico and Albermarle Sounds, the former 75 miles long by 15 to 20 miles wide, and the latter 50 by 5 to 15 miles, with a depth of water from a few fact to 20 feet. There are also along the coast 3,000 to 4,000 square miles of awamp lands, of which the Oreat Dismal Swamp, on the line oetween this State and Virginia, is well known. The foregoing description of North Carolina will serve to give a general idea of the geology of South Carolina, also where the same formations are found. J. M. i'i f i-- .^■ i 1,1 w m 1 H-' ' ■ Vf ' ! ■< i ' Jji' ;:-li ^tr' ; Mi;' S H', 1 -■ 1. ! I S;,iM ^ ' I' ' 'I 868 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. C.) Atlantic, Tennesaee ft Ohio Railroad. Mfl. Alt. 47 Charlotte. Slatesville. 1 a. L. Laurentian.*** It SAS Cheraw & IVadesboro Railroad. 7 10 15 Wadesboro, N. C. Bennett's. Morven. Cheraw, S. C. 16. Triassic. 20. Quaternary. Charlotte, Colnmbla & Augusta R. R. 10 14 44 Charlotte. Pineville. S. C. State Line. Chester, S. C. 1 a. L. Laurentian. ''*'' 57S S4:i Chester ft Iienolr Railroad. 23 45 49 68 79 89 109 Chester, S. C. Yorkville. GaHtonia, N. C. Dal Ills. Lincolnton. Newton. Hickory. Lenoir. 643 1 a. U. Laurentian. '^^ « 944 1 b. Huronian. '^^ la.U. andL. Lau.io'o >> 122 2 1 a. U. Laurentian! i * ® Atlantic ft North Carolina Railroad. 14 50 85 95 Goldsboro. La Grange. Newbern. Newport. Moorhead. ' 20. Quaternary with 18. Cretaceous and 19. Ter. in banks of the streams. i*** Mh 9 42 46 62 74 Norfolk Southern Rallroa Fort Madison. 107 Harbins. Ill Westminster. Ill) Richland. 121 Seneca. 127 Keowee. m Central. 142 Liberty. 148 Eastley's. 154 Saluda. 160 Greenville. 108 Tayler'8. 173 Greer's. 178 Duncan's. 181 Wellford. 187 Fair Forest. 190 A. L. Junction. 192 Spartanburg. 196 Mount Zion. •200 Cowpens.» 206 Thicketty. 212 Gafifney's. 221 Black's. 226 Whitaker's. 234 Kings Mt.,N.C.2 Hornblende slate. (L, Gneiss. (L.) Mica alate. (L.) »> Hornblende slate. (L. Gneiss. (L.) '■'^ Mica slate. (L.) Steatite. (L.) Gneiss. (L.) Mica slate. (L.) Gneiss. (L.) f Dike aphanitic por Mica slate. (L.) Gneiss. (L.) 11 78 7 Mica slate. (L.) Gneiss. (L) Mica. (L.) Itacolumite. (L.) Blue Lime s.(L.) "< MelaphyreDike(L)9<" 94 2 Augusta, Ga. 10 Woodlawn. Gneiss. (L.) 20 Mcrriwetlior. 11 24 Clark's Hill. « 29 Modoc. Cloy Slate. (L.) ;J2 Parksville. ii 38 Plum Branch. Talc Slate. (L.), 43 McCormick.^ 11 49 Troy. 11 t)4 Bradley. Dike of Dioritic por'y. 59 Verdery. Talc slate. (17 Greenwood. Mica, Slate tmd Dior. Central Railroad of South Carolina. OILanc^. 4| 8 10 13 19 22 26 28 80 33 40 Heinneman's. (iroeley's. Mt. Hope. Forreston. Wilson. Manping. Dudley. Harbin's. Dunuit. Lawrence. Sumter. 19 c. I'lio. Marls. (T.J 19 a. Eocene Marls.fT.) 11 r II « Charleston & Savannah Kailroad. OiChark'ston. 7 Charleston June. 10 Dorchester. 12 Drayton. Itl John's Island. l!t Ilantowles. 2i> Ravenal.* 3") Adams Run. 37 Jacksonboro. 42 Ashepoo. 4(1 Greenpond. 51 White Hall. 58 Saltkehatchie. CO Yemassce. 08 Coosawhatchie. Post Pliocene. (S.) %^ It OD 11 r*- » O ft ? 19 a. Eocene M;vrls(T.) Post Pli. Phosphate. 1^ 19a.EoceneMarl,s(i;.) Post Pliocene. 2» 19 a. Eocene Marl;*.(T.) 1. Prepared for this work by Mr. Harrv Hammond, of Beech Island, South Carolina. The tuthorities for the geology are doaignated as follows: IL stands for Prof. Francis Holmes: K. for Sv. C. Kerr, of North Carolina; L. for Oscar M. Lieber; T. for M. Ttiomey; H. for Charles N. Shepard. The irreat group of crystalline rocks which extends from !^ew England to Alabama is Motaniorphic without fossils, ana hence of doubtful age. In the opinion of some geologists, instead of attempting to classify them, it is better to insert in this guide, as Mr. Hammondlias done fur Houth Carolina, the kind of rook along the line of the railroad, e. g. : Gneiss, mica schistf, granite, etc., which gives us noma positive knowledge. J. M. 2. Cowp0ni! to King Mountain. Itacolumite, or Diamond rock, the prevailing rock, with seams of marble, limestone, barytes, hematite, specular and argillaceouu schist, with numerous gold and iron mines, and quarries of various rocks. .'I. MeCbrmiek, Ores of gold manganese and copper abound. 870 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (S. C.) 11 r; Gluirlsston ft Savsnuah R«llro»d— Ms. Qmtinued, Alt. 77 84 91 96 Ridgeland. Terrlbee Switoh. Hardeeville. Savannah River. 19 a. Eocene Marl8.(T.) Charlotte, Columbia ft Auyuata It. It. 17 20 25 81 84 87 44 65 58 68 66 71 74 77 82 90 98 96 100 106 108 120 125 130 131 138 188 140 149 153 158 165 170 174 178 179 182 184 189 191 Charlotte, N. 0. Fort Mills. Catawba River. Rook Hill. Warren's. Smith's. Lewis. Chester. Blaclcstock's. Woodward's. White Oak. Adger's. Winnsboro. Robertson's. Simpson's. Ridgeway. Blythewood. Sharps. Killian's. 100-Mile Siding. Columbia. W.C.&A.Juno. Lexington. Barr's. Keisler's. Gilbert Hollow, Summit. Leesville. Batesburg. Ridge Spring. Ward's T. 0. Johnson's T. 0. Trenton. Miles Mills. Vaucluse. Graniteville. Aiken Junction. Langley. Bath. Dead Fall. Augusta, Ga. Steatite. (L.) Granite. (L.) Gneiss. (L.) M j Dike of Aph. a S . \ por'y (L.) Mica Slate. (I Gneiss. S43 621 648 54a Mica Slate. «»« Clay Slate. (T.) Eocene Buhrstone. (T.) Granite. (T.) 2»6 «( « 3 70 Eocene Buhrstone. (T.) « i< Granite. (T.) i( K l( l( 19a.£o.Buhr8tone(T.) 18S Oheraw ft Cheater Railroad. Mh. Alt, 6 8 10 12 16 18 20 22 26 27 29 Chester. Orr'B. Knox. MoDaniels. Riohburg. Basoomville. Cedar Springs. Fort Lawn. River. Waxhaw. Miller's Crossing, Lancaster. Dike of Aphanitio Porphyry. (L.) Gneiss. (L.) Mica Slate. (L.) Talc " f Dike of Aphanitio \ Porphyry. (L.) Talc Slate. (L.) Melaphyre Dike. Oheraw ft Darlington Railroad. 6 10 18 27 34 40 Florence. Palmetto. Darlington. Doves. Society Hill. Cash's. Cheraw. 18. Cretaceous of the secondary. (T.) 19 c. Plio. Marls. (T.) 19 a. Eocene. (T.) Cheraw ft Salisbury Railroad. OCheraw. f lOT. Eocene crosses I \ clay slate. llMcFarlan'8,N.C Chester ft Lenoir Railroad. 8 14 16 23 33 37 39 Chester. Lowrysville. McConnoUsville. Guthriesville. Yorkville. Clover. Bowling Green. Crowder's C'k. f Dike of Aphiinitic \ Por'y. (L.) '<' II Melaphyre Dike. (L) Mica Slate. (L.) Granite. (L.) Columbia ft Greenville Railroad. Columbia. 6 Frost's Mill. 9 Swygert's Mill. 11 13 Montgomery's M. Bookman's. 20 Wallaceville. Granite Clay Slate (T.) «. (T.'> 31> 4. Charleston Junction to Revanel. Bedu uf phosphate rock. The phosphate rock of South Caro- lina, from which large quantities of valuable fertilizers are manufactured, contains 55 to 61 percent, of phosphate of lime, and 5 to 10 per cent, of carbonate of lime, with small quantities of magDesia, sulphuric acid, etc. It is in the form of nodules, ver^ rough, rounded and indented, and frequently perforated with irregular cavities of an olive, blueish, black, yellowish, brown, or grayish-white color, and from a few inches to several feet in diameter. The River Rock occurs as nodules, and sometimes as a continuouR sheet 8 to 18 inches thick. It is profitably dredged for to depths of 20 feel, and a royalty of one dollar per ton is paid to the State for all taken from navigable waters. The land rock is found about the level of meantide in layers 6 to .30 inches thick of loose nodules, and is profitably mined under 7 feet of earth. It is found in various places from Florida to North Oarolinau has been raised in artesian wells from a depth of 300 fe«t, and brought up from sea bottoms several hundred otiiles from shore.— fTorry Hammond, in Hand-Book of South Carolina. C.) SOUTH CAROLINA. 871 Railroad. Alt. e of Aphanitio •orphyry. (L.) 9. (L.) Slate. (L.) ce of Aphanitio l*orphyry. (L.) Slate. (L.) phyre Dike. n Railroad. . CretaceouHofthe secondary. (T.) t< Plio. Marls. (T.) . Eocene. (T.) y Railroad. I a. Eocene crosses clay slate. Railroad. ce of Aphanitic Por'y. (L.) »*» It phyre Dike, (L.) Slate. (L.) lite. (L.) lie Railroad. ttUe. (T.) Slate. (T.l in , rock of South C»ro- kins 66 to 61 per cent. entities of magneBit, ttted, and frequently irn, or grayiah-white jurs as nodules, and r to depths of 20 fwt, le waters. Tho land iiles, and is profitably ^,h Carolina, has been >ms several hundred Oolnmbla A OreanTlUe Railroad. Ms. ContinutA. Alt. 26 Alston. 25 Peake's. 81 Pomaria. 40 Prosperity. 47 Newbery. 48 Helena. 64 Silver Street. 69 Saluda Old Town 6D Chappell's. 69 Dyson's. 75 Ninety-Six. 82 New Market. 84 Greenwood. 94 Hodge's. 103 Donnald's. 109 Honea Path. 117 Belton. 124 Williamston. 12(5 Pelger. 132 Piedmont. 142 Greenville. "lay Slate. (T.) S69 J Mica and Talc Slate. \ (T.) a"" (Dike of Feldspathic and Horneblendo Rocks. Granite. (T.) "3* Gneiss. (T.) (Dioritic aphanitic felspathio porphyry with epidtoBite.(L.) It S70 GnoisH. (L.) Mica Slate. (L.) «»> Gneiss. (L.) ^i* Crosses Sandstone, Hornestone and Quartzic SchistH. Gneiss (L.) "» ti 810 tt gee .% ^^VV > '^' 'W r '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation ^^' 23 WiST MAIN STRUT WnSTSR.N.Y. USM (71o; •72-4503 ^ ?0 v\ 872 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE, (ft C ) !- ■M m W' .>i-t lr Port Royal ft Augusta BallToad. Ms. Continued. Alt. 75 81 87 92 99 103 108 112 McNeils. Early Branch. Temasstfe. Tomotly. Seabrook. Island Tank. Beaufort. Port Royal. r 19 a. Eocene. \ Santee Marls. (T.) fl9 a. Eocene. Cooper & Ashly Marls. (T.) 19 c. Post Pliocene, 25 { 19 c. Post Pliocene Marls, Phos. Rock 20 27 South Carolina Railroad. 10 12 16 17 22 26 81 87 38 41 44 47 52 58 62 67 72 75 81 86 89 98 96 99 102 107 115 120 126 128 181 182 186 188 Charleston. Magnolia. West's. Seven Mile. Ten Miles. Sineath's. Woodstock. Ladson's. Summerville. Jadburg. Ridgeville. Rosses. Whartons's. Forty-One. Birds. George's. Reeve's. Fifty-Eight. Branchville. Edisto. Midway. Bamberg. Grahams. Lee's. Blackville. Reynold's. Elko. Williston. White Pond. Windsor. Montmorence. Aiken. Graniteville. Langley. Bath. Horse Creek. Hamburg. Augusta, Ga. Post Pliocene. (T.) is / Post Pliocene, Phos- \ phate Rock. (S.) f 19 a. Eocene, Ashley \ and Cooper Marl(T.) { 19 a. Eocene, Santee Marls. (T.) 140 " Buhrstone. (T.) Branchville to Columbia. Ms. Alt. 62 66 70 75 79 81 85 88 92 95 99 102 106 110 118 124 127 129 130 Branchville. Sixty-Six. Rowesville. Felder. Orangeburg. Stilton's. Jameson's. Riley's. St. Mathew's. Singleton's. Fort Motte. Congaree. Kingville. Gadsden. Hopkins. Hampton. Taylor's. Columbia June. Columbia. { 19 a. Eocene, Santee Marls. (T.) 2(1 { 19 a. Eocene BuhN stone. (T.) « H U (I « Granite. 281 Kingsviile to Camden. " Kaolin Clay(T.) « « 106 110 115 118 121 125 131 135 138 144 Kingsville. Wateree. Middleton. Camden Juno Dixie. Claremont. Sanders. Boykin's. Stockton. Camden. 19a.Eo.Buhr8tone(T.) (I « « « Spartanburg, Union A Columbia Railroad. 1 2 8 13 19 26 31 39 49 56 59 63 68 Alston. Parr's. Dawkin's. Blairs. Shelton. Fish Dam. Santuc. Union. Jonesville, Pacolet. Rich Hill. Glendale. Spartanburg. Clay Slate. (T.) "• Mica " Gneiss. Granite. (T.) Gneiss. (L.) Granite. (L.) Mica Slate. (L.) Gneiss. (L.) 171 HI 'Wllnalngfon, Columbia ft Augusta Railroad. 6 16 22 25 31 Columbia. Simms. Congaree. Eastover. Acton. Camden Crossing Granite. "» 19a.Eo.BuhrBtoDe(T.) 4< C) umbU. Alt. A. Eocene, Santee larl8.(T.) « ati a. Eocene BuhN itone. (T.) lite. iti kmden. Eo. Buhr8tone(T.) (I t< «< 41 44 44 44 44 (4 tliimbl» Ratlroad. y Slate. (T.) ^* ;a " iiss. ,nite. (T.) iiss. (L.) mite. (L.) « ;a Slate. (L.) eiss. (L.) 44 If! bia * AagMta ^d. _ a.Eo.Buhr8tone(T.) 41 U « 44 171 SOUTH CAROLINA. 878 Ms. WllmlnKton, Colombia *i AngnaUt iBMixomA— Continued. Alt. 87 43 62 57 61 65 71 77 82 88 96 99 103 112 118 127 Wedgefield. Cane Savannah. Sumter. Maysville. Atkins. Lynchburg. Cartersville. TimmersTille. Ebenezer. Florence. Mars Bluff. Pee Dee. Laughlins. Marion. MuUins. Nichols. Fair Bluff, N. C. 19a.£oBuhr8tone.(T.) *< 19 0. Plioc. Marl. (T.) 18. Cret. Marls of secondary. (T.) 19 c, Plioc. Marls. (T.) 19a.Eo.Buhrstone.(T.) Ms. Barnwell Bailway. Alt. Blackville. Ashleigh. Woodward's Jun. Barnwell C. H. 19 a. Buhrstone of Eo. 19 a. Santee, or Cor- alline Marls of Eo. Cape Fear tt Tadkln Talley Railroad. 6 9 18 16 Bennetsville. latum. McCall. Hasty. Johns, N. C. 19 a. Eocene. 44 44 44 Greenwood, Iiaurens & Spartanburg B. B. Greenwood. 7 Coronaco. Gneiss. 15 Waterloo. Granite. 20 High Point. Gneiss. 24 Maddens. Trap Rock 28 Lauren's. Gneiss. 874 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (GA.) Georgia.^ W i.v.n ?i I'l- '■ i Wdi;' QEOLOQICAL FORMATIONS OF QEORQIA. « The Metamorphic area of the State extends from a line crossing the State from Augusta to Columbus, extendmg by Milledgeville and Macon, and extending beyond the line of the State on the northeast. The lithological characteristics of the Metamorphic Is that of the Archeean in general. UteptUeozoie includes the counties of Oade, Walker, Chattooga, Catoosa, Whitfield, Floyd, Murray, Gordon, Barton and Polk, all in the northwest corner of the State. The Silurian groups represented, beginning with the lowest, are the Potsdam sandstone, Knox Shale and Dolomite, Chazy, Trenton, Cincinnati, Medina, Clinton and Oriskany. The Devonian i8 represented by a black shale of from 10 to 60 feet m thickness. The Sub-Carboniferous by limestones and shales of 800 feot. The Coal Measures, confined mostly to the counties of Dade, Walker and Chattooga, coTcr an area of nearly 200 square miles, and contain several beds of coal. Charleston & SsTannah Railroad. Mb. Alt. Bast Tennessee, Virirlnia St Qeovglm R. R, Ms. Macon & Brunswick Division. Alt, 39 63 57 86 122 180 139 157 Savannah. Fleming. Walthourville Doctortown. Jesup. Blackshoar. Homersville. Dupont. Stockton. Valdosta. Quitman. Boston. Thomasville. Cairo. Climax. Bainbridge. 19 0. Tertiary. s* i< •«< « « 100 « <( < t< 19 a Tertiary. « « It 40 70 93 100 140 148 161 171 186 148 169 Brunswick. Jesup. Baxley. Lumber City. Town's. Dubois. Cochran. Buzzard Roost, BuUard's. Macon 19 c. Tertiary. i* « 100 « 210 19 a. Tertiary. iso «< 135 « 391 " 341 << 240 tt 26S Met. and Tertiary, ^n 174 188 9m Cochran. Hawkinsville.' 19 a. Tertiary. 34i ti 2IJ 914 226 236 60 62 79 134 154 170 192 79 100 132 179 187 208 25 41 59 67 76 80 96 103 Savannah. Halcyondale.2 Ogeechee. Millen.3 19 c. Tertiary. 3 2 19 a. " ii« il 1 AA 200 9A9. Thomasville. Camilla. Albany. 2 19 a. Tertiary. « K 232 « ISt 258 Tennille. Toomsboro. Gordon. Macon.* 19 a. Tertiary. 130 161 168 Dupont. Statensville. Jasper, Fla. Live Oak, Fla. 19 c. Tertiary. :t it 343 Met. and Tertiary. 33* 179 Millen. Waynesboro. Augusta.* 19 a. Tertiary. i5« It 117 Brunswick & Albany Railroad. Met. and Tertiary. n* Gordon. Milledgeville. Eatonton. 19 a. Tertiary. ^*'' 18 24 60 67 78 93 101 151 171 Brunswick. Hazlehurst. Waynesville. Waycross. Waresboro. Milwood. Kirkland. Willicoochee. Isabella. Albany.' 19 c. Tertiary. i* If 26 1 a It 100 it 117 a 130 It It 2 20 19 a. Tertiary. '^o 168 20. Ter. and Met. 3io Metamorphic. Macon.* Forsyth. Barnesville. Griffin. Fayette. Lovejoy's. Jonesboro. East Point. Atlanta. 5 Met. and Tertiary.33* It 735 It 875 « 9 75 « i< tt 905 It 1043 tt 1050 1. Revised and the notes added for the first edition by Dr. George Little, State Geologist of Georgia; and for the beconc* edition by A. B. McCutohen, of the Department of Agriculture of Georgia. 2. Buhrstone groups. S. Northern limit of the open pine and wire jmss seotloti. 4. Located on the line of Metamorphic and Tertiary. & Strangers should visit the Geological Collection Room in Capitol Building. GEORGIA. te from Augusta to I of the State on the hsean in general, eld, Floya, Murray, m sandstone, Knox , The Devonian ig erous by limestones ' Dade, Walker and }al. X 2ti and Tertiary. 334 and Tertiary.33* « 735 II 875 i< 975 i< 90S a 1043 11 1050 State Geologist of ; of Agriculture of 876 Ms. Central Ballrof d of Oeorsl:: Southwestern Railroad. -Con. Alt. 8 29 49 60 71 83 96 107 29 50 70 75 78 100 29 J2 83 98 118 183 142 144 157 165 120 128 132 Macon.^ Seago. Fort Valley. Montezuma. Anderson ville. Americus. Smithville. Leesburg. Albany.' Walker's. Ducker. Arlington. Fort Valley, Butler. Geneva.* Box Spring. Upatoi.* Columbus.^ Fort Valley. Perry. SmithTille. Dawson. Cuthbert. Hatch ie Station. Georgetown. Eufaula, Ala. White Oak, Ala. Clayton, Ala. Met, and Tertiary."* Tertiary. »«2 19 a. Tertiary. "o « <« «< 393 362 334 19 a.Ter. Buhrstone' a 2 « 19 a. Tertiary. »»<> 20. i< II Metamorphic, Met.andCreta. 262 19 a. Tertiary, 530 19 a. Tertiary. ^34 i< 354 i 1034 >i 10 25 II R,R. to Carrollton.9 5» f Gold mine, 3 miles. \ Metamorphic, '^^ II 731 (Metamorph. Asbes- tus and Chromic Iron, 7 miles. ''*» f Metamorph. Asbes- -tus & Corundum"* Piedmont Air Une Railroad. 312 337 357 387 454 481 492 494 N. C, State Line. GaflFney's, S. C. Spartanburg, Greenville, Tuccoa City, Ga,» Mt. Airy. 10 Bellton. Lula City, New Holl. Spr'gs. Gainesville.!^ Metamorphic. 787 976 1587 / Met. N. E. R. R. to t Athens, 39 ms, is'i Lime&tone & Tremolite f 3 b, Metamorphic, 1 flexible s.s. »2" 6. View of old Prison stookade and U. 8. Cemetery east of railroad. 7. Pine falls. Lover's Leiip and rapids, on Chattahoochee River. 8. Stone Mountain — a mass of granite — height, 1,686 feet. 9. Toccoa Falls, 2 miles, 185 feet. Tallulah Falls, 15 miles distant, nearly 400 feet high. 10. From this point a fine view of Yonah Mountain and the Blue Ridge chain. Clarkesville, 8 miles; Nacoochee Valley, 16 miles; Nacoochee gold mines, 20 milss. U. Point of departure for Dahlonega f^old mines and Porter's Springs*. ki I 876 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (GA.) BU'" ■rl, 111! I . f I l.l.i I 1^^ Ma. Continued. Alt. Western A Atlantlo Railroad- Ma. Continutd. Ali. ••••• • •••• 627 640 647 Flowery Branch. Buford. Suwanee. Duluth. NorcroBS. 