IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) WJ.^ ^ % y 1.0 I.I IB lailllM 112.5 ■^.' IM 2.2 .. iilM = 1^ m '- I. 2.0 lli'-8 1.4 1 — 1.6 V] <^ /i 0> c-; ^. fW/ -% v^ -'^ j^^ % ^^ /!S^ /^ / '/ Photographic Sciences Corpcrdtion _J WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER. N.Y. MS80 (716) 873-4503 ro '«^«i\ iV s ■^ m \\ 'O x: difier une nage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grSce d la g6n6rosit6 de: Bibiiothdque nationale du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. 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TIMK OF THE INDIAN TOWN, CaH:CTUCUO, IN 1728, UP TO THK PRESKNT DAY, EMHi^'^fVO AN ACa>UNT OK >hington's First Campaign, AND UATTLE OF FORT NECESSITY, ■■■'n f ORYOF TXXiETllKIi WITH A >> iiJ.1 , &C., hi' :k WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATTONS. BY WILL H. LOWDERWILK. *' Ci)-ath«»r up »in. WASH[N<;iON, D. C. lAMKS ANliLIM, 1424 F STREET, cu KIIOM Tl Wash B^ 1 c** iBC I S T O K. IT OF CUMBERLAND, (MARYLAND) KIIOM THK TIME OF THK INDIAN TOWN, CAIUCTUCUC, IN 1728, UP TO THK PRESKNT DAY, KMHKACING AN ACCOUNT OF Washington's First Campaign, AND BATTLE OF FORT NECESSITY, T(X}ETnEU WITH A HISTORY OF BRADOOCrS EIPEDITION. &c., &c., &c. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. BY WILL H. LOWDERMILK. '* O-nther up th« ff rfis«»«nt« that remain." WASHINGTON, D. C. JAMES ANGLIM, 1424 V STREET, 1878. --.,-. 2 8 n' 5 ^<^(^V^*?^/AK, 14/. H. Entered according to Act ot'ConKresN, in the vear 1878 bv WILL H. LOWDERMILK, " ' in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. Will II. Lowdprmilk, Printer, Cumberland, Md. TO THE MEMORY OF THE EARLY SETTLERS OF THE QUEEN CITY OF THE ALLEGHANIES. BY THE AUTHOR. Fort Cvm Pr AN OF ] Plan of I POKTKAIT ( Map of B] BiiADDOCK'i BhAF)J)( OCK Cresap's F The Old M Wash INGTO Plat of Cu The "Narr City Hall Court Hous Al legany C ILLUSTRATIONS. Fort Cumberland, P'RONTISriECE. Plan of Fort Necessity, . . Page 76 Plan of Fort Cumberland, . . . . 92 Portrait ov Braddock, . . 100 Map of Braddock's Route, . . 140 Buaddook's Grave in 1850 . 188 Hhaddock's Grave in 1877 . . 190 Cresap's Fort . 254 The Old Milestone . 257 Washington's Headquarters . . 280 Plat of Cumberland . . 284 The "Narrows" . 332 City Hall . . . . . . 426 Court House .... . 434 Allegany County Academy . . 434 tmrnmnm Academy of] Allegjiny Coi Attorneys, iid Baker, Lieiitt Baltimore aii< Bunks Bcall, Thoma BiK Ball, Tin Blair, Captaii Bland, (;ii)inc( Boquet, Colon Bridjfes), over Braddock, Oei at at l^ti rou diivi hoi con tuai rou crit oil t wou deal plac Ord, Caiuctucuck Chesapeake anti fund riots riots pub] wate passj expe ceren Charlottesburg Cholera Chrise, WilT/am Churches... . City Hall, descri Civil War: Unioi India Twen Poton Citize INDEX. ••A(1K8. Academy of Muhio 4'_'7 Alle){«ny County erected 207 Attorney!*, admitted to bar of Allegany Court 435-4;i7 Baker, Lieutenant 226 Baltimore and Ohio Kailroad 3o0-.3r)2, 3«1, 3<)5. 'Alii, .'J77 Banks 340, 343. 35!), 3fiO, W'\ 3H6, 408 Beall, ThoninN of Samuel 268 BiK Ball. The 347 340, 3r)(i Blair, Captain Thomas 2!t7-2!»!> Bland. Clmncellor Theodoric 235, 2 13 Boquet, Colonel Henry 232, 234, 2;«). 242 Bridges, over Will's Creek 237, 271, 284, 285. 306, 342. 353. 378, .H7!t Braddock, General Edward 00 101 ut Altxandria 104 at Fort Cumberland 114-137 letter to (JoveriKir Sharpe 130 " re^tardinu Frank lin l.'!5 " to (leneral Shirley l.'*0 route to the M(>noni;ahelu 130-154 diseipline and habit> , 117 holds a eonference with the Indians , 124 contempt for Indians i;{4 march towards the Monongahela 130 route of mareh 130-154 criticism of, by officers 154 ou the battle field 100-102 wounded. 102 death of 10!) place of burial 16!). 188-Uil Orderly Book 4!)7 Caiuctucuck 17-20 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal; petition against high level 338 funds exhausted 339 riots amongst employees ut Oldtown 342 riots at tunnel suppressed by militia 340 public meetings in behalf of conipjeting work 34!) water lei, in for first time 308,309 passenger packet 372 experiments with steamboats 386 ceremonies at opening navigation 438-447 Charlottesburg 31 Cholera 378,379 Chrise, William S., tried and executed 354-356 Churches 521,338, 343, 344, 448-487 City Hall, description of 425-428 Civil War: Union meetings 38!)-.3!»3 405 Indiana Zouaves 3{)8 Twenty-first Bridge 401 Potomac Home Brigade 402-405 Citizens who joined the Confederate army 400 8 INDEX. i ;l \l II Civil WarrCity Guard in 186? - 406, 407 Volunteers from Allegany county 407 Enrolling the militia 407 General Kelly's headquarters 40S Capture of the town by Confederates 410-412 Emancipation of Slaves 414 Battle of Folck's Mills ., 416 Citi^'en Volunteers 417,418 Bounty for Volunteem « 420 Capture of Generals Crook and Kelly 420-422 County Commissioners , 428 Court, thp first held 269 Court Houses, jails. Ac 270,276.340,345, 368 Cresap. Colonel Thomas 26. 86, 141, 136, 141, 254, 265, 259 CDghan, Georpte 28, 109, 116, 123 Cumberland, the town established 258-261 laid off. .*. 268, 266 first settlers 262 Commissioners 266 a post own 275 resurveyed 285-288 property owners in 1813 293-296 incorporated 301,302 Commissioners elected 303 population 320, 349, 371.388 assessHble property 360, 351, 357 divided into two Districts 360 grant to l^altimore and Ohio Railroad 361 niRht watch esiablished 375 lighted by gas 380 subscribes to Pittsburgh and Connel!sville Railroad 384 city limits extended 385 military hospitals 404,408 captured by Confederates 410-412 land grant to Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 425 Waterworks 425,426 Dagworthv Captain 199,202, 227 De Reaujeu 173, 174. 177, 178 De Contra Coeur 68 De Langlade, Charles 170-178. 212, 213 Dent, Frederick 262 De Rocheblave 176 Dinwiddle, Governor 39,48, 101, 110, 203, 204, 215, 216 Disputes as to Rank 73, 102, 104,202,206 Dunbar, Colonel 95, 118, 166-170, 182-181 Fire, the great, of 1833 324-329, 331, .341 Flight of Settlers 185 Forbes, General 231, 251 his army 249 Fort Cumberland, erected 89 description of 90-93 strengthened and improved 100 visited by Governor Sharpe 103 a demoralized garrison 104 arrival of Sir .lohn St. Clair 108 letter from Thomas Walker 109 " Captain Rutherford 110 General Braddock arrived at 114 troops and Indians at 116, 117 Indian conference at , ....119 punishment of soldiers 121 letters from Washington 121, 132, 180 a military funeral 122 123 Fort Cuml»( INDEX. 9 Fort Cumberland, ludian women and jealousy 123 127 letter from Braddock 130, 135- 137 Colonel Innes appointed Gov. nor 135 Maryland militia sent to 152 arrival of the retreating army 174 184 letter from Captain Orme 180 " Colonel Dunbar 184 Dunbar's r^jtreat from 185 Newspaper reports from 193, 194 the wounded at 197 Indian out rages at ,.198-201. 244 Governor Shurpe's opinion of it 198 the garrison is strengthened 199 trouble as to the command 202-206 letter from General Shirley 205 beseiged by Indians 207, 210 Colonel Innes' qu -er letter 209 Killbuek's visit 211,212 Wa.shini»ton urges its abandonment 214 Dl.iwiddie opposes the idea 21ij, 216 question referred to a council 215,210 orders ti, strengthen 216 Colonel Stephen in command 21'/ memorandum of atlairs at 218 spies arrested at 219 Lord Loudon's opinion of 220 . Washington's headquarters at 221,222 Virginia troops ordered away 22'' ., Maryland refuses to garrison 225 Washington departs from 226 . Dagworthy in command 227 an Indian alarm 227 Reinforcements arrive at 227 address in Maryland Legislature regarding 229 Washington returns to 233 ... Indian reinforcements at 234 T ... scanty supplies and sickness at .' 242 Governor Sharpe arrives at 244 . explosion of magazine at 248 Washington's command leaves ...247 a garrison of Hritish troops 253 abandonment of 256 IFnrt Duquesne. 232 IFort Frederick 197 IPort Mount Pleasant 83-88 iFort Necessity - 73-80 capitulation, of 77, 78 iFossitt, Thomas, claims he shot Braddock 187 ''ranklin, Benjamin's letter to Pennsylvanians 112-114 •'ry, Colonel Joshua 48. 61, 71 Jage, General, letter to Governor Sharpe 250 larrett county established 432 (iist, Chri.stopher 27,28,41,71,82,86, 1.52, 153 ^iist, Nathaniel 167 Iplass works 303 ^"irnfl', Henry, murdered 381 irant, Major 249-251 lladel, Dr. .1. F. C. murdered .381 Jlalkelt, Major Francis 247, 248 lalkett. Sir" Peter 95, 130, 135, 154, 155, 161 larris, an excentric character 315 lighwaynen on National Road., 335 lome Industry 337 3 WW' 10 INDEX. Hotel rates established by law 277 Indians, towns. 18, 19 graves 24,25 conference at Fort Cuinberland 119 incursions.. 207 a* Fort Cuinb'riaiid 220. 224 mas.sacres by 198- 20 i wardance 120, 126 warriors dud women 123, 124 " Will" 21,22 " Kiilbuck" 211,212 Scarooyiiddi ll.^, 125, 149, 161 Innes, Colonel James 82, 87, 89,135, 138, 179, 197, 202. 209 Jack, Captain 109, 133, 134 Jumonville 47, 54, 67, 69, 70. 74 La Choisie 176 Letters from Fort Cumberland, reporting Braddock's defeat 183 Little Meadows 53 Livingstone, Miijor James, in commaud of Furt Cumberland 208 surprises the Indians 210 degrades Kiilbuck 211-212 sacceeded by Colonel Stephen 217 I/tudon, Lord, letter to Dinwiddle 220 MacKiiye, Captain 73, 79, 81 Marquette, Fatht-r 35 Maryland Assembly 195, 196 Maryland supplies men and money 232 Market House 276, 350 McLaughlin, Captain William's, company in war of 1812 296, 297 McLaughlin, Thomas, executed 370 McSwine, Hugh's, Hight for lite 223 Militia 301,309,383 Mouongahela, battle ot 159-162 night before the battle 154, 155 on the battle field 157 the retreat 163 the killed and wouoded 1(.'4-166 the victorious French 175 Miller, Freilerick, murders two citizens 381-383 Munford, Robert, letter to Colonel Bland 235, 2,W Nemacolin • 29 Newspaper Reports of affairs at Fort Cumberland 193, 194 Newspapers 301, 306, 316, 321, 329, 357, 375, 377, .386. 402, 408, 423, 429 Ohio Company, The 26-33 Old houses 280-284, 289-291, 299,300 Ord, General K. O. C 282 Orme, Lieutenant, aid-de camp 104 letter to Washingtim 107 wounded 161, 164 devotion to Braddock 162 letter to Governor Sharpe 180-182 Political Campaigns 347, 356 Postotfice established at Cumberland 275 Potomac Kiver 23, 312, 31.1 Pnstninstrrs, lisi iif 435 I Postoftice, established in Cumberland 275 Powder House blown up 368, 359 Property owners in 1813 2a3-296 Public schools J79, 314, 366 Quantrell, Jesse D. K 362-364 Remarkable accident 308 River transportation 311-313, 316, 333 Road, the first to the West 51 Road, Hraddock'g 136-164 | INDEX, 11 Road, The National 332-334. .536, 339, 341, 344, 365 Koad8. a nomparison of. 242 Koad between Forts Cunibeiland and Frederick 262, 253 lioad, second to the Ohio 237 Kocheblav«,de 176, 218 Settlers, earlv of the town 262 West of Fort Cumberland 263 266 Sharpe, Oovernor, his visit to Will's Creek 83 inspects the Potomac River 103 address to the LegislHture regnrding Indian outrages 150-151 visits Fort Cumberland to reassure the settlers 192 returns to Annapolis 252 again visits Fort Cumberland 244 takes command of Fort Cumberland 248 Shirley, Oeneral's letter to Governor Sharpe 205 reception of Washingion 204 Spendelow. Lieutenant 136, 137 Stage lines 309-311, 353, 354, 369 Stanwix Colonel marches to Fort Cumberland 227 letter to Oovernor Sharpe 228 Stephens, Captain promoted 201 in command of Fort Cumberland 20'i letter to Governor of Pennsylvania 217 march to Kaystown 233 his obituary of live heroes 267 Stewart, Hon. Andrew 188, 189, 191 St. Clair, Sir .lohn, Deputy Quartermaster (Jeneral 95 arrives at Fort Cumberland 103 teriirtic threats of 108 purchases of transportation 106 Spottswood, Captain and party massacred 228 Spy executed at Fort Cumberland 219 Swann, Robert 373, 374 Swear ingen, George 317-319 Tanacharison, the Half-King 43, 49 Trent, Captain's mission to Indians 39 neglect of dutv 49 Van liraam, Jacob 41, 79 Vaudreville, M. letter regarding Foi't Cumberland 218 Virginia troops withdrawn from Fort Cumberland 224 Waggoner, Captain 161 Walnut Bottom 258 War of 1812 295-299 Ward, Ensign 47, 49 Washiugtoii's first visit lo Wiir.s Creek 41-48 journal 65-72 lit Logstown ,, ...43 Lieutenant Colonel, at Will's Creek 48 letter to Governor Sharjjc 59 " " the Half-King 59 at Fort Necessity 55-82 resignation 102 aid decamp 107, 117 letter to his brother 121 " " William Fairfax 132 sick on the march 149 at the battle of the Monongahela 154 160, 167, 168 letter to Oovernor Irines 178 letter to his brother 180 return to Mount Vernon 197 appointed Commander-in-Chief 201 letter to Speaker Robinson 214 " " Dinwiddle 215-217, 219-222 wants Fort Cumberland abandoned 213 plan of defense 217 12 INDEX. Washington, letter to Dinwiddie 226 mnrch to Fort Cumberland 233 letters to Colonel Ilouquet 233,236, 237, 238, 240,244 men in Indian dress 234 expenses of his election 236 letter to Speaker Robinson 245 " " Mrs. Fairfax 246 return to Mount Vernon 253 Washin^jtontown 259 Whisky Insurrection 273-276 Will's CreeV:: origin of name 21 a trading post 29, 30 affairs at 34-88 PREFACE. For years past I have spent much time in gathering scraps of history regarding Fort Cumberland and its surroundings, having no other object than the grati- fication of my curiosity as to the early events of the place of my birth and that of my ancestors. Becoming constantly more interested in the work, and finding so much of national as well as local importance clustered about the old Fort, I finally determined to embody in as comprehensive a form as possible, for future preservation, all that could be learned of the place, from the time its primeval forests were first disturbed by the crack of the pioneer's rifle up to the close of the centennial year of our nation. The task thus self-imposed was found to be no easy one, but was persevered in from the conviction that it was a duty not to be neglected. The paucity of reliable history, in every section of Maryland, made this duty more apparent. The difficulties to be overcome, and the obstacles to be surmounted, were greater than T had anticipated, since the events of many years were involved in almost total obscurity, or left to the chances of tradition, which is at best uncertain. Some of the ideas originally entertained as to the scope of this work have been, of necessity, abandoned. 14 HISTOIiV OF CUMBERLAND. Of those, I may mention the purpose of recording the family history of the first, or earlier, settlers of the town. Satisfactory data as to but few of these families can now be obtained, despite most strenuous efforts made in that direction. Consequently this purpose could not be carried out without laying the author open to the charge of invidious discrimination. To make this history perfect, the careful perusal of old manuscripts and newspapers, volumes of history, local and general, records of Legislative, court and counci^ proceedings, miscellaneous collections of notes and memoranda, as W(?ll as private papers, became necessary; and in many instances these were so imperfect as to seem to bailie the most dilligent research. The labor of interviewing the oldest citizens was conscientiously performed, and many missing links thus obtained. Their recollections form part of the chain connecting the earlier and latter existence of Cumberland, and binding the story of the settlement to the town's birth. The impossibility of making such a work perfect, in every detail, must be apparent to every one; and is certainly fully comprehended by the author. 1 have, however, striven in good faith, and without stint of labor, to lift the veil which has so long shrouded the past of our city, and to give a faithful and accurate record of the march of events, from the traditionary period ante-dating the establishment oi" the "King's Fort," through the years of bloodshed when the banner of England was borne over these hills in the face of a savage foe, up to the present day and generation. While asking for its imperfections PREFACE. 15 the most lenient judgment, 1 trust the reader may lind as much pleasure in the perusal of this volume, as the writer has found in its preparation. I am under obligations, for valuable assistance, to Mr. A. R. Spofford, the learned and indefatigable Librarian of the Congressional Library; to Colonel Brantz Mayer, of Baltimore; Hon. A. R. Boteler, of Virginia; Mr. Lyman (J. Draper, of the Wisconsin Historical Library; Mr. James Anglim, publisher, of Washiugton; Dr Joseph Toner, of Washington ; Mr. 1^]. D. Butler, of the Department of Maps, British Museum, London; Mr. R. A. Brock, Librarian of the Virginia Historical Library ; Mr. James Veech, of Pittsburgh ; Mr. A. C. Nutt, of Uniontown, Pa.; Mr. D. Shriver Stewart, of Washington City ; Mr. Benson J. Lossing, the eminent historian ; Mr. John B. Hurley, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; Mr. H. I). Black, of New York; the Librarian of the Maryland Historical Society; Messrs. Theodore Lunuxn, Clerk <»f the Court; T. Leiper Patterson, Civil Engineer; 1. B. Milliier and L. T. Dickinson, of Cumberland ; the last two named for some of the sketches given. For many of the facts recorded I have had recourse to the pages of Spark's Writings of Washington, Irving's Life of Washington, Sargent's Braddock, the Colonial Records, Pennsylvania Archives, The Olden Time, the Pennsylvania Gazette, the Universal Mag^jine, Sharpe's MS. correspondence, The Monon- gahela of Old, Kercheval's History of the Valley, Dodriddge's Notes, and others. THE AUTHOR. For n 'liscover^ to the n great Ger base of tl The man in its pro: fastnesses settle do^v out upon them froi forever wl invoked b «trange bui and a half these boun( behold thei were peoph iJimly prese was destint encroachme] 3 CAI-UC-TU-CUC. 1728-1751. For nearly two hundred and fifty years after the discovery of the New World had been made known to the nations of the Eastern Hemisphere, by the great Genoese navigator, the country lying along the base of the AUeghanies was a trackless wilderness. The march of civilization made but little advance in its progress from the sea-shore to the mountain fastnesses, and the new-comers seemed content to settle down upon the coast, whence they could look out upon the expanse of ocean which separated them from the ideas and theories they had left forever when they spread their sails to the heaven- invoked breezes which were to waft them to a strange but prolific world. For nearly two centuries and a half had the gorgeous hues of autumn tinted these boundless forests, ere the white man came to behold their beauties. These mountains and valleys were peopled by the Red Man, whose history was dimly preserved in unsubstantial legend, and who was destined to yield his possessions to the sure encroachments of Anglo-Saxon intelligence. 18 HISTORY OF CUMBKRLANr). 1728.] The first attempt to penetrate this virji^ii wilder- ness, with an idea looking to conquest and posnesnion. was made by Governor Spottswood in 1714, when he, with a following of the youthful chivalry of Virginia, sought to realize the golden visions he had long delighted in, regarding the ])aradise beyond the mountains. Ilis zeal and enthusiasm led him to the discovery of the beautiful Valley of Virginia, as well as the realization of the fact that the geography of the region was on a grander scale than he had anticipated. The great Apalachian range still separated him from the head-waters of the Ohio, which he had expected to find at the western base of the Blue Ridge, but the daring enterprise of himself and his followers opened a charming valley to the hundreds of immigrants who were then arriving upon our shores. Of the region, bordering on the upper Potomac, however, there is no history, either written or oral, to enlighten us as to the events of an epoch earlier than about 1728. At that date there was located in the Province of Maryland, at the junction of two streams known as the Cohongaronta and the Caiuctucuc, an Indian town, which also bore the latter name. The town of Caiuctucuc was built on the ground lying between these streams, from their confluence to a point some distance up the river Cohongaronta, the greater portion of the town being located upon the site of the v st side of the present city of Cumberland. Other towns were dotted alonji the river's bank, for a distance of more than forty miles, the most easterly being the present site of 172S.] INDIAN VILLAGES. 19 Okltown, Allegany county, Maryland. A century ago the settlement at that point was called -' Shawanese Oldtown, " but of late years the oxj)lanatory prefix has been entirely dropped, and tlio place is now known simply as Oldtown. Other villages were scattered about between the Virginia and Pennsylvania lines, two of which were not far distant I'rom Caiuctucuc. One of these was located in the narrow valley, three miles westward, on the banks of Braddock's Run, on what is now known as the Eckles' place, and within a few yards of the line of the present National Road, just where it is crossed by the Eckhart Railroad. Within the memory of men now living there were many relics of this village in existence. The ground was heavily timbered throughout that valley, and a clearing of several acres had been made there, in which were still to be seen the renmants of the small huts used by the natives. Just across the ridge, in Cash Valley, was another village of the same character; and still another, of greater dimensions, was situated near the spot on which Cresaptown stands, probably a little nearer the river. The inhabitants of this region were a portion of the Shawanese tribe, a sub-division of the Algonquin group, one of the most warlike combinations of that period. The warriors engaged in hunting and fishing, and game was sufficiently abundant both in wood and water to supply them with all that was needed of food and furs. While the men engaged in the pursuits of the chase, or went upon the war path, their families were left at home to till the soil, \ - 20 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND. 1728.] the rich bottom lands yieldinjjf abundant crops of maize and grasH. At what time the viUage of Caiuctucuc wa8 deserted is left to c(mjecture. as the earliest map of this region, which was made in 1761, and is now to be seen in the Congressional Library, at Washington, simply marks the territory designated as " Abandoned Shawanese Lands," and at that time roving bands of Indians of other trilx\s. witli scjittered lodges, were found here by the hard\ pioneers, whose venturesome spirits led them so I'ar beyond the limits of civilization; while the Shaw- anese thickly peopled the banks of the Ohio, and the Monongahela, west of the AUeghanies. The town of Caiuctucuc was of respectable dimen- sicms, and consisted principally of lodges built in a primitive manner. Two forked posts were driven firmly into the ground, and oh these was laid a ridge pole. Small saplings, cut to a length of about eight feet, were laid against this pole, one end resting on the ground, forming a shelter similar to the /\^ shaped tents so long in use in our armies. This was covered with bark and skins, and made tight enough to form a satisfactory protection against lx)tli rain and snow. On the floor were spread furs, which were made to do duty both as seats and beds. The village had its Sachems and chief men, and was subject to the general form of government which controlled all branches of the Shawanese family, and which was well suited to their condition. A favorite article of diet amongst these Indians was a cake made of maize beaten as fine as the means at command would permit. This was mixed with water, and 1728.1 INDIAN "WILL." 21 haked upon a flat Htone which had bocn proviouHly jieatod in the (ire. The trapperw tbllovvod the Indians' exain|)le in the bakinji; of "Shawnet? cakes," as they <;alled them, and the lapse of a few years waw sulFu'ient to corrupt tiie term into that of "Johnny Cake," so familiar throii()ling .shadows of the "Narrows," a grand rent in the mountain, a mile to the iioith of the junction of the creek with the river. The Potomtuv'' River obtained its name doubtless from the Potomac tribe of Indians. At the time of tlie grant of Maryland to Lord Baltimore, iii 1C32, it was specified as the boinidary line Ijetween Virginia and Maryland, and referred to lus "Quiriough, or Potonuic." This title was apj)lied to tlie river only as far up as the mouth of the Shenandoah. From the [)oint of its confluence with that stream uj) to the source of the North Branch it was called Cohongaronta, or Upper Potomac, while the South Branch bore tlie name of the Wappacomo or Wappa- t<^)maka. The Cohongaronta wa.s said to have been surveyed from the mouth of the Shenandoah to the head springs, in 178G, by Mr. Benjamin Winslow, but it is quite pro))able that Mr. Winslow grew weary of his task, for some reason, and abandoned it prematurely, a.'< the maps of fifteen years later are far from being correct. Jnasmuch as the Potomac was declared the boundary line between Virginia and Maryland there was much doubt expressed on the part of the proprietary of Maryland as to the justice of taking the North Branch as the main stream. *The word Potomac signifies the "Place ot theburiUDg pine," "reaenibling a council fire." 24 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. Virginiil. 1752.] TREATY AT LOGSTOWN. 29 (ho died in 1 Tliey li«d hiHBionera, 17U5 he Howard; |d VioletU dencended I late civil Nancy, lountry oi Iccomitan; liK derived iBraddock |g of land Tlioiiiie |at)i nhniil aud re- Id Judith of th« during ■two sons, Ion. Jeaw IB. Grail of Col [he third ] P. Blair, The fifth having the Indians declare their friendship for the English, afterwards, at the council held at Logstown, in 1762. In 1750 the company built a small storehouse at Will's Creek, and ordered goods to the value of £4,000 from London. Later on, in 1751, Colonel Thomas Cresap, who still lived at Old town, undertook to lay out the course of a good road from Will's Creek to the mouth of the Monongahela, now Pittsburgh. He employed, as his assistamt, a friendly Indian named Nemacolin, and they together marked out the road to be followed by the company. In June of 1752, Mr. Gist, as agent of the Ohio (Jompany, with Colonel Fry, and two other gentlemen, commissioners from Virginia, went to Logstown,* Home seventeen miles below the Forks,f and made a treaty with the Indians at that point. The Indiana agreed not to molest any settlements on the south east side of the Ohio River, but at the same time they did not concede that the English had a right to any lands west of the Alleghany Mountains. After the treaty at Logstown, Gist was appointed surveyor for the company, and was told to lay off a town at Shurtee's Creek, a little below Pittsburgh, on the east side of the Ohio, and the sum of £400 was assessed to pay for the construction of a fort. He, with several other families, then settled in the valley of the Monongahela, not far from the Creek above named. In this year, the Company concluded to make *IjOgHtoKn was inhabited by ghawanese and Delaware* until 1760, at wblofa time tbej kbltii- doned it. tPlttaburgb. 30 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND. [1762. iiii:l,:ii Will's Creek a permanent trading post, and with that object in view they erected another storehouse and magazine, which became known throughout the country as the "New Storehouse." The first store- house built by this company was located on the west side of Will's Creek, north of the river, but the New Storehouse was located on the Virginia side of the river, at the foot of the bluff on which now stands the beautiful residence of Captain Roger Perry, very near the point occupied by the abutment of the Potomac bridge. It was constructed of logs, and was of sufficient dimensions not only to contain the mer- chandise of the company, but to afford a home for its agents, as well as a place of retreat and defense, in case of a hostile demonstration on the part of unfriendly Indians, which event was liable to occur at any hour. This point was regarded as a, very favorable or.c for the future operations of the company, since Indians were numerous, and the furs obtained here were ot'| excellent quality, great variety, and satisfactorily abundant. A heavy consignment of goods was received, and as the temper of the Indians did not warrant a venture further into the wilderness the merchandise was all disposed of at Will's (^reek. the Indians and trappers being eager buyers. After the completion of the New Storehouse, a number of | trappers were engaged, who could be relied upon to defend the post in case of savage hostility, as well as to hunt and trap for their employers. The Company seems to have regarded Will's Creek as a part of their grant, and they evidently expected it to become an 1752.] BRITTSI! AND FRENCH CLAIMS. HI important point as it should be developed by immi- gration and civilization. The ground was surveyed on both sides of Will's Creek, and laid off' into a town, with streets, lanes, &c., the squares being sul)- divided into lots. The name of'Charlottesburg* was given it, in honor of Princess Charlotte Sophia, afterwards wife of King George III. The charter of the Ohio (Jompany gave the members thereof important advantages in trading with the Indians, and as this was a grant which must drive out of the market many other traders, the latter, of course, felt greatly aggrieved thereby, and undertook to get rid of this monopoly by inciting the Indians to hostility against it, and fomenting tr()ul)les of such a character as to make it unsafe for the Company to send goods further west than the post at Will's Creek. The lands granted the Ohio Company were claimed both by the British and French governments. The former assumed to have obtained its title from the Iroquois, through a treaty made at Lancaster, in 1744, when the British had paid these Indians the sum of £400, in consideration of which the crown was to receive and hold all the land west of the Alleghanies to the Mississippi River. Two things tended to make this transfer rather a doubtful transaction : first, the Indians were made drunk with rum before the bargain was entered into; and secondly, they did not rightfully own a foot of the *A map of this Town was amonRHt the papei- of the Ohio Company, which were in the po«- seflsion of Oeneral Charlen Fentoti Mercer, who died at Howard, near Alexandria, in 1857. Kvery effort was made to trace tlif destiny of these papers, but it is altneether probable that they have been destroyed, as the papers of Oeneral Mercer were consi);ned to the care of a distant relative at tlie time oi his dcatli, and diirint; the war the house of this gentleman was occupied by troops. The papers were contained in chests, and when the troops tool< their departure all the documents bad disappeared, since which time uo trace ol them baa been found. 32 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. territory thus bartered. The tribes who were in possession of the hind treated the affair with contempt, and asserted their rights with evident determination. The French claimed all this territory by right of discovery, alleging that, since Father Marquette had made a voyage from the Lakes to the mouth of the Mississippi, the title to all that region, under the customs governing nations, was rightfully vested in his sovereign. The operations of the agents of the Ohio Cpmpany and of the English rulers aroused the jealousy of the French, and they forthwith undertook to establish their authority in the Ohio valley. The country was populated entirely by Indians, not a solitary settlement of whites having been established. The Red Men found themselves placed between two fires; and as the struggle thus begun between the two nations, which were contending for the supremacy over the rich valleys and plains, progressed, each labored zealously to win the alliance of the natives, and thus strengthen itself for the great contest, which they foresaw must soon come to pass. The troubles between the French and English put a stop to the movements of the Ohio Company, and it seems to have done nothing further in the prose- cution of its enterprise, until 1760. At that date a statement of the Company's case was drawn up bj Mr. John Mercer, Secretary to the Board, and an appeal was made to the King for such further orders and instructions to the government in Virginia as might enable the Company to carry its grant into execution. This appeal seems to have met with but I 1703.] THE OHIO COMPANY. 33 little attention, and the mutter remained in suspense for three years. I^he Hoard havin«i- by that time grown impatient over the delay, determined to send an agt?nt to England to attend to its petition, and to endeavor to secure such action as would enable it to obtain the benefits of the grants made ly Pittsburgh. In' March, he left Ensign Ward in Iconuiiand of his company, and returned to Will's L'reck, at which point he seems to have liad some )usiness. On the 17th of April, during Captain Treiit's absence. Monsieur de Contrecoeur, with a force about eight hundred men, eighteen pieces of artil- »ry, sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes, came lown the river from Venango, and demanded the junvnder of the fort. Ward was a young officer, [lid had scarcely fifty men with him. Nothing was ?ft I'or him but to yield to the greatly^ superior force his front; and upon receiving permission to march hy theHut with his men and their tools, he gave up the acting aftrt to the French, who at once proceeded to liela aiii't Duquesne. ch snialB Meanwhile, tlie Governor of V^irginia h; i concluded tooetbeH increase the force destined for the Ohio to six 48 HISTORY OF (^.UMBEULAND. '^ in every way capable, wan then given tlio iiand, and Washington accepted the position of hundred men, and the (^onnnand was tendered Wasiiington, hut by reason of his youth, lie was doubtful of his own fitness for so great a responsi- bility, and therefore de(;line(l it. Cohniel .losliua Fry, a gentleman of English birth, highly esteemed. a c Lieutenant Colonel, be(;oming second in authority. The ranks were slowly increased, by the accjuisition of a lot of shiftless fellows, who were destitute of everything except very scanty clothing, which was rather discouraging to the officers. Dinwiddle, in order to encourage enlistments, issued a proclama- tion, offering some two hundred thousand acres of land on the Ohio, to be called "garrison lands," which were to be divided among the men who sir 'Id serve in the expedition. This offer led 1 "eds of young men from the Virginia farms to take up arms, with a view to securing homesteads for themselves. North Carolina took stei)s towards aiding Virginia in the exmtest against the French, but Maryland was inclined to do nothing at all. Washingt^ju left Alexandria for Will's Creek, on the 2d of April, with two companies of seventy-five men each. Colonel Fry was to follow with the remainder of the regiment, and the artillery. After being detained a whole week at Winchester, in impressing the horses and wagons necessary for the transportation of stores, Washington pursued his march, building the roads as he went. He arrived at Will's Creek on the 20th of April, where it had been arranged that Captain Trent should have a 1754.] A niLL OF KXl'ENSES. 40 siii)|)lv of pnck h.)rs(»s rviidy lor tho oso of the coininand in ('rossinjij the mountains. Instead of lindin^i" the horses, however, he found Trent liere, totally unprepared for him, and was utterly downcast hv a rumor l)rouoiid, and to aak a delay unm the arrival of tht. Commauder-iu-Chief. 8 ^^BS7'-; - 58 UISTORY OK CUMBERLAND. [1754. ■ 1754.] til' I 4 of the Six Nations; it appears that Mr. Wart was forced to surrender the said fort, the 17th of this instant, to the French, who were above one thousand strong, and had eighteen artillery pieces, some of which were nine-pounders,* and also that the detach- raent of the Virginia regiment, amounting to one hundred and fifty men, commanded by Colonel Washington, had orders to reinforce the company of I Captain Trent, and that the aforesaid garrison consisted only of thirty-tlnvo effective men. "It was thought a thing impracticable to mai'cli towards the fort without sufficient strength ; however, being strongly invited by the Indians, and particularly by the speeches of the Half-King, the President gave his opinion that it would b(! pr()])er to advance as far as Redstone CVeek, on Monongahela, about thirty- seven miles on this side of the fort, and there to raise! a fortification, clearing a road broad enough to pa.«s with all our artillery and our baggage, and thereto] wait for fresh orders. "The opinion aforesaid was resolved upon for the I following reasons : "1st. That the mouth of Red Stcmc is the first | convenient place on the river Monongahela. "2d. That stores are already built at that i)hice| for the provisions of the company, wherein our ammunition may be laid up; our great guns may he also sent by water whenever we should think it| convenient to attack the fort. "3d. We may easily (having all these couvc-l niences) preserve our people from the ill consequences *En.sigii Ward had doubtless exaggerated the streugth of the French. ■i^ 1754.] WASIIINHTON S JOURNAL. 59 of inrction, and encourage our Indian allies to remain in our interests. Whereupon I sent Mr. Wart to the Governor with one of the young Indians and an interpreter: I thought it proper to acquaint the Governors of Maryland and Pennsylvania of the news; and I sent away the other Indian to the Half-King, with the speech which will be found in the following letter I wrote to the Governor of Maryland : "'Camp at Will's Ckekk, April 25, 1754. "' To His Excellennj, Horatio Sharp, Governor of Maryland: " 'Siu: — I am here arrived with a detachment of one hundred and fifty men : We daily expect Colonel Fry with the remaining part of the regiment and the artillery ; however, we shall march j^ently alon^ the nioiintiiins, clearing the roads as we go, that our cannon may with the I jrreater ease be sent after us ; we propose to go as far as the Red Stone River, which falls into Monongahela, about thirty-seven miles this side of the fort whicli the French have taken, from thence all our heavy luggage niay be carried as far as the Ohio. A store is built there by the Ohio Company, wherein may be placed our ammunition and provisions. "'Besides the French forces above mentioned, we have reason to Ibelievp, according to the accounts we have heard, that another party is Icomiiig to the Ohio; we have also learnt that six hundred of the ICliippewais and Ottoways Indians, are coming down the river Scioda, in I order to join them.' "The following is my answer to the speech of the Illalf-King: "'To the Half-King, and to the chiefs and warriors of the Shawanese [iinil Loups, ou' friends and breliiren. I received your speech by brother lliitlis, who came to us with the two young men six days after their Idepiirture from you. We return you our greatest thanks, and our hearts lare fired with love and affection towards you, in gratitude for your Icoiislaut attachment to us, as also your gracious speech, and your wise Icounsi'Is. "This young man will inform you where he found a small part of our larmy, making towards you, clearing the roads for a great number of our jwarriors, who are ready to follow us, with our great guns, our ammunition land provisions. As I delight in letting you know with speed the thoughts our hearts, I send you back this young man. with this speech, to 60 HISTORY OP CUMnERLANI). [1754. ■ 1754.] ril^ acquaint you therewith, Jind the other young man I have sent to the Governor of Virginia, to deliver him your speech and your wampum, and to be an eye-witness to those preparations we are malting, to come in all haste to the as.sistance of those whose interest is as dear to uh as our lives. We know the character of the treacherous French, and our conduct shall plainly show you, how much we have it at heart. I shull not be satisfied if I do not see you before all our forces are met together at the fort which is in the way ; wherefore, I desire, with the greate.st earnestness, that you, or at least one of you, would come as soon as possible, to meet us on the road, and to assist us in council. I present you with these bunches of wampum, to assure you of the sincerity of my speech, at d that you may remember how much I am your friend and brother. (Signed.) " WA.smN(;TON or CONOTOCARIOUS.* "April 28th. — Came to us some pieces of cannon, which were taken up to the month of Pattersons | river.f [From the 29th of April, the date of leaving Will's ! Creek, to the 11th of May, the journal contains nothing of interest.] "May the 11th. J — Detached a part^' of tAventy-fivc men, commanded by Captain Stephens and Ensign I Peronie, with orders to go to Mr. (Jist's, to enquire where La Force|| and his party were; and in case they were in the neighborhood, to cease pursuing and take care of themselves. I also ordered them I to examine closely all the woods round about, and. if they should find any Frenchman apart from the rest, to seize him and bring him to us, that we might | learn what we could from him. We were exceed- ingly desirous to know if there was any possibility of sending down anything by water, as also to find I ♦This Beems to have been au Indian name adopted by Washington with a view to pleasiogthf I ludianH. I tThia is evidently the artillery which was brought up the Potomac from the moutb of| Patterson's creek on boats, or raits. lAt this time he was in camp not far beyond Little Meadows. |La Force was a French officer, whom Washington had been told by the Indians was oui | looking up deserters. ■■A--^^:fi^m^U 1754.] WASHINGTON S JOURNAL. ()1 out some convenient place about the mouth of Red Stone Creek where he could ))uild a fort, it being my design to salute the Half-King, and to send him back under a small guard ; we were also desirous to enquire what were the views of the French, what tlioy had done, and what they intended to do, and to collect everything which could give us the least intelligence. ''The 12tli. — Marched away, and went (m a rising ground, where we halted to dry ourselves, lor we had been obliged to ford a deep river, where our shortest men had water up to their arm pits. "There came an express to us with letters, acquainting us, that Colonel Fry, with a detachment of one hundred men and upwards, was at Winchester, and was to set out in a few days to join us; also that Colonel Innes was marching witli three hundred and fifty men, raised in Carolina; that it was expected Maryland would raise two hundred men, and that Pennsylvania had raised ten thousand pounds (equal to about fifty-two thousand five hundred livres) to pay the soldiers raised in other colonies, as that province furnisheth no recruits, as also that Governor Shirley had sent six hundred men to harrass the French in Canada; I hope that will give them some work to do, and will slacken their sending so many men to the Ohio as they have done. "The IGth. — Met two tradcis, who told us they had fled for fear of the French, as parties of them were often seen towards Mr. Gist's. These traders are of opinion, as well as many others, that it is not 02 HISTORY OF cumherland. poHsible to clear a road for any (uirriage to go (Voin hence to Red Stone Cre(»k. "The 17th.— This night Mr. Wart arrived with the young Indian from WiHianiKl)iirg, and delivered me a letter, wherein the Clovernor is so good as to approve of my proceedings, but is much (lis[)leasecl with Captain Trent, and has ordered him to be tried, for leaving his men at the Ohio. The Governor also informs me that Captain Mackey, with an independent company of one hundred men, excluding the ofticers, was arrived, and that we might expect them daily, and that the men from New York would join us within ten days. "This night came two Indians from the Ohio, who left the French fort five days ago. They relate that the French forces are all emi)loyed in building their fort, that it is already breast high, and the thickness of twelve feet, and (illed up with earth and stone, &c. They have cut down and burnt up all the trees which were a))out it, and sown grain instead thereof. The Indians Ijelieve they were only six hundred in number, though they say themselves they are eight hundred. They expect a greater number in a few days; which may amount to one thousand six hundred, then they say they can defy the English. "The 18th.* — The waters being yet very high, hindered me from advancinj? on account of mv baggage, wherefore I determiniKl to set myself in a posture of defense against any immediate attack from the enemy, and went down to observe the river. *At this date the command was encamped on the Youghiogheny, near where the present town of Smithfield, Fayette county, Pa., stands. 1754.] WASIlIN(JTON S JOURNAL. 68 [The 10th. — No mention of anything boyond the (k's[)iit<*li of a spcoch to the Half-King on this date.] ''Tlio 20th. — Embarked in aeanoe with Lieutenant West, three soldiers, and one Indian; and having followed tlie river along about half a mile, were ol)liged to come ashore, where I met Peter 8u.vcr, a trader, who neemed to discourage me from seeking a passage by water; that made me alter my mind of causing canoes to be made; I ordered my people to wade, as the waters were shallow enough; and continued myself going down the river in the canoe; now finding that our canoe was too small for men, we stopped to make some sort of a bark, with which, together with our canoe, wq gained Turkey Foot by the beginning of the night; we underwent several (lifliculties about eight or ten miles from thence, tiiough of no great consequence, finding the waters sometimes deep enough for canoes to pass, and at other times more shallow. [The 21st to the 23d contains only a general description of the topography of the country.] "The 24th. — This morning arrived an Indian in company with him I sent to the Half-King, and brought me the following letter from him : "To any of Hi is Majesty officers whom this may concern : "'As tis reported that the French army ia set out to meet Mr. George Wa,sliinj,'ton, I exhort you, my brethren, to guard against them ; for they intcncl to fall on the first English they meet ; they have been on their inarch these two days ; the Half-King and the other chiefs will join you within five days, to hold a council, though we know not the number we shall be. I shall say na more ; but remember me to my brethren, the English. The Hai.k-Kixo.' "I examined these two young Indians in the best ^^^Agl^^lill, 64 HISTORY OF CUMBERLj».ND. manner I could, concerning every circumstance, but was not much better satisfied. "They say there are parties of them often out, but they do not know of any considerable number of them coming this way. The French continue raising their fort, that part next to the land is very well enclosed, but next to the water is very much neglected, nine pieces of cannon, and some of them very small, and not one mounted. There are two on the point, and the other at some distance from the fort next to the land. "They relate that there are many sick among them, that they cannot find any Indians to guide their small parties towards our camp, these Indians having refused them. "The same day, at two o'clock we arrived at the Meadows,'^ where we saw a trader, who told us that he came this morning from Mr. Gist's, where he had seen two Frenchmen the night before ; that he knew there was a strong detachment out, which confirmed the account we had received from the Half-King; wherefore, I placed troops behind two matured intrenchments, where our wagons also entered. "The 25th. — Detached a party to go along the roads, and other small parties to the woods, to see if they could make any discovery. I gave the horsemen orders to examine the country well, and endeavor to get some ncv* of the French, of their forces and of their motions, &c. "At night all these parties returned without having discovered anything, though they had been a *Great Meadows. Kiv5fe^i^--iK''H- ■'•^«*''S,yA>^'?^ \: 1754.] WASHINGTON S JOURNAL. 05 "Toat way towards the place from whence it was said the party was corning. ^'The 2Gth. — Arrived William Jenkins; Colonel Frv had sent him with a letter fnmi Colonel Fairfax, [which informed me that the Governor himself, as [also Colonels Corbin and Lndwell, were arrived at I Winchester, and were desirous to see the Half-King [tliere, whereupon [ sent him an account thereof. "The 27th. — Arrived Mr. (Jist early in the morn- ling, \N lio told us that M. La Force with hfty men, Iwiiot^e tracks he had seen five miles oft*, had Ijoen at lliis })lantation the day before, towards noon; and [would have killed a cow, and broken everything in jtlie house, if two Indians whom he had left in the lliouse, had not persuaded them from their design; |l immediately detached sixty-five men, under com- mand of Captain Hog, Lieutenant Mercer, Ensign *eronie, three sergeants, and three corporals, with instructions. "The French inquired at Mr. (list's, what was become of the Half-King? 1 did not fail to let the ^oung Indians who were in our camp know that the Krench wanted to kill the Half-King; and that had Its desired eft'ect. They thereupon offered to nccom- mny our peo])ie to go after the French, and if they I'ound it true that he had been killed, or even insulted jy them, one of them would presently carry the lews thereof to the Mingoes, in order to incite their i\arriors to fall upon them. One of these young men V;is detached towards Mr. Gist's; that if he should Jut liud the Half-King there, he was to send a icssage by a Delaware. • 66 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. " About eight at night received a message from the Half-King, which informed me that as he was cominc to join us, he had seen along the road, the tracts of I tw^o men which he had followed till he was brought thereby to a low obscure place; that he was of opinion the whole party of French was hidden there; that very moment I sent out forty men, and ordered my ammunition to be put in a place of safety, under a strong guard to defend it; fearing it to be stratagem of the French to attack our camp, and] with the rest of my men, set out in a heavy rain, and in a night as dark as pitch, along a path scarce broad enough for one man; we were some fifteen or twenty minutes out of the path before we could come| to it again; and so dark that we would often strike one against another. All night long we continued. I our route, and the 28th, about sunrise, we arrived at the Indian camp, where, after having held a council| with the Half-King, it was concluded we should fall on them together; so we sent out two men tii discover where they w ^re, as also their posture, anil what sort of ground was thereabout; after which ve formed ourselves for an engagement, marching one after the other in the Indian manner. We wenl advanced pretty near to them, as we thought, wlienl they discovered us; whereupon I ordered my companv to fire; mine was supported by that of Mr. WagnerV.*! and my company and his received the whole fire of tin French, during the greatest part of the action, whidi only lasted a quarter of an hour, before the enemy Avasj i^Thotnas Waggeuer, at this time a Lieutenant, but afterwards Captain «'| Virginia troops. ' 1754.] WASHINGTON S JOUKNAL. 07 routed. We killed M. de Jumonville, the commander of that party, as also nine others; we wounded one, and made twenty-one prisoners, among w Ik mi were M. La Force, M. Drouillon, and two cadets. The Indians scalped the dead, and tocjk away the most part of their anus, after which we marched on with the prisoners anliould be sent ready to bring them up to our camp. After this 1 marched on with the prisoners; they infoi-nied me that they had been sent with a sunnnona to order me to depart. A plausible pretence to discover our camp, and to obtain the knowledge of our forces and our situation! It was so clear that tliev were come to reconnoitre what we were, that I admired at their assurance, when they told me they were come as an embassy; for their instructions mentioned that they should get what knowledge 68 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. they could of the roads, rivers, and of all the country as far as Potomac;* and instead of coming as an Embassador, publicly, and in an open manner, they caine secretly, and sought after the most hidden retreats, more like deserters than embassadors; in such retreats, they encamped, and remained hid for whole days together, and that no more than five miles from us; from whence they sent spies to reconnoitre our camp; after this was done they went back two miles, from whence they sent the two] messengers spoken of in the instruction, to acquaint M. de Contrecoeur of the place we were at, and of our I disposition, that he might send his detachments to | enforce the summons as soon as it should be given. "Besides, an ambassador has princely attendants; whereas this was only a simple petty French officer; an embassador has no need of spies, his character being always sacred; and seeing their intention was so good, why did they tarry two days at live miles distance from us, without acquainting me with the summons, or, at least, with something that related to the embassy? That alone would be sufficient to raise the greatest suspicions, and we ought to do them the justice to say, that, as they wanted to hide themselves, they could not pick out better places than they had done. "The summons was so insolent, and favored the jj.isconade so much, that if it had been brought openly by two men, it would have been an immediate indulgence to have suffered them to return, *Oii the body of M. de Juraonville were found written Instructions to this effect. 1754.] WASHINGTON S JOURNAL. 69 ''It was the opinion of the Half-Kinj]; in this case that their intentions were evil, and that it was a pure pretence; that they never intended to come to us hut as enemies; and if we had been such fools as to let them go, they would never help ua any more to take other Frenchmen. "They say they called to us as soon as they had dii^covered us, which is an absolute falsehood, for I was then marching at the head of the company going towards them, and can positively affirm, that, when they first saw us, they ran to their arms, without calling; as I must have heard them had they done so.* "The 29th. — Dispatched Ensign Latour to the Half-King, with about tw^entj live men, and almost as many horses; and as I expected some French parties would continuallj' follow that which we had defeated, I sent an express to Colonel Fry, for a reinforcement. "After this the French prisoners desired to speak with me, and asked me in wdmt manner I looked upon them, w'hether as the attendants of an Embas- sador, or as prisoners of war; I answered them that it was in quality of the latter, and gave them my reasons for it, as above. *Fn)rii (lie jmiiis wliioh Washington lins taken to justify this nttaek, on the p!i[;es(iriiis journal, it luustbecoiutluiled that he antioipatfd a seven- criticism of tiis action wlien the facts shouhl heconie known in Li)i;lan(l anl France, He tixjcs. "There are eight Indian traders on this side the river, coming to join ns. lie met a French man who had made his escape in the time of M. de Jnm(mville's action; he was without either shoes or stockings, and .scarce able to walk; however, he let him pass, not knowing we had fallen upon them. "The 6th. — Mr. Gist is returned, and acquaints me of the safe arrival of the prisoners at Winchester, and of the death of poor Colonel Fry.'^' "It gave the Governor great satisfaction to see the French prisoners safely arrived at Winchester. "I am also inl'ormed that M. Montovu'f is coming with a commission to command two hundred Indians. "Mr. Gist met a French deserter, who assured him that they were only five hundred men when they took Mr. Warts fort, that they were now less, having sent fifteen men to Canada, to acquaint the *C()loii('l Josliiia Fry was the officer in command of the entire ex))etaincd fatal injuries, 'J'he Wdundeil officer was conveyed as tenderly as jxis.sihlc to Will's Creek, where he w«s made as comfortable as his coiiomax and .Major Peter Hedtjemaii. The di-aih of Colonel Fry left Washington in full cnnnnand, and the force at Will's Creek inarched forward to Great Meadows at once. tMoiitour was a Frenchmuu who had deserted and joined the English. -, ii 'T.-^rhiagffrt 72 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. ■ 1754.] Governor of their success; that there were yet two liuntlred .soldiers who only waited for a favorable opi)ortunity to come and join us. "The 9th. — Arrived the last body oi the Virginia Regiment, under the connnand of Colonel Must/-' and we learnt that the independent company of Carolina was arrived at Will's Creek. "The 10th. — I received the regiment, and at night had notice that some French were advancing towards us; whereupon I sent a party of Indians upon the scout towards Gist's, in order to discover them, and to know their number. Just Inifore night we had an alarm, but it proved false." The journal recites that on the 12th nine deserters came in and stated that one hundred more were desirous of coming; that Fort Duquesne was completed .and supplied with eight small cannon; also that the Delawares and Shawanese had taken up tlie liatchet against the English. Washington then sent messen- gers and wampum to these two Nations asking them to come to a council at Mr. Gist's, hoping to win them over. From the 13th to the 18th nothing of interest is recorded. On the latter date a party of eight Mingoes came into camp, and said they had a commission, and wanted a council at once. The Half-King was sent for, and a council was held, there being present some forty Indians of the Six Nations, Loups and Shawanese. This council lasted several days, and the Indians after great professions of friendship took their departure. Washington then *Tliis should be Muse, that officer having taken charge of the troops at Will's Cr»'e!'. OH the death of Colonel Fry, on the .'tlst oi May, and brought theiu to Washiuijtou. pursued expoctet nil in her Washi: Meadows ! because scantiness His lore hundred com pan; Captain IV seemed lil since he cl nink above I and would While this lie was coil had referre which he h Captain Mt Fort Neces! and while i had receive tliat they p to attack tli On recei^ back for Ca A council determined oppressive, nien were ai and jaded; 10 1754.] FORT NECESSITY, 73 pursued his way to tlio mouth of Rodstoiio. where he expected to be joined by Moiiticatootha, and a number of other Indian warriors. Washington had already made the fort at Great Meadows as strong as circumstances would allow, and because of the exigencies of his fortunes and the scautiness of his supplies, he called it "Fort Necessity." His force had now been increased to about four hundred men, by the arrival of Captain Mackaye's company of independent South Carolinians; but Captain Mackaye held a King's commission, and he .seemed likely to do about as much harm as good, since he claimed that bis royal commission gave him •■ank above that of any and every provincial ofhcer, and would not acknowledge Washington's authority. While this position was maintained by the Captain he was courteously friendly with Washington, who had referred the matter to Governor Dinwiddle, after which he had marched for Redstone Creek, leaving Captain Mackaye, with his company, in command of Fort Necessity. Before reaching Redstone, however, and while near Gist's, it was learned that the French bad received reinforcements at Fort Du(j[uesne, and that they purposed to send out a heavy force at once to attack the English. On receiving this intelligence, Washington sent back for Captain Mackaye, who at once joined him. A council of war was held, and a retreat was determined upon. The weather was sultry and oppressive, the roads were rugged and broken, the men were worn and hungry, the horses broken down and jaded; yet, despite all, the march to the rear 10 74 IIISTOIIY OF CUMBEULAND. [1754. was Ix'giiu, and, vvhilo the CaroliniaiiH refiiHcd to] perform any labor, Wasliington's forces dragged the artillery and wagons, and bore heavy loads of baggage on their shoulders, toiling on laboriously day after day, until on the 1st of July they arrived at Fort Necessity. It had not Ix'en contemplated that a halt should Ixi made iiere, l)ut, the Virginians declared they would dnig the artillery and carry the baggage no further. Washington was connxilled to do the be«t he could, therefore, and he at once set] about making the fort still more ca])able of defense, lie found but few provisions there, and fully believing! that more troops were at Will's Creek, he sent several expresses back to that point, with instructions that all Holdiei'^s there should at once join him, and that a full supply of provisions should be hurried forward to him at once. The retreat from Gist'i- was not made any tfX) soon. I for a short time after Captain de Villiers, a brother- in-law of de Jumonville, burning to revenge the death! of that oihcer, had come up, with at least fivt hundred French from Fort Duquesne, and made an attack upon Gist's place. Finding it was deserted, he concluded that his enemies had lied to the settle- ments, and was about to return to the fort, when a I deserter arrived, who told him that Washington wm in camp at Fort Necessity, and could get no farther, as his men were in a starving condition. Ilearind this, de Villiers determined to push on to the Great | Meadows at once. From Sparks' ''Writings of Washington," is taken] the following: imefi«ui 1754.] FORT NECESSITY. 75 "Fort Nccoaaity was situate in a level meadow, about two liuudred and fifty yards broad and covered witb long grasM and low buslies. The foot of the nearest hills came within one hundred yards of the fort, and at one ]»laee within sixty yards. The Lspaoe between the fort and the hills was open and .smooth, the bushes having been cleared away. The [fort itself was an irregular square, each side mop'^ui thirty-five yards, with a trench partly f 01 two sides. The entrances weix) guarded I by three bastions. "On the 3d of July, early in the morning, an I alarm was received from a sentinel, who had been wounded by the enemy, and at nine o'clock intelli- gence came, that the whole body of the enemy, amounting, a.s w^as reported, to nine hundred men, was only four miles off. At eleven o'clock they approached the fort, and began to fire, at the distance of six hundred yards, but without effect. Colonel I Washington had drawn up his men on the open and level ground outside the trenches, waiting for the attack, which he presumed Avould be made as soon as the enemy's forces emerged from the woods; and he ordered his men to reserve their fire, till they should be near enough to do execution. The distant firing was supposed to be a stratagem to draw Washington's men into the w^oods, and thus to take then; at a disadvantage. He suspected the design, and maintained his post till he found the French did hot incline to leave the woods, and attack the fort by an assault, as he supposed they w^ould, considering their superiority of numbers. He then drew his mrw^m 76 rrrsTORY of Cumberland. [1754. I mon buck within tlio trendies, and jj^ave them orders | to (ire aecordin/j^ to their discretion, jus suitaMe opportiniitieH nii■ ttmtnt'n- t'n ill aiat*eSOj>erflirt ff/ Xtutti . Jijk. itni. aiou^ TtJttoti fi-tm^t/ia I'trt lutd a Itnj »k*ch- the JVtUt'tt-ttZ- Jtrtti, jui* fJJS/attet- iifiejj^.1'6 at ta^A J)*ck U admit Wa/Hr tut* the T*rt. t J.« Thu M a nuf Sy mkieh tArJreittA If /nJititi nuufe eAetr tppta^mnee.and. cMmtncti ftrtng at «lt« Tmrt ithdi at ntar 100 itdt dutanea . I <««/<• a^ A St^%lan^emTed->*iik.a,iltitee srtrcttii^ PaJk. TimSer, mAere ^e Indian tttcTt^ sheZttr and imtuiML ■the trttt to fin inu_ the Jirt- at 30 U SOJladf. €■• f i' t f|4%%*i-£t 2 feet ieilnftAe ZfPelZaTttL.JtirasliieiL-ettvereiCM'iti^liu.iXee tie . tufutTitiv tSSS cletj-ed vfatiil uUtT*a,e*/l as a,-mfddtw. It wiis toMLHat- t/ie emtetMTiineiUi ATI C ■ -n-ad* ij> si^lUit^ fukeU or/Kitt, im^* tie.ffrfitrtd' anil tHrc^vitig vp earik' om itA- tide* of it • From I). Sliriver Stewart. FORT NECESSITY. SURVEV MADE BY FREEMAN LEWIS, 1816. 17o4.] Capitula '•onni] As oui peace aiv Princes i tion conn summon, o.stahlishi Kin.u', my willing tc the said t We gra with all 1 his own ci any insiilt !i.s shall bi It shall him all tli which we That wt they marc] gun, being treat them That as parties, tlu BBS smi B«m-T«««IBBB^B«». 17o4.] ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION. 77 Capitulation granted by M. de \Mlliei\s, Captain and -'ommander of Ilis Majesty's troops, to those English troops aetually in For^. Necessity : July the 3d, 1754, at 8 6 dock at night. As our intentions have never been to trouble the peace and good harmony subsisting 1)etween the two Princes in amity, but only to revenge tlie assassina- tion committed on one of our officers, bearer of a sunnnon, as also on his escort, and to hinder any establishment (m the lands of the dominions of the King, my master; upon these considerations, we are Avillimr to show favor to all the English who are in the said fort, on the following conditions. Article I. ^ye grant leave to the English commander to retire with all his garrison, and to return peaceably into his own country; and ])romise to hinder his receiving any insult from us Frencli; and to restiain, as much as shall be in our power, the Indians that are with us. Art. II. It shall be permitted him to go out, an>l carry with liiiii all that belongs to them, except tlie artillery, which we reserve. Art. III. That we will allow them the honors of war, that they march out with drums beating, and one swivel gun, being willing thereby to convince them, that we treat them as friends. Art. IV. That as soon as the articles are slgn«'d by both parties, the English colors shall be struck. 78 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1754. ■ 175-1.] fm Art. V, That to-morrow, at break of day, a detachment of French shall go and make the garrison file off, and take possession of the fort. Art. VI. As the English have but few oxen or horses left, they are at liljerty to hide their effects, and to come again and search for them, when they have a number of horses sufficient to carry them off, and that for this end they may have what guards they please; on condition that they give their word of honor, to work no more on any buildings in this place, or any part on this side of the mountains. Art. VIT And as the English ha\«.' in their power, one officer, two cadets, and most of the prisoners made at their assassination of M. de Jumonville, and promise to send them back, with a safeguard to Fort Duquesno, situate on the Ohio; for surety of their performing this article as well as this treaty, M. Jncob Yanbraam and Robert Stobo, both Captains, shall be delivered to us as hostages, till the arrival of our French and Canadians above mentioned. We oblige ourselves on our side, to give an escorte to return these two officers in sjifety; and expect to have our French in two months and a half at furthest, A duplicate of this being fixed upon one of the postS of our blockade, tV< day and year above mentioned. James Mack aye. Signed, Messrs. \ G. Washington, COULON ViLLIERS. Tliese purport c Vanliraair but little •scholar, sibk', on t interpivta in con seep Wiis given thus ^ya.sh I made hiir " assassin a't afterwards dcnination authors ha I deceived lii wilfully; b [probability carelessness I more than t Macka^e w I stating tliaj [delphia, an( lour capituhi I mentioned J that they i contrary to signed them I brother-in-la I based upon i told him cc who Iiad eill k-am^AA^ -:.;.ible Ironi the learleas'uej.s »o olteii displayed by him, that he could kave been I puilly at auy time of cuwurdice. 11 !ii#i,wi««iiia!*vi ' ;-Mui «siiiaiiv«(\a'«ffiw 82 HISTORY OK CrcrMr5FJ{LAND. i capitulation entered into with Colonel Washington, took eijiht of our people and exposed them to sale. and, missing thereof, wnt them prisoners to Canada. On hearing of this 1 detained the seventeen prisoners, the officers and two cadets, as I am of opinion, after they werc^ in my custody, Wa.shington could notj engage for their being returned, I have ordered a flag of truce to be sent to the French, offering the return of their officer and the two cadets, for the two! hostages they have of ours." The hostages were not returned, but were sent to Canada, and thence toj England. The French prisoners were also sent toj England, except La Force, who escaped, but was afterwards retaken and closelv confined. Mr. Gist, who was with Washington, at Great! Meadows, presented an account to the Governor oil Virginia, claiming pay for a supply of powder, lead. bearskins, &c., and for "1 horse killed, helping in, the Indians by Col: Washington's order, £b. 0. 0.' which was ordered to be paid. After Washington's return to Williamsburg Colonelj James Innes marched to Will's Creek, and on the htl of September took command of that post, which wasj principally garrisoned by Rutherford's and Clarks independent companies fnmi New York, which li been sent forward to join Washington, Ijut got further than Winchester. Colonel Innes wai< a| Scotchman by birth, and at the time he was coin- missioned was a resident of North Carolina. Hi? appointment was not at all popular, Jind was said toi have been made because he was an old friend audi countryman of the Governor, who was himself •Qofernor Sliarpe's Ml m K "^""""'"^ ™" HBKi 1754.] BUILDING THE FORT. 83 I Scotchman. On his arrival at Will's Creek, he set about building a fortification, and chose for that purpose the hill lying between the Potomac River and the creek, near the mouth of the latter. When I Washington returned from Great Meadows, he left jMackaye's independent company of South Carolinians, about ninety men, and the remnant of the North Carohna companies, at Will's Creek, to assist in building the fortifications, which were commenced on the 12th of September, and completed al)out the middle of October. Colonel Innes named this fort, which was built of stoccadoes, "Fort Mount Pleasant." Upon finisliing that work he set his men about building barracks for themselves, which were greatly needed, as the weather was already c^uite cold, and a severe winter followed, with much snow and icy winds. By Christmas they had succeeded in erecting a sufficient number of log houses to accommodate the entire force, and that day was celebrated by such festivities as were possible under the circumstances. Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, had been commis- Isioned, in July, a Lieuteiumt Colonel in the Royal Army, and urged enlistments by every me.ans in his power, but with little success. About the 1st of December he visited Will's Creek, and inspected the forces here. On his return to Annapolis, he wrote I to Governor Dinwiddie as follows:''" Annapolis, December 10, 1754. 'SSiR: I returned last Thursday from Will's [Creek, where I found the Independents preparing for [themselves barracks, having already completed the •QoTernor Sharpe '» M88. letters, Maryland Historical Library. ■f . .'i^^i-A^^fe ;*^^.*/«-i\' 84 HISTORY OF rUMHERLANI/. Bmall stoccade fort, al)out which you were advised thoy had Ixicn employed, but as the fort they have finished is exceedingly small, iti4 exterior side not exceedinj^ 120 fcet, I conceived it requisite or rather absolutely necessary to have another much larger raised on an adjacent and more elevated piece ofj ground, which 1 have ordered the Md. Co., to proceed on, and I hope they will 1x3 able to finish it this winter. The eminence on which it will \A situated gives it an entire command of that already compleated, and will defond a Face of that small Fort to which an enemy might at present approach Avithout being much annoyed, or hardly seen from within. However, that on which the troops havd been employed may be useful at present, and will serve to enclose Store Houses or a Magazine after tliel other is completed, which, I think, by an advanced outwork or two will be easily defended against considerable niunlxn- of troops that may presume toj attack it with only a light train. At my arrival at the camp I was much surprised and concerned to find there was no more provision in the Fort than would suffice the troops for one Day, which I earnestlv hope will not be the case again, lest the enemy shouW get intelligence tliereof, and by posting themselves in different parties on the adjacent Hills, prevent the arrival of supplies, whereby the Garrison and all the Troops, notwithstanding their advantageous situation must be reduced to the necessity of retiring aiiJ destroying or relinquishing the Fort, their other work. and perhaps the baggage to tire enemy. That nothini: will be wanting on your part to avert such au 1754.] FORT MOUNT PLEASANT. 85 accident, I am well por.suadcd. but conceive the troops will never be well supplied with Provision imloss a very diflerent scheme from that hitherto foiiowed be pursued. '^' '''• * * * I have enclosed you a calculation of the Expence of Supplying 3000 Men, with Provisions for S months, which quantity I ai)])rehend it will be necessary to lay into the Magazine at Will's Creek, immediately, by reason I conceive it will be very difficult if not impossible to procure Beaves or Hogs fit for the sl.'uightor after this month and next, till July or the August following. My estimate is made in Maryland currency, which is at this time with sterling at about 05 p. Ct. Discount," The Governor was surprised to find the camp entirely destitute of salt, and immediately sent a courier back, with orders to bring np a supply on liorsel)ack without the least delay. He also ordered a number of barrels in which tt) pack meat as fast as it should be cui'cd for future consumption. Being destitute of salt, the cattle on hand could not be killed, and were therefore pastured in the valleys and on the hill sides in the neighborhood, wherever grass could ])e found, until an ample sup})ly of salt was received, after which the cattle were killed and packed. Amongst the men at Fort Mount Pleasant, was Andrew Montour, an Indian interpreter, who had rendered very considerable service to Colonel Innes a short time before, at v. treatv which had been held at the Fort with some of the Chiefs of the Six Nations. Governor Sharpe conceived a great friend- ship for Montour, and strongly recommended him to 80 HISTORY OF CUMHERLAND. [1754. ■1754.] ; ,: (lovcrnor Dinwiddie as a very useful person; and liis good opinion was amply justified. Governor Sharpe exerted liimsell' to make everything at the Fort satisfactory; ho secured u number of teams for transporting supplies fi-om tlic east, and for service in hauling hjgs for the new fort and buildings to be constructed. These teams were paid for at tlie rate of .£35 ibr a wagon, harness, and four horses. The farmers who furnished them were evidently determined to make all they could out ol'| the necessities of the govennnent, Jis they at first demanded £70 each for their teams; this sum having | Ix'en refused them, they firudly agreed to accept one-half the amount originally asked. Mr. Gist was the purchasing agent for the Virginia soldiers, and Colonel Cresap for the Maryland company. Cresap had purchased 29,130 pounds pork, and 13,11)" pounds beef already cured, enough to supply tlii' Mar^'land company for twelve months. The former gentleman was severely criticised b\' Governor Sharpe, who charged him with having withheld money and supplies, with a view to private speculation. Flour was sold at the fort at 12s. per cwt., and vegetabk< were scarcely to be had at any price. Governor Dinwiddie w^as asked to send a few shipi carpenters to the Fort, as their services were needed in the work of building; also some cartridge paper, moulds for musket and swan shot, wire for screws, and p)rickers, flints and some w^ampum, the supply of the latter having been almost entirely exhausted. The New York companies having been supplied! with blankets and match coats, and the Soiitli 1754.] FORT MOUNT I'LEASANT. 87 tlu'i orinor | arpo, and I 'lour I table:* sliii) I L^eded | )apev. rows, I )ly of] d. plied ] Hoiitli I Carolina company ha\'in fi^ ^ m 88 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND. [1754. and George Croghaii, who was an intimate friend of Tanacharisson, and a trader at Aughquick, made' a condolence speech, and gave them a present ofj goods to cover the grave of the Red man whom tliev had so highly esteemed. There was great lamenta- M tion amongst the Indians, who attributed the death of the Half-King to the French, whom their medicine man declared had bewitched him, and they threatened to be revenged upon their white enemies for this] calamity. Shortly after the completion of the barracks at] Fort Mount Pleasant, Governor Dinwiddie received from the King instructions to proceed at once to the erection of a fort at Will's Creek, Avhich should be of such dimensions and character of construction as the importance of the position seemed to require, in view of more extensive military operations in the direction of Fort Duquesne. Governor Dinwiddie at once transmitted these instructions to Colonel Innes, who was directed to comply with the orders without delay. General Braddock, who had been designated by the Duke of Cumberland as the Commander-in- Chief of the new expedition, and who had been I privately instructed by the Duke as to his wishes, also requested Governor Dinwiddie to have the Fort| put in condition to accommodate two himdred men. and announced that it should be named "Fort I Cumberland," in honor of the Captain-General ofj the British army, who had honored him with i important a mission. FORT CUMBERLAND. 1755-1787. The orders of the King were obeyed with alacrity [by Colonel Innes, and under his supervision Fort jCuraberland was erected and garrisoned, during the [winter of 1754-55. The citizens of our city have for generations past pointed out the spot upon whi(ili this ' Fort was located, but they had no information or conception of the size, shape, and character of the work, or its surroundings. Fortunately, a sketch of the i Fort was found by the author amongst the King's Manuscripts, in the Library of the British Museum, in London. A photographic copy of this sketch was secured, and an engraving of the same is here given. It was drawn by one of the officers in the Fort, at the time of General Braddock's arrival. The fortifications were drawn to a scale, but the proportions were not preserved in mapping out the river, creek, and sur- rounding grounds. This fact made it somewhat IditHcult to establish the exact lines of the work, and (compelled a resort to the memory of our oldest inhab- litants. Mr. Jesse Korns has a distinct recollection of ('linil)ing over the remaining' earthworks when a boy, 12 90 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. and he fixt' the Easterly line of the Fort, that [>ortion of it which -uns to a point neai-est WilTft Creek. Bome forty feet east of Emmanuel Church. The I confonnation of the ground at that 8pot i.s strongly [ confirmatory of hi.s opinicm, as well as other circum- stances, which fix the Western line near the Ixjundarj of Prospect street. The greater portion of Fort Cumterland was a ])allisado work — all of it, in fact except the small bastioned work on the Western end. The pallisades were logs cut to a length of eighteen feet. and planted in the earth to a depth of six feet, formim a close woixlen wall twelve feet in height. Tliescj logs were spiked together, Avith strips and pins on thel inner side, and the wall was pierced with oixjniiigsf for musketry along its entire face. Two water gatosl are shown in the plat, and from each of these trench was excavated leading to the creek, so that tU men might secure therefrom a supply of watcrJ without being exposed to the fire of the enemy, IiT 175G, after Braddock's defeat, the Indians became «j numerous and so bold as to approacli near enough shoot those who ventured to the Avater's edge, and id consequence thereof a well Avas sunk inside of pallisade near the main gate on the South side. Tlii well was in use not many years since, and is still ia existence on the property of lion. Hopewell Ilebl It was about eighty feet in depth, and within memory of the Avriter was furnished with an immeus wheel and two buckets by which excellent cold watd was draAvn from it. About the year 1799, this wtl was first cleaned out, after the abandonment of tli Fort, and the father of* Mr. .Fohn B. Widener waj 1755.] FORT CUMBEKLAND. 91 present when part of a f^un carriage, a wheel, and a lar<'^e quantity of cannon balls, musket balls, &c., were i taken therefrom. Inside the stockade, were built barracks sufficient [to furnish quarters for two hundred men, and the company officers. Besides, there was a j)arade or drill ground for the companies. At the west end of the stockade was built a fort, [with bastions, parapets and ditches, where sixteen [guns were mounted, which commanded all the jground north, west and south, as well as the north land south lines of the stockade. These guns were of ^liffcrent calibre, four of them being I2-pounders, and twelve 4-pounders. Besides these, there were several [swivels. A part of this armament was ships' guns, )rought from Admiral Keppel's fleet. On the west [face was a sally port, and inside the fort were the houses used as quarters for the commanding officer, [t'or storing provisions, and for the guard details while bn duty. The entire work was 400 feet in length, and 160 [n Avidth, extending from the point indicated below Emmanuel Church to within a short distance of ^'ospect street, the northern line extending along learly the centre of Washington street. The Fort proper occupied almost the identical spot on jivhich now stands the residence of Mr. James A. Millholland, known as the "Hoye House." This fortification was of considerable strength, md eonnnanded the approaches from the North, ^ast and South. The ground to the North-west fvas somewhat higher, but' a small earthwork of a 92 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. temporary character was constructed on the crest, on the site of the residence of the late James W. Jones, Esq. The ground on the South side of the river, opposite the Fort, was high enough to overlook the work, and somewhat interfered with its efficiency. The company parade and drill ground was inside the pallisades, but the dress parades were held on thej ground now occupied by the Court House and Academy. Quite a number of log houses for barracks were built near the crest, and as far back as Smallwood street, but these were made use of only when there was present a greater force than could be accommodated in the Fort, and the barracks imme- 1 diately adjoining. At the prec^ent day the site of old Fort Cumberland is one of the most attractive spots in the State of I Maryland, On the bluff rising from the creek stands | in bold outline Emmanuel Episcopal Church, a handsome Gothic structure of native brown stone, embowered in masses of ivy, and relieved by grassy slopes, attracting and arresting the attention at once, The remainder of the ground is occupied by the handsome residences of R, Chew Jones, Esq., Hon. Hopewell Hebb, and James A. Millliolland, Esq, Scores of relics of the days of Washington and Braddock were gathered from the soil while these improvements were being made. Cannon balls, musket balls, bayonets. Hints, musket barrels, &c,, were amongst the trophies recovered. In the campaign of 1755, generally known as "Braddock's Expedition," Fort Cumberland was the most prominent point occupied on the line of march. [1755. 3 crest, nes W. of the verlook ciencv. ide the | on the! 5e and irracks ick as I )f onlj )uld be imme- 1 erland tate of I stands I ch, aj stone, grassy . once, y the IIoii. Esq. 1 and these balls, , &c,. n\ as ,s the arch. LAND, ill 'OBlaND, 1755. 1755.] jinrl was It had be troops in Ohio Riv( for this pi frontier s little vail outskirts ^ liardj pio] of resort f to barter which the-' house, and place of 1 designed fc in the ve: forests all ohiu-acter r eighty mile the West ^\ the organ izi of his men ; until the cl ■scenes and historic eve invested it their carefi pleasure of our Countr earliest less, time beheld encamped; 1^ r r T FORT CUMBERLAND. 93 iind was the scene of important military preparations. It liad been chosen as the rallying point for all the troops in the operations against the French on the Oiiio River, its location being naturally advantageous lor this purpose, although as a post of defense for the frontier settlers further East it was practically of little value. Situated, as it was, upon the very outskirts of civilization; surrounded by only a few liardy pioneers, and trappers, it was a favorite place of resort for those friendly Indians Avho had peltries to barter for the baubles, cloths, ammunition, &c., which they found at the Ohio Company's new store- house, and was at the same time well adapted as a place of rendezvous for such forces as might be designed for operations further w^est. It was located in the very heart of the wilderness, with virgin forests all about it, and roads of the most inferior character reaching back to the settlements, nearly eighty miles away, while the single road leading to the West was scarcely worthy being called such. In the organization of Braddock's forces, the supplying of his men and animals, and the events that followed until the close of the contest with the French, the scenes and incidents that transpired here rendered historic every foot of ground about the place, and invested it wdth an interest wdiich should lead to their careful preservation for the information and pleasure of future generations. Here the Father of our Country, the great Washington, obtained his earliest lessons in the art of w^ar, and for the first time beheld a body of regular troops systematically encamped; here he spent many weeks in the 94 nrSTORY OF rUMItERI.ANn. (Hliicatioii of the cainp and the drill, and iannliari/x'd liimHelf with those duties which were to Ixicome so prominent a part of Iuh future life, in the struggle his country was destined to embark in to preserve its freedom and integrity. The minutiiip of the preparations, and contests Avhich arose, as shown bv the letters and documents to be found in future pages of this work, are exceedingly interesting, and worthy of preservation in every library in the country. Throughout the pages of history frequent inference io niade to Fort Cumberland, in connection with the j)rogress of the * plans and operations to which so much importance was at that time attached, but in | no single work has there been recorded any con- tinuous and intelligent narrative which could satisfy the desires of those who feel an interest in our I beautiful city, or gratify their thirst for accurate knowledge as to the discovery, settlement, fortification, improvement, cultivation, growth and progress of a section of country so richly endowed by nature with wealth and picturesque loveliness. This history has| been gathered from rare volumes and precious manu- scripts, botii in this country and England, as well as I from oral traditions and family records, and while] much has been thus fortunately preserved, many facts of great interest have doubtless been lost in | oblivion, never to be recovered. The campaign which had terminated so unfortu- nately at Fort Necessity, served to bring Fort I Cumberland into great prominence, and the English authorities regarded it thenceforth as their base of I operations. Intelligence of the disaster above men-l 1755.] THE ni'KE OF CUMUEULAND. 95 tioiic'd was received in London in August, 1754, jind caused much excitement in the eal)inet. The niinistrv (!ould not ignore the importance of immediate action, and as the colonies seemed to l)e fatally slow in providing the necessary means of defense, it bectame apparent that the (Jrown must furnish l)oth troops and sui)plies. The Duke of Cumberland was sum- moned to the councils of the King, and his keen perceptions, and energetic nature, si)eedily led to preparations for a decisive stroke, the nature of which, however, was kept secret from the public. In September the Ministry determined to send to America two regiments of infantry, the Forty-fourth, Colonel Sir Peter Halkett, and the Forty-eighth, Colonel Thomas Dunbar, each 500 strong. These were to be recruited to 700 after their arrival in Virginia. Two other regiments, of 1,000 men each, were also to be raised at the King's cost in America, one to be commanded by Governor William Shirley, of the province of Massachusetts, and the other by Sir William Pepperell. Sir John St Clair, Lieutenants Colonel of Ofiarrall's regiment, had been appointed Deputy Quartermaster-General for all the troops in the colonies, with the rank of Colonel, and before the close of the year he sailed for Virginia, with a view to informing himself as to the country and the necessities of the campaign. In November large supplies of clothing, tents, marcjuees, arms, accoutre- ments, ammunition, wagons, &c., were made ready for use, and £10,000 in cash were sent to Virginia, together with authority to draw for as much more j should it become necessary to do sq. Every prepa- 96 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. ration was made with a view to rendering certain the success of a simultaneous movement upon Forts Duquesnc, Crown Point and Niagara; and it was thought that at least twelve thousand men could be secured for service, counting the Royal troops, the Militia, and the Indians whom the colonial Governors had lK3en instructed to secure. The Duke of Cumix^rland took the deepest interest in the preparations for this campaign, and his orders were closelv followed throughout. IIo chose for commander of the troops to be sent' to Virginia, and as Generalissimo of all His Majesty's forces on the North Amer' an Continent, Major-General Edward Braddock. Shortly afterward Parliament voted the following sums to pay the expenses of the expedition: For two regiments of foot to be raised for North America, £40,350 15,v For defraying the charges of the olHcers appointed to go with the forces commanded by General IJraddoek - - £7,338 2.v W For defraying the charges of the oflioers appointed to attend the hospital for the expedition commenced by General Braddock £1,119 7s ( I £4!),t(;8 -is General Edward Braddock was the son of Edward Braddock, .<, Major General in the British army, who served for thirty years as an officer in the Coldstream Guards, and who was esteemed as an "honest, brave old gentleman." The date of the birth of the last General Edward Braddock is not known, but is supposed to have been about 1695, as it is recorded that he entered the army on the 11th of October, 1710. with the rank of Ensign in the Coldstream Guards?. in which corps his father had served so long, he was promoted on the 1st of August, 1710, to a 1755.] GKNKRAL EDWAHD BRADDOCK. 97 I '«uitenancy ; on the oOth of October, 1734, to a Ciiptain-Lieutenancy; on the 10th of February, 173G, to a Captaincy in the Second Regiment of Foot Guards; on the 2d of Ap.ilj 174o, to Lieutenant- Colonel of the line, and also to be second Major of the Coldstreams ; on the 27tli of May, 1745, to be first Major, and on the 21st of November following to be Lieutenant-Colonel. Braddock won several of these promotions by his bravery and gallantry in hard fought and bloody battles, in several of which the Duke of Cumberland was in command. The (Joldstreams was a regiment of model soldiers; in courage and discipline they were unsurpassed by any troops in the world; its recruiting standard was oxtniovdinarily high; and no Papist, no Scot, no Irishman, no "vagabond" w^as under any consideration porinitted to ])ecome even a private in the ranks of this body whose every member seemed to feel that tilt,' liouor and pride of the regiment was in his kcepiug. They looked upon all other troops as mere api)reniices in the art of war, and carried their contempt for them to such an extent that it became iK'cessiiry to issue an order forbidding them to laugh iit or make game of other troops while they were on parade. The regiment was oriuinallv formed of the cUfe of Fenwick's and llesilrige's Parliamentary rojiinients. and was universally regiirded as the cnihodimeiit of all that was valiant, heroic and soldierly. (Commissions were held in highest esteem ill tiiis body, and in 1720 the King fixed the price of a liicutenant-Colonelcy in the Ccddstreams at £5,000; a Major's c(mnnission at .£o,()00; a Captain's at .£2,400; a 13 98 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [17o5. Captain-Lieutc'iiaiit's at £1,500; Lieutenant's £900; an Ensign's £450; and in 176G these rates were doubled. The payment of these sums, however, was not alone sufficient; tlie purchaser was required to be of irreproachaljle character, and to pass an examination to prove his competency. For nearly fifty years had Braddock served in such a regiment^ wlien he was chosen by the Duke of Cumberland as the commander of the expedition, which was intended to put an end to all French pretensions in North America. A closely disciplined military education, of a life-time's duration, necessarily made Braddock a martinet; and with discipline and courage he was, of course, a soldier, no matter what may have been his other characteristics. That he was dissipated to a certain extent is undeniable; and it cannot be maintained that he was jx)ssessed of such high personal qualifications as to make his character one to be admired. He was fond of high living, convivial, and prone to the laxity of morals that usually follows excess in those particulars. The gaming table had its fascinations for him, and he was arrogant, unfor- giving, and intemperate. He was haughty, severe, reserved, and full of self-importance, which qualities served on many occasions to make him greatly disliked. There was little of refinement in liifi nature, and he was brutal in his treatment of those who invoked his resentment or dislike. When he had heard something of the nature of the business upon which he was to embark in America, and of the enemy he was to meet, he evinced a fatal lack 1755.] OKNEUAT. RmVARD MUDIXM^K, 99 of appreciation of their ntrength and disposition, and boasted that he would sweep them before him, like chaff before the wind. His reputation was somewhat damaged by one or two affairs which indicated really low instincts — made still lower by strong drink, disreputable associates, and licentiousness. For these he was lampooned ])y satirists, and sneeringly discussed in the coffee-houses. His brother officers, liowever, evidently knew all the good and the bad in him, and weighed his vices and virtues; the result was that he was accepted as "one of them," and associated with upon terms of equality. His faults were condoned, because of his good qualities, and for iiis valor and soldierly acquirements, at least, he was esteemed. He had fought two duels, one with Colonel (Jumley, and another with Cohmel Waller, in the former of which he was disarmed, but had too much pride to ask his life. Braddock was in j/ossession of moderate means upon the death of his father, but his manner of life would soon have dissipated a fortune less slender, aiid his straightened finances frequently made him uncomfortable and morose. The most reckless display of heartlessness that was at any time developed in his speech, was on the occasion of the death of his sister, Fanny Braddock. This young lady was beautiful, talented, witty, and lavishly generous. In the fullness of her friendship she sacrificed her fortune to pay the debts of a gentleman of whom she waH very fond, and he repaid the imprudent act with such ingratitude as must have well nigh broken her heart. She was 100 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755 greatly addicted to gambling, the only vice ever attributed to her. Her loss of fortune, and the tailing away of friends, so preyed ujwn her mind, that in a fit of desperation she hanged herself, with a silken scarf, on the night of the 8th of September, 1731, at Bath. When Braddock was informed of this he said: "Poor Fanny, I always thought she would play until she would be forced to tuck herself up." General Braddock had been chosen by the Duke of Cumberland because his "courage and military discipline had recommended him as of ability for .so great a trust." The Duke had heeu an eye-witness to his courage on more than one occasion, and was undoubtedly convinced of the wisdom of giving him this connnand. Early in November both the Duke and Jiraddock arrived in London, where they had frequent inter- views and conversations relating to the conduct of the exixulition alx)ut to 1k» undertaken. The Captain- General gave Braddock minute instructions as to the course he was to pursue; the organization of his forces; the supplies to be provided; posts to ho established, &c. Amongst other verbal instructions, he directed Braddock to see that Vovt CumlK-rlaiul was strengthened, and made to accomnuxlate a gar- rison of two hundred men. He advised the greatest care in dealing with the Indians, who would Ix' round a foe different in every way from the regular troops of civilized nations, and practiced in woodcraft. To the latter suggestions Bra(ldo(;k gave little heed. expecting to make short work of the savages with his I..11. "> AK...-.i.Vf...lMi. lOX/UffMliKS HltrOKY OF CUMBlHiAND M AJOR GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK 1 755.] .splondid J Londoji, ] tioii.s for i I'lap.sed b( not until was undo] General ti Captain tli on the 2 Centurion, the Syren, the 14tli of Anna, Captain Halifax, Capta Osgood, Cuptai London, Captai Industry, Ca{)tf Isabel and Mari \u\, Whiting, ( These w Seahorse an there were Meantim( exerting h efleetive, a; £20,000 fo iinnj to ten put all u2)oi] panies, wlu wliolly desi was that of 1755.] GENERAL BKADDOCK S FLEET. 101 si»l('ii(lid regular troops. After two weeks spent in London, Braddoek went ' to Cork, to hasten prepani- tions for the sailing of the transports, but many weeks elapsed before everything was in readiness, and it was not until the 14th of January, 1755, that the fleet was under sail. The delay was so irksome to the General that he emliarked on aboard the Norwich, Captain the Honorable Samuel Barrington, and sailed on the 21st of December, accompanied by the Centurion, the Hag ship of Commodore Kejjpel, and the Syren, Captain Prol^y. The fleet, which sailed on the 14th of January, consisted of the following vessels: Anna, Captain Nevin ; Halifax, Captain Terry ; Osi;ood, Captain Crooi:t<)n exprensed Itis belief thut tlin action whicti re-sulted in throninu out tile liifiliiu' olliccrH, holdiiii; (Juloninl couKiiisMioiif. was " aenerated and ImlchtKl at Will's Creek," and was cliargeiibleto (iovernor Diiiwiddie. He as.^ured Ooveriior Slmrpetlui while Ins celf-reappcl lorbii(> him to serve under such circiiniHtaiice». bin feelings were "Mtronslf bent to arms." These orders, were, however, reiterated during the winter by the Hoveniiin'"'. •nd olllcer» of theroval troops were given rank over those of the saiiio grade holding Coloiml cnmmisaions of older date, while provincial field otHcers were allowed uo rank whatever wlien (ervlug with general and field otUcerii oommiMitloued by the C'rowu. 1755.] C30VERN0R SIIARrE AT FORT CUMBKULAND. \()i\ Aftiiirs at Fort Ciimhorliuid wore very quiet at tin's time, so far as the enemy was concerned. About the 1st of January, 1755, a party of fndians, nuni))ering iifteon, arrived at the Foil, and said they had been with tiie French. Tliey asked a great many questions as to tlie intentions of the British, and asserted that the Indians had resolved to remain in the position of neutrals, and not to take any part in the war. The conduct of these visitors was so singular as to excite distrust, and they were permitted to leave the camp, without obtaining any information other than such as they could acipiire by close observation. On the 2(lth of Januai-y, Governor 8harpe again visited Fort Cumljerland, and on the 26th Sir John St. Clair arrived. They made an examination of the works, the sui)plies, and the arms; and two days were spent in inspection and consultation as to the additions that were necessary to the stores, and the best method of getting them to the camp. About the 28th these jientlenien stepped into a small boat, at Fort Canil)erland, ant^ descended the Potomac to Alex- andria. They inspected the river the entire distance traversed, with a view to determining the feasibility of sending supplies to Fort Cuml)erland by water, and Sir John St. (Jlair was of opinion that such a project was entirely practicable, could the rocks in the channel at Great Falls be removed. This he thought could be accomplished by means of gun})owder, to an extent sufficient to permit the passage of Hat Ijottomed boats. The experiment, however, was never tried, iuid the bulk of supplies was afterwards sent over the rough mountain roads in wagons. 104 HISTORV OF CUMHEULANI). [1755. Wlillo at Fort (yUiiibcrland, (Jovi'niorSlmrjK' found miiitiiry anUirs in a very unsatisliictory condition; the Virp!;inia (•oni|)anioH wore unruly, discoutcntod iuid mutinous, while the Marvland company was oi' little value, iK'cause of its limited numbers and lack of disei[)line. The ofTicerH of the Colonial compiums and those holding Kin<:;'s commissions, were at dag5. "Sir: — The Oenerul havinj^ been informed that you expressed Home doHire to iimko tlic oiun|»iiif,'ii, but llmt you declined it iifion some (lisn^reeableness llint you tb(ni;^lit niifjbt arise from the rej^nbilions of coiiiiniind, has ordered me to ac;WID1)IE.' C.iptain John Rutherford, who was iit Fort CumberLind during the inspection by Sir John St. Chiir, wrote to Governor Morris as follows: "Fort Clmberland, March 22, 1755. "Sir: "I write your honor a few lines, tho' I shan't think I have anything material to say until the two Regiments from Cork arrive. Our review by Sir .John St. Clair is over, &, after what he has discharged, I think what remains hero will be fit for any service: I shall want twenty recruits to compleat my company, in room of those he has discharged & those 1 had discharged before, which 1 have a promise of getting from Maryland immediately. 1 755.] THE MARCH FROM ALEXANDRIA. Ill " Col. Innes remains here to take care of stores and Indian afTuirs, & Sir.Fohn.by Gonl Braddock's orders, has left under my command my own (Vmpaiiy, Capt. Demere's & two companies of Virginia Ranrrers, fifty men eacii, under Capt. Waggoner and Capt. I'erronee ; Cnpt. Clark's, as unfit for service, is sent off to recruit, and Capt. Dagworthy's to be drafted tor comiileating the British Rpgimts. The greatest plague I find in mv command proceeds from Whiskey, which had always prevailed, in spite of many expedients since the arrival of troops here. I must get the better of it if possible, & have punished several soldiers & staved some whiskey, but great complaints are made by the owners for want of proper warning, so I must beg your Honor would plea.se order the enclo.sed Advertisement to be published in your newspapers for three weeks. ********* " Sir, your Honor's " most obedient & most humble serv't "JOHN RUTHERFORD." General Braddock, although disappointed in the matter of recruits, as well as of transportation, left Alexandria on his march to Fort Duquesne on the •20th of April. On the 2Gth of April the command arrived at Fredericktown. in Maryland, where Washington then joined it. It became apparent to Braddock, here, that the selection of Virginia as the landing place for the troops was a great mistake, since neither provisions, forage nor transportation were there to be had, and that had they landed in Pennsylvania the march would have been shortened several weeks, and a saving of at least £40,000 sterling effected. He iiad relied upon the promises made that three hundred horses and two hundred wagons and teams would be su[)plied him; besides an abundance of forage and provisions. Instead, however, he found at Fredericktown barely fifteen wagons, and less than one hundred horses, which number was totally inadequate to his necessities. In addition to this, it 112 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. was found upon unloading tlio wagons tliat tlie provisions were spoiled, and stunk so intolerably that they were taken out of camp and buried. Those facts aroused all of the General's bad temper, and he cursed the army contractors roundly, as well as Americans generally, denouncing the whole peoj)leas irresponsible and totally untrustworthy. Most of the officers shared in the harsh opinions entertained bv their leader, which both Washington and Benjamin Franklin, the Postmaster-General, undertook to combat, the latter stating that Pennsylvania had voted .£5,000 to the support of the King's troops, mid was even then engaged in the construction of a road, at great expense. He furthermore expressed his regret that tlie expedition had not landed in Pennsyl- vania, as there every farmer had his wagon, and there would have been no difficulty in securing all the transportation that might be re(|uired. Braddock took hope from this statement, and asked Franklin if he could not yet secure such wagons as were required for the success of his army. Franklin thought he could, and at once undertook the task of satisfying the General's Avants in this respect. Ih had observed that the dress of Sir John St. Chiir wa> that of a Hussar, or nearly approached it in some respects, and taking advantage of this, he published a letter, as follows: "to the inhabitants ok the counties ok l.ANC'ASTEK, YOKK ASH CUMBERLAND. "Friends mid Countrymen : " Being occasionally at the camp at Frederick a few davs since, I found the General and officers of the Army extremely exasperated on account of their not being supplied with Ilorsea and Carriages, which hail been expected from this Province, as most able to furnish thera; but 1755.] franklin's letter to the pennsylvanians. 113 thro' the Dissensions between our Governor and Assentibly, money had not been provided nor any strps taken for that Purpose. " It was proposed to send an armed force immediately into these Counties, to seize as many of the best Carriages and Horses as should be wanted, and compel as many Persons into the Service as should be necessary to drive and take care of them. " I apprehended that the Progress of a Body of Soldiers through these counties on such an Occasion, especially considering the Temper they are in, and their Res?entment against us, would be attended with many and great Inconveniences to the Inhabitants ; and therefore more will- ingly undertook the Trouble of trying first what might be done by fair and equitiible Means. "The People of these back Counties have lately complained to the Assembly that a snUicient Currency was wanting ; you have now an Opportunity of receiving and dividing among you a very considerable Sum, for if the Service of this Expedition should continue (as it's more than probable it will) for 120 Days, the hire of these Wagons and Horses will amount to upwards of Tkirtif Thousand Pounds, which will be paid you in Silver and Gold of the King's Money. "The Service will be light and easy, for the Army will scarce march above 12 miles per Day, and the Wagons and Baggage Horses, as they carry those things that arc absolutely necessary to the Welfiire of the Army, must march with the Army and no faster, and are, for the Army's sake, always placed where they can be most secure, whether on the March or in Camp. ^ "If you really are, as I believe you are, good and loyal Subjects of His Majesty, you may now do a most acceptable Service, and make it easy for yourselves; for three or four such as cannot separately spare from the business of three Plantations a Wagon and four Horses and a Driver, may do it together, one furnishing the Wagon, another one or two Horses, and another the Driver, and divide the Pay proportionally between you. But if you do not this service to your King and Country voluntarily, when such good pay and reasonable Terms are offered you, your Loyalty will be strongly suspected. The King's Business must be done; so many brave Troops, come so far for your defense, must not stand idle thro' your Backwardness to do what may reasonably be expected from you; Wagons and Horses must be had; violent measures will probably be used; and you will be to seek for a Kecompense where yoH can find it, and your case, perhaps be little pitied or regarded. "I have no particular Interest in this Affair, as (except tiio satisfac- tion of endeavoring to do Good and prevent mischief,) I shall have only my Labor for my Pains. If this method of obtaining the Wagons and Horses is not like to succeed, I am obliged to send word to the Gener;.! in fourteen Days, and I suppose Sir John St. Clair, the Hussar, 15 kL^WWiffir; 114 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. with a body of Soldiers, will immediately enter the Province, of which I shall be sorry to hear, because " I am very sincerely and truly " your Friend & Well Wisher, "B. FRANKLIN." The promulgation of this document was speedily effective. The Dutch farmers of the back counties of Pennsylvania had formerly lived under despotic power, and they dreaded the Hussars as a scourge, so that, believing St. Clair to have been a Hussar, and having heard of his violence and temper, they lost no time in sending forward two hundred wagons and two hundred and fifty pack horses, all of which reported at Fort Cumberland, for service, about the latter part of June. On the 30th of April Braddock left Frederick- town, with his stafl' and a body-guard of light horse. Before leaving Alexandi'ia he had purchased of Governor Sharpe a chariot, one of the cumbersome carriages of that day, ana was making his journey with a degree of style which would have been better suited to the cultivated districts of England. He quickly discovered that the road was ill-adapted to a conveyance of that character, and did not hesitate to express his opinion by "• damning it heartily." The route pursued was that by way of Winchester, the other, .and shorter road, not having then been built. He arrived at Fort Cumberland on the 10th of May. He passed Dunbar's division of troops on the Oldtown road, a few miles below Will's Creek. the entire line making room for him to pass on the narrow road, and the drums beating the Grenadier's March, as he drove past, surrounded by his staff, in 1755.] braddock's arrival at fort Cumberland. 115 light testor. 1)0011 lOtb bs on reok. II the ilier'f ^ff, ill their bright uniforms. When he arrived at Will's Creek he was received with a salute of seventeen guns, fired from the Fort, and the garrison drawn up in hne, and ready for inspection. It was a little after noon when the General arrived, and as the road had been, for several miles back, smooth and easy, lying along the beautiful river, and as the weather was mild and pleasant, he and his officers were in fine spirits, when they dismounted to take possession of their quarters and join Colonel Innes at dinner, at his table. At 2 o'clock Colonel Dunbar, with his com- mand, arrived, and they encamped on the hill to the west of the Fort, about where the residences of Hon. George A. Pearre and Mrs. J. Philip Roman now stand. The number of Indians here at that time was about one hundred, and their lodges were clustered in the Avoods, a quarter of a mile distant. They were all of the Six Nations, and amongst them were Scarooyadi, or Monicatoocha, successor to the Half- King; White Thunder, the keeper of wampum; Silver Heels, and Great Tree. Besides these, Bright Lightning, the daughter of White Thunder, and several other Indian women, were quite prominent in their curiosity, and every day they came to the drill ground to witness the marching of the soldiers, seeming greatly surprised by their numbers and the uniformity of their movements. Of these natives the Seamen's Journal says: "I would willingly say something of the manners and customs of the Indians but they are hardly to be described. The men are tall, well made and active, but not strong, but very dexterous with a rifle barrelled gun, and their 116 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. tomahawk, which they will throw with great certainty at any mark and at a great distance. The wonien are not so tall as the men, but well made and have many children, hut had many more iR'fore spirits were introduced to them. Tliey paint themselves in an odd manner, red, yellow and black intermixed. And the men have the outer rim of their ears cut. which only hangs by a bit top and bottom, and have a tuft of hair left at the t(jp of their heads, which is dressed with feathers. Their watch coat is their chief clothing, which is a thick blanket thrown all round them, and wear mocasins instead of shoes. which are Deer skin thrown round the ankle and foot. Their manner of carrying their infants is odd. They are laid on a board, and tied on with brocod bandage, with a place to rest their feet on, and a board over their head to keep the sun off, and are slung to the women's backs. These people have no notion of religion, or any sort of Superior l)eing, as I take them to be the most ignorant people as to the knowledge of the world and other things. In the day were in our camp, and in the night they go into their own, wliei'e they dance and make a most horriljle noise." These Indians were from Aughquick, in Pennsyl- vania, and were brought to Will's Creek by George Croghan, who was commissioned by Braddock as a Captain to command the savages during the campaign. He was thoroughly acquainted with the Indian customs, spoke tlie language of several nations, and had great influence with them, having been a trader amongst them foi* many years. On the day of General Braddock's arrival at the 1755.] TROOPS AT FOUT rUMBERI.AND. 117 P'ort ho announcod the appointmont of Major Wftsliiiigton as aid-de-camp. By the 10th of May tlie I'orccs were all encamped at this point, and con- sisted of the 44th and 48th regiments, each 700 stroiijr, tlie Independent companies of New York 100; carpenters 100; rangers 400, and the South Carolina detachment 100, a total of 2,100 men. These troops were encamped according to the plan ai)proved of by the council of war, and Washington had am})le opportunity to study the methods of the camp. Braddock was a martinet, whose education permitted him to overlook no detail which might prove of the least importance. Tie enforced implicit obedience, and punished in the most severe manner every infraction of law or regulation; his soldiers were drilled with persistence and precision, and the camp was made a model of order and regularity. The recruits were subjected to the most rigid discipline, and especial pains taken to make them attain to some degree of perfection in the drill. Drunkenness and theft were punished with a severity unknown in the army to-day, the ordinary penalty being a thousand lashes and ignominious expulsion from the regiments. Braddock maintained to some extent his old habits of extravagance and conviviality. He was by incli- nation and education a hon vlvant, devoted to high living, and good wine, Avhen it was possible to obtain those articles which were pleasing to his palate. The supply of choice things to cheer the irmer man was lamentably short, however, upon his arrival at the Fort, But a few days later, through Franklin's efforts, there was received by the General a present 118 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. of fifty fat oxen and one hundred sheep, for the use of the army, and the followinj^ articles for his own table : Twelve Flams, Eiglit Cheeses, Twenty-four Flasks of Oil, Ten loaves of Sugar, One cask of Raisins, A box of Spice and Currants, Four kegs of Sturgeon, One keg of Herrings, Two chests of Lemons, Two kegs of Spirits, A cask of Vinegar, A barrel of Potatoes, Three tubs of Butter, A box of Pickles and Mustard, Eight Kegs of Biscuit. In addition to these very acceptable supplies, eacli of the twenty subalterns of the 48th regiment received a parcel made up of the following: 6 lbs. Loaf Sugar, C " Muscorado Sugar. 1 " Green Tea, 1 " BoheaTea, 6 " Ground Coffee. <) " Chocolate, i chest best white Biscuit, i lb. Pepper, I Gloucester Cheese, 1 Keg, 20 lbs., good Butter, 2 doz. old Madura Wine, 2 gallons Jamaica Spirits, 1 bottle flour of Mustard, 2 well cured Hams, J doz, Dried Tongues, G lbs of Rice, 6 " Raisins. 1 quart White Vinegar, Colonel Dunbar caused these latter articles to be divided between the subalterns of the two royal regiments. The General again spread a bounteous table, and his cooks devoted themselves to the preparation of dishes that might tempt his appetite. The "two kegs of spirits" were not neglected, and "punches" were with liberality passed around the board, on many and oft recurring occasions. A levee, or reception was held every day at head- quarters, from 10 to 11 o'clock a. m., at which time every officer was expected to pay his respects to the commander. « . - - — -^ On the 12th, the Seamen's Journal states that a 1755.] CONFERENCE WITH THE INDIANS. 119 congrcHs was held at the Gonoral's tent, at 11 o'clock, at which time all the officers attended the General, and the Indians were brought. The guard received them with their firelocks rested, and the interpreter was ordered to tell them that their brothers, the English, who were their old friends, were come to assure them that every misunderstanding that had been in former times should now be buried under that great mountain (pointing to Will's Mountain). Then a string of wampum was given them, after which a belt of wampum was held forth, with the following speech, viz: that this wampum was to assure them of our friendship ; that everybody who were their enemies were ours; and that it was not the small force only that we had here, but numljers to the northward, under our great war Captains, Shirley, Pepperell, Johnston, and others, that were going to war, and that we would settle them happily in their country, and make the French both ashamed and hungry. But that whatever Indians after this declaration did not coni ^, would be deemed by us as our enemies, and treated as such. The General told them he should have presents for them in a few days, when he should have another speech to make to them, and then, after having the ceremony of taking a drink of the spirits all round, the Indians filed out one after another in silence, and returned to their camp. On the same day one of those sudden gusts of wind, which sometimes visit this locality, with thunder and lightning, came down upon the camp, sweeping away a number of tents and every- thing moveable, much to the consternation of the 120 HISTOUY OF CUMBEULAND. [1765. ^M 1756.J soldiers. The following day the weather was so exceHsively hot, that it was not deen\ed prudent to re((uire of the men any exeroise until after the sun had nearly Het. At night the Indians had a grand war-danee in their cam)), having declared tlioir determination to take up the hatchet against the French. At dark they had a fire built, and formed a ring about it, dancing, gesticulating and shoutiii}; in the wildest manner, their faces and bodies Ijoin;: covered with war-i)aint. Several Indians sat on tiii' ground, 1)eating a drum, made of a skin stretched over a tub, the name of which in their tongue is thi' toij-wa-egnn. They also contril^uted to the aggre- gation of unearthly sounds by the rattling of the shcfiJiefjwon, a bladder dried and filled with pease. It was a custom with these Indians, once or twice a year, for the women to dance, and all the men to sit by, and each woman selected the man she preferred, danced with lum, and then lived with him for a week, at the end of which time she returned to her husband, and they lived as they did before.* The wild dance of the savages on this night drew manj of the officers of the Fort to the scene, who looked on with much interest and some degree of awe, while these children of nature roused the echoes of the wilderness with their demoniacal shouts, and went through a thousand grotesque contortions. A court-martial which had been convened on the 13th had tried several soldiers upon charges mtKle, and Luke Woodward, a private in the ranks of the 48th regiment, was convicted of desertion, and sentenced to death. General Braddock, however, *|j«aiiun'( JouruBl, writtea by a naval ofUcer, under Cum. Keppel, while at Fort Cumbtrltnd. i pardoncf a rcpetiti shortly a regiment. Thomas a jug of nine iuni each, an( the Fort, hi.siies beii was conipl Wash in took place treasiu'e u) 1111(1 dlspo.*^ delay and t •' I and wagon; of which I wrote the l Wasjiiiigtoi " Dear Bhotiik "As wearitij procure me a p Ciirlyle, wlio I necessity requir " I Hce no pn horses nor wat'oi fhiUdelphiii ; th tulties we must proper convenier conceive the nitir J ireraendou.s unde it as triflinjj. for ] force to repel the others, with a boc Und attempt their 16 1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMHERLAND. 121 pardoiu'd him, and wius rewarded for his leniency by a repetition of the crime, by the ungrateful fellow, shortly alter wards. Three other soldiers of the 48th regiment. James Fitzgerald, James Hughes and Tlioina.s ('onnelly, were convicted of having stolen a jug of beer. Connelly was sentenced to receive nine iiuiidred lashes, and the others eight hundred each, and this punisiiment was inflicted just outside the Fort, in presence of the command, three hundred lashe« being given each day until the punishment wa.s (U)!nplete. Washington was a close student of everythinfr that took i)hice in and about the camp. Especially did he treasure up mM that he witnessed of the government and dispositi' of troops. He apprehended much dehiy and trou..n because of the long train of artillery and wagons which was to be taken over the roads, of which he knew the worst. On the 14th he wrote the following letter to his brother, John A. Washington : " Fort CnMBKRi.AND, 14 May. 1755. " Dkar Bkothbk : " As wearing boots is quite the mode, I must beg the favor of you to procure me a pair that are good and neat, and send them to Major Carlyle, wlio 1 hope will contrive to forward them as quickly as my necessity recjuires. " I see no prospect of moving from this place soon, as we have neither horses nor wagons enough, and no forage except what ig expected from Phil'idelphia : therefore, I am well convinced, that the troubles and diffi- culties we must encounter in passing the mountains, for the want of proper conveniences, will equal all the difficulties of the campaign ; for I conceive the march of such a train of artillery, in these roads, to be a j tremendous undertaking. As to any danger <'rom the ememy, I look upon I it as trifling, for I believe the French will be obliged to exert their utmost force to repel the attacks to the northward, where Governor Shirley and I others, with a body of eight thousand men, will annoy their settlements, *nd attempt their forta. 16 122 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755 H 1755.] •' The General has appointed me one of his aides de-camp, in whici: character I shall serve this campaign agreeably enough, as I am thcreb; freed from all commands but his, and give his orders, which must b* implicitly obeyed. " I have now a good opportunity, and shall not neglect it, of forminj I k. acquaintance, which maybe serviceable hereafter, if I find it wortk while to push my fortunes in a military line. "I have written to my two female correspondents by this opportunitv, one of whose letters I have enclosed to you, and beg your deliverance of it. I shall expect a particular account of all that has happened since mt | dejjartnre. " I am, dear Jack, " your most affectionate brother, " GEO. WASHINGTON." Not only were horses and wagons still scarce, but the supply of food for the men was wholly insufficient, and of th^t. on hand twenty-two casks of heef were I inspected and condemned, on the 15th, as unfit for use. On the following day the last division of the | train reached the Fort, under guard of two companies of Sir Peter Halket's regiment. This consisted of three field pieces, four ships' howitzers, several cohorns,* and forty-two wagons loaded with supplies The first death at the Fort also occurred on tliat| day. Captain Bromley, of Sir Peter Ilalkets regiment, who had been ill for several weeks, died on the 16th, and was buried with military honors on tlie ] 18th. The weather was excessively hot, and the men suffered greatly therefrom. The funeral took place at 10 o'clock in the morning, at which time all the troops in the camp and the Fort were assembled. A Captain's guard marched before the corpse, vvitb I the Captain of the guard in the rear. The men carried their arms reve. aed, and the drums beat the *A cohorn in a Bmsll bronze mortar, mounted on a wooden carriage, and having liandlw.in ttbiob it may b« carried a short distance by two men. It wae iuveDtwl br Barou Coebora. 1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 123 dead march. When the cortege approached the I'rave, the guard formed two lines, open order, facing each other, and rested on their arms, with the muzzle down, and their faces leaning on the buts of the guns. The corpse was carried between the lines, the deceased officer's sword and sash lying on the coffin, and the officers following, iwo abreast. The Chaplain read the burial service of the English Church, and after the coffin had been deposited in the grave, the gi'ard fired three volleys over it, and were then inarched to their quarters. The warriors who had come to Fort Cumberland, wi.L Croghan, had, as before stated, brought their faniilie,« with them, as they had no means of pro- viding for their women and children during their absence. The squaws seem to have been quite ;ittractive in person, being well formed and having small hands and feet, languishing eyes and soft voices. To both officers and soldiers they possessed a charm whlcli led to a great degree of annoyance. The brilliant uniforms and dashing style of the British officers had so captivated these untutored beauties that they spent most of their time in and about the camp, and willingly accepted the very marked attentions shown them. Presents of nioney and other articles were lavishly bestowed upon the young s([uaws, and Secretary Peters, of Pennsylvania, in ii letter to Governor Morris, said, "the officers are scandalously fond of them." To such an extent were the amours of these oarties carried that the warriors were roused to a fury of jealousy, and angrily denounced the officers. Bright Lightning the prin- 124 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. cess, abandoned herself to the dissipation which was 80 novel to her, and her example was followed by most of her sisters. In ord(>r to prevent a serioui* outbreak, orders were issued, on the llth, forbiddinj: the women to come into the cam[), and imposing a penalty upon officers and men who should give the Indiaus "rum, other licpior, or money, upon am pretense whatever." These stringent orders, however, did not remedy the evil, and the dusky maidens met their lovers in other places, a i'avorite resort being the shady grove just opposite the Fort, across the river, in Virginia. Finally, Braddock determind to get rid of the women entirely, and on the IStlia convention was held at his tent, which was attended by all the warriors. When they had assembled, the General made them a speech. He told them he had invited them to join him for the pur])ose of taking up the hatchet against the Freiidi: that it became necessary now, in preparing for the movement to the West that they should send their fjimilies — the women and children — back to Pennsyl- vania, where they might remain until the enemy had been punished. Me said their Father, the King, had sent them presents for their tamilies, and that lit felt great interest in them, and was in much sorrow because of the death of the Half-King, and that In had ordered guns and amnumition to be given tlu warriors, so that they might be more successful in the chase ; he wanted them to be jjrood friends to the English, who were their brothers. The General presented them, then, with three belts and a striiiL' of wampum, as well as beads, knives, rings, paint. 1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMEERLAND. 125 cloth, &c., all of which they received with signs of great pleasure, and they promised to come on the next day and give their answer. They then returned to their own camp, and built a hre, around which they danced and sang all night long. On the following day they came to Braddock's tent, and notified him th.at they had called to give him their answer. Scarooyadi said the Indians had heard what the great (Japtain had said to them, and that the words of their white Brother were good; that they were thankful to their Father, the great King, for the presents he had sent, and for his kind words about the loss of the Half-King. The Indians would be the friends of their Engli;.h brothers, and would take up the hatchet against the French; they would do all they could, and would furnish scouts to go into the country and see what their enemies were doing, and speedily bring them news. The warriors theii sung their war soi;^, dancing wildly, and chanting the deeds by which they promised to distinguish themselves, when led against the French. The General afterwards took them to that part of the Fort where the artillery was in position, which they examined with a great deal of curiosity, never before having seen any of these engines of war. He then ordered the gunners to fire three 12-pounden, three howitzers and three cohorns, the drums and fifes playing and "beating the point of war." The explosion caused by the discharge of nine big guns startled the Indians greatly, and excited their liveliest admiration. They afterwards approached the cannon with great caution, peered into their 126 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755, * I i I 1 1 'i^ muzzles, and walked all about them, meantime gesticulating and making comments to each otlier upon these wonderful engines. After this display the warriors returned to their own camp. The General sent them a bullock, which they roasted, and they had a great feast, upon the conclusion of which they gathered about the tire, and danced their war dance, the warriors being decked in their feathers and hideous . n their war paint. The officers from the Fort attended this affair, and were quite as m ich impressed by the wild antics of the Red Men. as they went through the vaunting exhibition of their deeds in war, fighting and scalping their enemies, as were the savages by the tli under of the Throughout almost half the was this wild riot kept up, the forests resounding with the terrible din of the rude drums and the yells and howls of the seemingly tireless dancers. Braddock had never before witnessed a scene like this, and he seemed to regard the painted sons of the forest as so many demons let loose from the infernal regions, and looked upon the weird ceremonies with mingled awe and amusement While he beheld in them untutored children of the wilderness, evidently strangers to fear, and filled with a desire for heroic deeds, he regarded them with a degree of contempt, because of their total ignorance of discipline, and those rules of obedience and unanimity, which he knew were necessary to render effective the soldiers of civilized nations. He had now established the most friendly relations witli them, and hoped to make them useful as scouts big guns of the Fort, night m I 1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 12; and messengers, to ascertain the condition and movements of the enemy. The women and children were a few days hiter sent back to Aughquick, and White Thunder and all but eight of the warriors went along for the purpose of protecting them, promising to return in a few days. At the same time, the three Delaware chiefs from the Ohio returned to their village, for the purpose, as they alleged, of gathering together their warriors, and promised to join the command further west. None of them ever returned. Those who remained were Scarooyadi, and his son; Cashuwayon, Frason, Kahuktodon, Allscheeokatha, Dyoquario. and Kash-wugh-daniunto. The bad faith of the Indians who thus deserted caused the writer of the Seamen's Journal to declare that they wer<» "villains, and always side with the strongest." Previous to their departure they had become so addicted to the excessive use of rum that it became necessary to issue stringent orders forbidding any person to furnish them with spirits, under the severest penalty a court-martial could inflict. Braddock had expected to spend only a few days at Fort Cumberland, in preparing for his march to the West, but he was unavoidably delayed, by the non-arrival of the wagons and stores promised, which were anxiously looked for day after day. He was by this time out of all patience, in conse- quence of the delay he was subjected to, on account of the failure to secure the transportation .and stores he leemed necessary. He made no allowance for the difficulties in the way, and expected to obtain 128 HISTORY OF CUMBP:RLAND [1755. everything in this new country with the same facility as at home. lie denounced the contractors as swindlers and frauds, and in his anger applied the harshest epithets to all the officials of the Colonies, and the inhabitants generally. Washington had a clearer conception of the difficulties to be overcome, and he defended his countrymen against the attacks of the General, often becoming quite vehement in his defense. Notwithstanding these affiiirs of the moment, the warm friendship between them remained unbroken, and WashingVjn felt himself warranted in urging Braddock to abandon the idea of takin;.' with him a long train of wagons, which he said would render their march slow and tedious, and involve the loss of much precious time. He advised the transfer of stores from wagons to the backs of horses, which he thought could be more readilv obtained, and would relieve them of much incon- venience in traveling over the rugged mountain.^. and roughly-built roads, which lay between Fort (Jumberland and Fort Duquesne. Braddock, however, could not be brought to accept the suggestions thus made, and persisted in his scheme of transporting the stores in wagons. He had the utmost confidence in his own judgment, and in the invincibility of his officers and men. This fact, together with his refusal to consult the chiefs who had come to the Fort, in all matters pertaining to the campaign, was doubtless the cause of the departure of most of the warriors. They felt hurt, and indignant that they should be regarded of so little importance in the councils, and to Croghan 1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 129 they had protested loudly. Washington and Croghan had both solicited more consideration for them at the hands of the General, but he could never be brought to yield to their entreaties. Both were discouraged, and knowing their cause of grievance, were not surprised when the chiefs found a convenient excuse for taking their departure. Braddock's Secretary, William Shirley, was impressed by his conduct to to such an extent that he wrote to Governor Morris, of Pennsylvania, in very uncomplimentary terms, saying: "We have a General most judiciously chosen for being disqualified for the service he is employed in, in almost every respect. * •'s * j ^jj^ j^q^ greatly acquainted myself with Ii»dian Affairs, tho' enough to see that better measures with regard to 'em might and ought to have been taken, at least to the Soutliwd. * '•'■ * Upon our arrival at this Fort, we found Indian Affairs so ignorantly conducted by Colonel Innes, to whom they were committed, that. Novices as we were, we have taken 'em into our management." Alluding to Braddock's officers he. said: "As to them I don't think we have much to boast. Some are insolent and ignorant; others capable, but rather aiming at showing their own abilities than making a proper use of them." The impatience of the General over the delay in furnishing supplies led him, on the 10th of May, to i^end Captain Leslie, Sir John St. Clair's assistant, into Pennsylvania to purchase forage. On the 20th eighty wagons arrived at the Fort, to be used in the expedition, and eleven wagons loaded with supplies for the officers. He had now about two hundred 17 130 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. wagons and six liuiulred pack-horses, and made preparations for an early start. In the Seaman's Journal it is stated tliat "there were one hundred carpenters employed, under the carpenter of the 'Sea-Horse,' in building a Magazine, completing a Flatt, and squaring timber to build a bridge over Will's Creek; the Smiths in making tools; the Bakers baking biscuits; and Com- missaries getting the provisions ready for marching." This magazine was built in the North-west corner of the Fort, but the bridge over Will's Creek was never erected, or, if it was, no record or trace of it has been left. There was a ford just under the Fort and directly East of it, which was passable at all times except during high water. Two companies of Sir Peter Ilalket's rcgiment. under connnand of Major Chapman, and ii troop of light horse, arrived from Winchester on the 21st. and went into camp. In addition to the wagons and horses received, tlio supply of provisions on hand and on their way to camp was sufficient for the entire camj)aign, and this once more restored Braddock's good humor. On the 2 2d he wrote to Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, the following letter, which is amongst the MSS. in the Maryland Historical Society: "Port Cumbebi.anu, May 22d, 1755. Sir: " As I propose soon to begin my march for Fort Duquesne, I am desirous of adjusting every future contingency in such a manner to avoid any mistake or misunderstanding. If I take ye Fort in its present condition I shall make additions to it as I shall judge necessary, and shall leave the Guns, Ammunition & stores belonging to ye Fort with a Garrison of Virginia and Maryland forces. But should they, as I have 1755.] AFFAIUS AT FOKT CUMBERLAND. 131 ? 21st. 3d, the id this dn the id, the in the |1755. he, I nm I to avoid present fry, and It with a I have reason to apprehend they should, ubandon & destroy ye Fortification with its Guns, Ac, I will repair or construct some place of defence & leave a Garrison ns before. But as to the Artillery, ammunition, stores, provisions, &c., they must be immediately supply'd by ye Governments of Virgiiiiii, Maryland & Pennsylvania, separately or jointly according to ye agrecraetit made at Alexandria. And that I may not by delays in yours or the other Governments be detained so long as to frustrate any other (iesifiiis for this year 1 must beg that you will have all these things in readiness to be forwarded to ye B'ort, escorted by your militia. A proper quantity of Flower & Meal should be preparing as these in every situation must be regarded & if care is not taken to send these convoys the men must starve & his Majesty's arms be dishonored (should they prove success- ful) k the e.xpences &, Trouble which his regard for the colonies have engaged him in rendered useless. Some Indians lately arrived here from the French fort, mention a bravado of the French and their Indians that they propose when the troops are far advanc'd to fall upon this back country and destroy the inhabitants. Make what use or give credit to this intelligence as you please. However, it may not be amiss to take all possible precautions. "As I find impracticable to take my chariot with me, if you will send for it and ye Harness for the six Horses I shall be much obliged to you i you will make use of it till I want it. I shall be still more as I am sure it will be less damaged by good usage than by lying still ; it will also save you the trouble of sending for another to England, as it shall be at your service at your own price when I leave this part of ye world ; let your serv'ts take care of ye harness, and have it oiled if you don't use it. I shall leave directions to Col. Innes to deliver chariot, Harness, spare axle-trees and pole to your order. "I am Sir, your most obedient and " Most Humble Servant "E. BRAUDOCK." On the 27th the commissaries, one of whom was Colonel Cresap, engaged in loading one hundred wagons with provisions, in readiness for the march, and a guard, under command of a Captain, was sent back to Winchester to escort the rations then on their way to the Fort. A number ol' Delaware Indians came to the camp on this day, and wanted an interview with the General, but they were put off until the morrow, as the Indiana of that tribe were 132 UISTORY OF CUMBKKLANI). [1755. looked upon by the officerH with sus{)i('ioii. Next day they went to the GeneraFn tent, and told liim they had come to join him and to make war Ji<2;ainst the French, and asked him what lie intended to do. He told them he would march in a few days to attack Fort Duquesne, and thanked them for coming to join him. These warriors got out of camp at the first opportunity, and doubtless returned to the French. On the 29th Major Chapman marched towards Fort Duquesne, with 500 men, two pieces of artillery, and a provision train of fifty wagons. Sir John St. Clair, with Mr. Spendelow, two engineers, six soldiers and two Indians, accompanied them, the men to be employed in repairing the road. On the 30th Captain Dobbs, with a comjDany from North Carolina, arrived. Washington also returned to camp from Winchester, having in charge <£4,()0I) in money for use of the army, which Braddock liail sent him for. In speaking of this matter, Washington wrote, a week later, to Mr. William Fairfax, as follows : "Camp at Will's Crkek, 7 June, 1755. "Sir: 1 arrived with my charge safe in camp on the .30th of last month, after wasting a day and part of another in Winchester, expecting the cavalry to escort me up ; in which being disappointed I was obliged to make use of a small guard of the militia of Frederick county. The (ieneral, from frequent breaches of contract, has lost all patience; and for want of that temper and moderation which should be used by a man of sense upon these occasions, will, I fear, represent us in a light we little deserve ; for, instead of blaming the individual, as he ought, he charges all his disappointments to public supineness, and looks upon the country, I believe, as void of honor and honesty. We have frequent disputes on this head, which are maintained with warmth on both sides, especially on his, as he is incapable of arguing without it, or giving up any point he asserts, be it ever so incompatible with reason or common sense. 1755.] AFFAIRS AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 13/ "A line of communication is to be opened from Pennsylvania to the French fort Dutjucsne, along which, afker a little time wo are to receive all our convovH of people, who oujrht rather to be chastised for their jnscnHibilitv to danger, and disregard of their sovereign's expecta- tions. They, it seems, are to be the favored people, because they have furnishrd what their absolute interest alone induced them to do, that is one hundred and fifty wagons and an equivalent number of horses. "Major Chapman, with a detachment of five hundred men, and the quarter master General, marched twi) or three days before I arrived here, to open the road, and lay in a deposite of provision at a small fort which they lire to erect at the Little Meadows. "To morrow Sir Peter Halket, with the first brigade, is to begin his march, and on Monday, the General, with the second, is to follow. One hosjiital is filled with sick, and the numbers increase daily with the bloody (lu.v, which has not yet proved mortal to many. ♦ ***#* * # ■» *' I am sir "Your most obdt servt "gp:(). \v.\shington." Tlie discipline of tho cam]) was made more .stringent every day, and the punishment of .soldiers for violating ordens was both frequent and severe. Strict orders were issued against gaming, and drunkenness, each of these offences being punishable with two hundred lashes, without so much as a trial. Several soldiers were severely dealt with for theft and desertion, and the terror of an unyielding military law was relied upon to keep up the morale of the army. The Sabbath day was also observed, and religious services held regularly on Sunday mornings by the Chaplains of the regiments. Braddock's adherence to his ideas of thorough discipline, and his contempt for the Indians as warriors, not only resulted in the los,%' of the services of those who had been brought him by Croghan, but also of a valuable ally in the person of Captain Jac'., who was a well known scout, and who 184 HISTOKV OF CUMUEKLAND. [m, lollovvod the rnrliiiii mode of warfare. Captain Jack conuiianded a coiupanv of dariii;^- incii like Minsclf, who were familiar with tlie woods, and witli all the Htratiigein.s of the savages, to whom they liad Ion; been deadly fm's. His family had Ix'en munUrtd and his eabin burned by a party of Indians, sonn time before, and he had devoted himself to aveii<;iiii; his murdered wife and children. Tlis deeds of prowess had rendered him the terror of the Indians He was clad in their garb, slept in the open air, was always alert, swift and certain in his fatal visits tn their haunts, constantly paying the debt which \w owed them, and which he had vowed should only In cancelled when his life should end. His home was on the Juniata, and he was known as the "Black Hunter." The alliance of this powerful trapjx'r-cliiit. and his men, would have been of incalculali'i importance to Braddock, and their services wen freely offered, but they were not willing to submit to the regular discipline (>f the army. For this reason their ofler was rejected, and they took their departuiv. When everything had been made ready for the march from Fort Cumberland, the General seemed to regret somewhat the rough speeches he had made, regarding the country and the jx'ople generally, under the influence of his disappointments, though he persisted still in being much dissatisfied with tlu- coil tractors, whom he declared had no patriotic impulses, and no thought other than to put money in their purses. Towards Franklin he entertained the most com- plimentary opinions, and before leaving he wrote to [17').'). ^H lyr)').] AFFAIKS AT KOKT crMHKKf.ANI). 135 tin Jmi lumsolf. I all till' lad loiij; iiinlcrni iiH, soini' ivengiii;; leeds of Imliaiis. air, w;i> viwits til rhicli lie I only 1k' OHIO was B "Black |)or-cliiot. ik'ulaWt' 08 were ulnnit til is reason >[)iirtiiiv. ady for seemed ,d mack'. , under ugh lie ith tl!.' )utriotit' loney in it coui- •rote to the Secretary of Stato tlie following flattering letter regarding that eminent num : "Will's Cukkk, June 5, llCtH. "Sir: " BcCorL' I left Williamsburg the Quarter Master (lencrul told me that I inifjht depend upon twenty five liuiulred horses and two hundred wagons from \'irginia and Maryland ; but I had great rcasnn to doubt it, having experienced the false dealings oC all in this country with whom I had been loncerned. Hence, before my departure from Frederick, I agreed with Mr. iU'UJHiiiin Franklin, Postmaster in Pennsylvania, who has great credit ill that Province, to send here one hundred and fifly wagons and the neressiiry number of horses. This he accomplished with promptitude and lidelity, and it is almost the only instance of address and integrity whirh I have seen in all these jtrovinces." Everything Ijeing ready for the advance, the arniy was divided into three divisions. On the 7th of June tiie first division, under Sir Peter Halket, left the canip at Fort Cumberland ; on the 8th the second division, under the conunand of Lieutenant-Colonel (lage, of the 44th Regiment, marched. There was left in eami) then only a snuiU lunidjer of troops hesides the garrison of the Fort. An order htid been issued by the General, on the 2d, appointing Colonel Innes Gcjvernor of the Fort, and he was to renuiin with enough of the colonial volunteers to hold the Fort and protect the country about it from the enemy. The large number of women in camp, wives of soldiers, who could be of no service on the march, and would tend to im})ede the advance as well as to consume the stores, he determined to get rid of, and therefore sent twenty-four of them l^ack to Philadelphia, with the following letter and pass: " Fort CuMnERLANi), June Dth, 1755. J__ "Sir; _.;„ . _, - - ' - ■ - _ '' I have found it necessary to discharge a number of women who are wives to soldiers belonging to the forces under my command, and must 136 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755, beg of you to give orders that they be subsisted in your government; their names are coTitained in the Passes I hare given 'em for their Protection, and I have taken care to order stoppages to be made of one-third Part of their Husbands' Pay to defray the expense of tb«ir maintenance. " I am, sir, your most obedient and most humble servant, •'E. BRADDOOK." " By his Excellency Edward Braddock, Esq, General and [L. S.] commander in chief of all His Majesty's Forces in Norlli America. " I do hereby certify that the Bearers, Mary Welch, Elizabeth Webster, Mary Walker, Mary Crab, Dorkey Moreton, Margaret Wray, Margaret Gates, Catharine McFarland, Jane Campbell, Catharine Watson, Annip Manning, Susanna Duncan, Annie McDonald, Mary Ryo, Margaret Doggett, Elizabeth Rickerby, Annie Anderson, Jean Anderson, Marv Scott, Annie Totle, Christiana Ferga8on,Mary Dimond, Eleanor Lemmon & Sara Lord are wives to soldiers belonging to forces under mv command ; And all persons whatsoever are hereby required to sufier 'em to pass without hindrance or molestation. " Given at the Camp at Fort Cumberland, the 9th day of June, 175,1, "E. BP.ADDOCK. " By His Excellency's Command, "W. Shirley." Major Chapman had marched with his command, by the route marked out by Colonel Cresap and the Indian guide, Nemacolin. This route crossed Wills Mountain, as heretofore described, by way of Saiidv Gap. Lieutenant Spendelow, of the Seamen, who accompanied Major Chapman on his first day's maroh. to aid in clearing the road, returned to the camp. impressed with the importance of discovering a less difficult route, and taking one of his officers and a squad of men, spent several days in examining the country. He finally concluded that a much more desirable road could be constructed along the East bank of Will's Creek, through the "Narrows." whereby he would be enabled to strike the old road. 1755.] BRADDOCKS ROUTE. 137 a few miles beyond, the distance being increased less than two miles. His advice as to this matter was accepted, and a road was built at once, the labor not bnng severe, whereby the heavy grades were entirely avoided, to the great relief of the transportation depart II lent. The troops that left the Fort after Major Chapman's departure took the new route, which was used altogether in the movements of the army aftcrw^ards. This route is shown on the map here given, as well as the original road, which was located by Mr. T. C. Atkinson, an engineer of great ability and the nicest accuracy, who was employed in the survey of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, and who spent considerable time in the examination of Braddock's route, and the traces still left in 1850 in the forests. The map as pre- pared by Mr. Middleton showed only the route over the mountain west of Will's Creek. The author has added thereto a line showing the new road opened by Lieutenant Spendelow through the "Narrows.'' and joining the other, five miles north of Fort Cumberland. The map as now given may be confidently accepted as perfectly accurate, in every respect. The route through the "Narrows" was eventually adopted by United States engineers in locating the great National Road, which, however, was made to cross Will's Creek at the entrance to the -'Narrows," and to skirt the mountain on the west side of the gorge instead of the east. Lieutenant Si)endelow's road skirted the margin of Will's Creek, along the eastern base of the cliffs of the "Narro^vs" until this wonderful gorge was passed; it then crossed the creek just above the 18 138 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. mouth of Braddock's Run, and followed the course of the Run, crossing it at times, and in some instances taking the bed of the stream. It joined the other road near the Everstine place, five miles west of the Fort. Braddock's Run received its name from this circumstance, .and still retains it. The task of building Lieutenant Spendelow's now road was begun on the 3d of .Tune, when an engineer and 120 men went to work on it, and completed about one mile a day, until the 7th, at which time Sir Peter Halket's division marched; en the 8tli Cage's division followed, and on the 10th DunbarV division left the Fort, bringing up the rear. Braddock accompanied Dunb.ar's command, and Fort Cunil)er- land was left with a small detachment of able men. under Colonel Innes. Quite a number of men were left in the hospitals here, besides several officers. amongst them Commodore Keppel, the commanderof the British fleet. Most of them were suffering from the bloody flux, w hich disease proved fatal to several soldiers, after only a short illness. The difficulties of the march soon brought the General to appreciate the apprehensions of Washington; the steep mountains, rocky roads, and ugly ravines, incident to this new country were all beyond his anticipations. It became necessary to double up the teams in order to pull the wagons up the rough grades ; in some instances even this was impracticable, the seamen being obliged to draw them up by means of ropes and pulleys. Not moiv than three or four miles a day could be made, and in order to avoid a further delay, where already weeks 1 755.] BRADDOCKS ROUTE. 139 of precious time bad been lost, Braddock eventually viddi'd to Washington's advice, and sent back many ol" his wagons, taking the animals for pack horses, and transporting his stores in the only practicable maiiiKT. The artillery was a source of great trouble; although the guns were of small calibre, yet they could not be left, and the army struggled on, day after day, making only short marches. Braddock's route has been discussed and speculated upon to an extraordmary extent, and was for many years not very clearly defined. In "The Olden Time," an interesting collection of papers relative to the history of the settlement and improvement of the country about the headwaters of the Ohio, is a very satisfactory description of this route, written from Cumberland, by Mr. T. C. Atkinson, in 1847, which is undoubtedly more correct than any other ever published, and this document is given here in full : braddock's routj: to the battle of the monongahela. "The interest with which the routes of celebrated expeditions are regarded, and the confusion which attends them after the lapse of years, is well exemplified in the case of Hannibal, whose march towards Rome, in order to divert their army from tiie siege of Capua, was totally lost in the course of a few centuries. The constant blunders of Livy in copying first from one writer, and then from another who made him take a different path, justify a recent English historian who went to Italy to see the ground tor himself, in saying that the Punic war was almost iis hard in the writing as the fighting. ''As the time is coming when the road by which 140 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. the unfortunate Braddock marched to his disastrous field, will be invested with antiquarian interest, akin to that attending Hannibal's route, or rather the via scelerata, by which the Fabian family marched out of Rome, I have thought it time not idly spent to attempt to pursue its scattered traces as far as it is in my power, among more pressing occupations. In this sketch I do not design to pursue it to its extent. but only to identify it in those parts where it haj! been convenient for me to visit it, and in others to shadow out its general direction. Where it is obscure I hope to have opportunities to examine it at a future day. "Of the well conducted expedition of Col. Boquet. and its precise path, the publications of Mr. Hutchins, the geographer, who was one of the engineers, leaves us very well informed. It is })resumable that similar details would be found of the march of 1755, if it liml had a successful termination. The three engineers who were in the field were wounded; and it is probable their papers fell into the hands of the enemy, or were lost in the fight. "General Braddock landed at Alexandria on the 20th of February, 1755. The selection of this port for the debarcation of the troops was censured at the time, though it is probable it had the approval of Washington. The two Regiments he brought with him were very defective in numbers, having but about 500 men each, and it was expected their ranks would be recruited in America. It is sho\vn by the repeated requests on this point made by the General at Cumberland, that this expectation wac 1755.] vain. A the Royf route on Frederic! Wincliesl the 9th o: master G( two wee} "The a I)ronoiinc( the spelli ments,) { following of the Pot( The water as the sp( army havi 4th or 5th "Thear with a slig South Brai that time having dro name. Tl the Ferry the reside] settler, anc^ The road ] and at the of Will's M •This is an error, a referred to must ha w be passed by Bradi 1755.] BRADDOCK S ROUTE. 141 vain. After numerous delays, and a conference with the Royal Governors, we find General Braddock en route on the 24th of April, when he had reached Fredericktown in Maryland. Passing thence through Winchester, Va., he reached Fort Cumberland about the 9th of May. Sir John St. Clair, Deputy Quarter- master General, had preceded him to this point about two weeks. "The army struck the Little Cacapehon (though pronounced Cacapon, I have used for the occasion the spelling of Washington, and various old docu- ments,) about six miles above its mouth, and following the stream, encamped on the Virginia side of the Potomac, preparatory to crossing into Maryland. The water is supposed to have been high at the time, as the spot is known as the Ferry Fields, from the army having been ferried over. This was about the 4th or 5th of May. "The army thence pursued the banks of the river, with a slight deviation of route at the mouth of the South Branch, to the village of Old Town, known at that time as the Shawnee Old Town, modern use having dropped the most characteristic part of the name. This place, distant about eight miles from the Ferry Fields, was known at that early day as the residence of Col. Thomas Cresap, an English settler, and the father of the hero of Logan's speech. The road proceeded thence parallel with the river and at the foot of the hills, till it passes the Narrows of Will's Mountain,* when it struck out on a shorter 'This if) HD error, as Will's Mountsin is beyond the site of Fort Cumberland, and the mountain referred to must have been Evitt's Mountain, which is Boutb East of Cumberland, and had to be passed by Braddock before reaching Will's Creek. 142 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [17o O'J, line coincident with the present connty road, and lying hetween the railroad and the mountain, to Fort Cumberland. "From the Little Cacapehon to this point the ground was comparatively easy, and the road had been generally judiciously chosen. Thenceforward the character of the ground was altered, not so nnich in the general aspect of the country, as that the march was about to a])andon the valleys, and now the real difficulties of the expedition may be said to commence. "The Fort had been conmienced the previous year, after the surrender at the Great Meadows, In Colonel Innes, who had with him two independent companies of New York and South Carolina. It mounted ten four pounders, besides swivels, and wa^ favoral>ly situated to keep the hostile Indians in check. "The army now consisted of 1000 regulars, oil sailors, and 1200 provincials, besides a train ot artillery. The provincials were from New York and Virginia; one company from the former colony was commanded by Captain Gates, afterwards the hero of Saratoga. On the 8th of June, Braddock having, through the interest and exertions of Dr. Franklin, principally, got 150 wagons and 2000 horses from Pennsylvania, was ready to march. "Scarooyadi, successor to the Half. King of the Senecas, and Monacatootha, whose acquaintance Washington had made on the Ohio, on his mission to Le Boeuf, with about 150 Indians, Senecas and Delaw^ares, accompanied him. George Croghan, the i*'^iwii^t2;:-':- 1755.] IJUADDOCK S ROUTt:. 143 Indian Agent of Pennsylvania, and a friendly Indian of great value, called Susquehanna Jack, were also with him.* "Tiie first brigade under Sir Peter Halket led the way on the 8th, and on the 9th the main body lolk)wc'd.f Some idea of the difficulties they encountered, may be had when we perceive they .spent the third night only five miles from the first. Tlie place of encampment, which is abont one third of a mile from the toll-gate on the National Road, is marked by a copious spring bearing Braddock's name. "For reasons not easy to divine, the route across Will's Mountain, first adopted for the National Road was selected, instead of the more favorable one throuiih the narrows of Will's Creek, to which the road has been changed within a few years, for the purpose of avoiding that formidable ascent. The traces are very distinct on the East and West slopes, the modern road crossing it frequently. From the Western foot, the route continued up Braddock's Run to the forks of the stream, where Clary's Tavern now stands, 9 miles from Cumberland, when it turned to the left, in order to reach a point on the ridge favorable to an easy descent into the valley of George's Creek. Tt is surprising that having reached this high ground, the favorable spur by which the National Road accomplishes the ascent of the Great Savage Mountain, did not strike the attention of the •iMr. AtUiiiRon is in error in this. Tlie Indians, as before ntated in tliis worlt, Imd nearly all left liraddock. and 'Susquehanna Jack" is doubtless the celebrated "Captain Jack" or the "Black Hunter," who was not an Indian at all, hut a white man with probably some baser blood iDhin veins, and will) commanded a party of wild trappers like himself, whose services were rejwteii bv liinddock because they wanted too much liberty to suit bis views. tTlieae dates are incorrect, as will be seen by comparing them with those given in previous ptgtia of this book. 144 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [175r), 17W.] 'm engineers, as the labor requisite to surmount the barrier from the deep valley of George's Creek, must have contributed greatly to those bitter com})]aiiit,< which IJraddock made agjiinst the Coloniid Govern- ments for their failure to assist him more eflectivelj in the transportation department. "Passing then a mile to the South of PVosthurj:, the road approaches the East foot of Savage Mountain, which it crosses about one mile S;, of the ii .ecurity of their mode of advance. "This doubtless had a share in causing tlu c(juncil of war held at the Little Meadows next day. To this place, distant only about twenty milep from Cumberland, Sir John St. Clair and Major Chapman had been dispatched on the 27th* of May, to ])uilda fort; the army having been 7 days in reaching it, it follows as the line of march was upwards of three miles long, the rear was just getting under wa\ ^ H when the advance were lighting their evening fires. "Here it may be well enough to clear up an obscurity which enters into many narratives of these early events, from confusing the names of the ' Little Meadows' and 'Great Meadows,' 'Little Crossings *Tbi8 should read, iheSOtb of May. ami "(J *'Th the fool the '(• west, ai H Ca.ssclm and i)\ Voughio miles vvi (.'rossing "The with a |)i caiUKHl, { was resui tlie Soutl of Grants night of i not been i midway t( the 2:]d. or Fort > inoniitaint ground n keeping oj owing inl tlie Cheat Voughioglj W^'ishingto •luinoDvilli 'iiid open f 'iiile west ( 19 1755.] BHAnmX^K S ROIITK. 145 antl'^Ji'tMt CrossiiigH,' whioli aroall (li.stiiict localities. "Thf 'Little Meadows' have been dcsseribed as at the foot of Meadow Mountain; it is well to note that till' '(ireat Meswlows' are about 31 miles i'urther wost, and near the east foot of Laurel Hill. "IJy the 'Little Crossings' is meant the Ford of ('a.ssclinan's River, a tributary of the Yougliiogheny ; and by the 'Great Crossings' the passage of the Yougliiogheny itself. The Little Crossing is two iiiik's west of the Little Meadows, and the Great Crossing 17 miles further west. "The conclusion of the council was to push on with a picked force of 1200 men, and 12 pieces of cannon, and th(^ line of march, now more compact, was resumed on the 19th. Passing over ground to the South of the Little Crossings, and of the village of Grantsville, v, liicli it skirted, the army spent the night of the 21st at the Bear Camp, a locality I have not been able to identify, but suppt)se it to be about midway to the Great Crossings, which it reached on the ^od. The route thence to the Great Meadows, 1)1' Fort Necessit}', was well chosen, though over a mountainous tract, conforming very nearly to the ground now occupied by the National Road, and keeping on the dividing ridge between the waters flowing into the Youghioghenv on the one hand, and the Cheat River on the other. Having crossed the Yougliiogheny, we are now on the classic ground of Washington's early career, where the skirmish with •Tuiuonville and Fort Necessity, indicate the country laid open for them in the previous year. About one mile west of the Great Meadows, and near the spot 19 14G HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755 HOW marked as Braddcjck's (Iravo, the roiul Htnick ofV more to the North-west, in order to reach a pnss throuj-h Laurel Hill, that would enable them tn Htrike the Youghiogheny,at a point aft^'rwards known as Stewart's Crossing, and about half a mile Ixilow the present town of Connellsville. This part of the route is marked by the farm known as Mount Braddock. The second crossing of the Youghioglieiiy was effected on the )iOth of Jun(». The high grounds intervening between the river and its next tributary. Jacob's Creek, though trivial in comparison witli what they had ah'eady passed, it may be supiwsed. presented serious obstacles to the troops, worn out with previous exertions. On the 3d of July n council of war was held at Jacob's Creek to consider the propriety of bringing forward Cohmel Dunhiii, with the reserve, and although urged by Sir .lolni St. Clair with, as one may suppose, his ehara^rteristic vehemence, the measure was rejected on snllieiont grounds. From the crossing of Jacob's Creek, wliicli was at the point where Welchhanse's mill now st;ind\ about one and half miles below Mount Pleasant, the route stretched off to the north, crossing the Mount Pleasant turnpike near the village of the same iiiiinc. and thence by a more westerly course, passing the (Ireat Sewickley near Painter s Salt Works, tliciia' South and West of the Post-office of Madison and Jacksonville, it reached the Brush Fork of Turtle Creek. It must strike those who examine the map. that the route for some distance, in the rear and ahead of Mount Pleasant, is out of the propii direction for Fort Duquesne, and accordingly we find 1755.] UUADDOCKS ROUTE. 147 on tlio 7tl» of July, (Iciicrjil Hr.