7-Mile Track. Atlanta.' 3 b. Metamorphic. t< 120 7 i( 102 7 f Metamorphic. Pine tree visible 4 ms. in ( center R.R.tk.i 10' Metamorphic. * " ^ * Met. Granite quarry. « 1050 116 120 125 180 187 Ringgold. 1* Graysville. Chickamauga. Boyce, Tenn. Chattanoog.,Tenn Trenton. fis f K. Shale and Lime \ quarry. »o« '< «(t " 6»4 ' 6 b. Clin, iron ores & ■ 3 b. Calhoun, K. Sh. & K. Dol., Que. *»i Rome BallroMl. Northeastern Railroad of Georgia. Rome. 20 Kingston. Knox Shale. «»' a 710 12 18 26 39 Athens. Nicholson. Harmony Grove. Maysville. Lula City. MetAmorphic. •>« ti SUA Cherokee Railroad. << loot 48 Cartersville.! > Rockmart. Knox Shales. ''co Cal. and Potsdam. " U3t Savannah, Oriffln & North Alabama R. R, B«lmB, Rome & Dalton Railroad. 60 70 78 86 96 123 4 Macon. Griffin. Brooksville. Senoia. Sharpsburg. Newnan. Whitesburg. Carroll ton. Metamorphic. 334 6 • •••• 16 21 39 45 6fi Dalton. Stark's. Bamett's. Sugar Valley. Skelley's. Rome. Six Miles. Cave Springs. Pryor's. Anderson's, Ala. Tren.&K.Dolomite»»" u 64 7 Knox Shale. « ^ "> « 684 (« 672 Potsdam. » i » 4 b.Quebec or Knox » " 2 « 975 « i( f Meta. Snake Creek. \ Factory, m. •»» Metamorphic. 63 76 Tennille. Sandersville. 19 a. Tertiary. ii 'VTestem 3t Atlaatlo Railroad. East Tennessee, Tir|^nia ft Georgia R. R. 23 34 40 48 68 78 84 90 99 107 Atlanta. Marietta. Acworth. AUatoona. Cartersville. Kingston. Adairsville. Resaca. Tilton. Dalton. »» Tunnel Hill. 1* Metamorphic. ' " * <• « 1133 " Gold mines." 2 8 a 8 78 fKnox Shale, Pots- \dams.8.,lm.ea9t^8o Knox Shale. ^lo « 710 Cal. & K. Shale. «»* Tren.&K.Dolomite«6 5 "Red Marble. "' K. Sh. and K Dol. »5» 361 349 349 339 337 335 329 323 317 312 306 301 Rome. Atlanta June. Silver Creek. Brice. Seney. Hamlet. Rockmart. Braswell. McPherson. Dallas. Hiram. Powder Springs. 2-4. Lower Silurian. It « « Primordial &Canadian Primordial. 1. Arohnan. <« « 12. Ladd'B lime kiln, S miles; Rockmart slate quarries, 20 miles: Ward's ferro manganese fur- nace, 11 miles; Bear Mountain, fine view, 18 miles; Etowah rolling mill site at Falls, 6 miles. Ocoeu Conglomerate here and at Rowland Springs, also 6 miles from Cartersville. Flexible sandstone la, and manganese 3 and 10, and iron ore beds 3, 6, 7 an;; 10 miles. 13. Dalton is situated upon a synclinal, the ridges on each side being Knox Dolomite, and the intervening valley in which most of the town is\ built is made up of Chazy and Trenton Strata. The fossils of the last named group may be seen in the limestone exposed on Hamilton Hill, immediately north of the town. The Chattoogata Mountain, four miles west, is Upper Silurian. 14. TStnnel Hill. The tunnel hero is cut through a ridge of Knox Dolomite. The Calciferoua and Potsdam is in close proximity to the town on the western side. 15. Ringgold. The Upper Silurian occurs in a high sandstone ridge immediately east of the town. The groups here well represented are Medina and Clinton with red fossilifcrous iron ore. Oriskany fossils are found abundantly in a single bed of about one foot in thickness. These beds are followed on the east by Devonian and Siih-Cgrhnnifwrous strata. NoTK. The Knox Shale and Knox Dolomite of Prof. Salford extends from Tennessee into Georgia, with all the Tennessee characteristics of the groups. JA.) lUilroad- Ali, kon. 711 Exhale and Lime fuarry. « 70( tti u «9i >. Clin, iron ores & ). Calhoun, K. Sh. K. Dol., Que. •>« i of Georgia . morphic. »H (i l>t u in u 1001 It tin GEORGIA. It Alabama R. R. imorphio. ^>* II eta. Snake Creek. Factory, m. •»» imorphio. , Tertiary. " ft Georgia R. R. Lower Silurian. lordial&Ganadian lordial. rclusan. « 2 b. Potsdam s. t. <( 14 a. Millstone Grit. II 13. Sub-Carbonif's. 13 b. Mountain t. s. 1. ARCHiBAN. 2 a. Acadian. « 13b.GoralorSt.L.l8 II 1 b. Huronian. 13 a. Barren Group. 1 a. Laurentian. South and North Alubaina, or liOuisviUe South and North Alabama, or IrfiiiiitTllIe Mb. and Great Southern Ksllroa'l. Alt Mh. and Great South. Railroad.— Con. Alt. Decatur. 13 b.L.Ca.,St. Louis*" 90 Grace's Gap.* (See foot note.) 7 Flint. X 569 93 Oxmoor.* 14.Cahawbac.fld e»a 18 Hartsell's. 102 Whitney or Ash ville. " »»* 82 Wilsonville. It 45 2 115 Springville.2« 3 b.Quebec or Knox» " • • •t«« Coosa River. 12 It 44 » 131 Trussville. 13 a. b. Sub-Carb. ««» • •■•■ Coosa Station. (« 47 2 137 Irondale. 6 b. Clinton. 90 99 Childersburg. Alpine. 13 « 441 «« 495 143 Birmingham. f 4 a. Tren. & 3 c.b.& a. \ofCan. anti. axis*^' 109 Talledega. « 58 6 155 Jonesboro. 3 c. and 3 b. Cana. »<>• ^Alabama Fur.) Aiunford. 167 Tannchill.18 3b.or3a.Canadian<9 5 126 4( 64 C 170 Woodstock.3 3 b.Quebec or Knox» o o *••■• Silver Run. 1* U 6 56 174 Red Gap. 2 9 3 b. Knox Dolomite. 130 Oxford.! » U 678 178 Vances. • 1 410 131 Anniston. " Woodstock 183 Clement's. 14b.War'rcoalfield2«» 139 Weaver's. " Iron Wks. 191 Cottondale. t( 14o Jacksonville. It 653 198 Tuscaloosa. 20.Quat,overL.Crei«2 156 Patona. It 714 204 Maxwell's." II 15T Cross Plains. It 72 2 213 Carthage. Stewart's or Hav It . ... Ladiga. ««« " Tecumseh anna. " 100 Amberson. 7 ^ ' " Iron Co. 223 Akron. 18 b. Rotten 1. 8. i»<» 164 State Line. 18 930" Stonewall Ir. 233 Eutaw. II 168 Pryor's, Ga. 6b. Clinton. »*-»[Works 239 Haysville. II 170 Cave Springs. 4 a. Trenton. « '■> ' 243 Boligee. II 172 Rome, Ga. 11 652 250 2-59 263 Epps. Livingston. Hooks. It A klabuiiut Ureat Sc tiitherii Kailroad.'" II Chattanooga, Ti» 4 a. Trenton ""^ 19 a. Tertiary, 36 miles () Wauhatchie, " 4 b. Cincinnati. «7i 269 York. tl 169 9 Wild wood, Ge. 4 a. Trenton. 274 Cuba. « 219 12 Morganville, Qa. It 279 Kewanee. M 18 Trenton, Qa. « 7 20 283 Toonisuba. « 2 76 23 Dademon, Ala. \ V wilt ,llS(\ ( J il! ^!>:!l SHI •'• * 'iW • ' 8HQ AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL lAILWAY GUIDE. (ALA.) Ms. Memphis A ChArtMtou ItallroMd. Alt 6 9 15 19 23 81 89 52 49 62 58 74 79 84 98 107 115 124 127 129 138 139 145 156 163 169 176 182 188 195 208 212 223 229 288 237 248 254 259 265 271 Memphis. Buntyn. White's. Gennantown. Bailey's. Collierville. La Fayette. Moscow. Somerville. La Grange. Grand Junction. Saulsbury. Mile Siding. Pocahontas. Big Hill. Chewalla. Corinth, Miss. Bumsville. luka. Margerum, Ala. Dickson. Cherokee. Barton. Pride's. Tuscumbia. Leighton. Town Creek. Courtland. Hillsboro. Trinity. Decatur. Mooresville. Madison. Hunt8ville.»» BrowDsboro. Gurley's. Paint Rock. Woodville. Larkinsville. Scottsboro. Bellefonte. Fackler's. Stevenson. 20. Qua., bluff loam2«» <( 803 « 37(1 19. Tertiary, Orange Sand, LaQrange group. 31» 352 5 A I »75 SS5 19. Ter., Porter's Ck. 3«4 18. Cre., green sand. -109 18 c. Ripley group.*'* ore bank is on east Mubil« & Olrard Railroad. Mobile ^ Alabama Grand Tmnk R. R. Hh. Alt. M-. Alt. Columbus, Ga. 1. Archeoan. 2«2 OiMubile. 19. Tertiary. 9 Fort Mitchell. 18. Cretaceous. 9 Cleveland. 20 Seale. tt 20 Cold Creek. 26 Hatchechubbce. <( 29 Mount Vernon. 85 Hurtville. U 39 Leona. 89 Guerryton, (t 50 Sunflower. 54 Union Springs. *»* " Ripley Gp. 69 Jackson. 63 72 77 84 Thomas Station. Lin wood. JonesTille. Troy. (< i( Mobile ft Ohio Railroad. Pnrt in Alabama. 19. Tertiary. 5 18 33 Mobile. Whistler. Chunchula Citronclle. 19. Tertiary. « Mobile & Montgomery Railroad. 7( Montgomery. 18. Cretaceous. 817 10 McOehee's. " rotten 1. s. 44 Deer Park. 14t 16 Morgansville. 60 Georgiana. « 23 Brown's. i< 282 67 Garland. « 30 Uniontown. II Madge's Mills. II 35 Fawnsdale. II 76 Gravella. II 42 Macon. *' 291 Pleasant Hill. " rotten 1. s. 21 Matthews'. 262 Snow Hill. " Ripley Gp. 25 Mitchell's. 252 35 AUenton. 19. Tertiary. 28 Fitzpatricks. 262 40 Pine Apple. <« 33 Thompson's. 289 Cokerv He. CrossinK of Mobile * Olrard Railrond. side, close to the main track, nearly opposite the station house. The hiils seen beyond these belong to the Warrior coal field. W. G. 19. In addition to the 4 a. Trenton, there are, withir the limits of the city of Chattanooga the 8 a. Calciferous, 4 b. Cincinnati, 6. Clinton, 10 a. Black shait!, and 14. Carboniferons formations. [J. Safford. 20. Reida. Branch railway, 3 miles, of the Warrior Coal and Coke Company to mines working the Warrior bed. (W. G.) The Pierce Warrior Coal Co. working the Warrior Coal bed. The Watts Coal and Coke Co., working the Watts bed. (W. G.) 21. Newcastle. Branch railway of Milner Coal and Railway Company, working the Black Creek beds. Also in the Warrior coal field. (W. Q.) 22. At Boyle's Oap the railroad passes from the Coal Measures, between almost perpendicular walls of 14 a. Millstone grit, into Jones Valley. £. A. 8. 23. Birmingham. Branch railway, 12 miles. The Birmingham Mineral Railway Station, between the Alice Furnace and Rolling Mills, following the foot of Red Mountain down Jones Valley, princi- p«lly on the Knox, with the upper Silurian and Clinton Hematite Ore beds to be seen all the way, at presented on the western brow of the Red Mountains nine miles south of Birmingham. (W. G.) Pratt Coal and Coke Company's railway nine miles westerly to Coketon mines on the Warrior cOal field Pratt coal mines on the Pratt bed, capacity SOD tons per day. (W. G.) 24. From Sulphur Springs down to AttaJla, the railroad follows the valley lying between Lookout Mountain, 14 a. b. on the east, and the Red Mpuntain Ridge (6 c, 10 c. 13 a.) on the west, and all th« itationa are upon the Lower Sub-Carboniferou9, 13 a. and b. E. A. S. |v:s I. I I !0 )t M \i :• J i !l li i| n I i ' s i « 'to! pi''*' i i r\ t : 882 AN AMERICAN OEOLOOIGAL RAILWAY OUIDR. (ALA.) Ms. "io 60 64 62 66 74 81 Montgomerjr tt Eufaola Railroad— Cantinutd. Alt. Union Springs. Three-Notch R'd. Midway. Spring Hill. Batesville. Cochran. Eufaula. i8.Cre.,tlipleyGp*» 4 492 SOfl 3«0 (18. Ore., marl bluff of the ChattahooohieR. Ripley Group, ^"o Selms. Marlon ti Momphl* Uallroad* 14 21 29 87 45 Selma. Marion Junction, Marion. Grove Cottage. Newbem. Greensboro. SawyersTillo. IS.Cre., rotten l.s.xT « 333 Savannah tt MemphU Railroad. 10 15 22 30 86 40 42 47 68 60 Opelika. Gold Hill. Waverly. Camp Hill. ( Dudley ville Dadeville. Jackson's Gap. Sturdevant. Salisbury. Alexander City. Kelly ton. Goodwater. 1. Archaean. « « gold mines). 1. Archaean, li <( i< « M 1 I) 770 SOS 73« 7«0 695 S02 747 800 Steatite (soap 8.)qr.* ^ * 10 23 Kaat A l abama A CIncin natt JiK\i_ 'oad. 1 b. Huronian. * ' ^ Opelika. Oak Bowery. Buffalo Wallow. VIokiburg ft Hrunswlok Railroad. Mm. Alt. Eufaula. 5| White Oak. 25|Claytoii. 18. Cre., Ripley Op.""* " or T»rtiary AnnlHton ti At lantlo R. R. (Na rrow iii iiind.) 23 Anniston. Jenifer. Munn*oid. Irona. Talladega. Sycamore. Quebec and Knox. 41 (I i> 8 c. Chaiy. (■ Hematite ore bk.in 5. \Clin.of Alice Fur.Co. f Hematite ore bk.in 5. \ Clin. Wood. Iron Co {Hematite ore bk.inS. Clin. Slons Fur. Co. Montgomery Southern Railroad. (Ni»rrow WauRe.) 01 Montgomery. 6jCatoma. lo|Snowdon. 13 17 20 Pleasant Grove. Rear-iCr. Ada. Cretaceous. It i( (( t< II u% Wetumpkn Bra nch S. A N. Alabama liailr oiid. I "^sTs Decatur. 170 Elmore. 184 Wctumpka 120. Qu. over Ib.Hu.is' 1 b. Huronian. T*' 25. ITiUman Station. Branch railway, southeast, 1>^ miles Iodk, leaving Quebec or Knox iind entering a c. Clinton of Red Mountain terminuH at the Alice Furnace Co.'s Hematite Minen. KiU miles south of Birmingham, Wheeling, station No. 1, branch railway leaving Quebec or Knox ana entering Coa! Mea.sures of the Warrior Coal field terminus, 5j^ miles northwest Woodward Iron Co.'s mine on the Pratt coal bed. Also, branch railway, southeasterly. 2}^ miles to terminus in 6 c. Clinton Hematite ore mines of The Woodward Iron Company. (W. G.) 26. At Attalla Lookout Mountain ends abruptly, and the Red Ore Ridge rises to a considerable height on west. Just south of Attalla, through a gap in Red Mountain, tne escarpment of Blount Mountain, 14 a. b., is seen to westward. E. A. S. 27. From Steele's to near Whitney, Chandlers Mountain, 14 a. and b., is seen on the west, and below Steele's to Springville the ridge on the west is Red Mountain (5 c, 10 c, 13 a.) All the stations from Attalla to Springville are on Knox Dolomite or Knox shale, 3 a., 3 b. E. A. 8. 28. A short distance be\ovr Springville the road enters the valley between a Red Ure Ridge on the west and the Cahaba coal field on the east, and continues thus to Irondale. E. A. S. 20. At Red Oap the railroad passes from 13 b. Sub-Carboniferous at Irondale, through a gap in Red Mountain (made up of 6 c, 10 c. and 13 a.) in -Jones Valley. Thence to Vances down Jones Vnilej'. At Vances, road enters Warrior coal field and passes out of it at Tuscaloosa. Below Tuscaloosa to Eutawthe surface material is Quaternary, but it overlies the Lower Cretaceous beds, and porlmps bedd still older than Cretaceous. Just below Eutaw the rotten limestone begins and is left at Living- stone, where the road enters Tertiary formation, continuing in it to Meridian. E. A. S. SO. Woodstock. Here is Edward's Furnace and a branch railway, almost due south, nine miles, leaving Quebec or Knox and passing over Sub-Carboniferous into Coal Measures of the Cahaba coal field, having passed over the southwesterly extremity of the Clinton ore bed of Red Mountain in Alamtma terminus, at two coal mines about two miles apart, Blocton being the first one said to be on the Montevalle coal bed. All the property of the Cahaba Coal Mining Co. (W. G.) 31. Maxwells, Carthage and Stewart are on Quaternary, overlying a formation older than Creta- ceous, but whether Juransio, Triassic or Permian, not yet aetermineo, probably the former. E. A. S. 32. The Mountains about ffunt$viUe are outliers of the Cumberland Mountains capped with 14 a. and b. Coal Measures, and showing on their flanks Mountain limeatone 13 c. and underlying beds down to 13 b. Saint Louis limestones. £. A. S. v-'f GEORGIA AND ALABAMA. 888 lok RsUroad, Alt. !re., Ripley Op. aoo Georgia and Alabama. Quebec or Knox nml Mh. CtoorgI* Pmolflo Railway. Alt. Atlatita, Oa.»» Howell. Peyton. Chattahoochoe. River. Concord. Mnhleton. 12 15 17 Sweetwater. rib. Huronian, Mica, \ Slates &Schi»tsi 0^0 fib. Huro. GneiHS in \ Mica Slates. »«!" « 869 Ib.Hu.MicaSlates'^i (1 a. Lauren. 1 b. llu. Granite in bed of River. »«» (la. Lauren, and 1 b. \ Huronian. »*' «« u r, U !) 1 4 Ms. Georgia Paolflo Rallway- Continued. Alt. 18 ?1 27 32 45 AuHtell. Salt Springe. Douglabville. WinHton.3* Villa Rica.'" Temple, 88 52 Summit. 64 5f) Bremen. Waco. f)8,Talliipoosa River. 1 a. Lauren, and 1 b. Huronian. »*• <• 1066 »"» " Granite. « 113 2 1160 .'Gold Mine. 1 b. Huronian, Horn- blende, Slates and Schists. >»»o <• 14 34 «< 1418 « 18 43 <* »6a • The goology of this road is furnished by ProfoHwrH .1. L. .& H. D. Campbell, of Wachington and Loe University, i^oxington. Va., and where not ottu-rwiso credited the noteu are by them also. Those signed W. G. are by Dr. Wm. Oesuer, of Birmingham, Ala. 3.1. Atlanta. The V)road belt of Metamorphic Rocks, extending from Maryland to central Ala- bama, bolongH to the Archiean age. It has the Hliie Kidge of Virginia, the Unica of TenneHsee, and tlie Hlue Mountain of (iroorgia for it« northwe»tern border. Its southwestern margin in approxi- mately defined by the falls and shoals of the rivers at Washington, D. C, at Richmond and Peters- burg, Va., at Raleigh, N. C, at Columbia, S. C, at Augusta, Milli'dgeville and Columbus, Gii., and at OpeTika and Wetumka. Ala. An air line from Millodgovillo, passing near Atlanta to the limit of the Blun Ridge rtMsks, would measure the width of the Arohtean belt in Georgia, showing it to be about oae hundred miles wide. The Archeean rocks are recognized in Georgia under only two divisions, 1 a. Laurentiaa and 1 b. Huronian. They constitute the country rocks from Atlanta westward to the margin of Choccolocco Valley at Davisville Tunnel, Alabama, 88 miles. The I a. Laurentian group consists chiefly of gran- ite, gneiss and hard schists ; while the 1 b. Huronian group consists of less metamhrphosed beds of rhlorite micaceous and talcosa schists and slates, and some beds of argillites. Both groups are exposed along the railway cuts, but 1 b. Huronian constitutes by far the greater portion of the sur- face rock. The hard rocks of the 1 a. Laurentian, however, are exposed to view in the bed of the Chattahoochee River, eight miles west of Atlanta, and are quarried a short distance west of the river. The Laurentian also occurs, as shown by the Guide, in the excellent granite quarried at Douglas- ville, also at Villa Rica. Concord to Douglasville, mica and Hornblende slates and schists with beds of granite and gneiss exposed in cuts along railroad. From this point westward to the limit of the Arcliaian rocks in Alabama the beds of the 1 a. Laurentian are but little exposed. 34. Winston. Corundum has been found in considerable quantities near Powder Springs, in Cobb County; also near Villa Rica, Ga., and in Tallapoosa ("ounty, Ala. 35. Villa Riea. The granite beds make their appearance near Villa Rica, whore they seem to underlie the hornblende schists and slates that carry the copper ores (chalcopyrites) of that region, as well as the mica schists in which the gold-bearing veins of auartz in the same vicinity are found. A belt of copper ore (chalcopyrite) crosses the Georgia Pacific Railway, west of Villa Rica, in Carroll County. Tnis ore has been mined to some extent at several points in Douglas, Carroll and Haralson Counties. It is transported to Atlanta where the copper is extracted and the sulpluir utilized in the manufacture of sulphurii^ acid. The same belt of copper ore continues its southeasterly course into Cleburne County, Ala., where the Wood Copper Mines were worked for some years. TVie gold belt of the Atlantic Slope extending from the Potomac in Virginia, and across North Carolina passes through the northwestern portion of Georgia and terminates in Alabama. It is inter- sected by the Georgia Pacific Railway at Villa Rica and other points between that and the State line. At Villa Rica gold was very extensiveiy mined forty or fifty years ago ; also at Arbacoochee, Cleburne County, Alabama, and at other points in both States. 36. Temple. Mica, tale and asbestos are found in Cobb, Douglas and Carroll Counties, Georgia, and in Cleburne County, Alabama. Roofing tlates and flagging stones have been quarried in Polk and Haralson Counties, Georgia, and are found in Cleburne County, Alabama. J. L. & H. D. C. 37. [From Muscadine to Heflin, metamorphic slates and schists, chloritic and micaceous with some gneiss. Southwest of Heflin Station. 14 miles in Cleburne County, are the celebrated Arbacoochee gold mines, and 26 miles the Goo, Smith's and Wood's copper mines; and in Randolph County, near High Snoals, the tin ores lately discovered by Wm. Gesner, Analytical Chemist, Birmingham, Alabama.] 38. Davisville. Soon after passing the tunnel near Davisville, the road leaves the Archeean rocks and passes abruptly upon the Lower Silurian sandstones, limestones and slates of the beautiful Choc- colocco Valley. Tnese sandstones, slates and limestones, of Cambrian and Lower Silurian age, along the southeast margin of the valley, apparently dip under the older Arehrean beds.which seems to be due to a fault by which the Cambrian rocks have slipped downward, while by an inversion the Archaean 6 eds have been thrown upon them, so aa to give a reversed order of superposition. From Davisville ^ 334 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ^GA. & ALA.) ALABAMA. i. f '4 Hi < ' ' km ' Kb. C^eorgla Faoiflo Hallway— Alt. TOtMuscadine.* ? 72 Main's Gap. 78 EdwardsTille. Heflin." 84 87 90 98 97 101 103 104 112 116 122 127 129 DaTisyille Tun. Davisville." Choccolocco. re Armanville. Oxford. »» Junction. Anniston.*" Berclair. Estaboga. Lincoln. Coosa River. Riveiride. Seddon.*» 1 b. Huronian. « 941 1118 933 « 986 f 1 a. Lauren., 1 b. lHuron.,nr. fault.9*« /3 b. Silurian and 1. s. I Iron Ores. '^» << 68 2 698 " Linamite Ores. r 2 b. Potsdam, Sand- \ stone and Shale.'*" 3 b. Alluvium, «8 2 «»» " ore & drift. 3 b. c. Quebec and Chazy. «*» lime, ore. 5C5 488 489 800 { 532 l( l( Ms. Georgia Paolflc Railway— Continued. Alt 134 139 140 143 144 146 147 150 151 163 168 161 162 167 177 Eden.«3 Cane Creek Tun. Cook's Springs. Bald Rock Mt. Kerr's Gap.*' Brompton. Summit. Leeds. O'Barr's Gap.** Cahaba River. Weems' Gap. Irondale. Red Gap.*s Birmingham.* 8 Coalburg.*' f 14. Coosa Coal Field, \1S. Sub-Carbon. »3« 14 b. Coosa CI. Fd.«38 " 810 / 14 b. Coosa Coal Fd. \& Millstone Grit.7 3 4 " 784 f 3 b. c.Queb.A Chazy \ Silurian Valley. '♦« ed8 being partially changed to Hydromica slates. Limonite ores are very abundant in this valley, are easily mined, and await only capital and labor to make them profitable. 39. Near Oxford, Calhoun County, the road changes its course northward through a gap of Ladiga Mountain, cut by Snow Creek. Here the sandstones and shales of the Potsdam group (2 b.) are "z- posed in well defined arches. These rocks constitute the main mass of the Ladiga ana Cold Water Mountains— the ridges which flank the narrow valley in which Oxford and Anniston are situated. These ridges are two great stone-waves, between which we find a synclinal trough which hold:) the rich beds of Limonite ores, mined to supply the furnaces at Anniston. Oxford is a good starting point for the geological study of this region. 40. Anniston. From Anniston the railway turns westward and crosses the wide Silurian lime- Btone valley of the Coosa Ri"er, the country rocks of which belong mostly to the Quebec, Chazy, and Trenton epochs. J. L. &, H. D. C. 41. Sheddon station is on the -"estern border of the Coosa Valley, upwards of 25 miles wide, diagonally as the railway crosses it ; and a little east of Eden Station it pasnes abruptly into the Bu&CarboniferdVis formation of the Coosa, or third or most easterly Alabama coal field. (W. g\ The Coosa Valley is a prolongation of the great Silurian Valley of Virginia and Tennessee, while the Chocco- locco and Anniston Valleys on the one side, and the Cahaba and Birmingham Valleys on the other, may be regarded as its branchvss or outliers. The width of the Coosa Valley by the line of the Oeorgia Pacific Railway is 25 miles. Many promising beds of iron ore are found near this line. The Coosa Valley is the southern terminus of one of the most interesting and important valleys in the World, in a geological view. Tracing th t 4 a. Trenton limestone, and the 4 c. Hudson River Blate formations irom their classical localities, from which they derive their names, Trenton FaIIr.N. Y. (see note 62 of that State), and the Hudson River, we fina them in the Mohawk Valley of New York, with branches extending far into New England and Canada. Following it southwostward it croBses New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania by Easton, Lebanon, Harrisburg, Carlisle and Chambersburg, as the Cumberland or Kittatinny Valley, into Maryland, past Hagerstown and through Virginia as the Shenandoah or Great Valley, by Winchester and Stanton; and, being divided by the Massanutten Mountain, on the east side by Sheperdstown, Luray, to Roanoke, and into Tennessee. where it ia the valley of East Tennessee, and finally in Alabama its two divided branches sink ana disappear beneath the cretaceous plains of the South. In Alabama the Trenton is much less con- Bpicuous than the Canadian group, (.t a. b. c.) J. M. 42. Eden. [North of this station are the Broken Arrow and Front Creek coal mine;, in the OooBa coal field. (W. Q.) ] A few miles west of Coosa River we find an abrupt transition to the Sub- Carboniferous of the Coosa coal field. Near Eden station the road passes through a ridge of Sub- Carboniferous limestone, directly upon the highest coal-bearing beds of this region, which dip beneath the older Sub-Carboniferous strata. This can be best accounted for on the hypothesis of • fault Sub-CarboniferouB fossils are found in this neighborhood in abund&nce. Promlsins stiaros of eize from fine sand grains to the weight of Severn) pounds, (Loess pupiiets), into which the fine material has been cemented by earthy carbontitos. Hence, it is little subject to erosion, maintains itself readily in even vertical cuts, and valleys cut in- to it have steep slopes, at times almost vertical walls.* Its thickness is sometimes as much as sev- enty feet, but it shows only obscure marks of stratification. Its fossils are terrestrial snails nnd qnadrupods. 20 b. Port Hudson. This Is a forT.ation consisting, in its landward portion chiefly of paludal, mostly dark-tinted and well stratified calcareous clays, often overlaid by brov ..irh ill stratified loams, whieh intervene between it and the Loess proper. Its chief fossils are a fresh w'^ter and land fauna, anions many vegetable remains, including cypress stumps. To seaward the beds become more brackisR and nnally of purely marine character. It underlies the Mississippi alluvium at least as far as Mem- Shia, rises into " Crowley's Ridge," in Arkansas and Southeast Missouri, and also underlies the Red ;iTer alluvium t<) Shreveport. It is most widely developed in Louisiana. 20 a The Orange Sand, or stratified drift, is an important formation. It covers nearly the whole State of Mississippi, except the alluvial bottoms of the river, leing, however, itself often covered by the later formations above descril -d. It forms the main body of most of the ridges of the State, and to a Keat extent their surface. It gi^ s character to the surface conformation, which, contrary to tne popu- r impression, is generally hill bock from the river, though nowhere mountainous. All the sandy hills seen from the railroad, fn i .30 to 120 feet high, few of them as high as 400 feet, which are con- ■picuous features in the landscape, are due to the Orange Sand formation, out of which the hills have been formed by denudation of tho valleys and lower ground. The sand of which it is chiefly com- *In Seimiee, for August, 1884, 1 maintained that the steep slopes of the Loesa were owing to it« laminated Btructure, like the Qenesee, »nd other shales. J/J|L IISS.) IPPI. • Vicksburg. • Jacksoni . Claiborne. . Burstone. .. LaCrange. . Ripley Croup. . Rotten Lime s, I. Tombigbee S'd ,. Eutaw. .. Keokuk or St. Louis Limes. but, owing tu tlin ui»i. 3i. eem to bo required. it being occupied by ndoubtedly forniR the ed and described liy 8 of the several sul> , and sand bnrs now bottoma of the Jlis- d sometimes several lave been formed by :o and furnishes the its wealth as a gront •queous deposit pos- present epoch. Its ire or cleavage, Vftri- tate, averaging about imo remarkably uni- n the introduction to n, of a grayish or yol- aa Professor Hilgiird the weight of several y etirthy earbonntos. ;8, and valleys cut in- mes as much as sev- terrestrial snails and afly of paludal, mostly ratiiied loams, which id land fauna, nmone come more brackish t least as fa"* as Mem- so underlies the Red vers nearly the whole self often covered by !S of the State, and to a contrary to the popu- linous. All the sandy ) feet, which are con- f which the hills have lich it is chiefly com- BBS were owing to iU MISSISSIPPI. 387 Chtoa{{o,St. IioulsA New Orleans Kollroad. Ms. Illiuois Central Line. Alt. New Orleans, La, 48 Ponchatoula. 78 88 98 108 118 128 139 149 158 167 174 183 195 206 220 234 242 251 262 271 283 295 310 323 333 340 357 369 378 382 394 Tangiphoa. Osyka. Magnolia. Summit. Bogue Chitto. Brook haven. Beauregard. Hazlehurst. Crystal Springs. Terry. Byram. Jackson. Madison. Canton. Vaughan's. Goodman. Durant. West's. Vaiden. Winona. Duck Hill. Grenada. Coffeeville. Water Valley. Taylor's. Oxford. Abbeville. Holly Springs. HudsonTille. Lamar. Grand Jun.,Tenn, 16 20 a. Orange Sand. 19 f. Grand Gulf. «< 93 llow Loam, . 19 a. Vicksburg. 20 d. Yellow Loam, 19 c. Claiborne. f 20 d. Yellow Loam, \ 19 b. Burstone. 20 c. Alluvial, 19 b. Burstone. s^e { New Orleans & Northeastern Ballroad. 17 30 47 64 85 101 131 147 160 167 191 196. Meridian. Enterprise. Bamet. Sandersville. Ellisville. Hattiesburg. Purvis* Derby. Mitchell. Pearl River Slidel, La. Lake Shore. New Orleans 19 b, Burstone. 19 c. Claiborne. 19 f. Grand Gulf. a 3,5 336 213 306 239 144 360 168 it «-0 u f 20 c. Loess, \ 20 b. Port Hudson. IS l?'l *Booneville, highest railroad point in the State. Ii I Vf> r < i'A traces of that period behind in some of the States on its borders. There is no doubt the deposition of the orange sand took place in flowing -.rater, whose current had a general direction from north to south. This formation is 40 to GO feet thick ; 100 feet ^is not unusual, and even 200 feet. It contains the fossils of the underlying; formations, but none of its own. The materials are non-calcareous and peroxidized throughout; highly ferruginous, and in port silicious sandstones form limited deposits, very frequently capping hills and ridges which have thus been preserved from erosion, profoundly influencing the surface conformation. 19. Irairie totten Limestone gray or yellowish small area in the ce of the country roup forms a wide Its materials are ted lignito-gypse- sandstone of the bly into MISSISSIPPI. 989 lAolaTUIe A NaahvUla Ballroad. KionlsTllle, Mew Orleans A Texas B. B^— Mb. New Orleans ic Mobile DiTision. AH. Ms. Oontinuedi Alt New Orleans. 18 246 Redwood. r 20 d. Alluvium ov«r \ 20 b. Port Hudson. 62 Bay St. Louis, Miss. / 20 0. Alluvial, »* \ 20 b. Post Hudson. 267 Halpin. 69 Pass Christian. u 10 271 Cary. 71 Mississippi City. « 10 278 Rolling Fork. 82 Ocean Springs. « 3 8 284 Anguilla. 101 Scranton. « 288 Nitta Yaxaa. \ 141 Mobile. « 6 306 Areola. 1 316 331 Leland. Nicholson. liOuiaTllle, New Orleans A Texas B. B. Baton Rouge to Memphis. 342 363 Coleman. Duncan. 89 Baton Rouge. f 20 c. Loess over 20 b. \ Port Huron. 370 378 Bobo. Clarksdale. « 8 7 108 Slaughter. t( 398 Lula. 113 Ethel. {< 415 Tunica. 122 Wilson. f 20 a.Orange Ld. over \ 19 b. Port Hudson. 426 440 Robinsonville. Walls. 135 Centreville. (( r 20 c. Loess over 20 a. 144 Gloster City. « 442 Lakeview. Orange Sand and 152 160 176 Days. Knoxville. Hamburg. 14 465 Memphis. { 19 a. Eocene. « 22 7 186 Harriston. « Grand Gulf & Port Gibson Railroad. 193 Hays. 20 c. Loess. 206 Port Gibson. portance ; shows a few marine outliers showing near relation to tho Burstone, or more probably to the ** Woods Blutt" beds of Alabama, the base of the Eocene Tertiary. 18. GretaoeouB. 18 d. Ripley Group is composed of hard crystalline limestone, the highest strata and bluish micaceous marls more or less sandy below. The country suddenly becomos hilly and broken as you enter this formation. It is a hard, sandy limestone, with strata of blue shale marl between, and one of heavy gray calcareous clay on top. 18 c. The Rotten Limestone is an important formation 700 to 1,000 feot thick in the southwest, and thinning down iu the northea-st to 70 to 100 feet at the Tennessee line. The material is of great ur*- formity, a soft, chalky rock of a white or pale bluish tint, with a very little sand. When the rotten limestone appears on tho surface it appears white or yellowish white, and preserves the same tint from 2 to 18 feet deep, lelow that it is often bluish gray, which, when wet, looks quite dark. These white clay marls or soft limestone form a level or gently undulating surface with a heavy calcareous soil in the Prairie Region proper, and comprises some of the best land in the State. 18 b. Tomhigbee sand has as its prevalent material a fine grained micaceous sand, usually of a greenish tint, but not unfrequently gray, bluish, black, yellow, and sometimes even orange red. The region is hilly and sandy and the soil generally inferior. 18 a. Eutaw. The territory occupied by this formation offers no striking characteristics In Mis- sissippi, by far the larger portion of it being covered thickly by the Orange Sand. It consists of un- consolidated sands and dark-tinted clays. 14. The Sub-Carboniferous occupies a very small territory in the northeastern section of the State adjoining Alabama, and its geological relations can hardly be satisfactorily studied in Missis- sippi. The Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of Mississippi are rich in fossils and affoid favorite local- ities for the palffiontologist. Tne geology of Mississippi may become important in the study of the vast, olmost unknown region between the Mississippi River and the Sierra Nevada, where the same formations seem to prevail. In this connection see Mr. Loughridge's notes on the Indian Territory The foregoing descriptions of the sub-divisions of the Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary apply to these formations in the adjoining States of Tenaeasee, Alabama and Louisiana. J. M. '890 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (LA.) Louisiana. ^ LIST OF THE QEOLOQICAL FORMATIONS IN LOUISIANA. I'i'i m !i 11! i Genebal Table. LOVISIANA FOBMATIONB. General Tablb. LOVHIANA FOBMATIONS. 20. QUATERMABT. 20 d. Alluvium. 20 c. Bluff or Loess. 20 b. Port Hudson. 20 a. Orange Sand or Stratified Drift. 19. Tektiary. 19 f. Grand Quif Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. 18. Cretaceous. 18. Cretaceous. General Geological Note on Louisiana. Louisiana is not wholly alluvial, as is the general Impression ; only about one-half of the State, in fact, belonging to the alluvium of the Mississippi and Ked Rivers and to the marsh region of the coast. A considerable portion of this, too, is older than the present river channels. Such is the case with the greater part of the "buck-shot" soils, where certain strata of dark colored clay come to the surface. These clays underlie the entire plain from tne Gulf coast as high as Memphis and Shreveport at depths of from one to forty feet, and are the older portions of the Champlain formation, most definitely exhibited at Port Hudson Blutf, 20 b. . Next above and north of these prairies occur the beds of sand and gravel belonging to the " Stratified Drift," capping the higher ridges all over tlie upland portion of the State. It Is the 20 a. Orange Sand. Tne next formation is the 10 f "Grand Gulf" group of the Tertirry formation, blue, green and white clays, clay stones and clay sandstones, rising into high ridge-> as we advance nortiiward, and forming a promment hilly belt across the State. Northward, again, of this transverse ridge we find a narrow belt of the calcareous marls and lime- stones of the Marino Tertiary, 19 e. Vioksburg and 19 d, Jack»on groups approaching the surface. In northwestern Louisiana fossiliferous rocks, mostly ferruginous and red, or sometimes calca- reous of Upper 19 c. Claiborne or Lower 19 d. Jackson of Tertiary age, are found and known as the Red Lands. The upper portion of the ridges is composed of or capped by the irregularly bedded sands of the 20 b. Stratified Drift. See the descriptions of the formations in the Mississippi chapter. — Vrom E. W. Hilgard'e Cotton Report. Ms. LoulsTlUe & NashvlUe Railroad. New Orleans k Mobile Division. Alt. 6 9 13 20 26 31 40 45 48 52 New Orleans. Pontchartrain Ju Lee. Micheaud. Chef Menteur. Lake Catherine. F.igoleta. Lookout. Claiborne. Toulme, Waveland. Bay St. Louis. (Continued in Mississippi.) 