^ldock in (loul)t an to his jjioper wjiy of proccodiiig. The crossing of Inrush Creek, which lie had now reached, appeared to be utteiuli'd with so niueh ha/ard, that parties were sent to reconnoitre, some ol' whom advanced ho far as to kill a French oificer within half a mile of Fcrt DiKjuesne. "Their examinations indnced a great divergence to the left, and availing himself of the valle)' of liOii}"' Iliui, which he tnrned into, as is supposed, at Stewaitsville, passing by the place now known as Siunpson's Mill, the army made one of the best inarches of the campaign, and halted for the night at a favorable depression between that stream and (Jrookcd Run, and about two miles from the Moiioiigahela. At this spot, about four miles from the battle ground, which is yet well known as Braddoek's Spring, he was rejoined by Washington on the morning of the 0th of July. "The approach to the river was now down the valley of Crooked Run to its mouth, where the point of fording is still manifest, from a deep notch in the west bank, though rendered somewhat oljscure by the improved navigation of the river. The advance, iiiidor Colonel Gage, crossed about 8 o'clock, and (ontiiuK'd by the foot of the hill bordering the broad river bottom to the second fording, which lie had oll'ected nearly as soon as the rear had got through the first. "The second and last fording, at the mouth of Turtle Creek, was in full view of the enemy's position, and about one mile distant. By 1 o'clock 148 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND. [1755. the whole army had gained the right hank, and AViis drawn up on the bottom land, near Frazier's houw'. (spoken of by Washington, as his stopping place, on his mission to Le Boeuf) and about three fourths of a mile distant from the ambuscade. " The advance was now about to march, and wliilc a part of the army was yet standing on the plain, the firing was heard. Not an enemy had yet boon seen." The delays to which the army was subjected on this march were hirgely attributable to the oflHcers themselves, including the General. They had Iwon accustomed to a rather luxurious mode of life, in comfortable nuarters, and on this occasion secinid unable to divest theuiselves of the baggage and appurtenances which such sokliers as Washington looked upon with contempt, and which vvould have caused the dismissal of an oificer who would have presumed to thus overburden the (piarterniastoi- department in our late war, when tlie Colonel of a regiment was frequently recjuired to be satisfied with a blanket and a single change of linen. The inarch to Little Meadows occupied seven days, and the distance was barely twenty miles. The (u'lionil deti'rmined to get rid of further incumbraiu'cs it possible, whereupon Washington advised him to scml back more A\agons and leduce the officers' baggage; then 10 push on with all possil)le speed with 1200 of the best troops, who should travel as light as possihk'. the renijiinder to follow with the wagtms. Ihaddoik endeavored to follow this very good advice, and i^oiit forward 1200 men, with some artillery, the pr<»- minjmi^aawia.-^- /i i' ..' ■ iag««aat&Mfir^;,aasav& , ^«,s;v:»hi«i ii«,-rA»8:,' h a^ 1755.] BRADDOCKS ROUTE. 141) visions being put upon p.ack horso.s. The officerH, however, reduced their baggage very little, and W;ishingtt)n was the only one of the number who dispensed with everything else than necessities. On the 19th the command left Little Meadows, and the Indians were sent forward as scouts. Scarooyadi and his son, who were on the flank, wer«^ taken prisoners by a party of French and Indians who were in the woods, but the latter effected his escape and brought intelligence of the matter to the other warriors, who instantly started in hot pursuit. In a sliort time they found the sachem bound to a tree and unharmed. The French were desirous of killing liim when he was taken, but io this the Indians would not consent. They knew Scarooyadi and held him in considerable esteem, otherwise they would not have intervened to save him. Washington had been for some time feeling unwell, and every day he grew worse, notwithstanding the attentions of the surgeon. He was burning with fever, which was accompanied with severe pains in the head, and he had to abandon his horse for the ahnost intolerable discomforts (jf a wagon without springs. Finally th(> jolting he was subjected to rendered it impossible for him to go further, and he was reluctantly compelled to allow the army to proceed Avithout him; not until the General Iiad faithfully promised, however, that he should be kept well informed of their movements, and brought up in time to participate in the expected engagement. He stopped at the Youghiogheny, remaining there several days, until Dunbar came up, by wliich time 150 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. lie was able to resume the saddle, and soon after- wards joined the General a few miles distant from the scene of the battle which followed. From the time of leaving Little Meadows hostile bands of Indians hung about the flanks of the armj. on one occasion killing and scalping three men. They stole the horses at night, carved upon the l)ark of the trees insulting messages, and watched tli'eir every movement. The inscriptions were in Frencli. showing that the Indians were accompanied l)v whites. The difficulties of the march seemed to nuiltiply, as the men were worn down with fatigin', and harrassed by an unseen enemj-, against whom they had constantly to be on guard. Bands of savages made their way back towards tin settlements, wh«.re they created great consternation by their acts of inhumanity, in consequence of whiili the aid of the Maryland Assembly was invoked. On the 1st of July Governor Sharpe sent the following address to that body: "GeKT1,KMKN of THK LoWKK HoUSK ok As.SEMlil.Y : " I luivo just rccoived Letters from Colonel Innea at Fort Cumber land, and from the Back Inhabitants of Frederick County, advisinfrnu. that a Party of French Indians, last Monday Morninp, fell on tin Inhabitants of this Province, and killed two Men and one Woman («ii have been since found dead); eight other Persons they have takffl Prisoners, and carried off. The) Names of the Persons who wet* murdered and left, are John Williams, his Wife, and Grandson; anJ with their Hodies was also found that of a French Iudi.it). The PtiS'ni! carried off, are Richard Williams (a Son of .John who was munlereil with two Children, one Daw on's Wife, and four Children. Richd Williams's Wife, and two Brothers of the young Man that is killed, liau made their Ksoapc. This Accident, I find, has so terrified the liisli". j Inhabitants, that many of them are retiring, and forsaking their I'iiiiVJ tions. " .\noiher Letter from Winchester in Virginia inlornn ino, tii:ii » 1755.] ''c BRADDOCK S ROUTE .51 Parly of Indians have also attacked the Back Inhabitants of that Province, of whom thov have killed eleven, and carried away many Captives. "Apprehending the French would proceed in this Manner, as soon as (ioneral Hriiddock, and the Troops under his Command, should have passed the Mountains, and being confirmed in my Opinion by an Intimiition in the General's Letter, I issued a Proclamation near a Month since, cautioning the distant and other Inhabitants of this Province, to lip on their rSuard, and unite for their common Defence and Safety; at the same Time, I sent peremptory orders and instructions to the officers of the Militia of Frederick County, frequently to Muster and discipline ilicir several Troops and Companies once a Fortnight at least ; and in case of an Alarm that the Enemy was approaching, or had fallen on the Inhabitants, to march out and act either offensively or defensively, and use all Means to protect and defend the Inhabitants from the Devasta- tions of the French, or their Indians : However, I find neither the Proc- lamation or Instructions will be effectual unless the Militia can be assured that they shall receive Satisfaction and Pay for the Time that they shall be out on Duty. I should think it highly proper for us to have about a Hundred, or at least a Company of Sixty Men, posted, or constantly ranging, for some Time on the Frontiers, for our Protection : in this I desire your Advice, and that you will enable me to support such u number. "Gentlemen, At the General's Reriuest, and that I might receive early intelligence at this Time from the Camp and the Back Inhabitants, 1 liave engaged several Persons betweeu this Place and Will's Creek, to receive, and speedily convey any Letters that shall come to them directed for the General or myself; I doubt not you will be convinced of the Necessity of such a Measure, and provide for the Expence thereof. "IIORO. SHARPE." The Assembly, recognizing the importance of prompt action, at once considered the address, and iitlopted the suggestions therein contained, as is .shown by the reply made to the Governor on the same date : "To his Excellency, Horatio Sharpe, Esq ; Governor and Commander in Chief in and over the Province of Maryland. The humble Address of the House of Delegates. "May it please your Excellency, This House having taken into Consideration your Excellency's Message of this Day, have thereupon come to the following Resolves : 152 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. " Resolved, That this House will make suitable Provision for thf paying and maintaining Eighty Men, including Officers, for four niontb (if Occasion) for ranging on the Frontiers of this Province, to protect the same against the Incursions and Depredations that may he attempted or made by the French, or their Indian allies. " Resolved further. That this House will defray the reasonable Expence of conveying Intelligence from Willa's Creek to Annapolis and back thither, for four Months." "H. HOOPER, Speaker." On the 2d of July the sum of £2,000 was appropriated to carry into eflect an "Act for securing the Western frontier of this Province against the depredations of the French and their Indian allies. and also for paying and maintaining couriers from Will's Creek to Annapolis and back to Will's Creek." A company of militia was quickly formed and sent to Fort Cumberland, from which point it made frequcm descents upon the enemy, and ranged the forests alonjj the borders, and materially aided the settlers. Meantime Braddock was still advancing, and on the 4th of July two Indians went on towards Fort Duquesne to ascertain the condition of the Fort. and the number of men there. Gist set out the same day for the same purpose, and they returned on tlio ()th, with intelligence to the effect that the works had not been increased; there were very few boats near the Fort; the number of soldiers to be seen was inconsiderable; the passes were all clear, and tho enemy seemed to have ver\^ few reconnoiteriiig [)arties out. Gist narrowly escaped capture by two Indians who had discovered and pursued him Irving says in his life of Washington that "•on the same day, during the march, three or four men loitering in the rear of the grenadiers were killed and 1755.] HHAOnOCK S ROUTE. 153 scalped. Several oi' the grenadiers set off to take revenge. They came upon a party of Indians, who held up boughs and grounded their arms, the concerted sign of amity. Not perceiving or under- standing it, the grenadiers fired upon them, and one tell. It proved to be the son of Scarooyadi. Aware too late of their error, the grenadiers brought the body to the camp. The conduct of Braddock was admirable on this occasion. He sent for the father and the other Indians, and condoled with them on the lamentable occurrence; making them the custom- ary presents of expiation. But what was more to the point, he caused the youth to be buried with the honors of war; at his request the officers attended the funeral, and a volley was fired over the grave. The honors thus shown the deceased warrior gratified the pride of the old chief, and proved a balm to him in his aflliction. It excited a feeling of deeper friend- ship toward his white allies, who had thus shown the most genuine sorrow for him in the calamity which had so unfortunately befallen him. For two days Braddock halted at Thicketty Run, and on the 7th marched with a view to crossing Turtle Creek, but, dreading the labor of making his way over the ridges about that stream, and the delay of Inidging it, he changed his route, on the 8th, marching ahnost due west towards the Monongahela, along the valley of Long Run, and encamped that night some two miles from the river. The "Narrows," a gorge tlirough which the river passed, near the point of encampment, was not passable for artillery, and besides presented many advantages to the French, 20 154 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1750 should they resort to ambush; for tliis reason Braddock determined to cross the Monongahela at a ford near by and to recross it by a second ford a short distance below, near the mouth of Turtle Creek, thus avoiding the "Narrows," and securing easy marches. The condition of tlie firmy was not of the most flattering character, at this time, and the remark made some time earlier, to the effect that its com- mander was most "judiciously chosen for being disqualified for the service he is employed in, in almost every respect," was felt to be painfully true by at least several of the prudent and thinking men who served under his orders. Braddock was irritable. arrogant, and intemperate in his hot-headed denun- ciation of every officer and man who incurred his displeasure; he Avould not so much as speak t<.) the two principal officers under his command, or notice them in anyway, except when required to do so by the necessity of sending them directions; Shirley, the General's Secretary, was disgusted and indignant because of the delays as well as the blunders of the march; Washington, while he retained his self- command, inwardly chafed over the bigotry whicli closed the General's eyes to the most commonplace necessities in dealing with a foe he would not understand; Sir Peter Halket was low spirited and depressed; he comprehended the importance of meeting the wily red skins with their own tactics. and while he urged the General to beat the bushes over every foot of ground from the camp to the Fort, he had little hope of seeing his advice put into 1755.] THE Nir.lIT BEFOKK TIIK HATTLK. 155 effect; when he wrapped his mantle about him that night as he lay upon his .soldier's bed his soul was iilled with the darkest forebodings for the morrow, ^vllicll he felt would close his own career as well as that of many another jiallant soldier, a presentiment which was sadly realized. Not only was there dissatisfaction, want of confidence, and unfriendliness amongst the officers, but the men w^ere spiritless, broken down by the fiitigues of the march- ijoorly fed, and harrassed by the great time consumed in travelling so short a distance. On this night, preceding the day of battle, the men were early encamped and sleeping about their fires, to gather strength for the march, and whatever else the morrow might bring forth. With Braddock, however, there were no doul)ts or fears; he had luibounded con- fidence in himself, and firm reliance in his veterans; a.s well as thorough contempt for the French and Indians. To him the morrow was gilded with the glory of victory, and where others feared disaster and disgrace he anticipated a success which should bring him new honors and coveted favors at the hands of his Sovereign. Braddock did not anticipate the slightest difliculty in putting to Hight the enemy he was to encounter; and could he have met thateneni}- upon an open field his anticipations would doubtless have been verified. He only feared that he might liave some difficulty in crossing the river at the fords. But ill any event he had determined to reach the Fort and attack it before the day should close. At o'clock on the morning of the 9tli he sent a picked body of mew under Lieutenant-Colonel Gago, to take 156 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLANI). [175o, possesHion of the t'ortls and secure the further shoiv of the second ford, so that no delay inivated, until it reached the base of a line ot lalLs, Avith steep .sidi,^ and heavily wooded. To avoid the soft and s[)()ngy ground along the river the British marched towards the hills, gaining the higher plateau at their base. and then turned to skirt them on their course down the river. The undergrowth of thickets and bnunhlcs was quite thick, and concealed entirely several ravines which stretched down to the river from the hill sides, the soft earth having been washed out bv the waters of numerous springs, leaving almost perpendicular banks. These ravines were as perfectly adapted to the wants and purposes of the French us though prepared for the especial emergency which had now arisen. They were naturally formed riHe pits, so ct)mpletely masked by foliage as to leave no suspicion of their existence. On the right of the unsuspecting army lay one of those ravines, broad and deep, grown full of lieavy^ trees, and reaching to the very heart of the forest on the hill sides. As to the other, about two hundred yards from the ravine just mentioned, it conniiences right in the middle ot the plain, or upper plateau, near the base of the hillt', IT')'').] BATTI.E OP THK MONONOAIIELA. ir,!) •a most .singular ditch, with a depth and l)readth of a few feet at its hoad, hut increasing soon to ten or twelve, and at that time overhung and completely concealed hy a thick growth of vines and hushes; of "Tasses and trailers and wild Indian plum. Even to this day it can scarcely he perceived, or, at least, its full capacity cannot he appreciated, until one is right upon it, and then in it. It is a most peculiar dit<;h, and could vot he better adapted, either for attack or defense, wvre engineers to devise and fashion it. It could easily conceal a thousand men." Between these ravines wa8 a forest of trees, and bushes, and here the troops marched in a road newly cut, and barely twelve feet wide, their line of march being diagonal with the ravines, and within easy range of the enemy therein concealed. The army was marching \vith its advance almost at the head of one of these ravines, with the least conceivable caution, when suddenly the whole com- mand was startled by a volley of rifle shots in front, and a terriffic yell, which announced the presence of a large body of savages. Lientenant-Colonel Burton Imrried forward with eight hundred men to support Ciage, leaving the baggage under Halket's care at the river. The woods seemed to be full of French .ind Indians, as they kept up a heavy fire of musketry, and made the air ring with their demon-like shouts; yet not one of them could be seen. They lay along the ravines, completely concealed from view, deliber- iitely selecting their victims and shooting them down. Burton's troops formed in line of battle, ready to move forward and meet the enemv from the l()0 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. iinderf!;r()wtli, whon. imlortiinatcly, Gn«^e'.s nun becjimo paiiic-Htriokcn, and retrojitod in the utmost confuHion innnodiatoly u[)on Burton's cominand. broakiufi; liis lines and inipartinji: some of their own demoralization to their i'reshly arrived conn-ados. The two re«j^iments became inextricably mixed, the men lost their heads, and huddled together in the narrow road, utterly heedless of the commands of tlieii; ofhccrs. Braddock became terribly enrajrcd and charged amongst the paralyzed soldiers with his horse, striking right and left, and endeavoring to get them into position. The provincial troops took to trees and oj)ened fire upon the enemy, doing good service, and Washington urged Braddock to order the regulars to do the same, but he refused, and persisted in his endeavors to get his men formed in line. The colors of the two regiments were fixed as rallying points, and the men summoned to fall into line, but it was in vain. The officers then undertook to form them in platoons, but the terrible war whoops of the Indians and the hail of balls from foes thev could not see had sent dismay to the hearts of the terrified men, and they were really worse than useless. Braddock cursed them bitterly; he cut down several soldiers whom he saw sheltering them- selves behind the trees, and others he struck witii the flat of his sword. The officers labored with the utmost zeal to bring their men to some degree of reason, and to charge the enemy; they even dismounted from their horses, formed platoons and advanced in line, hoping by their example to encourage the soldiers to follow. Despite every 1755.] BATTLE OF TIIK MONONCIAHKLA. 161 cfTort, ronfiision roi«];no(l siipromo; tho troops were, as belbro remarked, worse tlian useless, since tliey not only miulc no assaults u[)on tiio enemy, but added horror to the havoc by firinjij u[)()n their own IVieiids and shooting down the only men who were doiii}^ any service on the British side, Seeinj^ the hopelessness of the situaticm, uidess some decisive stroke could be quitikly delivered, Captain Wa<;goner, who had command of the provincial troops of Virginia, determined to get, with his men, on the flank of the enemy, and drive him out. Some fallen timber on the brow of the hill was pointed out by him to Scarooyadi, and they with eighty men made tlieir way to it, where they took shelter, and poured a galling fire into the painted imps along the ravine, causing them to })eat a hasty retreat to better shelter. Waggoner's men with a shout started to follow up tlieir advantage, when the demoralized mob behind them, made the final blunder by finng point blank into their ranks, killing two thirds of their number. Those that remained uninjured turned and lied for their lives, disgusted and distressed. Braddock had already had five horses killed under him, and, utterly regardless of danger, was every- where, urging his men forward; Washington had bad his clothing pierced, but bad escaped injury; Captains Ornie and Morris bad both bee!i wounded; Sir Peter Halket and his son shot dead, and nearly all the officers as well as hundreds of the men sacrificed. The French and Indians, seeing the confusion and dismay of the Britisli, and witnessing the destruction of Waggoners party, became more and more 21 ir.2 HISTORY OF CUMRKULAND. [1755. eiiiboldened. The ravages frcMjiKMitlj niHliod iVoiii cover to scalp an odu'cr or gatlier a trophy, iind gradually tlioy .succeeded in almost surrounding the army. 13etween lour and five o'clock, while iJraddock was delivering ;";i order, he was struck by a bullet, which passed through his right arm into his lungs. He fell Crom his horse to the ground, and lay there mortally wounded; defeated and abandoned, so far as his veter;vn soldiers were concerned. Captain Oriiie, hinis(!lt' wounded, l)egged some of the men to cam the (iieneral oil' the field, and oflered them his purse containing sixty guineas as a reward; but not a man would stay for love, respect or gold. Captain Stewart, of the Virginia troo])S, with another American officer and Braddock's servant, carried the fallea commander fnmi the field in his silken sash, Avlmli they took from about his waist. V/iien IJraddock's fall l)e('ame Known, the panic-stricken soldiers threw down their arms and anmumition, and lletl with the utmost precipitation. The teamsters raid artillery meji cut their horses loose, and mounting them rode olF at full speed. Kverything was abandoned, and the retreat became a thoroughly disgraceful rout. while the Indians added to the terror of the frightened wretches l)y rushing Jifter them Avitii the wildest yells, ;nid occasiinially tomahawking ami scalping one of their number, before they reached the river. A''ter crossing this stream, they continue'l tf''ir flight ibr more than a (piarter of a mile. Here. tlie (Jeneral, with several other wounded oflicer^'. halted, and ilv-y succeeded in getting about one lu ndnd men to take a position near the road. 1755.] TIIK HKTRKAT. 163 with a view toholdiiifr the place, until reinlorcements should arrive from Dunbar. In less than an hour, however, tlu> soldiers ran away- and the wounded oilicers, Avith a lew I'aithlid friends who remained with tlicni, continued their retreat. The General sent AVashington hack to (Colonel Duidjar. with in.strui tiuns to send forward M'aji\)ns for the wounded, and a supply of provisions and hospit d stores, under the guard of the youngest two Grenadier' companies, to meet him at Gist's phmtation, or luarer if possible. (.'oloiK'l Gage then joined IJradd' k with some eighty men, and continued with him. Braddoek was so badly wounded tluit he could not sit his horse, and had to be carried in his sash, by soldiers. Dr. Craik dressed his Avounds, but the old soldier seemed to think little of his bodily sulTerings; he expressed his desire to die and be bui'ied on the site of the great misfortune of his iile; he was deeply distressed, and could scarc(dy comprehend the (!alamity Avhicdi had so unex[K'ct('dly overtaken him in the hour in whicli he had h'oked for i: brilliant victory, which was to be the crjwning triumph of his military career and give him postbuinous fame. Few instances are recorded a\ iiere so merciless a slaii^ihter was accomplished upon a ibe so hirgely oiitiHunbering its assailants. Such scenes of carnage are fortunately not of frccpient oc(UU'rence. Eighty nine connnissioned ollicers went into the battle of the Monoiigaliela; and of these twenty-six were killed and thirty-seven wounded; lour hundred and thiity i^oldiers were slain outright, and three hundred and eighty-five wounded 164 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. The following is a list of the oflicers who were present, and of those who were killed and wounded in this disastrous engagement, as reported in the Gentlemen 8 Magazine, in August, 1755: STAKF. Offloeni' Names. Kuiik. Killed or Wounded. Edward Braddock, Esq. Gen'l and com. in chief Mortally wounded Robert Orme, Escj., ^ Roger Morris, Esq., George Washington, Esq J William Shirley Esq.... Wounded. Aids de Camp. ^^ Secretary. Killed. Sir John St. Clair Dep'y Quar. Mas'rGn'l Wounded. Matthew Leslie, (Jent.... Gen'l Assist, do. i( Francis Halkett, E.sq.... Major Brigade. KOKTY-KOUKril UKCIM KNT.* OfilcerB* Names. Sir Peter Halkett. Gage, Eijq Tatton, Ilobson Beck worth Githi\i8 Falconer Sittler Bailey Dunbar Pottenger Halkett Treby Allen Simpson Lock Disney Kennedy Townsend Preston Clarke Nortlow Pennington Kuiik. Colonel. Lieut. Colonel. Captain. Lieutenant. (( (I Knsijn 11 Killed or Wounded. "ICilled. Wounded. Killed. Killed. Wounded. Wounded. Killed. Wounded. Died of wounds. Wound d. Wounded. II II Killed. Killed. *Thl; Hut ig inaccurate in uom* sligbl particulam, and was probably made up from mcmorj. 1755.] THE KILLED AND WOUNDED. 165 FOKTY-EIUHTH KK i< Killed or Wniitided. Slightly wounded. Killed. Wounded. Killed. « Wounded. Wounded. Killed. Wounded. Wounded. (I VIRGINIA 0KKU;ER.S. Dunds. Stevens Wagt^oner., Peyronie..., Siewjirt Hamilton... Woodward. Wrifiht Spiitdorph. Stewart WiijT.'jener., -M'Neiil Ca])tuin. li t< « Lieutenant. it Wounded. Killed. Killed. Killed. Wounded. Killed. bmorj. 'ThiswuH Hriiry Gladwiu, who wou maoy laurela anemarda, aud became Deputy-A^utant General in America. I ia.'A !£:..tiL.'^i'iV i< ;i IGG HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. *1N1)KI'KNI)KNT.S. OflicerH' Names (lUteS Rank. Captain. Lieutenant. (t KiUed or Wounded. Wounded. Suniain Killed. Miller Haworth Wounded. Ol'py K AUTIM.KBY. Orile Smiili Captain, Capt. Liout. Lieutenant. ti Killed. Uiiclianan Wounded. M'Cloiid MeCullor it KKfJINEKR.S. McKellcr. E.sn Major. Captain. Capt. Jjicutonant. Wounded. Ourdon, Esq. Williamson, Ks(| NAVAI. OKFICIOK.S. Spciidelowe Lieutenant. Midshipman, Killed. Ilavno.f 'I'lilhot Killed. VOIA'XTKBKS. Stone Captain, Killed. Haver Wounded. Diiiibar was still forty inilos to tlie rear, liiivini: boon so slow in his movenionts that lio was therefor christened "Dnnhar the Tardv." Had he been present at the battle, however, matters would have been worse, rather than better, since an accumidatioii ofnnnibors woidd have proven of no avail where the *.\iiii)in.'ht tlio imiiieM enliiply omitted ill the lists liero Rivpii is Hint of ;ipii. Kvnii Shelby, kIio was tlii'ii H i'aplaiii ol Uuiint'i-H, aiiit wiis t?-|teoiaHy kimwii tor liih ki'eh inteltpct. yreat courage, ftiid ii'iiii miiKtitiiliiMi. He «iisa Welsliiiiaii liv I'ii'tli, till' rami' to Maryland when a miiiiinul .\ller r.iudiln.'h's lU'leiil l.i' reiiiaiiiiMl iii r(iiiiiiiaii| h • raimei'n, mid when lioi|not'« os|H'di- lion was (HL'iiiii/.ed. he juiiied il, mid under Kiirlies dist inyiiislied hinii-eli by his Milur anJ eiieruy. lie wuHlhe liilher of Nuac ->lielby, a yallant olllci.T who won distiiictiuii in llieUevulii- liniiaiy war. I'n/llimh Mercer and .1.1111 '1 (JraiK. Huru'eoin of the VirLMiiia trooiis, were on tiie iVIil ami the former WHS Moiouslv wounded. When he fidl, the troops wei" i;i full ilinlit. anil lliiJi"J tiiat ln^ was miahle to join in the retreat, heeonrealed llinl^ell liehiiid n lulleii tree, nliere llie iiiidei^rowth was heavy, an I tiler • he lay until sunset, viewiii;; the wiM scene of piliiiiie aiiJ bloody outrage that followed lie witnesspd the slniiirhter of the woiiihIimI and the scnlpins "' the dead. Alter iiiyhliall he lelt his liidini; place, and. t.ikiiiK the stars lor his conipnus, i-'.o«l* and I aiiilully iinide his wav bad! toward* K.irf I'li'iiherlaii 1. whji'h pmt he reached Benio ''• days later, hall-starved, sicli, and in mi'.eh pain. Two years later, while servini! as n (7nul»in in C'oloiiid .Tohii Ariiistrono's expedition auninst the Imliana at Kiltaniiiiio, he wasa'.'ain woiindfli and a second tiiiin made his way alone tliioimh tlie woods to Kort I'uniberhirid. In I7i'7 1" Mercer was umdo a Uold oIUcbi in the Uevolutiouaiy army, bud gave up his lile at I'riucetou. (00, 1755.] AFTER Til?: BATTLE. 1G7 Icirlor bt'cii liav. at ion ro the clliy. iviio cinirai;e, lutnitll \'ii- Ik i's|»'Ji- liiliir aaJ ■ Herein- Jfiplil, anJ |t llnJii'^ llicre llif |lll!!(! .Ill'l ■'.ciiily borne 'H littiiiiiii i" ^iiunde"!. 1 17" 1>' lucetoj' enemy could not be seen, and where the troops were cioniorali/ed by fear. His command woidd only have furnished more material for the nnirderous savages. "Nathaniel Gist, s(m of Christopher, with 'Gist's Indian,' were dispatched I'roin the battle-held to Fort Cumberland, with tidings of the overthrow, but with instructions to avoid passing by, or disturbing the repose of Dunbar. They traveled a-foot, and through unfrequented paths, to avoid the Indians. While snatching some repose during the- darkness of the first night of their journey, in a thicket of bushes and grape vine on Cove Run, within view of the can^p fues of Dunbar, they mistook the noise of the move- ment of some bird or beast for Indians, and run with the heedlessness of alarm. They thus became separated. But each wended his way cautiously and alone. When nearing their destination, uj)on emerging from the bushes into the open road Gist saw a few rods ahead, his long lost Indian, who had also just taken the highway! Like two soothsayers, they had to laugh at each other for their causeless alarm and separation."'^' Wasiiington, though greatly fatigued by the events and exertions of the dreadful day through wlueh he had just passed, and still weak from his siekness, hurried off to the rear to meet Dfinbar, and deliver the orders heretofore referred to. lie was acconn)anied by two orderlies, and the night was so dark that otlen they were compelled to dismount and search for the road. The entire night was spent 'Tlii.i sinry was civpii the Riitlior of tli» prtjiern piititled "Tlie Moiionjjftlitjla of Old," by Uenrjr Meson, llie foiiudeiol Uuioutowu, Fu,, wbo Imd it from Uie hy» of OUt hiuiHulf. SfS^KMBE^^JE^ 168 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND. [1 I -y-i in the saddle, but at sunrise they reached DunbarV canii). The distracted teamsters had arrived tlieif ahead of Washington, and had spread dismay amongst Dun])ar's troops by reporting that Craddoclv was killed, the army destroyed, and the Indians pur- suing the few who were left. The effect of sudi intelligence upon the camp was instantaneous, and it was only by the most stringent orders and threats of instant death to any man who should leave tlie ranks, that the soldiers were kept from an iinnu'- diate stampede. Washington returned to Gist's plantation the next day, taking with him the necessary supplies, and there met the wounded officers and their escort. They reached Dunbar's camp that night, where thiy remained two nights and one day. The wounded officers and men were then placed in the wagons. and as there were left no means by which to earn the store of provisions and annnunition, all tliese were destroyed by l^raddock's order. The artillerv had been left on the field of battle; and the military chest containing £25,000 in coin, as well as tlu' General's desk and papers, were all lost. Wiiat remained to them now was nothing more than was necessary for the supply of their actual wants until they should reach Fort Cumberland. On the loth they nuirched to the Great Meadows. During the entire day the dying General was in the greatest distress. His wounds caused him the most intense pain, yet of tliese he took little account. His spirit was broken, his pride humiliated, and his niiml depressed by the disgrace of his terrible defeat. He . ,->»'fw> iVsacM-JU'ii 'in-^t-!»^ *i*li n.4 V Us: 1755.] DEATH OK UKAI)I)()CK. 109 tielduin spoke, and when he did it was only to give such orders as were necessary, or to briefly express his disappointment and regret. "Wlio would have tiiought it! Who would have thonglit it!" he re- peated. As the sun set on this quiet Sunday evening, it became apparent that the brave old veteran was about to close his eyes upon the earth, and his faithful Iriends stood around his couch, with sad hearts. He turned to ('aptain Orme, and in a thoughtful way, said, "We shall better know how to deal with thein auotiier time." A little lat(3r, his eyes closed, and the spirit of Braddock was with the Master. His life went out amidst the sombre shades of the forest, near the scene of Washington's reverse, the previous year, and his body was buried in silence and sorrow, at day-break next morning, the grave being made in the road, and the wagons being driven over it, that it might not be discovered and disturbed by tlie enemy. The services for the dead were read by Washington, the Chaplain having been wounded, and Washington l)eing the only staft" oiHcer remaining fit for any duty whatever. Various statements have been made regarding the destruction of stores at Dun})ar s camj^ and several writers have asserted that artillerv, amnuinition and money were buried near the camp, in consequence of which nianv searches luive been made there for such articles. These rumors probably originated in a letter written by Colonel Burd to Governor Morris, dated at Fort Cumberland, July 25, 1755, in which the (.'olonel relates that Dunbar told him, in a con- versation at dinner, that he had destroyed all his 23 i 170 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. I provisioiiH except, what ho could ciirry aw suhsistoiRc. an well as all the powder he had with him, notuiv 50,000 pounds, but that Iuh uiortars and shells lie had buried. Dunbar was evidently niisunder.stodii in this matter, as he afterwards, on the 25111 of August, wrote to Governor Shirley: "We must be;: leave to undeceive you in what you are pleased to mention of "guns being buried" at the time Genoni! Braddock ordered die stores to be destroyed; for there was not a gun of any kind buried." (Joloiic! Burd, in 1759, while on his way to make the road to Redstone, searched for the guns he supposed to k buried, and dug a great many holes, but found nothing. Many relics have been gathered, however, bj tht persons living in the vicinity of the camp, and wniu of them have now in their possession, cannon bull''. bullets, shells, &c. Amongst other articles are fragments of 9-inch shells, showing the size of tlu' mortars used, and masses of lead formed by bullet.'' melted and run together, the surface being rouglienod by the protuberance of the small leaden balls oiilv half melted. The part played by the French in the defeat of Braddock has been variously given, but there seems to be a lack of accuracy in most accounts. A recent volume of the "Historical Collections of Wisconsin contains the Memoirs of Clnirles de Langlade, Avritten by Joseph Tasse, Esq., of Ottawa, ( -anada, and trans- lated from the French b}' Mrs. Sarah Fairchild Dean. The history of the action of Langlade in the battle ot the Monongahela, was gathered by Mr. layman C. 1755.] TIIK FHKNCII AGAINST liKADDOCK. 171 feat ui 1 seems livceiit mm [ritU'ii trans- iDoaii. :tl(M.i' Im ('• Draper, Corrosponding Sodrotary of the Ilistorioul Societv of Wis(!()iiHiii, from tho lips of Captain Aiigustiri (irignon, who had obtained the .statement from Langhide himself, and the truth and accuracy of the statements have been abundantly verified. The Langlade i'amily came originally from France, ill 1GG8. Charles was born at Mackinaw in 1729, and spent the days of his youth amongst tho Ottawa [iidiaiis. who came to regard him as under the pro- tection of some powerful Manitou, in consequence of which he early gained a great influence over them, leading them in their wars with other tribes. "While (>harles de Langlade thus exhibited his courage in the obscure combats of tribe against tribe, events in Canada were becoming complicated, and tlireatened to take a serious turn. Grave difficulties had arisen between France and England in Acadia, and the valley of the Ohio, on the subject of the frontier boundaries; and although peace still existed, there had sd ready be«m some bloody encounters in the wilderness, and it was evident that on either bide the first occasion would be seized to come to blows. Thus, the killing of a French officer, M. de Junionville, sent as an envoy to Washington, at the head of thirty soldiers, for the purpose of summoning the English to evacuate entrenchments raised by thetn near the Ohio, was the signal for that long and terrible seven years' war which kincHvd the fires of two Continents, and led to consequences so disastrous to France. "Vaudreuil, Governor of the Colony, took the necessary measures to cope with the enemy, and 172 nrSTOKV OF (nJMUKHf.ANn. [1755. Iiiistoni'd to arm tlio rt'jj^iilar troops, and tlio (Canadian militia. Tlie savaf»;oH of the Nortli-west, joinod tothe coureurn de hoifi, so numerous at that timo, also (urnished a valuable contingent; and he, without hesitation, confided this command to Charles do Langlade, whose exjjloits were already well known to him. United to the savajj^es by the ties of blood, by similarity of habit, familiar with their dialec^ts. and with their modes of warfare, of acknowledged brawn and ability, enjoying un({uestionable authority and iniluence, Langlade was exactly the man for the situation. "At his .appeal, the tomahawk is unearthed, the tribes incite themselves with enthusiasm, and a crowd of savage warriors gather around the folds of the French flags. We find at the head of these Indian bands many celebrated chiefs; among otiiors. it is believed, the famous Pontiac, who some years later became illustrious by liis conspiracy against the English. "After organizing his forces, Langlade received orders to direct his steps with all haste towards Fort Duquesne, of which General Braddock, recently arrived from England, with veteran troops, was about to attempt to acquire possession in order to drive the French out of the valley of the Ohio. "Langlade arrived at Fort Duqnesne in the beginning of July, 1755. Le Sieur de la Perade, as well as some French and Indians, sent to observe the hostile army whose least movements were watched. announced on the eighth of July that it was only a half day's journey from the Monongahela — the tmsstm ''"^^■■''^'^"••-'"■^■^-•'"^••^''■"' 17-').').] I.ANGLADK URGES THE ATTACK. 173 KMVOtl Fovt ;entlv lor to II till' |le, as re the ilied. nly a •the Mulenffuentee of the (Jaiiiulian", — and tliat it was iidvancing in throe colunnis. On tin' r(M'iM|)t of tliose tidin^^s, the commandant at Fort l)u(|iu»sn(' decided to oppose the advance of the enemy; and, for tliis purpose, l)e Beaujeu or«!;anized a, force of al)oiit two Imndred and fifty Fnuicli, and six liundred and fifty Indians. "Leaving the fort on the ninth of .luly, at nine o'clock in the morning, De Beaujen fonnd himself at hall' past twelve in the presence of the English, just at the instant when they lialted on the South shore of the Monongahela, to take their dinner. The French and Indians had not yet heen pen^civcd by theeiieiiiy; and they phiced themselves carefully in aiubush in the ravines and thick woods, which formed an impassable belt in the steep bank In front of tlieni.''' "Langlade comprehended at once all the advan- tages of the position, and hastened to de Beaujeu to boir him to commence the action; but that officer turned a deaf ear to his entreaties. Unwilling thus to relincpiish his purpose, he then called together the Indian chiefs, showed them the importance of an immediate attack upon the English, and advised them to go and demand an order to commence battle. De Beuiijeu gave them a no more satisfactory re[>ly. Langlade then n)ade a second appeal to the French connnander, and insisted energetically upon the necessity of an immediate attack upon the enemy. _'Thl« is confirmed bvthe relation of M. do Oodefroy, an otlicer In the Fort DuqiiesnegarriBon: 'The party of M. de BoaiijiMi advanced for ntlaclf about three and a hall leaauea from Kort UiiiHiesiie, when the eneniv were at dinner. " Thir memoir haa been publi»hed by Mr. John O. i-uei, iu hiB " Kelationfa divers 8ur la batailla du Malaugueule." ■:.^^.^^^^iM^>fi\tii-yj^^.< .>^. ^V>"°- .0^. \^T^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I "HM. 125 IIIIM ||||22 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► <^ ^w w /a /. % /A ^otographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 174 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 'If we are going to fight,' he said, 'we must do it while tlie English, not suspecting danger, have laid aside their arms, or when they are fording the River. for they are too far superior in numbers for us to resist them in open country.' De Beaujeu was evidently discouraged by the strength of the enemy. and hesitated what course to take; but final!} putting an end to his indecision he ordered the attack. "The action commenced with vigor, and took the army of Braddock by surprise. Officers and soldiers ran to their arms with such precipitation that many of the leaders still had their napkins on their breasts when found among the dead. As they occupied lower ground than the French, they fired over their heads, and only hit a small number. The French and Indians, meanwhile, concealed behind the trees were, so to speak, invisible; and they returned the fire of the enemy by a fusillade, which scattered death and consternation amongst the English battal- ions. At last the soldiers of Braddock took flight, and both the Canadians and Indians charged upon them with tomahawks, forcing them to throw them- selves into the waters of the Monongahela, where many of them were drowned. "This was a disastrous day for the English. Braddock, who wished to make war after the European manner in the forests of the Ohio, and had been unwilling to take advice from any one, paid for his temerity with his life, and the loss of the largest part of his army. The bodies of some hundred soldiers, and many officers, strewed the battle field, 1755.] VICTORY AND SPOILS. 175 and immense booty fell into the hands of the French* Had it not been for the Virginia militia, commanded by Washington, protecting the retreat of the frag- ments of the English army, that portion of the savages who did not loiter to pillage the dead, would not in all probability have spared a solitary soldier to tell the story of their sanguinary defeat.f '•The French did not lose thirty men, and the most of these were killed, not by the English balls, l)ut by the branches of the trees which sheltered them, and which were violently torn off by the fire of the enemy's artillery. The victory was more brilliant because the French had only an inferior force with which to oppose the army of Braddock, numberins: at least two thousand men, which constrained Washington to say: 'We have been beaten, shamefully beaten, by a handful of French- men.' "After the rout of the English, Langlade took energetic measures to prevent the savages from seizing the stores of liquor belonging to the enemy; for, once under the influence of the liquid fire, they might have been carried to excesses which would have tarnished the glory of a day so fortunate. Frustrated in their jittempt the Indians set about searching the bodies of the English dead, lying by hundreds on the '"There were counted dead on tli« battle field >ix hundred men, on the retreat about four hundreil: along ii little Mreaui three hundred. Their total \o** was reckoned at twelve hundred and seventy, other accounts place it at one tlioufand, flrteen huwdrei, and even seventeen liun- dred. Tne wounded were abaudoned, and almost ail perished in tlie woods. Uf one hundred «nd fixtj oincerM, only six escaped Several pieces of artillery were taken; also a hundred covered wagons, _the I'nililary clieM, and the ertects of the iiHlcers, wlio were well eiiuipped. Tlie la^it was the booty ol the savn^'es and Canadians. — Memoirs des I'onchot, vol. 1 . p. 37. t'"The rout became general, \ll the Uugli-ih took to Hinlit, carrying with them their wounded n»neral. Terror seized oven those who had takeu no part in "this combat. Dunbar's army, tiicsmpcd nearly twenty leagues Irom the Held of action, deserted their c»mp and joined th« niglllves, ivhodid not stop till they reached Kort Cumberland, the longest (light on record. The Mfiich pursued the Kngltsh till tear uf some ambuscade made them retrace their steps for ther litd no suspicion that they had struck their foes with so greata panic— Notice ol Daaiel Uyacinth HanaLieuaidde Ueai^eu. ^7 J<>>>i> ^- H>>ea, 176 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. bloody field. Many of th )fficers wore rich uniforms, and they despoiled them of every valuable article they might have upon them. "BesideH the Indians, many Canadians took part in the combat, under the command of Langlade: among others his brother-in-law, Souligny, his nephew, Gautier de Vierville, Pierre Queret, La Choisie, La Fortune, Amable de Gere, Philip de Rocheblave, and Louis Hamelin. All won, by their brave conduct, the congratulations of their chief "The Indians were not alone in their desire to despoil the vanquished. La Choisie having found on the battle-field the body of an English officer dressed in a rich uniform, Philip de Rocheblave claimed to have discovered it at the same moment. The former took possession of the well filled purse of tlie officer. but the latter maintained loudly that he had an equal right to it, and they separated after exchanging more than one bitter word. However it may have been, La Choisie was assassinated during the followinj; night, and the purse disputed with him by de Rocheblave was not found upon him. Quite naturally the tragical end of La Choisie was attributed to de Rocheblave, but his guilt could not be established. De Rocheblave was the uncle of Pierre de Roche- blave, who became one of the most important members of the North-western Fur Company." Many of these details had never before been published, and the fact that Langlade should have taken so decisive a part in the engfigement, must naturally excite some surprise, but there is little doubt that the French triumph was largely due to 1755.] DE BP:AUJEU and LANGLADE. 177 his exertions and liis ability as a military man. He figured prominently in later days, and in 1777 one of Burgoyne's officers, in a letter referring to the expected arrival of Ottawa Indians, wrote: "They are led by M. de Saint Luc and M. de Langlade, both great partisans of the French cause, in the last war; the latter is the person who, at the head of the tribe which he now commands, planned and executed the defeat of General Braddock." Burgoyne himself wrote to the same effect, and he spoke as though the important part taken by Langlade was of common notoriety amongst the English. This history of the affiiir divides the honors of that memorable battle between Beaujeu and Langlade, whereas all previous accounts have given the former the exclusive credit for Braddock's defeat. According to other accounts Beaujeu ojiginated the plan of leaving FortDuquesne to make the attack, and secured a reluctant consent to his scheme on the part of M. de Contrecoeur, the commander, who was indeed upon the point of abandoning the Fort, before Braddock's arrival. The Indians were afraid to march against a force so largely superior in numbers, but de Beaujeu vehemently said to them, "I am determined to go out against the enemy. I am certain of victory. What! will you allow your father to go alone!" His language and his manner aroused the savages, of whom there were gathered representatives of nearly a dozen tribes, and they responded to his appeal by declaring they would follow him, where- cver he might lead. Instantly the entire band prepared for action, and in less than an hour six 23 178 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. hundred braves were armed, in their war paint. and on the march with two hundred and fifty French and Canadians. Beaujeu led his soldiers and their allies on to the attack, with the greatest bravery and coolness; he had prepared for the worst as to himself, having received the holy communion, in company wdth a party of his soldiers on the evening preceding the battle. Early in the conflict he fell mortally v^ounded, and shortly afterwards expired, His death caused the Indians to falter, and when the unfamiliar roar of artillery was added to the confusion of the conflict they, becoming terrified, began a retrogade movement. Dumas, next in command, sprang quickly to the front, cheered them on and led them back, to a still fiercer attack thun the first. It is too late for history to attempt to change the records of more than a century far enough to give to Langlade the glory accorded Beaujeu and Dumas; but it cannot now be doubted that the former is entitled to a full share of the credit due for the victory given the French arms on that meniorable occasion. After the last sad rites had been paid the dead General, the British army continued its dreary retreat, and on the same evening reached Little Meadows. From that point Washington wrote to Colonel Innes the following letter, which was sent forward by an express: LiTTLK Mkauows, 16 JuLT, 1755. Kir: Captain Orme, beinjr continod to his litter, aud not able to write has desired me to acknowledge the receipt of yours. He begs the favor of you to have the room the General lodged in prepared for Colonel 1755.] THE WOUNDED AT FORT CUMBERLAND. 179 lie dead dreary Little rote to ns sent to write I the f^ivot Colonel Burton, himself and Capt. Morris, who are all wounded; also that some firaall place may be had convenient for cooking, and, if any fresh pro- vision, and other necessaries for persons in their conditiou, may be had, that you will engage them. The horses which carry the wounded gentlemen in litters, are so much fatigued, that we dread their performance; therefore it is desired that you will be kind enough to send out eight or ten fresh horses for their relief, which will enable us to reach the fort this evening. I doubt not but you have had an account of the poor gentlemen's death by some of the affrighted wagoners who ran off without taking leave. I am sir, your most obedient servant, GEO. WASHINGTON. To Governor Innes, At Fort Cumberland. Before the receipt of this letter by Colonel Innes a number of the teamsters had reached the Fort, and they spread consternation throughout the camp by reporting that Braddock and his officers were all dead, and that the entire army had been either killed or made prisoners. U])on receipt of Washing- ton's letter, however, Colonel Innes immediately sent forward the necessary horses, and prepared quarters for tlie wounded officers and men. When the sorrowful cavalcade arrived at the Fort it was received with the greatest kindness, and every effiart made to relieve the sufi'erers. Tliey were taken into buildings before used as barracks, and at once everything obtainable that could contribute to the alleviation of their sufferings was supplied. Washington feared lest the exaggerated statements made by the badly frightened teamsters should be carried east, and at last reach his mother. In order to relieve her mind, he at once dispatched a letter, assuring her of his safety, and giving her some account of the expedition, and its unhappy results. 180 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. 1 j On the same date he also wrote to his brother, as follows : Fort Cumberland, 18 July, 1755. Dear Brother: As I have heard, since my arrival at this place, a circumatantial account of my death and dying speech, I take this early opportunity of contradicting the first, and assuring you that I have not as yet composed the latter. But by the all powerful dispensation of Providence I have been protected beyond all human probability or expectation; for I liad four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me, yet escaped unhurt, although death was leveling my companions on every side of me I We have been most scandalously bedten by a trifling body of men, but fatigue and want of time prevent me from giving you any of the details until I have the happiness of seeing you at Mount Vernon, whicli I now most ardently wish for, since we are driven thus far. A feeble state of health obliges me to halt here for two or three days, to recover a little strength, that I may thereby be enabled to proceed homewards with more ease. You may expect to see me there on Saturday or Sunday fortnight, which is as soon as I can well be down, as I shall take mj Bullskin Plantations on my way. Pray give my compliments to all mj friends. I am, dear Jack, your most affectionate brother, G. W. Captain Orme wrote, the same day, to Governor Sharpe, giving an account of the battle, as follows: FouT CuMHERLAND, July 18th, 1755. My Dear Sir: I am so extremely ill in bed with the wound I have received in ray thigh that I am under the necessity of employing my friend Capt. Dob son to write for me. I conclude you have had some account of the action near the banks of the Monongahela about seven miles from the French Fort; as the reports spread are very imperfect what you have heard must consequent^ be so too. You should have had more early accounts of it but every officer whose business it was to have informed you was either killed or wounded, and our distressful situation put it out of our powers, to attend to it so much as we would have done, The 9th instant we passed and repassed the Monongahela by advanc- ing first a party of 800 men which was immediately followed by another of 200, the General with the column of Artillery, Baggage and the main body of the army passed the river the last time about one o'clock; as soon as the whole got on the Fort side of the Monongahela we heard » 1755.] CAPTAIN ORMES ACCOUNT. 181 very heavy and (juick fire in our front, we immediately advanced in order to sustain them, but the Detachment of the 200 and the .100 men gave way and fell back upon us which caused such confusion and struck so groat a Panick among our men that afterwards no military expedient could be made use of that had any effect upon them; the men were so extremely deaf to the exhortations of the General and the officers that they fired away in the most irregular manner all their ammunition and then run off leaving to the enemy the artillery, ammunition, Provision and Baggage, nor would they be persuaded to stop till they got as far as Guerst Plantation, nor there only in part, many of them proceeding even as far as Col. Dunbar's party, who lay six miles on this side. The officers were absolutely sacrificed by their unparalleled good behaviour, advanc- ing sometimes in body & sometimes 8ep:*rately, hoping by such example to engage the soldiers to follow them, but to no purpose. The General had five horses shot under him and at last received a wound through his right arm, into his lungs, of which he died on the 1.3th inst. Poor Shirley was shot through the head, Capt. Morris wounded) Mr. Washington had two horses shot under him and his clouths shot thro' in several places, behaving the whole time with the greatest courage, and resolution. Sir Peter Halket was killed upon the spot. Col. Burton and Sir John St. Clair wounded, & Inclosed I have sent you a list of the killed and wounded according to as exact an account as we are able to get. Ppon our proceeding with the whole convoy to the Little Meadows it was found impossible to advance in that manner, the General therefore adranced with twelve hundred men, with the necessary artillery, ammu- nition, & provision, leaving the main body of the convoy under the command of Col. Dunbar with orders to join him as soon as possible; in this manner we proceeded with safety and expedition till the fatal day I have just related, and happy it was that this disposition was made, other- wise the whole must have either starved or fallen into the hands of the enemy, as numbers would have been of no service to us, and our provision all lost. As our number of horses were so much reduced and those extremely weak, and many carriages being wanted for the wounded men, occasioned our destroying the ammunition and superfluous part of the provision left in Col. Dunbar's convoy to prevent its falling into the hands of the Enemy, As the whole of the Artillery is lost and the troops are extremely weakened by Deaths, wounds and sickness, it was judged impossible to make any further attempts, therefore Col. Dunbar is returning to Fort Cumberland with everything^he is able to bring with him, I propose remaining here till my wound will suffer me to remove 182 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. : to Philadelphia, from thence shall make all possible digpa^h to p]nglfind, whatever commands you may have for me you will do me the favor to direct to me here, I am with the greatest sincerity your most obedient and most Humble Servant, liOBT. ORME. By the particular disposition of the French and the Indians it is impossible to judge of the numbers they had that day in the Field. As the General's chariot is to be disposed of, I should be glad to know if you would have it again; it has been at this place sitne our departure from hence; if you propose taking it again I will semi it to you and bring the General's coach back, Capt. Morris' complimenta attend you with Mr, Washington's, P. S, Writing to you as a friend I flatter myself you will excuse the hurry in which this is wrote. To The Hon'bl Governor Sharpe. Notwithstanding the great distance between Fort Cumberland and the battle field of the Monongahola, the rugged mountains, and the very diffieult roads, the garrison at the Fort was in a state of the greatest uneasiness lest the victorious French, with their Indian allies, should pursue the retreating remnant of the army and strike it another blow. So com- pletely terrified were the defeated English that every particle of courage seemed to have been eradicated from their natures; they forgot their king, their country, their honor, everything in fact save the savage war whoop of the Indian and the fatal scenes of the battle field. Dunbar, who had been so slow in going forward with his force that he did not get within sound of the conflict, made the best use of his time in marching to the rear. On the 20th of July he arrived at Fort Cumberland, having fifteen hundred soldiers fit for duty. In the hands of a proper officer these men would have been sufficient to set at defiance, and 1755.] duniur's rktkeat to pniLADELPniA. 183 even to overcome, any force tliat the French might have been able to send againnt them from Fort Duquosne, but Dunbar was as badly frightened as any tyro in the ranks, and he did not feel that his precious body was safe so long as he was in the shadow of the wilderness. The necessities of the case were such that he could not continue his retreat immod lately, and was compelled to remain at Fort Cumberland until the 2d of August, by which time the wounded had all been looked after, the weary and foot sore men somewhat recruited, and an abundance of supplies secured. The following extract appeared in Green's Mary- land Gazette, July 81st, 1755, and is interesting in several respects: "By Letters in Town we understand, that Col. Dunbar, with the Remainder of the two Regiments, and three Independent Companies, under bis Command, were to march from Fort Cumberlaud on Tuesday last for Rays-Town in Pennsylvania. The same Letters mentioned the arrival of one Staut at Fort Cumberland, who gave them the following accounts : That about the Middle of June last he and his Family were carried off from the Back Parts of this Province, by a Party of Indians, to Fort Du Quesne; that when he came thither the French had not above 400 Men in the Fort; that on the 2d of July, about 1100 French, and 1.300 Indians, came down the Ohio, and in a few Days afterwards several other large Parties of both French and Indians arrived also from other Parts: That a small Party of French, with about 2,000 Indians, were soon after sent out to harrass our army on their March, who understanding the Rout the General had taken, determined to have disputed his Passage over the Monongahela, but coming too late for that Purpose, found him entered into the Valley where the action happened. That after the Engagement the Indians pursued our People to tlie Monon- !,'ahela, scalped and plunder'd all that were left upon the Field, except five or six, who not being able to keep pace with the Victors in their Return to the Fort, were all treated in the same Manner, one Virginian only surviving it. [Oh I horrid Barbarity I to kill in cool Blood I But, Protestant Reader, such is the Treatment we may expect to receive from his most Christian Majesty's American allies, if ever we should be so 184 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. i unhappy an to fall into their Ilands, except we give up our Uelij^ion Liberty, and every Thinj( that is deur and vfilmible, and submit to be his Vassals, and Dupes to the Romish Clergy, whose most tetider Mercies arc but hellish Cruelties, wherever they have Power to exercise them.] " Ho further says, that the same Day of the attack, all the artillcrv, Ac, was carried into the Fort, and the Plunder distributed amongst the Indians; a great Number of whom, the second Day afterwards, took their Leaves and set out for Canada, carrying this Staut with them a Prisonpr who the first Night afterwards made his Escape from them, and with much Diificulty, arrived at Fort Cumberland, almost famish'd. "lie says the French have now about 3,000 Men at the Fort." On the 1st, Dunbar received ii letter from Commo- dore Keppel, directing him to send the seamen to Hampton, where they were to go on board the ship Garland. On the same day he wrote the following letter to LieutenantrGovernor Morris, of Pennsylvania : Fort Cumberland, Aug. 1, 1755. Sir: With this you'l receive a Letter for Admiral Boscawen, which pray T>ut under cover to him, directed to him or officer commanding his ilajeaty's ship at Halifax, and^if the despatches I sent you are not gone, or an opportunity immediately oflFering, I would request your sending all to Halifax directed as before. I march from this to-morrow with about 1,200 Men. When I shall have the honor of seeing you at Philadelphia is uncertain on accou.it of the long march. I hope everything will be fusilitated for our reception, It would give me infinite pleasure to hear from you on my March. I flatter myself with agreeable news of our Friends at Sea and Gen. Shirley, The latter is my greatest concern, as I am assured he will meet with a vigorous opposition. I leave here the Virginia and Maryland Companies with some of the Train to protect this Fort and the General hospital, where there is about 400 Wounded or Sick. Sir, your most humble and Ob'dent Serv't THOMAS DUNBAR. To Governor Morris. P. S. — I fear Ladys, wives to Gentlemen kil'd, are come or coming to Philadelphia. If they arrive and want a little Assistance be so good as to supply them. Mrs. Hanson, Mrs. Brereton, and Mrs Hart is their names. 1755.] FLIGHT OF THE SETTLEKS. 186 On the 2(1, with hi.s entire command, and two of the independent companies, he marched away from the Fort, and did not conchide to give up his flight until lie had reached Philadelphia. Dunbar'.s abandonment of Fort Cumberland left that post under the care of Colonel Innes' small couiniiuid, consisting of one Virginia company, and II company of Maryland rangers, upon whom devolved the labor of nursing the sick and wounded, as well as of defending the position from attack. There were at this time 400 officers and men in the hos- pitals, disabled by wounds and sickness. The retreat of the army had a most disheartening effect upon the entire population of the back country. The people heard of the flight of the veteran troops, and taking quick alarm, most of them, gathering together such of their effects as they could carry, tied towards the Susquehanna. Everything was aban- doned, houses, lands, growing crops, and stock. The forts remained garrisoned by small bodies of colonial troop.s,and a few hardy pioneers determined if possible to hold their own. Amongst these latter was the indomitable Cresap, who prepared for any emergency that might arise. The French had no conception of the effect of their attack, and it was some time ere they learned the terrible state of demoralization and panic which followed their slaughter of Braddock's army. They were not slow to take advantage of this state of affairs, however, when they became apprised of it, and quickly the forests became filled with t^avages and robbers, who extended their raids 24 186 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. almost as far East as Winchester, pillaging and mur- dering in the most ruthless manner, until the whole country from New York to the heart of Virginia became the tlieatre of inhuman barbarities and heartless destruction. The defeat of Braddock was totally unlooked for. and it excited the most painful surprise, both in England and in the Colonies. The British troops had been looked upon as invincible, and preparations had been made in Philadelphia for the celebration of Braddock's anticipated victory. His defeat and his death were, therefore, sta^ cling disappointments, and it was plain that from that time forward the Colon- ists had a much less exaltod opinion of the \ alor of the royal troops. Braddock had entered upon this campaign full of confidence, pride and self-reliance. Ho was utterly ignorant of the Indian and his mode of warfare, yet too proud to receive instruction or advice upon the subject at the hands of his inferiors in military rark. He was bigoted to an extent which led him into error 'c^r to the value of the allies offered him, in the bands of Indians and scouts who were ready to join him. and whoni he insulted and repelled by his indifference and neglect. He entered upon the contest without having in any way fitted himself for it, and the brave, reckless old soldier paid the penalty of his errors with his life. During the fatal battle Washington had besought Braddock to permit him to take three hundred of the provincials and fight the Indians after their own method, assuring him that they could take to the trees and quickly rout 1755.] THO KILLED BUADDOCK? 187 the enemy. To this he would not consent, and answered with much warmth, that he w.^g competent to comnand the troops, and was not yet reduced to the extremity of asking advice or of resorting to the disgraceful method of warfare in vogue with the naked savages. This was the only occasion upon which lie aroused Washington's anger, and even then it was quickly forgotten. It lias never been clearly settled whether Braddock died at the hands of the enemy, or by the act of one of his own men, although the question has been largely discussed, for many years past. Thomas Fossit,a soldier in Captain Cholmondeley's company, in his later years persistently declared that he shot Braddock, and that he was justified in so doing. Fossit was a large man, of great strength, rude habits, and strong passions. He had enlisted at Shippens- btirg, Pa., and h.ad a brother Joseph in the same command, who was killed in the battle of the Monongahela. Fossit was living near the top ol' Laurel Hill, in 1783, at the junction of Braddock's and Dunlap's roads, where he kept a small tavern. He was then an old man, but lived many years afterwards, and died at about the age of J 00 years, in 1818. Fossit charged Braddock with having killed his brother Joseph b\' a stroke of his sword, for having taken shelter liehind a tree during the battle, and for this reason, as well as to save the army, he alleged that he shot the General. Mr. Winthrop Sargent reviews this matter at considerable length, and concludes that there was no truth in Fossit's story, because he was mistaken 188 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. entirely in a number of statements made concerning the incidents of the engagement. There is certainly no positive proof to contradict Fossit's statement, and it is not surprising that at his great age he should have forgotten many of the facts of the transaction, dating back fifty years or more. There is nothing more probable than that Tom Fossit, angered by the stubbornness of the commander who was deter- mined to sacrifice the army to his foolish ideas of fighting Indians, should have been impelled to this deed by revenge and hatred, when he witnessed the taking of his brother's life. Hon. Andrew Stewart. when quite a boy, had heard Fossit assert that he shot Braddock, and at that time his storj was generally accepted as the truth, as it still is, by nearly all the peo- ple living in that part of Pennsylvania, who have treasured up the legends pertaining to the ill-fated expedition. The place of Brad- dock's sepulture was within a few yards of a small stream, the banks of which abruptly sloped down to the water, and distant about two miles— westwardly — from Fort Necessity. The grave was made immediately in the road, about a stone's throw from the present National Road. When the march BRADDOCK'S GU.VVE IN 1850. 1755.] BRADDOCKS GRAVE. 189 was resumed the horses, wagons and troops passed over the grave, the purpose being to prevent its discovery and desecration by the enemy. About 1824, a party of workmen engaged in repair- ing the old road, came upon the remains of a human skeleton, which was supposed to be that of Braddock. Numerous insignia of rank were foimd with it, and there was no knowledge of the burial of any other officer in that vicinity. Those who were present on the occasion carried away with them, as souvenirs, the buttons and other metal articles which had not been destroyed by corrosion. Some of the party even went so far in the gratification of their passion for relics, as to make way with several of the small I)ones of the hands. Mr. James Matthews, a blacksmith, who lived at Mount Washington, as Fort Necessity has since been called, was present on the occasion referred to, and witnessed the disinterment of these remains. They were carried to a point about one hundred and iifty yards Eastward, and buried in a field, at the foot of a large oak tree, some twenty-five yards from the National Road. In order to mark the spot more clearly to strangers, Hon. Andrew Stewart had prepared a board upon which was inscribed the fiict that this was the last resting place of Major General Edward Braddock, and this board was nailed to the t';ee. For twenty-five years the National Road was tlie great highway between the East and West, and thousands of persons passed over it annually. The writer can well remember how, when a boy, each morning and evening long trains of stage coaches 190 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. arrived at and left Cumberland over thin great highway. Braddock's grave was one of the great points of attraction on the road, and every day tlie stages were stopped, in order that the passengers might disembark for a few minutes to inspect the j)lace. The old oak tree, ten years since, fell a victim to the imperious hand of time, and during tlie prevalence of a storm was blown down, the trunk BRADDOCK'S GRAVE IN 1877. breaking oft' some feet from the ground, k^aving only a strij^ped and shredded trunk to mark tlie sacred spot. The stump has now entirely disaj)- peared, and no mark of the old tree remains. I" 1871 a party of gentlemen from England visited tho place, and before leaving it they had it enclosed witli a fence of boards securely built: and thus it remains to-day. I 1755.] BRADDOCKS GRAVE. 191 A foot note in De Hass's History of the Indian Wars of West Virginia states that "many years since, the remains of General Braddock were removed to England, and now rest with the quiet sleepers of Westminster Abbey." Whence this information was derived has not transpired. However, it is certainly erroneous. Those remains undoubtedly still lie in the place above described, and no inhabitant of that locality has ever heard of their removal to England. Those bones which were carried away as souvenirs by desecrating curiosity-seekers were afterwards gathered together by Mr. Stewart, and are supposed to have been deposited in Peale's Museum, Phila- delphia.* ' ■ - ,, . . It was Washington's intention, when he buried Braddock, to return at some future day and erect a monument to his memory, but his time was so much occupied by the events of the years following that it was not until after the close of the revolutionary war that he was able to undertake the self-imposed task. In 1784 he visited the place, for the purpose indicated, and "made a dilligent search for the grave, but the road had been so much turned, and the clear land so extended that it could not be found." The British government is not wont to neglect her soldiers, but she never took the smallest notice of the resting place of Braddock, and it was left for a stranger's liand to mark the spot where he lay, more than half a century after he fell. - - The demoralization of the settlers generally after the battle of the Monongahela was so great that •Uy'iPenn*. 3SI. 192 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [175S Governor Sharpc again visited Fort Cumberland, and on his way to that point, promised them ample protection, wl ereby some were induced to remain on their plantations. Governor Sharpe said of his visit here at that time: "I found by Colonel Dunbar and the other officers at the Fort that there had been mam unhappy divisions in the army that General Braddock commanded. Himself and the two Colonels were scarcely on speaking terms, and very few beside four or five favorites mention him with regret. It has been hinted to me that in case he had succeeded against the Fort, the several companies that have been raised in, and that are supported by, these Provinces, would have been regimented, and given to Lieutenant-Colonel Burton, of Dunbar's; Captain Morris, one of the aid-de-camps, was to have been Lieutenant-Colonel, and Captain Dobson Major, and Captain Orme, the other aid-de-camp, was to have succeeded Burton as Lieutenant-Colonel in the regi- ment that Dunbar commands." Washington, wliile dejDrecating the lack of judg- ment shown by Braddock, in dealing with the Indians, was disposed to do him the fullest justice. and said of him: "He was one of the honestest and best men of the British officers with whom I was acquainted ; even in the manner of fighting he was not to blame more than others; for of all that were consulted, only one person objected to it. Braddock was both my General and my physician. I was attacked with a dangerous fever on the march. and he left a sergeant to take care of me, and James 1755.] NEWSPAPER REPORTS FROM THE BORDERS. 193 fever powders, wltli directions how to give them, and a wagon to bring me on when I should be able."* Tlie following extracts are taken from the Mary- land Gazette, of the dates given: "Annapolis, August 21, 1755. " The latest account to be depended on from the Westward is. That a Fortniglit ago an Officer, who had been sent with a Party of Men over the Alleffuny Hills to reconnoitre, was returned to Fort Cumberland, and reported, That on his way towards the Meadows he met with two Friend Indiiins, who expressing a great Regard for the English, and for his safely, advised him immediately to retire, and save his Party from the Hands of 400 French and about 100 Indians, who were then at the Place where Col. Dunbar was encamped, when he received the News of Gene- ral Braddock's Misfortune. "The Indians also told him, that a Detachment of 100 French was ordered to advance to the Meadows, and prepare some Materials for a Place of Defence, which is to be there constructed." " Annapolis, October 2, 1755. " From Fort Cumberland we learn, that oo the 2l8t ult. a Boy, who was coming from that Place with a Waggon, was wounded in the arm and Back by two Arrows, that were shot by an Indian, who lay concealed near the Road, just on this side Wills's Creek. "The same Day two Soldiers that were sent on Duty from the Fort, were surprized near the same place, and taken Prisoners by five Indians, who carried them towards Fort Du Quesne; one of the Soldiers has since given them the Slip, and notwithstanding he was dangerously wounded by a Tomahawk in the Head, is likely to recover." "Annapolis, October 9, 1755. "We learn from Fort Cumberland, that as Col. Stevens was going thence, with a small Party of Men, to Winchester, he was fired on at two difi'erent Places by some Indians that lay concealed by the Road's side. Two of the Virginians were killed, but the Enemy did not choose to stay for their scalps. " By a Person who arrived in Town last Monday from Col. Crcsap's we are told, that last Wednesday Sen'night, in the Morning, the Indians had taken a Man Prisoner, who was going to Fort Cumberland from I'Vazier's, and had also carried off a woman from Frazier's Plantation,, which is four Miles on this side Fort Cumberland. The same Morning they fell in with a Man and his Wife, who had left their Plantations, and ♦Hon. Wm. Findley's letter. XIV Niles Eegister, 179. 25 194 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. wore retiring into the more populous Parts of the Country; they shot tlie Horse on which the Man rid, but as it did not fall immediately he mndp his Kacape; the Woman, it is supposed, fell into their Hands, as neithtr she nor the Horse on which she was riding, have been since seen or heard of. " The same Party of Indians have also killed or carried off Benjamin Rogers, his Wife, and seven Children, and Edmund Marie of Frpderick County. On Patterson's Creek many Families have, within this Month been murdered, carried away, or burnt in their llousea, by a Party of these Barbarians, who have entirely broke up that settlement. " Another Person, who left Stoddert's Fort last Sunday, acquaints us that the Inhabitants of that Part of the Country were in the greatest Consternation; that near 80 Persons were fled to the said Fort for Pro- tection, and many more gone off in the greatest Confusion to Pennsylvania. This, it seems, has been occasioned by an Express that was sent Lieuten- ant Stoddert and the Neighborhood, by Col. Cresap, advising them, that a Party of 17 Indians had j)a8sed by his House, and had cut off some People, who dwelt on the Town Creek, which is a few Miles on this side Col. Cresap's : One Daniel AshlofiF, who lived near that Creek, is come down towards Conococheague, and gives the same account. He says also, that as himself and Father, with several others, were re- tiring from their plantations, last Saturday, they were attacked l)y the same Indians, as he supposes, and all but himself were killed or taken Prisoners. It is said that Mr. Stoddert who has a Command of 15 Men, invited a few of the Neighborhood to join him, and to go in Quest of the Enemy, but they would not be persuaded; whereupon he applied himself to Major Prather for a Detachment of the Militia, either to go with a Party of his Men in Pursuit of the Savages, or garrison his Fort, while he made an Excursion. We hope there will be no Backwardness in the Militia to comply with such a reasonable Request, especially as any Party or Person that shall take an Enemy Prisoner, will be rewarded with Six Pounds Currency; and the Person who will kill an Enemy, with Four Pounds, provided he can produce Witnesses, or the Enemy's Scalp, in Testimony of such action." " Annapolis, October 23, n5f). " We hear that a Party of 31 Volunteers, under the Command of Capt. Alexander Beall and Lieutenant Samuel Wade Magruder, marched from the lower Part of Frederick County towards the Western Frontiers last Saturday. " It is said that Col. Henry Ridgely will take the same Rout, with a Party of thirty Volunteers, next Saturday. " We hear that next Monday a Party of Volunteers, of about GO young hearty Men, will set out for the Westward, from Prince George's 1755.] THE MARYLAND ASSEMBLY. 195 County, for the assistiuicc and Defence of our distressed Friends in the back Parts of this Province." Up to this time Maryland liad put no troops in the field, save a few companies of rangers; and previous to Washington's defeat at Fort Necessity she refused to do anything towaixls defraying the expenses of the Avar. After the Fort Necessity affair, however, the Assembly was convened, and without delay £6,000 was appropriated, to be expended under direction of (loveriior Sharpe for the defense of the frontiers, and the support of the wives and children of the Indian allies. Several appropriation bills were defeated by an unfortunate difference which arose between the two Houses as to how the revenues should be raised ; and thus Maryland took no part in Braddock's campaign. She was both willing and able to do so, but the objection of the upper house to the con- tinuance of the duty on convicts, which the lower house proposed, led to a long continued dispute, whereby ajipropriations were prevented. The dis- astrous result of the campaign of 1755, however, so thoroughly aroused the people of Maryland, that when the Assembly was called together by the Governor, the lower house yielded its position in order that the necessary taxes might be levied and ^collected. They recognized the fact that instant action was imperative. The settlers were in terror, and hundreds were fleeing from their homes. Conococheague Creek was the boundary, beyond which few settlements had extended. Fort Cumber- land was in a wilderness uninhabited by civilized meii, save those venturesome trappers and hunters 196 IIISTOFY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. W Sis' ' who had made themselves homes near the Port; it was separated from the settlements Eastward by an almost trackless forest, eighty miles in extent. and was easily flanked, both on the North and tlie South, so that it presented no obstacle to tlie predatory bands of savages that attacked the fron- tiersmen in Virginia and Pennsylvania. The settlers were compelled, therefore, to provide means for their own defense. They built stoccade "forts," en- closing their houses, and thus each man's home became a castle, which was often the scene of heroic defense, and not unfrequently of heartrending disaster, when savage cunning overcame Spartan courage. Those who were unable to erect these "forts" relied for safety upon the means afforded by their more fortunate neighbors, and in case of alarm they repaired with their families to the nearest stockade. On the assembling of the Legislature the emergen- cies of the situation were clearly set forth, and £40,000 was at once voted as a fund for defense. £11,000 of this was to be applied to the building of a fort and blockhouse on the Western borders, and sustaining a garrison therein; and £25,000 was appropriated in aid of any expedition for the general service." In 175G Pnrt Frederick was commenced, and before the close of the year it was garrisoned with two hundred men. This fort was built ujion an elevated plateau, about one fourth of a mile from the Potomac. It was constructed of the stone so plentiful in that neighborhood, and its walls were some fifteen feet in height, with bastioned corners. As a place of 1755.] FORT FREDERICK. 