20 c. AUuTium. no. " « { 20 c. Alluvium. 20 b. Port Hudson. Ctnolnnatl, New Orleana & Texas Pacific Railroad. 6 18 28 New Orleans. Lake Shore. Pt. Aux Herbra. Slidell. { 20 d. Alluvium over 20 b. Port Hudson. (I Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Ms. Railroad— Continued. Alt. 36 Pearl River. 43 Nicholson. 4y Mitchell. 53 Highland. 64 Derby. { 20 d. Alluvium over 20 b. Port Hudson. 20 a.Orange S'd over lOf.G'dGulfMioc. Illinois Central Railroad. (Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Division.) New Orleans. f 20 c. Alluvium over \ 20 b. Port Hudson. 10 Kenner. \'.t 'i!;^, aw All AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (FLORIDA.) Florida^ General No.e on the Qeology of Florida. The flrat latliBfttloii giTen to the soientlflo world of the true geology of Florida was by Dr. Eugene A. Smith in hii report upon the " Soils of the Cotton Region "In Vol. VI. of the U. S. Census of 1880. The western, northern and middle highland regions mostly oooupied his attention. To him is due the disooveiy that the oldest rocks of the Peninsula are of the division of tho Eocene, known in Alabama and Mississippi as the Vicksburg Formation. In ISM. the U. S. Qeo- logical Survey prosecuted some work in Florida, principally ror the collection of Tertiary fossiig and the observations there made, so far as published, (see Article in "The American Journal of Soienee," October, 1888, by L. 0. Johnson,) show that the Eocene Axis is quite narrow, and not manifest by outcrops further south than Sumter County : by some of its eifecls it is traceable to Polk County. It is the basis of the " Interior Basin." The next and the most extensive develop- ment was called the " Waldo." from the place where the most abundant and decisive fossils were found. This has proved to be Miocene. Most of the phosphatio rocks belong to it. It is also tho basis of the Lake region and of the ** High Hummocks." It reaches the ** Trail Ridge " and high- lands of the eastern slope, and occupies the western slope to the Gulf aa far jouth as Tampa. The greater part of the St. John's River country is Pliocene, with much that is even later. The Jacksonville Formation, exposed at the water works, has been assigned to the Pliocene ; while the "eoehitM" of St Augustine and the marls of Indian River belong, probably all of them, to Po»t Pliocene times. 'Jhe phosphatic rocks of Black Creek and of Enterprise— perhaps on insufficient grounds— are supposed to belong to the Jacksonville Formation. In 1887, Prof. Angelo Heilprin, in a "Report of a Visit to the Southwest of Florida " decided the formations at Tampa to be Miocene, south of that, as for as explored and definitely settled by foMits, Pliocene. The actual coast and coral reefs and islands must be later. The underlying limestones in many sections of the state have been dissolved in an irregular and often fantastic manner, producing sink holes, underground channels and numerous ponds and lakes. The soils on the immediate surfoce of the country consist mainly of such sands as would be left by a receding ocean. In some places these are drifted into dunes, such as the high "Trail Bidge'*and its continuations east, and the lower sand dune hills westward, which overlook the Hummock region, and separate it from the "Interior Basin." Probably the clays and "red lands" generally are derived, by disintegration and leaching from Miocene rocks. The interior " High Bummocks"are Miocene, or a few to the north Eocene, and the "Low Hummock" of the coast Pliocene or later. The elevations of the highest ridges seldom exceed two hundred feet, whilst the Interior Basin and highest of the hills of the western rcKion are not often much over one hundred feet, while tho lower part of the state, south of Pollc County, has an average elevation of only about thirty to forty feet above low tide. lAulsTlUe and Nashville Railroad. 1 Florida Central and Peninsular. Ms. Pensacola Railroad. Alt. Ms. Florida Centn\l and Western. Alt. Flomaton. 19 a. Eocene. (?) Chattahoochee R 19 a. Eocene. (?) 19 b. Miocene. (?) 6 Bluff Springs. 20.Qu&t.&19 a.£oo. (?) 2 River Juno. 12 McDavid. « 3 Chattahoochee. i< 20 Molino. »» 147 Cypress. (( 142 Dowlings. « 156 Sneadi. 19 b. Miocene. 160 Lake City. «• 161 River Juuo. t( 162 Olustee. II L By Me. Lawrence C. Johnson of Meridian, Miss., Assistant Oeologlst U. S. Oeologioal Survey. The anrvoy of the state was not completed by Mr. Johnson when he ceased work in that field, for which reason, or because the siiperfloial deposits render the boundaries of the formationa ancer> tain, ha aasigna maoy of the stations with a T, denoting the probable formation. ■"•^ [PA.) r Florida was hv ol. VI. of the U.S. pied liis attentioit. le division of the IBM. ttie U. S. Geo. >f Tertiary fogsiiD lerican Journa! of B narrow, and not I it is traceable to ixtensire develop- oisiTe fossils were > it. It is also the RidRe"and high- as Tampa. that is even later. le Pliocene ; while II of them, to Post aps on insufficient Florida" decided )finitely settled by ed in an irregular merous ponds and mnds as would be ks the high "Trail liich OTerlook the sand "red lands'* he interior "High iock"of the coast the Interior Basin 'ed feet, while the out thirty to forty enlnsular. Western. Alt. !;ocene.~(?l Pliocene. (?) « « locene. liocene. « i« K locene. lioc^re, (7) « 0. (Vicksburg.) « [iocene. *»* « K II eoloRlcal Surrey. in that field, for >rmatioiu anoex^ FLORIDA. 808 Hurldik Central and Waatem Railway. Ms. OoMtimud. Alt 172 181 100 192 208 208 12 84 41 60 69 60 88 89 108 122 Sanderson. Darbyville. Baldwin. Clark's Juno. WavorosB Juno. JaoksonTille. JacksonTille. Hart's Road. Femandina. 178 108 122 134 147 161 163 190 201 Hart's Road Jo. Italia. Callahan. Dutton. Brandy Branch. Baldwin Maxville. Highland. Lawtey. Temples. Starke. Waldo. Fairbanks. OainsTille. >>• Arredondo. Archer. Bronson. Otter Creek. Rosewood. Cedar Key. Waldo. Hawthorne. Lockloosa. Citra. Sparrs. Anthony. Silver Spring Jc Silver Spring. 19 b. Miooeoe. II 19 0. Pliooen«, II 11 II (( II It M M II II II II l« II I. (?) 10 10 • 4S 4T ST aio 140 Jackaonvllle, St. Antnatln* and Halifax R» Ms. OnUtuttd. All. 19 b. Miocene. (?) 19 b. Miocene. 11 ISO II ISO " [Vicksb'g. 19 b. Mio. underl'd by 19 a. Eocene. II 19 b. Miocene. II Ocala. Lake Wier. Wildwood. Panasoffkee. Withlacoo'ee. Leesburg. Tavares. II II i« II II II II (I 19 a. Eocene. « 19 b. Miocene. « II i< 19 a. Eocene. 19 b. Miocene. 70 TO Sf IB 18 10 ISO ISO sa 7a as 100 Green Cove Springs and Melrose. Green Cove Spgs.|19 b. Miocene. (?) Sharon. " Jacksonville, St. Aug^ustlne and Halifax B, 3 16 19 28 _87 46 48 Jacksonville. Phillips. Bayard. Clarkville. Sampson. St. Augustine. Tocoi. Smith's. Middleton. 19 0. Pliocene. II 19 b. Miocene. (?) 19 0. Pliocene. 64 66 69 69 81 89 97 120 123 126 Olds. Merrifield, Pattersonville. Palatka. Velvington. Dinner Isle. Windemere. Ormond. Holly Hill. Daytona. (?) 19 b. Miocene. (?) ii II II 19c Pliocene. ■ . :!;' :\ «94 AN AMERICAN GEOLOOIOAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (FLORIDA.) Ms. Orange B«lt Ballwaj.— CbnMnutd. Alt. 91 101 106 108 115 117 128 188 188 144 146 118 Cedar Hammock. Sheridan. Clermont. Minneola. Killarney. Oakland. Lakeville. Forest City. Groveland. Pad A. Sylvan Lake. Monroe. 19 b. Miocene. (?) « u K « <( II « « « « JaokaonvlUe, Tamps and Key West. 4 10 Jacksonville. Edge wood. Black Point. 14!0range Park. 20; Black Creek. 28: Magnolia. 29 Green Cove Sp's. a4WalIcill. 41jW. Tocoi. 46 Bostwick. .56|Palatka, •63 Buffalo BlufF. •64 Satsuma. 07 Sisco. 72 Como. 78 Denver. Si Seville. 92£Idridge. 94 Barbersville. lOSDeland Jc. llSJOrange City Jc. 11 9, Enterprise Jc. 125 Sanford. 4 11 ' Enterprise Jc. Enterprise. Osteon. '24 1 May town. 40Titusville. OiSanford. 6|Paola. 18|Sorrento. 29|Tavares. 19 b. (?) (?) (?) 19 0. Pliocene. i< « « Miocene, (f « « u Alluvium. 20 c. Bluff or Loett. 20 bt Port Hudson. ^0 a. Qravel (equivater^ of Qrange Sr.nd of Tennessee). 10 c. Black Shale. 9 c Corniferous. 5 c. Niagara. 5 b, Clinton. 19. Tertiary, Lower Eocene. r4c.> Upper. 4 c. Hudson River. < 4 e.> Middle ;8. Cretaceous, Ripley. H. 0. Upper Coal Measures. 14 b. Lower Coal Measures. '■4c.» Lower. 4 a. Trenton. 14 a. Millstone gilt. Sa.Chazy. 13 c. Chester. 13 b* Upper Sub'Carbonlferous. 13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous. 1. Bv John R. Proctor, Director of the Kentucky Qeological Survey. * •i. Tne geological Hurvey la in progreHs. and the formations of the State not fully determined. 3. ZMuitviUe, the metropolis of Kentucky, very intureBtlng to the geologist. At thia point the Ohio River falls 23 feet over ledge of CoruiferouB <^nd Niagara Timestoue. Allow water the limestone la exposed over a wide area, anof discloses the flnetit collecting ground for corals in this country. Beveral large collections of Devonian and Upper Silurian corals are owned in Louisville. 6. CivSinnatt. As to nncient glacial dam at Cincinnati, see Note 62 Ohio, 76 Indiana, 62 West Virginia. G. P. Whioht. 6. Magiad. About six miles to the south of this place can be seen an isolated hill capped with Niagara limestone. This hill is about l,2oO feet above the level of the sea, and the Niagara is found here at a greater ele>ation than elsewhere in the State. 7. Benvm. In descending the hill to Benson the road passes through the Middle Hudson. 8. Frankfort. Hills around Trenton, the Birdseye limestone reaches up the bank of the Keik> tuoky River as high as tho tunnel. Good collecting ground for Trenton fossils. 9. i^prina* Stntitm, Near here are some ot the most celebrated stock farms. They are on th* (4 0.) Lower Hudson River formations. 10. Payne'$. Stage from here to Georgetown passes ;,hrough some of the most beautiful lands of the Blue Grasr region. 11. ColMhurq. This place is at the base of Muldrow's Hill, the road ascends this hill bo'w^n this point and l!;iizabethtown. This hill extends around central Kentucky, from the mouth of Salt River nn the west to Lewis (}ounty on the east, retaining for its entire length the same geological formations viz.: Black shales (10 o.) at base, and Waverly sandstones and shales (13 a ). and Upper Sub-Carboniferous limestone (13 b.) In Madison County the hill attains its greatest height (1,050 feet above sea), where it is capped with the Carboniferous conglomerate, having a workable bed of sub- conKlomerate coal. The Chester (13 c.) is also present in this portion of the hill. It is there known as Big Hill. Muldrow's hill represents the retreating escarpment of the rocks formerly extending over central Kentucky. Siliceous remains ol'tliese Palteozoic rocks have been found scattered over the uplands of central Kentucky, and have been by some erroneously classed as glacial drift 12. Elixahethtoum. County town of Hardin County. St. Louis Group of Sub-Carboniferons limestone. _ ,„ ^ ^. , 13. MumfordtviUe. County town of Hart County. The road crosses Green Rver at this point The high hill on south side of river is capped with Chester sandstone, as are also the hills to the lea of road between Cave City and Glasgow Junction. ^. ^ . . ^. _ 14. aiasgow Junction. Branch mad to Glasgow. This is the nearest station to Mammoth Cave. Several beautiful caverns in this neighborhood. All of these caverns are in theSU Louis limestone, and some of them reach up to the Chester sandstone which caps the hills seen to the north of the road from this point to Bowling Green, 41 miles, ^ll the drainage being subterranean. 16. Bmling Oreen. County seat of Warren County. Road crosses the Big Barren River afc this point. Boitts run from here to Evansville, on the Ohio River. j , . , _,. 16. Franklin. County seat of Simpson County. The division between 13 a. and 13 b. is not far f^om thia place. Geology of county not yet studied in detail. ..... ,.-. 17. HopkumiUe. County Seat of Christian County. Surrounded with very fertile lands. Thij county produces more wheat and tobacco than any county in the State. The best lands in this ana adjoining counties are not excelled bv any in America. The superior body of land beglnningn«ar Smith's Grove, in Warren County, and comprising a portion of Warren, Simpson, LogM. Todd, Cnriatian, Trigg, Caldwell and Lyon, is the largest body of all good land with which the wrtter baa any acquaintance. The Western State Asylum for the Insane is located near Hopkinsvllle. I I ■ « ',' im. 'I -I fir- 1* ■ , .Hih 896 AN AMERICAN OEOLOOICAL RAILWAY QUIDE . .(KY.) LoaUvUl* * NMhTUl* Railroad. Ml. (Loulsrill«,Clnoiiuiatl * Lexington Dtv.) Alt. Ml. (Main Lin«.) All ( 10 e. Black Slate, 9 20 b. Loess, LottiiTille.* < c. Comiferous, 6 o. { Niagara, 4. Trenton. Louisville.* 9 0. Comiferous. 6 a. Niagara. «>■ 10 0. Black Shale. 10 Ormaby'i. 8 S. Louisville. 12 16 Anchorage. Pewee Valley. c. Corniferous. 6 0. Niagara. 18 ShepherdsviUe. (9o. Comiferoui.4H \ 6 0. Niagara, 27 La Grange. Pendleton. 5 b. Clinton. "o 22 Bardstown Juno. 5 0. Niagara. «>> 88 4o.* Up. Hudson. •** « 691 80 Lebanon Juno. 10 0. Black Shale. <>» 86 Sulphur. Campbellsburg. English. 84 Colesburg.ii 18 a. L. Sub-Carb. «» 41 M B04 42 Elizabethtown.i> 18 b. Up. Sub-Car.«»i 64 M 60 Glennale. <« «ti 66 Worthville. M 4(6 56 Sonora. tt ««r 66 Sparta. Glenooe. M 506 78 Munfordsville.1* M t«t 70 M 560 81 Horse Cave. 16 601 76 EUiston. « 596 85 Cave City. M 611 84 Verona. U 6 70 91 Glasgow Juno.i^ II 631 89 Walton. II 927 96 Rocky Hill. « SM 98 Independence. II 100 Smith's Grove. 16 606 106 Wilder's. II 114 Bowling Green. i> 11 4«« 109 S. Covington. Newport. II 58 7 118 Memphis June. M SJl 109 II 5 26 125 Woodburn. II eoi 110 Cincinnati.' « 134 Franklin. i« II 6I» 141 Mitchellville. II 7 41 (Lexington Division.) 146 159 Fountainhead. Gallatin. " 771 4 0. Hudson River.«>* 27 82 La Grange. Jericho. 5 b. Clinton. »«o 4 c' Upper Hudson. 1*85 Edgefield June. Nashville. ti 414 4a.Tren.,20b.LoeB8«>* 86 40 Smithfield. Eminence. Pleasantville. (( II (Memphis Division.) 44 118 Memphis Juno. 13b.Up.8ub-Carb.»>i 49 Christianburg. II ■ 123 Rookfield. 4 a. Trenton. 148 Cave Spring. II 58t 76 Spring Station.' 4 0.1 Hudson River. 157 Allensville. II 53] 79 Midway. Payne's. 10 Yamallton. u It 164 Guthrie. « 525 88 (Nashville A St. Louis Division.) 87 Nashville. 13 b. Up. Sub-Carbon. 94 Lexington. II 916 47 Guthrie. Trenton. « 525 (SlielbyTille Division.) II II 12 Anchorage. 9 c. Comiferous. "71 Hopkinsville.i' II 5 50 17 Eastwood. 6 c. Niagara. 84 Crofton. II 28 Simpsonville. 4 c.» Upper Hudson. 95 Nortonsville.i* 14 c. Coal Meas. «>• 80 Shelbyville. « 102 Earlington.i" « 3 70 88 Finchville. II 107 Madisonville. II 435 42 Normandy. II 118 Slaughter's. II 47 67 Taylorsville. Bloomfield. II II 145 Henderson. 2 r 20 b. Loess. *•» \ 14 0. Coal Measure, 18. NortonviUe. Junction Chesapeake, Ohio A Southwestern Railway fault here. Coal No.} west, and coals No. 11 and 12 east of station. 19. Earlington. St. Bernard Coal Co., one of the largest mines in the State. 20. Hendfiraon. Bottom lands Loess (20 b.) resting on Carboniferous. 21. New Hope. Prosperous city, large tobacco market, fine bridge over Ohio River; about 1^ mllea from New Hope. At Coal Hollow distillery, is a fine collecting ground of the fossils Beatrieht Oolumnaria Alveolata. 22. Lebanon. County town of Marlon County. Junction of Cumberland it Ohio Railroad, south- em division. The streams around Lebanon cut down to Upper Hudson rocks. Hills seen to south, continuation of Muldrow's Hill (see Note 11). Fine localities for collecting Sub-Carboniferoui fossih ia the hills a few miles south from Lebanon. 23. Biley's. Fine collecting grounds near Riley's Station of Comiferous fossils. KY.) !• lUllto«d. ") Alt I b. Lo«it, I 0. Corniferoui. > a. Niagara. <<• , Black Shale. 0. Corniferoui.* *i 0. Niagara, Niagara. «i> . Black Shale. *n , L. Sub-Carb. «» . Up. Sub-Car.* •> II II M M M II II 41 M II M II « «»T S«t (01 an «ai Bti I0» 4l< SSI «0I (i» 741 771 Hudson River.* »♦ II 370 hio Railroad, south- Hills seen to south, Carboniferous fossih 9ila. KENTUCKY. 897 LoalavUl* * MmIitUI* lUllrosd— Cbn. Ki; (Kno«ville DiTision.) AU. 80 85 46 60 57 62 67 76 86 89 96 96 104 105 115 129 136 Louisville. > Lebanon Juno. Boston. New Haven. New Hope.'^ Loretto. St. Mary's. Lebanon.'' Riley's." Mitchellsburg. Parksville." Junction City. Shelby City. Stanford. Rowland. Crab Orchard. «» Mt. Vernon. Pine Hill. (As before). 10 c. Black Shale. 4" i< 41 1 10 e. Black Shale, 9 c. Comiferous, 6 c. Niagara. *♦* 6 c. Niagara, *♦•• \ 4 0. Upper Hudson. 10 0. Black Shale. 5 c. Niagara. '" f 9 c. Corniferou8»»* \ 10 c. Black Shale. (9 c. Corniferous, 10 c. Black Shale, 6 c. Niagara. 10 c. Black Shale. (10 c. Black Shale, 9 c. Corniferous, 5 c. Niagara, lo*' 10 c. Black Shale. BO 7 r " »9 7 \ 9 c. Corniferous. 4c. Upper Hudson.'** i< (10 c. Black Shale, 9 c. Corniferous, 6 c. Niagara. »«» 18b.U.Sub-Carb.m» f<« 984 Hills capped with 14 a. Millstone Grit. Louisville * Kaahvllle lteUra»d— Cbn. Ms. (Kaoivlllo Uivlm on.) Alt 140 162 156 157 166 174 181 18!) 201 Livinjnton.i* EastB(Bmetadt.<7 Pittsburg." London. Lily. Woodbine. Rockhold. Williamsburg.