107 (lefciipc against Hmall arms it was all that could be (Icsirt'd, but was not calculated to rcHist an artillery attack. The shape of the fort was quadrangular, ciicli of its exterior lines being three hundred and sixty feet in length, and its walls strengthened with earth embankments. The work was dcme in the most substantial manner, as it was designed for permanent use, and the expense of construction was something more than £0,000. Barracks sufticient tor the accommodation of three hundred men were erected inside, as well as a substantial magazine. Tilt' walls of this fort are still standing, firm and strong, covered with wild vines, and shaded by the tolirtge of large trees which grow in the enclosure. It is thirteen miles east of Hancock, and maybe seen from the railroad cars in passing over the Baltimore and Ohio Road. Washington remained at Fort Cumberland a few (lays on his return after the battle, in order to recruit iiis strength, and then took his departure for Mount Vernon, at which place he arrived on the 26tli of July, still suffering from the effects of his illness. Ho was greatly depressed in spirits, in consequence of the result of the campaign, in which he had suffered a very considerable pecuniary loss, in the matter of his horses and general outfit. Colonel Innes, being left at Fort Cumberland with only a very small force of provincial troops, did all that was possible to alleviate the sufferings of the wounded soldiers under his care. Many of them (lied and were buried on the hillside near the Fort. Others recovered and were assigned to duty. Great 198 HISTORY OF CUMUEKLAND. [175:1. care was taken by him to luive the Fort kept in the most perfect order. The men were recjuirt'd to thoroughly clean the camp and their (|uarter.s eiioli day, and every precaution was observed to avoid a surprise l)y the enemy, which might be attempted at any moment. After ]inwldock's army had left Fort Cumlxirliirid. on the 9th of June, for the advance on Fort Duquesne, the Indians mmle their appearance with great frequency and the utmost audacity. Knowiii;: the weakness of the garrison, they had on several occasions approached the Fort and fired upon it, but without doing any damage. Not being ))old enough, or strong enough, to attack it, they devoted them- selves to murder and plunder wherever opportunity offered, and several settlers were killed in the immi- diate vicinity of the Fort, Others were taken prisoners and carried off'. The number of persons who thus fell victims to savage cruelty in a few weeks was twenty-six. Governor Sharpe remained some time at the Fort. upon his visit after Braddock's disaster, and on the 11th of August he declared liis conviction that Fort Cumberland was not a proper place for a grand magazine. He had consulted with the engineers ol the Jirmy, who unanimously agreed with him in this conclusion, because the Fort was badly l(K',ate(l being commanded by adjacent hills on two sides. During the month of August the sick and wounded were removed to Fredericktown, Colonel Innes fearing that he might be besieged by an enemy which would prove strong enough to capture the Fort., Governor 1755.] INDIAN MASSACRES. 199 SImrpo advised him in case of such an attack, nliould it iippt'ar that he wouhl ho iinahle to hold the Fort, to set fnx' to it, and retire at once. After the (icpiirturc of the men who had been k^ft in the hospital the }j;arrifl(m amounted tobarely one hundred, iiiid they became in a Hhort time almost insubordi- iiiite, the reins of discipline bein}^ greatly relaxed. Maryland sent a small company of volunteer soldiers to the Fort, in September, which was under oominaud of Captain Dugworthy, whom Governor Sliarpe had commissioned. The strength of the •rarrison was thtis swelled to one hundred and thirty- seven men. Foit Cumberland had never supplied the settlers with the protection they needed, and many fell victims to the tomahawk and scalping knife. On the 24th of June the savages had fallen upon two Dunilios within four miles of the Fort, and near the river, and killed six men, women and children. On the 26th they killed seven more, inflicting upon them tlie most inhuman outrages. In this latter affair the Indians attacked the house of a settler, and toraa- Imwked a woman and three children; the husband seized his gun and fired upon the assailants, but without effect. One of the Indians fired upon him, iiiid the ball passed through his mouth; he then sprang through a back door and ran towards the woods, when another shot struck him in the thigh, inflicting a severe wound. He managed, however, to reach the Fort. A boy who was in the house was struck npon the head with a tomahawk and knocked down, after which he was scalped, his assailants supposing him dead. In a little while he 200 IIISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755, recovered his senses^ .and found the Indians engaged in plunder. Fearing they would murder him, he remained quiet and feigned death. While lying thus his mother, whose head had been crushed by a blow of the tomahawk, somewhat recovered, and attempted to rise u]), when one of the Indians seized her by the hair, twisted it about his hand, and passing his knife around her head, with a tremendous jerk tore off the bleeding scalp. As soon as the Indians left, the bov fled from the house, and ran into the river. afterwards making his way to the Fort. About the 1st of October a war party of Indians made a descent upon the families living near the Fort, of whom there were a number on both sides of the Potomac, some near Colonel Cresap's house, and others a few miles east of the Fort. A letter written by Dagworthy at the time said: "It is supposed that nejir one hundred persons have been murdered or carried r^way prisoners by these Barbarians who have burnt the houses and ravaged all the Planta- tions in that part of the country. Parties of the enemy appear within sight of Fort Cumberland every day, and frequently in greater numbers than the garrison consists of" A short distance east of the Fort, nenr the river's bank, two trappers had built themselves houses, and had brought their families there to settle. About the 4 til of October a party of savages suddenly math' their .appearance, completely surrounding ihe housef*. and taking the people by surprise. Before the men could catch up their arms they were shot down, and scalped in the presence of their terror-stricken families. The houses were plundered, and then [1755 1755.] WASHINGTON COMMANDER IN CHIEF. 201 engaged liim, lie ing tlub f a blow tempted r by the lin knife tore ofl' loft, tlie le river, Indiiiiis near the 1 sides of Duse, and r written supposed [lurdered aus who Planta- |s of the 11(1 every Ihan the riverV Ises. and About ly made 1 houses. lie men ivn, and Itricken ll then burned to the ground, the women and childron being carried off as prisoners, doubtless to a more horrible fate, as they were never afterwards heard of. Four other fjimilies, still closer to the Fort, were surprised by another war party a few days earlier. On this occasion the Indians crept stealthily up to within a short distance of their unsuspecting victims, fired upon and killed the men, and then tomahawked every living person they found. They tore the bleeding scaljis from the still breathing bodies, and with taunting yells approached the fort and waved the scalps in the air, in full view of the garrison. After burning the houses of the settlers the savages departed tow^ards the north. On the 14th of August, only twenty days after his return to Mount Vernon, as a private citizen, Washington received intidligence of his appointment as commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces. He not only had not sought this appointment, but had declared that he would not accept it unless he could be assured of the rank and emoluments to which the office was entitled; be authorized to name his field officers, and guaranteed such supplies as were neces- sary, promptly. All his requirements were complied with, and he was commissioned as commander-in-chief of all the forces raised, or to be raised, in the colony. Governor Dinwiddle undoubtedly made this appoint- ment under the pressure of public opinion, as it was well known he desired to promote Colonel Innes to the position, and from that time forward Dinwiddle was never cordial with the new commander. Captain Adam Stephens, who had been w^th Washington at 26 202 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1755. Great Meadows, was made Lieutenant-Colonel. On the 14th of September Wasliington went to Win- chester, where he made his headquarters, and Lieutenant-Colonel Stephens went forward to Fort Cumberland. After getting matters in a satisfactory shape at Winchester, and sending out his recruiting officers, Washington made a tour of inspection of all the outposts, from Fort Cumberland to Fort Din- widdie, on Jackson's river, and in order to facilitate military movements he built a shorter and hotter road between Winchester and Fort Cumberland, for the passage of troops and supplies. In the latter part of this year the old quarrel a.s tx) rank between provincial officers and those holding royal commissions was renewed at Fort Cumberland. and it led to many and bitter disputes. Governor Sharpe had sent Captain Dagworthy to the Fort with a company of thirty men, which had been raised in Maryland, and were the first troops furnished by that colony. Dagworthy had held a royal comnu!*- sion, in the preceding war in Canada, and although he had disposed of the comn)ission for half-pa}', 1k' assumed n »w to command all provincial officers, no matter how high their rank might be. In November, Governor Innes was called to liis home in North (Jnrolina to look after his estates, ami before leaving he turned over the command of tiie Fort to Lieutenant-Colonel Stephens. But no sooner had Colonel Innes departed than Captain Dagwortliy issued an order assuming command in despite of the protest of the officer left in (diarge by the Governor of the Fort. This assumption on Dagworthy s psirt 175G. 175G.] THE DISPUTE AS TO RANK. 203 caused wrangling and insubordination amongst the ofliccrs of inferior grade, all of whom took sides. The Fort being in Maryland, Governor Siiarpe was slow to curtail Dagworthy's pretensions, and appeared rather to sustain him. Governor Dinwiddle argued that the location of the Fort should not aflect the matter at all, as it was a "king's fort," built by an order sent to him from the king, chiefly by troops in the pay of the king, and that it could not in any way be regarded as under Maryland authority. The disputes upon the question of rank continued throughout the entire winter, and Dagworthy persist- ently adhered to his right to the command, even after Washington himself arrived at the Fort. Dinwiddle declared that it was preposterous for a Captain in command of only thirty men to pretend to outrank a Colonel who was Commander-in-Chief of all the Virginia forces; but as Fort Cumberland was in Maryland, Dinwiddle would not issue any orders concerning the matter, and Washington then declared that unless the dispute was settled and his authority established he would resign his commission. In order to secure a settlement of the question, it was determined to refer it to Major-General Shirley, Braddock's successor as General in command of the colonies. The oflicers desired Washington to present tlie matter in })erson, and on the 4 th of February, 1750, lu' set out upon a journey to the General's headquar- ters at Boston, a distance of five hundred miles, accompanied by Captain Mercer, his aid-de-camp, and Captain Stewart, of the Virginia light-horse. Thi' journ(!} was made; upon horseback, the young 204 UISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. officers being dressed in the most stylish uniforms, and accompanied by their blaclc servants. ^ General Shirley received Washington with the utmost kindness, and entertained him in the most hospitable manner. The question as to his rank, and Dagworthy's pretensions, was fully discussed, and Washington delivered to the General a letter from Governor Dinwiddle, bearing date January 23, 175G, of which the following is an extract : " Gov. Sharpe has not answered your Excellency's intentions in removinn; the Dispute between Col. Washinj^ton and Capt. Dapworthy; he has ordered him to keep the command of the Fort,* which he does in an absolute manner. We have purchased and laid in provisions for 1,000 men for one year ; as the Fort was the most safe place, they were deposited there, and a commissary appointed at the charpje of this country, he will not allow him to discharge his duty, but refuses any of the provisions to be touched but by his order; and though the provis- ions are supply'd by this country, he insists on a right to supply his own men from our magazine, tho' Maryland pays no part of the charj;e; he otherways acts in an arbitrary manner, & insists on his Rank superior to any of our officers, and he has not above '.^0 men, when Col. Wasiiington has upwards of 500. " This Fort was built by virtue of His Majesty's instructions to me, and by my orders to Col. James Innes, then in the pay of this colony, and with a great charge to this country. It's true it happens to be in Maryland, but I presume His Majesty has .1 right to build a Fort where he pleases in any of his colonies ; and the guns mounted are guns sent by His Majesty for the service of Virginia ; it cannot reasonably be suggested that His Majesty intended them for the Proprietor of Maryland. " General Braddock gave a commission to Colonel Innes to be Gov- ernor of the Fort; his private affairs calling him to his estate, in North Carolina, he appointed Lieut. Col. Stephens to command in his absence, Capt. Dagworthy, with his pretended rank, wrested the command from him without any rule but his commission of Captain in the Canada Expedition, tho' not on the half pay list, but received a sum of money in lieu ; by accepting that money I am of opinion he revoked his com- mission. ♦Oovprnor Kliarpe had ordered Captain D«i»wortliy to cnnflne his authority to troops withl» lite Fort oJoue, aud not to attempt to coiumaud thoue iu ths camp. 175G.] THE DISPUTE AS TO RANK. 205 "This afTair makes such noise here that I thought it necessary to for'd Col. Wash iD/;f ton to you, who can be more particular. If I was to cull the assembly now, I know this affair has raised the rancour of the people so much that they would go into extremes of resentment, and do no business for the service. I am sorry I hare occasion to be so long on this nffair, but as it makes much noise here, and without you interpose your authority, I do not know what will be the consequence ; as formerly, I desire the favor of a Brevet commission to Col. Washington, and to the other Field officers, and that you would please to reinstate Col. Stephens to tlie command of the Fort tilt Governor Innes returns. As commander- incliief of the forces this is in your power only, and without some regulution in regard to this unhappy dispute I shall not be able to do anytliing with our Assembly. •' I forgot to mention that Fort Cumberland being a King's Fort, I cannot conceive that the proprietor Governor can have any Right to appoint a Governor, and more so as it has been built by this government ; the Right is in you, and I doubt not you will assume it in order to restore Peace." After reading this letter, and hearing still further details from Washington, General Shirley put a final end to all difficulties as to rank, by writing as follows to Governor Sharpe : Boston, March 5, 1756. Sir: Inclosed is the extract of a letter which I have lately received by Col. Washington from Gov. Dinwiddie, calling upon me to determine the right of command between him and Capt. Dagworthy. You was pleased to assure me at New York that you would send Buch orders to Capt. Dagworthy as would put an end to this dispute, and afterwards that you had actually done it, I should be extremely unwilling to do anything that might appear in the least disagreeable to any gentleman who had the Honour of bearing His Majesty's commission, and should have been glad that no such dis- pute had come before me. But as the command I am honored with from His Majesty obliges me upon all occasions to act the best for his service, I must desire that Capt, Dagworthy may be removed from Fort Cumber- land: or ac(iuainted that if he remains there, he must put himself under the command of Col. Washington. I have taken some time to consider this point, and cannot think that Capt. Dagworthy, who now acts under a Provincial commission, has any right to the command, as there are no regular troops joined with those troops now at Fort Cumberland, which would be the only circum- 20G HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [175G. stance that could oeeusioii a dispute concerning the; riglit of Provinciiil field olTicers to command in preference to Captains bearinjj cniiimisainns from His MiijeKty. I should have sent iny orders to Capt. iJaijworthy through my aid decamp, but as you have proposed to me to give him such as woulij clj'ectually remove the occasion of the dispute, I can't but hope you will still do it ; and I think, besides, as he now acts under a Provincial com. mission it will be more regular that they should be transmitted to him from you. With respect to Fort Cumberland, I am in for- 'd by Capt. Morris. my aid-de-camp, that the late General Braddock had private instructions from His R. H. the Duke, to put it in a condition to contain a garrison of 200 men, and that he appointed Col. Junes Gov'r of it, which was given out in orders; if that be so the matter must remain on the same foot he put it upon. 1 am with great Regard, Sir, Your Honour's Most Obedient Humble Servant, W. SHIRLEY. Upon concluding his mission to Boston, Washing- ton set out on his return to Virginia, spending some ten dfiys, however, in New York, where he became greatly enamored with Miss Phillipse, a very elegant young lady, with whom he became acquainted, and who afterwards was married to Captain Morris, his fellow aid-de-camp while with Braddock. In Marcii he was in Williamsburg, endeavoring to secure the legislation necessary to secure the frontiers, and to enable him to march again on Fort Duquesne, wliieh he was most anxious to capture. He returned shortly afterward to Winchester, where he received most startling news as to the depredations of the savages on the borders. The Indians had penetrated the country almost to Winchester, and everywhere they were murdering 175().] INDIAN INCURSIONS. 207 and scalping the inhabitant!^. lie determined then, to enter the woods, and punish the redskins. With this object in view he sent a courier to Fort Cum- berland for troops, intending to take them, with such militia as he could organize, and go in search of the t'liomy. He quickly discovered, however, that this project would have to be abandoned. The forests about F'ort Cumberland were literally alive with hidians, who were constantly devising stratagems tor destroying tlie Fort and garrison. The troops here had been sent out in various directions to punish such parties of French and Indians as they might be able to overcome, and to rescue settlers. Those left in the Fort were scarcely strong enough to defend it, and not a man could be spared. The courier returned to Winchester, and reported these tacts. On his return he narrowly escaped with his life, as upon leaving the Fort the Indians fired upon him, and endeavored to cut him off. His horse was sliot under him, and his clothes were cut in several places by bullets. Governor Innes, who had returned, and was in command of the Fort, declared that he could do no more than maintain his position, and if his force should be reduced he -^vould be compelled to abandon the post at once. Not only did Washington thus fail to get the troops he expected, but the militia neglected also to res^jond to his call. The Virginia Assembly, seeing the necessity of prompt action, appropriated £20,000, and proposed the establishment of a chain of forts along the AUeglianies from the Potomac to the borders of North (Carolina. This did not meet Washington's i 208 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [175G. 1 views. lie advised tlie construction of a strong fort at Winchester, which should be a central point for supplies and defense. lie said "Fort Cumberland is of little use; there is not an inhabitant liviiiL' between it and Winchester, except a few settlements about the Fort, and a few families at Edwards's, on the Cacapehon. At Fort Cumberland I would have one company to garrison the place to secure it, to procure the earliest intelligence, and to cover detachments sent to the Ohio River, which is all tlie use it can ever be put to." His advice as to makinf; the fort at Winchester a strong central point was adopted, and Fort Loudon was the result — the name being given in honor of the commanding General who succeeded Shirley. The plan for a chain of forts was persisted in, the projected number being twenty-three. Fort Cumberland was still maintained, however, and at great expense. Colonel Innes found it neces- sary in the spring, a second time to go to his home. and on this occasion he left Major James Livingston in command. Colonel Innes was beyond question a gentleman of much prudence, and one who had a high regard for his "Perquisites;" besides being rather eccentric in his orthography. Mr. Brantz Mayer has kindly furnished a copy of an original letter which came into his possession through Hon. Alexander R. Botoler, and which was written by Governor Innes at the time of turning over the command of the Fort to Major Livingston. It is quite an interesting docu- ment, and is as follows : 175G.] AFFAIRS AT THE FORT. 209 By James Inncs Msqr Govr of Fort Cumberlund, May 2«th 1756. To The Fort Major of said Fort or to bis assistant when absent on his Mnj's Service. You are to See that all the Out Doors of that Roe of Barracks next to Potoniack or fasing the New Store be made Stench & Strong not to be opened upon any account whatever. That the Camp CuUermen be Appointed & to keep the Garrison Sweet & clean. Ail the Ilowses & hutts on the Botlome or near the Garison Not being imediatt'ly occupeyd for Ilis Majestys Use & Service Custome hath made them a Perquisite of the Governors. & as farr as the Guns in the Fort cann throw a shott the land is deemd for the use of the Gari- Bon. You are therefore to insist upon a moderate Rent as my Right. 1 the account of which you are to trance mitt to me. Given under my hand att B'ort Cumberland this 2()th May 1756. JAMES INNES. To James Livingston, Esq. The "Governor" evidently received some moneys from the rent of the houses near the Fort, a number of which were occupied by traders, who had brought merchandise of such character as the soldiers cared for, in which they speculated. The sums thus collected he regarded as his "perquisites," and was careful to order that Major Livingston should promptly "trance mitt" them to him. The location of the Fort was such that several spurs of the mountain ranges in the vicinity entirely overlooked it, although when it was con- structed it was not thought to be within gun-shot of any of them. The Indians, however, found oppor- tunity to considerably annoy both the garrison and the camp at times. On frequent occasions they would post themselves on the side of Knobley Mountain and fire into the Fort. They did the same from the knob now known as McKaig's Hill. And although the distance intervening was too great to 27 210 UISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. permit them to do much dama<;e, yet very ofUni their bullets fell inside the palisades, and rendered the men so uncomfortable that they became anxious to put an end to such aggressions. On one occasion, during the summer of 1750, a large party of warriors had been loitering about the Fort for several days with a view to taking the scalps of such unwary soldiers as might venture within their reach. The troops were on their guard, however, and the Indians, despairing of cutting any of them off, took a position on one of the hills, and spent the entire day firing into the Fort. By loading their guns with heavy charges of powder, they were enabled to inakf it rather djingerous for such of the troops as were exposed. Major Livingston became much annoyed, finally, and determined to punish the redskins severely. Accordingly he ordered a Captain to take seventy-five men and dislodge the enemy. The niglit was cloudy, and there was no moon. The Captain took his force out under cover of the darkness, crossed the creek at the ford just above its mouth, and in perfect silence marched to the foot of the hill; here they formed a line, and cautiously surrounded the Indians, ascending and approaching to within about seventy-five yards of them. The savages were totally unprepared for an attack, and had posted no guards, evidently believing the garrison was too weak to molest them. The soldiers lay quiet, awaiting daybreak, at which time they intended to make an assault. As the light broke in the east, every man lay with his hand on the trigger of his gun, and as soon as the Indians began to move about [I7r)(i. 1750.] KILL-BUCKS STRATEGY FAILS. 211 y often [jnderod iinxious )n OIK' re part) b'ort for 1 of such Ir reach, and the T, took a itire day ns with to make as were innoyed, I redskins to take le night Captain irkness, mouth, the hill; rounded within res were isted no Ivas too quiet, lided to lie east, of his le about tlie signal was given, when a volley was poured into tlieir midst. The siirprise was complete. The savages were utterly confounded; they had no time to secure their arms before the whites discharged another volley, cutting down most of them. Those who were not killed or wounded sought safety in liigiit, but they were picked ofl' one after another, and few succeeded in getting off with their lives. The Indians after this troubled the garrison but little by firing from the hills, but they sought by every means to be revenged for the slaughter of their comrades, and gathered in great numbers about the Fort. Amongst the most cruel, bold and bloodthirsty of these warriors was Kill-buck, a Shawanese chief, who had, previous to the war lived near the settlers, on the South Branch of the Potomac, most of whom he knew. He was a powerful man, and possessed of much intelligence, but inhuman in his nature. He had made good use of his knowledge as to the homes and strength of the settlers, and had been guilty of many cruel murders. He had command of the Indians who had gathered about Fort Cumberland, and held a council for the purpose of determining upon the best method of capturing the Fort and destroying the garrison. It was finally determined to resort to stratagem, and a plan was made by which they were to secure an entrance, on the pretense of friendship, after which they were to overpower the troops and put all, officers and men, to death. Accordingly, Kill-buck, marched up to the Fort, at the head of his warriors, making signs of friend- ship, and requested Major Livingston to admit 212 HISTORY OF CUMBEULAND. [1756. them, in order that they might have a con- Hultation; he said they were the friends of the English, and did not wish them harm, but woulij bury the hatchet. Major Livingston knew the character of Kill-buck too well to trust him, but nevertheless pretended to Ixilieve his professions, and ordered one of the gates to be opened to them, Feeling secure in the success of their stratagem, the warriors filed in, grimly looking to the right and k'ft, So soon, however, as the principal warriors had entered, the gates were closed, and Kill-buck found the troops drawn up in line in front of their barracks, with their loaded guns in their hands ready for service. He turned upon the Major and haughtily asked the cause of this treatment, whereupon that officer charged him in the most forcible and con- temptuous language with having come with a lie in his mouth and murder in his heart, to deceive liini: he told Kill-buck that he had seen through his stratagem, and now intended to punish him severely for his treachery. Kill-buck and his chiefs were seized and disarmed, and were then dressed in petticoats; the gates were opened, and they were driven forth with jeers and laughter by the soldiers, who taunted them with being squaws, and old women. This humiliation was greater punishment to the Indians than death, and they left the place utterly dejected and disgraced. One of the parties of Indians that visited Fort Cumberland in August was commanded by Langlade, who was sent here to ascertain what the English were about, and whether preparations were being 1750.] TWO OPINIONS ABOUT THE FORT. 213 iiiii(lo for aiiotht^r advance. lie ciinic! waH as follows : The order under which '' Dmuiis, ('hevalier oi the Royal and Military Order of St Louio, Captiiiii of Infantry; commandant of the Ohio and its tributaries : It is ordfred liiat Sicur Lnnghide, Knsign of Infantry, start at the head of a detachment of French and Indians, to go in the direction of Fort Cum- biirland. " In case the savaires prefer to quit the great highway, Sieur Langlade will, with the French detach himself from them, in order to follow them ; the principal object of his mission being to examine if the enemy is malting any movement in those parts. "He will march with caution and distrust, to avoid all surprises f.nd any ambuscade. If he strike in conjunction with his Indian allies, ho will employ nil his talent to prevent tin m from the exercise of any cruelty npoii those who may fall into their i i^ls : " Uone at Fort Duquesne, the ninth of Ai t, 1756," Langlade's party advanced no rther than Fort (.'iimberland, and they did little or no damage. Washington's views as to the campaign proposed to be r.ov,- commenced differed from those of Governor Dinwiddie, very materially. Washington was anxious to get rid of Fort Cumberland, as he thought it useless, for various reasons which he gave; among others, it was commanded by adjacent hills; was not strong enough in its construction; and was easily tlaiiked. Dinwiddle had persistently declared that it should be maintained, and he had made it the chief depot of stores; besides which he had sent a portion of the troops from Winchester, and thus hiterfered with the work on Fort Loudon, which Washington was desirous of having comj)letea. Dinwiddle had found it convenient to oppose Washington in all of his plans, and gave him much annoyance; losing no opportunity to vent his reseni> ment in this manner upon the commander of the 214 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1756. Vir<2;inia forces, bocauso he had Hoeurod tho phicc tlid Governor intended lor his favorite, Colonel linit's. Washington wrote as follows to Speaker Robinson: WlNClIKHTKll, iJlh August IT.)!). Sib : Fort Cumberland at present contains all our provisions and vuliiiilil' stores, and is not capable of an hour's defense, if the enemy were only to bring a sin/^le halfpounder aj^ainst it, which they m\erlan(l. He had taken with him a party of five soldiers and fifteen Cherokees, and they had surprised some French and Indians on Turtle creek, about twelve miles from Fort Duquesne. They brought in five scalps and one prisoner, a French officer named Velistre; and, besides, they had killed two other 1757.] A FALSE ALARM. 227 French officcrH, wliose nainos were Lusosaia and St. Oure. A few dayH after Washington's departure six Cherokee Indians, who had been as far West as the Oliio River, returned to the Fort, and stated U) Captain Dagworthy, who had arrived and taken command, tliat they had seen a large force of Frencli and Indians near Fort Duquesne; that they were armed with big guns, and had plenty of wagons and horses, and were marching to attack Fort Cumberland. Captain Dagworthy, who questioned them very closely, was so strongly impressed with their story that he at once sent an express towards Winchester to overtake Washington, and to notify the people tiii'ougliout the country. (Jolonel Stanwix, with his regulars and the militia from the forts on the Branch, was at once marched to Fort Cumbeiland, and every preparation possible made for its defense. Washing- ton had long feared a movement of this kind, and was convinced that it could not be successfully resisted. He said the road from Fort Duquesne to Fort Cumberland was the only one over which it would be possible for the French to bring their artillery, unless they should build a new road, which would involve a great deal of expense and months of hibor. To ascertain the exact strength and the intentions of the enemy, he had spies sent out to watch their movements. He wrote: "We have received nothing new from Fort Cumberland since the IGth. The Indians who brought the first news, imagine that some of Spotswood's party are yet watching the enemy. On the contrary, I apprehend 228 HISTORY OF CUxMBERLAND. [1757. they are all cut ofT;''' for a man who left Fort Cumljerlarid on the lOth snys the woods apj)ear to be quite alive with hostile Indians, who show them- selves oi>enly in the day. This is unusual with tlieni unless they are strong." Fortunately the rumor as to the approach of the French was untrue, and none of them made their appearance. But Washington was constantly a[)prehensive of an attack by the Indians on Fort Loudon, and observed the strictest caution. At the close of the month of June, Captain Beale. who was commanding at Fort Frederick, endeavored to persuade Colonel Stanwix to order Washington to reinforce Fort Cumberland again. Colonel Stanwix. who was then at Carlisle, was commander-in-chief of the Middle and Southern provinces, at the time, and he concluded to give that matter into Governor Sharpe's hands to act according to his own judgment. Washington s:aid he did not deem it advisable to send any of his troops to Fort Cumberland, as it was not in imminent peril, and as V^irginia was under the necessity of looking after her own frontier, which was constantly threatened. Colonel Stanwix wrote to Governor Sharpe as follows: Camp near Cakuslk, July t, 1757. Sir: I did iinarrino that on rt'CM>ipt of an account of our First Alarm bcintr (.'Oiitradicted that you would send home your militia, and I am at liif same time glad to hear that you f-au depend upon the 500 men when any real occasion recjuires it; as )ou apprehend it is for his Majesty's service that an ofllicer & Detachment from the new companies be sent to reinforce Fort Cumberlanil you will please to order it to be done in such proportion as you who must bo the best jud},'e think necessary. *CHptaiu Spotuwood and bis pnrty were actuuUy cut off by the Iiidiaaa and every one of them kill' ^. 1757.] ADDKESS AS TO FORT CUMBERLAND. 229 A careful inspection of all the provisions in the Fort waf made in August, and Mr. Kennedy, in whose charge they had been placed, had all the meats repacked and pickled, for use in the future. A considerable portion of the stores was spoiled, and Colonel Stanwix sent fresh supplies to replace them. The condition of Fort Cumberland was taken up for consideration in the Maryland Assembly at the session of 1757, and the following address was read in the House of Delegates on the 15tli of December: '"Fort Cumberland we are informed, was first begun by some gentle- men of the Ohio Company, as a storehouse of their goods designed for the Ohio Indian trade, and never was garrisoned by troops stationed there by the direction of any law of this province, but commonly by Virginia forces. That fort, we have too much reason to believe, from an extract from your Excellency to the Secretary of State, laid before the lower House in September session, 17oiated a Brigadier iu 176S, aud died at Feuaacola, Florida, iu 1760. 1758.] WASHINGTON'S RETURN TO FORT CUMBERLAND. 23'? Cumberland, I am under the necessity of requesting of you to have the straijilitost Road reconnoitered leading from Fort Frederick to Fort Cumberland. Recommending to those you appoint to mark it out, to report the time that 500 men will take to cut it. Any Expense you may be at shall be paid by Sir John St. Clair, as he will be the nearest to you. Please to send him the Report of it, that if found practicable he mavsend troops to work at it. I am with the highest Regard Sir, your most obdt and most humble serv't T(. the Honble Gov. Shaki-k. HENRY BOUQUET. Tlie Virginia troops were ordered to join Colonel Bouquet's forces, and V/ashington marched for Fort Cumberland on the 24th of June, arriving here on the 2d of July. The march was made in detach- ments. Washington being with the advance, and Licutenant^Colonel Stephen taking six companies direct to Rays town by another route. Upon his arrival at Fort Cumberland, Wtishington addressed the following letter to Colonel Boucpiet : V\Mi' NK.Aii Fonr CuMBKiii.ANn, 3 July, 1758. T" Colonel Henry Bouquet, Comnianding at liaystown : Sir: According to orders I marched from Winchester on the 24th ultimo, and arrived at this place yesterday, with five companies of the lirst Virji;inia regiment, and a company of artificers from the second, as you may observe by the enclosed returns. My march, in consequence of liail teams, and bad roads, notwithstanding I had sent forward the artifi- cers and a covering party three days before, was much delayed. As 1 cannot suiipose you intended to send any part of my men upon the roads, till joined at this place by Colonel Byrd, I shall decline sending any on timt service till he arrives, which I presume will bo to morrow. There came twenty-eight wagons with me to this place, and I believe, if they were wanted, ten more might be had upon the South Branch, strong and good, but carrying horses are certainly more eligible for the sfrvice to which they are destined. I have received a very scanty allow- ance of tents for the five companies, namely, sixty-nine only. Out of these most of the officers must eithisr be supplied or lie uncovered. They **'" readily pay for what they receive if required. No bell tents were sent to ns. 30 234 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND. [1758. My men are bare of regimental clothing, and I have no prospect ofa supply. So far from regretting this want during the present curapaigu, if I were left to pursue my own inclinations, 1 would not only order the men to adopt the Indian dress, but cause the officers to do it also, and be the first to set the example myself. Nothing but the uncertainty oi obtaining the general approbation causes me to hesitate a moment to leave my rogimentals at this place, and proceed as light as any Indian in the woods. It is an unbecoming dress, I own, for an officer ; but conve nience, rather than show, I think, should be consulted. The reduction of bat-horses alone would be sufficient to recommend it, for nothing ii. more certain than that less baggage would be required, and the public benefitted in proportion. It appears that within a short time after writing tlie above letter Washington actually did put his men in Indian dress, as the fact is referred to in a letter written him by Colonel Bouquet, from Rajs- town, in July, in which he commends the costume, and declares it should be a pattern for the dress of the soldiers in the expedition then going on. Several hundred Indians had joined Washington. and many of them were with him still, at Fort Cumberland. These proved useful on frequent occa- sions. The construction of a passable road between the fort at Raystown and Fort Cumberland was absolutely necessary, and had been commenced, but numerous parties of hostile Indians being about the forts, as well as along the line of the road, rendered the work exceedingly dangerous. The couriers going forth and back were constantly fired upon, and a wagoner was' shot down one day within five hundred yards of Will's Creek, and in siglit of the fort. Washington sent out several parties of Cherokees to attack these prowling bands, but Colonel Bouquet rather checked their efficiency by ordering that an officer and several soldiers should accompany tlie 1758.] A LETTER FROM THE FORT. 235 Indians. The largest party sent out consisted of cigliteen Cherokees, and they succeeded in driving oft' the enemy. On the 6tli of .^uly Robert Munford wrote the following letter, from Fort Cumberland, to his uncle, Colonel Tlieodoric Bland, of Prince George's County : Honrl Sir, Had opportunities offered, as frequently as Inclination would have induced me to write to you, you might have read a Letter from every cncampinent. After being delayed at Winchester, five or six weeks loiiirer than Expected (in which Time I was ordered Express to Williams- burgh & allowed but a day after my return to prepare) we pushed ott' into the wide Ocean. I was permitted to walk every step of the Way to this humble Fort, to eat little, to lay hard, over Mountain, thro' Mud and Water, yet as merry & hearty as ever. Our Flankers & Sentrys pretend they saw the Enemy daily, but they never approached us. A De- tachment is ordered off this moment to clear a Road thirty miles, and (lur Companies to cover the Working . Party. We are in fine scalping ground I assure you, the guns pop about us, & you may see the fellows prick up their Ears like a Deer every moment. Our Colonel* is an Kxaniple of Fortitude, in either Danger or Hardship, and by his easy, polite Behaviour, has gained not only the Regard but affection, of both otlicers and soldiers. He has kindly invited me to his Table, for the Campaign, offered me any sum of money, I may have occasion for, without charging either Principal or Interest, and signified his appro- bation of my conduct hitherto, in such a manner, as is to my advantage. In passing my recruiting Acct : I was allowed 18f pr : man, you may judge how much I was Looser when several officers had 408. Col. Charles Carter, junr, has a horse of mine in keeping "till my Return • where he may remain if you think proper. The Batt : money and Forage money allow'd me amounts to £6<). In everything possible, I shall be upon the frugal scheme. You may depend upon hearing by all opportu- nities from Dr Sir, yr truly Affect: & ever obliged nephew ROBT. MUNFORD. Camp near Fort Cumberland, •luly Gth, 17r)8. To Mrs. Blaxd : Hoiid Madam : fho' I've hardly a moment at my own Disposal, I can't omit sending ..!Ji'-"^*''''''"'"'<'"e' Win. Burd, of tli« 2d Virginia Begimeat and not to Waghington, •• in opinion ieiiuence of ijT officer at iul whiclil manner in ion at Win iinces woulJ to think of ays. I will ve answers to-morrow.^ shington Ito Mk. Innd »u be present »i 1 to defeat liii». B sliortW »ft"- ,1,1 election i» Jve liad a "P«<« Id and8b«ii«' T frieuds. Martha Cu8tis, a charming young widow, «nd ho wrote I'rom this place a volume of ardent love letters to that huly. These, however, liave not been made pubHc, and the curiosity of the world as to this love afl'air must remain ungratified so far as this corres- pondence is concerned. On the 21st a letter from Washington to Colonel Bouquet apprised him that Colonel Burd was in want of a supply of vermillion for the Indians, who needed it in putting on the war paint, and preparing for battle. He says: "The bridge is finished at this place,* and to morrow Major Peachey, with three hundred men, will proceed to open Gen. Braddock's road. I iihail direct them to go to George's Creek, ten miles in advance. Hy that time I may possibly hear from you. If they go farther it may be requisite to reinforce the party. Hut this matter, I suppose, will be ordered according to the route determined on by the General, for it will be needless to open a road, of which no use will be made afterwards. "Colonel Stephen gives me some room to apprehend that a body (if light troops may soon move on, I pray your interest most sincerely with the General to get my regiment and myself included in the num- ber. If any argument is needed to obtain this favor, I hope without vanity I may be allowed to say, that, from long intimacy with these woods, and frequent scouting in them, my men are at least as well acquainted with all the passes and difficulties as any troops that will be employed." Washington had supposed that the advance upon Fort Duquesne would be made over the old road whicli Braddock had used. He was greatly surprised, therefore, to learn that Colonel Bouquet had declared his intention of constructing a new road from Rays- town to the Ohio River, and marching a part of his force by that route, the other part to take Braddock's •Nowhere has any record been found as to the location of tliiH bridge. Braddock's men had prepared llie timbers for a bridge, over Wilts' Creek, iu 17S5, but there is no liistory of its 'reclioii. The probability is that it was found necescary to put up a bridge for use during the nring and (all freshets, as at such times the creek was too much swolieu to permit of wagoni [■awing the ford. 238 HISTORY or CUMBERLAND. [1758. Road, and the t^vo bodies to unite on the Monoiifra- hehi. The account.s which Braddock had given of his road, in his dispatches, were of such a character as to lead the commander of the present exjx'ditioii to beHeve the road well nigh impassable, and Boufpict's project of a new road through Pennsylvania was encouraged by interested parties in that State, who Uiisured him it could Ik) easily built, and that tlic grades would be light. Washington strongly opposed the idea; he assured Colonel Bouquet that it would cost the army a fatal loss of time, and result in a barren victory, at best, in the end. He wrote as follows to Colonel Bouquet: Camp near Fort Cumberi,and, 25 July, 1758. De\r Sir : I do not incline to propose anything tliat may seem otlicious, but would it not facilitate the operations of the campaign, if the Virginia troops were ordered to proceed as far as I Great Crossing, and con struct forts at the most advantageous situations as they advance. opening the road at the same time? In such a case I should be glad to be joined by that part of my regiment at Rayatown. Major Peachy, who commands the working party on IJraddock'a road, writes me that he finds few repairs wanting. Tonight I shall order him to proceed as far as Savage River, and then return, as his party is too weak to adventure further. We have received advice that our second convoy, of more than seventy wagons, will be at the South Branch to-day, where I expect they will be joined by other wagons with forage. They will all proceed to this place immediately. I shall most cheerfully work on any road, pursue any route, or enter upon any service that the General or yourself may think me usefnllv employed in, or ([ualified for, and shall never have a will of my own, when a duty is required of me. But since you desire me to speak my sentiment freely, permit me to observe, that after having conversed with all the guides, and having been informed by others, who have a knowledge of the country, I am convinced that a road, to be compared with General Braddock's, or, inrl.eed that will be fit for transportation even by pack-horses, cannot be made. I have no predilection for the route you have in contemplation for me, not because difficulMes appear [1758. 1758.] THK TWO ROAHR. 239 ivon of amcter lition to )U(iiU'tV lia was to, who hat the opposed t would lilt in a rrote as 1758. Ik'ious, but le Virjjiniii I, and con- advance, !d be slail or Pencliv, OS uie that () proceed weak to liore than ipect they proceed to \, or enter nsefnlly my own, I to speak lonversed have a lompared lortation for the appear therein, but because I doubt whether satisfaction can be )»iven in the execution of the jilan. I know not what reports you may have received from your reconnoiterinfj parties, but I have been uniformly told that, if you expect n tolcrabhi road by Uaystown you will be disappointed, for no movement can bo made that w;»y without destroyinj? our horses. Bouquet was not convinced by Washington's representations, yet he was desirous of liilly consult- ing with him, and fixing upon a plan which would meet with his approval. He therefore wrote to Washington, saying: ''Nothing can exceed your generous dispositions for the service. I see, with the utmost satisfaction, that you are above the influences of prejudice, and ready to go heartily where reason and judgment shall direct. I wish sincerely that we may all entertain one and the same opinion ; therefore I desire to have an interview with y^u <'t the houses built half way between our camps." Both officers went to the place designated, half way Ijctween Fort Cumberland and Uaystown, and entered into a •liscussion of the question at issue. Washington stated that the road taken by Braddock had been laid out by the Ohio Company, aided by traders and Indians, the sole object being to secure the best and most direct route; that the road was in pretty good order, and could be made ready for use with but little labor, and that the building of a new road by another route would consume precious time, and extend the campaign into another year, which would have a demoralizing effect upon the soldiers, as well as upon the colonies. But General Forbes had determined upon the new route through Pennsylvania, and Colonel Bouquet naturally took the same position. Washington succeeded, however, f 240 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1 T'jS. in persuadin*]^ him to abandon tlie idea of dividing; hiH (brcos, and it was finally determined that the advance upon Fort I)u(iuesne should be over a now road to be built from KayHtown. Washington Avas greatly dispirited by this, and he wrote to Major Halkett, in August, that this Avould ruin the exjx'- dition, as they would be utterly unab'e to get beyond Laurel Hill during the winter, lie also wrote again to Colonel Bou(j[uet: Camp near Pokt Cumbkbi.and, 2d August, 175.4. Sir: The matters of whicli we spoke relative to the roads, have, since our parting, been the subject of my closest reflection, and so far am I from altering my opinion, that the more time and attention I bestow, tlif more I am conlirmed in it, and the reasons for taking Braddock's road appear in a stronger point of view. To enumerate the whole of thesn reasons would be tedious, and to you, who have become so much master of the subject, unnecessary. I shall, therefore, briefly mention a few (inly which I think so obvious in themselves, that they miiM effectually remove objections. Several years ago the Virginians and Peniisylvanians commenced a trade with the Indians settled on the Ohio, and to obviate the many inconveniences of a bad road, they, after reiterated and inetl'ectuui efforts to discover where a good one might be made, employed for tin purpose several of the most intelligent Indians, who, in the course of many years* hunting had actjuired a perfect knowledge of these uioiin- tain.s. The Indians having taken the greatest pains to gain the rewards oftered for this discovery, declared that the path leading from Will's Creek was infinitely preferable to any that could be made at any other place. Time and experience so clearly demonstrated this truth that the Pennsylvania traders commonly earned out their goods by Will's Creek. Therefore, the Ohio Company in 1'J5.^, at considerable expense opened the road. In 1754 the troops whom I had the honor to command greatly repaired it, as far as Gist's plantation; and in H;");") it was widened and completed by General Braddock to within six miles of Fort Duquesne. A road that has so long been opened, and so well and sc often repaired, must be much firmer and better than a new one, allowing the ground to be equally good. But supposing it were practicable to make a road from Raystown quite as good as General Braddock's, I ask have we time to do if. [IToS. ividinji lat tile • a now on \v)b i Major e expi'- beyond te again , i7:).s. liave, sincf 80 far am I bestow, llie Idock's road ole of the8^ e HO much y mention a thev must IT^-iH.] A QUESTION OF ROADS. 241 lliayslowii 'do it- Certainly not. To sunnoiint the dilTirulties to he encountt'red in nmkinjj it over sucli mountiiins, covered with woods and roeks, would require so much time .im to biiisl our otherwise well grounded hopes of striking tho important stroke this season. The favorable accounts that some give of the forage on the Rays- ti)wn nmd, as Iteing so much better than that on the other, are certainly exaggerated. It is well known that on both routes, the rich valleys between the mountains abound with good forage, and that those which are stony and bushy are destitute of it. Colonel Hyrd and the in.'ineer who accompanied him, confirm this fact. Surely the meadows on Hraddoik's road would greatly ovi balance the advantage of having grass to the fool ot the ridge, on tho llaystown road ; and all agree that a mnrc barren road is nowhere to be found, than that from llaystown to the inhabitants, which is likewise to be considered. Another principal objection made to Oenerul Hraddock's road is in regard to the waters. Hut these seldom swell so much as to obstruct the nassagt. The Youghiogany river, which is the most rapid and soonest filled, 1 have crossed with a body of troops, after more than thirty days' ahnost continuous rain. In fine, any dilRciilties on this score are so trivial that they really are not worth mentioning. The Monongahela, the lurgest of all these rivers, may, if necessary, be easily avoided, as Mr. I'razier, the principal guide informs me, by passing a defile, and even that he says, may be shunned. Again, it is said, there are many defiles on this road. I grant that there are some, but I know of none that may not be traversed ; and I siinidd he glad to be informed where a road can be had over these moun- tains, not subject to the same inconvenience. The shortness of the distance between llaystown and Loyal Hanna is used as an argument against this road, which bears in it something unaccountable to me ; for 1 must beg leave to ask whethc^r it requires more time or is more difficult and expensive, to go one hundred and forty-five miles on a good road already made to our hands than to cut one hundred miles anew, and a great part of the way over impassable mountains. That the old road is many miles nearer Winchester in Virginia, and Fort Frederick in Maryland, than the contemplated one is incontestible ; and I will here show the distance from Carlisle by the two routes, fixing the different stages, some of which I have from information only, but others 1 boliove to be e^act. From this computation there appears to be a difference of nineteen miles only. Were all the supplies necessarily to come from Carlisle, it is well known that the goodness of the old road is a sufficient compensation lor the shortness of the other, as the wrecked and broken wagons there clearly demonstrate : 31 242 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. FROM CARLISLE TO FORT DUQUESNK «Y WXY OF RAYSTOWN. Miles. From Carlisle to Shippensburg 21 " Shippensburg to Fort Loudon 2i " Fort Loudon to Fort Littleton 20 " Fort Littleton to Juniatta Crossing , 14 " Juniatta Crossing to Raystown 14 " Raystown to Fort Duquesne 100 193 FROM CARLISLE TO FORT DUQUESNE BY WAY OF F0BT8 FREDERICK AND CUMBERLAND. Miles. From Carlisle to Shippensburg 21 " Shippensburg to Chambers' 12 " Chambers' to Pacelin's 12 " Pacelin's to Fort Frederick 12 " Fort Frederick to Fort Cumberland 40 97 " Fort Cumberland to Fort Duquesne 115 212 All that Washington could say, however, was of no avail, and Colonel Bouquet was ordered at ouce to have his men go to work on the new road. About one-fifth of the force at Fort Cumberland was taken sick early in August, and no salt provisions of any kind were on hand, nor an ounce of salt, so that all fresh meat had to be barbacued in Indian style. which process caused a loss of at least one-lialf There were no pack horses in camp, and in order to equip Captain McKenzie's company for a march of fourteen days, upon wliich it had been ordered, five horses W(;re pressed from some country- men who had come to the camp on business. Colonel iJurd's men were sick, and all were greatly dispirited. Washington said, ''This sickness and depression of spirits cannot arise from the situation of our camp, which is undoubtedly the most healthy oi' any grouiid in this vicinity, but is 1758.] AN INDIGNANT EPISTLE. 243 occasioned, I apprehend, by the change in their mode of living, and by the limestone water." There was a vast amount of impatience exhibited l)V some of the officers, and this was aggravated by the selfislmess and lack of patriotism displayed by those settlers and traders who had inliuence, and who were more interested in securing the construc- tion of a road at the expense of the government than in the success of the enterprise against Fort Duquesne. The following letter was written by Robert Munford, a Virginian, to his uncle ,Theodoric Bland, Sr., and is found amongst the "Bland Papers :" Camt near Fort Cumhkrland, August 4th, 1758. Hon'i) Sir : If 'tis honorable to be in the service of one's country, 'lis a reputation gain'd by the most cruel hardships you can imagine, occasioned more by a real anxiety for its welfare, than by what the poor carcase suffers. Every officer seems discontented in camp, liappy on ■ommaud, so deep is the interest of our country implanted in the minds of all. Sometimes the army wears a gloomy, then a joyous, aspect, just as the news either confirms our stay here, or our departure. The General with the small pox in one, the flux in the other, division of our forces, anci no provision ready, are indeed excuses for our being here at present; yet all might have been prevented. A few hearty prayers are every mo- ment offered up for those self-interested Pennsylvanians who endeavor to I'levail on our General to cut a road for their convenience, from Rays- town to Fort Duquesne, that a trifling good to particulars, should retard what would conduce to the general welfare ! 'Tis a set of dirty Dukftmeu, they say, that keeps us here ! It would be impertinent to condemn, yet I must [think] our leaders too deliberate at thi& important juncture, when all are warm tor action, all breathing revenge against an enemy that have even dared to scalp our men before our eyes. The amusement we have in the meantime is only following the brave dogs over the mour.lains for some miles, and our sole satisfaction sufficient fatigue to make us sleep sound. An old scoundrel has intimated to the (teneral that the Virginians have bribed the guides; for 'tis practicable to f(o the new road, contrary to their report. We have lost all our Indians by the assistance of a man, the [aforesaid] old dog, who inter- posed through some dirty views he has of superseding Mr. Atkins. Thus jtre our officers in a manner ruined by persons whose souls scorn a 244 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. thought that tends not immediately to their own advantage. I'm sorry to live upon my country, when I've so small a prospect of repaying her by any service. We shall march to Raystown .shortly, thence to the Fort* it' permitted. I shall embrace the next opportunity of writing you our transactions, and am as always, dear sir, your most aflTte nephew, «^c R. MUNB'ORI). P. 8. By express, we have an acc't that some of the enemy Indians have joined the Pennsylvanians. On the 17th of August a wagoner was shot, and his horse killed, within three miles of the Fort, and several parties of hostile Indians were seen in the woods. Four days later the following letter was written to Colonel Bouquet, by Washington : Camp at Fort Cumherland, 21 August, 1758. Dear Sir : Twenty-five Catawbas came here this evenir.^, and the convoy may be expected day after to morrow, as it was at Pearsall's last night. Governor Sharpe may be expected here in a day or two. I am at » loss to know how he ranks and whether he is entitled to the conimaiui. In the British army his rank is that of Lieutenant-Colonel only, but what it may be as governor, in his own province, I really do not know, nor whether he has any out of the troops of his own province. I should, therefore, be glad of your advice, being unwilling to dispute the matter with him wrongfully, or to give up the command if I have a right to it. Governor Sharpe arrived at Fort Cumberland shortly afterwards, but Washington's position as commander-in-chief was not interfered with. Indeed Governor Sharpe was more interested in the suc- cessful prosecution of the enterprise against Fort Duquesne than in tlie matter of personal glory. He gave all the aid and encouragement in his power to the project, and did all that could be expected ot him. The delay, however, in the movements of the army had resulted in the greatest depression to tlie entire command, and in the total annihilation of the •Fort Duquesne. I^^aa^^b!^^^^^?^^^mw]7^^^^7^ 1758.] WASHINGTON DESPONDENT. 245 enthusiasm with which they had advanced thus far. Two months of inactivity had filled Wasliington with disappointment and apprehension, and he addressed the ibllowing letter to vSpeaker Robinson, of the House of Burgesses, than which a more gloomy one he probably never indited : Camp at Fort Cumherland, 1 September, 1758. My Dkau Sir : We are still encamped here, very sickly and quite dispirited at the Iirnspect before us. That appearance of glory which we had once in view, that hope, that laudable ambition of serving our country, and meriting its applause, are now 110 more; all is dwindled into ease, sloth, and fatal inactivity. In a word all is lost, if the ways of men in ])Ower, like certain ways of Providence, are not inscrutable. But we, who view the actions of great min at a distance, can only form conjectures agreeably to a limited perceJ)tion ; and being ignorant of the comprehensive schemes which limy be in contiMuplation, might mistake egregiously in judging of things from appearances, or by the lump. Yet every fool will have his notions — will prattle and talk away; and why may not 1? We seem then in my opinion to act under the guidance of an evil geiiius. The conduct of our leaders, if not actuated by superior orders is tempered with something I du not care to give a name to. Nothing now but a miracle can bring this campaign to a happy issue. Washington evidently devoted a considerable portion of his time while at Fort Cumberland, on this occasion, to a correspondence of a more tender nature tiian tliat given in these pages. There are on record numerous evidences of many hours spent in the contemplation of the graces and perfections of his lady love, whose vision brightened the solitaiy oveniugs of camp life, and recently there was sold in New York an autograph letter written by him at tliis time, to Mrs. Sarah Fairfax, who was formerly II Miss (Jary. She had at one time been the object of Washington's aifections, and he had made her a 246 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. proposal of marriage, whicli she declined, as she had already given her heart to Mr. George William Fairfax. Until twelve months since this letter was never published, and is now for the first time embraced in the contents of a book. It was fouml among the papers of Mrs. Fairfax; who died at the age of eighty-one years, in Bath, England, where she had lived widowed, childless and infirm for nianv years. The letter is as follows: Camp at Fort Cumberland, 12th September, 1758. Dear Madam :— Yesterday I was honored with your short but very agreeable favor of the first i.ist — how joyfully I catch at the happy occasion of a renewing a corres- pondence which I feared was disrelished on your part, I leave to time that never failing expositor of all things— and to a monitor equally faithful in my own breast to testify. In silence I now express my joy. Silence, whicli, in some cases— I wish the present — speaks more intelligently than the sweetest eloquence. If you allow that any honour can be derived from my opposition to our present system of management you destroy the merit of it entirely in me by attributing my anxiety to the animating prospect of possessing Mrs. Custis— when— I need not name it— guess yourself— Should not my own Honor ami country's welfare be the excitement? 'Tis true. I profess myself a votary of Love — I acknowledge that a lady is in the case— and further I confess that this lady is known to you. — Yes, madam, as Well aa she is to one who is too sensible of her charms to deny the Power whose Influence he feels and must ever submit to. I feel the force of her amiable beauties in the recollection of a thousand tender jiassages that I could wish to obliterate, till Iain bid to revive them, — but exjierience, alas ! sadly reminds me how impossible this is,— and evinces ail opinion which I have long entertained, that there is a Destiny, which has the sovereign control of our actions- not to be resisted by the strongest efl'orts of Human Nature. You have drawn me, d-ar madam, or rather I have drawn myself, into au honest confession of a simple Fact — misconstrue not mv meaning— doubt it not, nor expose it— The world has no business to know the object of my Love — declared in this manner to you— when I want to conceal it. One tbiu|: above all things in this world I wish to know, and only one i)erson of your acquaintance can solve me that or guess my meaning — but adieu to this till happier times, if I ever shall see them. The hours at present are nielancholy dull, neither the rugged toils of war, nor the gentler conflict of A is in my choice. I dare believe, you are as happy as you say huppy also. Mirth, good humor, ease of mind and render you so and consummate your wishes. If one agreeable lady could almost wish herself a fine gentleman for the n — s I wish 1 was what else ? cannot fail to ;^si^i-;'A"v.iaKl««i«i« 1758.] THE TWO ROADS. 247 sake of another; I apprehend, that many fine gentlemen will wish themselves finer e'er Mrs. Spotswood is possest. She has already become a reigning toast in tiiis camp; and many tliere are in it, who intend (fortune favoring) to make honorable scars speak the fullness of their merit and be a messenger of their liOve to her. I cannot easily forgive the unseasonable haste of my last express, if he deprived me thereby of asingle word you intended to add,— the time of the present messenger is, as the last might have been, entirely at your disposal. I can't expect to hear from my friends more than this once before the fate of the expedition will somehow or other be determined. I therefore beg to ismiw when you set out for Hampton and when you expect to return to ISelvoir again — and I should be glad also to hear of your speedy departure as I shall thereby hope for your return before I get down; the disappointment of seein(» your family would giye me much concern — From anything I can yet see 'lis hardly possible to say when we shall finish. I don't think there is a proba- bility of it till the middle of November, Your letter to Captain Gist I forwarded by a safe hand the moment it came to me, His answer shall be carefully transmitted. Col. Mercer, to whom I delivered your message and compliments, joins i.ie very heartily in w' hing you and the Ladies of Belvoir the perfect enjoyment «,•■ every happiness ihis world affords. Be assured that I am, Dr madam, with the most unfeigned regard, yr most obedient and most oblig'd H'ble serv't, G. WASHINGTON. N. B. Many accidents happening (to use a vulgar saying) between the cup and the lip, I choose to make the exchange of carpets myself, since I find you will not do me the honor to accej)t mine. On the 10 til of September Washington left Fort Ciiinberljind, for Raystown, at which place he arrived on the same day. He had a conference with General Forbes, in which the situation was discussed at length. Major Halket wrote to Governor Sliarpe, the same date, as follows : Camp at Reastown, Kith September, 1758. Dkar Sir : This evening Colonel Washington arrived, who .surprises the (renernl extremely by the account that he gives of the great scarcity |>f provisions at Fort Cumberland, after having wrote to Colonel Boq.iet !*!) Itiliy upon that subject, however, the (Jeneral (who is greatly fatigiKnl rrom the business that his just coming to Reastown has oblidged him to L'o through) has ordered me to inform you that he will Rend off a convoy of provisions to morrow, the particulars of which Mr. Sinclair will inform .V1U of, at the aatne time the bearer carries orders for all the Virginians to be ready to march immediately upon the arrival of Colonel Wash- ui(,'ton, who sets out for that purpose to morrow morning, which will the consumption of provisions at Fort Cumberland very 248 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1758. considerably, and make it a very easy matter to support you for the future, as your numbers will be so much diminished. Three days ago commissary clerk wrote to Mr. Rutherford, ut Winchester, to supply } our people with spirits, and all the other necessary? that you desir'd which letter I hope will be in good time to answer your expectations. I am dear sir, your most obdt humble servant, To GovKiiNoR SiiAKPE. FRANCIS HALKETT. Upon Washington's departure from Fort Cumber- land, Governor Sliarpe took command of the post, and had a garrison composed of Maryland troops alone, after the Virginians had left. In the latter part of Sej)tember, by an unavoidable accident one of the storehouses located on the river bank, and used for the deposit of ammunition was blown up, and most of its contents destroyed. A few days after this occurrence Governor Sharpe received the followin;: letter : Sir: Cami' at Rkastowx, 2d October 1T58. About this time we expect their will be a number of the Shannomlo Waggons arriving at Fort Cumberland with provisions from Win- chester; the General therefore begs that you will be so good as to engage as many of them as possible upon the same terms as the Pennsylvania waggons, to go upon our Expe 'ition, and tluit you will take the opportunity of their coming here, to send over all the Buck sbott at Fort Cumberland, seven Boxes containing two hundred weight each, were lodged in the new store under the hill, which was sent from Fort Frederick along with the shelles. Six hundred weight was likewise lodged in store that was blown up, if any of that remains undistroyed. you will send it also, and provided the carriages can be ready time enough they may take the benefite of the officer and thirty men sent from the Second Virginia Regiment for horses, to escort them — if this party marched before that the waggons can be got Ready they must be escorteil by the Recover'd men of the Virginia Regiments. If their are any spair wheels or carriages for Howitzers be pleiiseil to send them likewise in some of the empty Waggons, Captain Hiiy having brought no spair ones with the Train, and we may come to have occasion for them. I am, sir _„ your most obedient humble servt, To Gov. SiiARi'K, Fort Cumberland. FRANCIS HALKETT. &--_£:a vi^ >.S#'*;\- 1758.] GENKRAT- FoKBKS' ARMY. 249 In compliance with this letter Governor Sharpe sent forwartl all the .shot and shell remaining at the fort, except a small quantity necessary for the garrison. The force under (jieneral Forbes command, at Ravstown, at this time, was as follows: Name of Corps. tal.| IS. i No. of field Company Officers Division of 1st. Battal of Royal Americans The Hidiland or r)2d reg't, ;{ Division of ditto. 1^ 1st Viri^inia Regiment. '^ 'ind Virginia Regiment. 3 H N. Carolina companies. 1 4 Maryland companies. I 1st Biittallion ) „ , :{ ., , 1 [ I enn a. ., id do > I, • t ■< ., 1 1 1 Regiment ., ,{d do ) ^ .1 The three lower Counties, Total, ficers. Total 12 3ti3 37 12 32 36 10 998 1 2691 782) 702 1 141 15 270 41 75.5] 40 6G6 ■ 46 771 26.3 1267 1484 5980 Detachments on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and the road of commu- nication. From the I Total Penn'ii. Repiment. | 1 Major. 10 Captains. 17 Subalterns. 563 From the North I Total Carolina Regiment ) 1 !! 61 62 1 Early in September the advance of the army at Raystown had moved foi'ward to Loyal Hanna, near Fort LigDiiier, and on the 11th of that month Major Grant, of the Highland Regiment, marched oft' on a proniature movement against Fort Duqiiesne, taking with him a force of 37 officers and 805 men. On the Uth he reached a point within eleven mih^s of Fort l^uquesne, where he left the baggage, under a guard *. ill 17'.U, when the troops engaged in suppressing th' whisky iiisurrectioii were gathe established, the town having already been laid of!' in 1785. by Tlioniiis Beall, of Samuel, who was owner of the hind. The town was located upon a tract of land called ''Walnut Bottom," -which was described as •'beginning at two bounded white oak trees standing on a cliff of rocks at the lower end of a bottom near half a mile 17S.1.] U'ASltlNGTON TOWN. 'ioO Ix^low the mouth of Will's creek, near the river side." •Wahiut Bottom" was surveyed by Th(mias Cresap oil the 1st of June, 1745, for Governor Thomas Bliiden, who took up several large tracts of land in this .section of the State, which was at that time em- braced in Prince George's county. Governor Bladen t^old his right to "Walnut Bottom" to George Mason. of Fairfax county, Virginia, who obtained a grant for the same on the 25th of March, 1750. On the 2oth of October, 1783, Mason sold "Walnut Bottom" and another tract, in close proximity, called "Lime Stone Rock," (which he had bought of Daniel Cresap,) to Thomas Beall of Samuel, for the sum of .£1,407.10 current money. "Walnut Bottom" embraced all the bottom land lying along the river from Mr. F. Mortens' boat vard to Mr. J. G. Lvnn's residence, and extending back *n Maryland Avenue, Front Street to Vallev Street, and thence bv a line tlirou^h the Will's Creek Tannery across to the river. Immediately after purchasing this land, Beall went to work clearing that part of "Walnut Bottom" lying west of Will's Creek, and erected several build- ings. In 1785 he laid out a town, which was commonly called Washington Town, and sold a number of lots to settlers. Two years later the inhabitants of the place petitioned the Legislature for authority to establish a town, which they wished to name after the old Fort, as being more appropriate and distinct than any other title that could be given it. On the 2()th of January, 1787. the following act was passed by the Legislature, authorizing the erection I'fthe town of Cumberland: 260 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [178; CHAPTER XXVII. An Act for erecting a town at or near the mouth of Will's Creek, in Washington County. Whereas, It is represented to this general assembly by Thomas Beall, Son of Samuel, that he is possessed of a tract of land called Walnut Bottom, contiguous to the mouth of Will's creek, in Wuiihlngton eountv, whereon, at the instance of many of the inhabitants of said county, he hath been induced to lay out gnnind for a town : and the said Thomas IJeall hath prayed a law to appoint commissioners to lay out and erect a town on the said land and to secure the purchasers of lots tiierein, reserving the right of the proprietors and their interest in the said land; and this general assembly are of opinion that the erecting of a town at the mouth of the said creek may be convenient and beneficial to the public. IT. Be it eimcted by the deneral Assembly of Maryland, That Andrew Bruce, Dfiiiiel Cresap, George Dent, .lohn Lynn and Evan Gwynn, or any three or more of them, be and are hereby appointed conunissionersto survey a quantity of land not exceeding two hundred acres, being partol the said tract of land called Walnut Bottom, contiguous to the mouth of Will's creek, in Washington county, and the same, when surveyed, to lav out into lots, streets, lanes and alleys, (the main streets running in the direction of Patowmack river, not to be less than eighty feet wide; and the streets crossing the said main streets not to be less than sixty feet wide,) to be erected into a town, and to be called and known by the name of Cumberland; and a correct and accurate certificate and plot thereof returned to the clerk of Washington county court, who is hereby required to record the same among the Land Records of the said county, and to keep the original plot in his office, and a copy from the originil or the record thereof shall be conclusive evidence as to the bounds and lines of the lots of the said town, and of the streets, lanes and alleys thereof. III. And be it enacted. That the said commissioners, or a major part of them, shall cause the said lots in the said town to be substantially and fairly bounded and numbered, and they and their successors are hereby required, from time to time, to take care that the said boundaries be con- stantly kept up and preserved. IV. And be it enacted. That on the death, removal or resignctioniOt any of the said commissioners, the major part of the remaining coramis sioners shall appoint another to serve in the stead of such commissioner so dying, removing or resigning. V. And be it enacted, Tiiat the said commissioners of the said town, or a major part of them, shall have full power to employ a clerk, who shall be under oath, fairly and honestly to enter into a book to be kept for that purpose, all the proceedings of the said commissioners relating to the [1781 rs;.] LAYING OFF THE TOWN. 261 Creek, in nan Beall, ed Walnut ton county, county, he id Thomas and erect a its therein, said land; P a town at icial to the hat Andrew Gwynn, or )issioncrs to ►einf^ part oi he mouth of eyed, to lay inin<( in the t wide; ami sixty feet )y the name lot thereof jy required nty, and to nil or the md lines of lereof. major part ntially and are hereby ies be con- Ignn tion.of aor commis imissioner said town, Iclerlc, who Ue kept lot' Itingtothe ■iaid town, in which hook, among other things, shall be entered a copy of the plot and certifica'e of the said town, describing every lot by its num- ber, and who the taker up, or purchaser was or shall be ; and the said book shall always be open to the inspection and examination of the said eomtnissioners. VI. And be it enacted, That the said commissioners, or a major part of them, are empowered to levy, assess and take, by way of distress, if needful, from the inhabitants of the town, by even and equal proportion, ;i sum not exceeding ten pounds current money yearly, to be paid to their clerk : and they shall have power to remove or displace their clerk as often as tliey shall think fit. VII. And be it enacted, That every purchaser of any of the lots of the said town in fee, and every lessee thereof, for years, or rent reserved, shall hold and possess the same against any person hereafter claiming title to the same, and shall not be disturbed in their possession ; and if any person shall hereafter make claim to the land, or any part thereof, laid off in virtue of this act, and shall, by due course of law, make good title thereto, such person shall be entitled to recover from the said Thomas Heall, his heirs, devisee, executors or administrators any pur- chase money or rents by him received from any of the purchasers or lessees of any of the said lots, and, upon any such recovery the tenants holding under the said Thomas Beall shall thereafter hold under pay the rent reserved to the person making title to and recov- ering the same land. VIII. And be it enacted^ That if any of the buildings already built on the land so as aforesaid to be laid out by the said commissioners, .ind erected into a town, should happen to interfere with, or stand on any of the streets laid off in virtue of this act the same shall be permitted to continue, but shall not at any time hereafter be repaired or rebuilt. The provisions of this act were carried into effect so for as to lay off the town, but the surveys, boun- iliiries, map, &c., were not filed amongst the land rocords as required. At the date of the passage of the act authorizing the erection of the tovm of Cumberland there were l»iit few houses here, and scarcely more than thirty- live families. So far as can be ascertained the actual '■''sidents were as follows : ^ai„e, Henrv I'ortcr. Moses Porter, [jeor! Iteeknor. • o'ln Simpk.'ns. •'"eob Storm. (j^orse Sapp. •'olin Steyer ;'"'"i Trotter, ,'"'■'1 Tro.vel|. /'t'-- Titlle, .Sr -*''-'ol Totten,"' ""'^^ Utter, Sr., '"^■sL-tter, .Jr 7" V«nbuskirk '"''"''y^o^r.uT.j^^ A'lam {fieksenI,aM.rh "enjam,,, FIu||, " fiejiard irarcourt. " illiam ./ones, •'olin Jonas, JV'illiani Jacobs, Jacob Ivoontz, Wenrv Kemp, ('eorffc I.aporte, vvilmn. Lo^raden. «»Iph Loirsden, '^'iHha /.ogsden, John Lvnn, /^Hchariah Linton, "cnry A[attinlliam Utter, ihomas Umbertson, David Vansickle, Wilham Wells, •Sa-i'i.el Hatton, Abraham Hjte Jacob Hazlewood. 'Samuel Jackson. ♦V^ilbam Jone.s, Jacob Krp^jer, John Kelly, Leonard Kimble, "avid (,ee, John Liptz, 'Breton J.evit, Jacob Lee, James Montain, Vvilliam xMoore* John Matthews, Jr Jacob Miller, Alexander Afoore, Daniel Moore, Moses McKin.sy, Daniel McKinsy, Conrad Millen, I'^lias Majors, John iVepton, «;!nH'el Postlewait, Michael Paugh, Margaret Polin.r. John i>orter, " '"iaiiiuel i'oling, Martin J'olin-r Richard Poling, Charles Queen." benjamin Rush, iinoch Jiead Roffer J{<,bertson, Aaron Rice, Michael Rawav JohnRagan, '' John Streets, Moses Spicer, Abel Serjeant, Adam Seigler, Jaccb Seigler' Joshua Scuteh'field, John Siblev, ' ^Vederick thaxter, Jol". Tomlinson, ' Jacob Trullinffer Moses Tilsonel, Richard Tilton, Charles Uhl, John Vincent Henry Woodger John Workman,' „ . — — — '■' ""rKman. 2CA\ HISTORY OF CUMBKULAND. [1788. Arclulmid While. Arthur Watson, .Ft'Hst! W (liter, John Wikoir, Alexander Wilhe)in, (jleorire Wilhelm. IVter Wikoff, Jacob WikofT, James Wells, I'eter Wells. Samuel WikolV, (leorfje Winters, •lames Wnoilrinfrer. Al|)heus Wi^wire, (ieor IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / O 1.0 !.l !:;i.25 E^ 1 2.8 ■50 ""^^ 2.5 12.2 2.0 1.8 U III 1.6 6" Vi <^# A^^ o e-l o 7 'K^ %. / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WeST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 A ^ ^^ V ;\ iV \ ..''> % v 6^ % n.^ >> ^ fo 6^ 268 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1789. the due Hdininistration of justice, and the speedy settling and improvin? the western purt thereof, and the ease and convenience of tlie inhabitants thereof, II. Be it enacted by the General Assenobly of Maryland, That all that part of Washington county which lies to the westward of Sideling Hill Creek, shall be and is hereby erected into a new county, by the name of Allegany county, and the inhabitants thereof shall have, hold ami enjoy, all such rights and privileges as are held and enjoyed by the inhabitants of any other county in this State. III. And be it ena<;ted. That the county court and orphans' court for Allegany county shall be held at the town of Cumberland, until the voters of said county, by election to be held as hereinafter provided, shall determine on some other place ; and until a place shall be fixed on by the said election, and a court house shall be built, the justices of said county may contract and agree at the county charge for a convenient place in the said town to hold their courts, and for a convenient place in the said town for the keeping of their books, papers and records. IV. And be it enacted, That all causes, pleas, processes and plead- ings, which now are, or shall be depending in Washington county court before the first Monday in December, 1790, shall and may be prosecuted as effectually in that court as if this act had not been made, and in case any deeds or conveyances of land in that part of Washington county now called Allegany county, have been, or shall be before the first Mondiiv in December, 1790, acknowledged according to law, the enrollment or recording thereof in either of the said counties, within the time limited by law shall be good and available. V. And be it enacted. That the county charge of Washington county heretofore assessed shall be collected and applied as if this act had not been made. VI. And be it enacted, That the County Court and Orphans' Court of Allegany County shall first be held on the first Monday in April, 1791, and the said County Court be afterwards held on the first Mondaj in the months of April and September yearly, and the said Orphans' Court shall be afterwards held on the second Monday in the months of June, August, October and December, and the same Courts shall have the same powers and jurisdiction respectively us other County and Orphans Courts within this State. VII. And be it enacted. That all civil causes to be brought in Alle gany County shall be determined within two Courts from the appearance court, and none shall continue longer, unless under such circunistanceF as Civii causes in other County Courts may be continued longer than three courts from the appearance court. 1791.] THE FIRST COURT. 269 lans' Court ^pril, 1791. daj in the ans' Court s of June, e the same Orphans' la in Alle- ippearance ;u 111 stances; oii''er than VIII. And be it enacted, That the Governor and Council be author- ized and required to commission fit and proper persons in the said county to act as Justices of the Peace, and fit and proper persons as justices of the Orphans' Court, as also Surveyor and other officers, and that a fit and proper person be appointed by the Governor and Council Sheriff of Allegany County, and be commissioned and qualified in the usual manner, to continue in office until a new appointment shall take place in the other counties of this State, under an election according to the constitution and form of government. IX. And be it enacted, That at the first election to be held in the said county for a Sheriff", the voters of said county shall and may, by a majority of votes determine the place at wliicli the courts of the said county shall be held after the said election. In December of 1790, an act was passed appoint- ing Andrew Bruce, Evan Gwynn and Josejih Cresap Commissioners of the Tax for Allegany County, and requiring the Tax Commissioner of Washington County to transmit to them an account of all the real and personal property in the new county. The first Court held in Allegany County was convened on the 4th Monday and 25th da v of April, 1791. There being no Court House the session was held at the house of John Graham, in Cumberland. Upon the opening of the Court, Andrew Bruce produced his commission as Associate Justice, and was sworn in and took his seat upon the Bench. John Beatty was appointed Sheriff, and John Lynn Clerk of the Court. On the 27th of April Richard Potts appeared in Court and presented his commis- sion as Chief Justice of the County Courts in the Fifth Judicial District. John Simkins also presented his commission as Associate Justice, and took the oath of office. Jeremiah Willison was appointed Crier, and the following attorneys admitted as mem- bers of the Bar : — George Magruder, Samuel Selby, 270 HISTOKY OF CUMHKRI.AND. [1787. John Johnson, Lenox Martin and William Claj: each of whom paid a license of £3 for the privilojic of practicing. Lenox Martin presented his appointment, from tlic Attorney-General, as Prosecutor for the State in this Court, after which the business of the Court was proceeded with. The session commenced on ihe 25th of April, and closed on the 29th, embracing five days. In laying off the town the ground now occupied by the county buildings, comprising four lots, was set apart for that especial purpose by the proprietor of the town, Thomas Beall of Samuel, and in 1793, bv an act of the Assembly. Thomas Beall, John Lynn. William McMahon, George Dent and Benjamin Tomlinson were appointed commissioners to contract and agree for the building of a Court House and Jail. and to prepare the plans and superintend the con- struction thereof. The Justices of the Levy Court were required to levy the sum of six hundred pounds current money to pay for the same; £200 to be levied in 1794; £200 in 1795, and the remainder in 1796. In compliance with this act a building was erected on the lot adjoining that now occupied by the Allegany County Academy, on the north side of Washington street, the basement of which was of stone, and the upper story of brick. The basement was used as a Jail, and the upper portion as a (^ourt room. At the session of the Justices of the Levy Court, held in 1794, the sum of £200 was levied, in accord- ance with the law, towards paying for the erection ol 1700.] BRIDGES OVER WILLS CREEK. 271 the Court House and Jail. In 1795 a further sum of £200 was levied. In 1796 the sum of £100 was levied to pay for work on the Court House, and £37 10s for the completion of the Jail. In 1799 a final levy of £76 was made for the completion of the Court House, making a total expenditure for the work of £012 10s. Ill 1790 there was a small wooden bridge over Will's Creek, very near the site of the present Baltimore street bridge, and in 1791 the Levy Court of the County appropriated to Thomas Beall of Samuel, and Alpheus Beall, the sum of £20, to be expended in repairing the bridge. In 1792 a further 8um of £20 was appropriated for a similar purpose, to be expended under the direction of William McMahon and Joseph Kelly. In 1795 David Hof**^ man, John Grah.am, and P. Murdoch were appointed Commissioners to superintend the building of a bridge over Will's Creek, for which purpose £30 was appro- priated from the County Treasury. These Commis- sioners entered into a contract with William Logsden on the 29th of April, 1796, the conditions of which were that Logsden was to rebuild the bridge over the Creek, and to have it completed and readj' for use by the 1st day of September following. It was to have good and sufficient abutments, to be five feet higher than the former bridge was; to be sixteen tieet wide, and furnished with a railing three feet high; the contractor to maintain the bridge for !*even years, and rebuild it if carried away by freshets, t'xcept in case the water should become so high as to float the structure and carry it off. The sureties 272 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [17'JI. of the contractor were John and Ralph Logsden The work was completed in the time specified, hi 1799 the sum of £20 12s U]d was levied to pay for some improvements made upon the bridge, and to pay the balance due on account of its construction. This bridge stood until 1810. The value of the taxable property in Allegan v County, in 1791, was fixed at £78,978 Is lid; the tax levied was 7s od on each £100. In addition to the funds raided by taxation considerable sums were secured by the rigid enforcement of the laws imposing fines for drunkenness, profane swearing, and failure to work on the roads. In some instances the violations of these laws were quite numerous, and the penalties incurred were various, ranging from 5d for '•one profane curse" to £1 12s Od for "profane swearing" and £2 7s Od for "drunkenness and Sabbath breaking." Liberal rewards were paid by the county authorities for the destruction of wolves, the premium for an old wolf's scalp being £5, and for a young wolf £1. The Judges of the Orphans' Court in 1791 were James Prather, Daniel Cresap, and John H. Bayard. The Justices of the Levy Court were: — Daniel Cresap, Thomas Beall of Samuel, Samuel Barrett. James Prather and John H. Bayard. In 1792 the Justices of the Levy Court were:— John Orm, Samuel Barrett, James Prather, Gabriel Jacob, John H. Bayard and John Reed. In 1794 Cumberland again became the scene ol warlike preparations, and again an army was assem- bled on the historic ground about the old Fort, but 1794.] THE WHISKY INSUHKKCTION. 278 now tlio stars and stripes of the young Republic waved in the place once occupied by the old English ensign. The enactment of laws, by Congress, laying a duty upon spirits distilled in the United States, and upon stills, caused a feeling of violent opposition to spring up in the Pennsylvania counties of Alleghany, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland, where considerable quantities of whisky were made. In Washington County the opposition was most bitter, and in a little while the officials whose duty it was to enforce the requirements of the law became sub- jected to violence and insult. Public meetings were held by the malcontents, and resolutions were passed strongly condemning the law as well as any person who might attempt to enforce it. The first eftbrt to impose the duties levied was made in 1791, and in September of that year Robert Johnston, a collector of the revenue, was seized at a place on Pigeon Creek, in Washington County, Pa., by a party of men, who tarred and feathered him, cut off his hair, and otherwise insulted him. The leaders in this outrage were known, but no officer dared arrest them. Other outrages were perpetrated, and for three years the troubles grew" worse and worse, the insurgents sending their men into adjacent Counties of Virginia and Marvland to breed disaffection. In the outset men of influence and property had encouraged the rebellion, but they had not anticipated the serious results which followed. On the 7th of August, 1794, the President issued a proclamation atmouncing his intention to enforce the laws by calling out the militia, and he called upon the 35 274 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1794 ^^^^■ 1800 wore families of tin- following llllm(^s: — Dow.iul, Broii(llia<5, Bridenlmrt. Beatty, Bayanl. Brown, BriHCoe, Beard, Deetz, Davis. Deems, Erb Entler. Faw, Fisher, Gephart, Graliani. lIugheH, KornH, Liehlider, McMahon, McCleary, Ma- grnder, Murdoch, Moore, Miller, Milburn, Morri.s. Osborn, Perry, Pigman, Richards, Russell, Kizer. Rafters, Shuck, Smith, Selby, Stonesifer, Sinclair. Thistle, Wineow, Wright. Benjamin Tinnlinson was amongst the earliest settlers in the county, and in 1781) he built the hoii8o on Will's Creek, some five miles from Cumbcrlaiid. now occupied by Mrs. Alexander King, a grand- daughter. The militia law in existence at this date caused the citizens of Allegany county much annoyance, as they were compelled to travel long distances, citlici on horseback or on loot, to attend the drills providetl for by law. Consequently they caused a statement to be made to the Legislature setting forth their grievances, and that body in 1798 passed an act authorizing the field officers having command of tiu' militia of Allegany county to appoint certain days for drill each year, at such place in the county as they might direct. The subject of Roads attracted considerable atten- tion again in 1798, and in order to improve the condition of the road from Cumberland to Sidelin;: Hill a liberal appropriation was made. A further sum of £56 5s was levied in 1802 for this purpose. In January, 1799, an act of the Legislature was secured for the opening of a road from ''MartinV 1799.] ALLEGANY COUNTY SCHOOL. 270 Ford, on the North Branch of the Potovvniaok, to iiitorwct the main road heading from the mouth of (ii'orfie's Creek to the town of Cumberland," and Josepli Cresap, Thomas Dawson of William, and Kl)onezer Davis were apj)()inted Commissioners for the purpose of layin<^ off this road in the most direct and convenient way; it was to be kept in order by till' persons living on the tracts of land known as •'The Cove," "Long Bottom," and "Lot No. :J58L" Tlie first ellort towards advancing the cause of e(hication in Allegany county was made in 1791). On the I5th of January, ii^. that year, an act was pas.sod 1)}' the Legislature entitled "An act to incor- porate a school in Allegany County, by the name of Allegany County School, tlie [)urj)oses of which are sliown by the following extract from the law, viz: " WhereuH, it is reiisonahle Unit nducation should be extended to the several parts of this State, and that there should bt; a public seiioni in Allegany County, thc^refort; : Be it enacted by the (Jeneral Assembly of Maryland, That in order 10 the erecting and building a house and other conveniences for a county scbool, the persons hereinafter named shall have power to purchase one or more acres of land in or adjoining the town of Cumberland, in Allegany county, to wit: John liynn, Kvan (irwynn, William McMahon, Joseph Cresap, David Lynn, Patrick Murdoch, Hanaon Briscoe, John B. Beall and John C. Beatty, who shall be visitors ot said school ; which said persons so nominated visitors for Allegany county school, and their successors, appointed in the manner hereinafter declared, shall and are hereby declared to be one community, corporation and body politic, to have continuation forever, by the name of The Visitors of Allegany County School, and by that name to sue and be sued, implead or be impleaded, and to make and have a common seal, and the same '0 break, alter or renew, when and so often as they shall think fit. Under the provisions of this act a building was t'l'octed for school purposes on the lot now occupied by the school building of SS. Peter and Paid's Church. i 280 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1790-1 800. German Catholic. Tlie School building was of brick, one story in height, and amongst the earh Principals of the school were Professors Pierce and Benjamin Brown. The Academy was placed in charge of a board of visitors, who were given power to elect their own successors, and the organization is maintained to this day. The original board appointed b}" the act of 179o, consisted of John Lynn, Evan Gwynn, William McMahon, Joseph Cresap, David Lynn, Patrick Murdoch, Hanson Briscoe^ John B. Beall and John C. Beatty, and the sum of $200 r v year was granted them from the State Treasury. The lack of data, either written or printed, renders it extremely difficult to procure a correct list of the people residing here at a date so early as 1800. especially since there are few persons living, old enough to remember distinctly such matters. To designate the houses that are oldest is equally difficult. Certainly the moot venerable of them was that known as "Washington's headquarters," which occupied the ground on which Mr. 0. C. Gepliart's residence- now stands. and Vfhich is well re- membered by hundreds of citizens, as it was not removed until about the vear 1844. It was co- temporary with Fort WASHINGTON'S HEADriCABTERs. Cuuiberland, aud stood but a short distance from the parade ground. This old house was occupied at one time by Mrs. Bridenhari. a daughter of Michael Kershner. and she entertained 1190-1800.] OLD HOUSES. 281 several students there as hoarders for some years. h was also occupied for several years hy David Lynn as a residence, afterwards by (Jeorge Bruce, and linally by John Kane. In 1844 it was l)ought by George Blocher, who moved it to a lot on the Bedford road, a mile distant, wliore it was repaired and occupied for twenty-two vears by Jolui Bak' r. It still stands, on the ground of Christian Eichner, a -^hort distance from Cumber- land. About 1784 George Lowdermilk built a frame liouse some fifty yards west of Washington's head- quarters, and occupied it for twenty years. The -McMahun House," — still standing on the Southwest corner of Snialhvood and Green Streets — was built about the year 1792, and had a stoi-e-room mljoining. The back building, erected several years afterwards, was constructed cf brick, and was the first of the kind in the town. The brick were brought up the river in a keel boat, from some point l)elo\v. The mason work was done by Henry Wineow, who was then the only brick mason in the place. Mr. McMahon was a gentleman of some wealth, and thoroughly hospitable. In October, 1794, while Washington was here for the purpose of inspecting the Western Army, on the occasion of the Whiskey Insurrection, he was the guest of Mr. McMahon, and tlio entire population of the town called there to pay their respects to the great man. This old house is HOW a deserted and dilapidated wreck, but deserves to be held in some degree of veneration, as one of the few rciiiaining landmarks of those early days. The 36 282 HISTORY OF CUMRERLAM). [179O-l,S00. lot on which this building stood is marked ''9" on the map. In this house John V. L. iMcMahoii \va« born, a man of great intellect and scholarly acquire- ments. On the north side of (Ireen street, lot No. ol. Michael Kershner built a two-story house, with a porch, about 1790. This has disappeared altogether, unless a portion of the plastered house standing there may be a remnant of it. A short distance west of the McMahon house, and about where Mrs. W. Landwehr s house no'y stands, was built a twostory log tavern, by Abraham Fuav. In this building were born J. Galloway Lynn, and afterwards General E. O. C. ()rd, of the United State!* Army. Previous to the erection of a Court House. several sessions of the Grand Jury and the Court were held there, and this tavern became the general resort of most of the persons who came to the town. The Devecmon house, on (Jreen street, east of Smallwood, was Ijuilt about 1790, by George Dent, who was the surveyor of the town. This house is still standing, the lower story being now several feet below the street. Mrs. Dent died about 1807, in the house of Dickeson Simkins, on north Mechanic street. corner of Valley street. Probably the first house built on the east side of the Creek was that erected by David Hoffman, a little south of the Blue Spring, on north Mechanic street. It was constructed of logs, and was about 40 x 2t ieet in size. i The log house on north Mechanic street, above the "Blue Spilug," was built about 1791, by an old 1790-1800.] OLD HOUSES. 28B hacliolor. iiaincd Wyatt. It wa:^ used in 1809 by Siiimu'l Smith, as a htoro liouse, and the Post office was then ivept there, Mr. Smith heing the Postmaster. The log house, now weatherboanled, standing on the corner of north Meohanie street and Valley street, was built })y Dickeson Simkins, in 1700. About the same time the house on north Mechanic street. No. 209, next below Wegman's store, was built by Benjamin Morris, a shoemaker, and brother- in-law of Simkins, who carried on his business there. The log house next to J. Wegman's dwelling, No. 215 north Mechanic street, was built at the same time Ijy John Snowden Hook, a farmer, who came liore from Washington County, and purchased a con- siderable tract of land, embracing what is known as '• Hook's Oravevard." Till' house occupied by the late Emanuel Easter, No. 132 north Mechanic street, was built about 1800, and a pottery established by Jacob Neff. Mr. Easter was an apprentice with Neft', and afterwards carried on tiie business up to the time of his death, at an old age, in 1877. The house of Mrs. Charlotte Wright, No. 140 north Mechanic street, was built about the year 1800, and Mrs. Wright has now i)een living there continuously for more than fifty years. A house, supposed to have Ijeen built by Jonathan 'ox, stood near the spot now occupied by Lewis Smitlf s tavern on north Mechanic street, and David iuid Jonathan ('ox, tanners, had a tannery a short ilistance above the ground now occupied by Withers' tannorv. Cox's house was built of stone. 284 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1790-1800. r : : George Shuck, who came here about 1790, from York, Pa., lived in a log house, where Shipley's tavern now stands, in 1800. Thomas Beall, of Samuel, built a house on Lihorty street, a short distance below the City Hall, on the opposite side. The date of its erection is uncertain, but is supi30sed to have been about 1785. It h still standing. A log house, was built by John Miller about 1794. on the lot on the corner of Liberty and Bedford streets, and is still in use, immediately opposite the City Hall, and is known as the "Snyder property." George Payne had a liouse in 1796, on the Little Valley Road, near "Payne's Spring," which was on his property. Several other old buildings are still in existence, which are supposed to have been constructed previous to 1800, but their history is not positively known. The effort to preserve the chronology of the history of the town, so far as its growth is concerned becomes exceedingly difficult at this time, since there were no newspapers in existence, and the memory of the old inhabitants utterly fails to establish dates with an}^ degree of accuracy. Consequently the events of the next twenty years must be treated as best they may be under the circumstances. It has been heretofore stated that in 1755 a bridge was built across Will's Creek, near the mouth of the stream. This was carried away by a freshet, and about 1790 a wooden bridge was built where the present iron bridge stands. The new structure was built upon wooden piers, and by frequent repairs and 90-1800. '90, from ^-''-s tavern 11 Liberty 11, on the uncertain, It is still 3utl794. Bedford osite the roi>erty." tie Little I was on xistence, previous ■ known, e history becomes ire were J of the tes with 3vents of •est they a bridge h of the hct. ami lere the ure was lairs aiif] MAP OF m 1801 imt %k v^y AP OF (■ND, 1806 I '^mm ISOo.] SURVEY OF THE TOWN. 285 mucli |)iit('hin<^ was kopt in serviceable condition until IMM, when it was damaged by high water. In Jamiarv, 1805, the Legislature passed an act author- izing Lipton Bruce, David Iloftman, senior, Thomas Thistle, George IlolVman, and William McMahon to hold a lottery, and thereby raise a sum of money not to exceed $2,000 for the purpose of purchasing a fire engine for the town of Cumberland, and directing them to appropriate the balance of the money on hand, after making such purchase, to the erection of a bridge over Will's Creek. Whether the lottery was held is not recorded, but certainly another bridge was erecti'd, and this was in turn washed away. by a .rreat freshet, in 1810, at which time the Creek rose to an unprecedented height, entirely flooding Mechanic street. After the bridge was destroyed, ill 1810, a ferry was established, and kept in use until a new })ridge was erected. The ferry consisted of a rope stretched across the Creek at the foot of Ikltiniore street, the ends being lashed to large walnut trees, and a flat boat being attached to a ring which was made to slip along the cable. Another wooden l)ii(lg:' was shortly aftx^r put in the place •i' the one destroyed, and this stood until 1820, when a suspension chain bridge was substituted therefor, a full description of which will hereafter be 'iiven. The survey of the town, as made in 1787, having never been filed in the office of the Clerk of the Court of either Washington or Allegany County, as i'0([nired by the law authorizing the survey, the Legislature passed an act January 27, 1805, reciting 28(1 HISTORY OF CUMBKHLAND. [isoi; that '' Whereas, Thomas Beall, son of Samuel, and other persons, did lay of!" a parcel of their laud contijiuoiis to the mouth of Will's ('reek, in Allegany (Jountv, into lots, a jj:reat part of which have since heen purc^hased, and consideral)le improvements niadi' thereon, and there heing no record of the same, the title of the proprietors thereof .'ire precarious and uncertain; and it appearing right and proper that commissioners should be apjminted to lay out and erect a town on the said lands, and to secure the purchasers of lots therein, reserving the right of the proprietors and their interests in said lands," therefore. Roger Perry, Evan Gwynn, Jonathan Cox, George Hoffman, and Upton Bruce were ai)})ointed Conunissioners to have an accurate sur- vey made, and an exact plot thereof, showing the original location of the streets, lanes, lots, &(•., filed in the office of the Cerk of the Court. 1'hey were re([uired to have the lots numbered one, two, three. and so on, and these numbers were to be given at* they were in the origimil location. They were authorized to summons witnesses tor the purpose of securing such information as should be necessary to ascertain the true lines, and were then to set up boundary stones at the beginning of the lots. This act contained provisions for securing purchasers in their rights, and repealed the act of 1 « 86. In 1800 the provisions of this act were fully carried out by the Commissioners, Mr. George Dent havinj; been employed as the surveyor, and the plat made by him was filed in the Land Records of AUeganv County, an exact copy of which is here given. That 180(1.] SUKVEV OV TllK TOWN 287 portion of the town lying on tlio east and north side of Will's Creek was (Irst laid out in 17!)8. The (yonunissioners in inakinelves led astray from the attraction of the needle; sometimes we were unable to discover where the cause lay, though the effect was quite plain. It was observable that in passing by where had been several years back a smith shop the attraction from small particles of iron concealed under the LTound WHS very considerable, and would have thrown us totally into toufusiou had it not been discovered in time. So that in any future 288 HISTOKY OF CUMHKKLAND. [181(1. 4 running due caution ouru! interpretation, and while thoy are conlident Htrict and eiiual re^Mnl lu- been paid to each particular interest, express a hope their hiljors will Ijc found to have given order, form and certainty to what was herotol'ort; perplexed, confused anil doubtful, and that each proprietor of a lot in the Town of Cumberland may discover its situation, extent and liuiit.s, bv a reference to the plat, and without an appeal to the remedy at Olw. which la always attended with expense and delay. nOQKR PFOIUIY, EVAN (JWYNN, JONATHAN COX. GEOUGK HOFFMAN', W. BRUCE. The accumulation of the record.s of the Court rendered it necessary that a proper i)lace .should Ix- provided for their ])re.servation, and in 1800 the lieginlature authorized the County Conuni.>*si()ners to levy the .sum of $1,200, which wa.s to be collected in one, two and three year.s, for the purpose of buildiiifi offices for the reception of the papers and records of the County, and for the proper accommodation of the Clerk of the Court. Such a building was erected on the public grounds in the vicinity of the Court House, and just whore the Academy building now stands. It was occupied continuously until the com- pletion of the new Court House in 1840. In 1810 an act supplementary to the act erecting the town was passed authorizing the appointment of a Street Supervisor, and directing that all monies collected as taxes on the property on the west ami east sides of Will's Creek should be expended on that side on which it was C(jllected, except so miicii as might be necessary to pay an equal proportion ot the salaries of the Clerk and Bailiff. [1810. 1813.] RESIDENTS AND HOUSES. 289 Thn Com irnl liberal ors will be lien-lofori' a, li)t in thi' limits, by a t niw. which lY, ho Court should be 180C) tlu" isi oners* to )lk'('tod in ■ buildinir records of ion of the 'I't'cted oil ho ('oui't iling no\v the coiu- erectiug itinent of jl monies Ivest aiul I'nded on ISO mucli bortiou of The following is a sketch of tlio houHos Htanding in 1813, from the most roliahle data that can ho ui)tiiinod, taking the oldo.st HtVoots in HucoosHion, and tR'jrinning with the west side of the Creek. Oil the south side of Green street, where it is intersected by Water street, stood a house and siiop, which was used by a man named Glenn. who was a nail-maker; the brick building now used as the residence of the Chief Engineer of the Water Works, was erected by Roger Perry, in 1811; next wiis the Dent or Dovecmon house; opposite Glenn's nail-shop was the house of Captain Thomas Blair, who was a hatter; nearly opposite the Dent house was the house of Michael Kershner. Ttiese com- prised the houses east of Smallwood street. West of this street were, on the south side, William McMahon's dwelling and store, and Faw's tavern; on the north side were the houses of Rev. Mr. Ken- nedy, a minister; Mr. Glissan ; the old guard quarters; George Hughes, and Andrew^ McCleary. On Rose Hill was the residence now occupied by J. G. Lynn, Esq., which was built by his father, in 1810. The house now occupied by Dr. James M. Smith was built in 1810, by Upton Bruce, who resided there. Wasliington street was then a very steep and rough road. There were but four houses on the f^outh side, one built by Mr. Deakins, and afterwards bought by John Hoye; the old Washington head- 'luarters; a frame house a few yards west of it, and 1' brick house on the site now occupied by Hon. ^Villiam Walsh's residence. On the north side were 37 29(1 HISTORY (IF CUMBERLAND. [ISIJ the Court Uoust' and jail, the Clerks' office, and tlu' house built by Roger Perry. On the gTound north of Fayette street, near the present railroad line, were Hanson ]5riscoe's house. the Methodist Church, the Academy, and a small house in the r ;ar of the ground now occupied by the residence of Mr. R. D. Johnson. These co!nprised all the houses on the west side of the Creek. On Bedford street, now Baltimore street, a black- smith shop stood noi^r the banks of the Creek, and in close proximity to the bridge; on the southwest corner of Baltimore and Mechanic streets was a frame store house ; on the ground now occupied by Mrs. S. Thress's store, was a log house, built by Robert McCleary. (This was torn down and re- placed by a brick house in 1830). On the north side Peter Gephart had a dwelling where McKaig's block stands, below Liberty street; near the corner was Dowden's house. Between LilxTty and Mill (now (Jentre) streets the ground was occupied by John Shryer's tan yard, and on the northwest corner of Baltimore and Centre stood the old Lutheran Church. On Liberty street there were no houses, except those occupied by Captain Thomas Beall of Samuel. and John Miller. Mechanic street was at that time the main street. and the houses located there were as follows, taken in sequence from the south to the north : On the west side l)elow Harrises street, Elnathan Russell."* house and blacksmith shop, both still standing at the t)ffset in the street; A. Rogers, butcher; Nicholas 1 c 1 *> T RESIDENTS AND HOUSES. 291 Kooiitz; Michael Fi.sher, cooper; Henry Wineow, hrickmason ; Tlionias Dowdeii. bljicksmitli. Between Creek and Baltimore streets : — first, Slicer's tavern, the Cumberland Bank, Wyatt's drug store, corner Baltimore. Between Baltimore street and Bedford street: — Reeside's,or McKinley's, hotel, (old National) John Scott, Dr. Reese, McGill's drug store, E. Vowell's store, Samuel Lowdermilk, Peter Lowdermilk, har- ness and saddlery shops; William Shryer s cabinet shop. George Ho])litzeirs store. Between Bedford street and the Blue Spring: — The first house was where the gas works stand, and was occupied by a shoemaker named McDonald; then came Adam Zoigler's store; Jacob Neft"s pottery; W. Boyd, a Methodist Episcopal minister; James Simmons. Initoher; Robert McCleary, and Jacob Korns, black- Miiith. just below the Blue Spring. Above the Spring wore Samuel Smith, store and post-office; Henry Koriis, c(mi)Mnaker; M. Soyster, tan yard; Jacob Soyster, saddler, and Wm, Beard. West side of Mechanic street: — First, Martin Rizer's house; Ix'tween Harrison and Baltimore streets, Michael Korshner's new house; Arthur Rose; John Boward; Christian Deetz; N. Bassnet; George Hoffman, and on the southeast corner of Baltimore, John Murrell's store. Between Baltimore and Bedford: — Barton 'arico's tavern; Justice's store; Ryan's tavern; C. F. Broadhag's store; George Hoblitzell; Jacob Saylor; •lohn Gephart, hatter; Solomon Davis, tailor, and •^acob Hoblitzell's store. Between Bedford street and Little Valley Road : — John Scott's mill, (corner Bed- ford.) George Thistle; Peter Lowdermilk; Jacob 292 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1818. Shuck; Dr. Murray; Henry Baker; Benjamin WiUn-; Francis Madorc, (corner of alley below Kjiilroad viaduct); Michael Wire's drug store; Wolf; (loorfro (Jox, Joinithan Cox, tanyard; James Hook,wheelrig}it; John Wickard, farmer; Jacob Sease; B. Howard; Henry Korns ; Dickeson Simkius' " Three Butts Hotel." North of Little Valley street :~Thomas Clin- ton; .Petc;rs(m ; Elias Hook; Hector Mcintosh, coml)- maker; Strieker, tailor; Crawford, shoemaker; David Shultz, wagon-maker; John Howe; Jonathan llon- drixon, carpenter; Peter Lichlider; and Starner. Mill street, now Centre street, was then a narrow, crooked road through a commons, with but few houses scattered here and there. At the corner of Centre and Baltimore streets was Shryer's tan yard. on the north west, and the Lutheran Church on tlie northeast. At the corner of Bedford street, where the City Hall now stands was the house of John Clise. On the northwest ccu'ner of Bedford and Centre was Startzman's tan yard, and on the north- east corner was Thomas Thistle's house, a tavern. The Catholic Church stood on the ground now occupied by the Carroll Hall school building, adjoin- ing the present Church grounds. Immediately south of it was James White's house, and across the street lived Peter Louderbaugh. James Bean occupied a house a few hundred yards north, and above Litth' Valley road were two other houses, one of which was the house of Mrs. Waugh, a midwife. Bedford street, or, as it was then called, IJlocher street, boasted a very limited number of buildings* On the south side, near the corner of Centre, lived 1818.] KESIDENTS AND HOUSES. 203 Mrs. Willison and James Moore; on tho _ occupied by Mrs. Henry Korns' residence house of Francis Deems; in a field gronnd now was the (corner of Decatur street) lived Abraham Simkins. On the iiortli side of the street, where Jesse Korns now lives, was a block of small honses known as " Berry's Row." A short distance above were James P. Ciirleton's and John Lingo's, and next Eckles' Pottery, George Blochers, (house still standing,) Jacob Shuck's and John McMahon's. A grist mill stood at the mouth of the race, where the wharf of the Consolidation Coal Company is located. This mill was built somewhere about 1800, bv Peter Devecmon, at a cost of i|8,000, and was regarded as one of the finest mills in the State. It was bought by Patrick Murdoch, but payments not hoing made a law suit resulted after Murdoch's death. These embraced all the houses in the town, with the exception, possibly of three or four. The whole number of houses was one hundred and thirty-eight. Till' taxable property amounted to $22,829, according to the assessment, which was put at very low figures. The following is a list of the names of property holders, and the amount with which each was assessed : John Anderson $1,080 Harmenus Alricka 25 l!i)l)prt Armstrong 2.5 Christian Albright 100 ''hKrles F. Broiidlian 21*0 •l(hn I. Bnph • I'j Mary Ann Boyd'.s heirs .'5.S0 N'ehcmiah Hasrictt's heirs 450 Peier Buniwnrt 200 j Robert Beaver 100 Margaret & Hlizabeth Beard. :^0 Upton Bruce 700 'ieorjre Bloeher 252 Thomas Beall, of Samuel 1,815 ■lohn Bridenhart GO I Hanson Briscoe 175 Daniel C. Brant's heirs $ 115 Jacob Blocher .'UiO John C. Beatty's.heirs 225 Andrew Bruce 12 Upton Bruce and J Cox tlO Jeremiah Berry H(t C. V. Broadhag and (Jeorge Magruder. 294 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [181^J. Jonathan Cox $ 184 Dennis Corbet 20 {j(}niavid Hoffman, Sr 817 James Hendrixson 90 John L. Hook 71 John Hunter 80 John Hoblitzell 200 Daniel Haner 80 George M. Houx 15 Beall Howard 115 John Hoye 485 George Hoblitzell 80 Jonathan Hendrixson 40 Clement Engle 15 Michael Kershner 05 Nicholas Koontz 105 Lawrence Klemmer's heirs... 50 Joseph Keiley's heirs 40 Christian Kealhoover 10 John Kime's heirs 56 .lacob Korns 180 H. Kornsand J. Witt 80 James Kinkead 200 Samuel Lowdermilk's heirs... G Robert Larimore 15 John Lynn's heirs 55 Peter Lowdermilk $ 12,", William Lamar 240 David ]>ynn H(i Patrick Murdoch 20.", John McCiearys heirs Ifi George Marrow I4(i Mary Myers H(i Jacob Myers' heirs % William Moore 7(i Robert McCleary.Sr 7;, William McMahon (lie Henry Mattingly il,') Henry McCieary i:, Nancy Mcintosh 3,'^ John Myers 5U Andrew McCleary's heirs 50 John McKim, Jr 80 Clement Masters 4.'p John Milbourn .lO Isaac Miintz 2.'i Robert McCleary, Jr 120 Francis Madore jO Henry McKinley 210 Mary Murdoch 2'^J Jane Mcintosh in Jacob Neff. j'> William Osborn I'T Richard J. Orms i.'i John Patterson H.j Joseph Poison li'i George Payne's heirs "J Thomas Price's heirs 10 Edward Pannell !J Roger Perrv 600 John Peter.". 80 Martin llizer, Jr liiJ Anthony Reintzell 1'' EInathan Rnssoll (10 Thomas Reid's heirs ">' John Ryan T' William Roberts 10 Martin Rizer's Sr.. heirs 1m George Rizer, of Martin 200 .lames Robardent's heirs •>'' Martin Rizer of Mathias 1' .Jacob Shuck '" George Shuck 12" John J. Seiss '^^ Robert Selby's heins '" Gilbert Strong •^•' Henry Startzman ^^^ Michael Soyster ''' John Shryer 210 James Scott 210 1814.] THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 295 Uickeson Simkius $ 17'> I'atrick Sullivim I'J-} Waller Slicer l)*^!^'^ .lyiiii Scott '-i"" .lames Seiiright -tO ,l(iscph Shumate -10 John Searight Ij^O Samuel Smith's heirs 230 .lohn Shuck ^0 Benjrtmin StoiKlert's heirs :^0 (leorge Thistle 270 .lamp? Timmons .lohiiTimilinson .l(.-iali Thoinpson Sainiitl Tiiorntis i'oi3 Henry Wineow 170 John Walls 00 Samuel Walls -10 Sarah Willison's heirs :iO Michael Wire l";'-5 Charles Worthington 20 Benjamin Wiley "^ O. II. and Eli Williams 20 John Wickanl 50 (Jeorge W. VKnt/ ^^ Total ^22,821) The progress of the war of 1812-14, and the, arrival off our coasts of a large imiuber of British, who threatened the National Capital, as well as Ikltimore, led the President to issue a proclamation on the 4th of July, 1814, calling upon the Governors of the various States for militia. Maryland was rt'([uired to furnish one Major-General, three Brigadier (ienerals; one Deputy (Quartermaster-General, one Assistant Adjutant-General, and six regiments, to consist of 600 artillerists, and 5,400 infantry. The Democrats and Federalists in the State were divided upon the war question, the Federalists calling them- sehes the -'Friends of Peace," and demanding that tlie government should confine itself to a defensive war, and make no pretense of war upon Canada. In the foil of 1814, they elected their candidates in this county, to the Legislature, their ticket being made up of Jesse Tomlinson, WilHam McMahon, William HiUeary, and Jacob Lantz. The Democrats, or '' war hiuvks," as they were called, nominated Thomas Cresap, Thomas Greenwell, Benjamin Tomlinson and Upton Bruce. Allegany's quota towards filling the State requisi- •' * 200 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1814. tion was filled, there being a considerable degree of enthusiasm manifested. Two companies of infantrv were formed in the county, one under Captain William McLaughlin, and the other under Captain Thomas Blair. The first was made up in the lower part of the county, while Captain Blair's company was composed largely of citizens of the town. Cfiptain McLaughlin's company went to Baltimore in August, and joined the First Regiment of Maryland Militia, under Colonel John Ragan, on the lltli of August, 1814, and served until October 13th, when it was mustered out, returned to the county, and was disbanded. The following is a list of the names of members of CAPTAIN MCI-At'ow(lermilk Samuel. Shaw \Vm liinkle Alpheus Shuck .lacob IIoux George M Delouhrey John Strahan Robert Keath .lainea Taney James McKinsey* Moses.... Clinton* Thomas — Allen John Bernard James Bowlie Jacob Backer John Burns James Britton Nathaniel.... Bruce Francis Beall Alpheus B Burgess Alfred Bumsby William B., Broadwater Charles. Britt Robert Cox John Coddington Robert.., Case John Clark Zadock Conrade Michael Uart John Devore Aaron Deaking John Drain Thomas Drain James Elbin Reuben Fisher John Fling John Foley John Forsyth Joseph Fryer George Frazee Elisha Gross Adam Griffy John Golding Wm Gordon William Hoffman Jacob Hoff Frederick Rank. Captain Ist Lieut. 2d Lieut LstSergt '2d Sergt :}d Sergt 1th Sergt IstCorpl. 2d Corpl. :{d Corpl. 4th Corpl Drum'r. Fifer. Private, do do do do do do do do dc. do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Names. Humphrey John Harding John Hoffman .Fohn J Hall Solomon Hendrixon Thomas... Irons James Irons Thomas Knott Wm iKight Cornelius JKennedy .lames Kelly William Kelly Joseph Korns Charles Kelly Moses Kelly Samuel Layfoot John Lowery John Long George Milhollaiid Stephen... Moor John Moore Gabriel M Martin Joseph Massor John Mart/. Henry Murphy James Ist.... Murphy .James 2d Morrison Arthur Miller Godfrey McKinsey Jesse Mumau David .McCartney James.... Majors William Morrison George W.. Morris Elisha Neptune William Newman John C Newman George A., Northcraft Edward... Newton Athanias Potter John Porter Joseph Poland John Potter David Pliimmer Thomas... Parkenson William. Peters George Peterman John Riland Thomas Rank. Private do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do *Mo»es McKiiisev and Thomas Clinton liad both served in tl)e Revolutionary *''™r- fe lived in Cuniborland, and on all public demonstrations were accuetomed to come out o" streets and play tlie drum and life. 1814.] THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 299 CAPTAIN BLAIR'a COMPANY. Names. Rank. RHvenscraf't James \ Private. Riley Klisha Koiids .liicob Hizer John Stephen William. Sil'ord David Savage Samuel... Sapp Adam Shepherd John... Spiker Adam Shimer Jacob.... Smith Henry Shircliil' Lewis.... Stanton Joshua.. do do do do do do do do do do do do do Nn mes. Shockey John Shelhouse John Tasker I'^lisha Thrasher Peter Tomlinaon Jesse Trail Abner A Taylor Mai V'ansickle Zachariah. Wolfe Jacob White James T Wilson William Woodroufrh Samuel.. Winzett William Rank. Private, do do do do do do do do do do do do The officers of the First Regiment Maryland Militia, were as follows : The officer in command at Camp Diehl was Major General Samuel Smith. John Ragan, Jr., Colonel. Stephen Steiner, Lieutenant-Colonel. John Blackford, Major Ist. Benjamin G. Cole, Major 2d. Nathan Cromwell, Adjutant. John Markle, Quarter-Master. George W. Boerstler, Paymaster. William Hilleary, Sergeant. Arthur Nelson, Ist Mate. Daniel Fifzhugh, 2d Mate. Christian C. Fechtig, Adjutant. Joab Doggett, Hospital Steward. Christian Baker, Sergeant Major. Adam Fisher, Quartermaster Sergeant. At the January session of the Legislature an act was passed authorizing George Thistle, Samuel Smith, John Scott. Jacob Lantz, John Folck, Peter Lowdermilk, and William Lamar, Sr., to hold a lottery for the purpose of raising |2,000 to be applied to the purchase of a fire engine for the town. In addition to the names of residents heretofore iiiveii, in 1814, the following persons were engaged business in the town, viz : — James M. White, Middles and harness ; John Gcphart, auctioneer ; W. T. A. Pollock, saddles, &c.; Dr. Read, drugs, &c.; Wm. IIoux, chairmaker ; John Milburn, auctioneer ; John Folck, warehouse ; Zadoc Clark, hat factory ; ill ;^oo HISTORY OF CUMliEKLAND. [1814 Robert MTiuiro, watchmaker; Dr. Veirs, phyf^iciiin; MisH Bradley, teaclier. Tlie Perry Ilou.se, just acroHs the river, in West Vir<'inia, was built by (ieorge Cahnes, in 181 (i, and afterwards ])asse(l into poHsessiou of Roger Perry. In 1811 the Legishiture liad establislied " The Cuniberhmd liaiik of Allegany," to be located in Cumberland, the capital stock to be $200,0(10, and to be divided into four thousand shares of fiftv dollars each, and the stockholders to be exempt from anj liability beyond their stock. The bank was to be managed by eight directors and a president. When the bank issued its notes, by some misun- derstanding as to the orthography of that much abused word " Allegany," the engraver spelled it " Alleghany," and as the notes had been put in circulation before the error was discovered, in order to avoid the exi)ense of new plates, as well as the inconvenience of calling in the circulation, an act was secured at the June session of the Legislature. in 1812, changing the name to "The Cumberland Bank of Alleghany." The officers of the bank, chosen at its first election were, Upton Bruce, President ; and M. Wallace. Cashier. In 1814, in consequence of the war, the Eastern banks suspended specie payments, and on the 17tli of September, 1814, the Cumberland Bank followed their example. About 1812, the first newspaper in Cumberland was established, by Samuel Magill, and was called the "Allegany Freeman." It was Democratic in 1814.] THE FIKST NEWSPAPERS. 301 politics, and was edited in a very vij^orous manner. On tlie l^tli of Jannary, 1814, Williani Jirown cstaMislied the "Cumberland (Jazette," a sixteen- (M)liiirin Federalist paper, puhliKlied every Thursday. The olliees oi' these two papers were located on Mechanic street, near Baltimore street. Their tolunms were given up entirely to war news, politics and advertisements. Local matters were wholly JL'nored, and the most oftensive personalities freely indulged in, together with a great many high-tlown patriotic sentences. In the organization of the Maryland Militia, the 50th regiment was ordered by the Council to be organized in Allegany County, and the following officers were appointed : Thomas Greenwell, Lieu- tenant-Colonel ; John Folck, Major ; Captains, John Mi'Elfish, Dennis Beall, Conrad Corl)us, Joseph France, and Thomas Porter; Adjutant, Levi Hil- leary. It does not appear that they acquired any LTeat proficiency, or that they ever held even so much as the annual "cornstalk" drill. September 27th, the town was brilliantly illumi- nated in honor of the gallant victory won by Captain .MacDonough, on Lake Champlain, wherein he vanquished a British fleet greatly his superior. Processions paraded the streets, singing and shouting, and the entire population took part in the celebrar tion. • The town was incorporated in January, 1815, at whic'ii time the Legislature passed an "Act to provide for the appointment of Commissioners, for the regula- tion and improvement of the Town of Cumberland, 302 HISTOKV OF CUMHKHLANr). [18b) ill Allc^j^uny County, and to incorporate tlu' mnw." TliiH act provided that five jiidiciouH and (liMcivi't porsonw rosidinp; in tiio town, ami holding real \)Yon- orty therein sliouM be elected by ballot on the first Mon(biy of .Fune, 1816, and on the same day ovorv year tliereal'tei', at tlie Court House, by the free white male citizens of the a^ere single locust pos*:s, there being two at each end, braced together at the top. The span was 115i feet clear. Tv/o chains stretched from one side of the Creek to the other; the deflection was one- sixth of the span. "The double links, of li inch square iron, were ten feet long. The centre link was horizontal, and at the level of the floor; and at its ends were stirruped the two central transverse girders. From the ends of this central link the chains were carried in straight lines to the tops of the posts, 25 feet high, wdiich served as piers or towers. The back stays were carried away straight, at the same angle as the cables; and each end was confined to four buried stones of about half a cubic yard each. The floor was only wide enough for a mgh line of vehicles. All the transverse girders were ten feet apart, and supported longitudinal joists, to whi the floor was spiked. There were no restrictions as to travel; but lines of carts and wagons. 'Trautwiue'ii Civil EDgineen' I'ocket Book. 39 306 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1822. in close succession, and heavily loaded with coal stone, iron, &c., crossed it almost daily, together with droves of cattle in full run. The slight hand-railing of iron was hinged, so as not to be bent by the undulations of the bridge. Six-horse wagons were frequently driven across in a trot. The iron was of the old-fashioned charcoal, of full thirty tons per square inch ultinuite strength. The united cross- section of the two double links was 7. 56 square inches, which at thirty tons per square inch, gives 227 tons for their ultimate strength, or say 76 tcHis with a safety of 3." The work was all done by Mr. Shockey in his own shop, and was of the most durable and satisfactory character. Amongst the several work- men who were engaged with Mr. Shockey in building the bridge was Godfrey Richards, father of Mr. Isaac Richards, one of the old citizens of the town. In 1831. several of the posts or piers gave way, and Jonathan Witt was employed by the Commissioners to replace them. This was done by the substitution of new and heavier locust posts, the work when com^jlcted being declared more permanent than ever before. In 1822 George Bruce was Sheriff of the county. In September of 1823 the "'Maryland Advocate," a Democratic paper, was established by Tohn M. Buchanan, the "Allegany Freeman" having been dis- continued. In October, at the town election, Samuel Magill was chosen Chief Burgess, and John McNeill, Jr., was appointed Clerk. An ordinance was passed by the Commissioners requiring all property owners on Mechanic street to pave their sidewalks. 1824.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 307 At the county election on October 1st, the follow- inj]^ persons were elected to represent the county in the Legislature, viz: George Bruce, Michael C. Sprigg, John McMahon and John McHenry. The whole vote polled was 3,777. November 30. — Captain Thomas Beall, of Samuel, proprietor of the t(jwii, and an old revolutionary Holdier, died at an advanced age, highly respected. February 24, 1824. — The Legislature passed an act limiting the levy of taxes in Cumberland, for town purposes, to fifty cents on each one hundred dollars of assessable property. April 1. — James Black refitted and opened the tavern on south Mechanic street, near Creek street. and called it the "Columbian Inn." The Judges of the Orphans' Court were Thomas Cresap, John McNeill, aiid William McMahon. The Levy Court was composed of Benjamin Tom- linsoii, Samuel Coddington. John Burbridge, George W. Glaze, William Price, (of Westernport.) Meshack Frost and Walter McAtee. The town officers chosen were. Chief Burgess, Roger Perry; Commissioners, Peter Garey, John Boose, John Gephart, Jr , and Gustavus Beall; Clerk, C. Heck. Tax levied, 20 cents on each $100. May 26. — General Andrew Jackson, arrived in Cumberland, on his way from Washington to his home, and while here visited the site of old Fort Cumberland, and walked over the ground. A remarkable accident occurred in the summer of 1824, the result of which was little less than miraculous. At the time of the building of the Jail 308 HISTORY OF CUiMBERLAND. [1824. and Court House, about the beginning of the century, the want of good drinking water led the Commis- sioners to determine upon sinking a well. Accordingly. in 1805, they appropriated the sum of £200 for that purpose, and Upton Bruce and Roger Perry were appointed a commission to have the work done. They selected a spot just in front of the Court House yard, on Prospect street, and sunk a well ninety feet in depth, which was walled up with stone, and furnished with a large wheel and two buckets. The water obtained was excellent. At the time above indicated, Belle McMahon, a little daughter of William McMahon, about five years of age, was play- ing about the mouth of the well, when suddenly she lost her balance and fell headlong into it. A number of persons at once ran to the spot. The light clothing of the child could be seen on the surfiice of the water, but every one was convinced that she must have been instantly killed. Her mother, frantic with grief, could with difficulty be restrained from plunging in after her child. Dr. S. P. Smith wfis amongst the first to come to the rescue. He procured from the jail a long rope, with grappling hooks, which was used for recovering the buckets when they were lost, and with this he caught the little girl, and drew her to the surface. She was apparently lifeless, but the prompt use of restoratives soon brought her to consciousness, and it was then discovered that she had sustained no injuries what' ever, beyond a slight abrasion of the skin on the forehead. The diameter of the well is not greater than four feet, and she must have fallen like a plum- 1824.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 309 met to have escaped being dashed to pieces against the rocky sides, in her fearful descent. This well was covered over and converted into a pit for draining the Academy, in 1876. During the summer a military company wa« Ibrnied under the name of "Allegany Blues." The officers chosen were, H. B. Tomlinson, Captain; T iinas Dowden, First Lieutenant, and S. M. Keene, Ensign. August 26. — Hon. John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, and Major Roberdeau, of the Topographical Engineers, arrived, and after tarrying a few hours, and dining, went west along Will's Creek, to view the sunnnit level of the contemplated route of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. A line of coaches to run between Baltimore, Washington and Wheeling was established during the summer, by Reeside, Moore, Stockton & Co. Stages left the two Eastern cities named at 2 A. m., Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays, and made the trip to Wheeling in 31 days. An accommodation stage left every Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, and went through by daylight, in four days. At the election for Congressmen in October, Thomas C. Worthington was elected over John Lee. The vote was as follows: Allegany County, Worthington, 669; Lee, 510. Washington County, Worthington, 2,095; Lee, 1,446. Frederick County, Worthington, 1,558; Lee, 1,533. Total, Worthing- ton, 4,322; Lee, 3,489. The candidates for the General Assembly were 310 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1825. John A. Hoffman, John McMahon, Jacob Lantz. Lewis F. KHpstine, John McNeill, Thomas Cresap. and Samuel Thomas. The first four named were elected. William McMahon was Sheriff'. Samuel McGill, the Postmaster, resigned, and James Whitehead was appointed to fill the vacancy. December 1. — A post office was established at Flintstone, and Walter Slicer appointed Postmaster. Robert Kenned}^ was at this time principal of tlu' Allegany County Academy. February 2, 1825. — An act was passed by the Legislature, repealing previous acts, and giving the Commissioners of the town enlarged police powers. February 5. — The following persons were appointed Justices of the Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap. John McNeill and Robert Swann. Justicesof the Levy Court: Benjamin TomlinHoii. Samuel Coddington, John Burbridge, William Price. Walter McAtee, Valentine Hoffman, Benjamin Robinson, Archibald Thistle, and George Rhinehart, March 10. — A stage bound West, when four miles east of Cumberland, upset, and John S. Dugan. proprietor of a line of stages between Wheeling and Zanesville, was so badly hurt that he died in a few hours. The mail stages during this summer left Cumber- land on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays at G a. m., for the East; and Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 4 p. m., for the West. The through rate> of fare were as follows : 1825.] RIVER NAVIGATION. 311 From Wheeling to Wa.shitifrton, Pa $ 2.00 " Washington to T'niontown, Pa 2.2.') " I'niontown to Cumberland 4.00 • Cumberland to Hagerslown 5.00 • Hagerstown to Frederick 2.00 •• Frederick to Baltimore .3.50 i)istniiv;e 2(!7 miles. Through SIB.?.*) Sunday, May 8. — George H. Drake and Dennis M. Atliey went hunting, eight miles north of (iumberland, and after a day of amusement were returning home, when a dispute arose as to who should carry the gun. Drake threatened to shoot Adiey, and drew the gun up to his side, when it was discharged, the load entering Athey's body and killing him instantly. Drake reported the facts, but avowed the killing was wholly accidental, and that he was jesting when he made the threat. He was arrested, but, on the Gth of July, made his escape from jail. A reward of $50 was offered for his apprehension. At this time a considerable amount of business was done on the Potomac River, in the way of transporting coal, flour, &c., by means of suitable boats. Coal was loaded on flat boats at Cumberland, and whenever the stage of water would permit they were floated down to Georgetown. The place of loading was the ground now occupied by the City Water Works. When the trade was first established these flat boats were only capable of transporting '>00 'nishels of coal, but as the river became known, and experience was gained, their size was gradually increased until they were given a capacity of 1,500 bushels. 312 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1825. a Keel" boats were also built, sharp at either end, with keel and stem posts. Their greatest length was 70 feet, and their average width 10 foet, their freiglitage being from 100 to 125 barrels of tlour. These bo«ats were manned by a crew of four: steersman, head oarsman and two side oarsuieii. The boat was floated into the current, and wlien necessary w.as propelled by the side oarsmen, by means of long sweep oars, the steersman and head oarsmiin being required to guide it through tlu' difficult channel. The season for boating generally opened in February, and continued usually until the first of May. The boats occasionally ran during the fall freshets. The round trip (from Cumljcrland to Georgetown and return) occupied from twelve to eighteen days. The down trip occupied only three days, but the returr; was both la)>oriouH and painful, as most of the distance the boat was propelled by means of poles, which the men placed against their shoulders; and on their arrival in Cumberland, frequently their shoulders would be raw and sore. , This enterprise was attended with many difficulties and risks, and the wreck of a boat and the loss of its cargo was a common occurrence. The devious channel, hidden rocks, and frequent islands were serious obstacles. One of the most disastrous places on the river was "Cumberland Falls," just where the dam now is. Many boats were lost here, and several men drowned. The Potomac Company had done something towards lessening the dangers by plantnig signal posts to mark the channel, and had also 182G.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 313 erected stone walla as courses, some of which may yet he seen a short distiuice below Ciunberland. Most of the flat boats taken below, loaded with coal, were not returned, but were broken up, at Georgetown, and the liiinber sold. On the 2d of March, John Oglebay, who went down as steersman on a coal boat, was drowned five miles below, by the capsizing of the boat. lie left a wife and eight children. July 1. — Judges Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap, John McNeill and Roljert Swann. Justices of Levy Court: Benjamin Tomlinson, Samuel Coddington, William Price, Upton Bruce, Martin Rizer, Benjamin Robinson, Archibald Thistle, William McLaughlin, Valentine Tlofl'man aiid Walter McAtee. July 29. — Between 9 and 10 p. m. a fire broke out in Oustavus Beall's large grist mill; the small mill, distillery, two store houses, two stables, and several smaller buildings, as well as a frame store house on the opposite side of the street, belonging to Hoblitzell k Payne, and several other houses, were destroyed. Beall's loss was $10,000; Hoblitzell & Payne's loss So,000. Beall saved the goods in his store, and opened again in John Scott's house, next to Searight's tavern. Suspicions were entertained that James Palmer, a i*ort of desperado, living some distance from town, on the Virginia side of the river, had set fire to the mills, as he had been heard to make threats that he would burn the town. A party of citizens went quietly to Palmer's house and arrested him. A lot 40 314 HISTORY OF CUMHKHLANI). [1820-!^^ of stolen «j^(kk18 was foiiml in his poasesHion. and lie waH indic-ttcl for arson and tlioft, on whi(;h cliiirfjcs lie was trii'd and found J2,uilty, and sontenced to fifteen years in the penitentiary, fifteen months of wliicli time was to be passed in solitary confinement. At the election for Congressmen, in October, the (candidates were Michael (J. Spring, Joliii Lee. Thomas Kemiedy and Samuel Ilujrhes. The vote in the county was as follows: Spring, 1,030; hee. 282; Kennedy, 41; Ilugiies, 12. Total vote of the county, 1,305; in Cumberland, 388; in Frostburjr. 205; Flintstone, 137. The vote in the Congressional District footed up 3,085 for Sprigg; 2,075 for Lee; ()71 for Kennedy, and 007 for Hughes. A vote was taken at the same time upon the proposition to establish primary schools in the county, Avhicli was defeated by a vote of 1,031 against 24(1. The delegates chosen to the Assembly were Wni. Ridgely, Jacob Floblitzell, Robert Armstrong and Wm. Shaw. In June, 1827, the following justices of the Orphan's Court were appointed: Thomas Cresap, John McNeill and Robert Armstrong. Justices of Levy Court: Benjamin Tomlinson, Samuel Coddington, William Price, Valentine Hoff- man, Archibald Thistle, William McLaughlin, Walter McAtee and Francis Reid. July 27. — A fire broke oi.t in "•Berr3''s Row," on Bedford street, and three houses were destroyed, two of which were occupied by Rev. N. B. Little and Samuel Magill. J. P. Carleton's house took fire several times, but was saved. 182S.] LOCAL INGIDKNTS. 315 October 2. — An oloction held, at vvhioli Richard Ik'iiU was elecU'd Sliorill', and John McNt'ill, .Jr., .Inliii A. irollinan, .lacoh IIolit/A'U and (Icorgv McCiilloli, Dck'gatos to the Cleneral AHsend)ly. hi the Hprii)<5 of 1828, an eccentric (dniractiM', by the name of Harris, made his a[)pearance in the town, and hej^an to preach on the street corners, propiu'sying a terrible cahimity to fall n\Hm the |i('()j)ie. Harris was a middle aged man, and a Quaker, of good physical proportions, t'i'ti(iii of country had a "graiul circular hunt." Hu' lirst briuad*. embraced the countrv from Cum- •^i^jj-^fe- 320 HISTORY OF CUMBERLANF). [1830. })erland to the mouth of Jennings Run. Tlie second brigade, from Jenning's Run up the road to Cornelius Devore'.s Mill, on Will's Creek. Third brigade, from Devore's Mill across to Frederick Rice's in Casli Valley. Fourth brigade from Frederick Rice's alouL^ the Bedford Road to Cumberland. About one hundred persons participated in the hunt, and a large amount of game was taken. Justices Orphans Court: Thomas Crcsap, John Scott and George Iloblitzell. Justices Levy Court: Joshua O. Robinson, Joseph Frantz, George Blocher, William McLaughlin, Jacob Iloleman, John Mattingly, Thomas D. Beall, Walter Bevans, Henry Myers, and Jasper Robinette. Surveyor: Benjamin Brown. At the census taken in 1880, William McMahon De})uty Marshal, the population of the town ot Cumberland was as follows: Males. Females. Total Under i) years 'ears o of ntrp H-1 71 153 Of 5 y f age and under 10 years 62 7(> 1.^8 ono' ■1 (i ti 15 It 74 ;w 113 Of If) it It li 20 ti 72 70 142 Of 20 ti It t> :^o It 91 78 169 Of 30 (t It (1 40 It ofi 5:^ 101) or 40 it It it 50 it 44 .1(5 80 Of 50 (1 ti It (JO ti 18 33 51 Ot (50 It it 11 70 it 11 01) 20 Of 70 *i it >t 80 it 7 8 15 Of 80 41 It (1 1)0 it 5 2 475 7 522 !»1)7 Slaves . 4(; . 1.') 83 21 12!» Free colored.. .... .... .... 30 58H 579 1162 The population of Allegany County was 10,590. February 28. — A little .son of George Kearn.s, four 1830-j1.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 321 years of age, fell into tlio well at the jail, a depth of iiinoty leet, and was instantl>' killed. March 18, — The Western stage while leaving town run off the road and upset. Bisliop Chase, of Ohio. apaf^Hcnger, was badly injured, having three of his ribs broken, and his left arm dislocated. He remained hero until his recovery, and preached at the (^hurch on Fort Hill. April 20. — The new Episcopal Chur'oh, on Fort Hill, was consecrated by Bisliop Meadj, of Virginia. At the election in October, William McMahon, William Kidgely, William Shaw, and William Reid, wvw t'lected to the Oeneral Assembly, and Mr. Rinvliiigs Sheriff. October 28. — The "Advocate" was sold by John M. Buchanan to Kichard P. Bailey and Daniel Bloclier. November 22. — George Jacobs, of Hampshire ('ounty, Va.. aged 50 years, wjis found dead on the Ci'e8a})t()wn Road, the result of an accident. December 10 —The Cumberland Fire Engine Company was organized, at Newnam's Hot^l. December 17. — John Custer was found frozen to death, on the Cresaptown road. January 14, 1 831. — Snow fell to a depth of twenty- t'lur inches, and travel was almost suspended, as the roiids were blocked. •lanuary 20. — A public meeting was held, and Dr. ^. P. Smith, Janu^s Everstine, David Shriver, Jacob '^nydor and John Hays were appointed a committee to petition Congress for aii appropriation to improve tlie Cumberland Road. ^99 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1831. Justices of the Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap. John McNeill .and John Scott. The popuhition of the county was at this time 10,602. A fire company was formed, in February, and sup- plied with ladders for use in case of fire. Two ladders were kept against Hook's fence, corner Centre and Frederick streets, and two against Shriver's shed, over the mill race, on the turnpike. August 2. —Two railroads were put in operation in Allegany County, one at the coal mine of William Ward, and the other at the mine of John Porter, both within ten miles of Cumberland. They were about one hundred yards in length, the rails being of wood, and the wheels of the cars of cast iron. The cars were drawn by horse power. Bene S. Pi^^nian was elected to the Senate, in the fall, and William Armstrong and Thomas Blair (anti- Jackson) and George M. Swann and Jacob Lantz, (Jackson) elected Delegates to the Legislature. Francis Thomas was elected to Congress by a majority of 601 over Michael C. Sprigg. October 15. — The Synod of the Lutheran Church of Maryland assembled in Cumberland. George Smith was appointed Collector of Taxes, and Aza Beall, Clerk of the Court. November 24. — Public notice was given that the proprietors of coal mines in Allegany County, and all other persons interested in procuring a charter for a railroad from the coal mines to Cumberland would meet in Frostburg, to consider the project, and agree upon a route. , ' ■.Y.^Tr-^r.^ m¥^ 1831-32.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 32n December 1. — Henry Clay arrived, en route to Washington, and had a reception during his stay. February G, 1832. — A good wtage of water in the river, and forty loaded boats left. February 22. — This being the centennial anni- versary of Washington's birth-day, the event was celebrated with unusual enthusiasm. February 4. — .Justices of Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap, John McNeill, Sr., and John Scott. ()ctol)er 2. — Andrew Bruce, Jacol) Lantz. Moses H. Louthan and John Slicer were elected to the Leiiislature. Octoljer 14. — The stiible and carriage house of Kliiatlian Russell were destroyed l)y fire, and several dwellings in the neighborhood were with difficulty saved. The firo was caused by a burning cigar being thrown into the stable. October 18. — A meeting was held at Jacob Fechtig's tavern in Cumberland, with a view to securing the construction of a turnpike from Cumberland to inter- sect the Cumberland and SiHuerset Road at the Pennsylvania line. A number of persons from Somerset were present, and a committee was appointed to draft a petition to the Legislature asking authority for the construction of the road, October 22, — Great fears were entertained that the cholera, which prevailed elsewhere, might visit the town, in consequence of which a meeting was held at the Union Hotel, when it was resolved to at once prepare a building to be used as a hospital, and to procure contributions for the purpose of supplying '^24 iriSTORV OF CUMHERLANI>. [183:i food, merlicino, &c. Fortunately the epidemic did not make itw a{)})earance. February (>, 1888. — Justices Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap, John McNeill and George Hehh. Manili 22. — A new assessment of the real and personal property having been determined upon, Thomas Wilson, John Sheer, Stephen Mulhollan, James Totten, John Nell', Jr., Joseph Everstine, George P. llinkle, Israel Mayberry, Lecmard Siiir- clift", and Amos Robinette, were appointed assessors. April 14. — A terrible calamity befell the town, on this date, whereby the greater part of the inhabitants were in a few short hours rendered homeless. It was Sunday, and the bells were calling the people to church, at 10 o'clock in the morning, when the start- ling cry of "fire" was given. A volume of smoke was seen issuing from the cabinet shop of William Sliryer, on Mechanic street. An excited multitude of people quickly gathered at the scene of the fire. and endeavored to stay it, but in vain, as the dry wooden building, and its highly inflammable contents furnished rich food for the eager flames. The wind blew quite strong from the west, and the means for suppressing fires being of the most inadequate character, in a short while the houses adjoining became ignited, and the roaring flames went leaping, flashing and surging down the street, enveloping house after house, in quick succession, until every building from the place of the origin of the fire to Russell's carriage shop, near Harrison street, a distance of more than a quarter of a mile, was involved in the general ruin. When it became apparent that 1S33.] TIIK (JKKAT FIRE. iiotliiiiir could be done t<> check the conflagration, the people at once went to work to save the contents of the stores and houses, but even in this they were able to ito but little, owing to the great rapiditj' with which the Haines spread. Tiie destruction of both the newspapers of the town prevented any detailed account of the disaster from being published here at the time, and when the pajiers had been re-established it did not occur to the pul)lishers to give a minute history of it. The following letter appeared in the Hagerstown "Herald and Torch Light," several lays after the misfortune : Cumukkland, April 15,1833. Seventy-five houses comprisinj;^ the heart of our town now lie in ruins. The fire originated in a cabinet maker's shop, three doors north iftiie "Civilian" printing office. Many citizens have nothing left. The "Civilian" office is burnt, except its account books. All the stores but onp are burnt — Bruce tt Beall's. Mr. Shriver's large 3-story tavern. Mr. Fechtig's tavern and the Bank. 'I'he fire commenced at 10 o'clock, am] the wind being high, the flames soon spread, leaving ^ttle time to move goods. Nothing now remains but parts of walls and chimneys, ^bereoncp the principal part of the town stood. The "Advocate" office also burnt, saving only the cast iron press (badly damaged) and a few type. The ruins commence at Mr, (rustavus Beall's mill, and extend iown to Mr. Elnathan Russell's carriage shop; the mill and Russell's house are saved, but on both sides of the street, between these there is not one house standing — distance about j mile. The principal suft'erere are; 'ieorge Hoblitzell, 3 or 4 houses, •lames Kverstine, 3 houses, I'r. Lawrence, 1 house, ''leorge Wineow, 1 house, B. S. Pigman 2 houses, Lowndes 1 store, •'ohn T. Sigler, 2 houses, Ifi'c.Inhn Scott, 1 house, I'r S. P. Smith & R. Worthington, •i houses, Bank property, 3 or 4 houses, Henry Wineow, 1 house and fL-'iOO I'ash. J. M. Buchanan, 1 house, George Hoffrrian, 2 houses, Shriver, I! houses, Mrs. Gephart, 1 house, Dr. J. M. Smith, 2 houses, Samuel Hoblitzell, 1 house, George Hebb, 2 houses, Thomas Dowden 2 houses, George Deetz, 1 liouse, S, Bowden, 1 house. John G. Hoffman, 2 houses, Butler's store, 2 houses, Robert McCleary 3 or 4 houses, m^^ms 82G HISTORY OF CUMBEKLANI). [1833. Adam Fisher, ) or 2 houses. Robert 8wnnn,'2 houses, Ciptiiiii Lynn, 1 house, Mrs. Siiylor, 1 house. Martin Rjzer of M., 1 house, Besides others, mostly brick houses, and two story log buildings. At a meeting at the Court House, in Cumberland, composed of the citizens of the town, the Court, the Bar and Juries, as8enil)led on the 15th of April, for the purpose of instituting an inquiry into the extent of the calamity occasioned by the late destructive fire, and of devisini; means for the relief of the sufferers, the following proceedings were had: Upon motion of \Vm. Price, Esq., the Hon. John Buchanan, Chiei Justice of Maryland, was appointed Chairman, who in a feeling and appropriate address explained the object of the meeting. I'pon motion of John Hoyo, Esij., Wra. Price was appointed Secretary. Upon motion of Bene S. Pigman, the chair appointed the following Committee, to enquire into the extent of the calamity occasioned l)y the late fire. together with the niimber and description of the sufferers, and report thereon to the meeting, viz : John McHenry, Thomas 1 McKaig, ,\. W. McDonald, \Vm. Price, B. S. Pigman, David Shriver, (ieorge Hebli, Df. Samuel P. Smith, .lolin Hoye, Dr. .John M. Lawrence, Dr. .lames Smith, David Lynn, Robert Swann, and Richard Beall, who havinj retired for the purpose, afterwards returned and submitted the followin;: report : The committee appointed to ascertain the calamity by which the town has been visited, together with the number and description of the sufferers have in the execution of the tuelancholly duty assigned them, ascertained the following particulars for the information of the meeting: It is ascertained that the entire business portion of Cumberland has been destroyed. All the taverns, and all the stores in the place, bnt om', are now in ashes; about thir':y flourishing mechanics, all in prosperous business, have been reduced to ruin, and their families left without a shelter to cover them. The three physicians of the town have lost nearly all their property and medicines. It is believed that two thirds of thi" inhabitants are houseless. The value of property destroyed and the description of citizens to whom it belonged, the committee have estimated an(i classed as follows 7 Merchants, whose loss in real and personal property and goods is estimated at $i)4,000 :i Physicians 12,000 !5 Hotels, including the losses of the owners MfiW 80 Mechanics, (real and personal property, stock, &c).. 71,000 Citizens not included in above description 31,000 Citizens not residing in the town 14,000 Total loss $262,000 Upon motion of Mr. Pigman, a committee was appointed to draft an address to the people of the United States, inviting their aid in behalf of the Cumberland sufferers. Upon motion of Mr. Pigman, it was Resolved, That the Chairman of the present meeting be the Chairman of said committee. The following gentlemen compose the committee: Hon. John Buchanan, Hon. Thomas Buchanan, Hon. Abraham Shriw ] 1833.] THE GREAT FIRE. 327 A. VV. Mcl)<)iiHld, John McHenry, Wm. Price, James Dixon, Frederick A.Schley, and .John Kinfr, Escjs. Tpon motion the following gentlemen, residents of Cumberland, >vho are not sufferers by the fire, were appointed a committee to receive donations, distribute them, and of correspondence, viz ; John Hoye, Thomas I.McKaig, Richard Bell, Rev. Jj. ILJohns, Wm. McMahon and Jatnes P. Carleton. Upon motion of Thomas I. McKaig, Esq., it was unanimously Rexohed, That the thanks of the meeting are due to the Hon. John Buchanan, for the dignified and able manner in which he presided over its deliberations. ITpon motion of Mr. Buchanan, it was Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be signed by the Chairman and Sacretary and published. John Buchanan, Chairman, WiLi-iAM PuiCE, Secretary. N. B. — There being now no press in Cumberland the proceedings are forwarded to Hagerstown fur publication. The fact that the scope of the fire embraced that part of Mechanic street, along which the demented Quakerj Harris, had so often walked while predicting a terrible calamity to befall the town, led many persons to conclude that the old man really had possessed some powers as a prophet, and the su{)er- stitious were thoroughly convinced that he had been ant by some supernatural power as a messenger to warn the people of "wrath to come." The following is a full list of the persons who sustained losses in the disastrous fire, 14th of April: 'ieorge Hoblitzell, losi 6 houses, ^Jonathan Butler, store goods and store poods and house furniture. furniture, 'ieorwe Wineow 1 houso, Edward Johnson, household furni- Wm. Shryer, stock and furniture, ' ture, ■loseph Everstine,3 houses, furniture, J. G. Hoffman, 2 houses, tinware shoes and leather, i and furniture, Charles Howell, house furniture, i Dr. S. P. Smith, 2 houses, medicines •lohn Gephart, 2 houses, and furniture, ^WdowSaylor, 1 house, deo. Hoffman, ;5 houses and furni- A. King and family, clothing and ture. luriiiture, J. M. Buchanan, 1 house, "iddw Anders, furniture, &c., l'r.J.Siiiith,2 houses,medicines, &c., G. S. Evans, furniture and $800 in money, "hn Rutter, house furniture and | Widow Frilhey,! house and furniture leather, 'S. Bowden, 1 house, 328 IlkSTOKY OF CUMBEHLANt). [1838. UohfTt Swann, '2 hoiiHOS, Diivid Shrivcr, li houHcs, •lolin MurroH'H lioirs, 2 liouaoa, I'i. Mobley, I'urriiture, tools and wagon stud', M. Uizer, of M., 1 house and furni- ture, Kersliner's heirs, 1 iiouHe, Geo. Deetz, 1 iiouse and furniture, Geo. Lowdermilii, house furniture, John Ueotz, house furniture, Widow (iephart, 1 house and furni- ture. Widow Of^lebay, t irniture, R. McCleary, 7 houses, tools, stock and furniture, Blocher & Harry, 1 printing press, type and ofHco furniture. John Cress, bl.'ieksmith tools and iron, Post odice, ''urniture and papers, David Lynn, 1 house, iTatnoH Sires, furniture and tools. Widow ''■'oontz, 2 houses, Sarah Koontz, furniture, M. Fi.shor, 2 houses, furniture and stock, John B^isber, $r>00 in money, Wm. Fisher, .f 100 in money, H. Wineow, 1 house, grain, furni- ture and $1,000. Thos. Dowden, 1 house, shop, fur- niture and tools, .lari. Hlack, grain and furniture, The Dank, t! houses, Jacob Fechtig, furniture, &c., S. Slicer, furniture, &c.. Widow Scott, furniture, &c.; John Scott's heirs. 2 houses, George Ilebb, 2 houses, with furni- ture and goods, A. McNeill, tools and jewelry, John Wright, tools, jewelry and fur- niture, B. Mattingly, furniture and cloth, James Reeside, who was for a number ol" yoarf^ largely engaged in the stage-coach business on the Cumberland Road, upon hearing of the disaster, caused his son to write the foUowing hotter to the Postmaster here : R. Worthiugton, I house, lurniturf and goods, Smith, Worthiugton &, Co., 1 liouse. J. F. Sigler, 1 house, saddlery anil furniture. Dr. Ijawrence, I house, inediciiie. and furniture, Messrs. Lowndes, I house and sinri . gootls, furniture and $700, S, lloblitzell, furniture, &c., B. S. Pigman, ;{ houses, 1'. A.S. Piguian, furniture, S. Pritchard, tools and clothiii;;, \j. W.Stockton, 2 mail coacheH, J. W. Weaver, 1 mail coach, H. D. Carleton, furniture, Ac, Eleanor Merryman, clothing, John Beall, clothing, .lohn P. Lowdermilk, clothnig, Sophia tlohnson, clothing, Klizabeth Bevans, clothing, H. B. Wolfe, tcxils, books ami t'urin tare, Samuel Charles, The Civilian oIKn- entire, J. Wolf, tools, leather and shoes, J. Marr, tools, A:c., II. Smouse, 1 carryall, T. Adams, furniture, & B. W. Howard, furniture, &u., W. \'. Buskirk, furniture, law libran and papers, Bruce & Beall.part of stock of good,*. Krebs & Falls, store goods ami fur niture, S. & G. Shockey, hats, fur and tools. John M. Carleton, clothing, &c., Nancy Davis, clothing, &c., Edmund Hoffman, furniture, &c., W. W. Weaver, furnit\ire, &c., Wm. Hoblitzell, clothing, &c., M. Rizer, Jr., a lot of bacon. Ac, ,\. B. Wright, money and clothinf.'. Louthan & Utfutt, stock of goo(ls,ic. 1833.] THE TfREAT FIRE. 329 riiii.ADKM'iUA, April l.S, IS'.V.i. J. p. Carleton, Esq., I\ M., Cnml)crl'ind, Md. DkarHir: It is with regret that we have this diiy heard the Had news of the coiiflftijration at Cumberland, that once flourishinj^ town, and the loss and cotidition of ita inhabitants, anionp whom we lived so lon<^. My fiither is contined to his bed, and not able to write, but rtiquests to say to you that one half of all his property, in the town of Cumberland situated on the west side of Will's Creek, shall be sold for the benefit of the sufferers; he also requests me to say to you, as soon us a committee is appointed for their relief, he will immeiliately transfer the property by deed or otherwise for that purpose. Yours with respect, Jamks Rkksuik, Jr. linniodiate steps were taken for the relief of the .siill'erers, and from all parts of the country eontril)ii- tions weix; received. Up to June, |il5,OI)0, had been distributed amongst them. Those who could aflord to do so, set about rebu'dding. and the new houses wore "vnerallv of M much better chnracter than tliosr (k'sti'o\ed. July 4. — The celebration of Independence Day was marked by a feast in McCleary's Hollow, when Jaines P. Carleton, Jr., delivered the oration. Workmen were at this time engaged in building the National Road, and those cm})ioyed at the "Narrows.'* placed a Hag on the top of the tallest tree on Will's Mountain, fi'om which it iloated for many days. In Jul V "The Civilian" ollice was located in the new building on Mechanic street below the Cumber- laiid Bank, which had also been rebuilt, (the old brick walls being used,) and its publication recommenced 1)\ Sanuiel Charles, who then called his paper "•The Phoenix Civilian." July 13. — Messrs. Ducatel, Tyson, and Alexander, I't Baltimore, who had been ai)pointed by the Governor to collect information, plats, and reports of >.17!t 30 ^IjW.RO? kh " 2 t;i.«yi (12 41,047 7j lOH.lKii* :i: " " :5 107,8!»l :{8 2H,t;81 .50 i:t(;,")72 S(^ " " i iio,.")40 ;u; 4y,2!)i 00 it;i.8:{i ;«; " '• .'» 105,344 (J2 44,579 00 149.92;n;j " " "(i i70,(i52 17 4H,0()t; 00 218.718 K Cumberland Town* i;{(;,!)52 44 ;}(;,8:{0 00 173,782 44 Pistrict No. 7 77,822 75 .33,9(i2 00 111,784 75 " 8 »;.5,187 73 18,527 50 83.715 21', " 9 98,457 90 37,41150 135,869 40 .'!il,0()3,369 55 $373,575 55 $l,43(;,y45 10 Mechanic street, from the mill race, at the Rail- road viaduct, was paved by the Government, under the direction of Lieutenant Pickett, the engineer in charge of the w(jrk on the National Road at thi.** place. October 4. — At the election for Congress, Francis Thomas and James Dixon were the candidates, the former receiving 4,012 votes, and the latter 3,421 votes, ill the District. October 8. — A town meeting was held at the Court •District No. 6 and (Tiimbcrland Town were biith included in Cumberland. [18.U 1833.] liOCAl, INGIDKNTS. 381 'searches, art of the jal ivgion f tlie new B town of •idge over xuided, In with the I Assessors ny county. Total. $l.').'),807 HH lOB.'jii'J :i: i:Ui,572 Hf i(;i.8:n 'm> lt'J,y23 CJ 218.718 i: 17;U82 44 111,784 75 8:1.715 2;i ia.'),869 40 |$l,4;i(;,945 10 the Rail- lent, under Ingineer in lid at this* ^s, Francis idates, the |tt«r 3,421 the Court House, to raise funds for the relief of .lames Stoddard. whose liouse, near flrantsville. was destroyed by fire, on the 4th, together with its (Hjntents. October l"). — Henry Sniitli, an aged and respected citizen, was found dead near his home, seven miles east of Cuml)erland. Delegates to the Legislatuit; : Norman JJruce, William Ridgely, Jeremiah Berry, Jr.. and Jacob Lantz. (k^tober 19. — A new two-story log house, belonging to Martin Rizer, Jr., on South Mechanic street, was burned out, but the logs were not destroyed. October 20 — A public meeting w as held to devise means for aiding the peoi)l(' ol' Sonu'r.set, Pa., who had suffered by a destructive fire in the town, wliich involved a loss of 1^100.000. More than thirty families had been rendered homeless. The sum of S'200 was collected and donated. October 20. — All the prisoners in the jail escaped, 1)}' digging a hole through the wall, near a window. November 19. — The entire population w^as in a high state of excitement, cimsequent upon the falling of a shower of meteorites. November 22. — A public meeting to hear the final report as to the action of the Conmiittee of Distribu- tion, for the relief of the sufferers by the fire of Uth of April, was held at the Court House. The ('Ommittee reported that it had rectuved in money $20,684.98. From the people of Maryland ^9.972.00. From Pennsylvania $7,239.89. District of Columbia $870.76. Virginia $1,075.50. Miscel- laneous $1,526.12. Also a quantity of clothing, laBBI :^32 HISTORY OF CUMREHLAND. [1833-34. Hour, bacon, &c. That all had Ix'on distiihuted to the best advantage. The accounts were examined, and the action of the committee endorsed. The rebuilding of the town progivssed steadily, and before the close of the year there were thirteen stores on xVIechanic street, where there iiad been onh six previous to the fire. During all of the year 1833, a party of engineers and workmen in the empK)y of the Government, had been engaged in changing the course of that part of the National Road extending from Cumlx>rlaiid to the Six Mile House. The original road, as surveyed and built, lay along Green street, and across Wills Mountain, through Sandy Gap. The new location abandoned Ihat route, and lay along Will's Creek. through the Narrows, and thence along Braddocks Run, exactlv as it remains to-day. In the winter of 1833 General Gratiot, the Chief Engineer, submitted bis report to the War Department, showing how he had repaired a large part of the Cumberland Road; that tlie new locatit)n had been opened, and that the bridge over Will's Creek was in course of construe- tion. He recommended still further repairs and estimated the total cost to be !?G4 5,000. January 2. 