* » Jellico.so 14 a. Millstone Orit**« 14 b. Low. Coal Meai. Chesapeake A Ohio Railroad. (Lexington DiTision.) 11 18 83 49 67 65 88 99 102 109 116 122 128 138 Lexington. Pine Grove. Winchester. Hedges Station. Mt. Sterling.' 1 Olynipia." Farmer. »• Morehead. Olive Hill.'* E. K. Junction." Denton. Rush. Mean's. Ashland." Catlottsburg.*^ Huntington. 4 a. Trenton. •*« Middle Hud. 4 c.» Upper Hud. 5 c. Niagara. lOo. black Shale. 13 a. Waverly. 14 b. Coal Moas. II II It {20 b. Loess, 14 b. Coal Measure. « 844 t< 588 output i 28. 29. ao. quality. 31 24. Parkville. Hills to the Nouth capped with St. Louis limestone; fine collecting ground for Uthrostotion Canadensis. A section may be obtained in a distance of four miles on a north and south lino from the Trenton limestone to the top of the Hub-Carboniferous. The bills hare waste of the Carboniferous conglomerate on top. 26. Crah Orchard. Springs of same name located near here. Caudi Galli found beneath the Corniferous near springs. 26. Livingston. Crossing of Rock Castle River. Coal mines in Lower or Sub-Conglomerate here. Fine section of St. Louis ana Chester rocks on south side of river. Quarries of fine ouilding stone. Hills on south capped with massive conglomerate sandstone. 27. East Bernstadt. Mines in the coal above the conglomerate, probably No. 1. The coal from these^lnes and from Pittsburg Station, a few miles south, takes high rank in the market, and 139 Waynesburg. 143 Eubanks. 148 Pulaski. 161 Science Hill. 162 Norwood. 158 Somerset. 103 Cedar Grove. 4 c. Hudson River. '• 845 " 915 «« 939 « 9J7 «« 1187 « 1135 « 1130 H 1137 (t 8 82 « 8 51 • I Ii l< CarDoniferou8 rocks, with coarse, angular sand all quite ferruginous. When properly put on streets or roads it soon cements, needs little after re|/airs, aflfordiug a smooth, hard road. It also afford.i a superior material for concrete. 47. Erianger. Glacial deposits are found on the highlands, 650 feet above the river, both south and west of Greenwood (Erianger). A noteworthy collection of .Jasper conglomerate boulders from Lake .'Superior occurs on the road to Burlington, tnree miles west of Florence. G. F. W. 48. High Bridge. Crossing of Kentucky River. Bridge, 275 feet above water. Clilfa composed of Birdseye and Chany limestones. 49. McKinnex/. The Upper Hudson is crossed between Moreland and McKinney's Station. 60. King's Mountain. Tne tunnel south of King's Mountain 4,000 feet long, is in the Waverly ■hales. King's Mountain is a continuation of Muldrow's Hill. (See Note No. 11.) The hills here are capped with the St. Louis limestone. KY.) I ft Tezat Paciflo Mt. Hudson River. « « If (( u (( 5 c. Niagara. *'* f 10 c. Black Shale, \ 5 c. Niagara. •"• ^ * 10 c. Black Shale. 5«i « 564 Bastem Kentucky Railroad. "> 3 5 6 9 10 12 15 16 18 21 23 26 28 29 34 Riverton.'* Three Miles. Worthington.ss Argillite.»8 Laurel. McAllister. Hunnewell.5^ Denning's. Hopewell.** Anglin's. Pactolus.s9 Grayson.*" Vincent's, Mt. Savage."' Reedville. Willard.6 2 14 b. Low. Coal Meas.. « Chnttorol Railway. 6 14 19 26 31 36 40 46 50 Ashland.'' •* Catlettsburg.3 7 Lockwood's. Rockville. Fuller's. Louisa. Walbridge. Northrup. Peach Orchard."'* Richardson. 14 b. Low. Coal Meas. 61. Burruide. Crossing of Cumberland River. 62. Cumberland FoUs. A few miles from railway, perpendicular fall of Cumberland River of (» feet, over the Carboniferous conglomerate. Beautiful scenery and excellent fishing. 63. This railroad runs through the heart of the Kentucky division of the Hanging Rock Iron Region. On the line of the road all of the coals are to be founcf, from No. 1 to No. 11, and most of th&- iron ores. 64. mverton. No. 1 Coal near water level. 66. Worthington. No. .3 Coal in the hills, about 160 feet above grade of road. h.i .' 400 §1 V, W I I, ' AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KV.7 nUikols Central Ballioad. Ks. (New Orleans DiTisioD.) Alt Cairo. f 20 AUuv. over •»» 1 Port Hudson. 2 East Cairo. 6 Wickliffe.o* ^ « 16 BardweU. r20.Quater. loam.»»o 22 Arlington. and gravel over»«o £0 Clinton. Eocene Terti-« so 44 Fulton. ary. «»<> Mobile & Ohio Bailroad. 2 6 18 23 84 42 Cairo. East Cairo. WickliflFe.«* Berkeley. Columbus." Moscow. Jordon. { 20. AUuv. over »" Port Hudson, s** 11 832 20. Quater. loam«»o and gravel over**' Eocene Terti-si* ary. *<>* Mb. Kentuoky ft South Atlantio B. R. Alt 6 10 Mount Sterling. >i Spencer. Johnson's. 4 c.* Upper Hudson. 12 Pollard's. M 14 15 19 Heges. Cbamber's. Cornwall. u 5 0. Niagara. 21 Rothwell. II 23 Frenchburg Jo. 10 c. Black Shale. Evanaville, Owensboro Sc Nashville B. B. O.Owessboro. 7 Sutherland. ISRiley's. 21iLivermore. 27JStroud'8. SSlOwensboro June. 14.Carboniferous. II II II II II 66. Argillitt, Near site of Old Argillite Furnace, probably the oldest turnace in tne Hanging Bock Iron Region, erected in 1822. About three mites east of station is the Pennsylvania Furnace, and ttiree miles west the Buffalo Furnace. 57. Hunnewt '. Hunnewell Furnace located here ; also the machine and repair shops of the railroad. Mines )f No. 3 and No. 4 Coal, the latter known as the Hunnewell Cannel Coal. 58. Hopewell. The former site of an old furnace of that name. 69. Faetolue. The former site of an old furnace of that name. ' CO. Chrayeon, The county seat of Carter County. Coals No. 2 and No. 3 are found here. Iron Hills Furnace, the largest charcoal furnace in tliis section, is situated about eight miles northwest from Grayson, where also is the celebrated Lambert Ote Bank, a local deposit 14 feet 10 inches thick, ot great value. Thirteen miles west of Grayson are the celebrated Carter Caves, situated in the St Louis group of the Sub-Carboniferous limestone. These caves and the wild scenery of Tigart Val- ley, surrounding them, are well worth visiting. 61. Mt. Savage. Near here is Mt Savage Furnace, and fine veins of coals No. 3 and No. 7, the latter bucwn as the Coalton Coal. 62. Waiard, At ^Viilard are the ores and coal mines of the Bellefonte & Etna Company of Iron- ton, Chio. Most of the coals are represented in this vicinity. 63. Peach Orchard. Extensiv.; mines. Coal No. 3. 64. Wiekliffe. County tieatof Ballard County. The railroad Just south of this passes at the foot of an exposure of lignite three feet thick. 65. Columbue. The town lies at thefootof river bluffs, 120 feet high, showing Quaternary and Tertiary strata. Port Hudson clays exposed beneath Alluvium in river bank at low water. The Quaternary eravel an,d brown loam beds, that cover almost the entire region lying between the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers, are very generally underlaid by black and blue clays of the lignitic group of Eocene Tertiary. These clays nave, in and near Paducah, been penetrated to a depth ofioo leet. Cretaceous sands and clays underlie the Quaternary thirty-five miles southeast ofMayfield. Errata for Kentucky. In note t20 and 21. The first line of 21 belongs to 20, Henderaen. In note 46, Paducah. Corniferous conglomerate should be Carboniferous conglomerate. In the Chesapeake, Ohio k Southwestern R. R. the geological formation of Calvert City and Paducah should oe "20. Quaternary, Port Hudson." That of Boaz, et al., to Fulton, should bie "20. 4^uateruary gravel and loam over Eocene Tertiary." The elevation of Princeton should be 524 ; Calvert city, 361 ; and Paducah, 341 feet. The same «rror effects the elevations of all stations south of Paducah and east to Elizabetbtown. « ' mmmmmm ■V' .■ v.? intlo B.R. Alt Tpper Hudson. (I « M agara. (I lack Shale. ra»hvlHe B. Br~ boniferous. « e in tne Hanging »ylvania Furnace, air shops of the I Coal. Ibund here. Iron ; miles northwest 1 10 inches thiclt, situated in the St. aryofTlgart Val- 3 and No. 7, the [Company of Iron- passes at the fbot : Quaternary and w water. on lying between blue clays of the 1 penetrated to a miles eoutbeast omerat«. Calvert City and •n, should bie "20. 1 feet. )wn. The same TENNESSEE. 4011 Tennessee.^ LIST OF QEOLOCICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN TENNESSEE: Dana's table or TENNESSEE DIVISIONS, Dana's table of TEK F.SSEE DIVISIONS. rOBMATIONS. BT FBOr. SAFFOBD. fobmations. BY PBOF. SAFFOBD. 20. QUATERNABT. 20 c. Ailuvlumi 7. Helderbkro. 7. Held.orLindeni « 20 b. Bluff Loam. 6. Niagara. 5d. Niagara limes. i< 20 a. Orange sandi or drift. " Clinton. 5 c. Dyestone Croup 5 b. White Oak Mt. " Medina. 19. Tbrtiart Eocene 19 b. La Grange s. sandstone. a 19 a. Flatw'ds s. &c. « u 5 a. Clinch Mt.s. s» 18. Cbetaceocs. 18 c. Ripley Croup. 4 b. Cincinnati. 4 b. Nashville. « 18 b. Rotten limes. 4 a. Trenton. 4 a. Lebanon. « 18 a. Coffee sand. 3d. Lenoir or Chazy 14. Carboniferous. 14. Coal Measures 3. Canadian. Quebec 3 c. Knox dolomite. 13. Sub-Carbonife's. 13 c. Mountain 1. s. ti i< 3 b. Knox shale. ' 11 era C. 9 Florence. altTlll« ft NaahTlUe Ballro id. (Memphis Division.) 164 168 171 177 LouisTille, Ky. Guthrie. Hampton's, Tenn. Dudley's, ClarksTille, { 438 13 b. Sub-Carbon., St. Louis 1. 8. »" « 513 « 494 << 89 2 liOulsTlUe ft NashTllle Railroad.— Ms. Continued. Alt. 184 189 190 198 205 210 214 220 230 236 241 246 266 264 274 284 296 301 308 312 821 329 333 341 349 352 358 366 377 Steele's. Palmyra. Carbondale. Cumberland.* Erin. Tenn. Ridge. Stewart's. Tenn. River. Big Sandy. Springville. Peeler's. Paris.* Henry. McKenzie. Trezevant. Milan. Humboldt. Gadsden. Bell's. Jones's. Brownsville. Shephard. Stanton. Mason. Galloway. Withe. Shelby. Bartlett. Memphis.' fl8 b. Sub.-Carbon., \ St. Louis I. s. 36> " 867 << 36] 13 a. Sub.-Carbon. "0 << 404 13 b. Sub.-Carbon. »ao << 464 13 a. Sub.-Carbon. 7. Helderberg. 3 45 f 20 a. Orange sand, \ 18 0. Ripley. «*o 19 a. Flatwoods. "» / 20 a. Orange sand, \19a. Flatwoods. *♦» ^20a. Orange 8. »!• a 03 a « a g o g bO .g « PS <( i( (( Te and below. LontavlUe A NashvlUe Rallr j»d.— Ma. Continued. Alt. 184 185 189 197 206 216 219 223 233 243 246 251 264 266 261 266 272 273 275 278 280 286 Edgefield. Nashville. N. and G. June. Brentwood. Franklin. Thompson's. Ewell's. Carter's Creek. Columbia. Pleasant Grove. Campbell's. Lynnville. Buford's. Reynold's. Wales. Pulaski. Harwell. Aspen Hill. Lester's. Prospect. State Line. Elkmont, Ala. (Continued 4 b. Cin. or Nash. 194 r 20 a. Orange sand, \ 19 a. La Grange. 18 c. Rotten 1. s. *0 9 f 20 d. Yellow loam, \ 18 0. Rotten 1.8.4 3 4 r 20 a. Orange sand, \18a. Eutaw. *6 3 r 20 a. Orange s., * * ^ \l3a.KeokukorSt.L. 13. Sub-Carboniferous. Carbon. t. Louis 1. 8. « ich.) Knox dolomite. 40S Suh-Carbon. « rian. ore mines. •anch.) Sub-Carb. « Niagara. ■on Co.'B B. B. b. Sub-Carbon., . Louis 1. s. 7oal Measures. Bla Sc Oeorgi» ■ 3. Knox dolomite, r Quebeo. " 1457 II « II « « 1«4I 17>i 1S81 fashville. . Knox dolomite, Quebec. 12»3 lotr per part of the 4 b. d shore line " and 'S, the limestones, a good section of Sions of America," I shales of Cinoin- Station. de up of 2 b. Chil- East TeuneBMee, Vlrgliiia & Georgia Hit. Kallroad.— Con. Alt. 120 180 McMillan's. Knoxville.i* 186 Erin. 145 Concord. 164 Lenoirs. ' ' 169 Loudon. 166 Philadelphia. 176 Sweetwater. 180 Reagan's. 186 1 Athens. 193 Rioeville. 201 Charleston. 213 240 218 227 232 242 Cleveland. State Line. (Continued Dalton. Cleveland. Ooltawah.i'' Tyner's. Chattanooga. 3 c. Knox dolomite, or Quebec. 3 0. Knox dolomite and Trenton. »oo 4 a. Tren. ^Nash.^o^ 3 c. Knox dolomite. 8 78 4 a. Trenton. 3 b. Knox shale. /See N. C. & S., and \ S. R. R. 684 Blast Tennessee, Tlrelnla ft Georgia B. B. (North Carolina Division.) 4 6 19 12 16 26 88 89 Morristown. Sulphur Springs. Witt's Foundry. Dandridge Road. Leadville. Rankin's. Newport. Bridgeport. Big Creek. Wolf Creek. f 3 c. Knox dolomite* \ or Quebec. i"" r 3 b. Knox shale and \ dolomite. « r 4 b. Shales of Cin \ or Nashville age. r 3 c. Knox dolomite, \ Nashville shales. « 3 c. Knox dolomite. (3 c. Knox dolomite, and 2 a. Ocoee Con- glomerate & shales. (2 a. Ocoee Conglom- \ erate and shales. (Marysvilte Branch.) Knoxville. Bruoe's. r 3 c. Knox dolomite, tand4a.Trenton.9oo Unknown. Uast Tennettsoe, Vlrglnta ft Georgto B. B. M.S; ( Mary.Mvllle Branch.)— Cow. Alt 16 Little River. Marysville. Unknown. 8 0. Knox dolomite. (Ohio Dtviglon.) 9 14 21 27 31 38 47 55 62 66 Knoxville.'* Powell's. lleiskell's. Clinton. Cane Creek.** OflFutt's. Careyville. Buckeye. ElkValley.»9 Newcomb. Jellico. i2-4. Lower Silurian. f 4 a. Trenton and t 3 c. Upper Knox. 'i-4. L. Silurian. " (?) 14. Coal Measures. (fault.) Cincinnati. N. O. ft Texas Pacific B. B. ( Late Cincinnati Southern Railroad.) Cincinnati. 198 State Line of Tn. 201 Winfield. 206 Oneida. 211 Helenwood. 216 New River. 219 Robbins. 221 Rugby Road. 223 Glen Mary. 229 Sunbright. 234 Annadel. 288 Lancing. 243 Nemo. 251 Oakdale June. 257 Elmore Gap. 265 Rock wood.2o 270 Glen Alice. 273 Roddy. 277 Lorraine. 280 Spring City. 285 Sheffield. 291 Darwin. 297 Dayton. 304 Coulterville. 307 Rock Creek. 309 Retro. 314 Rathbun. 318 Melville. 326 Hixon's. 331 Boyce. 335 Chattanooga. »» (See Ohio.) 11 b. L. CI. Measures. « « i< " (?) L. Silurian Knox (« <( i< i< II Carboniferou8 limestone, and the Coal Measures may be seen and studied. 20. Although Professor Safford knows the geology of the country passed over, he has not traveled on this railroad, and therefore the sub-divisions of the Lower Silurian are not given. From Rookwood to Chattanooga the stations are mostly on hia Knox divisions, but in a few cases on Trenton. 406 iM' AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ARK.) Arkansas. Genkbal Gioloot or tri State.— Dividing the State diagonally from northeast to southwest, beginning near the easterly boundary of Handolp)i county and running thence past Grand Olaise and Little Rock, through to Fulton in Hempstead county on Red River, (consequently nearly in the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain Sc Southern Railroad), almost all the State, east of said line, will he .bund of the 10. Tertiary formation, except along the river bottoms, where it is 20. Quaternary. The northern portion, west of said line, is mostly 2-8. Silurian, with some 9-12. Devonian and 14. Carbon- iferous further south; the middle western part of the State being 14. Carboniferous, while the south' west part (namely, from Arkndelphia and Murfreesboro south and west) will be found 18. Cretaceous. In consequence of the above general arrangement of the geological formations in the State, it will be readily perceived that the St. Louis, Iron Mountain Sc Southern Railroad runs mainly near the Junction between the Silurian, Carboniferous and Cretaceous of the west side, and the 10. Ter- tiary, with some 30. Quaternary, of the east side. Further, that the Arkansas Midland is chiefly in the 10. Tertiary and 20. Quaternary, while the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad passes through the 14. Carboniferous formation; also, that the Memphis «' r. R. H. Loughridgee Cotton Report, Census of 1880. Ms. Mlitourl, Kansas ft Texas R. B. 855 879 888 410 419 449 470 479 491 606 625 636 644 Vinita. Pryor Greek. Chouteau. Gibson. Muskogee. Eufaula. Reams. McAllister Savanna. Limestone Gap. Atoka. Caney. Caddo.^ 14 b. Coal Meas. 18. Cretaceous. Alt. 698 624 S3S S99 817 609 684 849 5S8 810 705 BUssonrl, Kansas A Texai B. B.- Ms. Continued. Alt. 566{Durant. 568| Colbert. 576|Denison, Texas. 18. Cretaceous. • 88 rit Atlantic A Faolflo Ballroad. 337 342 348 353 358 364 Shawnee. Prairie City. Oseuma. Afton. Albia. Vinita. 14 b. Coal Measures. « «•• 1. The white " Rotten limestone," with an abundance of fossils, is the prevailing rock In this black prairie region, extending southward into Texas, and westward to within a few miles of Tisho- mingo, Chioasaw Nation. B< H. L. lil R.) TEXAS. 409 Texas. ^ mad* uptiiBost ■he former rook n"" ^P** country d valleys of thJ argest stresms. of the Wichita J7 18 thought to granitic atroct- etc— Z)r. B. B ■ R.R.-. loeous. LIST OF QEOLOQICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN TEXAS AND INDIAN TERRITORY. Iroad. 1 Measures. « (( if S^rook in this iiiles of Tisho. B. H. L. 20. Quaternary. 20 0. Alluvium 18. Cretaceous. 18 b. Upper Creta. 11 20 b. Port Hudson. ii 18 a. Lower Creta. li 20 a. Stratified Drift. 16 Triassic. i 16. Triassic? J19 b: Miocene or 14. Carboniferous.* 14. Coal Measures. 19. Tertiary. \ Qrand Quif 2. Lower Silurian.* 2. Cambrian. jat Northern K. it. International ft Great Northern K. R. Ms. Gulf IJ ivision. Alt. Mh. San Antonio iJivision— Con. Alt. • ••• OalTeston. 20. Quat. Pt. Hudson. » 119 Rockdale. 19. Ter., a. Eoce. *«• HoustOD. (1 S3 146 Taylor. 18. Cretaceous. C 19. Tertiary, 102 Round Rook. .1 720 28 Spring. b. Miocene. 128 181 Austin. II 477 (Grand Gulf. 1 212 San Marcos. II 47 Willis. (( 381 230 New Braunfels. II 66 Phelps. t< 377 261 San Antonio.^ 11 68 3 78 Riyerside.' H 169 •274 Medina. (1 85 Trinitj. 11 234 316 Pearsall. 19. Ter., a. Eocene. 99 Loyelady. 19. Ter., a. Eoce. 300 331 Frio. (( 114 Crockett. t< 350 576 Encinal. II 127 Grapeland. « 480 394 Webb. 11 189 Rlkhart. ialestiae. II 390 493 416 Laredo.^ (1 162 Troupe. Tyler. Mineola. urne. The Lower Cross Timber Belt passes east of town. Professor B. P. Whitfield says, Fort Worth is an excellent locality for Cretaceous fossils. 