1834. — The tavern liouse of Mrs. Bruee. widow of Francis IJruce. live miles above town, on the Natit)nal Road, was destroved by fire, with all its contents. The imn.ii'es saved themselves by ;ainpin!i from the second story, not even saving their clothiiiii. .Taniuiry 7. — Notice was given that the CumberlamI Bank of AUeuanv would resume business, on tlu' 13th inst., with .Toseph Shriver as Cashier. ■■■^viilllKiMitiHY'iim^.'^it.'JimiiVm lulled to xaniined, steadily. ; thirteen been only engineers nient, had lat part of jerland to 8 surveyed :oss Will's \v location llVs Creek. BraddockV winter of submitted how lie md Road; id that the construc- 11 tpairs and llrs. Bruce, town, on rith all it? IV iiunpiiiii' |r elothin;:. innberlanil Ks. oil tlu' Q z < -J on ui 00 S t;; =3 " c C/) 2 S ° > o o -" DC < z LlI X k-:^iW.-^ '■ i?^r^'-'- Le, iiic eve c. [1884. No. 8, Mattingly & Mulholhin; No. 4, Edmund i5ulger; No. 5, Cahoono & Moore; No. 6, Miller. Baker & Co.; No. 7, Lonogaii, O'Neill & Kennedy: No. 8, Thomas Feely. Old Road.— Section No. 9, R. A. (Jlenients; No. 10. Hewe8, Stewart & Howard; No. 11, John Neff; No. 12, Josiah Porter; No. 18, Hews, Stewart & Co.; No. 14, Meshack Frost; No. 15, Joseph Dilley; No. IG. Josiah Frost; No. 17, T. Beall & Coombs ; No. 18, M. Meneer; No. 19, Adam Shooltze ; No. 20, Micha«l McGaverin. The U. S. Mail Stage from Wheeling for Baltiiiioiv. was attacked near the tup of Savage Mountain, 1" miles from Cumberland, not fnr from a gloomy plare known as the '"Shades of Death." on the niiilit (it Wednesday. August ()tli. about 10 o'clock, by two highwaynnen. They had cut a (juantity of brusli which thev threw on the road so as to obstruct it. and as the stage was ascending the mountain, one of the robbers sprang out from the shrubbery on tin' side of the road, seized the bridle of a lead horse and stopping the team, ordered the driver to dismount. The highwayman had mistaken bis man. however, and had met more than his match in the person nl the driver, Samuel Luman. a young man of splendid physique and perfectly fearless. lie declined tn dismount, and put the whip to his horses with a will The team being spirited horses bounded forward. dragging the robber with them. A second highway- man appeared at the door of the stage, and to him the first robber called out, "shoot the driver, yoii d d coward, why^ don't you fire at him?" The 1834.] HHiHWAYMKN. 335 robber at the side «)!' the stage ealled out, "how many passengers have you?" and the driver replied "a full load." The ''gentleman of the road" then looked at the baggage, and seeing an unusual number of trunks on, concluded to keep clear of a shot from the door, so he took a position behind the stage. The first robber was a desperate fellow, however, and he succeeded in turning the lead horses square around ;iiul stopping the stage. He then undertook to uiiliitcli the traces, but the brave driver lashed him about the face with his whip so mercilessly that the fellow was compelled to abandon his purpose, but he leveled a pistol at the driver's head, and pulled the trigger. The pistol was a Hint lock, and the priming having become damp from the (lew and f()g, it missed fire, and the horses were soon in full gallop up the hill, broke through the brush fence on the road, and never let up their pace until they went into Frostburg. The highwaymen wore nuisks, and gowns of tow linen, by which their identity was destroyed. In the stage were five men and one woman, and not one of the passengers was armed. They had a large sum of money with them, besides which a heavy U. S. mail was on the stage, and had the robbers succeeded they would have obtained valuable booty. After having been safely landed at Frostburg the passen- gers gave a vote of thanks to the valiant young 'h'iver. August 13. — Patrick Mahon was found dead on the side of the Cumberland Koad, six miles above the town, his horse standing near by hitched to a 336 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [im tree. He was on his ro«id to Frostlmrg, and U'comiuM overheated he drank freely of cold water, which \va> undoubtedly the cause of his death. August 24. — A man nam^d B. Kisly. a stnuiger. who arrived in Cumberland some days previoush. was missed on Sunday, ITtli, and on the followiiiii Saturday his body was found in the woods, alx)ut one mile from town. Coroner's jury returned verdict. death caused by himself in a fit of derangement i'rom dissipation. Delegates to Assembly: Al})heus Beall. Norniand Bruce, G. W. Devecmon, William McMahon. County Commissioners: Jonathan Wilson. John Slicer, John Wiley, John Poland. Peter Preston. Thomas Dowden, Martin Rizer. William Xewniaii. Daniel Folck, Daniel Woolford. November 11. — Travel began on new location of National Road through Will's Creek. The occasion was celebrated in a very enthusiastic way. by the citizens of Cumberland and Frostburg. and otlicrs. Early in the morning a large number of the citizen> of Cumberland assembled in the public scpiarc, and forming into companies marched up the new road to Percy's tavern, where they were met by anotiiei company from Frostburg. A grand procession, a mile in length, was then formed, under command ol John J. Hoffman, Alpheus Beall. James P. Carlctoii and Richard Lamar of R., as marshals, and marched. with a band, in advance to Cumberland, the line being formed of stages, carriages, barouchels, gigs. wagons and horsemen. With Hags Hying, and tiie band playing, the procession passed through the >^4^ 1885.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 887 Narrows, .and paraded tho main streets of the town to the public square, where Thomas I. McKaig delivered ii brief address, and was followed by Lieutenant Pickcll, who in a lenuthy and elo({uent speech con- gratulated the people upon the completion of this work. February 21. — A meeting of mechanics was held ;it the Court House, when a committee of five was appointed to prepare an address to the citizens of Cumberland and Allegany, setting forth the greviances under which the mechanics of Cumberland labor, and the best means of remedying them. The com- mittee afterwards reported at great length, to the effect that it was wrong and unwise for the merchants (if Cumberland to send PLast for such articles as were manufactured at home; that they ought to encourage home manufactures, and build up the town, &c.. and finally submitted the following pledge, which was signed by 42 persons: We, the undersigned raembera of the Farmers' & Mechanics' Union Society of Cumberland, mutually pledge ourselves to support each other by using, and causing to be used in our families, by ourselves and our servants, the manufactures of the mechanics of this community, and will give our undivided support to those who encourage us in like manner. To the faithful performance of which we individually pledge our sacred honor. Justices Orphans' Court: — Thomas Cresap, George Hehb and John McNeill. April 2. — Grand jubilee meeting in commemora- tion of the passage of the $2,000,000 Canal Loan Law of Maryland, for the purpose of completing the Canal. April 11. — Captain David Lynn, a soldier of the Kt'volution. died at '' Rose Hill," in the 78th year of his age. 43 ^:J8 HISTOKV OF CLMBEKLAND. [1835. Major, .lolu) (lephart; Councilmen, Peter Ilotrmaii. Einaniiel Easter, Jairob Snyder, Richard Beall aiui John M. Lawrence. Clerk, William McMfhon. Thomas Shriver appointed Superintendent of that part of the National Road lying in Maryland. June 20. — Elijah (Jurtis fell from the clift' in the Narrows and was killed. There were at this time five Churches in Cumber- land, viz: ( ■atholic, Father M. Marshal; Lutheran. Rev. Kehler; Presbyterian, Rev. McDonald; Metho- dist, Rev. Lipsicomb; Episcopal, Rev. Leavenworth. Septemb(;r 29. — A town meeting was held with a view^ to petitioning against the location of the Canal along the "'high level/' as it was feared the work would be located along the base of the hills, near the present line (^J' the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad to the Narrows. A portion of the population favored this route. At the election October 13, William McMahon. Joseph Frant/, Jeremiah Berry, Jr., and William Matthews were elected to the Legislature, over Robert Bruce, Wm. Shaw, A. Bruce and H. Shircliff. November 20, — Captain George Calmes died, at his home, on the bluff across the river, at the age of 80 years. He was an officer of the Revolution. Hi" wife. Mary, died December 17th, following, aged 8*2 years. She was a daughter of Captain Thoma.< Price, of Frederick. At this time there seemed to be a prospect of the completion of the Canal, and in consequence thereot real estate advanced in price, the population increiised. and man^' new buildings were erected. 18:^6.] U)CAL IXCIDKNTS. :i3t) In Jiinuiiry. 1836, it wan {innouiuvd that tin- appropriatiDU for the Canal had been exhausted, and work waH stopped, whereupon a panic occurred, and town lots were offered at insignificant prices. A town meeting was held and resohitions [)assed urging the Legislature to appropriate $2,500.()()() to continue the work. David Shriver. John Hoye. George McCulloh, Rol)ert Bruce, and James Smith were aj)pointed a committee to go to Annapolis, and present the petition. In April a company of Boston capitalists purchased some coal lands, and secured a charter to huilu a railroad along Braddocks Run. and their operations caused some improvement in affairs. May 2. — At the town election John Wright was chosen Mayor, the Councilmen being Peter Hoffman. E. Easter. Baptist Mattingly. E. Worthington, and George Blocher. In November George Smith. Robert Bruce. Thomas Perry, and John M. Buchanan were elected to the Legislature, and Thomas Dowden, Sheriff. The County Commissioners were James D. Arm- strong, John Slicer, Henry Brown. Cornelius Kight, Peter Preston, Burgess Magruder, John Cress, Wm. Newman. Daniel Folck and Robert Lashlew In December the stone bridge over Will's Creek, at the Narrows, was completed, under the superin- tendence of U. S. Engineers Page and Turnei-, the contractors being Lane & Sumner. This work had i>een much delayed by freshets. Upon its completion tlie National Road was opened by this route for travel. 340 IIISTOUV OF CUMBKRLAND. [183()-87. In 1833 tho rA'<5iwlatuiv hiid autliori/ed the erection of a new Court House in CufulK-i'liintl, and .lolm Hoye, Martin Rizer, .lolm (i. llofVinan and liene S. Pignian had been ap[)ointed Connnissionens to su|K.'r- intend the work. A levy of 1|5,()0() was to Ix^ madi'. $1,000 to be collected eacii year until the amount was secured. Some efl'ort was made to have the building located on the east side of the Creek, but it did not amount to anything:;. The excavation for the founda- tions was connnenced in the fall of 183G. Andrew Bruce and Richard Beall were electwl members of the electoral college and were of tiu' "innnortal twentv-one" whig electors who prevents the subversion of the State government. January 3, 1837. — The Mineral Bank commenced business, with George E. Dysui., cashier. Justices of Orphans' Court: Thomas Cresap, Jolm McNeill jind George Hebb. Surveyor, Benjamin Brown. Mayor, Gustavus Beall; Councihnen, Thomas 1. McKaig, Moore N. Falls, J. P. Carleton, John Hoye. B. Simkins, M. Rizer of M. A forcing engine was purchased for fire protection, and a special tax of 30 cents on each $100 levied to pay for it. This engine was known as the "Goose Neck," and was about the size of a No. 1 store bo.\, May 13. — The Cumberland Bank suspended specie payment, and the Mineral Bank followed, three da}> lat<3r. The receipts and expenditures of the town for tin fiscal year, ending May 30. amounted to !|G14.97. The vote for Congress in the County was, Merrick. 1.s:^j7.] L()(^AL INCIDKNTS. 341 iwliiji) «S'51 ; Thoiiuis, (Dt'iiMcnit) 732. Francis Tlioiiias had a majority in ihv. District of 2l)() votes. Michael C. Sjjri^^g, Jolin NcH", Daniel Bh)cher, and .loiiiithan IliiddU'son were elected to the Legislature. By the close of the year, 1837, the burnt district had lu'cn almost entirely rebuilt, and many of the houses were large and substantial. The Cumberland Hank, the N '*'onal Hotel, the buildings on each of the (•(iniers c' '* .^'-'ore and Mechanic streets, and several iitliors i.^. .'r up street, having been reconstructed. A large hotc ' building was erected on the North side of Baltimore street, where the St. Nicholas now stands, known as Slicer's Tavern, which was kept at tills time by Joshua Johnson. The ground on this (•(irner was bought several years previous to this date, by Peter Lowdermilk, wlio gave in payment therefor dill' lady's saddle. A frame house was erected just Ih'Iow the hotel, and another on the Southeast corner ol Baltimore and Liberty streets. A row of two- story frame buildings, lathed and plastered outside, were built on Baltimore street, South side, just below Lilwrty street, and on the Southwest corner of Liberty a residence by Levi Hilleary. On the South- east corner of Centre and Baltimore Edward Sullivan placed a blacksmith shop. A stable was built on Sliryer's tan-yard property, on Centre street, and a ilouble brick house on Baltimore street, a short ilistance East of the Lutheran Church. A number 'li residences had been also erected on Bedibrd street. ("onnnerce between the East and West rapidly increased, and the Cumberland Road became the :;i'eat highway of traffic. The heavy passenger travel, H42 niSTOKV OF (TMHKKI.AM). [l,S87_MJ.i and the tnuiHportatioii of ^ooiIh, lod to the cstablisli- inent of Imiidrcds of iiouscs of cntcrtiiimnciit nhw tho road, and ('iiinhcrland reaped licr I'ldl share of patronage, heinji- the j)rincij>al point hetwecn Baltimore and Wlieelin*;. In the constnu'tion of the ('heHa|x»ako and Oliii, Canal thonsands of Iriwh laborers were euiplovod. and aH bad feeling existed betwetMi the elans, riots were of freciuent oeein-reiu^e. On New Year's Day. 1838, a number of men employed at the tunnel marched up to Oldtown, and made a raid on the place, almost demolishing Nicholas Ryan's tavern Thomas Dowden. the Sheriff, sununoned the Cnm- bcrland Guards, and other citizens, as a jyosse, and went down to quidl the riot, but the disturbers liml left. In view of these troubles a (company of ritloniei) was organized, and the Governor sent toCuniberlaiid 189 muskets and 120 rifles to arm the Militia. The following officers of the 5()th regiment. Maryland Militia were appointed : C. M. Thruston. Colonel; Thomas I. McKaig. Lieutenant Colonol: Normand liruce. Major; Dr. II. G. Grieves, Surgeon: Alexander King. Captain; George M. Reid. 1st Lieutenant, and John M. Carleton, 2d Lieutenant. April 25 — The chain bridge over Will's Creek gave way at the Western abutment, and the structure fell into the stream. At the time of the accident two men and a boy were on the bridge, and all went down with it. The men saved themselves !t,\ swimming to the shore, and the boy clambered over the wreck to a point of safety. The (J reek at the is;;h.] LOCAL INCIDKXTS. 343 time was imicli swollen. Court was in st'ssion. and tiic arcidont occurred only about half hour before the time for persons to attend Gustavus Heall. (leor^'e liloclier and Goor'j!;e IIol)- litzcU were appointi'd Connnissioners to rebuild tiio hridge, and on the 4th of May advertised for proposals. The construction of a. wooden bridge was shortly utter coninienced, the plan being two wooden arches rciicliing from shore to shore, with a carriage way in till' centre, and a foot walk on either Bide. This bridge was covered, and closed in, with heavy lattice work on the sides, and the lloor covered with tan liiii'k. May "il. — (leorge E. Dyson, Cashier of the Mineral liiiuk was thrown from bis buggy and killed. C. M. Thruston was then President of the bank, and Jonathan W. Magruder was elected (Jashier. Mayor, Frederick Deems; Councilmen, George Il()blit7.ell, J. Witt, Robert McCleary, Henry Wright, Poter IlolVnian, and Henry Wineow. Clerk, Daniel Bk)clier. October o. — State Senator: William Matthews. Delegates to Assembly : John Neff, Jonathan Hud- dleson and Daniel Blocher. Comity Connnissioners: Jno. Slicer, Henry Brown, Cornelius Kight, George M. Bloclier, Martin Rizer, Burgess Magruder, John W. Mountz, Walter Bevanst and (leorge H. A. Kunst. October 13. — (Ordinance to grade and pave Wash- ington street from Will's Creek bridge to Spruce Alley. October 17. — Evangelical Synod of Maryland met in Cumberland. 344 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLANf>. [IS^S-I^'J f- Octol)er 28. — Methodist Protestant (.'liunili. Bed- ford street, dedicated. Rev. Isaac Webster. President of Mar viand Conference, oir.ciating. October 30. — John Bnrbridge, living five iniks below town, on line of canal, l)eaten nearly to death by a lot of Irish laborers, on that work. Colonel Thrnston took t'le militia companies of Captains King and Haller to the section on which the giiilt\ parties were at work, and arrested thirteen v>iin were suspected, and brought them to to\\'n for n hearing. The first semi-annnal report of the Superintendent of the National Road, showed the receipts for the half year ending November 20, to be i|3,980.5(). Deceml>er 15. — The Mountaineer Hose ('onipiun was organized, the following officers being chosen President, John Beall; Treasurer, J. (r Iloflinan: Secretary, John M. Carleton. The town supplied them with a suction engine at a cost of .f750. During the greater part of the year the scarcity of small money led tiie merchants generally to issue 'shinplasters," for the accommodation of the public. On tbe 22d of December a meeting of the merchants and traders was held at the National Hotel, when it was resolved that the nec;essity for such currency no longer existed, and that they should not thereatter be circulated. January 18, 1839. — The Presbyteria.i Church on Liberty street was opened for worship, ; nd on th'' 20th it was dedicated, Rev. Samuel H. McDonaW officiating. The progress of the work on the new C jurt Houst' ., '-:-^ 1839.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 845 was very slow, and in January a petition was senl t(t tlio I/'ffislature praying that the location of the liiiilding might be changed to the East side of the Creek, and alleging that such a change would he just ;iik1 wise, since the hotels, business and population wore there; also, that the petitioners would con- tribiitL a lot and pay for the removal of the material. Another petition was presented protesting against such removal, and setting forth the advantages of the location which had been selected by the proprietor ol" the town in 1785. The petition asking the change luid 14 o signers; the other 390. The Tjcgislature declined to order any change, aiiJ the Court House was finished during the year, proving a large, roomy, and comfortable building. February 12. — Kllen J. Albright, a young lady. lil'teeri years of age, was burned to death, her clothing having taken lire from a stove. February 24. — A fire broke out in a frame l)uilding 1)11 North Mechanic street, just above Bedlbrd strc'-t. occupied by John Mollinanas a cabinet-maker s .Vhoi). That and six adjoining buildings were destroyed. March 25. — The town council [)assed an ordinance' i'0([uiriHg every person owning a house or store inside the corporate limits to provide a leathern bucket, of at least two and a half gallons capacity, for every Wilding such person owned, and to have his name plain I V marked thereon. The "Gooseneck" lire engine was given in charge "1 the '"Cumberland," »)r "(Canada," Hose Company, by the town, together with lour axes, three hooks mil four laddt»rs, and $30 was appropriated to build a U u^ HISTOKV OK CUMBERLAND. [18o9-4(J. house I'or tliein. The hose were carried on a wagon. Mayor, Samuel Charles; Counciluien, Baptist M:it- tingly, George Shuek, Daniel Wineow, Archibald McNeill, Martin Uizer, and Robert A. Robinson. Clerk, Charles Heck. August 27. — In consequence of a nund^er of seri6us riots on the canal, at the tunnel, Colonel Thruston went with the military companies of Cumberland to that point, where he was joined by Colonel lIollinj:s- worth's troops from Washington county, and ;i company of cavalry from Clearspring, Md., under Major Barnes. Colonel Thruston took command, and arrested twenty-five of the ring-leaders, captured and destroyed about two hundred five •irms, and sixtv barrels of whisky, and pulled down fifty shanties. The prisoners were brought to Cundjerland, and put in jail, and most of them afterwards sent to the penitentiary, for terms ranging from one to eighteen years. May 17, 1840. — Mayor, Samuel Charles; Coinicil- men, Thomas Perry, (jleorge Shuck, Daniel Wineow. Archibald McNeill, and E. Easter. Clerk, Charles Heck. The political campaign of 1840 was probably one of the most enthusiastic ever known in Allegany county. The Harrison men were particularly active, and two interesting events occurred in tl)e town ot Cumberland during the spring. On the 28th of April delegations from the Pennsylvania counties ot (u*eene and Favette arrived here, on their wav to the Young Men's Ilairison Convention, at Baltimore. A lariiv nnndjer of citizens left Cumberland at 2 p. 1840.] THE CAMPAIGN OF '40. :^.47 111. to meet the delegations and escort them to town. They went out on horseback, in carriages, and in cimches, under command of Wm. Lvnn. marshal of the tlay. Three miles from town thoy met the delegations, which were marching with a hand, flags and banners, and a log ca])in on four wheels. As the procession marched into town there was great t'lithiisiasm, the band playing and the people shout- iiiir, the streets and houses being crowded with the iimltitnde. The log cabin was the feature of the (k'lnonstration; it was drawn by six gray horses, and was decorated with coon skins, buck horns, &c. The Peiuisylvanians stayed over night, and an immense mooting was held in the new Court House. On the following day they were escorted out of town and went on their way. One da^- later, the Allf'vany ilelegation, consisting of about fifty young men. also left for Baltimore. Thev were clad in the blue hunting shirts of the mountaineers, and made a fine appearance. Under the energetic direction of Thomas Shriver, Allegany had prepared the most novel and striking feature of the campaign. A large wooden ball, some twelve feet in diameter, was built in the barn of Mr. Shriver, for the occasion. Tt was made of light timber, lirndy joined, and a wooden bar passed through its centre, protruding some two leet on each side; to this was attached ropes, and at intervals of three or four feet short hand bars were fastened in the njpes, by means of wdiich tiie delega- tion dragged it forward, and the ball, once set in motion, was kept rolling till the election gave the Hard Cider and Log (Jabin" Roys a victory. Upon :US IIISTOKV OF CUMBERLAND. [1840. the complftion oi' tho })all it was found t'.iat it was larger than the opening in the barn, and it l)ecamt' necessary to tear out parts of the walls to increase the means of egress. The ball was covered with red. white and blue cloth, in alternate stripes, and at the polls were stars on a blue ground. It was covered with various inscriptions, amongst them being the loUowijig: OLD ALLK(}ANY, With heart and soul, tliis ball we roll; May times improve, as on we n. )ve. This Democratic ball first set rollin;^ by Benton Is on another track from that it first was sent on. Farewell, dear Van; you're not the man To ;/ui(le the Ship; we'll trv old Tip. "stop that ItALI,." The Kiithciin}; biiU is rollinir still; And still leathern as it rolls. The delegation from Allegany started oft' in hijrh sj)irits for Baltimore. The ball was rolled through the streets and along the Baltimore pike for some distance, and was then placed on a wagon [)repared tor the purpose. When a town was approached on the I'oute the ball was unloaded and rolled through, Avith shouts and so)igs. At the great procession in Balti- more it was greeted with cheer after cheer, Jind Ilenrv (Jlav declared it to be the '" Lion of the Day." It was regarded as so great a novelty that the New York delegation asked and secured permission to take it with them, to their celebraticm of the battle of Fort Meigs, on the Sth of M;iy. They took it through lMiiladeli)hia and New York City, and every where it iittrtu'ted gr?at attention, of which, of course, the Alk'gany hoys were very proud. [1840. 184(1.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 349 at it ^vlls it ])ocame increase 1 with red, and at the IS covered being the n on. ijff in liigh d through for some re pa red for lied on the ;ou,U'h. with ,n m Balti- land llenr} It WilS ew York to talvc it le of Fort lit througli Irywhere it ouise, the On the 22d of Sei)tem])er the Whigs had a grand procession in (Jninherhmd, and on this occasion rolled anotlier ball, about twenty feet in diameter, through the streets, while the town was literally packed with people. February 9. — A disastrous freshet occurred. The river and creek had been frozen over, and a sudden thaw took place, causing ))oth streams to rise to a :reiit height, doing much damage and badly injuring the work on the canal. February 12. — A public meeting was held at the Court House, and resolutions passed, urging the Legislature to give additional aid towards the com- pletion of the (.'anal. The meeting was very large, md a memorial setting forth the sentiments of tl'e people Avas adopte'd, and sent to Annapolis in iliarge of (J. M. Thruston, Thomas Perry and Samuel -M. Seinmes. The committee discharged its duty, I lit tiie Tjegislature failed to make a further appro- [iriutiun, and the people of Cumberland became quite Icspondent in consequence thereof. April 1.— -Another public meeting was held for the purpose of determining upon the best means to be tiiken to secure the completion of the work. It was ietermined to petition the Governor to call an extra "'t'ssion of the Li^gislature in order that the matter of I lurther appropriation might be again considered. April 30. — Beall's Row, consisting of nine small buses, on the west side of North Mechanic street i»'K)ve Bedford, was destroyed by lire. July 1 1.— Population of the town 2,384. In 1830 It was 1,162. f^Tr»-irtniMiiriiimrnr»t'rTTniiim'-niir»"iiTi'T 350 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1841-42. ^ May 18, 1841. — Major, James Smith ; Counoilincii. E. Eastor, Bcniamin Simkins. J. CI. Hofrmaii. Goor^c Shuck, Martin Rizor of M,. Georgo Bh)cher. (Mork. S. A. Swartzwchior. January 15,1842. — A little daughter of Theopliilus Beall, 4 years of age, was accidentally burned to death, her clothing having taken fire from an open fire place. February 28. — The Baltimore and Ohio Railioad Company, during the construction of its road in the vicinit}^ of Cumberland, paid its employees in its notes. For some months they j)assed current at their face value, but on this date the merchants of the town held a meeting and determined that thencefor- ward the}' would accept them only at a discount of 20 per cent. In Baltimore they were subject to a discount of 25 per cent. The Good Intent Stage Company were then issuing ''shinplasters'" whieli commanded their full value, and were redeemable od presentation. May 18. — Mayor, John Gephart: Councilinen. George Mattingly, Martin Rizer of M., Samuel Eckles, James A. Annan, George Shuck, and Arch. McNeill. Clerk, S. A. Swartzwelder. The new Council contracted with Nelson Beall. for the construction of a market house, which wa.« finished in 1848, at a cost of .■$1,700. October 5. — Sherift', Normand Bruce. Delegates. W. V. Buskirk, John Neff and John Pickell. County Commissioners: John Brobst. Heiirv Bruce, Peter Yeast, G. Fazenbaker, H. Kreigbauiii. Alexander King. George M. Reid. L. M. Jamison, -i55S^-.fr,^...„^-_. ;i 84 1-42. uiioilincii. in. George r. (nerk. ^heopliilus burned to a an open lo Railroad road in the ^eos in its ent at their lilts of the : thcncetor- discount of fubject to ii itent Stage ors which eenialjle on I'ouncihnen. yl., Sanuiol and Arch. Idson Beall. [which wfti^ Delegates. [ell. 1st. Henr} kreighaum. Jamison, 1842.] ].(K'AL INCmENTS. 351 Henr}' Bevans, Robert Lashly, and John Frantz. The following was the assessment of property in (!uinl;orland in January: Lands and tenements $152,229 Slaves 40.100 Slock in trade Ifl.'i.OW.j Bank nnd other stock.e (il.H77 Private ■seciiritie.'* 200,27:5 Live stock 2:i,;'.2T Household furniture ;!2,440 Plate 2,4SS Gold and silver watches ."{.(Itil Other property 8,7:58 Total $0:^1,118 November 1. — The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was on this date opened to Cumberland, and the wonderful locomotive made its first appearance here. No other event has ever transpired in the history of the place which crcjited so much pleasurable excite- ment. Business was entirely suspended, and men, women and children gathered al)out the terminus of till' road to witness the arrival of the trains. From the mountain tops, and valleys, throughout the luljoining country, the people came in crowds, and the town was in a fever of excitement for many days. The opening oi' this road proved the inauguration of a new era in the history of the town. This was made the point of exchange for passengers and merchandize between the East and West. Hotels were erected for the accommodation of travelers, and large ware houses, along the railroad tracks, for the j'toring of goods which were to be transhipped from cars to wagons for the West, and from wagons to '•ars for the P^ast. The facilities thus furnished for 852 IirSTORV OF Cl'MHRKI.ANO. [1842. rapid transportation induced man}- persons to mtikc tlio journey across the mountains, and the sstjiirc com[)anie.s were coinpelled to ))uild new coaclies and to erect large stables Every morning and eveniiii; upon the arrival of the cars long lines of stages drew up in front of the hotels. Inside they can-ied nine passengers, and outside one on the seat with the driver. In the "boot" and on the roof wus phiccd the baggage. When all were loaded, at a given signal, a dozen whips would crack, a dozen four-liorsc teams would take the road, and dash through the streets at a brisk trot, which would be kept up until Frostburg was reached, in less than two h()uiT<. Here horses were exchanged, and up the moiuitain grade they went, on their way to Wheeling. In a little while after the completion of the i-iiihuad to Cumberland, the National Road became a thorough- fare such as the country has never before or since seen. for a like distance. On every mile of the road were to be seen stages, carriages, and heavy freight wagons. carrying tons of merchandize piled up under their canvas-covered bows, drawn by six powerful iior.ses. In addition to these, great droves of cattle. hog.s. sheep, &c., were daily on the road. Taverns were to be found every few miles, with jolly landlords, wliu knew all the teamsters, drivers and guards. Those were ''good old times." and tiie "pike boys" still living look back to them with man}- a sigh of regret. May 19, 1843. — Mayor, Thomas Shriver; Council- men, A. McNeill, George Shuck, A. L. Withers. Samuel Eckles, Benjamin Sindcins, and John Gephart. Clerk, S. A. Swartzwelder. 184^l] I/X-AL INCIDKNTS. 35:^ This ('omioil. iiiuler the I'liergotic inspiration ol' Mayor Shrivor, mado great improvements in the town. Grades were estal)lishe(l on all the principal streets, and sidewalks laid on Mechanic street almost its ontii'e length. Baltimore, Liherty. Bedford and George streets were paved, and new bridges built over the mill rsice, and paved with stone. The Blue Spring was improved and walled up, and protected by ordinance. Late in the fall Washington street was paved to Sniallwood street. The steadily increasing tide of [>assengors passing to the East and West, over this route, led to still greater enterprise in the supply of stages as a means of conveyance. "The National Road Stage Com- piinv." owned bv Stockton & Stokes, found an active competitor in the "Good Intent Stage Company," the owners of which were Wm, H. Still, John A. Woert, .\lpheus Beall and Thomas Shriver. I)i the summer ofl848 Reesides & Sons staited the "June Bug Line," and a short time afterwards the keepers of the taverns along the line of the National Road, put on a splendidly equipped set of stages and horses, and established the "Landlord s Line." This company had many advantages, as the active, energetic men wiio fed the passengers were the owners, and constantly exerted themselves to make it popular. Amongst them were John W. Weaver, Joseph Dilley, Samuel Luman and William Willis. Still another line waH put on the road, between Hagorstown and Wheeling, by Peters, Moore & Co., and known as the "'Pioneer Line." The competition became so great that the June Bug Line was driven off the 45 354 HISTORY (IF fUMHKHLAND. [184;;. road, and the Baltiiiiorc and Oiiio Kaii'oad ^'ontpaDv cntcrod into a new agnrnicnt with tlio two old roinj)ani('« by wliii^li they vvcrt? to have an advanta. [1849. roHidoiice in (Jmnberland, vvIutc they were highly eHteemed. (^ijintrel's imprisonmciit came to an end in the .sinmier of 1848; but nothing was heard of him here until on the r)tli of March, 1849, he arrived in Cumberhind, on the evening train. He at once inquired for Mrs. Cowton, at the hotel, (learning that Mr. Cowton was absent,) find was shown to her room by the unsus[)eeting servant. Entering tlie room, where the hidy was seated alone, he h)cked the door, and seized her, with a threat to kill her. The lady cried for help, when Quantrel caught her by the throat, threw her to the floor, placed his knee on her breast, and attempted to shoot her, but for some reason his pistol missed lire. While he was in the act of drawing a knife, a numl)er of gentlemen came to her rescue, and Quantrel was securely bound with a rope and committed to jail. On the 19th of April he was tried, convicted and siniteneed to five years imprison- ment in the county jail, and a (ine of $500. He soon became a favorite at the prison, and was per- mitted to walk about the groujids, becoming in facta a sort of assistant jailor. On the 20th of November, 1851, he was pardoned b}^ the Governor, on condition that he should leave the State and never return. Quantrel afterwards led a life of criminal romance, a portion of the time under the name of Dr. Hayne. and is said to have married no less than six ladies. some of whom were of high social standing. During the civil war between the States, he became a noto- rious bushwhacker and rcjbber, and finally died about the time of the close of hostilities. - t^ lS4i».] LOCAL INCIDKNTS. 365 The extent of the passenger travel, over the National Road dnrin<^ 1849 was inmiense. and the report of the agents showed that from the 1st to the •IWih of March, the nnmber of ]»erso)is carried was ■1M\. The Post Office was on this diite removed to a one- story frame bnilding, wliich stood back some forty ti'ct from the cnrb, on lialtimore street, adjoining the Savings Bank, where Reynohl's bloci^ now stands. James ('. Magraw was the Postmaster. May 14. — Mayor, Thos. F. White; Conncilmen, A fionder, Baptist Mattingly, Sanuiel So3'ster, John B, Widener, Gerrard S. Watts, and Francis Madore. Clerk, John T. Hoblitzell. Liberty street was extended from Baltimore to Harrison. June 2. — Thomas Shriver. wlio iiad been for so many years Mayor, and under whose administration >o many important improvements had been made, ik'livered his farewell address to the Council. It is not probable that Cumberland will ever again have ii Mayor who will so generously devote his time to the public good or leave so many monuments to his energy, zeal, good judgment and self-sacrifice. In the summer of 1849 the (Jouncil ordered the destruction of the old ta\erii building near Baltimore street, as it had become a nuisance. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (Company was •ngaged at this time in extending its road to the Ohio River. Surveys had been made for a line on the Vii'ginia side of the river, and the citizens fearing th'ft route might be adopted, presented to the Com- 3GG HISTOKV OF CUMBERLAND. [1841». paiiy inanv roanon^ why the road slumld Itc taken thr<)u«;h (/umhcrland. Kvontiially the Viririnj.., project wiiH ahaiidoncd, and the route tlirou^'li Cumberland detenniiied upon. Durhig thin year the construction of the spkmdid viaduct acu'o.ss tlie town waH commenced. June 18. — Hugh Walker, a watchman of tin railroad e()m{)}uiy at the depot, waH run over by the cars at the crossing at Baltimore street, and wsis killed. June 27. — A convention of the Presidents and Directors of coal companies, individual proprietors and lessees of lands, engaged in coal mining in tin- county, was held at the (yourt House, and resolutioir- ado{)ted for tlie organization of a Hoard of Tnidi. which should have the power of regulating the rates of mining, and the prices at which coal should In sold at different points. For several years James (J. Magraw had bciii principal ol' the Academy, but upon his appointment as Postmaster he resigned, and Allen P. Weld, of Boston, was made principal. He had for his assist- ant W. H. Boardman, and Captain De Hass was engaged as Military Instructor. The new principal declared the Academy building insufficient for tlu' accommodation of the pupils, and the Trustees at once secured from the citizens subscriptions for tin erection of a suitable structure. The County Com- missioners appropriated for the purpose the hit occupied by the old Clerk's offices, adjoining tlie jail. On this site was built the present Acadeinv building, which has a frontage of 4e5 feet and a depth Ih4!).] U)CAL 1N(UI)KNTS. 3G7 III" (iO feot ; it is two storioH high, witli a Grecian portico, eight feet wide, sustained ])y Doric cohnnns. The [)rincipal room on the second floor, is 42 I'eet MjUiire, and has recitation rooms adjoining. The Idwcr Hoor has a wide hall and two large school rooms. The new building was occupied June 8, 1850. At the election in tlie fall Thomas I. McKaig received 1,682 vottns for Congress, and William T. lliunilton 1,720. Hamilton was elected, re<3eiving ill tiie District 7,274 votes, against 7,158 for McKaig. The Delegates to the liCgislature were J. Sands Fell, George B. M. Price, Jacob Reel and George Kildow . October 10. — The old engine house at the Balti more street bridge was removd to the Bedford Road, mid the warehouses of Clabaugh and Bruce erected. October 28. — A riot occurred on Bedford street, near the Market house, between the Far-Downs and • 'onnaught men, who had been spending the Sabbath ill drinking and carousing, and numerous "shilalehs" were Ireely used, to the great detriment of sundry heads. November 7. — Henry Clay arrived from the West, on his way to Washington. He came from Wlieeling in one of the cojichesof the "Good Tiitent" line, and while passing through Uniontown it was upset by the carelessness of the driver. Mr. Clay was smoking a cigar at the time of the accident, and preserved such a degree of self-possession that lit' continued to puff away very cooly, even when ;?oing over. Februar- 18, 1850. — John J. Hickman, a destitute 368 rirsToKV OF (;umbeki,axd. [I8:>u lellow, hanii't'd liimsell" mider the plationn of one of the warohouses of tlic Baltimore and Oliio Rail- road. At the January sewsion oi' tlie Legisbitiuv the following acts were passed: Providing for tlie pur- chase of hind and erection ()( an Ahns House; incor- porating tlie town of Frostbui'g; enlarging the [)()W('rs and authority of the C:)uncilnien of the town of Cumljerland ; ; ithorizing the rebuilding of the jail, incorporating the (Juniberland and Pennsylvaiiin Railroad. April 21. — Jos<^ph iM'unmawas sliot and l^illed In August Beernian and Joseph Stick, both of wliom fired upon him at th«i same instant, Mumma eiidcnv- oied to enter the house of Mrs. Bet/all. on the North end of Mechanic street, when the t\v\) men naiiiod. who were inside, shot iiini. They were arrested and sent to jail on a charge of murder. May 5. — Mayor, Thomas Shriver; ('ouncilnuii. Frederick Shipley, John Beall, John B. Wideiii'i. Jesse Korns. (Jeorge Hughes, and F. B. Tower. County Commissioners: John T. FjdwaiJs, Noi- mand Bruce, (Uistavus Beall. George Rizer. and John J. Ilofl'man. June II. — For years the completion of the Chesn- peake and Ohio (^anal had been looked forward to in the people of Maryland with the greatest auxietv and brightest anticipations Cmnberland, more thiiii all others, was interesuni, as her future depended updn it. And now the long looked for hour was near iit hand. On this date the western level was declaivd ready for the current. At 5 o'clock p. m., Cliiirlf:- 1850.] LOCAL INCIDKNTS. 869 B, Fisk, the Chiof Eiiiriiieer. ojK'iied the wickets in the teed-gates, and the waters of the Potomac rushed gladly into the new channel, which was soon to prove an artery of vital import to the interests of the County. Great crowds of i)eople arked, and Hoated down to the locks. Here Major Thomas G. Harris was requested to name the boat, which was to be the lirst to go into the canal. Major Harris promptly responded in a brief s})eech, concluding by christening the boat the •'Ciunberland." Amidst great enthusiasm the "'Cum- Ijcrlaud" was then passed through the lock into the Clu'sapeake and Ohio Canal, and floated calmly on the bosom of the great water-way. A more complete account of this important w«)rk will be given in future pages. -Tune 27. — During the j)revalence of a severe timnder storm, the stage stable oi" the National Road Stage Company was struck by lightning, and burned to the ground, together with James Spriggs livery ■stable. July 4. — A daily line oi' stages was established l)et\veen Cinnberland and Bedford. An effort w^as imule to organize a company to build a plank road to Bedford, but proved unsuccessful During the summer of this vear there was great rivalry between the fire companies, wdiich led to 'lightly acts of incendiarism, and riots The Council 47 370 HISTORV OF rUM«ERLANr>. [1850. fiiiiilly adopted soverc uu'usuros. whoreb} the evil was checked. The small-pox broke out with considerable viru- lence, and wa.s not eradicated for several months. A plank road was built from (Jum])erland to West Newton, Pa., at the head of steamboat navigation on the Youghiogany. The officers were Thomii.^ Shriver, of Cumberland, President; James (J. Atclii- son, William H. Steele, Alpheus Beall, A. M. Shoemaker and John A. Woart, managers; and Dr. Howard Kennedy, Treasurer. In Sei)tember, Thomas McLaughlin, an Irishman, employed on the works of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, near Oldtown, killed his wife, and Imried her body under the earth at a point that was being tilled up to grade, expecting the carts to be dumped there in the morning, whereby she would be entirely hidden. The body was discovered, however, and the murderer was arrested, tried and convicted. Judgt' Weisel sat in the case, and John M. Brewer was the Prosecuting Attorney, assisted by Henry W. Hoff- man, then a young and rising lawyer. On the 7th ot March, 1851, McLaughlin was hanged, in a hollow on the old pike, a short distance beyond the termina- tion of Grnen street. The weather was cool, and a slight snow fell. There was a great crowd of \wo\)h at the scene of execution, embr;iciiig men, women and children, many of whom came from adjoining States, Septendjer 6. — William Mitciiell, who shot and killed Michael Allwine, a stage driver, in Januarv. was arrested at LaFayette, Ind., and was released on a writ of habeas torpus. He was al'terward 18oU-51.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 371 brought back, and tried. The jury rendered a ver- dict of " not guilty," on the ground of self-defense. At the same term of (Jourt, Noveml>er, 1850, August Becrnian was tried for the murder of Joseph Munnna, and a<3nn, had constructed the Potomac Wliiirf, for loading boats with coal, and extended its railroad from the main line, at the Narrovrs, to the rivor. passing down the west side of the (Jreek, and through the deep cut of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to the river. This company also engaged larEjelv in the manufacture of ''continuous" railroad iron, and fire brick, at Mount Savage, giving employ- ment to hundreds of men. It also extended its railroad from Mount Savage, to the foot of the hill at Frostburg, where it received till' coal from the mines opened at that [)oint. The Gerge's Creek Coal and Iron Com])any, whose coal lands are located at Lonaconing. during this year constructed a railroad from that i)oint to Pied- inont. where it connected with the Baltimore and Ohio Road jind thus prepared for the transportation 111 its own coal. These improvements led to the rapid development of the coal (ields, and largely enhanced the value of all the property lying along tlic lines of the new roads. :M2 rilSTORV OK (;UMBKKLAND. [1851. Mayor, l>«iniol Saylor; ( ■ouncllinen, John B. Wide- iier, Epliraim Shipley, (i. S. Watts, B, M. Blocher, 8. A. Vrooman, and D. W. McCleary. County Commissioners : R. Fairall, John Fraiitz. T. W. Dawson, II. Broteniariilo, H. D. ('arleton. Jesse Wilson, E. R. En^le, A. Chisliolm, Leonidas Bevans, George McCJulloh, F. L. Friend and U. R. Long. April 30, -Richard W. (Jhirk, a shoemaker, at FHntstone, was arrested on a charge of murdering hif* wife, by strangulttion, and s«Mit to the i)enitentiary for eighteen years. He afterwards confessed the murder. October 1. — The election for Congressmen resulted in the county in LoGi) votes for Wm. T. Hamilton. Democrat, and 1,542 for J. Philip Roman, Whig. Hamilton's majority in the District was 282. State Senator, Wm. Weber; Delegates to General Assembly, John Everett, Richard Fairall, Jefferson M. Price, and John Frantz, of Joseph. Register of Wills, Wm. R. McCulley; State's Attor- ney, Josiah H. Gordon; Sheriff, George M. Blocher. Orphans' Court : Jacob Fechtig, Edward Mullen, and Jasper Robinett. County Commissioners: J. W. Browning, George Matthews, Eli Engle, G. W. Dawson, C. A. Scott, N. D. Smith, A. Willison, Elza McElfish, James Watson. Jesse Wilson, J. McC. Mason, and Perry Schultz. Clerk of the (Jourt, Horace Resley. - - A passenger packet was placed on the canal and made regular trips, between (Cumberland and George- town, carrying a full list of passengers. 1851-52.] LOCAL LVCIDENTS. 373 November 2. — The Mountaineer and Pioneer Hose (Companies visited Baltimore, and toolc part in the Firemen's Parade there, the former as the guests of the New Market Company, and the latter as guests of the Vigilant Company. Our firemen made a fine display, and were highl}- complimented. The Mountaineers had their apparatus surmounted with ;i splendid buck, which was afterwards served up for dinner. February 11, 1852 . — A distressing tragedy occurred on the evening of this day, which plunged a large immlx3r of persons into the deepest distress, and created the most intense excitement. About 7 o'clock in the evening Robert Swann, stepped into the Large room used as can office and bar-room, of the Barnum Hotel, armed with a double-barrelled shot gun, with which he instantly fired at William O. Sprigg, of Joseph, who was seated near the stove. Imme- (hiitely upon seeing Swann raise the gun, Sprigg sprang to a door opening into a side yard ; the door was fastened, however, and being unable to open it he turned to escape through another door, some twelve feet distant, opening into the dining room. The first shot fired by Swann passed through the woodwork of the door, a few stray shots taking effect in the object of his aim. Sprigg had hardly taken half a dozen steps when Swann fired again, with 'loadly aim, the charge entering the back of Sprigg's iK'ck at the base of the skull, and lodging in the pupil of his right eye, causing instant death. Swann, who made no effort to escape, was arrested and con- i^igiied to jail. This tragedy was the result of a ■u IIISTOKY OK CUMBKKLANI). [W)'>. (juarrel which occurred between the tw^o young men some months previous. Both were of higli social standing, and the consequence was a great bitterni'ss of feeling between their respective friends. On the fith of May, Swann's trial was begun. His Honor. Judge Perry, decHned to sit in the case, l)eing a lu-ar rehitive of the prisoner, and Judge J. J. Merrick, of Washington county, took his place on the bench. The prosecuting attorney. J. H. Gordon, before the jurv had been fully impanelled, applied for a removal of the case, on the ground that an impartial trial could not be had here. The motion was argued at great length, and finally granted. Swann's counsel then asked that he be admitted to bail ; after hours of argument, this too was granted, bail being (ixod at .f20,000. The greatest excitement now ifrevailed amongst the friends of all parties, and on the one side this resulted in an indignation meeting, and the passage of resolutions condemning Judge Merrick's action, after which a crowd of men carried an efligv of the Judge through the streets on a scaffold, and burned it in front of the Revere House. Eventu- ally Swann was tried in Washington C.^ounty and acquitted. April 1. — Washington Evans left the Virginia House, and took the United States Hotel, the former proprietor, A. Cowton, having removed to Baltimore. On the 1st of June, J. A. Heftelfiiigei left Barnum's Hotel and opened the Revere House. which had just been finished in the most attractivt manner. March 9. — The annual Conference of the Metli"- 1852.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. .) i (list Pjpiscopal Church was held here, reniaiiiing in I'ssion one week. April 18. — A great freshet occurred, the river and iioek both overflowing their bankvS. The water broke through the wall between Bru(!e's and Brengle's warehouses, on (Janal street, and a considerable portion ofthe town was overflowed. Both the railroad and the canal were badly damaged, the latter suffer- ing to the extent of |80,000. April 18. — David Shriver died, in the 84 thy ear of his age. He had been engineer in charge of the construction of that portion of the National Road lying l)t'tween Cumberland and Washington, Pa., and was at the time of his death President of the (Jumberland Bank. March 1 .— The City Council concluded that it was mcessary to establish a night watch, and passed an ordinance for that purpose, laying off the town into difiitricts, and appointing a captain and six w^atch- iiien. May 12. — Mayor, John Hayes; Councilmen, H. 1). Carleton, Jesse Korns, James Duff, Samuel Ma- i[uire, F. M. Gramlich, and D. W. McCleary. The corporation tax was fixed at 50 cents on each •^100. and $1,000 was appropriated towards building an engine house for the Mountaineer Hose Company-, the building being located on South Liberty street, corner of Hay street. May 21. — H. W. HofTman purchased a half interest in "The Civilian," and became associate editor with Archibald Carey. October 7. — In order to furnish better facilities for 376 HISTOKV OF ('UMHKRLAND. [1853. protection against fire, the authorities had larirf cisterns built in the streets in various sections of the town. Tliese proved very useful on many occasions. and were relied upon until the establishment of the Holly system of water works, in 1871, wlien tliov became useless. Jaiuuiry 10. — The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was opened for travel l)etween (Jumberland and Wheeling, and two great excursion trains passed ovor the road, from Baltimore to the Western terminus. The effect was soon felt in Cumberland, as most of the stage lines were taken off, and the great business of transferring merchandise at this point was large!} diminished. February 7, 1853.— D. W. McCleary, James Dull and H. D. Carleton were appointed a conunittee to have the town surveved, with a view to the exton- sion of the corporate limits. February 14. — "Hofl'man's Row," the three storv block of buildings extending from Liberty to ('cntre streets, on Baltimore street, was set on fire by an incendiary, and a great conflagration resulted. The upper story of the block was burned from one street to the other, as well as four or five houses adjoining. The losses by fire, water, breakage, theft, &c., were very heavy. On the same day several other houses were set on fire, amongst them Belvidere Hall, the United States Hotel, and Semmes' block, corner Baltimore and Mechanic streets. Fortunately the fire was discovered in these buildings before any damage was done. March 7. — The Pioneer Hose Company having 1853.] LOCAl- INriDKNTS. 87 iiiulertakeii thv coiiHtrnction of its new houHe, corner of Centre and Frederick streets, the city approjjriated :J;1,000 towards payinji; for tlie same. March 7. — A great town was iilmost de])oi>uliito(l, business liavin^r been abandoned. Tliose who remained, and es('ai)ed the disease, devoted themselveH lieroically to tlie care of the suflerers. At the expiration of two weeiss frost came, fortunately somewhat earher than usual, and the epidemic ter- minated. During that time theiv were fifty-live deaths from cliolera. Prominent among those wiio gave themselv(?s unremittingly to the relief of the si(^k. were J. II. r. Morrison, W. 11. Billmire, Asburj- Simkins, Maria Shuck, Mrs. McGirr and Mi-s. I5acon. The City Council in September. a])})ropriated sums of money to each of these persons, in recH>gnition of their services. May 1, 1854. — Stone arches were built over the race on South Liberty and Harrison streets, each costing about $700. The necessity for the innnediate construction of a new bridge over Will's Creek became so a})[)arent that active steps were at once taken by the County Commissioners, The board proposed to the City Council that the cost of the improvement should be divided between the County and the (Jity. the former to pay four-fifths of the cost, and the latter one-fifth. The proposition was promptly accepted, and a C(m- tract made with a Baltimore firm for the erection of nn iron bridge of the Bollman pattern. The new structure was erected before the close of the year. May 7. — Mayor, A. L. Withers; Councilnjen, Joseph Hughes, John B. Keller, John T. Peterman, B. M. Blocher, Joseph McCuUoh and James Sullivan. 380 HlSiOKV OK (1 MHKRLANI). [l854-')5. At this tiiiie the {^rouiid now occupied by Sutler's furniture loonis and factory, and the lotH udjoiniiifr. were vacant, and poorly drained, and constituted an uuHiglitly marsh. Tlie authorities caused a brick sewer to be constructed, crossing Centre and Balti- more streets, and running tlience to the race on vSouth Lilxirty street, by means of which tolerable drainage was secured. During heavy rains, however. this sewer now gets choked up and ))ursts, as its capacity is not equal to the volume of water Hewing into it. November 10. — The city was, on this date, lighted by gas, for the tirst time. The Cumberland Ga** Light Company was organiz.ed in May, 1854, Messrs. Pericardus & Iloye, of New York, Joseph Shriver, E. T. Shrivor and Alpheus Beall, of Cumberland, being the stockholders. The officers of the corporation first chosen were : Joseph Shriver, President; E. T. Shriver, Treasurer, and (J. A. Seay, Superintendent. These gentlemen still occupy the ])ositions to which they were then chosen. December 21. — The Council passed an order authorizing the erection of twenty iron lamp post.s. on the princi})al streets, at a cost of $25 each, and contracted with theCJas Light Company to Hght them with gas at $80 each per annum. February 15, 1855. — The City Council entered into contract with (Jonnor & Brant, for cleaning the streets, for one year, at $095. April 23. — Columbia street was graded and paved from Bedford street to the alley north of the viaduct. May 8. — Mayor, W. W. McKaig; Councilnien. 1855.] LOCAL INCIDKNTS. nsi John Beall, Win. (Jo[)liiirt, Joshc KoriiH, FraiiciH Madore, D. W. Mc( -leary and II. Start/nian. August 25. — An ordinance was pawsed for grading and paving Baltinioro ntroet, between Mechanic street and the new iron bridge. October 14. — Thin (hiy marked the brutal murder of two citizens of Cuniberhind, by a German adven- turer known as Frederick Miller. Miller's antece- dents were unknown, but he had been in Cumberland some weeks, and formed the acquaintance of Dr. J. F. C. Hadel, a practicing physician, and a popular gentleman. Miller, from some cause, became im- pressed with the belief that Dr. Hadel carried on his person a considerable sum of money, and with a view to securing it, he determined upon the Doctor's murder. On Sunday nioi-ning, October 14, he called on Dr. Hadel, and by some means induced him to go with him into the woods, on foot, taking him along the old turnpike, through Sandy Gap, to a point within sight of the National Road. When they arrived at the old school house, near the Eckhart Railroad, Miller deliberately shot Dr. Hadel in the back, with a heavily loaded shot gun. The wound must have produced death in a few minutes. The wretch then stripped the body, hid the clothes under the floor of the school house, and then proceeded to sever the head from the body . After this he secreted the head in the crevices of some rocks, and dragged the mutilated remains into the woods and concealed them among the bushes. Miller then returned to the Doctor's office, evidently intending to rob it; but he found there Henry Graft', a young German, who was 382 HISTOKV OF CUMIiKKLANn. [1855. a carver of wood, in the employ of K. H. Butler, and who was a friend of ILadel's and a student of medicine in his leisure hours. Miller inducid Graff to aeconi- pany him, also, and thoy took tho same route the unfortunate Iladel had taken in the morning. At Steel's house, the nuu'derer stop[)ed to get his shot gun, which he had left there after killing Iladel. They then went a short distance further, when thev reached the culvert on the old })ike. Here tlie monster emptied the contents of his gun into the )>ack of Graff, and taking tiie hody dragged it into the culvert and covered it with stones. Again he returned to Dr. Hadel's office, which he robbed of jewelry, clothing, ijooks, nxedicines, &c., all of wiiich he packed in a box; this he had removed, next morning, to his boarding house, on north Mechanic street. The disappearanc of the murdered men led to much anxiety on the part of their Iriends, and wlien it became known that they were last seen on the pike with Miller, foul })laA- was suspected. On Tuesday the fire bells were rung, and hundreds of persons went in search of the missing men. Graft's body was found first, and a few hours later the niuti- lated remains of Dr. Hadel, Miller was arrested iit his bed, at n^idnight. and taken to jail. Court being in session, he s immediately indicted, tried and con- victed of nmrder in the first degree. Judge Pern passed sentence upon him, .and the doomed man was the most unconcerned of ail in the court room. On the 4tb of January, 1856, he was hanged. The execution took place near the almshouse, and although 1855.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 883 the day was bitterly cold, thousands upon thousands of persons Hocked through the deep snow to witness the horrible sigiit. The prisoner was wholly unmoved, and when his spiritual advisers, Rev. M. Mair and Rev. W. T. D. (Jlemni, told him he was about to die, and that he might say anyt^iing he de.sired, he raised his right hand, and s.iid : "v7Ith my last breatli, and in the full knowledge of the judgment awaiting me, I deny all knowledge of the death of Dr. Hadel and Herny Graff. I am pre- pared to meet tlieir spirits, in the presence of God, as witnesses of my innocence." Tlie execution then immediately took place. Dr. John Everett, the Sheriff, performing that unpleasant ikity. The evidence against MiUer was undeniable. He even went so far as to wear Dr. Hadel's studs after th; murder, and wlien arrested had them in his possession. November, 10. — The candidates for Congress were y^m. T. Hamilton. Democrat, and Henry W. Hoff- man, American. Hoffman was elected by a majority^ of 732. Hamilt(m carried Allegany by 88 majority, and Hoffman carried Frederick by 710. and Washing- ton by 54 majority. December 8.— Tlie (.'ouncil })assed an order appro- priating $100 to Captain James M. Schley, of the 'Cumberland Guards," and (^aptai.^ J. H. Tucker, of the "Cumberland Continentals/' towards fitting up ill! armory. The old ten pin alley on George street, 'tpposite the Mineral Rank, was rented, and used for tills })urpose. These companies became wonderfully 384 UrSTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1855-56. proficient in the drill, and attracted a great deal of attention on their visits to other cities. December 14. — The extension of the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad to Cumberland was undertaken in 1854, and Hon. Andrew Stewart and M. O. Davidson appeared before the City Council, and submitted a proposition from the Company with a view to securing the city's aid in the matter. The Mayor called a public meeting at Belvidere Hall. which was largely attended, on which occasion Mr. Stewart addressed the citizens, explaining the inten- tions and desires of the Company. The meeting' passed resolutions endorsing the projected improve- ment, and requesting the City Council to subscribe $200,000 towards the compieticm of the work, on condition that the company should establish its machine shops and other local improvement.s in Cumberland. Thi s was agreed upon, and the city went so far as to have its bonds prepared, but they were never issued, some insurmountable difficultie.s having occurred in Pennsylvania. The extension to Cumberland was then delayed for nearly twent\ years. May 12,1856. — Mayor,.Toseph IT. Tucker; Council- men, William R. Beall, Thomas Devecnion, Jesse Korns, Henry Korns, D. W. McCleary, and John B. Widener. October 0. — Smallwood street, between Washing- ton and (/umberland streets, was graded and paved. An ordinance was passed forbidding burials inside of the corporate limits. - — . May 11, 1857. — Mayor, Jas. W.Jones; Councilmen. 1857-58.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. B85 Henry Hagaii. Henry Korns. Jlanson Willison, John Loiigabaugh, A. McEldowiiey. and F. M. Granilich. H. McKeon, Clerk. June 22. — An order was passed in the Council tor the construction ol' a brick arch bridge over the race. at the foot of Mechanic street. An appropriation of .f 50 was made towards the [iiirchase of a town clock, to be placed in the tower of the German Lutheran Church, Bedford street. October 5. — The Mineral Bank closed its doors. nntl appointed Trustees to settle up its business, Tlie Trustees were Messrs. John Beall and Ge<^rge A. Pearre; the total liabilities amounted to $199,681.38. The losses sustained by the creditors of the bank were small, since the Trustees paid them at 8oi feiits on the dollar, besides defraying all tlie expenses incurred by this method of settlement. November 5. — lion. Jacob M. Kunkel was elected to Congress over Hon. H. W. Holl'man, by a small majority. The vote in Allegany ('ounty stood. Kunkel, 2,236; Hoffman, 1,843. December 7. — The Council passed an order for the sale of Plum Alley to the German Catholic, or Redem})torist, Association, for the sum of $300. The sale was never effected, however, and the alley \m never been closed up. January 4. 1858. — An order was passed by the 'ouncil for the extension of the (Jitv limits, the line to run from the north east corner of Rose Hill •ometery to the iron railroad bridge; thence north to Stony Battery; thence to Mullen's Lime Kiln; thence to top of Shriver's Hill; thence south-east to T. I. 49 :-i80 JUSTOKY OF CUMHKHLANl). [1858-;')'.). McKaig's lot, on the Baltimore turnpike; thenco to the top of McKaigH Hill, and thence along the base of the hills to the river, below Mertenn' bo.at yard. April 12. — An effort wan made to secure tin- location of a Jiational foundry at this place, as such an enterprise was talked of in government cirdes. The project was never carried into effect. May y. — Mayor, D. VV. McCleary; (Jouncilincn. C.B. Thruston, .1. B. Walton. W. (). Sprigg, C. 11 Ohr, Geo. Clark, and Michaef Treiljer. H. McKeoii. Clerk. The tax was reduced to 40 cents, this year. In June the (Jommissioners had the Court House grounds inclosed by an iron fence, to take the place of a dilapidated wooden fence. June 18. — A little daughter of John Blackhurst fell into the water in the gas-holder cistern, at the gas works, and was drowned. November 27. — The Cumberland ('itv Bank closed its doors, and J. R. Annan was apjwinted Trustee. Ai)ril G, 1851). — The Allegany County Bank was established, with a capital of $50,000, the (officers being Dr. (Jeorge Lynn, President, and A. C. Whet- more, Cashier. March 17.— -The (Jivilian" and ^'The Telegraph" were united, and published under the name of ''The Civilian and Telegraph," the new proprietors bein;: Kvans & Man pin. The steam canal boats -Bluebird" and "'(Jathcart. arrived, having in tow several canal boats, the trip being made as an experiment. The result did not justify any further experiments in that direction. May 0. — Mayor. I). W. McC'leary: Councilmeii. H. 1859.] LOCAL INCIDENTS. 387 Resley, Samuol Luman, C H. Ohr, Jesse Korns, A. J. Ryland J. T. Shuck. June HO. — The Lynn Ceuu^it Mill took fire, and was wholly destroyed. The owners rehuilt at onee, and had the mill runninji' in less than two months tVoin the date* of tlie fnv. Julv 18. — President Buchanan and suite arrived, I'liroute to the Hedford (Springs, and remained over night at the Revere House. July 20. — George T. Percy, a young man, 24 years nf age, son of Douglas Percy, of Frostburg, was acci- (k'ntally drowned while fishing in tlie river, near 15ra(ly's iMills. with a party of friends. S('pt(Muber (i. — Captain Thonnis Blair, who com- manded a com))any in the war of 1812-14, died at Frostburg. at an advanced ag<'. B\- his own request he was biiried with militarv honors by the Cumber- land Continentals. September ;J0. — (ieorge H. Drake, who killed Bene- Hi't M. Athey, in 1825. and who escaped from jail aftor he had been indicated for murder, returned to this place, and was prom[)tly arrested. Drake had Ix'en absent for thirty-four years, being an old man at the date of his return. He was under the im- prossion that his crime had been forgotten, and that tlio law would not trouble him after so many years had elapsed, but he had scarcely arrived ere the nioniory of his crime was revived, and he was again consigned to jail, in October he was arraigned, and tried on the indictment found a third of a century hofore. The trial excited a great deal of interest, ind he was ably defended by Messrs. Pearre .•]88 mSToHV or Cl'MBKKLAND. [ISGO. and SeninioH. Some sixtt'cn witncKSOfi were ex- amined. The ease oecui)ied a whole day, the prose- (iuting attorney, J. M, Sehle}-, making good use ol' what little real testimony was to Ik; had. The jurv returned a verdict of "not guilty." April 8, 18()0. — A heavy rainl'all j)roduced a freshet. which caused the creek and river to overflow, whereby several of the streets were inundated, hut no material damage was sustained. April 11. — The furniture factory of K. H. Butler was destroyed hy lire. Loss about $8,000. May 4. — Mayor, John Humbird; Councilmen, II. Resley, T. A. Ogle, Charles H. Smith, C. 11. Ohr, (Jasper Cassan and John Snyder. The population of (Cumberland at this time was* shown by the census to be 7,800, and the assessable property $2,124,400. September 20. — Meshack Browning, one of the old settlers of Allegany ( ounty, died at his home in the Glades. Mr. Browning was a great hunter, and was the hero of an interesting ))ook entitled "Forty-four Years of the Life of a Hunter," written and illustra- ted by E. Stabler, of Montgomery (Jounty, a very remarkable man, and published by Lippincott. of Philadelphia. Mr. Browning left (juite a family of children, one of whom, Richard T. Browning, was elected to the House of Delegates from (larrett (bounty. in 1875. At the election for President in November, Allegany gave 980 votes for Breckenridge, l,20o for Douglass. 1,521 for Bell, and 522 for Lincoln. _. „ State Senator, Thomas I. McKaig; Delegates, J. H. ISfiO-ni.] LOCAL INTIDKNTS. 38^ (lordon, W. II. Hiirnard, D. W. Mcl.'lcary and A/a \H\\. Tlie vote Ibr (vongroj^s was as follows: J. M. Kunkel. II. VV. Hoffman. Washington County 2,842 2,H42 Frederick County ;{,71H ;{,G7.'l .\lle^any County , 2,288 2,201 H,84;t s.7i<; Sheriff, Henry R. Atkinson; Jndges of Orphans' (onrt, Moses Rawlings, Alexander King and Kraneis Mattingly. Hon. PI. W. Hoffman was elected Sergeant-at-Arnis (if the House of Re})resentatives, and served in that capacity till April, 18G1, when President Lincoln appointed him (JoUector of the Port of Baltimore. December 18. — George, a son of William Wickard, (years of age, while playing on the ice, on the creek, near the cement mill, l>roke through, and was drowned. Much excitement prevailed during the winter, in i:uii8e(|uence of the secession movements in the South, and on the 17tli of January, 1861, a [)ublic meeting was culled for the purpose of considering the critical con- dition of affairs in the country, the call being largely %ned by men of all })olitical parties. The following were the officers of the meeting: President, George A Pearre; Vice Presidents, H. P. Tasker. Richard Fiiirall, John McLaughlin, H. B. Elbin, Hanson Wil- lison, John Douglas, A. (Jhamberlin, R()l)ert Bruce, ••• M. Blocher, Jesse Korns, Francis Mattingly, niumas Whalen, John (Jallen and Moses Rawlings. Secretaries. — .1. J. McHenry and C, Slack. Strong Union speeches were delivered by Mr. ■! 'MH) msTOKv or <;iimiii:ki,ani). [isr.l. PoaiTc, cx-dovcrnof Fnincin Tlioiniis. inid Mr. ixoiniui. A roimnittcc was a|)j)(>iiit('(l, all. S. M. Scimm's and C Slack. to propose resolutions I'oj- the consideration of the meeting:. 'IMie eonnnittee snhmitteil the rollowinu, which were unanimously adopted : WiiKKKAH, Soulli (^iiroliim ami ollicrs of tlw; <;(tlton jrrowin;; StsUra, liavo (It'dured tlKMnst'lvcs out of the I'liion, absolved llieir people froTi its alle^iunce, set at lianeo the CoTistitiitioii of the Hnitcd Stiitcs, nullified the laws of ('otifrrefs, have torn fVoui their citadels our iiiitioiiul liafT, and inarshiillint^ miiiies in open nsbeliion af^ainst IIk; pjovernmeiil; and whereas this rebcilioiis strife has becjn provoked l)y n ji;ro\viri;.' scnii- nient anioii}^ the Xorlhern people a^rainsl the institution of slavery, iind bocanso various nonslaveholtlin^' States have passed enactnietils to impede the due exi>cutioii of the fuirilive slave law, and because ii ffrciit sectional parly proelaiuiinij that there shall be no more slave StntM, have elected a i'residenl of the I'nited Slates; And whereas it is j roper that the people should meet together und take council with one anniliorii." lo what course they shoidil pursue in this painful crisis, We the pcoiiii' of Allegany county in f^cncral mass conv(;ution assembled, do there fore RcKolrr, 1'hat the present form of (Jovernment. the Constitution and Iltiion of .States, were the result of a war, which for the selfsacrifiein}.' patriotism of its heroes, has won the admiration of the civilized world, atxl utuler its wise provisions the American people have hcconw the most free, prosper()\is and enlij;htened, on the face of the earth ; and as we believe the continuanco of our prosperity and national j^reatness, depends on the preservation of the Union, we will continue lo cherish our devotion for its maintenance, aiul feel it due to the jiast, present and future, that we should hold tln" same inviolate, and transmit it uid)rokeii and undissevered, to our children as the palladium of their noliticiil safety . Jienolved, Thai while we feel that the Southern States of the Union have just riifht to complain of tlu; prowinn; hostility of th(! Northern people tc their institutions, and of the enactment by various States of what is known as "persotuil liberty laws," which we believe to be in violation of tlic Constitution and of the sacred obligations which those States owe to our common country ; ami, although Maryland, Ijordering on and sepit rated only by an imaginary line from one of these States, which has thus violated one of her obligations, has more cause than any of her sister States to complain of this unfriendly legislation, yet we believe that tiic proper remedy for these evils and a^Kressions is within the Union and not outside of it. Resolved, That while we denounce the course of the Northern ])eopli' as unfriendly, and the action of those States which have passed ''person [18()l. and Mr. •fj. ri.iiip .lolin M. 111. .loscpli 1 (J. SliK-k, ion ol' tlu' » roUowin'T, ^rrowii)}; Stiitos, >ir people frt.ii United Sutfs, ols our national lIk' (rovernmenl; I jrrowiii^r scnii- II of hI livery, nml I enactineiUs to hecause ii uroiit re slave States, Teas it is , roper 1) one another ax We tlie people nhled, do lliere k'onstitiiliiin nnd le seli'saerilifin;.' eivili/.fd world, Hve become the le earth ; and as lonal greatness, lie to cherish our 8t, present ami miit it unbroken ,f their political Irthern people In l)i what is known Iviolation of the 1 States owe t" Ijr on and sepa I which has thu? liV of hcv slater l.'.lK've that the jthc Union and forthern peoph' [passed "person IS6I.] l.orAI, INCIDKNTS. nill III lilierty laws" b8 iinconHliliitiorial and unjust, and while v/i: believe iheiii fraught with evil, iiiid il persisted in, may provi- disustrous to the country, yet wc cannot einlorsc! lli<( cours)! pnrsiie. — The increasing excitement on account of the important events leading to civil war, aroused great feeling in the city, and the Union men held an immense mass meeting on the above date. Thev nuirched through the streets with banners and musif. and cannon firing. The meeting was organized l)v the election of Gen. C M, Thruston President, and the following Vice Presidents: John Gephart. R. Kegg, A, M. L. l?ush, J. B. Widener, Joseph Shrivt r. John Everett, Alpheus Beall. Wm. Armbruster, S. M. Semmes, J, J. Mcllenrv, Lewis Smith, Sainiu'l Luman, John Kolb, J, W. Magruder. Andrew Goii- der, J. B. TI. Campbell, Wm. Evans, Robert Bruce. J. H. Young, John Hays, Alex, King, R. D. Johnson. and Joseph Hughes. 1801.] KAMA DAYS OF THE WAK. Strong spcHH^Iics were made by George A. Poarrc ;iii(l Siiimu'l M. Si'inmes, and Icn^^thy and cnipliatif ivsoliitioiis adopted, dcclitring for the preservation (if the linion. Tlie Conditional Tnion men hehl a meeting also. (Itchiring that shonhl the (lovornment fail to give the South certain jiuai'antces it vvonhl h(! Marvh»nd"s iliity to k'av«' the Union. I)ani(d Hlochcr intnxhiced 11 resohition for tiie jjurpose of postponing such action until the Peace (Jonferenee should eonchide its work. Violent discussion followed, and the meeting hroke lip in great confusion. It had heen fojidlv hoped that ('nnd)erland would isciipe tile scourge of war, but ''the winter of ISGO- I'll lu'gan to dispel our illusions. Latent feelings and syiiiputhies, then developed, made it evi5 from the Atlantic to tlic Pacific, leaving New England and the seceded States, an tronldewoino n»einlK>r8 of the l>ody politic, out in the cold to reap the frnits of their fanatical notions and (loingH. Othcrw expected some coinproinisc t(» he made by which the Union might hi; restored uiid the ( 'Onstitution so amended as to protect the ri«>hts of sovereign States against the encroachnicnts of the Federal (lovernment. Some again proplicsicil the speedy secession of all the Sonthern States. carrying the National capital with them, and fonn- ing a confederacy so large and strong as to compel a speedy recognition and in the end absorb into itself; under a pro-slavery (Constitution, all the States of the old Union that would I)e worth having. "Others declared that as soon as the Federal (ioveriiment made a display of its authority ami power the leaders of secession would become fright- ened, the conspiracy be broken up without bloodshed. and the Union restored. Unconditional Unionii^ts and secessionists ^r «c were rare among us. But among all classes there seemed to be a pretty general agreement that, in case of a final rupture between the Northern and Southern States, Marvland might assume a kind of armed neutrality, until the ques- ticm was decided, without compromising he'^ honur or aiding in the subjugation of the seceding States This was a fiction afterward very soon exploded hv the irresistible logic of events. The eftects of tlie!*' itil the (lues- Ir hi-^ honor! fding State>.l 'xploded !»} I'CtH ol" these wordy conHiet.M oontinually going on, wore soon iiumirost in |»rivatx' intoreourso. Old frionds l)oeanio alienated and lu'gan to treat eaidi othtM* coolly. Visits wore cnrtailod and oCton ended disagreeably. Associations and eliurehes Celt the disturbing Intlu- cnces. Ministers were int<'rviewed, while tiieir Hi'inons and prayers were closely scrntini/ed for indications ol' political sentiments or syinj)atiiies. The moral atmosphere seemed tilled with a subtle |ioisSouthern shred upon the Northern })ortion of a disrupted I'uion. Nothing ])reling of inseeurity and an uii(k fined dread of the horrors of war. Panic makers miiltiplit 1 and infested society, startling rumors were constantly iloating alxmt of secret plots and dark i'ons[Mracies against the peace of the community ajid private individuals. In the evening men congregated ill the hotels, saloons, stores and streets, and then (•anied home t( their families the mysterious siispic'ims which they heard whispered about — killing sleep and rendering every sound in the night portentous of arson, robbery or murder. As the bonds of government were loosened some imagined that a slave insurrrction might suddenly break out, tiillowed by all the horrors of St. Domingo. Seces- sionists feared a descent of the Federal troops — Iniiiiiing imprisonment, conliscation or death. Union- ists dreaded an irruption of their old neighbors lioyond the river, forcing them into the Southern •oiifederacy or conscripting them for service in the ivhel army. Anxiety and care were written on I'very countenance. There was no heart for ))iisiness, and the grass of the advancing summer commenced .Towing upon our deserted streets. "But the scene was unexpectedly and suddenly I hanged. On MoiuhiA' morning, the 8th of .lune, 'mr citizens were awakened by a confused sound of voices, and, looking out. saw the streets filled Avith 'tnuige, I'ough looking men, dres.scd in gray and 398 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [1861. armed to the teeth with rifles, pistols and sword- bayonets. They seemed to have talh;!! Irom the clouds. Who are they? What will they do? were the eager questions that passed from lip to lij) and Irom liouse to house. A new order of things had commenced. Our city was in ))ossession of the Fed- eral troops. Some zealous Unionist had gained the ear of the Executive, and the Eleventh Regiment of Indiana Zouaves, under Colonel Lew Wallace, had entered the city (juietly on Sunday night and pitched their camp on Rose Hill, over which now proudly floated the Stars and Stripes of the Union. "The presence of what was then regarded as a large military body naturally excited susi)icion and alarm As was usual in the earl}- part of tl)e war, to((uiet the popular mind, a grandiloquent proclamation was soon issued, assuring the citizens that the gallant army now among them had come, not to oppress or to interfere in their domestic institutions, but to [)roteot their lives and propt rty and to preserve the peace of the community. OlTicers and soldiers associated freely with our citizens, and soon a pretty general feeling of confidence and good will began to prevail. Protection, whether from friend or foe, was d(!emed preferable to the uncertain and defenseless condition in which we had been living. The rule of the military had begun ; it did not end until the close of the war. "The camp of the Zouaves was beautifully located on Rose Hill, and soon became a place of popular resort. Around it towered the grand mountain ranges of the Alleghanies, dressed in their summer 1801.] KAKLY DAYS OF TlIK WAR. ri\n) ioIk's of forest foliaj^e — overgrociiH and floworinji; lainvls. On the south rolled the Potomac; at the base of the hill on the north flowed Wills' Creek, iiiul in full view of the camp, nestled in the valley t\tei»dinjr over Fort Hill, lay the Queen City of the mountains. Colonel Lew Walhu^e and some of his >-tafl" were men of culture and refinement ; the rank Mild file were courteous and gentlemanly in their (li'portment. A fine band discoursed sweet music in till' camp and through the city, and every da3- hecauie festive with military pomp and disjilay. Trade began to flourish. The [)eople were assured tliat this was only a pleasant picnic excursion to the Soiitli ; there would be no fighting ; and many began to l>elieve that the war was about over. But we were not permitted to enjoy this illusive dream long. .Military occupation soon began to make itself felt. Free speech was no longer allowed. Secession senti- iiionts were banned. Informers became busy, 'iti/.ens were arrested and marched under guard to the camp, and having received a lecture on loyalty and the (Time of secession, were tendered the oath of allegian(;e and then permitted to return to their liomes. Some remained nursing their bitter feelings. Others Hed to Virginia and entered the rebel army. Men learned afterward that the mere expression of opinion without overt acts did not constitute treason. and that Ji forced oath was no remedy for disloyalty."'''' Uj) to the first of May there had existed an linden lonstrative armed neutrality, amongst the citi- zens, yet a great deal of emphatic language was used Hil!u«rltti>n rK of the War, b; Rev. A. J. Weddeli. 400 IIISTOKV OK ci'mhf:klani>. [1861. by the men whose Hyinpathies were either North or South. The first ofxiii act of determined sentiment was the display at this time of a hirge United States flag, which was hung over the street between the 8t. Nichohis Hotel and the Belvidere llall. This was done by Samuel Lunian. Sr., Samuel Ltunan, Jr.. Robert Shriver, John M. Kesley, Frank Miller, and a few other determined Unionists. Although some trouble was anticipated, no attempt was made to interfere with the flag. On the l)>th of May the following City officials had been elected : Mayor, C. M. Thruston ; Councihneii. -T. J. McHenrv. K. H Rutler, Joseph Tfng|i«- Robert Bruce, I). Mahaney, and Sanuiel Luman. This was the "Unconditional Union" ticket, there being .ilso an "Independent" ticket, and a "Citizens" ticket. About the first of June it became painfully evident that the jjeople of Western Maryland were destined to feel the direct effects of the war. The ])ridges over Patterson's Creek, and over the Canal, near the North Branch, were destroyed by a party of Vir- ginians, and communication with the East was cut off. On the morning of the 1 9th of June, a party of Confederate soldiery made a descent on New Creek. and burned the "21st bridge," of the Baltimore and Ohio Rjiilroad, which spanned the Potomac River. A small guard had been placed there, consisting ol some twenty-eight men of tlie Cumberland Continen- tals, under command of Lieutenants James (J. Lynn and Theodore Luman. When news of the approach of the enemy reached Cumberland, Captain Horace 1861.] (UPTUHE OF TWENTY-FIRST HRIIXJE. 401 Resley, with a few additional men, hantoned to the scene. The enemy, however, was too strong for then; ; and, to avoid capture, the entire command retreated over the mountain.s, and reached Cuml)er- iand, by way of the National Road. This being the initial conflict of the war in this section, the greatest excitement prevailed, especially as wild rumors of the total destruction of the little command, and the marshaling of a strong force to attack (Cumberland, were freely circulated . The entire poj)ulation rushed into the streets, bells rung in every part of the town, and the women and children were in a state of terror, ''done! Wallace struck tents, and sent his baggage towards Bedford for safety, the Zouaves taking up a position of defense on the Bedfonl road, just beyond the city limits. The Continentals and Union Home Guards turned out under arms; a hundred men from Frostburg, under c(mimand of Mnjor F. A. Mason, and a company from Wellersburg, with Captain Petrie, were on hand in a few liours. Other compa- nies arrived next morning from Grantsville, Bedford, •entreville and Pocahontas. Armed men, in small squads, continued to arrive all day, and not until nightfall did the panic subside. The Zouaves then marched back to their quarters, and next day the «inipanies from abroad took their departure, leaving i'umberland to settle down to her usual quiet. June V). — An election for a (congressman from this District took place, and Hon. Francis Thomas, the Luconditional Union candidate, was elected by an immense vote. The whole number of ballots cast was '^.008, of which Governor Thomas received 2,751. 51 402 HISTORV OF CUMHEKLAND. [IMJI. Juiit! 20. — Joseph RoinistT, one of the lueinhersor Ji vohiiitt!er coinpjiny of citizens from Fro.stbur;r, was badly wounded by the si(!cidentiil discharge of a gun. The ball entered his head back of the right ear and came out near the riglit eye. He eventually recovered. July 7. — Colonel Wallace, with his regiment, left. and went East, to Martinsburg. The Kant; KiHc lleginient. under Colonel (Jharles J. Bidwell, and the Second Regiment, under (volonel S. G. Sinnnons, both from l\Mnisylvaniji, arrived, and encamped on the ground vacated by the Zouaves. These troops remained here until the 27th of July. In August, (hiring the progress of a political meetinu". on Baltimore street, one nitrht, a disturbamr arose by reason of Hon. Francis Thomas boinj: interrupted in his sj)eech, and a large (jrowd of men at once made a descent on the office of "The Alleganian," which was Southern in its sympathies. The office was wholly destroyed, the material being thrown out of the windows. At this time Hon. Francis Thomas was autliorizod to provide for the organization of four regiments, to be composed of residents on both sides of the Potonmc river, from Monocacy to the Western boundary of Maryland, who were to perform service in the vicinity of tlie Potomac river. Under tliis authority a full regiment of infantry was raised in Allegany county. and by the Ist of October was armed, eciuippod. and in camp, at Cumberland, as the Secoml | Maryland Regiment Volunteer Infantry. Potomac Home Brigade. The orgajiization of the regiment 1801.] SKCONI) MAUYLAM) HECIMKNT, I". H. H. 40.^ ;it the (late of its muster into the I'liited States service was as follows : Colonel, Thomas Johns.* Lieutentuit Colonel, Robert Bruce. Miijor, (!. Ellis Porter. Adjutant, Orlando I). Robbins. Quarter-Muster, Kenne^ly H. IJutlcr. Siirtreon, I)r. S. P. Smith. Assistant Snrjreon. I>r. P. A. Healey. Chaplain, Rev. J. II. Symmes. Company A — Captain, Alexander Shawf ; l''irst Lieutenant, John l)niijrlas; Second Lieutenant, Andrew Spier. Company H — Captain, J. D. Roberts; First Lieutenant, James A. Morrow; Second Lieutenant, A. S. (laliion. Company C — Captain, John H. Huntley ; First Lieu'enant, John Weir: Second Lieutenant, Richard C. Sansom. Company 1) — Captain, B. B. Shaw : First Lieutenant, Robert Powell : Second Lieutenant, Mark Powell, Company E — Captain, James C.Lynn; First Ijieutenant, Theodore i.uman ; Second Lieutenant. Georjje Couter. Company F — Captain, Lewis Dyke ; First Lieutenant, Norval Mc- Kiiiley ; Second Lieutenant, George D. Somers.J Company G — Captain, C. (!. McClcllan : First Lieutenant. Robert Cowan ; Second Lieutenant, IJoyd Mahaney. Company II — Captain, George IL Braponier ; First Lieutenant, S. T. Little; Second Lioutenant, Georgre W. McCuUoh. Company I — Captain, J. F. McCulIoh ; First Lieutenant, James M. Shober; Second Lieutenant, John F. Troxell. Company Iv — Captain, P. B. Petrie; First Lieutenant, Jason G. Sawyer; Second Lieutenant, Moses Bickford. the promotions in this regiment during its three years' service wer« as follows: Robert Bruce to be Colonel ; G. Ellis Porter to be Lieutenant- '.'olonol ; Alexander Shaw and John II. Huntley to be Majors ; Theodore Luman to l)e Adjutant; .Tohn Douglas, .lames A. Morrow, John Weir, and Norval Mclvinloy to be Captains ; Andrew Spier, Alexander Tennant, Lloyd Mahaney, Richard C. Sansom, and George Couter to be First Lieutenants; James Thompson, Emory W. Pelton, David C.Edwards, ^ieofffe Wigley, and Moses Bickford to be Second Lieutenanto. At the expiration of the three years for which this regiment wa.s "nlisted, four companies of veterans were re-enlisted, and organized into H battalion, the officers being: Lieutenant-Colonel, James C. Lynn; Captains, J. Floyd McCulloh, P. B. Petrie, H. H. Hartsock and Robert Cowan; First Lieutenants, Charles H. Thayer, James A. Howard, LouisN . ijondon and A. Brown Lynn ; Second Lieutenants, Levi Shaw, JaraesA. 'iIcKee. Jacob H. Buckey and Richard T. Browning. At the general election in November, the candidates ucrerun on "Union" and "Peace" tickets, the Union ticket being successful. Thomas G. McCulloh was "lie»imio(i .i^„„arv 1,180-2: succeeded hv rotoiiel Robert Ilnicp; O Kills Porter was at ssfno '•ra^ promoted to I.i'eulermiit Colonel. I'aptoiii Slmw wRH promoted to Major, .'aiiuary 1802, and re.Higiicd March 31, 1802, liin siicces- "1^1*111)! M»inr .Tohn 11. UtiiitleT. Il'roinoted to Captain; killed In' action at .Summit Point, Va., Ootcbar 7, 1863. 404 HISTORY OF OUMBKRLANI). [18G2. elected Sheriff; Delegates to the Legislature, Ooorgo A. Pearre, Lloyd Lowe, (J. W. White, A. (>hainl)('r- lain. County (JommissionerH, Wni. R, MeCuUey. Daniel Duncan, David Kent, Ashford Trail, David Cornpton. Surveyor, William Brace. The canal and railroad weiv niu(^li damaged, by treshets and by incursioUvS by the enemy. Both were put under military supervision, and protected as well as possible, but the railroad was so badly damaged in June, 18G1, that lor almost a year it was useless. Early in 18G2, by orders from the War IX'partniont. extensive hospitals were established in Cumberland. Cor the reception of the sick and wounded from iM)int,s both Kast and West. The citizens, especially the ladies, were c Colonel Downey wan not commiwloned, and ke rexiKned Novembers, 1862. tKeitiKued January lU, 1863; uucct-eded by Mi\jor Crawford Shearer. 1802.] TIIIUI) MAUYLANF) KEGIMENT, V. 11. H. 405 Company IJ — Captain, Win. F. Cardiff; First Lieutenant, Moses ieutcnant. Wm. H. Whillord ; Second Lieutenant, John K. Whitford. in, Harry (J. Ri"r; First L r3n77rAnD»I>ol» Company C — (>aptai Jarboc ; Second Lieutenant, Charles F. McAleer. Company I) — Captain, Miciiaol Fallon; First Lieutenant, .'oseph L. Forsyth; Second Lieutisnant, .lohn M. Armstrong. Company K — Captain, Henry U. McCoy ; First Lieutenant, John W, Dodson ; Second Lieutenant, Theodore Goff. Company F — Captain, Kobert Maxwell; First Lieutenant, Peter J. Mayberry ; Second Lieutenant, VVra. H. Foreman. Company G — Captain, Jacob Sarbaugh*; First I^ieutenant, Wm. PL llipsly ; Second Lieutenant, Joseph K. i'itman. Company H — Captain, Wm. A. Falkenstine; First Lieutenant, Fred- trick Pringey*; Second Lieutenant, Hanson ii. Friend. Lieutenant Colonel Ste|)hen W. Downey, resigned September 1, ISC'i; and Charles Gilpin was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel Septem- ber 2, 1H()2; and promoted to Colonel April 1(1, 1864, having recruited two additional companies, thereby making up a full regiment; and re- mained in service until the regiment was reduced to a battalion, by the (xpiralion of the term of service of three companies. Afterwards, the battalion was commanded by Harry C. Rizer, who was promoted to liii'uteiiant Colonel, the following ollicers remaining in command of com- panies: ('aptains, Wm. A. Falkenstine, N. M. Ambrose, John W. Dod- son, James K. Garrahan, (lustavus V'alois, Samuel T. Kck, and Charles I'ratt ; First Lieutenants, Kphraim C. Hedding, John W.Cook, Wm. J. iionahoe, .lames W. White, Wm. H. H. Friend; Benjamin F. Cook, R. Q. M.; Frank A. Penny, Adjutant ; Wm. H. Foreman, Augustus Robinett, and Daniel C. Shriver ; Second liieutenant, Theodore Goff. In the siurimer of 1802 the President itssuod a call lor 300,000 troops. The leading Union men of Allegany County took steps towards securing the voluntary enlistment of a sufficient number of men to till her quota. A. "'war mass meeting" was held im the 18th of August, for the purpose of adopting luoasures whereb}^ volunteers might be secured, (ienei'al C M. Thruston was made President of the iiiet'ting ; Lloyd Lowe and F. A. Mason, Vice Presi- dents, and William R. Me(Julley and William Iloblitzell, Secretaries. Messrs. ( Jharles H. Ohr, S. I*. Smith, M. Sherry, G. E. Porter and Hopewell llebb, a committee, submitted resolutions, declaring it to bo the duty of the })eople to maintain the gov- '■minent, and requesting the County Commissioners •Killed at BoUvHr Heightart^ptember 14, ISffit. ~ 400 IIISTOIJV OF rUMnKHLAND. [iHOli. to apjU'ojM'iiitc $•')(), (KM) to Im' applied to tlu' [)iiyin('ii( of Ixmiitics to voliiiitccfs. 'IMic ('oimnis.sionoi'H coii- rtidoivd this proposition in Si'pti'Uilicr, l>ut r, John McClafferty,* Malcolm G. Harmi?on,t James Pollock, James R. Hip^ins, Thomas Ooldsborough, :i;W'oiiiiileil. tKilled. Apprehending a visit from the small ('onfederiitr forces in the bordering counties of West Virginia, the city authorities secured the organization of a Citv Ciuard. Three companies were formed of volunteer citizens, and were officered as follows : First District. — (^aptain, (Jasper Kassen ; First Lieutenant, .Toshua Steiner ; Second Lieutenant. James A. Buckey ; Orderly Serg(uint, D. B. Myers. m\±] INCIDKNTS OF UIK W.Wi. •1(»' . Si'c.oikI District. — Captain, .Taooh Wickanl; First Mciitcnant, Williiuu R. McCnIlcy; Second riiciitcnant, .1. M. Kocrnor; Orderly Ser^-cjuit, ('liarles A. Seay. Third District. — Ciiptain Horace Ilesley; First Ijcntenant, .). .1. .M(l "Tlic rnion." It wus i'ven colored [X'ople. who occupied the second story lis sleeping apartments, being consumed in the tliiines. The.se were the .servants of Mr. S[)rigg, iind consisted of one man, one woman, and five iliildren. The soldiers I'rom the hospital, near by, rendered ever}- service in their power, ])ut the heartless work of the incendiary had been .so tUk'tively accomplished that it was impo.ssible to icsciie from the burning stable a single one of the iin fortunate victims therein. May 11. — Mayor, James Smith; (Jouncilmen, A. ' Ryland, John McFerran, Henry Shuck, John T. Shuck, Thomas McKee, and V. A. Buckcy. On the 15th of June, in consequence of the defeat '>l General Milroy's command at Winchester, orders were issued by the commandant of this department tor the evacuation of Cumberland, and the concen- tration of the Union forces at New Creek, whereupon the provision and supply trains were immediately ^i'ut off, together with all the horses, &c. The Fif- 52 410 IflSTOKV OF C[J.MRK!?F.A\(). [1863, teeiith Virginia Regiment, and the Second Regiment. P. H. B., both of which were on duty in this vicinity, followed, and Cumlx?rhind was left wholly inipro- t(»cted. A thousand runiorM were 80on afloat, and the streets were filled with excited people, who were in niouientary expectation of the appearance of the (confederates. Their apprehensions were still further excited by the removal of the rolling stock, moveable machinery, &c.. of the railroad company. On tlie loth it was reported that the enemy was rapidlv appn-aching the city in force, whereupcm a number of citizens retired with consid(>rable precipitancy in I the direction of Pennsylvania, and merchants began tu cast about for means wherebv thev miirlit save their goods from confiscation by the expected visitor.^. Night came, however, and brought with it no enemy. But the early down discovered a small squad of strange looking men on the brow of the hill, oast ut' the city, on the Williams R(jad. Several of the es- caped cavalrymen, from Milroy's command, advanced to ascertain whether thej' w^ere friends or foes, and were saluted by the discharge of two small field pieces, the shells from which dropped in the vicinity of McKaig's foundry, whereupon the aforesaid cay- alrymen retired with connnendable speed. The presence of the enemy was quickly heralded througli- out the city; a few more citizens took refuge in flight. while the merchants generally closed up their stores and joined the excited groups that gathered on the streets. In a little while two representives of the Confederacy rode into town, with a Hag of truce. Shortly afterwards acting Mayor V. A. Buckey, head- [186o, H I860.] CONFKDEKATES TAKE CUMHEHLAND. 411 d Regiment. ;his vicinity, lolly niipR)- 1 atloat. and le, who were -anct' of the 3 still i'urtlK'i- ck. moveal)k' ny. On the was rapidly )ii a number •ecipitant'V in ■chants began • niiu'lit siivi' cctecl visitoi>. li it lu) enemy, lall squad of e hill oast ot' ral of the es- md, advanced or foes, and ) small licld I the vicinity iforesaid cav- speed. The Ided through- .fug-e in flight, t their stores hered on the itives of the Hag of truce. huckey, head- ing a dei)utation of citizens, with a similar Hag, mot the emissaries of tbo Coni'ederacy, and a consulta- tion wa.s held, the result of which was that the town was surrendered, with the understanding that private property was to be respected, and no depre- dations to be permitted. Tlie following is the correspondence on the occa- >ion : To the Commatiding Officer of Cumberland . You are surrounded by a superior force, ami as an act ot humanity, 1 demand the surrender of the city. The bearer, Captain R. B. Muses, is autkorized to negotiate as to terms of surrender. G. \V. LMB0DP:N, Colonel Cavalry Brigade. Til is letter was handed Mayor Buckey. and the tblluwing response made: G. W. Imboden, Colonel Commanding Confederate Forces : Sir: Your note addressed to odicer commanding at this point has just been handed to me, and as there is no force here to resist you, and no officer in command, I, as Mayor, for the time being, do as far as I can, t of the State of Maryland will be respected. Very respectfully your obedie: s?rvant, f!. W. IMHODKN, Colonel Cavalry Brigade. About 850 of Imlxxlen's cavalry, with two pieces i>t' artillery, presently appeared, and after securing "^uch horses as th^y could find, induced some of the ir.erchants to opJii their sttu'es. The Confederates then purchased pretty freely such articles as hats, boots, shoes, clothing, kc, paying iov the same in ' oufederate money, a species of currency which had 'lien a rather limited value. No damage was done 412 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [18(i;j. to eitlier public or private property, beyond the destruction of a portion of the telegraph lines. The ( 'onfederateH were ill at ea^e while in town, knowing that a coiiHiderable force of Union troops was at New Creek, and might at any moment put them to flight. After a few hours, spent about the streets, they departed, being accompanied by several young men who concluded to cast their lot with the South. General Kelly and staff had arrived in town, from Pennsylvania, on Tuesday night, and left for New (Jreek about the time of the arrival of ImbodeiiV men next morning. Finding a portion of the Bulti- niore and Ohio Railroad torn up, a short distance from town, the tnain up(»'; which they had embarked was brought back, and taken over the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, to Piedmont, and thence to New Creek. On the following day a force of cavalry, from New (Jreek, came to (Aimberland, and captured several of Imboden's command who had remained with friends in town. In a few days the excitement subsided, and the routine of business, pleasure and gossip was resumed. rhe raiders did no violence to person, except in the case of Griffin Twigg, Sr., living near Murley^ Branch. The particulars are not exactly known, but the old man was killed ; not, however, until he had killed two of the enemy and wounded another. The railroad and canal, as well as the telegraph lines, were badly damaged, and communication was not restored for more than a month. During the continuance of the war that portion ei (^^imberland known as the "Devil's Half Acre," em- [18(i:-5. 1863.] INCIDENTS OF THK WAR. 41:) beyond the lines. The ^n, knowing waH at New mi to flight. treets, they young men the South. n town, from eft for New )f InibodenV of the Biilti- lort distance lad embarked Cuniberhind it, and thence lay a lorce of iiberhind. and uid who had few days the of business. ^on, except in lear Hurleys [actly known. jver, mitil lit' lied another. Ithe telegraph Imication wa^ iiat portion <>l llf Acre," em- bracing Bedford street between Liberty and Mechanic. and that portion of Mechanic immediately adjoining, was a most disreputable locality, being a congrega- tion of saknms and low houses. Disturbances and riots were of almost nightly occurrence. On the night of the 13th of August a light occurred there betwcn some soldiers, in which William Frazier, n private in Company K, First Virginia Cavalry, was cut to pieces with knives ''did almost instantly killed, by James Quick in con)^jany with Jacob Krissinger. of the Second Marylaid, P. H. B. (^uick was after- wards convicted A' manslaughter, and Krissingei' was ac(]uitted. Amongst the soldiers located here was a [)art of a regiment known as the Ringgold Chivalry. One of their number being confined in jail, on some charge. ;i party of them went to the jail on the night of the I'.lth of September, and released him by force. November 4. — Hon. Francis Thomas was re-elected to Congress; State Senator, Dr. C. H. Ohr; Delegates, .V. C. Greene, Hopewell Hebb, Henry Brown, and William Shaw; Clerk of the Court, Horace Resk'y; Register of Wills, George W. Hoover; Sheriff, B. T. Oarlitz; State's Attorney, George A. Thruston; Judges of Orphans' Court, J. B. H. ('ampbell, A. M. li. Hush and Douglas Percy; County Commissioners. •lohn Bell, Charles Ridgeley, J. L. Townshend, John 11. Stallings, and Elijah Friend. November 18. — General Kelly returned to Cum- Ix'rland. and established his headquarters in the Barnum House, hi March, 1864, General Franz Sigel was as- : 414 HISTORV OF CUMBERLAND. [18G4. signed to the command of the Department of Wont Virginia, and made his headquarters in Cumberland, at the Revere House. In the hitter part of Miircli he ordered the erection of earth-works on McKai^'s Hill, and a fort on the hill near Williams Road. These were constructed under the supervision of his engineers, and are still in existence, thoun-h umch dilapidated. The question of emancipating the shives in Mary- land was one which was warmly discussed in 18G3-64, and the Legislature ordered a vote to be taken in April as to whether a State Convention should be held for the purpose of amending the Constitution. The Convention was ordered by a large majority of the voters, there being 61 delo- gates elected in favor of unconditioi «il emancij)atioii. and 34 opposed to emancipation. The emancipation candidates in Allegany were A. C. Greene, Hopewell Hebb, Jacob Wickard, G. A. Thruston and J. Rohi- nette. The opposition candidates were Williiun Browning, J. W. Robinette, Henry Hanekamp, J. B, Widener and Israel Thompson. The emancipn- tion candidates were elected by 1,170 majority, the vote in favor of holding a Convention being 2,307 for, to 1,135 against. April 13. — A Sergeant of the First New York Cavalry shot and killed Charles Clause, of Company C, Second Maryland P. H. B., the ball passing through his heart. The tragedy occurred on Balti- more street. May 9. — Mayor, Dr. Charles H. Ohr; Councilmen J. B. H Campbell, William Armbruster, John Kolb. 1864.] INCIDENTS OF THE WAK. 415 deorgo Martin Rizor, Josiali Eiiglcr and Henry li. Bruce. General Sigel took his departure, for active service in the field, and General B. F. Kelly was again as.signed to the command of the Depart- ment. July 1. — The Cumberland Bank of Allegany was converted into the First National Bank of (Jumber- land, and continued business with the same officers as heretofore, President, Joseph Shriver; Cashier, Edwin T. Shriver. At this time about one hundred men were drafted lor three years' service to make up the county's (piota under the last call, and 170 were drafted for the (iiie hundred days' service. July 7. — Francis Gillespie, of Co. B, Fifteenth Regiment New York Cavalry, while on the cars, en route from Parkersburg to Cumberland, deliberately iiuu'dered Lieutenant William Shearer. Gilles[)ie was })rought here under arrest. On the Saturday following he was tritsd before a Court Martial, con- victed, and sentenced to be hanged on Monday, on which day he was taken to the gallows, near Rose Hill Cemetery, at 5 o'clock i'. m., and executed. He !iscended the scaflbld with a firm stej), and at the last moment said : "l forgive everybody from the bottom of my heart, and I pray God to forgive me. May the stars and stripes never be tram[)led oil." Gillespie was but 24 years nf age, and left a young wife, in Syracuse, New York. On the 31st of July, Cumberland was again panic- stricken. A soldier brought intelligence of the >v«asaii6?.' 41G HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. [18G4. passage of the river, at PTancock, by a strong force of (confederates, whose destination was Cumberland. It was rumored that a smaller force was also approacli- ing from the direction of Bedford. The wildest ex- citement prevailed throughout the city, and a public meeting was held Sunday night, for the purpose of organizing a militia force to assist the soldiers under command of General Kelly. The meeting was ad- dressed by Mayor Ohr, who urged the immediatr formation of companies of citizens, for the defense of the town. Three companies were formed, consisting of about two hundred men, which limited force was placed under command of General C. M. Thruston. On Monday morning it was ascertained that the Confederates were still advancing, and in the after- noon scouts reported them in the vicinity of Folck's Mill, some three miles from town. The excitement now reached fever heat; the mer- chants loaded their goods and sent them off to places of safety ; the railroad companies moved their trains off to the West, and men were rushing about the streets arming themselves with muskets, rifles and shot guns, while thousands climbed to the hill-tops. for the purpose of obtaining a view of the expected conflict. Meantime, General Kelly had taken a regiment of infantry and a section of artillery out the Baltimore pike, and stationed them in sight of the enemy, near Folck's Mill. A little after three o'clock he sent a shell into the Confederate ranks, and they responded in like manner. The infantry engaged in desultory firing with the enemy's sharp- shooters, but the engagement did not become general. 1864.] DEFENSE OF THE CITY. 417 The {irtill(M'y duel was kopt up until dark. The enemy then moved oft' towards the South, and made their way to the Potomac at Greeiisprinjj^ Run. General Tliruston had been posted with his com- mand on Williams Road, on the right Hank of General Kelly, which position he maintained until the departure of the Confederates. At Green Spritig an iron-clad kx'omotive and cars, with a small piece of artillery, fell into the hands of the enemy, as also some eighty men in the block-house. The attacking force consisted of probably 2,000 mounted men and !i battery of artiller>', under Generals Ransom and MoCausland. On Tuesday they sent in a demand for the surrender of tlie city. General Kelly declined to accede to this, and immediately posted his men to give battle. The demand, however, proved only to ije a ruse adopted to prevent any movement on the part of the Union troops which might interfere with the rccrossing of the river by the (Jonfederates. The citizens' organization which went out to meet the enemy on this occasion, in defense of the town, was composed as follows : Commander — Gfii. C, M. Thrustoti. Quurleriiiuster — Williiim Wickard. Wi-t. CommissHry Sergeant — .losiah Compiin\' A — Cstptnin, Siinuiel liumaii; First Lientonanf. Samuel J, Hilwiirds; St'oond Ijicuteniviit. James .f. Watkins; Orderly Serjeant, E. A. Linjio. I'riv.itos — .1. M. Kpartiov. P. W. Mohlit/.eil, Ooorife W. Tlohlif/.ell, •Inhii W. Hummelshime, William Wolf, Roijcrt W. McMiehacI, William lii-iii, Morris Siblev, .loliti Ilt-ck. .lohn Ohr, Charles Shaw, D.mitd Web- "itr, WiiiHidd .Ionian, Walter Heail. William Heid. of Geo., William Bmi^'lc, W. W. Heall, Jiicol) Suter, Wm. Anderson, Thomas Ilei 1, Sum ^ii-rficld Speeiman. S. V'almiine (ctdor bearer). Win. Shepherd, (Miauncey MiCiiiluh, Ijona Ward, .lohn T. Mahaney, Charles Kizer (drummer), AlniizoSmenner, Thomas Hays, Thomas Wickard, James Kii I, James ^^iiiifiird. John Madore, Amor Keller, John Laney, Frank Finnegan, ''liHili-s H. Madore, Wui. Trieber. 53 418 IllSTOKV (»K ClJMMKUI.AM*. [18()4. Company \i — Cupluiii, J..I.Craif?i'ii; Kir«t Liculanunt, Joshua Steinur; Suc'ond Liciiteimn* (!. K. Sliryer. First Serf^eant, Henry Shriver; Sf»- oml StT'jcaiit, Uobfii Slirivor; Tl)ir(l Sergouiit, ("liarlea A. Scay; First (Jorporal, (}t'()r{,'e 'I'. Knorr; Second Corporal, C. B. Smith; Third Corpo ral, S. II. Fundeiiborfj. Privates — A. M. AduinH, Saimud Anderson, L. W, liranl, Thoums 1) Davis, ,1. H. Dokc, (ieo. F. (Icpharl, (). ('. Ciephart, (leorjre M. (Jloss. William Mexl, (Jeo. A. lloH'maii, F. M. .iohnson, Thomas .lohnson, .lohn Morris, M. Y. Kiibold, Oliver iiice, John Seliilliiif.^, Thomas Shuck. .loRtali Shuck, Au^Mistus Smith, Amos Stalliii;^s, .). Spcelman, W. H, Wilkins, .lohn P. Woll, J. II. Younp. Company (' — (':-.",.lain, I'at. Morrisey; First Lieutenant, II. M. Carle ton; Second Lieutenant, John Wintersline; Orderly Ser^^eant, John Wefer. Privates — Henry IJersi'e, Johti Taffiil, John Smith, John Uois, .lohn Hart, .lohn Sheiler, I'Vederick .Minke, .lohn Baker, Georjre /ink, .lolm Himmler, John Keo^rc^l, .John lihilter, Ivuhnrod Hartman, .lohn Wilier, Thomas Leow, Oeor^c" Mor;^an, .lames Shaninj,', .Foseph Schilling', llenr\ Willison, George Shuck, .Ir., Uenjamin Haklev, -lohn liaker, KuluirD'l Waltz, William Smith. Aiigii.st 1(S. — A party of burglars undertook Ut blow ()p(!ii a fire-proof safe in M. M= Kearney's grocery store, corner ol' Baltimore and (Ventre streets, hnl baving used too mueb powder, tbey blew up the building, and arouscMJ tlie entire neigbborliood. Tin- damage was so great as to recpiii'e tlie r<'building ol the bouse. September 8, — (Jeneral Dulfie's l)rigade, of (leneral Averill's division, arrived here and went into camp. The Second Maryland Regiment P. II. B., retunid to (himberland. their term of service, three year,><. having ex])ired. and were mastered out. A veteran battalion was then formed, four companies re-en- listing.''' September 25. — Taylor & Co.'s iron foundry, on (Jeorge street, was destroyed by Hre, together with the machine shop, the railroad warehouse, black- smith shop, and six dwelling houses, involving a 1o.sh of more than .$30,000. *Ba« pai;* 4«8. 1X64-05.] INMMDKNTS i)V TIIK WA.i. 411) A soldier iiaiiicd Avorill. bel()iirise was John B. Fay, who perj'ormed the duty of a scout. He, with C, Ritchie llallar. a young iMissourian, crossed the Potomac near Urady's Mills, and from some actpiaintana's obtained throrough information as to the mimber of troo[)s in Cumberland, the location of the varioiif^ headquarters, pickets, &<;. With this i'und of knowl- edge they returned, and reported the facts to Lieutenant McNeill. Some sixty-five men, a num- ber of them belonging to various comj)anics of General liosser's command, under McNeill and Fay. at once started for (Jumberland. They again crossed the river near 15rady's Mill, and almost within hearini: of a cavalry picket. A portion of the command went to the house of S. 1). Brady, amongst them Lieuten- ants McNeill and Fay, J. L. Vsindiver, Joseph Kuy- kendall, John Cunningham, James Daily, Charles Nichollp and Isaac Parsor.s, where a consultation was 1805.] CAl'TUUK OF (JENS. CUUOK AND KELLV. 421 hold. McNeill jtropost'd to cjipturc the picket and ri'turn, as ho was afraid it was too hito to do more lii'lore daylight Kay and a iiia jority of others opposed this, and without delay the coirniiand was ordered forward. When the cavalry pickets wen^ reached, the raiders were challenged, hut hy a <|uick dash they caj)tured the pickets before a ^nu could be Ihvd. The c()untersi<:;n, ''JJuH's (Jap," was extorted, ;iii(l with this the Confederates had no dini(ndty in -('('urinj;' the picket post which was stationed at the junction of the river road and the old j)ike, just below iSteele's. Ten men were then detailed to secure (Jeneral Kelly, and put him in charj^e of Sergeant Joseph Kuykendall; and ten others to take (leiieral ('rook, and turn him over to Serjicant. Joseph L. Vandiver. S^ \ tow-path, and (M'OMsing at Wiley's Ford. Shortly after thoir departure the alarm was j^iven, and a company of monnted men went in pursuit. The fuj^itives were overtaken near Konmey, and a skirmisli Ibllowed, hut tiie prisoners were beyond recapture. CJenerals Hayes, Lighthurn and Duval were in oaiiiii in the city at the time, hut the Confederates iniving carried out their plans to the very letter, did not sto[) to hazard a further harvest of Genei-als. This event caused much excitement throughout the country, and was commented upon largely in ever} direction. The captured officers were sent to Rich- mond, and shortly afterwards extdiangiMl. Upon the surrender of General Lee, in A))ril, it became apparent that the war was virtually ended The Union men were proud and hap})\ . while the friends of the Confederacy were corres})ondiiiglv de})ressed. None of the bitterness betw^een the differ- ing elements, however, seemed to be obliterated. Tiic bloody contest was just being terminated, and tiiiir alone could soften the memory of all the acts and words that had disrupted the political and social fubrio of the nation. When the overthrow of the Southern armies became assured, meetings were held in all parts of the county, at which resolutions were passed declaring that those who had left to take up avm^ against the government should not return to reside isc.r,.] INCIDKNTS OF TIIK WAR.. 42^ iif^'iiin at tlieir old lioiiu's. Cnuluiilly, liowovor, thin spirit became moditied, and most of those who liad ''one South returned. For sevei'al years there was little or no intere,r)urse between tlieni and the men who had remained true to the Union, and not unfre- (|iicntly vioK'nt discussions and ])ersonal eollisiouH occurred. The hi,|)s(' ol' time, however, wore away the sharp edges of Inite, until the soldiers of l)oth sides became friends again, and neighbors renewed their triendly relations. At the eitv election, Mav Sth, the followinji olHcerH were elected : Mayor. George Harrison ; ( Jonneil- iiieii. Dr. J. J. Bruce, C. B. Smith. II. Start/man, (leorge Long, John Young and John li. (.'ruzen. Early in the summer of 1805, Cumlierland was ilcsignated a« one of the posts at which troops should be mustered out of the United States service, in the Middle r)<'i)artm(Mit. Consequently a number of '"oldiers and long wagon trains arrived almost daily during the month of June. A camp was established by the Fifth United States (-avalry in a grove on the National lload, three miles west of town. This iimi]) was laid out with great regularity, and the iirounds handsomely ornamented with arches, bridges, &c., and lighted at night by means of large lamps. Almost as rapidly as they sirrived the troops were mustered out, paid oft' and sent to their homes. July 1. — The "Civilian and Telegraph" was pur- chased by Will H. Lowdermilk. who became there- after sole editor. August 14. — Hon. James Smith, Judge of the '.'ircuit Court, fell dead from his horse, while riding i« 424 HISTORY CF CUMRERl.ANI), [1805-75. along the old pike, in the vicinity of Mr. Stcelo's housi". His (loiitli was the result of disease of the heart. At the election in Novemher, Daniel Duncan was elected Sherifl, James (/liisholm, Surveyor; (Commis- sioners, RoJjert McCulloh. Ashford Trail, R. S. Djiv- ton, D. IL Friend and S. J. Beach3'. Hon. George A. Pearre received 2.082 votes for Judge of the (Circuit Court, and had no opposition. Before the close of the year 1865, the hist of the troops departed from Ciunberland, and in the pursuit of peaceful avocations, a spirit of inn)rovement soon manifested itself. The merchants began to enlarge, remodel and beautify their places of business, while numerous elegant private residences were erected. On Baltimore street, within five years following tlie declaration of peace, many old landmarks wore destroyed, and tlie elegant buildings of Messrs. S. T. Little, F. Minke, M. M. Kearney. Hopewell Ilebh. the fine block known as "Merchants' Row." em- bracing the stores t)f C. (J. Shriver & Co., John F. Johnson, C. F. Hetzehandothers. were erected. These were followed by J. B. H. Campbell's, A, M. L. Bush's. the Second National Bank, S. J. Edwards', T. W. Shryer's, the Reynolds Block, &c. Baltimore street becoming crowded, Centre street was invaded, and the elegant furniture rooms of K. H. Butler were built, after which a new building for t'ae Post Office followed, and blocks of business houses by M. J Smenner & Son, O. C. Cephart, and John F. Buck. The whole space from Baltinujre street to Bedford street was soon occupied, and this became a bu-j part of the town. The formation of building iisso- .5i5!.-:..JB«SSEM&^'" 1800-75.] IMl'KOVKMKNTS. 425 (iiitions proved a great incentive to jioor men to secure homes for tlieinselves. In 1.8(>7 tiie city authorities gave to the Baltimore ;iii(l Ohio Raih'oad C()mj)any iO acres oi" huid in South Cumhcriand, upon which to erect rolling mills, tor which land ^1^8.000 of bonds were issued. The construction of these mills resulted in the employ- ment of nearly 800 men. in consequence of which there was a rapid increase of population, and a great ileniand for houses. Real estate advanced in price til figures never before thought of iu the town, and hundreds of new d'^ellings were erected. Maryland avenue and half a dozen other new streets east oi" the railroad were rapidly built up, and ('umberland oiijoyed a brief season of gi-eat prosperity. The iiiilroad com});iny erected and opened the Queen City Hotel, a magnificent establishment, which cost more than $300,000. Th(> old depot at the Baltimore street crossing was torn dov/u, and the station removed to the new hotel. The city authorities caught the infection, and in- augurated several much needed improvements. The necessitv which hijd huig existed for a satisfactorv system of water works was now fully recogni/ed, and ill 1870 a committee, consisting of Mayor I-owe. W. A. Piatt, F. M. Omitt, and Georg(> II. Myers, of the City Couacil ; James M. Schley and Asa Willison, '*i the Water Board; T. L. Patterson, engineer; Dr. S. P. Smith, W. E. Weber and Will II. Lowder- iiiilk, was sent by the city to Dayton. Ohio, for the purpose of examining into the merits of the II0II3' ''vstem of wat(T su})ply and fire protection, in use at 64 t« 1 ! 42() HISTOUy OF CUMBKRLANf). [isi;( »-/.). tliiit place. TIk' (•oiniiiittco ivported ununimouslv in favor ol' that character oC water works, and the city at once entered into a contract with tlie Messrs. Holly for the construction of the necessary niachiiicrv. and issued IflOO.OOO of bonds to meet the expenses. In 1871 the works were completed, and thev are still in successful operation. A year later a bridge was built over the Potomair river to connect the city with West Virginiii, and shortlv afterwards two bridges were built over Will's Creek. In 1S74 the erection of :i new City Hall was commenced, and it was com- pleted in 1876. The buildinu is of brick, having a !inissive. loftv and striking exterior. Its length on ('(Mitre street is 12(1 feet: on Libei'ty street 115 feet; deptli on Frederick street 104 feet: on Ik-dford street 80 feet: height to s([u;ire of building i't'l feet; to cresting 7S feet; to top of tower 140 feet. The ground lloor is occupied as a market, havin;: a superficial area of more than 10,000 feet. Above the markei the building is divided into two distinct parts by corridor thirteen leet in width. which also accommodates the stairways. On the north side of the corridor are the (\)uncil Chamber. Mayor's oHice, Clerk's oilice. and committee room. Tlies.^' occuj)v the second floor. TIk' rooms are handsomely frescoed. and the Council Chamber, wliieli is 50 by 88 feet, in si/e, is furnished with desks of black walp.nt. On the third tloor are three room!', us. by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows: while the u[)per tloor supi)lies a full suit of elegant rooms for the Masonic fraternity, the lodge room niJissivi.', lol'U ('(Mitro stivcl 'ot; (U'ptli on f*treet 80 feet: to erestin"; "S ,. lodj^e room CITY HALL AND ACADEMY OF MUSIC. vtMtfiw^j; 'aaimmaaais-aiia'aaiaMakMi ,^ ■Sfl 01 bu W(\ feo the ■see: the Tlu ing is a ■surr D iiien 18(iO-7r).] THK CITY 11AM. 427 being 60 feet long, 40 Feet wide, and 18 leet high. The south .side of this edifice, above the market, is devoted entirely to the purposes ol'ainusenient, and is known as the ''Academy of Music." It is elegant in ill! its ap[)ointments, and is one of the most beautiful interiors to be found in any phice oi' amusement in the country. The ceiling is a work of art. upon which was expended the skill of the best |)ainters in the einplov of Emmart & Quartley, of Baltimore. The lower Hoor of the Academy is divided into the •Orchestra." and "Oichestra (circle," and is supj)lied witii nearly oOO patent folding chairs. The next Hoor is the ''Dress ('ircle," and above this the "Balcony." The balcoiiies are sui)])orted by hand- some iron columns, and the fronts are of iron open ornamental work, in soft colors, picked with gohl, and a vermilion background. The "Sunlight" re- tlector in the centre of the ceiling illumines the house, but is supplemented by handsome brackets on the walls. The dimensions of this room are: from the door to the curtain ()6 feet; width 62 feet; to the ceiling 43 tint ; stage 81 feet deep and 30 feet wide between the boxes, the entire width being 62 feet; the [)ro- sceniii?n is 27 ftt»t in height to the crown of the arch; there are four private boxes, two on eitlier side. The drop curtain is a handsome [)ainting, represent- ing the "Decline of (Jarthage." On the apron border is a faithful portrait of Shakespeare, with suitable surroundings. Dressing rooms, with water, lieat and all conve- niences occupy a portion of the space under the 428 IIISTOHV (»!' (UMHKKLANI). [18G0-7."). stage, jiiid a door leads dire(;tly IVoin the stage to a eomfortahle room for the "stars." The entire house is lieated l)y stiMun, tht; arraiifrc- inents iK'iug such as to ;^uarantee a coinrortiibk' tein{K'ratiire in the most extreme weathtM*. The Building ('onunittee, under whose eare tliis structure was erected and oom[)leted, were, li. W. Floirman, chairman.; J. B. II. (Jamphdl, Jesse Korns. Josiah II. (Jordon and F. Haley. The arcliitect was Frank F. Davis, of Baltimore, and the contractor, J. B. Walton. The Academy was opened Tuesday night, March 7, 1S7(), under the auspices of .John T. Ford, when his comi)any presented "•The Big Bonanza," and a heautii'ul address was delivered by Frederick 15. Warde. The (vountv CtHnmissioners beinu' impressed with the necessity of furnishing increased accommodations for the Courts and their various ollicers, in 1872. caused the old (vourt Mouse to lx> entirely remodeled and enlarged, at a cost of about $50, 000, and thercbv secured a handsome, commodious jind complcti' structure, in every way suital)le for the j)urp()seH to which it is dedicated. They also built a new jail, in the rear of the (Jourt House, the old one. adjoiniiiii the Avademy, being afterwards demolished. The dei)ressing effects of the fniancial (crisis wliicli began in 1878, were not felt until a year or two later, in Cumberland, but then every branch of busine* ^_ was blighted, and nuich sulfering followed. The dosing of the rolling mills was particularly disastroui*. T" Real estate? depreciated in value to an alarming * "w^jV liW^M >3W5"j>. *Jharles Gilpin, William R. McCulley, S. M. Ilaller, D. (J. Bruce and Geor^re W. McCulloh. For (Jomptroller, Robert Bruce received 2.410 votes, and W. .1. Leonard 2,292. For Congress, Francis Thomas received 2,;i76 votes, and Williain P. Maulsby 2,308. The State Senate unseated Dr. Ohr, and gave i:]i) HISTORY' OF CUMHKULANI). [18()7~7(). his seat to Alfred Spates. The House unseated ('hiirle.s nilj)in, inid gave liis seat to William Dovco- IIIOII. Mjiy 13, I8(>7. — Mayor, John Iluinbird; Cdiiiicil- ineii. A. J. ('lark, Asa Willisoti, llemv (lerdeiriiui. Andrew Clonder, Win. O. Sprig';;, and (leorge VV. Hoover. November 5. — Cliiel' Jiidgtf, Hichard Alvov: Associate Judges, Thomas l*erry, Wm. iMotter; Statf Senntor, Alfred S})ates ; Delegates, (i. VV. MeCiilloli. Anthony Kean, Wm. Deveemon. Noidi Trind)lo, Iv (J. Ilidl. Clerk of ('ourt, Horace liesley ; Slierid'. Hanson Willison; State's Attorney, (Jharles 15. Tlniis- ton; Register of Wills, F.lijah Fuller; .hKlgcsof ()r[)lnins' Court, John Coulehan, Patrick Ilamill iiiid John M. Buchanan. County (V)mmissioners, Wm, IJrouning, John Farridl, Wm. l^arnard. H. Shirclill. and Daniel Frazee. Surveyor, W. M. Owens May 11, ISfi.S. — Mayor, John llund)ird; Couiicil- men, Frederick Mertens, Jas. H. Percy, A. J. Clark. F. M. Offutt, A. Willison, F. M. Granilich. At the election in November, the vote in Alk'g!iii\ was, for President, (irant 2,428, Seymouj' 2.7JI For (Vmgress, Patrick TIamill 2,702, Daniel Wcistl 2,421. Ilamill was elected to Congress by a majoritv of 580. Ma3' V), 18()9.- -Mayor, Lloyd Lowe ; Counciliiieii. J. B. Walton, John Bauer, J. J. McHern-y, W. W McKaig, Jr., J. J. Bruce, John Weible. State Senator, Alfnid Spates; Delegates to tin Legislature, John M. Standish, Geo. Myers, Tici, Pfercy, Anthony Kean, James Wilson. |8(»9-7r).] CITY AND COUNTY OFKICKHS. 4:n (youiity CtmimissiomTs, Israel Tlionipson, Williiini nrowiiiii*^, ^licliiU'I Niiughton, William McCull()ii;^li, Adiun (Jarin;i:('r. ShcrifT. (K>i)rjj^u Iia,yina!i. Siirvevor. William Arnistroiijr. May lo, 1(S70. — Mayor, Lloyd liowo; (JouiKnlincn. .liuiics H. Walton, Fmlcrick MertciiH. F. M. (Ml'iitt. Win. Piatt, K. M. (Iramlich, George 11. Myers. The (.!o)igressi()nal eleetioii in November resulted in the succewH of John Ritchie of Frederick county. Dciiioerat, over John K. Smith, of ('arroll ourt, by a majority of 2,015. D(degates to the Legislature, Dr. (!. K. Porter, Jolin Coles, Charles Young and Jasj)er Hobinette. SherifK R. L. CJross. State's Attorney. William J. Read. Judges ol' the Orphans' (Jourt. William R. McCulley. John Coulehan, [li>ton 1). Long. County (Commissioners, A. C. (Jreene, Ashfbrd Trail. William R. Reall, S. L Townshend, George llcnschlein Surveyor, T. L. Patterson. May l:i, 1872. — Mayor, John B. Widener; Council- "KMi, W. A. Withers, Alexander McFerran, Francis Haley, Henry Shuck, Jesse Korns and C. F. Hetzel. November 5 — The election for Congressman in 432 IIISTOKV OF CUMHKKLAND. [1872-70. the Sixth District roHultt'd in the choico of Lloyd Lownck'H, Jr., Ropuhlicaii. of AIh'<^jiii y county, over .lolin Ritchie, I )eniocr{it, of Frederick county, by a luivjority of 1,715. Tlie vote .stood, Allejianv, Lowndes, 3,011; Ritchie, 2,()4r». Washiiijitoii. Lowndes, •5,(330; Ritciiie, 3,385. Frederick, Lowndes. 4,81)2, Ritchie, 4,091). Montgomery, Lowndes, 1,920; Ritchie, 2,213. In Jsinuary, 1872, a number of persons Hvinj^- in tlic western portion of Allegany county [)resented to the Legislature a petition, praying for a division of the county, and the formation of a new county, whii'h should comprise all of Allegany lying west of a line extending from the middle of SaviiL'c river, where it empties into the Potomac river, north twenty-six miles to a point on the top of Savage Mountain, wlujre said mountain is cro.swd by Mason and Dixon's line. The Legislature passed an act authorizing the voters living within the limits of the proposed new county to vote upon the ({uestioii of the division, as also upon the location of the county seat. At the regular election in November the l)allot was taken. Oakland, Grantsville and Mcllenrys Glades were the competitors for the county seat. The vote in favor of the new county was 1,297: against it, 405. For the county seat Oakland received 653 votes, Grantsville, 590, and McHenryV Glades, 450, In the following year, the new county of Garrett (so named in honor of John W. Garrett. President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com- pany) was formed, and the county seat was located at Oakland. 1873-70.] CITY AND COUNTV OFFICEKS. 433 May 12, 1873.— Mayor, W. A. Witliors ; Council- men, F. Haley, (jeor«5(j Flurslmtz, Ilonry Korns, J()S('i)li II. Ways. Aloxander McForran, and George Uossworin. November 4. — State Senator, Thomas G. McCul- loli : Delegates, ( ■. 15. Waek, Williai ^^race, John Weir and James Park. Clerk '»' 'm-1 Tlu'odore Liimau. Register of Wills, C. C. ftmiver,''' SherifT, Jiimes C. Lynn. ('ounty (-onnnissioners, A. C. (Ireene, Ashford Trail, H. L. Turner, William R. IVail jind CJeorge Keusehlein. Surveyor, Daniel Chisholm. A new charter was adopted for the city, in January, by the Legislature, whereby the city was divided i 'to six wMrds. and each ward authorized to elect two members of the ('ity C(mn(;il, one to be elected t'iich alternate }ear. At the election held on the IHth of May, 1874, the t)(licers chosen were as fol- lows, a full board of Councihnen being elected, one liom each ward to retire from oUice at the expira- tion of one year ; the others to serve two years from date of election : Mayor, Wm. R. McCulley; Councihnen — First Ward, Wm. 0. Sprigg, (leorge Rossworm; Second Ward, M. Y. Rabold. John Weibel; Third Ward, A. M. L. Bush, Archer Scott; Fourth Ward, Jacob Shuck, James T. Hill; Fifth Ward, Wm. M. Price, Joseph EI. Ways; Sixth Ward, II. D. Black, Francis Haley. On the 4th of December Mayor McCulley died, much regretted by the entire populace of the city, 'Mr. Shriver died October 12, 137S, fcnd Joba Rblnd waa elected to fill the vacanor. 56 :i- 484 iiisTORV or cii.MitKULAN'i). [LsJO-ji; und John liiiiiibini wan elected to Mil the vjutancy. May 17, 1875. — Councilineii — First Ward, John H. Fay; Second Ward, M. Y. Habold ; Third Wiird, John Mart/,; Fourth Ward, James T. Hill ; Fifth Ward, Joseph II. Ways; Sixth Ward, Peter Kelly. November 2. — Dele;^ateH to the lA' and .loriri HuiMbiid w;u^ elected to llll th« May ITj l87r).-~(^'our.cilmen- — First W- 0. Fay; Second Ward, M. Y. Rabold; Tiir- John Martz; Fourth Ward, James T., H Ward, Jost^ph II. Ways; Sixth Ward, Pel*?*? Xovemljer 2. — Delegates to tb^ Ijegialat (>. Spring, George M. llawliug-8, 11. R. Atkii;!* R, IJrooke. Conntv Comraissionert*, A. * W'lliam R. Beal!. Georpe Reiischlein, A. *'< » AshCon^ Trail. JudgeM of OrplnmH' Co' Goulehan, U« Fourth Warrlj J" job Shuck, George W. < • -t- i^'ift)] Ward. K. M. Byn< n : Sixth Ward, (.- : . Morii;.!! N' V: HilH r \ - i\iv <*andidat*;s lor tJoii]L'i'S""<* h.^ V\ ill- tn^ Wji'.idi. ftf Ciuiberlahd, Deui./' r*;. v* L*u F. Me(JoniaH, of I lagerstowu, B'* '' t% ote was as follows: Gar.^ett eorr' '. ti vieOoinaH i,02(); Aliejamy, Walj^h ^ ^ Curnas ':,HOi; Wasb.ngt.ia. Walsh ^,^1?.. ..;■!<- M98(>. Frederick, Walt*h l,92J, McCmy^^H • Montgomery, Wakh 2.853; McOou;.* 'iJ^V Wal^hVi total vote Fj.727. M!'*'(»maH 15;Vi » The tbl lowing is a list ol the PostTnaHJ^ifM, iit ^" heriand. withdat-e of ap]>ointiiieut in {-aeh caiH . ■ ■fe W' *r:-»««*>.J ui fill vBCknoy oo»»i"r.«.!i bv Uifi aeaiii of r. v ttttjKtvn luiocplicd tc m of Hf.^ii((f vlui!/, ri!i>iAB<>d. T^a*^' ' aiiiired term ol '. I. Hui,ft((i''i,(.)l. iS'j^fe'a.WS gf rf 4 -■fc-.t- ,.1^ * . -i^MTW. "^^ COURT HOUSE •4t5»^*, ,^lf> 'ittiW ALLEGANY COUNTY ACADEMY. -^itltfjlfr ♦!".-*Sfcl^,Vj>t; s ■I, '.eii roST.MASTKUS AMI ATT(tKNKYS. 485 thr ostablislniiciit of tlie Post-oflicc .Tiiniiarv 1st. 17!) 5: Chiirlos P. Urondhanf laiuuvry I. 1795. KrfiK^ S. I'iirmun Inly 1, IHO'i. Siuniif'I Smith faniiarv 17, 1807. Ivlwiird Wiiitt Dpcemher 21, 181!». Siimud MiijriU , Jaiiimry 18, 1820. .himcs Whilciipad October li», 1821. .luiiu's 1^. ('ailfton I)p(,'einl)i'r 11, 1827. l>,iiiiol Wiiicow Febniiiry Ui, 1841. William i.ynn March o, 1842. Willinin Lynn, (olHco became Presidential) March 8, 1844. .Jacob Fecliti>r PVbruary 24, 184(j. .las. V,. Ma^rniw May !), 1849. Wm. A. Taylor lime 1. iHr^'A. Samuel II. Taylor AufiustlU, 1858. (ieo. A. Iloff'maii .March 27, 18G1. •lobn H. Voiinjr April 11, 18(i5. Will II. I.owdermilk May l.'{, 18(;9. 11. ,1. .Johnson March I. 1878. The ibllowiug is a list of Attorneys iit Law ad- mitted to practice at tlu Allegany County Bar: Names. 1). Wci.sel, John McNeill, .Ir., Pimiel Clarke, Jr., lolin T. M'jBurbridge, M. IJrown, lohn Taylor, ileorsje Magruder, K, Giiither, S. Huijhes, .Jr., Iiiliu Johnson, Jnliii Miller, Ro),'er Perry, I.eiinx Martin, ^Vilijiiin ClaKctt, Joseph VVegley, It. Semiuea, Samuel Price, \Villiain SprigK, Jai'ol) Najijle, Williiini G. IJrowii I •' L. .Sample, T. Murdoch, I'Mrick Majfruder, i'iliis I'lm!, iThomius Thistle, lii'orge J'riee, llezia Davitt^c, |l!mii> S. rigman, J'llin IhuiHon Thomas, !* Selbv, l>ate(it Adnii.ssion Names. I Samuel G. Hartley, I V. M. Kandall, 1 John Jiavis, .Jr., I Edward McDonald, Jr., I William W. McKaig, ! William Thistle, Dec. 1791 11 William Matthews, Jr., James Wm. McCulloh, Edward Sh river, Dec. 1791 I Hanson H. Pigman, Elisha C. Wells, 11. Wilson, ,lr,, Dec. 1791 I H. I?. Tomlinson. A. W. McDonald, Benjamin P. Smith, George A. Pearre, Jervis Spencer, William Pitts, William Motter, George S(diley, Charles 11. .r. Pigman, i George R. ('. Price, i William Perry, j Worthinglon lioss, ! Thomson Mason, ' William P. Webster, j George A. Tliruston, 1 John !•. Dilley, April 1S02 1 W. Murray Ilollydny, flee. 1791 i Minor (libson. Date of Admission. Oct. 1834 April 1836 April 'S47 April 1839 ft l( t( ti Oct. « 1( April 1840 Oct. " April 1841 il 1* Oct. It 1| ti April l.<<42 Oct " 436 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND. Names. Tal P. Hlmffiier, Edward VViirner, IJptori Laurence, IL H. Oaither, John Lyon, of Bedford, John J. Stull, R.C. Hollvday, William Lawrence, Robert C. fctone, Robert J. Hrent, Otlio Shrader, Junies Whair, P. \Vorthingtoi>, .losiah Espy, iJeal Howard, Richard HrookH. Cht'ston Riiit;^otd, D. Raymond, Phil B. Street, James Dixon Roinuu, Thomas B. Pottenger, Upton S. Reid, George H. Balch, H. ^L Brackeuridge, James Carson, George G. Ross, John M. Fordiek, I>an Hughes, Jr., Robert Swann, James M . Riddle, M. Wallace, Moses Tabb, William Magrncler, Brice W. Howanl, T. r. McKaig, James P. C'arleton, Fr., J. D. Yore, James M Russell, John A. .1, Kil)^our, Joseph B. Fayes, J. hi. Palmer, Simuel M. Semmes, William Price, Arthur Shaaff, John Tod, David G. Yost, Zadok Magruder, J. E. Barclay, William J. Ross, D. Forward, Thomas Perry C. Forward, Loxley H. Thistle, J. McMahon, George Swearingen Culh. Powell, Jr., Jara'>8 Smith, W. J. Naylor, William Matthews, W. V. Buskirk, Date of Admission AprrfT843 tt 41 April ISIM Oct. 1803 April 1805 Oct, 1801 Names. Oct. 1816 Oct. 1817 April LSI 7 Oct. 1816 April 1818 Frederick A. Schley, William Schley, .1. Dixan, .John ('. Graff', .lohn M . Br'Wer, .M. Tophitm 1 Ivans, I harles ('. McCulloh, E. t". (luest, .1. P. Romiin, .lames H. Bevans, .J. H. Gordon, J. Miirshsill. N. t'arroll Mason, J. H ClayMudd, VV. G. Van Lear, Charles B, Tliruston, Cieorge H. Hickman, .-\inelins Steele, L. M, Barclay, .■\ndrew VV. Kercheval, Thomas C. (ireen, Thomas Devecmou, Cliiirles F. Mhyer, Andrew Slerell RiW\'ely, (}. 15. M. Price, Henry \V. Hoffman, Jacob Brown, .\loii/.() Berry, Aza Heall, J. M.Schley, .Andrew E. Kennedy, William liaird, Joseph \. Chaplin, Thomas A. Hopkins, William Kilgore, .io^eph Sprigg, Hopewell Hel)b, (Jeorge Hebb, F. S. Hobliizell, Daniel hi.icher, Henry Price, Michucl Unibaugh, John A.Dilte, Joseph A. Wick&s, Richard IL Alvey, .lohn McCarty, Theodore Brace, Churles B. Pearre Samuel Smith, Wm. McClay Hall, S. W. Downey Jairus W Robinette, .lohn L. Thomas, William Walsh, Heniy Bruce, William Johns Read, William Devecmou, Peter Devecmou. J, Fraik Seiss, Joseph A. Obhill, Date of AdmisHioD. April 'm Oct. 1S:'7 April \m 184-1 Oct. 1844 II II April 1845 Oct. 1X4.-) April lS4t) April 184(: April 1847 April 1847 Julv 1847 Oct. 1847 Oct 1847 April 1M8 April 1848 May 1848 May 1848 Nov. 1848 Nov. 1848 April 1849 Oct. 18n0 Oct. 1851 April 1854 Oct. 185) Nov. 18J<) Oct. 185:1 1852 April 1852 June iS52 Jau \m il 1854 tl 1855 Ap-i 1855 May 18.li) Feb. 185;t April 1859 Oct 1859 Apri IKiij Oct. 18ii:i Oct. 1855 Apri 1* 11 1865 II ti Jan 11 11 1856 l( 11 18C0 ■.■-■iS'v^lv^^-M.'lV- JUDGES. 437 Date of AdinisHion. h, April '835 Oct. 1SI!7 April 1843 Oct. 1844 April 1845 Oi't. IHli April 181t> April 1841' m, April 1H47 lU, April 1847 Jiilv 1847 Oct. 1847 eval, Oct 1847 .\pril 1H8 »> ' April 184S i Miiv 1848 idKely , May 1848 Nov. 1848 U), ' Nov. 1848 April 184'.! Oct. 1850 11 >• edy, 1. 11 Oct. 18M ti. April 18.>l iii.», Oct. 1851 Nov. lU Is, Btte, LeiKi lou, Oct. 1853 1852 April 18.^2 June i*>5' Jau.1853 " 1854 " 18.i5 Ap'il 18''^ May 18.^1) Feb. 1859 April 1859 Oct 1859 April IKiS:! Oct. 18iK Oct. 1855 April 181)0 "^1. 1' Jan. 1856 " 18fi0 Names. Uicharii T. Seinines. J. J. McHenry. Thonms I. McKaig, Jr., William M. Price, Fenliiiiuid VVilliains, James L. Vallaiidi^ham, T. Cook Hus;hey, .\. ri. HliU'kistoii, I). .Imnes Blackiston, Maurice A- Healey, U ("hew Jones, jyjiiyil Lowndes, ,Ir.. Clarendon Tate, Uilliani II. Caiiill Thomas E (ionder. .laiiies M. Heall, Robert W. McMicbael, S. A. Oox. John B. Fav, \V. H. Resiev, \. H (jonder, Jiitnes Forsyth Harrison, rharles Brown, A. Heall McKaig, Date of Admission. Jan. 1800 April 186t) Oct. 1866 Jan. 1807 Oct. 1867 Jan. 1868 April 1868 June 1868 Oct. 1868 Nov. 1868 Jan. 186se whose losses hav(> been pains of the company, should nnt ill the hour of its prosperity be forgotten. It has l)eut it is also a subject of scarcely less interest, and in its consc(|ueiices will prove of tar more substantial and enduring import- anee, to you and to your town. If therefore we have congratulations to receive, w»; likewise have eC'ngrutulations to return to you. (ientlenu'U : — It would not be coin|)atible with the brevity due to iin occasion like this, for ine to dwcdl upon the origin, and the grand desifjn and object of this company ; nor to trace its interesting antecedents which carry back the history of its work to a period anterior to the formation ol the Federal Union, and connects it with the immortal name of the Father of our country — nor need I recajiilulate the long succession of inisfortiints and disa|)pointiuents, which, {■ommeiieirig s)t oi' names of those who subscribed to thib purpose embraces members of all the Protestant churches. several Roman Catholics, and one Israelite. Among those names are the follovving, many of whose descendants are now living in our midst : William McMahon, Samuel Thomas, Henry McKinley, Roger Perry, James Scott John Hoye, David Lynn. Thomas J. Perry, George Thistle, Rev. Robert Kennedv, Thomas Beall, John Haves, Walter Sheer. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. ^57 J. Win. Hoblitzell, Samuel Smith, Robert McCleary, John Shryer, Peter Lowdermilk, Hanson Briscoe, C. Tilghman, Martin Rizer, John Hoblitzell, Henry Korns, Elnathan Russell, John McHenry, William Hilleary^ Jacob Hoffman, George Blocher, Robert Swann, George McCulloh, Jacob Seass, John Gep- hart, Valentine Hoffman, John Hoffman, Geo. Shuck, John M. Read, Henry W'neow. and Wm. Magruder. The erection of this church was begun in 1817, but owing to some legal and financial troubles was not completed until some time after Mr. Kennedy left Oumberland. (Some account of this church is given in the history of the Episcopalians.) The building afterwards pas.5ed into the hands and control of the Episcpalians. We now lose the thread of our narrative, until the year 1832, when the Domestic Mission Board of the Presbyterian church sent Rev. Mr. Raymond to Cumberland. For a while during his labors the church on Fort Hill was jointly used by the Presby- terians and Episcopalians. Mr. Raymond remained here about two years, and was succeeded in 1834 by Rev. S. H. McDonald, who was also commissioned by the Domestic Board of Missions. During the ministry of Rev. McDonald, December 9, 1837, the congregational organization was perfected. At a meeting held for the purpose of organization we find that Rev. H. R. Wilson, of Carlisle Presbytery, was appointed modarator, T. 1. McKaig secretary, and the following were elected and duly appointed trustees of the Presbyterian congregation of Allegany county : Wm. McMahon, 58 458 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND, James Moore of Geo., James M. Smith, John G. Hoffman, Thomas I. McKaig, Joseph B. Hayes, Alex. King, John J. Hoffman, John Boward, John A. Mitchell, William Harness, Jeremiah Berry, Jr., and Charles Heck. It was now resolved by the congregation to build a house of worship, and the trustees were authorized to appoint a building committee, consisting of five persons. The committee thus selected consisted of the following gentlemen : J. J. Hoffman, James M. Smith, John G. Hoffman, Thomas I. McKaig and James Moore. The committee went actively to work. and soon raised a sufficient amount of money by subscription to justify them in building their house of worship; a lot had been bequeathed the church as a location by Richard Beall, a wealthy citizen, in 1836. This piece of ground was on the west side of Will's Creek, fronting on what is now known as Washington street, and is part of the .'^ame lot on which the present handsome Presbyterian church stands. For various reasons the committee did not think proper to build thereon, and the ground was sold, and another lot purchased on Liberty strct't, north, where the present German Reformed church stands. In fact that identical building was erected by the Presbyterians in 1840, though only about two- thirds the size of the present Liberty street building. Rev. McDonald labored here until 1843, when he was removed to another mission, and was succeeded by Rev. B. Wall, the same year, who was installed first pastor of the church, Mr Wall remained two years, and was succeeded, in 1845, by Rev. John H. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 459 Symmes, who officiated as minister for over seventeen years. Rev. Symmes resigned his charge in 1862, and from the 6th of November of that year until early in 1807 no congregational services were held in the building, which was used a part of the time as a hospital for Union soldiers. In March, 1806, Rev. James D. Fitzgerald was temporarily called to this ministry, and the services were held in the Baptist church edifice, on Bedford street, and worship was continued there throughout the year. In February, 1867, the repairs on the old church on Liberty street were completed, and Rev. Fitzgerald was regularly called as pastor, in October, 18G8. In May, 1871, a provisional sale of the church property on Liberty street was made to the German Reformed congregation for the sum of $5,500, and a full transfer was made in June, 1872. This sale was made with the design of erecting a new house of worship, the trustees having purchased the Devec- mon lot, oa Washington street, in August, 1870. The laying of the corner stone of the new church took place on the 4th of July, 1872, with impressive ceremonies, in which the Masonic lodges took an important part. Rev. Fitzgerald tendered his resignation as pastor in April, 1873, and on the 14th of July, the same year, Rev. E. B. Raffensperger was unanimously elected to the charge. The lecture room of the new church was completed and dedicated in August, 1873, and the entire church edifice was fitted for services in June, 1875. 460 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. The church edifice is built of white Narrows sand stone, and is semi-Gothic in style; it is eighty-seven feet long and forty-five feet wide. Tlie cost of the edifice was about $48,000. Rev. RafFensperger resigned his pastorate on the 1st of October, 1877, and w^as succeeded February 10, 1878, by Rev. J. E. Moffatt, the present min- ister. The number of communicants in this churcli is 235. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. In the year 1803, the first steps were taken to establish an Episcopal church in Cumberland. On the 16th of October, in that year, the holy com- munion was administered to members of thiit profession of faith, here, for the first time. During the same year steps were taken to effect the legal organization of the parish, and among the first names in the parish records of the Protestant Episcopal churcli are those of Lynn, Bruce, Perry, Lamar, Hil- leary, Beall, Thistle, Briscoe, Cresap and Burbridge. A provisional vestry vt^as chosen after divine service, on Easter Monday, of the year 1803, and this vestry selected Mr. John Kewley as a delegate to the con- vention, and recommended him for holy orders. Mr. Kewley was ordained deacon in June, of that year, and about a year following was ordained priest. The convention was petitioned to constitute Allegany county into a parish with territorial bounds, which was claimed as a right inherited by this diocese from the Church of England. The convention replied that they had no power to set them off as a parish, and 1',; PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 461 recommended that they organize under a new act of assembly as a congregation, without regard to terri- torial limits; this was done, and on the 1st of August, following, the same vestrymen were again elected. In 1853, just half a century after the petition of this church, the convention set off Allegany county as "Emmanuel Parish." The first vestry of the parish consisted of the following persons : Patrick Murdock, Hanson Briscoe, David Lynn, Upton Bruce, Robert Tivis, George Hebb, John B. Beall, and Mr. Hilleary. They appointed Rev. John Kewley minister of the parish, at a salary of £100, Maryland money, equal to about $266.60 United States currency. Previous to his entrance upon the ministry, the presumption is, that Rev. Kewley had been acting as lay reader in the parish. After his ordination he officiated steadily, not only in Cumberland, but at (Iresaptown, Murley's Branch, Oldtown, and occa- sionally in Pennsylvania, and in other counties of this State, besides Allegany. His rectorship ended in 1804, at which time he removed from the State. After his withdrawal the parish was without a pastor for more than twenty-four years, and had only such !onrad II. Steger. In June, 1854, the corner-stone of the new church, on North Centre street, was laid. This building is a neat and substantial brick edifice, 50 feet long by oO wide, and capable of seating about .'500 persons. It is built in modern style, to show full two stories. The house was completed the same year, and dedi- cated to religious worship. Rev. Steger remained in charge of this church two year , and was succeeded i>y Rev. W. Kaehler. Mr. Kaehler was followed, in 1865, by Rev. Conrad Schwankoosky, who re- mained until 1871. Rev. Schwankoosky had been pastor of the United German Lutheran church, in 480 HISTOUY OF CUMBKKLANI). foririor years, })iit had Hoparatod from that orjjjanizii- tion, and connected hinisell' witli those who lield to th(» "Unaltered Angsburg Confession." The next pastor in charge of this church was Rev. Frederick Kuegcle, who came here the 20th of May, 1871, and is ofliciating at tliis time. There is a parochial school attached to the church, which is taught by the pastor. The present number of pu[)ils registered is 1)3. The number of connuu- nicants in the church is 142. KINCiSLKY M. E. CIIAPKL. The idea of erecting a Methodist Episcopal chapel in South Cumberland, originated with a few /ealuiis members of Centre street M. E. church, among whom were S. T. Little, John Kellenbeck, and Samuel Milford, who, taking in view the wants of the mem- bers who were settling in that part of the city, in consequence of the establishment of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company's Rolling Mills, wished to place them in more convenient reach of a house ol' worship. In the month of August, 1870, the lot on which the chapel and parsonage stand was leased, at an annual ground rent of $30, and the chapel, a plain frame building, 30 by 45 feet, was erected. The structure was completed on the 5th of December. 1870, at a cost of $1,000, and on the 10th of the same month was subsequently dedicated to GodV worship, by Rev. E. J. Gray, then pastor of the M. E. church in Frostburg, Md., at which time sufficient money was collected to relieve the church from debt. KINGSLKY M. K. CTIArEL. 481 Tlie Pro.sitlin^ Kldcr, for tliiH circuit, ji|)))oiiitc(l Kcv. J. McK. Walsli, a .supcrimincrary proaclior, of Baltimore ('onrcroncc. to take charge of the new chapel, which cliarge he hehl until the session of the aininal conference, in March, 1871, when Kev. A. J. dill hecame the regular pasti)r, who, on the lOth (lay of March, preached his first sermon in the huildiug, and received into memhership, hy certificate, tiie following persons : S. T. Little, Samuel Millord, .fohn KellenbecU, (leorge Johnson, Samuel Johnson, Henry Mahauey, Howard Deetz, John Koj)e, Eliza- beth Mil ford, Kli/aheth Kellenbcck, Ellen Fisher, and Amos Fisher. On the 0th of April, following, the first regular (|iiiirterly (!oiderence of this church was held at the rosidence of John Kelleidjeck. and the following officers were elected: Trustees, Jesse Korns, S. T. Little. Samuel Johnson, Samuel Milford, and W. R. Mudge. Stewards, S. T. Little. John Kellenbcck, and Howard Deetz. Rev. Gill continued to ofhciate in this charge two years, and was succeeded in March, 1873, by Rev. S. i\I. Alford, who renniined three years, and was suc- ceeded in March, 1870, by Rev. W. H. Reed, who ministered to the congregation one year. It was during the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Reed that the parsonage, a neat frame residence, was erected. In March, 1877, Rev. D. M. Browning, the present pastor, was appointed to this charge. The earlier history of this church was that of marked prosperity, but for the past few years it has suffered loss, on account of the stoppage and irregular working of the 61 482 HISTORY OF CUMIUIULANI). Baltiinoro and Ohio rolliiifj; ihIUh, in wliicli inany of the iiumuIkts of tliis dODj^ro^atioii foiiinl t'liiijioymciit in more proHpcrouM tiincs. 'V\w niiml)or of oonniuiuioants in thin cimiTh is about DO. ZION (JKHMAN KKFORMKI) (HUKCII. This churcli oonj^jivfijation meets in wliat was for- nicrly known as the old Presbyterian ehnrcli, a large brick edifiee, with ('Uj)ola and belfry, situated on north Liberty, between Baltimore and Hedlbnl, streets. , The first misson of this ehinch was established in 1867, with Rev. A. Wanner as missionary, who renniined initil 1871. Previous to tiie arrival of Mr. Wanner, jn'eaehini^ by ministers of this [jrofessioii took place occasionally, at which times the Presby- terians kindly granted the use of their building on Liberty street. In May, 1871, the congregation, having been fully established, made a provisional |)urchase of their present house of worship, from the Presbyterians, although a full title was not obtained until June, 1872, the price then paid being $5,500. From this time stated services were held in this building. The iirst regular [)astor was Rev. C. (-ast, who was installed in 1871, and remained in charge until 1874, when he was succeeded by Rev F. R. Schwedes, the present incumbent. — The congregation of this church own a cemetery, three acres in extent, situated on the Baltimore pike, a little east of the city. niuisT ui:v")UMKF) r.riscoi'AL cmiHCii. 483 is cliurcli is A Siindn} school, under tlu' iJiitronaf^o of the cliurch, imhiiIkts about 125 HcholarH. Tlio 'lUinbor of coinuiunicauts in tluH cliurch is about 150. (MFRiaT IlKFORMKD FPISCOPAL CnURCn. The iniiuj;unil scrvicos of this cliurcli wore hold in Trinity M. K. church. South, corner of south Centre and Union streets, on Sunchiy, May 14, 1870, vvlien Hishop ({eor}!;e I). Cuininins. Presidin;^; IJishoj) of tlic Kefoniied Episcopal <'hurch, oiliciated, assisted by John K. Dunn, tlie present })ast<)r. At thl^ time services were hehl morning and evening, the Bi )p preacliing on both occasions. Two (hiys tliereafter (Tuesday, May 16), a num- ber of gentlenuMi met at the ollice of fJeo. Henderson, Jr., on north liiborty street, and organi/ed a ])arish, and established a church, under the name of (.'lirist Reformed Episcopal Church. Rev. J. K. Dunn was chosen rector, and a vestry consisting of the foUowing persons was elected: Wardens, Dr. S. P. Smith, and George Henderson, Jr. Vestrymen, Thomas Johns. Ceorgo A. Pearre, Jonathan W. Magruder, E. T. Sliriver, C, J. Orrick, Dr. S. H. Fundenberg, J. W. Pearce and W. H. Harrison. On the following Sunday, (May 21, 187C,) regular services of the newly organized parish were held for the first time, in the Hall of the Young Men's ('hris- tian Association, north Centre street. Rev. John K Dunn rector, oflliciating. In the course of a month about twenty-five members were enrolled upon the church book as communicants. 484 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. A Sunday school under the management of this church was established on the afternoon of Sunday. May 21, 1876, in the same place. The services of the church were continued in the Hall of the Young Men's Christian Association, until March, 1877, when the congregation purchased Trinity M. E church building, on south Centre street, for the sum of $5,500 in cash, the congregation of that church having disbanded some months previous. The building thus purchased by Christ Reibrmed Episcopal church has been in Jieir occupancy ever since, stated worship being hehl there at this time. The present number of communicants is about 70, and the Sunday school now numbers about 170 scholars. McKENDREE (AFRICAN) M. E. CHAPEL. The church now known as McKendree M. E. Chapel Congregation, is composed of colored people, who formerly worshipped with the congregation of the Centre street M. E. church, and were unde»* tlie government of the Baltimore Conference, as their white brethren. In the fall of 1854, the colored portion of the Centre street M. E. church withdrew from the whites, and organized a separate congrega- tion. They purchased their present house of worship during that year, and have occupied it for religious purposes ever since. The building is a modern brick structure, and was originally 30 by 40 feet, but during the pastorate of Rev. M. Spreddles it was lengthened eight feet. It is finished as a two story building. MCKENDREE M. E. CHAPEL. 485 Among the first trustees of this church we find the names of Lewis Graham, Joseph Taper, James Tibbs, and Eli Robinson. The congregation, at the time of its organization, numbered about forty. The first pastor was Rev. Henry Mattliews, who remained one ond a half years, and was succeeded by Rev. W. S. Wilson, who served three years, and was followed in 18G9 by Rev. M. Spreddles, who remained until 1872, when he was succeeded by Rev. E. Lawson. Rev. Lawson served only one year, and was succeeded in l873, by Rev. Thomas Davis, who, after a brief ministry withdrew from this conference, and united with another. In 1874. Rev. A. B. Wilson came here to fill the unexpired term of Rev. Davis, and remained until February, 1875, and was succeeded by Rev. Henry Cellers, who is the present pastor. The church has a Sunday school under its man- agement. The number of communicants at this time is 90. AFRICAN M. E. CHURCU. For many years the colored persons of the Meth- odist Episcopal faith were accustomed to attend services at the Centre street M. E. cburch, where a portion of the gallery was set apart for their use. But in 1848 they determined to provide themselves with a house of worship, and therefore effected an organization, and elected a board of trustees, as fol- lows: Nathaniel Burgee, Philip Only, Jacob Mitchell, Wm. Hamilton, John Pago, John Murdock, and Henry Robinson. Father Golden, of Baltimore, came 486 IIISTORV OF CUMBERLAND. here, and devoted himself to the work, and before the close of the year, succeeded in securing the erection and completion of a plain l)rick building, on Frederick street extended. In 1871, the house was rebuilt and enlarged, and in 1875, was again enlarged, to accommodate the increasing member- Bhip. The pastors who have served in this church, from the date of its organization, are as follows, beginning, in 1848, Avith Father Golden: Mis successors were Rev. Thcmias Henry, Dr. Watts, D. A. llidout, James Sterricks. Mr. Russell, R. A. Hall, John F. Lane. William Smith, C. Sampson. Wm. 11. Waters, Joseph Thompson, Jas. H. A. Johnson, J. B. Ham- ilton, and J. M. Cargill, the latter having been appointed to this charge early in 1877, and being .still the j)astor of the eluirch. which is quite pros- perous. EBENEZER BAPTIST CHURCH. Ebenezer, African, Baj)tist church, was organized in the spring of 1875, by the Revs. H. J. ChandkM-. of Bedford street Baptist church, in Cumberland, and James Nelson, then of Georgetown, D. C, now of Farmville, Va. The first congregational worship of this body was in the third story of the west end of Reynolds's Block, on Baltimore, between Liberty and Mechanic, streets. The number of members enrolled at the time of organization was about twenty, and Rev. Lewis Hicks, the present pastor, was then installed. This church continued to worship in Reynolds's Block until their new church edifice w^as built, on EBENEZER BAPTIST CHURCH. 487 Cumberland stroot, on the west side of Will's Creek. The corner stone of this building was laid in August, 1875, Dr. S. C. Thrall, of Emmanuel Episcopal church, and Rev. IT. J. Chandler, of Bedford street Baptist church, officiating, and the house was pushed forward to comjjletion by the end of the year. The lot on which the church is located was pur- chased of Oeorge Henderson, Jr., and deeded to Lewis Hicks, Willie Johnson, Robert Trent, Simon Bolden, and John M. Thomas, a committee appointed by Ebenezer Baptist church of Cumberland, The building is a modern brick structure, finished to show two stories in height, and 40 feet in length by 28 in breadth. The building of this house of worship evinced a degree of courage and energy truly remarkable. At a time when there was a great scarcity of money, and a prostration of business, the work was projected, and it was carried forward under trials and difficulties innumerable, by a class of men dependent on their labor for daily bread. A small Sunday school is in operation, under the management of thi« church. The number of com- municants is about 15. THE CITY OF CUMBERLAND. The City of (Jumborland is located at the Eastern base of the Allegany Mountains, on the banks of the North Branch of the Potomac River and of Will's Creek, at the mouth of the latter stream. Her geograpical position is 89° 39' 14" latitude; longitude, in arc 78° 45' 25"; in time oh. I5m. 01. 7s. The city is surrounded by mountains and abrupt bluffs on all sides, but has natural outlets in every direction, through which easy passage has been found for her channels of communication with other parts of the world. Not only has the valley east of Will's Creek been built up with streets, residences, business houses and factories, but the hills have been scaled, and on every side improved by the hands of enterprise and progress. The picturesque beauty of the place is scarcely surpassed by any other spot in the country, while some of the surroundings are grand and imposing in the extreme. There are few points from which the entire city can be brought into view at one glance, but from every point of observation the eye is greeted with a variety of scenery of exceptional attraction, and the natural beauty of the vision is enhanced by the architectural improvements which have converted tlie quiet hill and vale into scenes of busy life. From every hill side flash into view lofty 62 490 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. spires, temples built of native stone, charming villas, towered edifices, and comfortable homes, evincinir educated tastes and refined ideas. The placid Potomac, forming the southern boundary of the city. is apparently land-locked, and presents the appear- ance of a modest lake, upon whose bosom is mirrored the beauty of its leafy shores; while jthe swifter waters of Will's Creek come purling into the very heart of the town, cool and fresh, from the sombre shades of the wondrous "Narrows." Southward the waters of the two streams tumble over a dam ol' solid masonry, and skirt the base of "Nobley" Moun- tain, until they disappear from view at the edge of the city, some half mile lower down the channel. Eastward is a series of blufts, some three hundred feet in height, known as "Shriver's Hill," "McKaigV Hill," and "Fort Hill." The sides of these hills are dotted with dwellings, and cultivated fields, in many places, while the gorges between have been converted into streets and roads. On the south, and on the opposite side of the river, in West Virginia, Nobley Mountains rise in their self-asserting grandeur, and with the rich bottom lands lying at their feet, form a picture worthy to be transferred to canvas, if a brush can be found to do them justice. On a knob, around which the river sweeps with a graceful curve, stands the beautiful villa of Capt. Roger Perry, of the navy, forming one of the most prominent and attractive pictures of the panorama of the city. Cumberland is divided into two parts by the waters of Will's Creek. That portion lying east of the Creek comprises the greater part of the business houses, hotels, mills, CITY OF CUMBERLAND. 491 factories, wharves, railroad depots, &c., besides the elegant structure recently erected as a City Hall, and a number of streets desirable as places of resi- dence. The west side is devoted almost exclusively to private residences, and there are few thoroughfares in the smaller cities of the Union, superior to Wash- ington street in the character of its buildings and their tasteful surroundings. This avenue is well lined xith shade trees, while spacious grounds and cultivated shrubbery surround almost every house. On it are located also the Court House, a handsome building, and two fine stone church edifices. The Potomac River is spanned by an iron bridge, built by the city, for the purpose of affording easy communication with the people of West Virginia. Over Will's Creels are three iron bridges for general traffic, one iron bridge for railroad purposes, one bridge for the passage of canal boat teams, and tiie splendid brick viaduct, built by the Baltimore ai:d Ohio Railroad Company, in 1850, for the passage of its trains. This latter is about one sixth of a mile in length, has fourteen arches, and spans several streets, as well as the Creek. In addition to these there is a bridge of solid masonry at the north end of the city, constructed by the general government, as a part of its great improvement known as the National Road. The streets are quite irregular, in the eastern section, and seem to have followed, to a great extent, the courses of the old roads. They are from thirty to sixty feet in width, and with few exceptions are graded and paved with cobble stones. Large sums 492 IIISTOUV OF CUMBEKLAND. of money were spent in this work originally, and thousands of dollars are now appllcMl every year to the cleansing and repair of t\w same. The climate is mild, but changeable. The ex- tremes of heat and cold are not so great as those common to points in the same latitude, and altogether the city may be said to be (piite healthy, as there aw no types of disease that become epidemic. In the summer season, no matter how warm the weather may be during the day, the nights are cool and pleasant. The business houses are generally of a substantial, respectable and attractive character, and as a rule the merchants confine themselves each to a particular branch of trade, instead of keeping a " general" stock of merchandise on hand. There ar(? many wholesali' houses that have a good trade, and they are able to compete with jobbers in the larger cities East and West. "The city is on the outer edge of the great Coal Basin which goes by its name, connected with it by the lines of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Rail- road, and the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company's Railroad. " The population of Cumberland, according to i\w census of 1870, was 8,056 ; in 1873, 11,300. As the city has grown rapidly since that time it is probably safe to estimate its present population at about 13,000. • _ . .. . - -_ " It is an incorporated city, governed by a Mayor and Board of Councilmen ; with a regularly organized police force The citj^ is lighted by gas, and supplied CITY OP CUMBERLAND. 493 ties East and with water from the Potomac river, by the ^ Holly system of fire protection and water supply.'" Its means of communication with other parts of the country are numerous, and ample. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal extends from Cumberland to Wash- ington City, where it connects witli tide-water ; and about three-quarters of a million tons of coal are annually transported through this channel to the p]ast. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad connects the city with Baltitnore on the one hand, and the Ohio River on the other; the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad, with Pitsburgh ; the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, with the coal region ; and a new road (the Pennsylvania Railroad, in Maryland,) is nearly completed, whereby the Pennsylvania Rail- road will find its way into the city. "The business of the city is largely dependent upon the coal trade, the annual shipments of Cumberland coal amounting to nearly 2,000,000 tons. The Cumberland Coal Field lies west of the city of Cumberland, in a basin formed by the Great Savage Mountain on the North-west and the Dan's Mountain on the South-east, and running North-east and South- west from Peimsylvania State line, through Allegany county, into Mineral county. West Virginia. The basin is about five miles wide between the two ranges and about twenty miles long. The floor of the basin slopes from either end upwards to Frost- burg, where it attains its greatest altitude, from 2,000 to 2,100 feet above mean tide. '' The Southern slope of the basin is drained by 494 HISTORY OF CUMHEULANn. George's Creek, flowing Soutli-west from Frostburg and emptying into tlie Potomac river. The Northern rtlope, by Jennings Run, flowing Northwest into Will's Creek. The aggregate depth of coal formation here is 1,100 feet, its base being the Millstone Grit. Capping the sumtnita of Savage and Dan's mountains, it extends down their sides into the valley, where it dips below the surface. "The principal coal veins are, first, the "Big Vein," fourteen feet of coal, lying 1,860 feet above tide. This is the vein from which most of the coal is now mined. It underlies the surface of the valley at Frostburg and Borden Shaft, but southward, down the George's Creek, water has cut away that portion of the measure lying in the lowest part of the valley and with it this vein (which here must have been very near the surface) leaving the higher parts only of the vein standing in the hills thus formed on either side of the water course. Second, the "Four Foot Vein," which lies about 800 feet below the " Fourteen Foot Vein." This vein is below water in the higher part of the basin ; but appears about sixty feet above at Barton, and lies above the level from that point southward, down the George's Creek. This vein has been opened by the Piedmont Coal and Iron Company, and proves to be equal in quality to the Big Vein, and in the southern portion of the basin lies in such a way as to be easily rained. Lastly, the " Six Foot Vein," which lies 160 feet below the " Four Foot Vein," and is above water level in the lower part of the valley only. These two lower veins, though smaller in size than the CITY OP CUMBERLAND. 