11. Peeos. Dr. R. H. Loughridge, in his U. 8. Census Cotton Report, describes the several chains of almost treeless mountains m Western Texas, west of the Pecos River, as largely granite, with ac- companying sandstones and limestones. In some of the mountains characteristic eruptive rocks are reported as penetrating the later formations, and rising above them in huge masses or forming ver- tical columns, as in the Organ Mountains near El Paso. 12. Sierra Blanea. The great mountain ranges consist, first, next the Pacific coast, and lying flrom ten to two hundred miles distant from it, the Cordelleras or Coast range, and second the Sierra Ne- vada, for which see the California chapter. The third is an irregular ill-defined chain, the Sierra Madre, and at El Paso we encounter the western flank of the fourth great mountain chain, the Rocky Mountains, which terminate in what is called the Organ Mountain. Ooing east from El Paso, AS.) TEXAS. 41 f irond. Ifiiun— Cbn. Alt. aceoiig, 1 1 4 •• 4»4 " 468 er , a. drift, iceous. «2i Jr., a. drift." « 4 )niferou8.(?) " 1299 » un My Creta. i< < teouB. I I I ns are chief- the mount* part Pal- Carbon.) in Jtive. >n. nbered with 'aco. ith which it persed with n border of i district of «t and loTel loam, some- >pear a few fngs whose ly leTel.ex- id is black; k after sum- and. ^rg, in Gil- kbout eight dred yards >n it in the und in this and form •ofessor R. )nkl chains B, with ac- s roclts are ■niing Ter- ming fi-om Sierra Ne- Ihe Sierra !hain, the n £i Paso, Mr. Texas A Pselflo Railrond. Southern A Rio Orande Division— Can. Alt. 777 Sierra Blanco.>* 18. Cretaceous, *»>^ 828 Porter. PlainB, Mts., »»*> 8B2 Rio Orande. Paloe. and erup,* * " * 857;YBleta. << 3U«4 869ElPa80.i» \ 140 1 New York, Texas Sc Mexican Railroad. Rosenberg. 20 Wharton, 92 Victoria. f 20. Quaternary, \b. Port Hudson, loe {20. Quaternary, c. Alluvium, f 20. Quaternary, \b. Port Hudson. »» OalveMton, Harrlsbnrg A San Antonio R. B. Tt' xas A New Orlea ns Division. 20. Quaternary, b. Port Hudrion. » ^ « 4 8 •< 4 7 II II 10 41 63 83 105 10 34 53 70 86 102 111 148 158 180 185 216 241 266 287 308 343 350 Houston, Liberty, Sour Lalce. Beaumont. Orange. Houston. Pierce Junction. Richmond. East Bernard, Eagle Lalie. Columbus. Weimar. Schulenburg. Harwood. Luling. Seguin. Marion. San Antonio.* Lacoste. Hondo. Sabinal. Uvalde. Anacacho. SpoflFord June, . .1 '. , / it' 412 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (TEX.) iKi : Galveaton, HArrliburg & Ssn Antonio R. K. 6alT<>8ton, HMrlibarg Se San Antonio R. R. iltt. Texas ft New Orleans BIy.— Continued. Alt. Ms. Texas 4 New Orleans Div.— Continued. Alt. 387 Del Rio. 18. Cretaceous. Harwood ( 19. Tertiary, a. Eoc. \ (Grand Gulf.)*«» Pocoa River." « 450 Shumla. Langtry. 1413 1304 Gonzales. >i 2 7« 462 Pierce June. 20. Quat, b.Pt.Hud.8» 491 Loxier. Thurston. It « 1535 1911 8 8 Harrisburg. II 8 8 • >••• Spafford June. 18. Cretaceous. b»4 Sandeiaon.i^ 2774 33 Eagle Pass. 19.Ter., a. Eoc. (?)»»• 669 Roaenfield. « 3665 566 578 Maxon Springs. Taberi» Raymond. « « 3538 3806 8883 Onlf, Colorado Se Santa Fe Railroad. b';9 Galyeston. 20. Quat., b. PtHud. » Warwick. « 4071 43 Areola. II C6 696 Marathon. i( 4043 64 Richmond. II 7 3 626 Murphysville. « 4485 94 Sealy. << 189 663 663 Maria. Aragon. « « 4692 4899 107 Belleville. / 19.Tertiary, b. Mtoc. 1 (Grand Gulf.) »«2 • 1 801 689 Valentine. ^< s * > 4424 126 Brenham. 720 Haskell. "i^i 4018 141 Somerville. 11 767 Sierra Blanca.i* 4.'>12 168 Caldwell. " a.Eoc.*ii 780 Finlay. 3668 174 Milano. II 500 796 Camp Rice. 35 19 188 Cameron. " 407 ■ • ••• Porter. ^>»gS 8541 218 Temple. 18. Cretaceous. •»» 811 Rio Grande. S-S.2 3564 242 McGregor. II 836 Ysleta. H o e g 3664 270 Clifton. II 6 70 848 El Paso." S:Si 3713 280 287 Meridian. Morgan. II 79r Columbus. ( 19. Tertiary, \ (Grand G b. Mice. II 7 84 ulf.)"« 317 Cleburne. 10 II 983 31 La Grange.*' h to know something of the general character of the river valley forming the Mexican boundary. The Rio Grande, from El Paso to the mouth of the Pecos River, south of Langtry station, is oharac- teriied by extensive cahons. The river presents a series of basins, more or less extensive, with descending steps and then a cation. The scenery is unsurpassed for singularity and grandeur. Seventy miles below El Paso, south of Sierra BlancsL the Eagle Springs Mountains converge, and the river makes its way through them in deeply cut chasms, exposing the geological structure in sec- tional fikoes presentied by its precipitous walls. At the gigantic cation of San Carlos, twenty miles long, the river presents unbroKen walls of limestone, from 200 to a perpendicular height of 1,600 feet. A taint conception only can be formed of the truly awfiil character of tne chasm, which in aaoending begins 85 miles and ends 105 miles above the mouth of the Pecos River, and is far flrom the railroads. Another, the San Vincente cation, is below the great bend to the northward of the Rio Grande, and equals the San Carlos in many places in rug^edness and grandeur.^ These cations were rojported by Lieut. Emor traversing 8 scale, what in Spanlsfi , . . .- . . . river is f^om 80 to 300 feet wide, and at a few points narrows down to 25 or 30 feet, where of oourse it IS very deep and rapid.— JZep. Mex. Boundary Com. 17. TViotr The igneous rocks. From the commencement of the table land in going westward on this road, broad Delts of the Cretaceous formation occur, interrupted here and there by isolated dykes or mounds of trap or other igneous rocks, of modern age, producing a greater or less degree of .) TEXAS. 418 Antonio R. b. Continued. Alt. rtiary, aTEoc^ andGulf.)46j . b. Ft.Hud.8f SI oeous! ^Eoo. (?) »oo Railroad. ary, b.Mtoc. dOulf.) 262 301 a.Eoo. 19. Ter., b. Mio. (?) " (?) (G'dGulf.) " a. Eocene. *"« Rio Grande Railroad. 0| Brownsville. 22 Point Ysabel. 20.Quat.,b.Pt.Hud.»» Fort Worth & Denver City Railroad. 14 25 40 51 59 68 89 95 114 Fort Worth. 10 Calef. Rhone. Decatur. Alvord. Sunset. Bowie. Alma. Henrietta. Witchita Falls. 18. Cretaceous. «"» i< 20.Quat.(?) 14. Carboniferous tis metamorphism of the Cretaceous strata. Toward the west the igneous rocks, which flrst appear in small isolated knolls, gradually assume more importance and expand into long belts. In the Limpia range the second east of £1 Paso, these rocks become a mountain chain, having an elevation of 6,000 feet, and extending hundreds of miles north and south. These igneous protusions are composed of greenstone or basalt.— /d«m. 18. Lagrange. A high bluff of Grand Gulf sandstone on south side of the Colorado River ; heavy Band beds of Quaternary drift on the north of town. 19. Lampasae. A large sulphur sprint* here. iiO. Pena. The Sandy Desert is a broai area of white sand, commencing about 20 miles south- west of Corpus Christi, extending northweuterly nearly to the Colorado, and up that river to near Eagle Pass, in a wedge shape. In many places it forms hills from 50 to 100 feet above the grassy plain, and being of a light yellow color are visible at a great distance. 21. The OroM Timbers. The peculiar belt of timbered country in Texas, and extending from the BnuBos Into the Indian Territory and to the Arkansas River, is of undetermined age ; but, what- ever may underlie the top material at 20 or 30 feet, or perhaps less, it can hardly be questioned that the ferruginous sandstones, p' bble conglomerates, sands, and clays that form the surface material, are Quaternary. Their origin will be a matter of doubt until their extent northward is fully ascertained. '-(., r Hi 414 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. This blank space is intended for additional geological notes in pencil by the traveler. r , * ... Jl ■ ' MEXICO. 416 §itiikfi. GENERAL NOTE ON THE CEOLOGY OF MEXICO. As lone ago aa 1830, William Maclure, the father of American geology, visited Mezioo otA re- ported in the American Journal of Science, that "the regular order of original stratification was so much deranged throughout that country b^ the intimate and freauent alternations of ; olcanio rocks, as to have subverted the original order of nature, and to have changed the class everv mile. This leaves the geologist in doubt concerning the sub-strata, and would reduce most of his investigations to hypothetical results." In the previous year, probably the same observer reported in the same journal : " Lava, volcanic tufa, tracnyte, clay-slate and a little granite, with porphyry, are predominant rocks in Mexico. Volcanic tufa, trachyte and lava form about ninety-nine hundredths of the coufatry. It affords an extensive field of volcanic rocks, none of which appear to be recent, nor is there any volcano in activity," His travels may have only extended from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. Not being able to procure a detailed report or the geology along the lines of the several Mexican railroads, such general information is here given as to some localities as could be collected from the reports of travelers, and in attempting this, some valuable and unexpected contributions have been received from some of the Pennsylvania geologists, rendering important aid in an almost hopeless task. The reader is also referred to the notes on Texas as to the formations found along the United States and Mexican boundary, which, together with what is given in the chapters on New Mexico and California, will throw some light on the great table-land of Mexico, now traversed by the Mexican Central and other railroads. Also, see the Qeneral Note on the Geology of the Far West. In Mexico the altitudes are an interesting study. At the United Stiates and Mexican boundary the lowest depression of the great table-land occurs, but even that is nearly 4,000 feet above the sea. North of this it ascends again even In the valley to 7,000 feet, and near the 49th parallel it is again depressed. South of the boundary line the plateau rises rapidly to the table-land of Mexico, where the mountains assume a loftier and more rugged and diversified appearance than on the Texas side. In the more northern portions of Mexico the deposits in the valleys seem to be Tertiary, and farther south they are probably the same, and from the prevalence of volcanio deposits portions of them may be metamorphosed. We have no reports of the Cretaceous. The mountains show surprising developments of Carboniferous limestone, and of Huronian and Laurentian formations. Probably they are an extension or repetition of the granitic, porphyritic, basaltic and other eruptive rocks, and of the Carboniferous limestone of our far western States and Territories, and the latter of very great thickness. Any differences which Mexico may discover, will probably be such as the more recent and more extensive volcanio action, and an enlargement of some of the formations would produce. There is a boundless field for geologists in Mexico, the country is being made accessible by railroads, and there is a charm abeut the unknown which imparts an interest to that which, when known, may perhaps be neither interesting nor very Important. At present there is surprisingly little generally known about the geology of Mexico, and this chapter is a first attempt in that direction. It is given as founded on imperfect observations. J. M. The Great flfountela TAble-I" 160 San Marcos.' view, 13,470 feet i high. * The roAd also posses throagh the States of Tlaycala and Mexico, but the boundary lines on the railroad are not ascertained. 161 171 M 191 '1 1. Vera Cfruz. The coast region extending between the beach at Vera Cruz alonK the Mexican Railway to the entrance into the gorged of tho high Cordillera at Atoyac, Kl'ty mile>i, is a low, sandy and marshy plain. A. F. Bandelieb.* The 19 b. Loup Fork Miocene, 2000 feet in thickness, has been proyed over a territory six miles by eighteen, in the State of Hidalgo and the adjoining parts of Vera Cruz, north of this railroad, by Professor Edw. D. Cope, who visited the region, and obtained bones and teeth of Tertiary animals. Several thin beds of coal occur in it, with shales between, apparently composed of volcanic ash and beds of excellent clay. — Am. Nat. Mag., 1885. It probably underlies this part of the railroad. (See Note 16, by Dr. H. M. Chance, as to the coal beds at Jimulco.) 2. Jcuapa. There is a branch railroad from Vera Cruz to Jalapa, and the table land and mount- ains at that place are reported to be principally limestone, doubtless the same with the Carboniferous limestone on the Mexican Central Railroad. There are many marble quarries, and some sandstone or quartzite. 3. Atoyae. The Cordillera presents an abrupt dark-green front of loftv mountains, above which towers the snow-clad Orizaba. The railway enters the highlands through the narrow and very pictur- esque pass of the Atoyac, and the scenerv changes. In appalling curves we wind our wa^^ upwards througn groves, along fearful cha.sms and slopes covered with the most luxuriant vegetation of the tropics. It is the landscape of the tropics, resting, as it were, on the Southern Alps, where they descend towards the plains of Lombardy. The summit of Orizaba rises above the glorious landscape of this wonderful region, like a cone of molten silver, in a cloudless sky. A. F. B. .4 Cordoba. Much of the superficial formations of this part of Mexico must necessarily be of vol- canic origin. The plains and valleys in many places owe their present topography and physical basis to the wasting of the high volcanoes, whose ruins and debris constitute the soil, being volcanic detritus or Rand. These masses of volcanic debris thin out as they spread eastward to a fertile layer of bla?!c volcanic soil of a landy appearance, reaching nearly to the eastern brow of the table- land at tho lllo Atoyac. A. F. B. 5. Orizaba. Here the giant, of which glimpses were before obtained, bursts out into full view. The railroad at this city is 4,028 feet above tide, and the mountain 17,3G8 feet, and is twenty-five English miles distant to the N. N. E. A. F. B. 6. MtUtrata. From Orizab(^ the ascent by the rosA increases in steepness, and the scenery grows correspondingly wilder. The graceful palms gradually disappear, and beyond Maltrata tne rise becomes extremely rapid. We are left in doubt as to which should be most admired— the sublime ? grandeur of nature, or the remarkable efforts of man to improve every chance, every inch almost, or establishing safe, rapid transit. 7. Boea del Monte. We pass through tunnel after tunnel, until at last Boca del Monte is reached. The air blows cool, even chilly ; dark pines cover the mountain sides, and on our right towers, in close proximity, the summit of the Volcano of Orizaba. Less than nine hours have carried us one hun- dred and seven English miles by the railroad, but a horizontal basis of less than fifty miles: and in altitude through three zones, representing a vertical stratum of 8,000 feet. We have passed through a series of changes and contrasts in vegetation and climate of the most striking kind, and perfectly characteristic of Mexico. A. F. B. 8. Esperama. The region through which the road passes in the vicinity of Esperanza, is a cold, /ather barren looking highland, without any of the wildly picturesque scenery of the lower mount- ains; but the change is so sudden, that its very bleakness, with enormous prickly pears, dwarfish and ill-shapen palms, and tall maguey plants as types of vegetation, and the gigantic pyramid of Orizaba towering in full view to the east, has the effect of a successfully performed change in theat- rical scenery. A. F. B. 9. San Marcos. A downward grade is struck beyond Esperanza, the highest point is passed at Guadalupe, and then the insensible and gradual decline to the central basin of Mexico begins. More and more the isolated peak of Malinche or Perote becomes prominent above the surrounding land- scape. It is 13,470 feet (English) above sea level. 10. ffuamantla. Beyond Huamantia the traveler is treated to a change in scene>^ again, and on^jof avery peculiar nature. Two remarkable sights burst into view almost simultaneously; the two great volcanic peaks of Mexico looming up like immense monuments. The most northerly, * Arohseological Tour in Hexioo. :o.) MEXICO. 417 Alt. freat volcano ilea to N, E., 8 feet. » » » a Mt. near e i^, N. E. »»a4 Mt. to E.'»4i hysical basis ;ing volcanic J to a fertile of the table- A. F. B. Jto full view, i twenty-five A. P. B. senery grows ate the rise :the sublime inch almost, > Is reached, 'ers, in close IS one hun- iles: and in led through d perfectly A. P. B. ^ is a cold, 'er mount- 's, dwarfish pyramid of e in theat- i. P. B. passed at ins. More ding land- »gain, and Jusly; the northerly, Ms. Mexican Railway.— Continued. Alt. 161 177 186 198 206 216 221 225 229 236 243 263 Huamantla.^o Apizaco. ' » 1 ' Guadalupe. * » ' * Soltepec. Apam. Irolo. Ometusco. La Palma. Otumba.io San Juan Teotih Tepexpan. Mexico.il ' The two greatest volcanoes come in view to E. and con- tinue BO to city of Mexico, to E.,S.W., S. and S. E. Vol., and recent. » * ' « « 8 04 6 li l< « uacan. " * * '" 20. Quat., and recent. « 784 7 Ferrooarll Central Mexicano, or Mexican Ms. Central Railroad. Alt 7 11 13 17 22 29 33 39 50 58 Dist. Fed e rail Mexico. 12 Tlalnepantla. Barrientos. - Lecheria. Cuautitlan. Teoloyucan. Huehuetoca. Nochistongo. Hidalgo. El Salto. Tula. San Antonio. 