495 " Big Vein," have a much greater acreage, as but little of either vein has been cut away by erosion. At present the abundant supply contained in the large vein is so easy of access and can be so cheaply mined, that these smaller veins have not received the share of attention which they eventually will. Several new openings other than those mentioned are now being made in these smaller veins, with very encouraging prospects. " The total acreage of coal land in this field is 44,182. Of this, 17,300 acres contain the large " B\)urteen Foot Vein," and of course all contain the two smaller veins. Besides these, which are the working veins, there are numerous other small veins, throughout the entire depth of the coal measure ; these veins are from si.x inches to three feet in thickness ; they have never received any attention from mining companies or experts. The coal of this field is well and favorably known by consumers and dealers generally. It is a free burning bituminous coal, containing on an average 75 per cent, of fixed carbon. It is free from injurious impurities and with very little slate or earthy particles. A Com- mitttee of Naval Officers and Engineers which was appointed by the United States Government, to test, by actual experiment, the relative value for forge and steam generating purposes of all the different kinds of coal found in this country and in England, rate Cumberland Coal (in general average) to be tl e best coal for steam generating purposes in the market, and superior for forge purposes also. Under equal weights the Cumberland Coal surpasses the Anthracite, in 490 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND. evaporativo power, by 2.3 per cent.; under ecpial bulk by 1.4 per cent. It .surpa.ssos tlie ft)reign bituininouH coals 20 per cent, comparing erward again) with the rear division of the Army. Rejoining in a low and enfeebled state, only the day before the Action of Monnongalia (which happened on the 9th of July) there was not time even if he had been nhh to enter the Ordei's that had issued during his seperation; which is more to be regretted as it is probable the Order of Battle, and many other important Orders were among them. He did, however, as may be seen by a letter to Captain Orme, dated the 28th day of July — Request a copy ot these orders, but as they never were sent, they cannot be inserted. [General Braddock's Orderly Books are two in number, the first embracing the orders issued from the 26th of February to the 11th of June, 175£ aud the second from the 12th to the 17th of June, 1755. On a page preceiJugthe orders appears the above extract, in Washington's own handwriting, and it is presumed that the books were kept under his direction. These books were transferred to the Congressional Library from the library of the late Peter Force, after the death of that eminent man, whose collection of manu- scripts concerning Anierican history was undoubtedly the most complete ia ezist.ence.] Drders of his [lis arrival in lowing, when ier, thereof to il he wdi^ in a vith the rear n a low and the Action of e 9th of July) n able to enter lis seperation; 8 probable the lortant Orders by a letter to fuly — Request ^er were sent, GENERAL BRADDOCK'S ORDERLY BOOK, NO. 1. , the first embracing of June, 1751 aud page precetiugthe indwrltiDg, and it is These books were |library of the late collection of manu- le most complete in His Excellency General Braddock orders that the commanding Oflicer of each ship upon their arrival in Hamptom Road shall immediately send a Return inclosed to Mr. Hunter at Hampton, specifying the number of their sick, the time of their illness, and the nature of them. And that every commanding Officer shall with the utmost dispatch apply to Mr. Hunter i'or Boats to carry the sick on shore wch shall be executed with all imaginable care and expedition, and that a Subaltorn Officer of each ship shall see tlieir men safely conveyed to the place appointed at Hampton for their Recept'jM, which Mr. Hunter will shew them; and that the Surgeons or mates of the two regiuients and Train shall attend the sick of their own corps. Every commanding Officer is to take particular care that as soon as their sick are sent n. Shore all the Hatchways be uncovered, scuttles opened and the Platform thoroughly washed and cleaned, no Ollicer or soldier, except the sick, to lie on shore upon any acct. The Hospital to continue on board till the General's further Orders. Williamsburg, Febry 26th. 1755. To the companies of Rangers and carpenters : His Excellency General Braddock orders the com- inandiT officer of each company or Troop to send a weekly Retttrn to the head Quarter's agreeable to the Form annexed; and duplicates of the Returns are to IV. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY 1500K. be Remitted weekly to His Excellency, Governoi- Dinwiddie. The Return for Genl Braddock to be directed to me at the head Quarters, Williamsburg, Feby. 26th, 1755. By His Excellency Edward Braddock, Enq : Whereas, an act of Parliament was passed in England, the last Session, to subject ail Troops rp.^ed in the Colonies to the Regulations and Orders of the articles of Wai, I therefore think it expedient and Order ihat upon forming the four companies of Rangers, the company of carpeuters and the Troops of light Horse and whatever Troops are or shall be raised for the service of the present Expedition. That the articles of War be publickly read to the Officers and men, and that every man severaly sliall tak e the Oath of Allegiance and supremacy; and in consequence of these articles they are to obey from time to time any orders they shall receive from me or any of their superior Officeis. E. BRADDOCK, By His Excel 'ys Com'd. Feb'y. 26th, 1755. Wil'm Shirley, Secret y. By His Excellency Edwird Braddock, Esq., Gen'l Covitnander in Chief oj His Maj'ty Forces in North America, Quarters of Sir Peter Halktts Re;iim't: Orderd, That it proceed to Alexandria in the Transports; tive companies to remain in tiie Town w'th the company of artillery and stores of all kinds. One comi)any at Dumfries, two days march from .'ilexandria, thirty miles to Halt the first night after they cross the Ferry ot Oeciiquan; One company at Bladensburg, one days marcli, they cross the Potomack at Alexandria; One company at upper Marlborroiigh two days march first night at Bladensburg; Two compauys at Fre(lericlc; These three last cantonments in Maryland; U|)ou application to Major Carlyl luai^is- trate of Alexandria; the whole will be furnished with Guides Quarters of one Regiment, The Traiisj)or(s w'ch have them on board to stop in the River Potomack as near Fredericksburg as they can; These and an halt com- pany at Winchester, six days march from Fredericksburg, halt a company at Conogogt'- eight days from Winchester; six conipanys at Fredericksburg and Falmouth •>. the other side the River of Rap))ahannock, The live companys of the Regiment that disembark at Alexandria wlucli are to be canton "d to be landed first and to begin their march before the otiier five debark. The Engineers and other Ofiicers, not immediately wanted to be at hand, may be conveniently lodged on the Maryland side of the Potomack leaving a direction where they lodge A})plicatiou is to be made to the several magistrates for carriages to convey the stores, Baggage and Tents oi the cantoned companys to be given by the commanding titlicers lor the numbers employ'd. The Regiment wl^ose head (Quarters ate at Fredericksburg, will halt ab't 15 miles from |)lace (if disembarking. Waggons will be ordered to attemi them. Throe compunvs which are to march to Winchester and Couogogec are to march first to Friderieksburg. The compa (^uarterd at Falmouth need not cross the Rappu. vVaggon's to each comi)a to be assertained, a field Ollicer to go with each of the five coinpas and every Officer to go with his com pas. Given under my hand at Williamsburg, this 28ih Febry, 1755. E. BR.VDDoCK. ^mmm DOK. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. V, Governor idock to be the last Session, to Ills and Orders uf Order iliat upon of carpeuters ami are or shall be he articles of War luwn severaly shall isequenee of these • shall receive from BRADDOCK, iiRLKY, Secret y. Hinder in Chief oj Iff Halkets Re(jim't: >ns; five cmuimiiies litores of all kinds. Alexandriii, iliirty •\;rry ot OcciHiuan; ;ross the Potoiudck 1 two tlays uiarcii rick; These three ijor Carlyl mau'is- ji Guides tiuaiters jjoard to stop iu the ie and an halt eoiii- halt a company at ''redericksburg and . Alexaudria which ich before the other litcd to be at hand, *ot,oiuack leaving a Icarriages to convey be given by th-- [urg. will halt ati'i ordered to altenii Iter and Conogogee Itcrd at Falmouth lassertained, a tiel l> Every Oflicer leaving his company upon a inarch GENKKAL imADDOCK S OUDKIU-Y HOOK. VH. will bo casliiord, and every eonimandini^ Officor will bo aiiHwerahlo lor the iiion of his company loi't lu'liind; and the conunanding Oflicer of tlii' lloginientH are ordered to punish vvitli the utmost severity any soldier who leaves his File hut in cases of sickness. ('ommanding Oflicers of comjianies are to have their arms in constant good order, and every man to 1)0 provided with a Brush, Picker, two good spare Flints and 24 (Cartridges. The Roll of each company to be calld by a com- missioned Ofllcor, morning, noon and night, nnd a return of the absent or disorderly men to be given to the c(mmianding Oflicer of the Regiment who is to order proper punishment. The Women of each Kegiment are to march with the Provost and none upon any acct are to appear with the men when under arms. Fiach Regiment is to mount a Piquet (Uiard con- sisting of one capt" and three Subalterns and 100 men to bo paraded at the retreat they nvo to report to the Field Oilioor of the Day. The two Regiments are to find the (lenls CJuard alternately consisting of one Lieut, and thirty Private and rept)rt to an aid do camp. Tlie Regiment which finds tlie (^niard fnids also the adjutant of the Day. All (luards are to be retird at 8 Oclock; all guards to be told of in two divisions Tho' ever so small. (Juards ordi^red at Orderly time arc to remain for that duty and a now detachment is to be made for any orderd afterwards. All returns are to be signed by the commanding OHicer of Roj^'iments. Reports of all Guards except the Generals are to be made to the Field Oflicer of the Day who is to visit them once at least and to go the piquet rounds. All remarkable bccurrances in camp to be reported to an aid de camp. Returns of all commands to be made to the Brigavie VIII. GKNERAL BHADDOCK S ORDERLY B(X)K. Major, and every Regiment, company, Troop, &c., are to make a daily return to him specifying the numbers wjinting to com pleat, who is to make one Gener' return to his Excellency. A daily return of the sick is to be made to the Gen' thro' an aid de earnp. As the nature of the country make it impossible to provide magazines of Fonige, and as it is appre- hended the Quantity will be very small, uncertain, and difficult to be procurd hh Excellency recommends it to all the Officers to take no more baggage than they find absolute occasion for. Commanding Officers of Regiments are directed by His Excellency to inform their men not to suffer themselves to be alarmed upon a march by any stragling Fires from the Indians in the woods, they being of no consequence nor liable to any inconve- niences but what arise from their misbehaviour. • Any Soldier by leaving his company, or by words or Gestures expressing Fear shall suffer death and the Gen' will greatly approve and properly reward those men who by their coolness and good Discipline treat the attempt of these Fellows with the contempt they deserve. The Sergents of the two Regiments are to be pro- vided with Firelocks and Bayonets, but to wear their Swords — They are to leave at Winchester under the care of the Train their Halters and all the private men their Swords. His Excellency likewise recom- mends it to all the Officers to provide them selves if possible with Fuzeis, as Espontoons will be extreamely inconvenient and useless in the Woods. As the good of the Service renders the presence of all the Officer's absolutely necessary His Excellency cannot suffer any commissiond Officer to act as pay- master, the General therefore desires the colonels and captains will agree as soon as possible for a proper person for that purpose. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. IX. made to the The Line is to find one Field Officer daily to be relieved at 10 o'clock, this duty to be done by the two Lieut col« and two Majors, the Field Officer, is to visit all the Guards except the Generals a:id to go the rounds of the Piccjuet which as well as other Guards and Posts are to re})()rt to the Field Officer and he is to make his report oty*" whole at nine o'clock every morning to the (ien' and in case of any alarm the Field Officer is to repair to the place of alarm with all expedition and to send for all necessary assistance to the two Regiments who are immediately to comply with his Orders. All rei)orts and returns to be made before nine o'clock, all out posts are to receive the Gen' with shoulderd arms and without beat of Drum or Salute. Upon any applicjition from S"" Jn" St Clair Quarter Master Gen' for Men the Regiments are immediately to furnish them. Sir Peter Ilalkett is to be applied to for all Regu- lations of Provisions and his Orders are to be strictly complied with. All Guards are to rest and beat two Ruffles to his Honour Governor Dinwiddie. The Regiments are to hold themselves in readiness for a muster, each company is to provide their Rolls one of Parchment, and those Officers with new com- missions are to have them in their Pockets, after the muster the Geni will receive the two Regiments by Companys the Officers to be in B(>ots and the men in Brown Gaters. The adjutants of the two Regiments and artillery, and also the adjutant of the Rangers to be at the Major of Brigades Tent, every day at eleven o'clock to receive Order's. A Surgeant fnmi the two Regiments Artillery and Rangers to attend the Major of Brigade as Orderly, and to be relieved every day at Guard Mounting. The Gentlemen of the Hospital and their Ser- 3 GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. vants are to receive to morrow three Days Provisions. Field Officers for the Day Lieut Colo Gage. Alexandria, March 28th, 1755. Parole — Albemarle. The Generals Guard to be mounted in Brown Gater's, and the Officers in Boots. Sir Peter Halkets Col" Dunbar's and the Royal Regiment of Artillery are to be mustered, on Monday morning at seven o'clock, and afterwards they will be received by Gen' Brjiddock. Robert Webster of Sir Peter Halkets Regim' is appointed Provoest Marshall and he is to be obeyd accordingly. One Sergeant ; one Corporal and twelve men to mount as a Guard for the Provost Marshal and be relieved every 48 Hours. The Adjutant who does not send in his return to the Major of Brigade, by seven o'clock in the morning will be orderd under an arrest. The Quarter master of the Corps which is to receive provisions is to give to the Commissary a signed Return of the number he is to draw Provisions for every Saturday at six in the afternoon : The Quarter masters of the different Corps are to give into Sir Peter Halkets a return of the Provisions they delivered out that week, distinguishing the quantitys deliverd each Corps ; In this return he is to have Colums for the quantitys of each species of Provision's he has receivd that week and a Column for the Quantitys remaining in Store. To morrow at Orderly time the Adjutants are to deliver in a return of the number of Serv*^ who are not Soldiers and for whom Provisions are to be drawn for ; The Commissary are to make two Copy's of this return, one for Geni Braddock, the other for Sir Peter Halkett. Field Officer to morrow Lieu^ Colo Burton. For the Gen^s Guard 48 th Regiment. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XI. d in Brown :s Reffim' is One of the Orderly Sergeants or the Major of Brigade is to carry the Orders to Sir John St. Clair. A General Court Martial consisting of one Field Officer, Six ('aptains and Six Subalterns, to sit to morrow morning at 8 o'clock. Lt Cob Cage, President. Sir Peter Halkett gives 3 Capf's and 3 Subalterns ; Col" Dunbar gives 3 Capt"s and 3 Subalterns. Mr. Shirley Judge Ad- vocate ; The Picquet to consist of one Capt", two Subalterns and fifty men till further Orders. No Officer, Soldier or any other Person to Fire a Gun within a mile round the Camp. Cami'At Alexandria, March 29th, 1755. Parole — Boston. For the General Guard 44th Regiment. The alarm Post for all the Virginian Troops Quarterd in the Town of Alexandria to be before the march. When any man is sent to the General Hospital he is to bring a certificate signed by an Officer, of his name. Regiment and Company, to what day he is subsisted, and what arms and acoutrements he brings with him. The arms and accoutrements to be bundled up, and marked, with the mans name and Company Cob Dunbars Regiment to morrow to receive three days provisions. On Sunday every Regiment in Camp, is to have divine service at the Head of their Colours. AFTER ORDERS. Each Regiment to send to the train for twenty Thousand Flints out of which number, they are to pick five thousand, and to send the remainder back again ; The Commanding Officers giving their receipts for what number's they receive. XII. GENERAL BHAUDOCK S ORDERLY HOOK. All the Virginia Troops that aro Quartered in Alexandria to he under arms, to morrow morning at half an hour after seven o'clock. The Officers that were formerly apixiinted Pay masters, to continue so till further Orders and are to issue out in payment to tlie Tro()i)s, each a Dollar at 4«|9«8hirg. When either Regiment have occasion for Ammu- nition, or aay Military Stores the Commanding Officers are to send to the Artillery when they will be supplied giving their receipts accordingly. The General Court Martial where of Lieut Colo Gage was President . is dissolv'd, and James Anderson of Col" Dunbar's Regiment who was tryod by ye General Court Martial is orderd 1,000 lashes with a Cat and Nine Tails which he is to receive in such manner as the Commanding Officer shall think proper. Field Officer for to morrow, L^ Col^ Gage Camp at Alexandria, 30th March, 1755. Parole — "C hichester." The two Regiments are to be musterd to morrow morning at seven O'clock but the General will not receive the Troops till further Orders. The two Regiments from Ireland are to acct for their men for their Sea pay giving them credit for their subsistance to the first of March and for their Arms to the 24th of Feby ; The Captains are to take credit for their Watch Coats, Blankets and Flannell waistcoats brought from Great Britain for their Companys. The men listed or incorporated into Sir Peter Halketts, and colo Dunbar's Regiment are to have credit for twenty Shillings and to be chargd with the above mentiond necessarys His Excellency orders this to be taken from the recruiting Fund, and gives GENEKAL HKADDOCK S ()1U)EHLY lU)OK, XIU. it to those men for their Incouragement that they may do tlieir (hity like good Soldiers. The first company of carpenters are to march to morrow morning to Sir John St Clair for further Order's. A Return to be sent to morrow morning to Sir Jn" St Clair from Sir Peter Iljdketts aiid (Jol" Dun- bars Regiments of the number of Draughts they have receivd by whom they were enlisted and from what companys draughted. Camp at Alexandria, 31st of March, 1755. ■ Parole -Darlington. Field Officer for to morrow, Lt Col'> Burton. For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. All casualties or occurrances that happen in camn to be reported i nmediately to the Gen' through an aid de camp. Whenever Sir John St Clair has occasion for arti- ficers Tools, or Implements he is to apply to the commissary of the Train, who will supply him with what he demands takin ^ his, or his assistants receipts for the same. The Officers to provide themselves with Bat Plorses as soon as possible. The artillery to have their men upon the Wharf every morning at 6 O'clock precisely to send their Stores &c and care must be taken that they have their Waggons at the Wharf exactly at the same time that their may be no delay one Sergant and 12 men from the two Regiments to march immediately to the Wharf in order to assist the Artillery in the Landing of their Stores this party to be reliev'd every morning and to be on the Wharf precisely at 6 Oclock. _ Sir Peter Halkets Regiment receives three days provisions to morrow. XIV. GENKUAL BKAniX)CK S ORDERLY BOOK, Camp at Alexandria, April Ist, 1755. Parole — Esse. Field Oflicer lor to morrow For the Generals (luard 48th Regiment. Col" DunbarH Regiment to receive three Days Provisions. The two Reg" are to send to artily for 1 Do/" of cart'* made up with Rail in order to try if they will fit the men's Firelocks. Cami' at Alexandria, April 2d, 1755. Parole — Farn h am . Field Officer for to morrow Maj'" Chapman. For the Generals (luard 44th Regiment. The Artillery and Hospital receive three days pro- vision to morrow. The two Re<>iments are to apply to the Train for Paper, Powder & Ball sufficient to compleat every man with 24 rounds which are to be made up, and distributed as soon as ])ossible. The commanding Officers of company's are desird to give particular directions to their men to be careful of their Amumnition and to inform them thev will be very severly punishd for any abuse or neglect of it, and the Officer's of company's who calld the Evening Rolls are to inspect the Ammunition of their several companys and to report the defficiencys to the commanding Officers of the Regiments who arc desird by his Excellency to keep them compleat with 24 Rounds. His Excellency General Braddock Orders that the Soldiers should be told that any man who upon a march by fiistning his Tent Pole, or by any other means incumbers his Fire lock, shall be immediately and most severely punished. One corporal and eight men of the Line to attend GENERAL BKADIXXIK S OUDEKLY HOOK. XV. at 6 Oclock every morning, to assist the Engineers in Surveying. Tlie Artillery, Hospital and Engineers to receive three days provisions to morrow. AFTER ORDERS. One Sergant one (.'orporal, and twenty men of the Line without arms to March to the Wharf immedi- ately to assist in disembarking the artillery. The Virginia Troops as appointed to the particular Regiments. Sir Peter Ilalkets. Capt" SUiphen ^ l^"^ f Company Capt" Peyroimy > A < of Capt" Cock J 6 ( Rangers. Col" Dunbars Regt. Capt" Waggoner ^ i) ( Company ('apt" Hogg /- 5^*1 < of Rangers Capt" Poison J 2'' (Comp'^ of Artificers. Sir Peter Halketts and Col" Dunbars Regiments to find three Corporals one for each Company of Rangers to assist Lieu"^ AUayne in the dissiplining the Troops. Camp at Alexandria, April 3d, 1755. Parole — Canterbury. Field Officer to morrow Lt Col'' Burton. For the Generals Guard 48th Regiment. The Generals Guard is this day reduced to a Corporal and nine men and the Corporal is to report to the Officer of the main Guard. Sir Peter Halkets Regiment to receive three days Provisions to morrow. Camp at Alexandria, 4th of April, 1755. Parole — Dorsett. Field Officer to morrow Major Sparke. For the Generals Guard 44th Regim*. 'At XVI. GENERAL 15 HADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 1^ Colo Dunbars Regiment to have one Corporal and six men ready to march to morrow at G o'clock from Alexandria to Frederick with the Hospital stores they are to carry six days Provisions with them and to take the Arms and accoutrem''' with which they are to take the field P^ach man to have his Blanckct and 29 ronnds of Ammun". Col" Dnnbars Regiment to have three days provisions to morrow. Alexandrl\, Saturday, April 5th, 1755. Parole — London. Field Officer to morrow L' Col'> Burton. For the Generals Guard 48th Regirnt. The Tents and clothing for the Virginia (Company to be brought on shore as soon as possible ; Their tents are to be pitched the first fair day after they are on shore. The Artillery Hospital and Engineers to receive three days provisions to morrow. Alexandria, April 6th, 1755. Parole — K i n sale . Field Officer for to morrow Maj'' Cliapman. For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. All Departments for Duty of every nature what- ever are to parade at the Grand Parade and to march from thence, Detachments from different corps to draw up by Seniority. The Grand Parade for this camp is appointed to be at the head of oir Peter Halketts Regiment. A report to be made every morning to Sir Peter Halkets, of the Sergeants, Corporals, Drummers and Private men who are Drunk upon Duty, the Sergeants of the Companies they belong to, to keep an exact Roll of their names, Sir Peter Halkett being deter- mined to put a stop to any more prov"** being drawn GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XVII. eers to receive tor such men. Sergeants, (Corporals. Drummers, and Private m"\i who apjiear Drunk in Camp tho they are not upon duty will have tlieir provisions stop'd I'or one week. Sir Peter Halketts Regiment to receive three days Provisions to morrow. The Detachments from the Ordinary Dutys of camp to change from Right to left every Day. AFTER ORDERS. One Sergant, one Corporal, and thirty men are to morrow at o'clock in the morning, to go to Alexan- dria to assist the Officers of the Artillery in loading the Waggons for Winchester and Shipping of Stores for Rock Creek One Officer and thirty men from (vol" Dunbar's Regiment to march to morrow for Rock Creek The Officer to call this night upon Sir Peter Halkett who will give him his Instructions. Alexan;)Rta, Monday April 7th, 1755. Parole — Dublin. Field Otlicer for to morrow 1/ Col" Burton. For the Generals Guard 48tli Regim'. One Officer one Sergeant and 20 men of Sir Peter llalkets Rciiiment to hold themselves in readiness to morrow morning to march to Winchester the Officer at Retreat beating to call upon Sir Peter Plalkett for his Instructions; They are to take six days provisions with them, subsistance to the 24th of this month and every thing with which thev are to take the Field. Every Party ordered to march from camp is to have 24 Rounds per man. A Greater number of Women having been brought over than those allowed by the Government sufficient for washing with a view that the Hospital might be sorvd; and complaint being made that a concert is (Miterd into not to serve with out exorbitant Wages 3 i XVIII. GENERAL HKADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. a Return will be calld for of those who vshall refuse to serve for six pence per day and their Provisions that they may be turnd out of camp and others got in their places. Col" DunbarsRegt is to rec. 3 Days Prov" to morrow. Col" Dunbar's Regiment is to march at 5 Oclock on Saturday Morning for Rock Creek. Waggons will be ordered on Friday to carry the baggage and whatever Tents may be struck to the Boats destend for their Transportation and at Day break on Saturday morning Waggons will attend at the head of the Regiment for the mens Tents &c. A Subaltern Officer with three Sergeants three (Jorporals and thirty men are to be sent on board the Boats as a Baggage Guard, and this Guard is to assist in conveying the Tents &c to the Boats and to help in putting them on board. All the Boats upon that part of the River near Rock (Jreek are ordered to attend to cary the Troop over. The sick men that are not able to march with the Regiment, to be left in the General Hospital. AFTER ORDERS. As Col" Dunbars Regimt is to march on Saturday, they are to receive to morrow nine days Provisions one for to morrows use and the remaining 8 days the men are to carry with them. The four companys of Sir Peter Halketts Regiin' the Royal Regt of artillery Engineers and the Hos- pital are to continue to receive their provisions as usual till further Orders. March Rout of Col" Dunbars Regiment from the camp at Alexandria to Frederick in Maryland. MILES. To Rock Creek — To Owens Ordinary 15 To Dowden's Ordinary 15 To Frederick 15 45 I GENERAL BRADDOCK's ORDERLY ROOK XIX. Within a few miles of the Minocasy cross the Minocasy in a Float. Alexandria, Tuesday, April 8th, 1755. ' Parole — Guilford. Field Oflicer for to morrow Maj'' Sparke. For the Generals Guard 44th Regim'. The Quarter Masters of Sir Peter Halketts and Col" Dunbars Regiments to meet Mr. Leslie assistant Quarter master General this afternoon at 4 Oclock who will show them their Regimental Store Houses. The Commanding Officer's of each of the Regim' as soon as their Regimental Store Houses are fixed are to order their Officers baggage and their mens Stores to be immediately lodgd. The Soldiers are to leave their Shoulder Belts, Waist Belts and hangers behind and only to take with them to the Field one spare shirt, one spare pair of stockings, one spare pair of Shoes and one pair of Brown Gater's. For the future the Generals own and all other Guards are to beat a march to him and the Line is always to turn out when the General passes. As a mistake has happend in regard to the Com- missions of the youngest Subaltern of the Rangers; The Conunissious of Second Lieut being deliverd to them instead of Ensigns are to be immediately changd to avoid any Liconvenience, which may arise from disrules of Rank. His Excellency Gen' Braddock Orders that all Ensigns bearing Commissions in any of his Majestys Regiments shall take post of the third Officer in any of the Companysof Ranger's. after orders. Six Companys of Sir Peter Halketts Regiment are to march for Winchester at 6 o'clock on thursday morning ; Upon your arrival at Rock Creek you are XX. GENERAL UKADDOCK S OKDEULV B(K)K. either to Encamp or lodge your Men as you Hhall find most convenient and as fast as the Waggons arrive you are to employ them in the Service of y« Regiment and Regulate your Detachment'** ac- cordingly and to be particul.arly earei'ul not to use any more Waggons than are absolutely necessary. You are to leave at Rock (Jreek an Officer and .')() men who is to remain there till all the Stores of the Train and Hospital are put into the Waggons is then to march and form the Rear Guard of the whole. You are also to leave at R(jck Creek a Subaltern and 'JiO men who are to wait there till the arrival of M*". .Johnston the Paymaster and to Escort him to Frederick. You will be joined at Rock ('reek bv an Officer and oO Seamen who you are to take under your connnand and give them your Orders and Regulations as they will want some conveyance for their baggage you will dispose of it as you find most ctmvenient. Upon your arrival at Frederick you are to encamp your men the Troops to remain there till further Orders except a (Japt", two Subalterns and 50 men who are to be sent immediately on to Conogogee as a covering Party for the magazines and you are to direct the CVnunanding Ofllcer of this Detach^ to stop all Waggons which shall br^' in Flower, &c, from Pennsylvania and to send a daily to you of the numbers which return you are to remit to me unless you should see Sir Jn" St. (Jlair and that he should have securd a sufficient number for Transporting the Stores from Frederick to Wills (Jreek in such case the Waggons are to be dismissd. You will find provisions at Frederick which yon are to issue to your men in the same proportions as at Alexandria and to begin upon it as soon as you have expended the Provisions car*! with you. You are to direct your Officers to provide them- selves as soon as possible with Bat Horses as no GENERAL BRADOOCK S ORDEliLY BOOK. XXI. aa you shall the Waggons le Service of achnieiit''^ ac- Vil not to use ly necessary. )iricer and .'')0 Stores oi" the .y-y-ons is then Do lie whole. V a Subaltern the arrival of Cscort him to bv «'in Ofticer ^e under your id Regulations their baggago St convenient, ire to encamp re till lurther and 50 men Conogogee as id you are to vtach' to stop ,ver, &c, iroin to you of the to me unless Ihat he should [insporting the such case the \k which you iroportions as |s soon as you 111 you. brovide them- Horses as no more Waggons will be allowd after they get to Frederick. Alexandria, Wednesday, April 9th, 1755. Parole — Henry. Field Onicer for to morrow L' Col" Gage. For the Generals Guard 48th Regimt. Col" Dunbars Rej|inient to send this ibrenoon two Sergeants and twenty men to Rock Creek to reinforce the Officer there. A return to be given in this Day of the two Regiments specifying all extraordinary's that have happened since their embarking in Ireland a monthly return of the two Regiments to be given in to Gen- eral Braddock every first day of the month — The coinpanys of Rangers Artificers and the Troop of light Horse are to give in a monthly return at the same time: They are to apply to the Major of Brigade, who will shew them the proper form. The Officers to see that their men are provided as soon as possible with Bladder or thin Leather to put between the Lining and crown of their Ilatts to guard against the Heat of the Sun. One Subaltorn Officer of Dunbars Regiment to march to morrow morning to Frederick in Mary- land who upon his arrival is immediately to take upon him the command of the several Detachments of the Regiment that are now" there or may arrive and he is to see y' they are properly provided and Subsisted. Alexandria, Thursday, 1 0th April, 1755. Parole — Winchester. A Detachment from the two Regiments of a Subal- tern, twQ Sergeants, two Corporals and 20 men is to remain at Alexandria as a Guard for the Hospital and to march with it to Frederick. XXII. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. The Generals Guard is to be taken off on Friday. A Sergeant and twelve men of Colo Dunbars Regi- ment to mount as the Generals Baggage Guard and to March with it. The Provost Marshall is to March with Col" Dun- bar's Regiment and to have a guard of a Sergeant and ten men who is to make the rear of the whole. Two Officers and forty men of the four remaining companies o^" Sir Peter Halketts Regem^ is to mount the Town Guard till further Orders. Alexandria, Friday, April 11th, 1755. Parole — Kendall The Officer of the Town Guard to make his report to the General through an Aid de Camp. AFTER ORDERS. Colo Dunbars Regimen"^ to hold themselves in readiness but not to march till further Orders. They are to give their proportion of men for the Guard to morrow ; one Sergeant, one Corporal and 12 men to parade immediately at the Town Guard of Col" Dunbars Regiment. They are to take their Knapsacks, Hav^ersacks, and provisions with them, when they come to the Town Guard the Sergeant is to enquire for M"". Leslie assistant Quarter master who will give him Order's. No Person whatever to press or employ any Waggons without an Order from General Braddock the Quarter master Gen' or his assistant. This Order to be read not only to the Soldiers but to the Officers, Servants and followers of the Army as any one who shall be found guilty of disobeying it shall be severely punish'd. AFTER ORDERS. As there are Boats provided to carry Co\^ Dunbars Regiments Baggage to Rock Creek the former orders relative to their march to be obeyd. GENERAL BlIADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXIII. Eight Waggons will be orderd to be at the head of that Regiment on Wednesday night for the Tents, Baggage, &c. of those Companys application is to be made to M"" Leslie assistant Quarter master for a proper Guide ; Every man is to receive 8 Days Provisions to carry with him. The Lt Col" is to be left with the 8 remaining Companys till farther Order's. All the sick are to be left in the Gcmeral Hospital. The Regiments find the Generals Guard as usual and the proportion of Duty is to be made up by Col" Dunbars Regiment in the Town and other Guards. March Rout of Sir Peter Halketts Regiment from the Camp at Alexandria to Winchester. MILES. To y f- old Court House 18 To M'" Colemaiis on Sugar Land Run were | ^^ there is Indian Corn, &c j To Mr Miners ; 15 To M'' Thompson y' Quaker w'* y is 3000 wtcorn 12 ToM'They's 1 7 y" Ferry of Shan" 12 17 From M' They's to Winchester 2o 07 If the Bridge should not be laid over the Opeckon Canves will be provided for the Troops. As soon as the Artillery arrives at Winchester a Detachment of their Regiment and what ever part you shall judge proper of the Rangers must be orderd to march with the Artillery to Wills Creek. But if the road should be cut from the bridge on the Opeckon to Bear Garden and is made passable for y" Artillery, It is then to go along that Road and not by Winchester and your Detachment from Win- chester must join them at Henry Enochs , A Report will be made to you whether this road is passable or not. As the Removal of the Troops from Winchester XXIV. GENERAL RRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. to Wills Creek must depond upon the Quantity of Flower that \h to bo sent I'roni Pennnylvania when a proper Quantity is arrivd you shall receive advice of it. Alexandria. Saturday, April I'ith, 1755. Parole — Leicester. One Company of Sir Peter Ilalketts Kei^ini'to March to morrow Morning, they are to Parade opposite to the town Guard at G oclock where they will lx\joind by five Waggons belonging to the Artillery, which they are to take under their Escort to Winchester. The Town Guard to be reduced to morrow morning to one Subaltorn Officer and thirty men. Mr Leslie will take care that there shall Ix^ at Sir Peter Halketts Quarter Guard this al'ternoon -•> Wag- gons, one for the (Jompanys Tents and Baggage and the other two are to carry ye Regiments spare arms and Stores. The Men are to take eight Days Provisions with them. Alexandria, Sunday. April 13th, 1755. Parole — Marlborough. Alexandria, Monday, April 14th, 1755. Parole — Oxford . Alexandria, Tuesday, April 15th, 1755. Parole — Petersborough. Alexandria, Wednesday, April IGth, 1755. Parole — Rochester. Thursday, April 17th, 1755. Parole —Queen Town. GENERAL nKADnOCK R ORDERLY mK)K. XXV. its spare arms •ovisions witli Friday, April 18th, 1755. Parole — Salisbury. Saturday, April 10th, 1755. Parole — Tamworth . The commanding Officer of the Artillery to apply to Mr. Leslie for a Store House to lodge their new cloathing in, and the Officers are to see that their men comply with the Orders of the 8''' of Ap' (viz) to leave their Shoulder Belts waist Belts and Ilangera behind, and are only to take with them to the field one spare shirt one spare pair of stockings one spare pair of shoes and one pair of brown Gaters. FRKm:RiCK, Monday, April 21st, 1755. Parole — Dunbar. Fkedeuick, Tuesday, April '22nd, 1755. Parole — Westminster. One Sergeant one Corpt)ral and 12 men to parade immediately at the Town (luard to March with the Waggons laden with Artillery Stores to Conogogee and to return back with the- Wajjffon's to Frederick as soon as thev are unloaded. oc^ Fuedekkjk, Wednesday, April 23rd, 1755. Parole Exeter. The commanding Officers of Regiments to order their Officers to provide themselves as soon as possi- ble with Bat men out of such recruite and Levies, as are unfit to the Duty to do the of sold*'"" and such men are to be enlisted as can act as Bat men and are to be taken for nny Term and to be alowed as effi^ctives; and according to the number settled in Flanders 3 men to each company and 4 to the staff, you are to go immediately to that part of the 4 i XXVI. GENERAL BRAnOOCK S OWnEKI.V HOOK. Antictuin tliat lie8 in the road to Coiinofj^o^ro and press sucli IJoats or (Janoes as you sliall meet witli upon the river agreeable to the Orders yon shall receive from Governor Sharpe If you shall (ind any difficulty in the execution of this Order, you are to send an express to me and you shall be immediately supplied with a party of men to inlbrce it sending; word when they shall join you, and you are to collect all the Boat!-* fee at that pass by the '28th of this month. Fredkrick, Thursday, A|)ril 24th, 1755. Parole — Yarmouth. Frkdeuick, Friday, April 2oth. 1755. Parole — A|>p!eby. Col" Dunbar's Regiment o hold themselves in readiness to March by the 21) ib. AFTKU ORDKIiS. One Corporal and tour men to Mai-cb to morrow Morning to Rock ( vreek with four Waggons that came up this Evening; when the party comes to Rock Creek they .are to put themselves under the command of Ensign French. Frederk^k, Saturday. April 26th, 1755. Parole — Bed lord. Col" Dunbars Regiment to furnish ll Officers for a Court Martial, to try some i)risoners of the Inde- pendant (.'ompany & (./apt" Oates Presid' the report to be made to General Brad dock. Frederick, Sunday, April 27th, 1755 Parole — Chester, (/olo Dunbars Regiment is to march y 29th and to tJHA GENERAL HUAI)1)()CK S OKDEHLY BOOK. XXVII. procood to Wills (Wevk agi-ooablo to the following Route: MII.RH. 2!)tli From Fi'cmI'^ on y«' road to Conogogee 17 3(lth From that halting place toCongogoo 18 Ist From ('on(»gogi't' to John Evon'.s 10 2d lioHt 'M'i\ '- Widow Harin^T 18 4t' ''\v,'>'>rgc Polls 9 •J.. Htiiry Kn(K!k\s.,.. 15 <)th Rost 7th To Cox's at y<' mouth of little Cacaph 12 Sth To('ol"('resai)s 8 !)th To Wills Creek 16 Total, 129 Tlio men are to take from this ])laee three Days provisions; at (Jonogogee they will have more, at the Widow Baringers 5 Days, at Col" Cresaps one or more Days, and at all these [)laces Oats or Indian (\)V]\ must be had for the Horses but no Hay. At Conogogee the Troops cross the Potomack in a Float When the Troops have marchd 14 miles from .In" Kvans thev are to make the new road to their Ivight, which li'ads from ()j)eckon Bridge. When the Troops have marchd 14 miles from Ceorge Polle's they C(jme to the great Cacapepon they are to |)ass that River in a Float, after passing thev take the road to the Rijxht. If the water in the little Cacapepon is high the Tioops must encamp opposite to Cox's. At the mouth of the little Cacapepon the Po- tomack is to be crossd in a Float lAjur miles beyond this they cross Town (.'reek if the Float should not he finishd Canves will be })nn'ided. If the Bridges are not finistidover Wills Creek and Kvans Creek. Waggons will be orderd to carry the men over. It will be prop' to get 2 Days Provns at Col" (.resapsy^ whole sli<' ntjt arrive till y- l()th. J.M I m JCXVIII. GENKKAL BKADDOCK S ()UI»KKLY BOOK. A Subaltoni and tliirty nit'ii arc to be left behind with a proper number of tents which will be carried for the!n ; these men are to have six da^B Provisions. The CJenerals Guard is not to be relievd to morrow but proper Centrys are to be found from the 30 men orderd to remain. P'jiKDKKU^K, Monday, April 28th, 1755. Parole — Daventry. The Detachment of Sailors, and the Provost Marshalls (luard consisting of one Sergeant, one Corporal and 10 mow to march with Col" Dunbars Regiment to morrow morning, and to make the Rear Guard. ToCai'T^ (Iatks, 28th April. 1755. You are directed by His Excellency Gen' lirad- dock to proceed with your Comi)any to Conogogec where you are to act as a covering ]>arty for the magazines, and you are to remain there till further Orders unless all the Stores, Amminiition, (Jcc, should be come up from Rock Oeek and forwarded to Wills Creek, in that case you are to join the (Jeneral at Wills Creek as soon as possible. You arc to give all [)()ssible assistance and use your utmost endeavours in transporting the several Stores, Ammunition, Provision, &c to Wills Creek with the utmost expedition. Whilst you remain at Conogogee you are to send a Sergant or Corporal with such of your men as are to be trusted with all the Waggon's which arrive at that place from Rock Creek allowing one man to each VVaggon and you arc to send them immediately back to Rock Creek for more Stores till you shall be informd from the Officers there, that every thing is sent up. To Ensign Fkkncii, at Rock Creek. 28th April. 1755. You are ordered by his Excellency Gen' Braddock r.KNEHAI, HKADDOCK fi OKDKKLY HOOK. XXIX. ho Provost to forward with all Expedition tho aninuinitioii Stores &c at Rock (JroeU to Mr Oosaps (Joiiogogoo taking caro to soiid tho aniniunition Train Stores &c first, tiuMi tho Hospital Storos and Salt Fish. You aro not wait for tho lioovos hut as soon as the aforoniontionod things aro gone up you will move with your party and join the llogiinent at Wills Creek agiooahle to the follow^' March Route; as you will find Provisions very scarce on tho Road you must take with you as many days of salt Provisions as the Men can carry. MILK8. From Rock crook to Owens Ordy 15 To Dowdons 15 To Frederick 15 On tho Road to Conogogee 17 To Conogogoo IS To John Fvan's ...10 To Widow Ra ringer's 18 To CJoorgo Polls's 9 To I lonry Enocks 15 To Mr Cox's 12 To Col" Cresap's 8 To Wills Creek 16 Total, 174 You must if you should find it necessary, take with you Guides from place to place, and make such halts as you shall find absolutely necessary being careful not to loose any time. If the Waggons should come in very slowly make your application to tho Civil Officers and if that should not succeed send Parties to fetch in any Waggons you shall hear off. Inform Lieut Breerton of the March Route, and tell him it is tho Generals Orders that ho make all imaginable dispatch. As soon as the Paymaster arrives he must also victual his men when the last Stores of all kinds XXX. GKNKK\I, RKADIXH'K S OUDKKI.V HOOK. vvhii'li lire to lu' sent jhm! ilismissd Irom Hock (^ivok. von aiv to simhI ii liOttiT (o (/aj)" (lativs at. (/onogogtv iiiioniiio^ liiiii of it. 'V\u' luuid harrows and wlu'ol harrows ol' tlu> Train ('X('«'|)t (> ol' ci\v\\ arc to hi' K'lt hcliind all hut tli« WlnH'ls and li'on Work which ai'c to he iorward(>d. Camp w Koim ('umiu-.ki.ani), Satnrdav. Mav lOtli. 1755. Parole — (-onnccticnt. Mr. Washinnton is appointed ai(i -Ao ( ..inp to Ilis Kxccllcn«'v (liMJci'al Hradd<)ck. Kichl «)lliciM" lor to morrow .Mai"' Spai'kc. The articK's ol' wai- to he read to morrow morning, at which lime the servants, women an«l followers of the armv are to attend with the respective corps and I'oinpanies that thc\ ludonii to. an shall think proper The Virginia and Marvland Ivaujicrs and tht(oiii- pany ol" 'arpiMiters to settle their men's a(\'ts imni<'- liiately, nivin'.i' them cit'dit for what arreai's ifcc arc due. and they are Tor the Inture to he snhsisted re}i"tdarl\ twice a weel> as dn' rest ol troops ac. A retnrn to he uiven in to morrow Morniui;' of the HOOK. Ill) Hork ('rook. »s lit ('()iu)«»;o»;iv iwsol" tlio Train ind nil l)ut tli« .> Ik* lorwardoil. MHKUl.ANI), y lOtll. ITrif). tic t .'inp to Uit< i'- Spiirko. iiorrow inorninii, iui(i t'olloworn o\' uH'tivo corps ami ;uitl Iviuii;-crs to rrow. Kcijiincnt. tlu' F rt < I ward is to IIMUVI) to n' rcl'u'Vt'd cvcr\ (JKNKKAI. HKADIMK'K S OKDKKl.V l»(M)K. XXXI. CiU'lK lit crs IS ii> 1 U licir tt)ois nnd lo |tlu> t5rass (luiinl |crs and tluMoiii- luMi's luvts iiniii"'- it arrears ^^ L^c an to !)(» subsisted trooi )s ai Morniu jr o\' tl <'oinpanys, tl iiidiii'-!; «> tHccr \' ir-jiiiii and I. :lit ilorsc luv r their stroMi2;tli, which return is to '»e si;;ned hy the cMptaiii or ollicer coininaiidinjji; ( .ich company, and to he tiixcii in Hei)arately. ThetJeni'ral has lixt'd th(> iionr lor his ii(>v\. I'roni ten till eleven in the forenoon everv l)a\ . InionMH''' o Cami" at Four ('rMi{i:iii,A\i». Sunday. May 11,1 TTto. Parole — Albany. Field ollicer to morrow \/ Col nnrton. The (Icncrals (liiiird 11th Hc^nnt. A return to be sent in ol the iiuiubcrs of men who understand tin- spiinninL!: of rock,", iS; those men that are litt are t(» be told that lliey w ili ircciNc propt-r eni'ouraj>;eim'iit all the troop.s are to bciiiii their Held Days Powder may be bad IVom the train by :ip|>ly- inji" lor it. and ca . A lu'turii is to be uiveii in to moi'row morniie: at ordcrU time of the recruits ol" the whole arm\. s«'ttin|i>' forth their aii'c si/e country and occMpdlion one Sarncaiit and (> men from |ii([U( t to a'teiid durini; the time of markettint;' to piexcnt Di.sput' s. and if any siiould happen he is to !>pply to the capl" ol the Picipiet he belonus to. This duty U) be done alter iiattdy. All provisions broui2,ht into camp to be settled accordiii^i' to a settled ride, a I'opx of which will be jiixen to th" ti'oops by the Major of lirii^aib- and in person brin^inji,' provisions shall pi'csume to ask more nor shall an\ bod\ olli'r less for ;i«)o»l and w holesoine meat. 'I'he ISth Ixe^iment is to recreive their Days pro- visions to mori'ow at lOo'cdock. aktkh ohdkijs. All the out }!;u!irds tobe ndiev of New York , '"" 60 Capt. Peronnee'vS [ Virginia Riiijfers 50 ('apt. Waguer's j Virginia Rangers oO 4S 47 45 OK. GENERAL HUADDOCK S OKDEKLY B(X)K. XXXIII. locks orders Indians men or or money CRLAND, 2th, 1755. jarke. nent. Virginia com- ial to enquire 1 of being in [is Excellency is scandalous fioii whatever n in the late y to send their [is Excellency tation of that or the fiituFo \\i acC. ^nmediately ut of one field |to Brigade the >v are for the IhUket Compliment. Effective. 700 . ... 700 100 . .... 95 50 . ... 48 50 .... -17 r.0 ... 45 650 97 80 35 48 40 43 Capt. Dagworthy's Maryland Rangers 60 49 Second Brigade, Comvmnded by Colonel Dunbar. 48ti. Regiment of Foot 700 Capt. Demerie's South Carolina Detacht 100 Capt. D(il)b'.s North Carolina Rangers 100 Capt. Mercer's Company of Carpenters 50 Capt. Stevens'sl Virginia Rangers 60 Capt. Hogg's, \ Virginia Rangers :. 50 Capt. Cox's J Virginia Rangers , 50 Any soldier or follower of the army who shall stop any one hrinjxing in provisions or forage to the camp shall inimedintely suffer death. No out post to march IVom or to camp with beat of drum, nor is any heat of drum to beat before the Troop unless when any of the Troops are out at exercise, and of which they are to acquaint the General the night before thro' (me of His aid de camps. Camt at Fort Cumberland, Tuesday, 13th May, 1755. Parole — Charleston. Field OHicer for to morrow Lt Col Burton. For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. The quartermasters, Camp colour men, and Pi(meers of the two Regiments with two men of the Independent Companies with proper Tools for clearing the grouiul in the Front to parade at five o'clock in the Evening at the head of the 48th Regiment, and to remain there for the Field Officer of the Day's orders. The Pic(|uetts are to lay advanced and to remain att their parade till they receive the Field Officers orders. Each of the two Regiments to send G tents to the companies in each Brigade, and also to send (> tents each lor the men of their advanced Picquets. The centrys on the advanced Picquetts not to suffer any body to pass un(|uestioned after sun set. The Picquett returns at (> o'clock in the morning. The quarter Guard of Sir Peter llalketts Regi- XXXIV. GENERAL BKADOOCK S OUDEHLY BOOK. ment for the future to be posted on the right flank. Camp at Fort Cumberland, Wednesday, 14th May, 1755. Parole — Dumfries. Field Officer tomorrow LtCol Burton. The Generals Guard 48th Regiment. The General Court Martial is dissolved. Luke Woodward soldier in the 48th Regiment, commanded by Col Dunbar, having been tryed for Desertion by ii General Court Martial whereof Maji- Wm Sparke was [)resident, is by sentence of that Gen' Court Martial adjudged to suffer death. His Excellency, ()lenl Rraddock has approved of the sent<3nce, but has been pleased to pardon him. Thomas Conelly, James Fitzgerald and James Hughes, soldiers in the 48th Regitnent, and tryed for theft by the said Court Martial whereof Major Sparke was President, are by the sentence of the s'd Court Martial adjudged to suffer the following punishments : Thomas Conelly one thous'' 1 Lashes att the Jas Fitzgerald, eight hund'' ^ Head Jas Hughes eight hund'' j of the Line. Also that they l)e obliged to make satisfaction for the Kegg of Beer stolen by them to the value of thirty three shil^"-' Maryland Cur.v, and that proper stopages be made out of their pay by their ofHceis for that purpose; His Fxcellency has approved the sentence, but has been pleased to remit one hundred lashes from the puishment of Conelly and two hun- dred from each of the other two. Conelly is to receive 900 lashes at 3 different times .300 lashes each time. Jas Fitzgerald and Jas Hughes are to receive 000 lashes each at two different times, oOO lashes each time. The 48th Regiment to .send the Drummers to the head ofyt^ line, to put the sentence in execution, the lirst time of punishment to be to GENEUAL BUADDOCK's OUDEPLY BOOK. XXXV. morrow morning at troop beating. The two Picquetts formed from the Indejjendent Companies Virginia and Maryland Rangers, to eonsist of one Capt" 2 Subalterns, 2 Sargeants, 2 Corporals and 38 Cen- tinals. ('AMI' AT Fort Cumberland, Thursday, 15th May, 1753. Parole — Portsmouth. Field Officer to morrow Maj"" Sparke. For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. The Officers who were ordered to get themselves in readiness to go with the paymaster are cont*^ On subaltern, one serg' 1 corpl and 30 cent'l to march this evening to Mr Martin's where the troop of Light Horse graze, the men to take tents with them and provisions for three days, the officer to receive his orders from Capt Stuart of the Light Horse ; this guard to be relievd every 3d Day. One Serg', one Corpl and 12 men to parade att the Fort Guard this Day at 12 o'clock m. The Surgeant will receive his orders from Capt Orme. AFTER ORDERS, The Subalterns Guard that was ordered to march to Martin's is countermanded. Camr AT Fort Cumberland, Friday, 16th May, 1755, Parole — Winchester. Field ( )tlicer to morrow Lt Col Gage. For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. Any Indian Trader, Soldier or follower of the army who shall dare to give liquor to any of the Indians or shall receive or purchase from them any of their presents made to them by His Majesty thro' His Excellency Genl Braddock, shall suffer the .severest punislimenta court martial can inflict. XXXVI. GENERAL BUADDOCK S (JHDERLV I5U0K. There will be a public congress of the Indians to morrow at 12 o'clock at the Generals Tent^ Camp at Fort Cumberland, Saturday, 17th of May, 1755. Parole — Eskaw. The congress of Indians mentioned in yesterdays orders is put off. Field officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. For the Generals Guard 48th Regiment. The Two Regiments, the Independent comi^ys, the companvs of carpenters, the Virginia and Maryland company of Rangers and the Troo[) of Light Horse are to send immediately to Mr Lake, commissary of Provisions a separate return of the number of persons they each of them draw provisions for, this return to be signed by the commander of the two regt and by the captains or officers connnanding each of the Inde- pendent company s &c. The form of this return is sent to the Brigade Major and is to be given in regularly every eight Days. His Excellency expects that this order will be punctually obeyed, as the commissary will not be able to provide a proper quantity of Provisions for the army unless he has the above return sent to him regularly. One Subaltern, one Sergt 1 corporal, & 30 men to mount as a guard on the artillery. They are to parade this afternoon at 5 o'clock and to be relieved every 48 hours. Camp at Fort Cumberland, Sunday, May 18th, 1755. Parole — Farnham. There will be a public congress of the Indians this day at 12 o'clock at the Genl^ Tent. IJUOK. the Indians to rent BEKLAND, f Mcay, 1755. I in yesterday i^ Bvn'ton. egiment. nit conipys, the and Maryhmd »f Light Horse , counnissary of niber of persons r, this retnrn to wo regt and by ich of the Inde- this return is to be given in order will be py will not be Provisions for irn sent to him M, & 30 men to }y are to parade relieved every MBERLAND, I8th, 1755. he Indians this GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. XXXVIL Field ofTicer to morrow Maj Sparke. For the Genls Guard 44tii Regt. One corpl, & 8 men of the line to attend the Engineer in Surveying; they are to parade at 9 o'clock. Each Regiment, Independent Company &c in the making up of their cartridges are to allow 80 round of ball to 1 lb of powder, and for Field Days or Exercise they are to allow 40 with or without ball. Six women j)er com})any are allowed to each of the two Regimts and the Indei)endent companys; Four Women to each of the companys of carpenters Virginia and Maivhind Raimers five women to the troop of Light Horse, as many to the detachment of seamen, and 5 to the det; climent of artillery. His Excellency ex])ect that this order will be punctually complied with, as no more ProV^" will be allowed to be drawn for than for the above number of women. Cami' at Fort Cumberland, Monday, 19th of May, 1755. Parole — (juilford. Field officer to morrow Lt ('ol Gage. For the Generals Guard 44th Regiment. Each Brigade to send a man to the Gen'l Hospital as Orderly who are to receve and obey the directions of Docf Na])per Director of the 2(1 llospital. All the troops are to acct with the Director of the Hospital once in three months or as soon after as can be, for stoppages at the rate of 5 pence stirl'g per Day, for every Man that is admitted in the Gen'l Hospital; this stoppage to commence from the 24 th of May ensuing. As soon as the Retreat has been beat this night the Drum Maj'" of each of the two Regimets are to march with the Drummers and Drumers to the Head of the artillery where they will receive orders. m?'!r^im^^mmmsmBm' XXXVIIl. GKNKHAL imADDOCK S OHDEKLY BOOK. A return to bo given into tho Brigade Major to morrow at orderly time of the number of smiths and carjKuiters tliat are in the two Regiments, Inde- pendent (companies &c. Camp at Fort CuMnKRLAND, Tuesday, May the 20th, 1755. Parole — llendon. Field officer to morrow Lt (Jol IJurton. For the Generals Guard 48tli ilegmt. One Subaltern, 1 Sergt, 1 corp & 24 men to parade to morrow morning at 5 o'clock They are to have three Days Provisions with them and the otTicer is this night to recieve his orders from Sir .lohn St. (^lair. ' Camp at Fort Ci mherland. Wednesday, 21st of May 1755. Parole — llchester. Field officer to morrow Maj (Jhajiman. The Generals Guard 44th Kegmt. No soldier that is employed as a Baker by Mr Ijake, commissary ol' Provisions, is to be put upon any duty whatever till further orders. It is Ilis Excellency's orders that no Sutler give any liquor to the Indians on any account: if any one does he will be severely jninished. The ])rovost is to go his round every Day through all the Roads leading to the camp, Every soldier or woman that he shall meet with on the other side of the River, or beyond the advanced Picquets without a pass from the Regiment or from the ofTicer com- manding the company to which the}- belong, he is to order his executioner to tye them up and give them fifty lashes and to march them prisoners tliro' the camp to expose them. One gill of spirits mixed witli three gills of water )K. GENERAL HUADDOCK S ORDKHLY HOOK. XXXIX. ,0 Major to ' smiths and lents, Inde- may be allowed ea(3h man per Day, which the ofFicera of the picquet are to see delivered out every day at P]!even o'clock, any settler that shall sell any spirits to the soldiers without an officer being present shall be sent to the Provosts. s'D. )th, 1755. rton. jrmt. en to parade are to have the officer is >ir John St. NI). ►lay 1755. Huan. hnt. 5aker by Mr be put upon Sutler give (t: if any one )ay through Iry soldier or [other side of luets without ofTicer corn- long, he is to 1 give them Isoners thro' Ills of water Camp at Fort Cumberland, Tuesday, 22d May, 1755. Parole — Kensington. Field Officer to morrow Maj"" Sparke. The Generals Guard 48th Regiment. Camp at Fort Cumhekland, Friday, May 23d, 1755. Parole — Lincoln. Field officer to morrow Maj' (Jhapman. For the Genls Guard 44th Regenit. A General (Jourt Martial to sitt to morrow morn- ing, at 8 o'clock at the Genls Tent to consist of one Field officer, G captns G Subalterns. Lt Col Gage President. Mr Shirley Judge Advocate. If any officer, soldier or follower of the army shall dare to give any strong liquor, or money to the Indian Men or Women, if an officer he shall be brouuht to a General (Jourt Martial for disobedience of orders; if a non commissioned officer soldier or follower of the army he shall receive 250 lashes without a C't Mart'l. Camp at Fort Cumberland, Saturday, 24th May, 1755. Parole — Monmouth . Field officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. For the Genls Guard 48th Regmt. I I ;.*' XL. GENERAL HRADDOCK's OKDEULY H(JC)K. Camp AT Fort Cumberland, Sunday, May 25th, 1755. Parole — Norwich. Field officer to morrow Maj>" Sparke. For the (leiK'ralH (lunrd 44th iie<^mt. If any non comniii^sioned officer or soldier belon;.^iiio; to the army, is round giuning he shall immediately receive three liundred la.sheH without beinj,^ brou<»ht to court martial, and all standers by or lookers on shall be deemed principals and punished as such. One Capt", 1 Lent, 1 Ensign and 70 men of the 2 Brigades to parade immediately att the Fort. They are to take Tents and 1(1 days ProV'Mvith them. The Capt is to receive his orders from Sir John St Clair. A Genl Court Martial of the Line, to sitt to morrow to try Lt McLead of the Royal Regt of Ar- tillery confined by Genl Braddock to consist of one Col. 2 Field Officers, and 10 Captns. Sir Peter Halkett President. Mr Shirley Judge Advocate. To sit at the Presidents Tent and to meet at 12 o'clock. Camp at Fort Cumfjerland, Monday, 2Gth May, 1755 Parole — Oxford . Field Officer to morrow Lt Col Gage. For the GiMierals Guard 4Sth Regiment. The General Court Martial whereof Lt Col Gage was President is dissolved His Excellency having approved of the several sentences allotted them. John Nugent of the 44th Regiment having been tryed for theft and found guilty of the crime laid to his charge as an accomplice in receiving a share of the money that w^as stole, is adjudged to receive '' / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 6^ XLII. GENERAL liKADDOCK S OHDEIILY BOOK. < i J ' detachment, who are to take with them their camp equippage and baggage. Major Chapman Field Officer for the detachment. The Independent Company and companys of" Vir- ginia Rangers ordered for this Detachment to furnish no men for tlie guards to morrow and any men that they may have upon the out Guards are to be relieved immediately. Particular care is to be taken that the men's arms are in good order and that each man is provided with ten flints and couipleated to 2i rounds of ammunition. The Tools and Tomahav/ks of the 2d Brigade are to be giv m at Gun firing this evng to the quarter master General at his tent and a dem'd to be made to morrow nig at G o'clock of ye number of Tools each Brigade will want, the quarter master to attend. Cami' at Cumberland, Wednesday, May 28th, 1755. Parole — Quarendon . Field officer to morrow Maj Sparke. Generals Guard 48th Kegt. The Regulation of stoppages with the Director of the Genl Hospital to commence from the 24th of this month. As it is necessary to employ the soldiers in making and amending the roads His Excellency has been pleased to appt the foUovvg allowances H d To overy sub: ofi'icer 3 01 Sterlin;;; To every scraeiint 1 \ To every corporal '.) 1 ' To every druuier and privuie ceniiiml (! j Day But as at present there is no pu])lic market and of course the men will Jiave no opportunity of making use of the ready money His Excellency is so kind as to promise that he will see that they are punctually paid whatever is due to them when they arrive in CxENERAL BRADDOCk's ORDERLY BOOK. XLIII. o^'serleTn'rln: tt"''''" ''"'fT *'"'"*"-" "«<=" v^t '^-iQt.uit nas the command of any workino- nnrf.r llie companies of Rangers are for the future tn Bnta,n are desired to giv.^them't„dtrefthe Gen? aid de camps or to Mr. Shirley. AFTER ORDERS. o ing at the head of the Line and to receive their orders from Mr Gordon Engineer. His Excellency has been pleased to appoint Col Innes Governor of Fort Cumberland. TxENERAL BRADDOCK's ORDERLY BOOK. XLV. rp, MONDAY EVENING ment of ml!^"' "^f^^ to march with the detach- totorfoilr /afte;;?'' '" " -~^^ Cami' at Fort Cumberland. Tuesday, June 3d, 1755. Parole— Yarmouth A General Court Mnrtiil nf fL« t • 6 captains & 6 subalterns to siff "' ^°"«^«tnig of •if s^^'«l 1 ^ ; ""'"terns to sitt to morrow mornina- .It 8 o clock at the Presidents Tent. '"«rning Major Sparke President u- 1 1 ^l ^^'''^''y ^"*^S^ Advocate, i^ield Officer to morrow Lt Col Burton l^. Q \;enerals Guard 48th Regiment. withrt arm "r' '"f ^' ' ^"''P''^' ^^ 1^0 -en Camp at Fort Cumberland, Wednesday, 4th June, 1755. Parole — Doncaster. Field officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. TU ^^ll^l^']''^'^^^ Guard 44th Regiment The 44th egiment and Capt Mercer's Companv of Virginia Carpenters to hold themselves iTreadf ness to march m an hour's wirnin^v Ti ? • Party to be relieved to morr:;;' n fninJtd'bv'lhf same number. ^"»'e» ^ma by the ) appoint Col Camp at Fort Cumberland Thursday, June 5th, 1 755. Parole— Boston. XLVI. GKNEHAL BKADDOCK S OKDKUl.Y HUOK. Field < HficcM' to morrow Major Sparko. For the Ceiieral.s Guard 48tli llegimont. The working party to be relieved to morrow niorniiig and by the same number of men. Camp at Fout Cumberland, Friday, June 0th, 1755. Parole Field Officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. Sir Peter Ilalketts Regiment to march to morrow morning ; the sick of the Regiment unable to march to be sent to the Gen'l Hospital. One Subaltern officer to be left behind with them. The men of Sir Peter Ilalketts Regiment now upon Guard when they are relieved or ordered to come off are to be assembled together and marchd regularly to the Regiment by an officer. Capt" Gates's Independant Company and all ye remaining companies of provincial Troops to march on Sunday morning with the whole Park of Artillery. No more women arc allowed to marcii with each Regiment and Company than the number allowed of by His Excellency in the orders of the 18th of Mav. Any soldier, sutler, woman or other person what- ever who shall be detected in stealing, purloining or wasting of any provisions shall suffer Death. The General Court Martial whereof Majr Sparke's was President is dissolved. Michael Shelton and Caleb Sary, soldiers be- longing to Capt" PJdward Brice Dobbs's company of Americans tryed for Desertion are by sentence of the Court Martial found guilty and adjudged to receive 1,000 lashes each. John Igo, a convict servant, accused of theft is by the sentence of the Court Martial found guilty of GENEHAI. nUADDOCK S OKDERLY ROOK. XLVII. receiving and concoaling goods the property of soldiers in His Majesty's service and is adjudged to receive 500 Laslies with a cat and nine Tails by the hands of" the eonmion haugnian. John McDonald soldier in Sir Peter Ilalketts Regiment accnst'd of heing an accomplice and con- cerned with John Igo is ac(iuitted. The (Jiuards advanced up Wills Creek, the Potomac and the Flats'" to be taken oft' to morrow morning, and to join their several corps, the other guards to remain and to be relieved as usual. Capt" Gates Independent (company and ye re- maining companies of the Provincial Troops to furnish their proportion for the Guards to morrow and when they are relieved they are to join their companys in the same manner as those of Sir Peter Ilalketts Regiment are directed to do in this days orders. No Soldiers wife to be suffered to march from this ground with ii Horse as their own. Camp at Fort Cumberland, Saturday, June 7th, 1755. Parole — Doncaster. Capt Yates's Independant companies & the remain- ing companies of Provincial Troops & ye whole Park of Artillery to march to morrow morning and to be under the command of Lieut Col Rurton. Tiio artillery & companies that march to morrow to receive this afternoon Provisions to compleat them to the 11th inclusive & ye women to ye Nth. The 48th Regiment to take all the Guards to morrow; the men of the 48th Regiment now upon ye train Guard are to join their corps to morrow morning when the Artillery marches oft' & that Guard to be mounted by the companys that march to morrow. *The Flats weie on the Eael side of \Viir» Creak. XLVIII. GENERAL BKADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. The 48th Regiment to hold themselves in readi- ness to march on Monday next. AFTER ORDERS. The Generals Guard is to be reduced to morrow to 1 Sergt 1 corpl and 12 men who arc not to be re- lieved but to remain with the Genl's Baggage. Camp at Fort Cumberland, Sunday, June 8th, 1755. Parole — Essex. Capt" Gates's Independatit Company and the re- maining companys of the Provincial Troops and artillery are to march to morrow. The 48th Regt to march on Tuesday as Col Dun- bars Regiment is not to march to morrow the Genl's Guard to be relieved to morrow morning. The Companies that march to morrow to send immediately 1 Sergeant corporal & 12 men to assist Mr Lake commissary of Provisions at the Fort. A Return to be sent immediately from Col Dun- bar's Reg't Capt Gates's company & the American Troops of the number of men they have fitt for Waggoners or Horse Drivers. In the return of Col Dunbar's Regt they are only to include those men that have joined the Regiment since they have been landed in America. Camp in Fort Cumberland, Monday, June 9th, 1755. Parole — Fallmouth. Col Dunbars regiment to send their sick unable to march to the General ^Hospital and to leave a subaltern officer behind with them. One sergeant, 1 corpl and 24 men without arms to parade to morrow morning at Day braak to assist Mr Lake, commissary of Provisions in loading of ye waggons. OK. vea in readi- to morrow to lot to be re- ,ggage. RRLAND, 8th, 1755. : and the re- Troops and y as Col Dun- ow the Genl's jrrow to send men to assist the Fort. om Col Dun- he American have fitt for they are only the Regiment a. lEULAND, 9th, 1755. iick unable to to leave a Ithout arms to kaak to assist in loading of GENERAL BRADDOCK 8 ORDERLY BOOK. XLIX. Camp at Fort Cumberland, Tuesday, June the 10th, 1756. The Fort Guard to join their Regiments as soon as Governor Innes has taken possession of it and placed his centrys. Cami' at the Grove (First Camp from Fort Cumberl d.) Parole — Gainsborough. All the officers of the Line to be at the Gen's tent to morrow morning at 11 o'clock. No Fires to be made upon any acct whatever within 150 yards of the Road on either side, any person acting contrary to this order shall be very se- verely punished. All the waggons to be drawn up to-morrow morn- ing as close as possible and as soon as the waggons belong to the detachment under the command fof Majr Chapman have closed up to the rear of the Artillery that Detachment then to join the respective Corps. Col Dunbars Regiment to encamp to morrow morning upon the left of the whole, according to the line of Encampment. Cami' at tee Grove, Wednesday, June 11th, 1755. Parole — Hartford . Capt" Rutherford and Cap" Gates Indep com- pan3^s and all the American's Troops to bo under arms immediately att the head of their respective encampments. Any person whatsoever that is detected in stealing shall be immediately hanged with* being brought to a Court Martial. One Subaltern Officer 1 Serg' 1 Corporal & 40 men 7 L. GENEKAL BRADDOCK S OUDEKLY BOOK. with* arms from each of yo two Rogcment to parade immediately at ye h'^ of the artillery. One Sub: 1 Serg^ 1 D'' & oO Men of the line to Parade in the Rear of Col> Dunbars Reg'' as soon as they have come to their pro[)er ground The Officer is to receive his Orders from Majr Sparkes. Whatever number of Horses are furnisd by the Officers are to be paraded as soon as possible in the Rear of Col^ Dunbars Regimt and to be reviewd by Majr Sparkes. The Officers are desird to acquaint May Sparkes which of their Horses for carrying Horses and which are for Draught and to be so good as to send with the carrying Horses, Bat-Saddles & etc. if they have them. The Command?? officers of the two Regt'« & the capt"^ of the Independ' and Provencial Troops to send in a Return to the Genl of the number of Horses furnished by their respective Officers, and opposite to the Officer's names. The number of Horses furnishd oy each officer; that the Gen^ may be able to inform His Majesty of the Inclination and readiness of the particular Officers in carrying on the service. AFTER ORDERS. No more than two Women per company to be allowd to march from the Camp, a List of the names of those that are to be sent back to be given into Capt" Morris that tluere may be an Order sent to Colo Innes at Fort Cumberland to Victual them A List of the names of the women that are allowd to stay with the troops to be given into the Maj^ of Brigade and any woman that is found in camp and whose name is not in that List will for the first time be severely punished and for the second suffer Death. AFTER ORDERS. Colo Dunbar's Reg* is immediately to furnish a Sergt & 12 Men as a Guard for the Provisions on BOOK. ment to parade 3f the line to iogt' as 8oon as i The Officer ia es. furnisd by the 30ssible ill the be reviewd by ' Maj'" Sparkes rscs and which send with the if they have ' Regti« & the iial Troops to nber of Horses nd opposite to orses furnishd Eible to inform idiness of the ervice. GKNKRAL BRADDOCK's ORDERLY BOOK. u. with 'hk^ P ^'"y' ['"'''S ^' "' ^^"ke Corny of Pro". n.onw.„.byday b^ & ,,;» Exeellenc; y. every 2 will be ,n reaclmos» by 1 Ocloek in r alWon. mpany to be . of the names be given into 3rder sent to ual them it are allowd to the Majf of in camp and the first time suffer Death. 1 to furnish a 'revisions on GENERAL BRADDOCK'S ORDERLY BOOK, NO. 2. Camp at the Grove, Thursday, June 12th, 1755. Parole— 'aiford." Field Officer of the Picquet Lt Col Gage. The Picquet to load with cartridges, and not with raming Ball, to challenge and demand the counter- sign till troop beating ; and the Field officer and Picquet to be always received as Grand rounds as often as he thinks proper to visit the out posts, by Night or Day. The advanced corporals and scntrys to have their bayonets fixed ; the Detached partys from the ser- geants guard to have corporals with them ; the ad- vanced sentrys not to suffer anybody to come within ten paces of their arras without demanding the countersign. The advanced partys not to build any bowers, upon pain of severest punishment; those already built to be immediately destroyed. These orders to be read to the men, by the officer of y« Picquet before the out guards are posted. Whatever communications from sergeant's guards to sergeants guards, and from corporals guards to corporal's guards are not yet opened to be done immediately. This to be a standing order, and to GENERAL BKADDOCK S OUDKHLY BOOK. LITI. be observed by y troops in all ciiinps, and no person whatever to lire their arms within a mile of y camp, but in case of an alarm or their being attacked. These orders to be read to the men by the com- mjyiding oflicer of each company, and the orders relative to the men of the picquet to be read to them before they are detach'd on y out guards by the officers of y*' picquet. The captains of ye several Picquetts to be at y" Field officer of y Picquet's tent an hour before retreat beating in order to receive the countersign from him. All the troops to be compleated this afterno(»n with provii.ions to the Kith inclusive and the waggon and horse drivers to the 2t')th. AFTER ORDERS. Sir Peter ITalkett's Grenadiers and the battalion companys of that regiment to march immediately to the crossing of the new and old road, a little beycmd where the detiu'hment of seamen are now encamped. They are to encamp there; the Grenadiers camp across the road and the battalion companys according to the present line of encampment covering the ad- vanced wagons. The commanding officers to take care to advance picquets in the same manner and proportion of numbers as ordered in the disposition of march and to take care that his advanced picquets comply with the orders of this day. The detachment of seamen ;Commanded by Mr Spendelow to be disposed of in such parts of the line as he shall think proper, and their arms and accou- trements are to be carried in whatever waggons he shall appoint. Three hatchet men of ye line with their tools to remain constantly with the detachment of seamen, and to receive their orders from Mr Spendelowe. One Tumbril with tools to march in the front immediately after Captain Poisons company of LIV. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BUOK. carpenters and another Tumbril of tools to march in the centre of the carriages. One engineer to march with captain Polson'^i com- pany of carpenters and another engineer is to march in tlie centre of ye carriages. The Pioneers of every company of ye Line with their tools (except those that arc ordered to ye detachment of seamen) to march constantly in y^' centre of y*-' carriages and to be Ui.der the directions yi" Engineer who marches in the centre. The troops to march to morrow and the General to beat at four o'clock in ye morning. Camp at- Friday, 13th June, 1755. Parole— 'Hertford." Field ofTicer to morrow Major Chapman. The Line is not to march to morrow. CAMf at Martin's, Saturday, June 14, 1755. Parole — "Leicester." Fltld Officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. Unon the beating of the General which is to be taken from Sir Peter Halketts regiment, all ye troops are to accoutre turn out and form two deep at y^' head of their respective encampments, and there wait for further orders and no soldiers tent to be suffered to be struck till ordered by the General. As soon as the tents are struck they are to be immediately loaded as also the officers baggage and then the troops are to lay upon their arms till they receve an order to march and upon the beating of ye march the whole to face to the right and left. The Field officers are not to be particularly posted excepting the one who marches at ye head of y^ vanguard. The number of carriages tc) be equally divided and GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. LV. to march in the General divided and Sir Peter Ilalkett and his Field officers with the troops of his briga lo are to take under their care half of carriages and see that tlieir officers order their men to assist the waggoners upon any point or difficulty that may happen. Col Dunbar and his Field officers with y^' troops of the Second brigade to act in the same manner with the remaining number of carriages. In case any wagon should break down in such a manner as to be unable to keep with the Line it is immediately to be drawn out on one side of the road and a report of it with what it is loaded to be sent to Mr Scott Wagon master general who is to order it to be r<'paired, or m'O that the load is divided among the rest of the wagons as he shall think proper. Upon any halt, tho' ever so small the Companys are to form two deep and face outward. Upon a march the captains and officers of ye picquet to visit frequently their out detachments, and see that they keep at a proper distance from their companies. Upon y^ firing of a cannon either in y front, centre or rear the whole line to form face outwards and then wait for further orders. WluMi the troops come to Savage River the ser- vants, bat men Waggoners and horse drivers must take particular care to prevent their horses from eating of laurel, as it is certain death to them The General to beat to morrow morning at 4 o'clock. AFTKR ORDEIiS. Upon the beating of the General to morrow morn- ing two companys from the right of Sir Peter rialkett's regiment to strike their tents and march as an escort to the carrying horses of y^ army The Commanding officer to apply to Captain Morris to morrow morning for his orders. LVI. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. [Here is an omission of two days' orders, which cannot be supplied, but a blank may be left in the records to show the chasm.]* Camp at the Little Meadows, Tuesday, June 17th, 1755. Parole — Orford. Field officer to morrow Lt Col Burton. A detachment to march to morrow morning at 4 o'clock consisting of one Field Officer 2 Captains 6 subalterns 12 sergeants and 150 rank and file of y^ two regiments; Captain Gates 2 subalterns 2 Ser- geants 2 corporals and 50 private men of his inde- pendent company, Captain Waggoners and Captain Perouney's companys of Rangers. Lt Col Gage to command this detachment A de- tachment to march on Tliursday morning at 4 o'clock consisting of one Colonl 1 Lt Col 1 Major the two oldest companys of Grenadeers 5 Captains 20 subalterns 22 sergeants and 550 rank and file of y" two regiments. Sir Peter Ilalkett Lieut Col Burton and Major Sparke field officers for this detachment The King's colour of ye 44'^ reg't and ye second colour of ye 48tii. regiment to be sent with this detachment. The men of the two regiments that are to march with the detachment of to morrow and Thursday to be taken out of those which landed from Ireland the commanding officer of each regiment to be an- swerable to his Excellency that this is complied with. A return to be sent in to-morrow morning to either of ye aids de camp signed by the command- ing officers of y^ companys of ye two regiments of ye names and countries of ye men that are for *rhlBuoteU written Id Washington'!* handwritlug. GENERAL BRADDOCK's ORDERLY BOOK. LVII. ye above two detachments their term of service and the regiments they have served in low! ^''^'7^!^"^^' ^\^^ b^.^^" pleased to appoint the Ibl- owmg cap nins and subalterns officers for ye above th m ^m iVr^ ^'''''' '^'' '^''y -^" t-ke with thein as httle bacrgage as possible. Of v^/Zfi?"*"".'""''"^ and command of Lt Col Gage. Ofye44thregt Ofye48thregt Capt Beckwitl) Capt Morris Lieut Harsard Lieut Barbutt ui tne 44tn Koo-imor.f rk*'4.i,„ ^oxi i-. . -^ Lieut Treby Lieut Sittler Ensign Clarke Of the 44th Regiment Captain Hobson Gethius Lieut Halkett Bailey Potting(U' Simpson Lock Kennedy Townshend Ensign Nortlow Pennington Preston Of the 48th Regiment Captn Dobson Cholniley Bowyer Lieut Walsam Hathorn Ed mon stone Cope Brierton Hurt Gladwin Ensign Cowart Harrison Crowe Th^ Q TIT . ,. McMullen. Capt Rutherfords Independent Company and Cant Stephens company of Rangers, to march \olrZ morning with the detachment under y command of VV r^^^"^ ^^^"^ ^"^ ^■'^'^""^ to camp atni.dit One Corporal and 4 light horse to inarch to mor- row mormng with the detachment under Col Gages command, and to remain with him The detachment of Seamen and Capt Stuart with 8 Lvin. GENERAL BRADDOCK S ORDERLY BOOK. 1 subaltern, and 18 light horse to march on Thurs- day morning. No woman to be victuaHqd upon the detachments that march to morrow and Tliursday. AFTER ORDERS. Each of the two regiments as also Capt Gates Independent Company to send a sufficient number of tents for y^ respective detachments that march to morrow under y^ command of Lt Col Gage. AFTER ORDERS. His Excellency has been pleased to appoint Lieut Buchanan of y artillery to march with y« 2 guns to morrow morning and Capt L Smith and Lieut McLoud of y artillery to march with y^ detach- ment on Thursday morning. The men that march to morrow and on Thursday morning to be compleated to 24 rounds of ammunition. BOOK. Tch on Thurs- 3 detachments io Capt Gates ent number of ihat march to I age. appoint Lieut t y« 2 guns to h and Lieut h y^ detach- 11 that march be compleated *N B._After the orders in this, and the book preceding ,t, are transcribed, leave six pages blank ior insertion of the commission of(; W- n md the proc^-dings which inU.rvened between the defeat Next the Letters, fiistructions, and orders, in the order they appear in the parchment covered book are to be transcribed. •The above appears orders. i" Wa»hin«toT. h.nd„rmn«. on a ^^,.^0.^.,^;^-;^^^:;:^^ Page 23— "The Potomac River ()btaiiiei mune doubtless from tht- Potomac tril)(» of Iiitlians," sliould read, "The Potomac tribe of IndiaiiH obtained its name doubtless from the Potomac River." PageSSO— Lieut. Pickett should read Pickell. Page -IOC -The date of the leestablishraent of the "Alleganian and Times" should be 1876, instead of 186