20. Quaternary. o o « « li II li > 7140 TSSl T64r 1S9% f ato 739> 7410 7875. li 709S i< 6660 Lauren, or Huro. ''^i* Ysac-tepetl, or White Woman, commonly called the Sierra Nevada, presents a serrated ridge covered with perpetual snow, and resting on a broad platform, which very gradually descends into dark forests. It has three summits; the northern, the highest, is 15,662 feet. While this mountain is lower than Popocatepetl, it is much more massive, its base bemg twice as long. From the west its long, icy crest appears, strikingly like a woman in her last repose, m a white shroud, lying on her back upon a steep- sided platform. The other, Popocatepetl, or Smoke Mountain, lies south of the former, and therefore at a greater distance from the railroad. It appears as a perfect cone, slightly truncated, or rataer with a cup-shaped summit. This concavity is the line of the crater hero visible lengthwise, this part of the wall having fallen in, in the year 1664, whereas from Puebia it disappears, the top of the mountain rising above it to a sharp point. The height of Popocatepetl is 17,682 feet, being 314 feet higher than Orizaba. It thus appears to be the highest point of Mexico and of North America. The crater of Popocatepetl is a valufible mine of native sulphur. Its vast cup has a diameter of half an English mile, with such precipitous sides that it is considered impossible to descend into it, unless by means of a rope and crane. The skeleton or frame of the mountain is formed of dark porphyritic and basaltic rocks, while its ribs and protuberances are covered over and smoothed down by an enormous deposit of volcanic BQoriGB, to which is due the regular form of the peak. The rock of the other mountain is more com- rtact. lighter colored, sometimes reddish, seldom amygdaloid, or spongy and very uniform. The imits of vegetation reach to about one-half the height of the mountain, a vast forest of pines of various species. Above this for two or three thousand feet the slopes are composed of dark gray or dirty red volcanic sand, with few crags and rocks protruding. Above this begins the ever-varying snow line, above which eternal snows cover the final slopes of the volcano, wherever they are not too Btuep to permit its lodging. Geologists state that Popocatepetl has had no eruption or emission of lava for centuries, but earthquake shocks occur every year in its \ icinity, and the neighboring inhabitants are occasionally startled by dull sounds, like a plaintive moaii 'Utered by a sleeping giant. History records the emission of smoke at various times. It is a teo'inus, but not in the least degree dangerous, Journey to ascend it and stand on the brink of the crater, a yawning caldron in which the smoke of the three solfataras may be seen often mingled with the w^ i. ling cloudsof a regular snow fall. The two summits of Popocatepetl and Ystac-cihuatl are c ^nnected by an apparently eroded ridge, which presents itself like a deep gap, notwithstanding its mean altitude of 10,000 feet, so that they shoot up in bold relief like perfectly isolated masses. Their bases are hid by lower mountains running northward, and the railroad rounds the outer spur of these ranges in order to descend into the valley of Mexico from the northeast. We, therefore, see the volcanoes in the course of six hours, in going from Vera Cruz to Mexico, successively from the east, northeast, north, and finally upon reaching the city of Mexico from the northwest. It was while Cort^z and his Spaniards were yet in the higher timbered regions of Popocatepetl, they enjoyed that first glorious view of the valley and the lakes which Prescott has so graphically described. A. V. B. 11. Mexico. Few countries inspire so varied an interest as the valley of Mexico. It is the site of an ancient civilization of American people, and recollections the most affecting are associated with the city of Mexico and more ancient monuments, such as the Pyramids of Teotchuacan, dedicated to the sun and moon. Those who have (ttudied the history of the conquest, delight to trace the military positions of Cort^z and of the Tlascaltee army. The naturalist contemplates with interest the immense elevation of the Mexican table-land, and the extraordinary form or a chain of porphy- ritic and basaltic mountains which surround the valley like a circular wall. He perceives that the whole valley is at the bottom of a dried up lake. The basins of fresh and salt water which fill the centre of the plain, and the five marshes, are to the eye of the geologist the small remains of a great mass of water which formerly covered the whole valley. Humboldt. The valley of Mexico, however beautiful it may appear under certain aspects of light, is in fact the remnant, not of a deep mountain-lake, but of an enormous marsh, formed by the accumulation, without natural outlet, of the waters collected on the tops and running down the slopes of the high ranges surrounding it. In the very centre of the Lake of Tezcoco flat barges or scows sometimes are in winger of grounding. The descriptions furnished by eye witnesses of the conquest by Cort^z, of the beauty and fertility of the Mexican valley, need not surprise us. The effect from a distance, on a clear day, in the limpid and transparent sky of these altitudes, 7,349 English feet above sea-level, is •nchanung. To the little hand of Spaniards, traveling along the lake shore by the sides of the culti- vated patches which the Indians had grouped aroundtheir puablos, near the placid water, the first which they had seen since leaving the coast, the sight must have been charming. And when, through the filling up of the marsh, partn of it became transformed into sober corn fields, we need not wonder •t the regret expressed by some respecting the change. It was the feeling which we ourselvea •sperienee at seeing the picturesque supplanted by the useAil. A. F. B. 413 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MEXICO.) lii .) ■.■:■■•> If. i \&l m (•'■ ■! 4t:1 ITerrooMiil C«iitral Mezloano, or Mexloan rerrooarll Central Mexioano, or Mexloan Ms. Central Kailroad, —Con. Alt. Ms. Central Railroad.— Cbn. Alt. Mexico. 229 Villalobos. 8»" f The geology, as far 70 Angeles. '9i» Lena. »i<»» The geology, 80 far 238 Silao "a* ■J as known, is given 74 ■ as known, is given 249 Trinidad. »»•♦ ( in the notes. in the notes. 258 Leon. (( 5859 Hidalgo. 268 Francisco. S " 5790 76 Marquez. ' « 7961 Jalisco. 81 Nopala. S aurentian ■s are Ter- north also mttes" or ote 15.) n those to t«8. This la, twenty 98 east of M.C. wrently a »y, etc. to uico, and uidprob- Ferrotwrll Central Mexloano, or Mexloi«n Ms. Central Railroad.— Con. Alt. 498 607 615 628 644 656 568 581 696 609 624 637 662 662 671 Gutierrez. Canitas. Cedro. La Colorada. Pacheco. Quzman. Qonzalez. Camancho. Coahuilai San I^idoro. Symon. La Mancha. Calvo. Peralta. Jimulco.^ • Jalisco. 4181 4042 DurangOi 680 Pioardias Coahuilai 696 Matamoros. Durango 709 Lerdo. 720 Noe. 782Mapimi.i» 747Peronal.»» 761 Conejos,* * 775 Yermo. 787 Saez. Chihuahua. 798 Zavalza. 807 Escalon. 819|Rellano. 832!Corralitos. Huronian Sohists.^'^' «S8S 64S9 • 421 • 197 O'" 57e5 8461 e oo « -S • ^ fl 4> HI sP-sri .§ 6991 5147 SllO 8003 4439 (Mountains of enor- mously thick beds of Up. Carbon. • 968 8798 • 726 3664 36*4 « 36* Noteon thevalleys' « » ^(M n 376 ^ a » S § g as oo « s a 5 1 8802 • 899 89 41 43 47 Ferroosrll Central Mcxloano, or Mezleaii Mr. Central Railroad.— Cbn. Alt. 844 853 865 877 889 898 908 921 981 941 945 960 971 985 999 1014 1023 1030 1043 1051 1060 1072 1085 1103 1112 1120 1129 1136 1150 Dolores. Jimenez. La Reforma. Diaz. Bustamante. Santa Rosalia. La Cruz. Concho. Saucillo. Las Delieias. Ortiz. 19 Bachimba. Horcasitas. Mapula. Chihuahua.* Sacramento Torreon. Sauz. Encinillas. Agua Nueva. Laguna. Puerto. Oallego. Chivatito. Montezuma. Las Minas. Ojocaliente.** Carmen. San Jose. Valley 20ms wide«»»« Mt. 1. B. to south. «>•! « 4412 " 4261 << 4127 r Hills of Amigdaloid \ Basalt. *oai / Same wide val. run- \mngN.E.&S.W»»»» «( 4003 (Limestone instead of the prevailing por- phyry. «»»! « 88 s» « 8 79f « 414T f Narrow pass 6 miles \ long and 1 mile 448* 4961 4«S4 49S« 5221 5183 ( wi(te. See Note. ■^^^ »,?''* 2 ^ d s ■- 3 S)«8;3 .5 fc s 5032 5011 sosa 5811 682r 4857 4536 4324 4046 Porphyritic rocks"*' 391S © 2 ^ g 17. Mapimi, lies in an eastern corner of the valley, surrounded by high mountains, in which sil- ver mines are worked. Five miles south of it the jBoIson de Mapini begins, beyond a caflon, a very largo open level valley, like a pouch or pocket, whence the name. A steeo high limestone mountain on the east, and another chain to the left. W. 18. Ptronal and Cone^jos. This whole country is one large network of encasea valleys, connected with each other by good mountain passes and detiles. Some of the mountains are compact lime- stone. W. 19. Mendoza. From the topographical appearance of the mountains and the natural escarpments seen all along the road for three hundred miles from above Chihuahua, to i^ithin fifty mileB of Zaca- teaas. Dr. Chance thinks the mountain rocks to be of similar character throughout this distance to those at Jimuico, namely, a very heavy formation of . letamorphic Upper Carboniferous limestone. 20. Chihuahua was settled m 1691, and has a beautiful site amidst a circle of mountains opening to the south, with its churciiea and steeples, flat-roofed and commodious houses, its acqueducts and evergreen alameda. The rouks about Chihuahua, and at a point twenty miles northward, are porphyritic and trachytic, red, blue, white and gray. W. The Mountains West of Chihuahua. Dr. Wislizenus was, during the Mexican war, detained six months a prisoners at Corihuniaehi, in the Sierra Madre Mountains, about ninety miles west of Chi- huahua. The place is 0,276 ''<)et above the sea, and the highest peak of tho chain of mountains, directly above the place, called the Bufa, a prominent landmark, is 7,918 feet. This is in the very heart of the Sierra Madre, and there were some renowned silver mines there, all found in the por- phyritic rocks, the prevailing formation in this part of the country. He reports the geology of the country as quite uniform, and although he roamed in hunting for months in that vicinity over the Merra Madre, which occupies the whole western portion of the State of Chihuahua, the connecting link between the Rooky Mountains of the north and the Andes of the south, ho observed no other formations than porphyritic, except stratified limestone. These mountains contain old mines of sil- ver, gold, lead, iron and tin, which were celebrated in their day. 21. F^eanilh. Oeneral Aspect of the Oountrf/. From a short distance south of El Paso nearly to Zacatccas, some seven hundred miles, the plateau on which the railroad is built is (in 1885) little iietter than a desert. The grass is generally scattered and bunched, and there is very little gratis to be seen at all, the principal vegetation being cactus and scrubby mesquite, and there is an almost m i 420 AN AMEB JOAN OEOLOaiCAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MEXICO.) Ferrooaril Central Mexlcano, or Mexican Mexican National Railway. Ms. (Northern General Division. If Ms. Central Kailroad.— Con. Alt. Alt. nfir> Ranoheria." f Amygdaloid basalt, \ Mt. withl. a. *"» Nuevo Leon. Laredo.J 19 a. Eocene. 806 1176 Candelaria. ( Granite and por- \ phyritic Mts. ♦a*^ 1 23 Nuevo Laredo. Jarita. « 4< 1183!Lo8 Mendanos. Cliiefly limestone.*2»9 49 Rodriguez.' » LampazoB. f 19 0. Pliocene, \ 20. Quaternary or 1194Samalayuca.»» j Some granite &* ^ * * \ porpliyritic. * ^ * ' 76 1204|Tierra Blancha. 109 Bustamante.'* " Mt. granite. 1213Mosa. /Limestone, 50 »9»o \ miles. »»»» 111 Villaldame. 7580 > 24 Cima.* (Summit.) »»»* Cohahuila. ' H'?, Jajalpa. Lcrma. 209 Rinconada. « 8*81 87 « 8488 216 Los Muertos. 44 45 Toluca. 44 8 6 5 8 222 Ojo Caliente. 14 69 Ixtlahuaca. 44 8 4 2 3 226 Santa Maria. II '98 El Oro. 44 8844 240 Santillo. l< 6242 139 Maravatio. 44 6 612 246 Buena Vista. « 178 Acambaro. 14 6 8 4 279 Encamacion. e 19 c. Pliocene or that and Quaternary, but no fossils have yet been found, and it may be 19 b. Loup Fork Miocene. 26b The Caudeia Mountain is granite, also the Panuco, and a spur of the former reaching towards and near Bustamante. They protrude from the Upper Carboniferous. There is a large trap meaa about seven miles northeast of Caldera. P. F. 27. The limestone mountains on this road are reported, by those^ who have seen them both, to be similar to those on the Mexi^n Central (See Notes 16 and 19.) It forms steep, often rugged, moun- tains, rising on an average 2,000 feet above the plain. It is metalliferous, containing silTer and. lead mines, and has all the appearance of the limestone found at El Paso and Chihuahua, but as yet we have no report of the discovery here of any fossils. 28. Agtuuealimtea. Here are famous hot springs, as indicated by the name. The place Is a celebrated resort for invalids, and one of the cleanest provincial towns in Mexico. Population reported 20,000. H. M. G. There are several other railroads in Mexico, but as yet I have learned nothing in regard to their geology.' J. H. .'/ INDEX OF RAILROADS. ay. W >e. _AIt. ao6 ocene, or Brnary. Mt. granite. 8. laae saai 5343 6X04 i before the ioufAes the I as are the e. c. ' very corn- et quartoie W. west is a )iDg eouth, leered with meg " that ise field of >i»n desert calcareous nountains a yet been g towards trap mesa P. F. loth, to be )d, moun- and. lead M yet we >lace U a Dpulation L M. G. I to their J.M. N. D.— Branohea, or minor roads, Tirlll generally be found under the name of the main or controlling line. The latest nHines, owing to the oonstant cliunges, can not always be given, but in some instances roads, given In the body of the liool^ under an old name, will be found Indexed under the new, as well as the old. Tlio Guide is in itself an Index, and tills Index is only »n additional help to the traveler. Aberdeen, Bismark and N. W., 256. Addison and Northern Penna., 171. Adirondack, 118. Alabama Central, 881. Alabama great Southern, 379. Albert, 57. Allegheny Valley, 168. Annapolis and Elk Ridge, 832. Anniston and Atlantic, 382. Arkansas Midland, 406. Arkansas Valley, 407. Ashley River, 869. Ashtabula and Pittsburgh: Pa., 169; 0.,178. Ashuelot, 91. Ashville and Spartansburg : N. C, 367; 8. C, 369.. Atchinson, Topeka and Sante Fe: Kan., 286; Col., 290; N. M, 290. Atlanta and Charlotte, 369. Atlanta and West Point, 375. Atlantic and North Carolina, 368. Atlantic and Pacific : Mo., 271 ; N. M, 323 ; Ariz , 323; Indian Ter., 408. Atlantic and Western, 894. Atlantic, Tenn., and Ohio, 868. Augusta and Knoxville, 369. Baltimore and Delaware Bay, 831. Baltimore ond Ohio: Pa., 109; 0., 178, 188, 185 ; Ind., 198 ; 111., 209 ; Del.,329 ; Md., 332; W.Va., 840; Va., 358, 363. Baltimore and Potomac: Md., 882, Va, 359. Bangor and Katahdin, I. W., 97. Bangor and Piscataquia, 88. Bangor and Portland, 171. Bath and Hammoudsport, 128. Barclay, 16'^. Barnwell, 873. Bay of Quinte, 61. Bedford and Bloomiield, 206. Beech Creek, Clearfield and S. W., 171. Bellaire Zanesville and Cincinnati, 178. Bells Gap, 172. Bennington and Rutland, 93. Blue Ridge, 871. Boston and Albany: Mass., 104 ; N.Y., 134 Boston and Lowell: N. H., 89; Vt., 93; Mass.. 101. Boston and Maine : Can., 62; Me., 89; N.H., 89; Vt., 93; Mass., 99, Boston and N. Y. Air Line, 97. Boston and Providence, 103. Boston, Barre and Gardner, 106. Bc3ton Revere, Beach and Lynn, 101. Bound Brook : N. J., 144; Pa., 165. Bradford, IJordell and Kinzua, 172. Bradford, Eldred and Cuba, 172. Brighthope, 359. Brunswick and Albany, 374. Buffalo, N. Y. and Phila., (see Western N. y. and Pa.): N. Y., 129; Pa., 166. Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh: N. Y., 128; Pa., 173. Burlington and Mo. River : Kan., 284 ; Neb., 293 ; Col., 308. Burlington and Northwestern, 245. Burlington and Western, 245. Burlington, Cedar Rapids and N., 248. Cairo, Vicennea and Chicago, 213. California Pacific, 825. California, Pacific and Northern, 825. California Southern, 328. Cambridge and Seaford, 381. Camden and Atlantic, 148. Canada Atlantic, 68. Canadian Pacific, 62, 70, 80. Canada Southern, 65. Cape Fear and Yadkin: N.C.,867; S.C, 378. Cape Girardeau South Western, 273. Carolina Central, 367. Catasauqua and Fogelsville, 172. Catskill and Mt. Cairo, 136 Central Iowa: 111., 220 ; la., 248. Central Ontario, 63. Central of N. J., 148, 144, 148, 149. Central Ohio, 178. Central Pacific, (see Southern Pacific): Nov., 310; Cal., 819, 326; Ariz., 322. Central R. R. of Georgia: S. C, 869 ; Qa., 374, Ala., 382 Central R R of S. Carolina, 369. Ceniial "veriiioul. Can., 6(^ Vt., 92. Conn., 96 ; Mass., 116 ; N. Y., 186. Central Washington, 265. Charleston and Savannah: S. C, 869, Ga., 374. Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta: N. G., 368; S. C, 370. Chateaugay, 118. Chatham Branch, 57. Chattoroi, 399. Cheraw and Chester, 870. Cheraw and Darlington, 870. Cheraw and Salisbury, 370. Cheraw and Wadesboro, 368. Cherokee R. R., 876. I il 422 INDEX OF RAILROADS. Chesapeake and Ohio: W. Va., 843, 355; Va., 858, 869; Ky., 897, 851. Chesapeake, Ohio and S. W.: Ky., fenn., 401. 898; iT'^l Mi: m Chesire, 91. Chester and Lenoir: N. C, 868; S. C, 870. Chicago and Alton : 111., 212; Mo., 271. Chicago and Atlantic: 0., 179; Ind., 204. Chicago and Canada Southern, 195. Chicago and Eastern 111.: Ind., 204; 111., 214. Chicago and Evanston, 219. Chicago and Grand Trunk : Mioh., 195 : Ind., 206. Chicago and Great Southern, 206. Chicago and Iowa: III., 211, 219. Chicago and Northwestern: Mich., 105, 197; 111., 214; Wis., 223; la., 237; Minn., 247; Dak., 254. Chicago and West Michigan, 194. Chicago, Burlington and Kansas City: la., 241 ; Mo , 272. Chicago, Burlington and Quinoy : 111., 210 ; la., 240; Mo., 273, Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska, 282. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul: III., 216; Wis., 226; la., 234; Minn., 246, 249; Dak., 263. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific: 111., 212; la., 239, 242; Mo., 270; Kan., 282. tJhicago, St. Louis and New Orleans, 387. Chicago, St. Louis and Pittsburgh: 0., 179; Ind, 199. Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha: Wis., 226; la., 242; Minn., 247; Dak., 255; Neb., 296. Cincinnati and Eastern, 179. Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley, 179. Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, 179. Cincinnati, Hamilton and Indianapolis : 0., 179; Ind., 201. Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chi- cago, 217. Cincinnati, LaFayette and Chicago, 200. Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific : Miss., 388; La., 390; Ky., 398; Tenn., 405. Cincinnati, Richmond and Cliicago, 179. Cincinnati, Richmond and Fort Wayne, 202. Cincinnati, Van Wert and Michigan, 179. Cincinnati, Wabash and Michigan, 203. Clarksburg and Weston, 346. Cleveland and Pittsburgh, 180. Cleveland, Akron and Columbus, 180. Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and In- dianapolis: 0., 179; Ind., 200. Cleveland, Loraine and Wheeling, 180. Cleveland, Youngstown and Pittsburgh, 181. Coburg, Peterborough and Mamora, 66. Columbia and Greenville, 370. Columbia and Puget Sound, 265. Columbus and Cincinnati Midland, 181. I Columbus and Eastern, 181. Columbus and Xenia, 181. Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo, 181. Concord and Portsmouth, 01. Connecticut River: N. H., 91 ; Mass., 107. Connoton Valley, 182. Corning, Cowanesque and Antrim, 170. Crown Point, 118. Cumberland and Pennsylvania, 834. Cumberland and Maurice River, 149. Cumberland Valley, 170. - T Danbury and Norwalk, 95. Danville, Mocksville and S. W., 868. Danville, Olney and Ohio River, 220. Dayton and Michigan, 182. Dayton and Union, 182. Delaware and Bound Brook, 144. Delaware and Chesapeake, 331. Delaware and Hudson Canal Co.: N. Y., 116; Pa., 171. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western : N. Y., 120; N. J., 142; Pa., 160. Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, 880. Delaware River, 149. Delaware Railway, 330. Denver and Rio Grande : Col., 804* U., 818. Denver, Texas and Gulf, 808. Denver, Utah and Pacific, 308. Des Moines and Fort Dodge, 242. Des Moines, Osceola and Southern, 246. Detroit and Eel River, 200. Detroit, Grand Haven and Milw., 198. Detroit, Hillsdale and Southwestern, 194. Detroit, Lansing and Northern, 194. Detroit, Mackinaw and Marquette, 197. Dubuque and Dakota, 245. Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic, 196, 197. Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley and Pittsburgh : N. Y., 127 ; Pa., 167. East Alabama and Cincinnati, 882. East Broad Top, 170. Eastern, 99. Eastern Extension, 68. Easton and Amboy, 144. Eastern Kentucky, 399. East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia: Ga., 374, 376; Ala., 381; Miss., 888; Tenn., 403. East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia S. W., 404. East Tennessee and Western North Caro- lina: N. C, 368; Tenn., 403. Elberton Air Line, 377. Elk River, (W. Va.,) 850. Elmira, Cortland and Northern, 128. Erie and Pittsburgh, 168. Eureka and Palisade, 316. Eureka Springs, 407. Evansville and Terra Haute, 204. Evansville, Owensboro and Nashville, 400. INDEX OF RAILROADS. 42§ oledo, 181. Ilass., 107. ,170. 84. 149. 68. 20. .: N. Y., m: N.Y., i, 880. U., 818. 1, 246. 198. ern, 194. ,197. 196, 197. tsburgh : leorgia : 9., 888; rgia S. 1 Caro- B,400. Fairmount, Morgantown and PittBburgh, 848. Fitchburg: MasB, 105; N. Y., 185. Flint and Pere Marquette, 198, 196. Florida Central and Peninsular, 392. Florida Southern, 893. Florida, Johnstown and Gloversville, 130. Fort Madison and Northwestern, 245. Fort Wayne and Jackson, 202. Fort Wayne, Miuicie and Cincinnati, 203. Fort Worth and Denver City, 413. Freehold and New York, 147. Freeinont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley : S. Dak., 260; Neb., 290, 313; Wy., 313. Fulton Co., 220. Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio: La.. 391; Tex., 411. Gauley River, (W. Va.) Geneva, Ithnca and Sayra, 122. Georgetown, 409. Georgetown and L.ane8, 371. Georgia Pacific, 383. Georgia R, R., 875. Gettysburg and Harrisburg, 166. Gralton and Greenbrier. 346. Grand Gulf and Fort Gibson, 389. Grand Rapids and Indiana: Mich., 192; Ind., 202. Grand Rapids, Newaygo and L. S., 194. Grand Southern, 57. Grand Tower and Carbondale, 217. Grand Trunk: Can., 68, 02, 65; N. H., 89; Mich., 195, 197. Green Bay, Winona and St. Paul, 229. Green Pond Mine, 141. Greenwich and Johnsonvillo, 135. Greenwood, Laurens and Spartansburg, 373. Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe, 412. Gulf, Western Texas and Pacific, 411. Halifax and Scotland Neck, 367. Hannibal and St. Joseph, 207. Hanover Jc, Hanover and Gettysburg, 170. Harrisburg and Potomac, 173. Hartford and Connecticut Western : Conn., 95; N. Y., 134. Havana Rantoul and Eastern, 221. Hot Springs, 4U0. Housatonio: Conn., 95; Mass., 107. Houston and Texas Central, 411. Houston, East and West Texas, 413. Huntingdon p.nd Broad Top, 170. Illinois and St. Louis, 217. Illinois Central: 111., 209, 221; la., 236; Miss., 387; La., 390- Ky., 400; Tenn., 402. Illinois Midland, 217. Indiana, Bloomington and Western: 0., 182; Ind., 200, 205,207; 111,217. Indiana, Illinois and Southern, 220. Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, 221. Indianapolis and St. Louis: Ind., 201: III., 220. Indianapolis, Cincinnati and LaFayette. 201. Indianapolis, Decatur and Springfield, 217. Intercolonial, 52. International, 66. International and Great Northern, 409. Iowa Central, see Central Iowa. Jacksonville and Atlantic, 394. Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River, 393. Jacksonville Southeastern, 217, 220. Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West, 394. Jaraesville and Washington, 868, Jefferson, Madison and Indianapolis, 201. Kaaterskill, 186. Kankakee and Seneca, 219. Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis: Mo., 273; Kan., 284; Ark., 407. Kansas City, Wyandotte and N. W., 283. Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs : la., 242; Mo., 272. Kentucky and South Atlantic, 400. Kentucky Central, 399. Kentucky Union, 399. Kingston and Pembroke, 66. Knox and Lincoln, 88. Lackawanna and Pittsburgh, 130. Lake Erie and Western: 0., 182; Ind., 207; 111., 219. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern : N. Y,, 128; Pa., 167; 0., 182; Mich., 191, 194; Ind., 198,202; 111., 217. Laurens, 371. Lawrence and S. W., 278. Lehigh and Hudson River: N. Y., 130; N. J., 145. Lehigh and Lackawanna, 173. Lehigh Valle": N. Y., 122; N. J., 144; Pa., 101. Ligonier Valley, 172. Litchfield, Carrolton and Western, 220. Little Kanawha River, 350. Little Miami, 183. Little Rock and Fort Smith, 406. Long Island, 130. Los Angeles and San Diego, 328. Louisiana and Texas, 391. Louisville and Great Southern, 378. Louisville and Nashville: Ind., 204; 111., 218; Ala., 378, 381; Miss., 389; La., 890; Fla., 392; Ky., 396, 400; Tenn, 402. Louisville, Evansville and St. Louis : Ind., 203,206; 111., 219. Louisville, New Albany and Chicago, 208, 205. 424 INDEX OP RAILROADS. !t Hi"-' Ik' Jflt: I i,:' Louisville, Now Orleana and Texas: Miss., 880; La , 801. Maine Central: Me., 87, 89; N. H., 89. Manchester and Laurence, 01. Manchester and North Weare, 91. Manitoba and N. W. of Canada, 77. Manitoba Southwestern, 78. Marietta and Cincinnati, 183. Marietta, Pittsburgh and Cleveland, 183. Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon, 196. I laryland Central, 335. Meadville and Linesville, 172. Memphis and Charleston, 380. Memphis and Little Rook, 406. Mexican, 416. Mexican Central, 417. Mexican National: Tex., 413; Mex., 420. Michigan and Ohio, 196. Michigan Central: N. Y., 129; Mich., 190, 195,197; Ind., 108; 111,217. Midland North Carolina, 8G8. Milton and Sutherlin, 3(38. Milwaukee and Northern, 230. Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western, 230. Minneapolis and St. Louis : la., 245 ; Minn., 248. Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic, 232. Mississippi and Tennessee, 887. Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska, 268. Missouri, Kansas and Texas — now Missouri Paciiio: Mo., 268; Kan., 278,279; Neb., 296; La., 891; Ark., 406; L T., 408; Tex., 418. Mobile and Alabama Grand Trunk, 881. Mobile and Girard, 381. Mobile and Montgomery, 881. Mobile and Ohio: Ala, 381; Miss., 887; Ky., 400; Tenn., 4u2. Monadnock, 91. Monongahela River, 848. Montana Central, 264. Montgomery and Eufaula, 881. Montgomery and Southern, 382. Montour, 174. Montpelier and Wells, 91. Montrose, 162. Morgan's Louisiana and Texas, 891. Mount Alto, 173. Nashville and Chattanooga, 880. Nashville and Decatur, 880. Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis, 403. Natchez, Jackson and Columbus, 887. Naugatuok, 95. Nebraska: Kan., 284; Neb., 298. Nevadah County, 824. Newark and Delaware City, 829. Newark and Patterson, 141. Newark and New York, 148. Kew Brunswick, 55. . , Newburg, Dutchess and Columbus, 184. New Canaan, 95. New Haven and North Hampton: Conn.. 97; Mass., 106. New Jersey and New York: N. Y., 127: N. J, 141. ' New Jersey Southern, 148. New London Northern, 106. New Orleans and Northeastern, 888. New York and Greenwood Lake, 142. New York and Long Branch, 147. New York and Massachusetts, 184. New York and New England : Conn., 96, Mass., 103; N. Y., 185. New York and Northern, 132. New York Central and Hudson River, 110, 132. New York, Chicago and St. Louis: N. Y., 128; 0., 183; Ind., 206. New York, Lake Erie and Western : N. Y., 124; N. J., 141; Pa., 169. New York, New Haven and Hartford: Conn., 94, 95, 97; N. Y., 188. New York, Ontario and Western, 123. New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio: N. T- 125; Pa., 160; 0., 188. New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk, 381. New York, Pittsburgh and Chicago, 174. New York, Rutland and Montreal, 133. New York, Susquehanna and Western N. Y., 130; N.J., 140; Pa., 173. New York, Texas and Mexican, 411. Norfolk and Western, 857. Norfolk Southern, 368. Northeastern, 371. Northeastern of Georgia, 376. Northern and Northwestern, 61. Northern of Canada, 66. Northern Central: N. Y., 121; Pa., 158; Md., 332. Northern of New Jiersey, 140. Northern Pacific: Minn., 249, 258; Dak., 255,258; Mon., 269; Id, 261; Wash., 262. Northern Pacific Coast, 826. Northshore, 60. Northwestern Ohio, 184. Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain, 136. Ohio and Mississippi: 0., 184; Ind., 202, 206; 111., 218. Ohio Central: O., 184; W. Va., 846. Ohio River, 846, 848. Ohio Southern, 184. Old Colony, 102. <. Olympia and Chehalis Valley, 266. ■,■- Orange Belt, 893. Oregon and California, 816. Oregon Central, 817. Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. : Or.» 262,817; Wash., 266. Oxford and Henderson, 368. INDEX OF RAILROADS. 426 888. 142. 7. a. Conn., 96, liver, 110, s: N. Y., n: N. Y., Hartford: 123. lo: N.Y^ rfolk, 381. go, 174. 1, 183. Westem 173. 11. Pa., 168; •8; Dak., ; Wash., 186. td., 202, 16. .: Or., Paoiflo Coast, 828. PainesTille and Youngstown, 186. Passumpsio: Can., 62; Vt., 98. Peaohbottom, 166. Pennsylvania : N. J., 144 ; Pa., 162. Pennsylvania and Delaware, 829. Pennsylvania and N. Y, Canal Co., 122. Pensaoola and Atlantic, 892. Peoria, Decatur and Evansville, 216. Perkiomen, 100. Petersburg, 808. Philadelphia and Atlantic City, 149. Philadelphia and Baltimore Central, 832. Philadelphia and Reading: N. J., 144; Pa., 162. Philadelphia, Newtown and New York, 178. Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore: Pa., 106; Del., 329; Md., 832. Piedmont Air Line. See Richmond and Dan- ville. Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon, 174. Pittsburgh and Lake Erie, 174. Pittsburgh ond Western : Pa., 175; 0., 185. Pittsburgh, Chartiers and Youghiogheny, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis : Pa., 169; 0., 181, 183, 186; Ind., 199; W. Va., 846. Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne and Chicago: Pa., • 108; 0., 186; Ind., 198; 111, 218. Pittsburgh, McKeesport and Yough., 174. Pomeroy and Newark, 155. Port Huron and Northwestern, 196. Portland and Ogdensburg, 89. Portland and Rochester, 88. Port Royal and Augusta, 871. Prince Edward Island, 66. Profile and Franconia Notch, 90. Providence and Worcester: Conn., 96; Mass , 104. Paget Sound, 266. Quebec and Lake St. John, 60. Quebec Central, 61. .Queen Anne's, Kent and Townsend, 831. Quincy, Missouri and Pacific, 268. Raleigh and Augusta, 866. Raleigh and Gaston, 800. Richmond and Allegheny, 869. Biohmond and Danville (Piedmont Air Line): Va., 356, 856, 858; N. C, 366; * S. C, 869; Ga., 375, 377. Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac, 366. Richmond, York River and Chesapeake, 867. Rio Grande, 418. Rochester and Lake Ontario, 129. Rook Island and Mercer Co., 219. Rock Island and Peoria, 218, 219. Aooky Mt. of Montana, 262. Rome R. R., 376. Rome, Watertown 119. and Ogdensburg, 118; St. Croix and Penobscot, 97. St. Joseph and Western, 296. St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute, 218. St. Louis and Cairo, 218. St. Louis and San Francisco: Mo., 271: Kan., 277; Ark., 407. St. Louis and Southeastern, 204. St. Louis Coal, 210. St. Louis, Creve Coeur and St. Charles, 273. St. Louis, Des Moines and Northern, 246. St. Louis, Hannibal and Keokuk, 278. St. Louis, Iron Mt. and Southern: Mo., 209, Ark., 407. St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern: la., 246; Mo. 272. St. Louis, Salem and Little Rook, 272. St. Louis, Vandalia, Terra Haute and Indianapolis: Ind., 201; 111., 219. St. Paul and Duluth, 248. St Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba: Minn., 260; Dak., 264, 250 ; Mon.,264. St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls, 261. Sacramento and Placerville, 326. Sandusky, M msfield and Newark, 185. Saginaw Valley and St. Louis, 195. Sandy River, 97. Sanford and Indian River, 894. San Francisco and Northern Pacific, 824. San Pete Valley, 316. Saratoga and Champlain, 91. Savannah and Memphis, 882. Savannah, Florida and Western, 394. Savannah, Griffin and N. Alabama, 376. Scioto Valley, 185. Seabord and Roanoke: Va., 357; N. C, 308. Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern, 266. Selma and Gulf, 381. Selma, Marion and Memphis, 382. Selma, Rome and Dalton: Ga., 376; Ala, 879. Sharpsville, 174. Shenandoah Valley, 361. Shenango and Allegheny, 108. Shepang, 95. Silver Springs, Ocala and Gulf, 394. Sioux City and Pacific: la., 242; Neb., 296; Wy., 313. Skaneateles, 116. Somerset, 88. South and North Alabama, 878. South Carolina, 872. Southeastern, 02. Southern Pacific (see also Central Pacific'*, ; Or., 310, 317; Cal., 320, 325, 82«*; Ariz., 322; N. M., 323; La., 891; Tex., 411. South Florida, 394. o 426 INDEX OF RAILROADS. Sonth Pacific Coast, 827. !!^partan8burg, Union and Columbia, 872. Spokane and Palonae, 2C5. State Line and Sullivan, 162. Staten Island, 137. Stockton, Viaalia and Copperopills, 826. Stonington and Providence, 9G. Straitsville, Somerset and Newark, 178. Stony Clove and Catskill, 186. Syracuse, Geneva and Coming, 122. Syracuse, Ontario and N. Y., 127. Tavares, Apopka and Gulf, 894. Tennessee Coal and Iron, 404. Terra Haute and Indianapolis, 207. Texas and Pacific, 410. Texas and St. Louis: Mo., 273: Ark.. 407; Tex., 418. Tionesta Valley, 174. Toledo, Ann Arbor and Grand Trunk, 197. Toledo, Canada Southern and Detroit, 195. Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis: 0., 186; 111., 220. Toledo, Peoria and Western, 219. Tom's River a.nA Waretown, 148. Tonawanda Valley and Cuba, 129. Tuckertown, 148. Troy and Boston, 185. Troy and Schenectady, 115. Ulster and Delaware, 130. Union Pacific: Kan., 274; Neb., 295; 301; Wy.,"810; Ut., 310; Id., Mon., 812. ' University, 368. Utah and Nevada, 314. Utah Central, 314. Utica and Black River, 118. Valley, 186. Vioksburj^ and Brunswick, 882. V>ginia and Truckeo. 315. Virginia Midland, 365 Col., 811; Wabash, Chester and Western, 217. Wabash (Wabash, St. Louis and Pacifie\<>>c^' O., 186; Ind., 200, 208: 111., 214; iL 241; Mo., 267. Washington City, Va. Midland and Great Southern, 855. Washington, Ohio and Western, 858. ■ Waterloo and Magog, 56. Waynesburg and Washington, 176. Western and Atlantic, 876. Wflstern Counties, 57. ' Western Maryland: Pa., 170; Md., 888. Western N. Y. and Pennsylvania: N. Y., 129; Pa., 166. Western North Carolina, 866. Western of Alabama, 380. Western of Florida, 394. West Jersey, 149 Weston and Buckhannon, 846. West Shore: N. Y., 130; N. J., 140. West Virginia Central, 347, 849. West Virginia and Pittsburgh, 848. Wheeling and Lake Erie, 187. Whitfield and Jefferson, 91. Wicomico and Pocomoke, 331. Williamsport and North Branch, 172. Wilmington and Northern : Pa., 166 ; DeL, 331. Wilmington and Weldon, 867, 868. Wilmington and Western, 331. Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta : N. C.» 367; S. C, 378. Wiuds^^r and Annapolis, 54. V/isco sin Central, 231. Wiscoasin, Iowa and Nebraska, 245. Woodstock, 93. * Worcester, Nashua and Rochester : N. H., 91 ; Mass., 105. York and Peachbottom, 173. Youghiogheny, 1 75. '^ • 17. i PaoifieW, 214; li, ud Great J58. 5. ,^j*'i. Md., 333. i; N. Y., 140. ;8. 172. M; Del., a: N. C, 16. ^ : N.H.,